https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AlphonsoMarler5 2026-08-02T08:23:01Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halenijagal&diff=501891 2026-05-08T13:19:42Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Halenijagal<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 562111<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br /> | website = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.2342173|N|77.2476997|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | government_type = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluk]]s<br /> | parts = Nelamangala<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> ''' Halenijagal ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624728}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hale Nijagal · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hale+Nijagal,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2520785,77.1858085,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d53b0ce5033f:0x9ef62a5d1aa17502!8m2!3d13.2520793!4d77.2033181?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Hale Nijagal · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Village &amp; Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> Halenijagal had population of 1,006 of which 507 are males while 499 are females as per report released by [[2011 Census of India|Census India 2011]].&lt;ref name=Census75&gt;https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> The total geographical area of village is 773.39 hectares.&lt;ref name=Census75 /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bus Route from Bengaluru City ==<br /> [[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - Darasahalli - [[Nelamangala]] - [[Dobbaspet|Dabaspete]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Bettadahosahalli]]<br /> * [[Bengaluru North district]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> *{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka &amp;#124; City of Silk production &amp;#124; India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}<br /> <br /> {{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]<br /> <br /> {{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengam_Assembly_constituency&diff=493805 2026-05-04T23:01:49Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 62<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Chengam.svg<br /> | Existence = <br /> | district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = T. S. Velu<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Chengam<br /> | electors = 268,997 <br /> | reservation = SC<br /> }}<br /> '''Chengam''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 62. The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Caste]]s and comprises a portion of [[Chengam taluk]]. It is a part of [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160804211957/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20%26%20Order%20.pdf# |archive-date= 2016-08-04 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[Ramaswami Gounder]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Commonweal Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[T. Karia Gounder]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[C. K. Chinnaraji Gounder]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[P. S. Santhanam]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[C. Pandurangam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[T. Swamikannu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[M. Settu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[P. Veerapandiyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[K. V. Nannan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Polur Varadhan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[T. Sureshkumar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[M. P. Giri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=62}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | T. S. Velu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.73}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.6}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|46.9}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.43}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.31}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|34.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.39}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.84}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.44}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Commonweal Party}}|36.86}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Velu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[M. P. Giri]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= J. Shoba|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Bharathidhasan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268997|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}ADMK win<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Giri]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,08,081 |percentage=48.73% |change=3.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nainakannu. M. S |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,511 |percentage=43.51% |change=3.95% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vennila. S |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,080 |percentage=5.45% |change=5.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbu. S |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,769 |percentage=1.25% |change=-2.56% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,570 |percentage=5.22% |change=-0.82% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,21,797 |percentage=80.66% |change= -3.49% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,963 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.13% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Giri]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,939 |percentage=45.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dinagaran. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,248 |percentage=39.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugan. C |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=15,114 |percentage=7.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalaiarasi . A |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,007 |percentage=3.81% |change=-43.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,403 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,691 |percentage=6.03% |change=-0.42% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,10,403 |percentage=84.16% |change= -0.10% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,50,015 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -1.35% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sureshkumar T. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=83,722 |percentage=46.90 |change=+34.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Selvaperunthagai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=72,225 |percentage=40.50|change=-2.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sureshkumar. R |party=Independent politician |votes=8,543 |percentage=4.79 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayaraman. A |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,465 |percentage=2.50 |change=-0.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumar. R |party=Independent politician |votes=2,511 |percentage=1.41 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,497 |percentage=6.45 |change=-1.72 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,656 |percentage=84.25 |change= 12.98 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,325 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.20 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Polur Varadhan M |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,366 |percentage=42.75% |change=-5.68% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthivel P |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=43,166 |percentage=34.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suresh T |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,808 |percentage=12.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiruppathi V |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,009 |percentage=3.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaganathan R |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,631 |percentage=2.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy V |party=Independent politician |votes=2,576 |percentage=2.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shamala R |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,792 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saroja B |party=Independent politician |votes=1,494 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,200 |percentage=8.17% |change=-2.81% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,24,842 |percentage=71.27% |change= 6.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,158 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.68% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Polur Varadhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,145 |percentage=48.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shamala. R |party=Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi |votes=41,868 |percentage=37.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munusamy. K |party=Independent politician |votes=4,788 |percentage=4.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marimuthu. A |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,780 |percentage=4.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthammal. S |party=Independent politician |votes=2,401 |percentage=2.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbalagan. P |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,218 |percentage=1.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Settu. M |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,597 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,277 |percentage=10.98% |change=-15.72% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,797 |percentage=64.42% |change= -2.55% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,711 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.68% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Nannan. K. V. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,958 |percentage=59.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thamizharasan. C. K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,325 |percentage=32.41% |change=-26.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raji. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=4,645 |percentage=4.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Settu. M. |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,086 |percentage=3.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,633 |percentage=26.70% |change=-14.15% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,747 |percentage=66.98% |change= -0.55% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,56,671 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veera Pandiyan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,611 |percentage=59.31% |change=29.75% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munusamy |party=Janata Dal |votes=16,994 |percentage=18.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Annappan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=11,283 |percentage=12.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Samikkannu |party=Independent politician |votes=7,056 |percentage=7.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kesavalu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,109 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,617 |percentage=40.85% |change=35.68% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=92,081 |percentage=67.53% |change= 7.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,912 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Janata Party |swing= 24.57% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Settu. M. |party=Janata Party |votes=26,256 |percentage=34.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerapandiyan. P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,344 |percentage=29.56% |change=-31.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaya Arumugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,020 |percentage=17.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Samikkannu. T. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,363 |percentage=15.03% |change=-46.39% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anandan. L. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,393 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanapal. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=990 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,912 |percentage=5.18% |change=-28.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,584 |percentage=60.41% |change= -11.83% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,945 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.68% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Swamikannu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,770 |percentage=61.42% |change=13.36% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Anbalagan |party=Janata Party |votes=21,039 |percentage=28.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,721 |percentage=6.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vattaru |party=Independent politician |votes=2,615 |percentage=3.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,731 |percentage=33.19% |change=31.69% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,520 |percentage=72.24% |change= 17.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,906 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Swamikannu. T |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,823 |percentage=48.06% |change=1.70% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. A |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,987 |percentage=46.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. P |party=Independent politician |votes=3,006 |percentage=5.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=836 |percentage=1.50% |change=-20.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,816 |percentage=55.12% |change= 3.17% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,993 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.70% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Swamikannu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,789 |percentage=46.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Poosanar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,877 |percentage=24.16% |change=-37.23% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Anbalagan |party=Janata Party |votes=8,094 |percentage=16.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Raja |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,492 |percentage=9.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dhanapal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,478 |percentage=3.01% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,912 |percentage=22.20% |change=-7.40% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=49,158 |percentage=51.95% |change= -14.95% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,111 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Pandurangam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,260 |percentage=61.39% |change=4.55% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ar. Mugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,705 |percentage=31.79% |change=-3.99% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,586 |percentage=6.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,555 |percentage=29.60% |change=8.53% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,551 |percentage=66.90% |change= -2.78% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,601 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.55% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Santhanam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,828 |percentage=56.84% |change=1.62% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arumugham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,773 |percentage=35.77% |change=-4.40% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dhanapal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,927 |percentage=3.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kanniah |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,425 |percentage=2.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=524 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,055 |percentage=21.07% |change=6.02% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,477 |percentage=69.68% |change= -4.58% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,478 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.62% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. K. Chinnaraji Gounder]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,374 |percentage=55.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Shanmugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,008 |percentage=40.17% |change=-16.27% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thammaya Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,350 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,082 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,366 |percentage=15.04% |change=-5.40% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,254 |percentage=74.27% |change= 27.98% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,108 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.22% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Karia Goundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,079 |percentage=56.44% |change=32.25% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Venkatachala Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=12,806 |percentage=36.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Venkatachala Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,691 |percentage=7.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,273 |percentage=20.44% |change=7.78% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=35,576 |percentage=46.28% |change= -5.68% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,865 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Commonweal Party |swing= 19.58% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chengam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaswami Gounder |party=Commonweal Party |votes=13,413 |percentage=36.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthukrishna Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,804 |percentage=24.19% |change=24.19% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rengaswami Reddiar |party=Justice Party (India) |votes=7,434 |percentage=20.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaswami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,741 |percentage=18.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,609 |percentage=12.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,392 |percentage=51.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,029 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Commonweal Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.3|N|78.8|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gour_Govinda&diff=500999 2026-04-25T14:58:28Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Creating data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|King of Sylhet from 1260 to 1303}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | name = Gour Govinda<br /> | birth_name = Govinda Fenchu<br /> | birth_date = 13th century<br /> | birth_place = Brahmachal kingdom (southern Sylhet)<br /> | reign = 1260–1303<br /> | title = [[Raja]] of [[Gour Kingdom]]<br /> | successor = Wazir [[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]] (under Sultan [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]])<br /> | predecessor = [[Raja Govardhan]]<br /> | father = Srinanda<br /> | spouse = Hiravati Narayan<br /> | spouse-type = Wife<br /> | mother = Annapurna Jaintia<br /> | issue = Nirvana Govinda<br /> | regent = [[Mona Rai]]<br /> | reg-type = Chief Minister<br /> | regent1 = Chakrapani Dutta<br /> | reg-type1 = Commander-in-chief<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | temple name = Hattanath Temple<br /> | death_date = 14th century<br /> | death_place = [[Kamrup region]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Govinda Fenchu''' ({{langx|sa|गोबिन्द फेञ्चु}}), better known by his [[regnal title]] '''Gour Govinda''' ({{langx|bn|গৌড় গোবিন্দ}}) and also known by the [[sobriquet]] '''Shomudro Tonoy''' ({{langx|bn|সমুদ্র তনয়}}), was the 21st and final king of [[medieval]] [[Sylhet]]'s [[Gour Kingdom]]. He is described as a very conservative [[Hindu]] ruler whose reign started in 1260.<br /> <br /> Govinda was known to be disrespectful and intolerant of other faiths practised in [[Srihatta]], such as Islam, Buddhism and certain [[Hindu denominations]], often getting into war with neighbouring states such as [[Laur Kingdom|Laur]], [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]] and the [[Khasi people|Khasi]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mondal |first=Sushila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMdAAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Bengal: The middle age, 1200-1526 |date=1970 |publisher=Prakash Mandir |pages=124 |language=en |quote=Both the Hindu and Muslim authors give the same story...}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he is also noted as one of the strongest rulers of medieval Sylhet, and during his reign, Gour was described to be &quot;free of enemies&quot; due to other states fearing Govinda.&lt;ref name=potro/&gt; After the arrival of [[Shah Jalal]] and the [[Conquest of Sylhet]] in 1303, Govinda left Gour and the area came under the rule of Wazir [[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |year=2011 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background and early life==<br /> [[File:Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati.jpg|thumb|Govinda spent a large proportion of his childhood in [[Kamakhya Temple]] and the [[Kamrup region]] as a whole, where he was given religious, military and magical education.]]<br /> It is said that Govinda Fenchu had an extraordinary birth.&lt;ref name=heads&gt;{{cite book |title=Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division |chapter=Sylhet District |pages=290 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/principalheadsh00unkngoog/page/n303 |year=1868 |location=[[Calcutta]] |author=E M Lewis |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father was Srinanda, the eldest son of Raja Jayananda who was the king of Brahmachal, or ''Southern Sylhet''. Srinanda suffered from [[Rheumatism|chronic rheumatism]] and so his younger brother, Upananda, took advantage of this by succeeding his father in the throne with the acceptance of the royal officers. Srinanda protested against this but was unsuccessful. He migrated to [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] where he became a [[sannyasi]] of [[Kamakhya Temple]], leaving behind his wife and son, Govinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;back&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Nath |first=Rajmohan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984 |title=The back-ground of Assamese culture |publisher=A. K. Nath |year=1948 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984/page/n162 114-120 ]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is said that here, Srinanda gained a better reputation and was even considered by some to be ''God of the Sea'' or ''Pura Raja''.&lt;ref name=cachar&gt;{{cite book |title=Assam District Gazetteers: Cachar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463827 |volume=1 |year=1905 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463827/page/n63 58] |location=[[Calcutta]] |author=B C Allen |publisher=[[Government of Assam]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Srinanda's wife, Anna Purna was the mother of Govinda Fenchu. Anna was also said to have been a neglected wife of Raja Gai Gobind of the [[Jaintia Kingdom]].&lt;ref name=heads/&gt;<br /> <br /> Govinda escaped to the jungle, where he was aided by Giridhari, a [[Biharis|Bihari sannyasi]]. Meanwhile, a conflict arose between two of Govinda's uncles, Raja Upananda of Brahmachal and [[Raja Govardhan]] of Gour. It resulted in the death of the latter.&lt;ref name=pak&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Rizvi |editor1-first=S. N. H. |title=East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Sylhet |year=1970 |publisher=East Pakistan Government Press |oclc=153480 |pages=54–55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his time in Kamrup, Govinda was educated in Kamakhya and given military training in the Kulsia [[ashram]] on the banks of the [[Kulsi River]] (in modern-day [[Sualkuchi]] or Kulsi Reserve Forest) for the next twelve years of his life. He learnt a number of skills which he would use during his reign against his enemies such as archery and magic. He studied alongside Hiravati and Achak Narayan, the orphaned children of a dead [[Jalpaiguri]] chief and his captive wife, brought to Kamrup by their nurse Mandavi and her son Jhantu. In 1250, Govardhan would successfully defeat Upananda, thus gaining control of Northern and Southern Sylhet.&lt;ref name=back/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reign==<br /> {{Quote box|title=হট্টনাথের পাঁচালী (Doggerel of Hattanath)|quote=&lt;poem&gt;পুনির বিল ছাড়িয়া রাজা ছিলটেতে গেল,<br /> Punir bil chhariya Raja Silot-ete gelo,<br /> ''From the beel of Puni, the King went to Sylhet''<br /> অট্টনাথের পূজা দিয়া ঠাকুরালি পাইল।<br /> Ottonath-er pooja diya thakurali pailo<br /> ''Giving [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] to Hattanath, he gained mastery''&lt;/poem&gt;|source=A poem written by 18th-century poet Ganesh Ram Shiromani.&lt;ref name=potro&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.desherpotro.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/ |script-title=bn:আর হাতে রণতুর্য |language=bn |last=Mahmud |first=Hasan |publisher=Desher Potro |date=18 February 2019 |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055720/http://www.desherpotro.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> [[File:05122009 Hill of Raja Gour Govinda Sylhet photo2 Ranadipam Basu.jpg|thumb|Raja Gour Govinda's Tila (Hill) which contains his fort, still remaining as ruins in Chowhatta.]]<br /> After successfully completing his education, Govinda and his twelve associates were guided by Giridhari back to Sylhet, through Puni [[beel]], in 1260.&lt;ref name=back/&gt; During this time, Raja Govardhan, the king of Gour, was killed by rebels. Govinda and his accompanying sannyasis went to the temple of Hattanath ([[tutelary deity]] of Gour) before launching a surprise attack on the rebels causing them to retreat. Govardhan's wife, Apurna, then thanked the sannyasis and consented for them to rule over Gour as her son, Garuda, who was meant to be Govardhan's heir, was still a minor. Giridhari then informed the royal officers of Govinda's royal lineage, gaining their acceptance, to make his way to the throne.&lt;ref name=pak/&gt; He then changed his name from Govinda Fenchu to Gour Govinda, after his kingdom which he had earned. Govinda appointed [[Mona Rai]] as his chief minister, replacing Govardhan's former chief minister [[Madan Rai]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> Govinda then married his childhood friend, Hiravati. In one occasion, Hiravati suffered from an illness and no one in Srihatta could help in curing her. Govinda then travelled to [[Rarh region|Rarh]] where he met up with a healer by the name of Chakrapani Dutta. The two men then went back to Gour and Dutta was able to cure Hiravati. Govinda, in delight, requested Dutta to live and spend the rest of his life in the Gour Kingdom. However Dutta wanted to return to Rarh. Not wanting to displease Govinda, Dutta gave his youngest son, Mahipati, to live in the kingdom. Dutta stayed for a while in Gour as Govinda's commander-in-chief. The descendants of Mahipati are now known as the Duttas of [[Lakhai]].&lt;ref name=sangram&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dailysangram.com/post/175077-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF |script-title=bn:ইতিহাসের নামে কিচ্ছা-কিংবদন্তিও ব্রেইন মেইড স্টোরি |language=bn |last=Kamal |first=Syed Mustafa |date=7 February 2015 |website=[[The Daily Sangram]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Govinda also made peace with King [[Kingdom of Tripura|Ratan Manikya of Tripura]], by gifting an elephant. He did this as a plea for the King to return Brahmachal (Southern Sylhet) back to him from the feudal governor [[Jaidev Rai]], to which the King accepted. After the marriage of Achak Narayan to the eight-year-old princess Lalasa, Govinda gifted Narayan by appointing him as the feudal ruler of Tungachal (modern-day Habiganj District). He built forts all over his kingdom and established many military training camps with Takerghat as his naval headquarters. Govinda's army was noted as [[Bengal]]'s first army which practised the skillful art of [[archery]].&lt;ref name=potro/&gt; He is famously known to have built a seven-storey brick tower in Penchagor which acted as his palace. The ground floor was given to his army, the first to the commander-in-chief Chakrapani Dutta, the second to [[Mona Rai]], the third to the cabinet, and the rest for himself. The palace which was used by the past chief ministers of Gour was given by Govinda to Mona Rai. The new palace in Penchagor, named Gorduar, also remains as ruins today in Mazumdari Mahalla, Ambarkhana Bazar.&lt;ref name=sangram/&gt; It was known to his people that he practised magic which he had learnt in the mountains of Kamrup which was in close proximity to his temple.&lt;ref name=heads/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=5780 |script-title=bn:সিলেটের প্রাচীন রাজ্য সমুহ |language=bn |date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Sylheter Dak}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His military strategy and past victories led to him being very arrogant and boastful of his power. It is said that he would fight lions with [[talwar|swords]]. There were occasions in which he would go into war with the neighbouring [[petty kingdom]]s of Srihatta such as [[Laur Kingdom|Laur]] and [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]]. During a war with the [[Khasi people|Khasi]]s, Govinda tied the Khasi Raja to ropes, bringing him to Gour. Govinda demanded a ransom for the release of the Khasi king which was later paid. Using Puni beel as a battlefield, Govinda was said to have &quot;drowned his challengers&quot;. The Gour Kingdom during his reign became so powerful to such an extent that it was described to be &quot;free of enemies&quot;.&lt;ref name=potro/&gt; Govinda would carry on the tradition of using stones (shila) to guard the capital; from which the name of Shilhot came into existence.&lt;ref name=Srihatta&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.srihatta.com.bd/index.html#srihatta |title=About the name Srihatta |website=Srihatta.com.bd |access-date=7 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Govinda's kingdom bordered Bengal to the west which was ruled by the Muslim [[History of rulers of Bengal#Balban dynasty (Independent Lakhnauti kingdom)|Balban dynasty]]. The Muslim rule led to large numbers of [[Bengali Hindus]] to migrate to Gour, which was considered a Hindu stronghold.&lt;ref name=back/&gt; Govinda encouraged celebrations such as [[Vishnu]]-[[Sankranti]], [[Shiva]]-[[Chaturdashi]]-Mah[[ashtami]], [[Janmashtami]] and Utthana-[[Ekadashi]], in addition to holding a 45-day celebration in spring.&lt;ref name=pak/&gt; [[Brahmins]] from the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] (possibly [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s), also migrated to Gour and gained some authority, being favoured by Govinda for their orthodoxism. These elitist Brahmins led a movement against members of other religions in Gour. They favoured the Brahmins of Brahmachal brought over by Brahmajit. The followers of [[Tantric Buddhism]] were treated as [[dalit]]s, or ''untouchables'' of the lowest social status. The Brahmins which King Kesava Deva had welcomed from [[Central India]], were looked down upon by the Deccan Brahmins as low-class as well, in addition to the [[Namasudras]], [[Jalia Kaibarta|Kaibartas]] and Dasas who were influenced too much by [[Tantric Buddhism]].&lt;ref name=back/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Defeat ==<br /> [[File:Tea Garden in Malini chora Sylhet Bangladesh (3).JPG|thumb|Mulnicherra, now the oldest tea garden in South Asia, is home to the [[Harong Hurong]] cave which Govinda supposedly retreated to.]]<br /> {{Main|Conquest of Gour}}<br /> There was also a minority of Muslim families who migrated to Gour and Tungachal, following the short-lived [[Ajmiriganj Upazila|Azmardan Expedition]] in 1254 led by the Governor of Bengal, [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]].&lt;ref name=stewart&gt;{{cite book |title=The History of Bengal |first=Charles |last=Stewart |year=1813 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Burhanuddin (Bangladeshi wali)|Burhanuddin]], who lived in the village of Tultikar, sacrificed a cow for his newborn son's ''[[aqiqah]]'' or celebration of birth.&lt;ref name=&quot;en.banglapedia.org&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=M Sahul |year=2014 |chapter=Burhanuddin (R) |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Burhanuddin_(R) |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Govinda, in a fury for what he saw as sacrilege due to his [[Cows in Hinduism|Hindu beliefs]], had the newborn, Gulzar Alam, killed, as well as having Burhanuddin's right hand cut off.&lt;ref&gt;EB, Suharwardy Yemani Sylheti, Shaikhul Mashaikh Hazrat Makhdum Ghazi Shaikh Jalaluddin Mujjarad, in Hanif, N. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y7JInpQL0x8C &quot;Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East. Vol. 2&quot;]. Sarup &amp; Sons, 2002. p.459&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly after this incident, Qazi Nuruddin of Taraf, a rich cultivator, celebrated his son's marriage ceremony by slaughtering a cow for them to eat. After Nuruddin was expelled from the kingdom, Burhanuddin and Nuruddin's brother, Halimuddin, travelled to lower Bengal where they addressed their issued with Sultan [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]] of Lakhnauti. This initiated the Muslim [[Conquest of Gour]], consisting of two unsuccessful expeditions led by [[Syed Nasiruddin]] and [[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]] respectively. Govinda's family rejoiced and his aunt Apurna, the queen-mother and wife of the deceased Raja Govardhan, celebrated building a large 20-acre water tank in Bara Bazar, Ambarkhana which was known as ''Rajar Mar Dighi''.&lt;ref name=back/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/dead-and-dying-dighis-1493842 |work=The Daily Star |title=Of dead and dying dighis |date=20 November 2017 |last=Chowdhury |first=Dwoha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Govinda's defeat was in the third battle by the joint force of Sultan's commander-in-chief Sikandar Khan Ghazi's army as well as [[Shah Jalal]] and his companions.&lt;ref name=allen&gt;{{cite book |title=Assam District Gazetteers |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463814 |volume=2 |year=1905 |location=[[Calcutta]] |author=B C Allen |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463814/page/n32 23]–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; After hearing that his commander [[Mona Rai]] was killed, he escaped with his family to [[Harong Hurong]] cave in Mulnicherra. He then went to the shrine of Grivakali, where he left his aunt, Apurna, and his cousin [[Garuda of Gour|Garuda]] and cousin-in-law Shanti in the care of the priest. Following this, he took his wife, Hiravati, and son, Nirvana, with him to Kamrup.<br /> <br /> Garuda and his family, taking shelter at Grivakali shrine, then decided to head off to Tungachal. However, they were seen by Subid, a rebel of Govardhan, who informed the Muslims leading to Garuda's boat being followed by the Muslims. Out of embarrassment, Garuda committed suicide, jumping off the boat at Puni beel. The boatmen, however, continued taking Garuda's mother and wife to Tungachal, eventually finding refuge with Raja Achak Narayan. They made a vow in Tunganath Shiva temple to fast for ninety days, hoping for safety. Tungachal was eventually conquered subsequently to Gour in the [[Conquest of Taraf]].&lt;ref name=back/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = &lt;poem&gt;শ্রীহট্টের পূর্বদেশ নাম গোয়ার, একখানি দেশ সেই বড়ই বিস্তার<br /> Srihotter purbodesh naam Guar, ek-khani desh shei boroi bistar<br /> একদিকে জৈন্তা, হেড়ম্ব একদিকে, মধ্যদেশে মুকুন্দ আকাক্সক্ষা কৈলা তাকে।<br /> Ekdike Jointa, Herombo ekdike, modhyodeshe mukundo akaksokka koila take<br /> সমুদ্র তনয় গৌড় গোবিন্দ নামেতে, শ্রীহট্ট দেশের রাজা ছিলেন পর্বতে।<br /> Shomudro tonoy Gour Gobind naamete, Srihotto desher raja chhilen porbote<br /> গড়–ল রাজার কথা শুন মন দিয়া, সিংহের লগে যুদ্ধ করে তলোয়ার লইয়া।<br /> Gorol Rajar kotha shun mon diya, shingher loge juddho kore tolwar loiya<br /> বিদেশিয়া রাজার যত লোক লস্কর ছিল, পুনি বিলের মধ্যে গড়–ল সবই ডুবাইল।<br /> Bideshiya rajar joto lok-loshkor chhilo, Puni beel-er modhye Gorol shobi dubailo<br /> যুদ্ধ করি খাই (খাসিয়া) রাজারে বান্ধিয়া আনিল, পণ দিয়া খাই রাজা ফিরিয়া দেশে গেল।<br /> Juddho kori Khai (Khasia) Raja-re bandhiya anilo, pono diya Khai Raja phiriya deshe gelo<br /> জৈন্তা আর লাউড় গেলা আগে আগে ভাগি, শত্রু শূন্য হৈল দেশ ডরাইব কার লাগি।<br /> Jointa ar Laur gela aage aage bhagi, shotru shunno hoilo desh doraibo kar lagi<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> | source = A notable narrative poem of Pagal Thakur detailing the early reign of Govinda&lt;ref name=potro/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{Succession box|<br /> before=[[Raja Govardhan]]|<br /> title=[[Gour Kingdom#List of rulers|Raja of Gour]]|<br /> years=1260-1303|<br /> after=[[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]] (under [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]])}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Jaidev Rai]]|years=-1260}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Ruler of Brahmachal|years=1260-1303}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]]}}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sylhetis]]<br /> * [[List of people from Sylhet]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * Gour Gobinda on {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170615083349/http://touristplace.bangladeshinformation.info/gour-gobinda/ Bangladesh Information]}}<br /> * Gour Gobinda Fort on [http://offroadbangladesh.com/places/gour-gobinda-fort/ Offroad Bangladesh]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Govinda, Gour}}<br /> [[Category:Rulers of Sylhet]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sylhet Division]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajagopal_Sreeram&diff=528368 2026-04-23T09:28:49Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting first entry w/ refs!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rajagopal Sreeram<br /> | office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 4 June 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br /> | constituency = [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapeta]]<br /> | term_start1 = 16 May 2009<br /> | term_end1 = 23 May 2019<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapeta]]<br /> | party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|07|23|df=y}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Rajagopal Sreeram''' (born 23 July 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election 2024: Complete List of MLAs From TDP, YSRCP and BJP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-mla-list-ap-assembly-election-2024-winners-list-tdp-bjp-janasena-8921858.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Sreeram was first elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency]] in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-04-05 |title=It is old rivals at war again in Jaggayyapet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/it-is-old-rivals-at-war-again-in-jaggayyapet/article5877132.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was re-elected from the same constituency in the 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;eci_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=14 |date=20 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2024 legislative assembly elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rajagopal Sreeram (tataiah) , TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Rajagopal Sreeram (tataiah) , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/assembly-election-candidates-list-2024/rajagopal-sreeram-tataiah--01084-3 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaggayyapeta, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates &amp; Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/jaggayyapeta-assembly-constituency-s01aed2008a084/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral performance ==<br /> {{transcluded section|source= Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency}} <br /> {{#section-h:Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|2024}}<br /> {{#section-h:Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|2019}}<br /> {{#section-h:Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|2014}}<br /> {{#section-h:Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|2009}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sreeram, Rajagopal}}<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craspedocephalus_macrolepis&diff=494957 2026-04-19T10:32:26Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Creating new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of snake}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Speciesbox <br /> | image = Large-scaled pitvitper-Closeup.jpg<br /> | status = NT<br /> | status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> | status_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 19 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author3=Deepak, V. |author4=Shankar, G. |author5=Das, A. |date=2013 |title=''Trimeresurus macrolepis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172623A1354137 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172623A1354137.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | genus = Craspedocephalus<br /> | species = macrolepis<br /> | authority = ([[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1862)<br /> | synonyms = * ''Trimesurus macrolepis'' &lt;small&gt;Beddome, 1862&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * ''Peltopelor macrolepis'' &lt;small&gt;&amp;ndash; [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * ''Trigonocephalus macrolepis'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;ndash; Ferguson, 1895&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * ''Lachesis macrolepis'' &lt;small&gt;&amp;ndash; [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * ''Trimeresurus macrolepis'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;ndash; [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M. A. Smith]], 1943&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McD99&quot;&gt;McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Peltopelor macrolepis'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;ndash; Malhotra &amp; Thorpe, 2004&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * ''Trimeresurus (Peltopelor) macrolepis'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;ndash; David et al., 2011&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Craspedocephalus macrolepis''''', [[common name|commonly known]] as the '''large-scaled pit viper''', is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Crotalinae|pitviper]] [[species]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to the Southern [[Western Ghats]] of [[South India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;&gt;Mehrtens JM. 1987. ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gum04&quot;&gt;Gumprecht A, Tillack F, [[Nikolai Liutsianovich Orlov|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], Ryabov S. 2004. ''Asian Pitvipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; No [[subspecies]] are currently recognized.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;&gt;{{ITIS |id=634921 |taxon=Trimeresurus macrolepis |accessdate=27 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Trimeresurus macrolepis head and tongue.jpg|thumb|Tongue flicking]]<br /> <br /> ==Geographic range==<br /> It is found in the mountains of southern [[Western Ghats]] south of [[Palakkad Gap]], in the Indian states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a high-elevation specialist, not normally recorded anywhere below 1200 m asl. Precise records are from [[Nelliyampathy]], [[Munnar]], [[Anaimalai]], [[Palni hills]], [[Meghamalai]], [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]], [[Agasthyamalai]] and [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2002&quot;&gt;Das, Indraneil. 2002. ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India''. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Trimeresurus macrolepis'', p. 66.)&lt;/ref&gt; at elevations of 1200-2695 m asl.&lt;ref name=&quot;MASmith1943&quot;&gt;[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith, M.A.]] 1943. ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.&amp;mdash;Serpentes''. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xii + 583 pp. (''Trimeresurus macrolepis'', pp. 505-506.)&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is listed as &quot;Anamalai hills ([[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu State]], southwestern India)&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;McD99&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Adults may attain a total length of {{convert|68|cm|in|abbr=on}}, which includes a tail {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.&lt;ref&gt;Boulenger. 1896. p. 560.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dorsally, ''C. macrolepis'' is bright green, with blackish skin between the scales in some places. There is a yellow or white stripe on each side of the body, which runs along the first dorsal scale row. The upper lips are pale green, and there may be a black streak behind the eye. Ventrally, it is pale greenish.&lt;ref name=&quot;MASmith1943&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The dorsal scales, which are large, keeled, and overlapping, are arranged in only 12-15 rows at midbody. The dorsal scales in the 10 middle rows are always the largest, and additional rows are made up of smaller scales. An even number of dorsal scale rows is frequently found in this species, even though it is uncommon in snakes in general. Ventrals 133–143; subcaudals divided 44–58.&lt;ref name=&quot;MASmith1943&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The scales on the top of the head are very large, smooth, and overlapping. There is an elongate subocular, which is separated from the upper labials by a row of a few small scales. There are 7-8 upper labials, of which the 3rd is the largest.&lt;ref name=&quot;MASmith1943&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> ''Craspedocephalus macrolepis'' has a long spineless hemipenis without papillae; the hemipenis has a long calyculate region beginning at some distance from the fork of the hemipenis and continuing until the tip. In addition, it has enlarged head scales, somewhat akin to those of ''[[Agkistrodon]]'' species. Based on these characters, and its [[Western Ghats]] distribution, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004) resurrected the genus ''[[Peltopelor]]'' [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864 for this species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malhotra&amp;Thorpe2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| url=http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss024/pdfs/2004/Malhotra%20MPE%202004.pdf |author=Malhotra, Anita |author2=Thorpe, Roger S.| title=A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=32| issue=1|year=2004|pages=83–100|access-date=9 June 2013| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.008| pmid=15186799|bibcode=2004MolPE..32...83M }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Habitat==<br /> ''Craspedocephalus macrolepis'' is a slow-moving, [[arboreal]], [[nocturnal]] snake that prefers [[rainforest]]s, and is also found in [[tea]], [[coffee]] and [[cardamom]] plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2002&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Behavior==<br /> It is both [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] and [[arboreal]], using its [[prehensile tail]] to hold onto [[branch]]es. It is an [[ambush]] hunting snake relying on its [[camouflage]] to catch prey.&lt;ref name=&quot;MASmith1943&quot;/&gt; The heat-sensing [[loreal pit]]s are used to locate warm-blooded prey.&lt;ref&gt;Cambell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. ''The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere''. Comstock. Ithaca and London. 870 pp., 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> It feeds mainly on [[frog]]s, [[lizard]]s, small [[bird]]s and [[rodent]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2002&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Venom==<br /> Presumed to contain [[hemotoxin]], but not that thoroughly studied. Even though [[tea]] pickers are frequently bitten by this species, the bites are seldom fatal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2002&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> ''Craspedocephalus macrolepis'' is [[oviparous]]. Sexually mature females lay [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s in October, in clutches of 4–7.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das2002&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Trimeresurus macrolepis head.jpg|thumb|Close up of head]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * [[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome, R.H.]] 1862. Notes upon the land and freshwater Snakes of the Madras Presidency. Madras Quarterly Journ. Med. Sci., '''5''': 1-31. (''Trimeresurus macrolepis'', p.&amp;nbsp;2.)<br /> * [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III., Containing the...Viperidæ''. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''Lachesis macrolepis'', p.&amp;nbsp;560.)<br /> <br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{NRDB species|genus=Craspedocephalus|species=macrolepis|date=6 December|year=2007}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q679436}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Craspedocephalus|macrolepis]]<br /> [[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]<br /> [[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br /> [[Category:Snakes of India]]<br /> [[Category:Fauna of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Reptiles of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Reptiles described in 1862]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawho_Gouranger_Naam_Rey&diff=511967 2026-04-14T10:46:21Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali film by Srijit Mukherji}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey<br /> | image = File:Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Teaser poster<br /> | director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]<br /> | writer = Srijit Mukherji<br /> | producer = Rana Sarkar&lt;br&gt;[[Shrikant Mohta]]&lt;br&gt;Mahendra Soni<br /> | starring = [[Dibyojyoti Dutta]]&lt;br&gt;[[Aratrika Maity]]&lt;br&gt;[[Subhashree Ganguly]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jisshu Sengupta]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bratya Basu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indraneil Sengupta]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ishaa Saha]]<br /> | cinematography = Soumik Haldar<br /> | editing = Srijit Mukherji<br /> | music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]&lt;br&gt;Kabir Suman&lt;br&gt;Girish Ghosh&lt;br&gt;Tamalika Golder&lt;br&gt;Souptik Mazumdar<br /> | studio = [[SVF Entertainment]]&lt;br&gt;DAG Creative Media<br /> | distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|12|25|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey''''' ({{translation|''Chant the name of Lord [[Gouranga]]''}}), also known by the initials '''''LGNR''''', is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali cinema|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Srijit Mukherji's 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' sheds light on Shri Chaitanya's disappearance |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-period-drama-revolves-around-mystery-of-shri-chaitanyas-disappearance/cid/2131374#goog_rewarded |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=5 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] and Rana Sarkar under the banners of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and Dag Creative Media respectively, the film is a multi-layered narrative centering on the life of the 15th-century saint [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], the 19th-century theatre icon [[Binodini Dasi|Nati Binodini]], and a modern-day filmmaking team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey trailer launch hints at a quiet, questioning cinematic universe |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-trailer-launch-hints-at-a-quiet--questioning-cinematic-universe/2002773 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=t2Online |date=18 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film stars [[Dibyojyoti Dutta]] and [[Aratrika Maity]] in the lead roles, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Subhashree Ganguly]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Ishaa Saha]], [[Bratya Basu]], [[Partha Bhowmick]], Debdut Ghosh and [[Susmita Chatterjee]], with [[Jisshu Sengupta]] in a special appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey' trailer revisits mystery of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's disappearance |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-revisits-mystery-of-chaitanya-mahaprabhus-disappearance-in-period-drama/cid/2138630 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=19 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Srijit Mukherji has also done the editing while the cinematography has been handled by Soumik Haldar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title=Will Srijit's film provide the answer to the disappearance of Sri Chaitanya? Three-time convocation in a frame of polished glass, teaser in 'Laha Gauranger Naam Re...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-flim-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-s-teaser-is-out-271762324150669.html |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The background score has been composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]. Shibashish Bandopadhyay has written the additional dialogues and screenplay. Sabarni Das did the costume design while Somnath Kundu hanled the makeup.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Lawho Gouranger Naam Re: চৈতন্য রূপে নজর কাড়লেন শুভশ্রী-দিব্যজ্যোতি, প্রকাশ্যে 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'-র টিজার! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/lawho-gouranger-naam-re-teaser-unveiled-subhasree-ganguly-and-dibyojyoti-dutta-praised-by-netizen-entertainment-news-tollywood-1158268 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=6 November 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was theatrically released on 25 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 June 2025 |title='Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' character look reveals: Subhashree, Indraneil, Dibyajyoti |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-character-look-reveals-subhashree-indraneil-dibyajyoti-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-big-tollywood-movie-soc-1222991-2025-06-02 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Premise and Format ==<br /> {{Prose|date=December 2025}}<br /> The film operates on three distinct timelines:<br /> <br /> # The 15th-century timeline focusing on the spiritual journey of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and the mystery of his disappearance from the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]].<br /> # The 19th-century timeline featuring [[Binodini Dasi]] (Nati Binodini), who famously portrayed Chaitanya on the stage under the tutelage of [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]].<br /> # A modern-day timeline involving a film director and a superstar actor attempting to make a movie about these historical figures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The intriguing teaser of Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey reveals a spiritual universe spanning three eras |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-intriguing-teaser-of-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-reveals-a-spiritual-universe-spanning-three-eras/2001928 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=t2Online |date=5 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Dibyojyoti Dutta]] as [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] / Gouranga&lt;ref name=&quot;Aajkaal_Debut2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2025-03-15 |title=Excitement builds for Srijit Mukherji's 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' with debut of Dibyojyoti Dutta as Chaitanya Mahaprabhu |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/excitement-builds-for-srijit-mukherji-s-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-with-debut-of-dibyojyoti-dutta-as-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-104575 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkaal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Aratrika Maity]] as Laxmipriya, the wife of Chaitanya mahaprabhu<br /> * [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as [[Binodini Dasi]] / Nati Binodini&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_Look2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2025-09-02 |title=Babli actress looks unrecognisable as Nati Binodini in new picture shared by Srijit Mukherji |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/babli-actress-looks-unrecognisable-as-nati-binodini-in-new-picture-shared-by-srijit-mukherji/cid/2106792 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Parthasarathi, a successful actor&lt;ref name=&quot;AajTak_Looks2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2 June 2025 |title='Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' character look reveals: Subhashree, Indraneil, Dibyajyoti |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-character-look-reveals-subhashree-indraneil-dibyajyoti-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-big-tollywood-movie-soc-1222991-2025-06-02 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as [[Nityananda]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2025-06-06 |title=সৃজিতের 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে' ছবিতে 'নিত্যানন্দ' যিশু, ২৯ বছর বাদে সম্পূর্ণ হচ্ছে 'মহাপ্রভু'র বৃত্ত|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jisshu-sengupta-in-srijits-lawho-gouranger-naam-re/ |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt; (special appearance)<br /> * [[Bratya Basu]] as [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]<br /> * [[Ishaa Saha]] as a Rai, a young filmmaker&lt;ref name=&quot;sangbad&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Arani |title=জগন্নাথের নাম নিয়ে স্নানযাত্রার দিনই সৃজিতের ছবির শুটিং শুরু রূপাঞ্জনার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/rupanjana-mitra-share-photos-from-first-day-shoot-of-lawho-gouranger-naam-re/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=11 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Partha Bhowmick]] as [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sangbad&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Rupanjana Mitra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sangbad&quot;/&gt; as Shachidevi, Chaitanya's mother<br /> * [[Susmita Chatterjee]] as Nayana, Partha's wife&lt;ref name=&quot;ie&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=Bengali Movie: এক অঙ্গে ভিন্ন রূপ! তারকা সমাগমে শুভ মহরৎ সৃজিতের নয়া সৃষ্টি 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'-এর |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/srijit-mukherji-upcoming-movie-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-muharat-event-along-with-characters-various-look-9348940 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=9 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Debdut Ghosh in triple roles as<br /> ** [[Pratapaditya|Maharaj Pratapaditya]]<br /> ** [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]'s associate<br /> ** a cinematographer&lt;ref name=&quot;ie&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Ananya Banerjee in triple roles as<br /> ** Maharani<br /> ** theatre artist enacting [[Vishnupriya]]<br /> ** art director&lt;ref name=&quot;ie&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Surojit Banerjee in triple roles as<br /> ** a pandit in Neelachal<br /> ** [[Amrita Lal Basu]] enacting Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya<br /> ** an associate film director&lt;ref name=&quot;ie&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Neel Mukherjee]] in triple roles as<br /> ** Kashi Pandit<br /> ** [[Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi]] enacting Govinda Vidyadhara<br /> ** the VFX supervisor&lt;ref name=&quot;ie&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Koushani Mukherjee]] as [[Killbill Society|Poorna Aich]] (appearance in a poster during the song 'Bawshontokaal')<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Announcement and development ===<br /> The film was announced in 2021 but the project suffered a prolonged [[development hell]] phase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Guess who will now direct 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' after Srijit left the film! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/guess-who-will-now-direct-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-after-srijit-left-the-film/articleshow/98443294.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Times of India |date=6 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, reports surfaced that director [[Srijit Mukherji]] had left the film due to date issues, logistical obstacles and creative differences with producer Rana Sarkar, leading to speculation about a change in directorship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=6 March 2023 |title=Guess who will now direct 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' after Srijit left the film! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/guess-who-will-now-direct-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-after-srijit-left-the-film/articleshow/98443294.cms |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2024, there were speculations that [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] will be going to direct the film, after Mukherjee's exit. The producer had also stated that that he had completed primary level discussion with Dhulia.&lt;ref name=&quot;aajkal&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=সৃজিত নন! রানা সরকারের 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'র পরিচালক তিগমাংশু ধুলিয়া? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/will-tigmangshu-dhulia-replace-of-srijit-mukherji-in-rana-sarkar-s-laho-gouranger-naam-re-movie-162458 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=26 January 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the project was revived in 2025 with Mukherji back at the helm and a revamped cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title=রাণার 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'তে ফিরছেন সৃজিত-পরম, বাদ গেলেন প্রিয়াঙ্কা! সেই জায়গায় কে এলেন |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/rana-sarkar-announces-subhashree-ganguly-will-be-there-in-srijit-mukherji-s-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-movie-with-parambrata-chatterjee-ent-115361 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=26 January 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Lawho Gouranger Naam Re': Srijit Mukherji to collaborate with Parambrata Chattopadhyay, Subhashree Ganguly for Sri Chaitanya biopic |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chotushkone-director-to-collaborate-with-parambrata-subhashree-reports/cid/2080063 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first poster for the film was released on 14 March 2025, on the occasion of [[Dol Purnima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dibyajyoti Dutta to play Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Srijit Mukherji's 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re', poster out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dibyajyoti-dutta-to-play-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-in-srijit-mukherjis-lawho-gouranger-naam-re/cid/2088953 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=15 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fist look characters of multiple actors from the film were released on 8 June 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=একই অঙ্গে এত রূপ! নতুন ছবিতে চরিত্রদের কী ভাবে সাজালেন সৃজিত? রইল একগুচ্ছ ছবি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/take-a-dig-srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-movie-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-characters-various-look-dgtl/cid/1610046#goog_rewarded |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=8 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] for the film was done on 9 June 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Srijit Mukherji, Indraneil Sengupta, Bratya Basu attend 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' muhurat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-indraneil-sengupta-bratya-basu-attend-film-muhurat-in-kolkata-photogallery/cid/2106984?slide=1 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second poster of the film, featuring Subhashree, Indraneil and Dibyajyoti in saffron robe-cladded &quot;Gouranga&quot; avatar was released on 27 June 2025, on the occasion of [[Rath Yatra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Srijit Mukherji's 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' set for winter release this year, poster out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-period-drama-to-release-in-winter-2025-new-poster-out/cid/2110343 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Pre-production ===<br /> Srijit Mukherjee offered Dibyajoti Dutta the role of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in a phone call in November 2024, but also added that he would require to lose weight. Dutta shared in an interview that from the very next day, he stopped going to the gym, visited a [[dietitian]] and started Yoga and Surya Pranam. He did running, sprinting and bodyweight exercises. He ate only once or twice a day and the few days before shoot, he ate only once a day and resorted to drinking watermelon juice if he felt suddenly hungry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=Fresh Face: How Dibyajyoti Dutta lost weight &amp; shaved his head for Srijit Mukherji's Film |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/fresh-face-how-dibyajyoti-dutta-lost-weight-shaved-his-head-for-srijit-mukherjis-film-641010 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Millenium Post |date=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He stated that he read a lot of books regarding Mahaprabhu before the shoot, in order to justify his character and also added that he shaved his head for the shoot, rather than resorting to prosthetics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title=সৃজিতের ছবিতে চৈতন্যের চরিত্রে দিব্যজ্যোতি! 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'র জন্য কীভাবে নিজেকে প্রস্তুত করছেন তিনি? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/excitement-builds-for-srijit-mukherji-s-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-with-debut-of-dibyojyoti-dutta-as-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-104575 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=14 March 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lost 25 kilograms to suit his role, at the beginning of the shoot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Arani |title=প্রস্থেটিক নয়, সৃজিতের ছবিতে চৈতন্য চরিত্রের জন্য বাস্তবেই নেড়া হচ্ছেন দিব্যজ্যোতি? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dibyojyoti-duttas-transformation-for-srijit-mukherjis-film/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Sangbad Pratidin |date=11 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of the shoot, he had lost 27 kilograms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title='লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে…'-এর জন্য ২৭ কেজি ওজন কমে ছিল দিব্যজ্যোতির! এই ফল খেয়ে খিদে মেটাতেন নায়ক |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/dibyojyoti-dutta-reduce-27-kg-weight-for-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-271766162166854.html |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 December 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; An off-shoot character photograph for [[Subhashree Ganguly]] dressed as [[Binodini Dasi]] was dropped on the first week of June.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Subhashree Ganguly looks unrecognisable as Nati Binodini in new picture shared by Srijit Mukherji |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/babli-actress-looks-unrecognisable-as-nati-binodini-in-new-picture-shared-by-srijit-mukherji/cid/2106792 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=8 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = &quot;While writing the script, I had Anirban (Bhattacharya) in mind for a character. But my producer wanted Jisshu in the film for the actor’s megaserial, Mahaprabhu, connect. I could understand the nostalgia as the serial had a huge impact on Bengali audiences, but Jisshu was never my first choice.&quot;<br /> | source = — [[Srijit Mukherji]], addressing the rumours regarding Jisshu's casting in ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Jisshu was never my first choice to play Mahaprabhu, says Srijit Mukherji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jisshu-was-never-my-first-choice-to-play-mahaprabhu-says-srijit-mukherji/articleshow/84457800.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Times of India |date=16 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | align = right<br /> | width = 26%<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The film was announced in 2021 with rumours about [[Jisshu Sengupta]] playing the lead role of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Raima |title=Jisshu won't be playing the role of Gouranga! The new actor is... |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/tollywood-movies-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-parambrata-chatterjee-to-play-gourango-in-srijit-mukherjis-next-tc-rc-628142.html |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=News18 |date=17 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Jisshu pulled himself out of the project, since he didn't want to repeat the character which earned him recognition in the early days of his career, in a television series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=সৃজিতের গৌরাঙ্গ হতে ন্যাড়া হলেন দিব্যজ্যোতি, ৯০'জ মহাপ্রভু এবার নিত্যানন্দ, সামনে এল ফার্স্টলুক |url=https://www.thewall.in/cinema/first-look-of-dibyajyoti-dutta-jishu-sengupta-as-gaur-nitai/tid/163101 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Wall |date=13 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post his exit, there were speculations about [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] being cast in place of Jisshu. In July 2021, Srijit announced [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] to replace Sengupta in the role of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=অনির্বাণ নন, সৃজিতের 'গৌরাঙ্গ' টলিউডের এই অভিনেতা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/this-bengali-actor-to-play-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-in-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-film-of-srijit-mukherji/ |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=17 July 2021 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parambrata mentioned in an interview that Srijit Mukherjee first offered the role of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu to him, back in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Hia |title=Parambrata Chatterjee locked to play Sri Chaitanya in Srijit Mukherji's Lawho Gouranger Naam Re |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parambrata-chatterjee-locked-to-play-sri-chaitanya-in-srijit-mukherjis-lawho-gouranger-naam-re/67e4efd54b988 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=1 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; He added that the casting rumours of Jisshu Sengupta arose completely due to Sengupta's iconic rendition of Sri Chaitanya on television, for which the public thought he would be cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Parambrata to play Gourango in Srijit's next; will also sing in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-to-play-gourango-in-srijits-next-will-also-sing-in-the-film/articleshow/84485145.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Times of India |date=16 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; However it turned out that Dibyojyoti Dutta, known for his work in Bengali television serial ''[[Anurager Chhowa]]'' was cast as the lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=নিত্যানন্দ বেশে যিশু, গৌরাঙ্গের নাম নিয়ে সৃজিতের 'বিগ ফ্রাইডে' চমক! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/srijit-shares-jisshu-sengupta-dibyajyotis-look-from-lawho-gouranger-naam-re/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Sangbad Pratidin |date=13 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dutta, who made his feature film debut with this film stated in an interview that portraying Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was one of the most challenging roles of his career, requiring extensive mental and emotional preparation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=প্রতিবেদন | first=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম | title=ছোট থেকেই নায়ক হওয়ার স্বপ্ন থেকে মহাপ্রভুর চরিত্র, দিব্যজ্যোতির প্রথম বড়পর্দার সফর | website=Anandabazar | date=22 December 2025 | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/tollywood-actor-dibyojyoti-dutta-makes-his-debut-in-srijit-mukherjees-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-dgtl/cid/1656009 | language=bn | access-date=22 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Jisshu Sengupta was recast in the film, but this time, to play the role of [[Nityananda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2025-06-25 |title=Jisshu Sengupta will play the character of Nityananda in Srijit Mukherji's Lawho Gouranger Naam Re |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-will-play-the-character-of-nityananda-in-srijit-mukherjis-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-dgtl/cid/1609626 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Priyanka Sarkar]] was roped in to play the role of Lakshmipriya, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's first wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Priyanka to play Noti Binodini, Bratya, Girish Ghosh, in Srijit's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/priyanka-to-play-noti-binodini-bratya-girish-ghosh-in-srijits-next/articleshow/88438790.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she was replaced by Aratrika Maity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=বড়পর্দার 'বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া', সৃজিতের ছবিতে সুযোগ পেয়ে আপ্লুত অলোকানন্দা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/alokananda-guha-opens-up-about-get-chance-in-srijit-mukherjis-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-west-bengal-news-wbs25060610648 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=ETV Bharat |date=6 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; It marked the film debut for Maity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Sushmita |title='আমি এখনও অঝোরে কেঁদে যাচ্ছি...', হঠাৎ কেন চোখে জল আরাত্রিকার? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/actress-aratrika-maity-shares-her-emotional-connection-with-the-film-of-lawho-gouranger-naam-re/200406860.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=21 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alokananda Guha was finalised to play the role of [[Vishnupriya]], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's second wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=সৃজিত-রাণার 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'তে 'বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া' অলকানন্দা, কীভাবে এল সুযোগ? কী জানালেন অভিনেত্রী? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actress-alokananda-guha-joins-srijit-mukherji-s-upcoming-movie-laho-gouranger-naam-re-breaking-news-159131 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=15 March 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Debdoot Ghosh was cast in the role of Maharaj Pratapaditya. Reports stated that he would play different characters in each of the three phases of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's life that will be portrayed in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=সৃজিতের ছবির তিনটি চরিত্রে দেবদূত! বাংলার ইতিহাস সংরক্ষণে কী বড় পদক্ষেপ করতে চলেছেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-debdut-ghosh-are-doing-srijit-mukherjees-laho-gouranger-naam-re-movie-dgtl/cid/1608393#goog_rewarded |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=31 May 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Parno Mitra]] was cast in the role of Indraneil's wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=দোলে সৃজিতের বড় চমক! 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে' ছবিতে শুভশ্রী-পার্ণো, প্রকাশ্যে পোস্টারও |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/srijit-mukherji-announces-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-casting-poster-out/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=14 March 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Anjan Dutt]] was initially cast to play [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;aajkal&quot;/&gt; But in October 2025, theatre actor [[Partha Bhowmick]] replaced Dutt as Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=অবিকল রামকৃষ্ণ দেব! সৃজিতের 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'-এর রামকৃষ্ণের চরিত্রে তৃণমূল সাংসদ কে চিনতে পারছেন? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/partha-bhowmick-mp-cum-actor-as-ramakrishna-in-srijit-mukherji-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-9353859 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=11 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhowmick stated that he did not consciously reference [[Mithun Chakraborty]]’s [[National Film Awards|National Award]]–winning portrayal of Ramakrishna in the 1998 film ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'', though he acknowledged Chakraborty as an actor he deeply admires. He also revealed that prior to shooting, he spent extended periods in solitude and meditation as part of his personal preparation for the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=মজুমদার | first=রাহুল | title='শ্রীরামকৃষ্ণ'র চরিত্র জাতীয় পুরস্কার দিয়েছিল মিঠুনকে, সৃজিতের ছবিতে 'পরমহংস' হওয়ার সময় মিঠুন-তুলনা মাথায় এসেছিল? চাঁচাছোলা জবাব পার্থর! | website=Aajkaal | date=27 October 2025 | url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/partha-bhowmick-talks-on-mithun-chakraborty-and-playing-ramakrishna-in-srijit-mukherji-s-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-116673#google_vignette | language=bn | access-date=22 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Subhashree Ganguly]] was cast to play the role of [[Binodini Dasi]] and [[Bratya Basu]] was brought in to portray [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jisshu Sengupta: সৃজিতের 'লহো গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'-র সঙ্গে ফের জুড়ছে যিশুর নাম, কোন চরিত্রে দেখা যাবে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/jisshu-sengupta-news-actor-to-play-the-character-of-nityananda-prabhu-nitai-in-srijit-mukherji-new-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-tollywood-news-soc-1225298-2025-06-06 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=6 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; This marked Subhasree's first collaboration with Srijit Mukherjee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Subhashree wraps shoot for Srijit's next in Puri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhashree-wraps-shoot-for-srijits-next-in-puri/articleshow/122741780.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Times of India |date=18 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Filming ===<br /> [[Principal photography]] began from 11 June 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;/&gt; The filming was done in [[Nabadwip]], [[Mayapur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Puri]] and several parts of [[Odisha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aajkal&quot;/&gt; [[Ishaa Saha]] joined the shoot on 13 June 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=সৃজিতের 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে' ছবির শুভ মহরতে তারকা সমাহার, কবে শুরু হচ্ছে শুটিং? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/srijit-mukherjis-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-shooting-starts-from-mid-june/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=9 June 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2025, the cast and crew, including Srijit Mukherji, Subhashree Ganguly, and Jisshu Sengupta, were spotted filming in [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], particularly around the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratidin_Puri2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=গৌরাঙ্গের নাম নিয়ে পুরীতে যিশু-শুভশ্রীরা, নীলাচলে জমজমাট সৃজিতের ছবির শুটিং|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/team-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-including-subhashree-jisshu-srijit-at-puri-for-shooting/ |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt; The filming was completed on 16 July 2025, with the last scene being shot at the Jagannath Temple premises in [[Puri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Its' a wrap for 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re': Shubhashree, Indraneil, Jisshu share BTS moments |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shubhashree-indraneil-jisshu-share-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-bts-photogallery-prnt/cid/2113717?slide=1 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=17 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The final schedule featured [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as [[Binodini Dasi]], expressing her devotions to [[Jagannath |Lord Jagannath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=বিশ্বাস |first1=বিহঙ্গী |title='বিনোদিনী'র বিদায়, জগন্নাথ ধাম থেকে সজল চোখে প্রস্থান শুভশ্রীর |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/on-the-final-day-of-filming-for-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-actress-subhshree-became-emotional-as-she-departed-from-the-set/tid/166402 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Wall |date=16 July 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Main|Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey (soundtrack)}}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack for ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey'' has been composed by [[Kabir Suman]], [[Girish Ghosh]], [[Indraadip Dasgupta]], Tamalika Golder and Souptik Mazumdar. The lyrics have been penned by [[Kabir Suman]], [[Adi Sankaracharya]], Girish Ghosh, Tamalika Golder, Souptik Mazumdar and [[Narottama Dasa Thakura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Srijit and Kabir Suman to team up again! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/srijit-and-kabir-suman-to-team-up-again/articleshow/68440280.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Times of India |date=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This versatile album features various genres of music, starting from traditional kirtans and Sanskrit shlokas that were sung in the early 17th Century, theatre songs from Girish Ghosh's ''Chaitanya Leela'' and ''Nimai Sanyas'' made during late 19th Century to present-day romantic tracks visualised on Parthasarathi and Rai's romance.<br /> <br /> The first single &quot;Dyakho Dyakho Kanaiye &quot; was released on 24 November 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=A song from the upcoming film Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey celebrates the spiritual passion of Sri Chaitanya |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-song-from-the-upcoming-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-celebrates-the-spiritual-passion-of-sri-chaitanya/2002352 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=t2Online |date=25 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second single &quot;Jagannath Swami Nayana Pathagami&quot; was released on 01 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=Srijit Mukherji's upcoming film Lawho Gouranger Naam Re's new song released |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-res-new-song-released-179571 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkaal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third single &quot;Shey Chole Geleo&quot; was released on 06 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-06 |title=Shee Chole Geleo: A song of departures, memories and the sea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shee-chole-geleo-a-song-of-departures-memories-and-the-sea/articleshow/125802356.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fourth single &quot;Lukochuri Khela&quot; was released on 12 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-12 |title=Lukochuri Khela from Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey unveils a play of hidden emotions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/lukochuri-khela-from-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-unveils-a-play-of-hidden-emotions/articleshow/125930293.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fifth single &quot;Hari Haraye Namah Krishna&quot; was released on 15 December 2025. The sixth single &quot;Khawne Gorachand Khawne Kaala&quot; was released on 21 December 2025. The entire music album was launched on 23 December 2025, two days before the film's release.<br /> <br /> Also, a version from a Sanskrit shloka from the [[Bhagavata Purana]] has been sung by Padma Palash, that has been used in the end credits. However, this track was not included in the music album of the film.<br /> <br /> == Marketing ==<br /> The official poster was released on 15 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=15 March 2025 |title=Srijit Mukherji film Lawho Gouranger Naam Re poster releases |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/srijit-mukherji-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-poster-releases-west-bengal-news-wbs25031501539 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=ETV Bharat}}&lt;/ref&gt; A teaser was subsequently unveiled on 10 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2025-10-10 |title='Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' Teaser Unveiled: Subhasree Ganguly and Dibyojyoti Dutta praised by Netizen |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/lawho-gouranger-naam-re-teaser-unveiled-subhasree-ganguly-and-dibyojyoti-dutta-praised-by-netizen-entertainment-news-tollywood-1158268 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[ABP Live]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a part of the marketing campaigns, the team of ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey'' attended an interactive session regarding Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and his connection with Lord Jagannath, at the Chaitanya Research Institute in Kolkata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey team explores the spiritual legacy of Chaitanyadev at special Kolkata session |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-team-explores-the-spiritual-legacy-of-chaitanyadev-at-special-kolkata-session/articleshow/125802564.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Times of India |date=6 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer for the film was released on 18 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title='লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে…'-এর ট্রেলারের পরতে পরতে শ্রীচৈতন্য অন্তর্ধান রহস্য ঘনীভূত! শুভশ্রী থেকে দিব্যজ্যোতির বড় চমক |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-s-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-trailer-is-out-now-271766062818782.html |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 December 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey'' was released in the theatres on 25 December 2025, coinciding with [[Christmas]], clashing with ''[[Projapati 2]]'' and ''[[Mitin: Ekti Khunir Sandhaney]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title=সৃজিতের 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে...' কবে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে? বড় আপডেট দিলেন পর্দার 'চৈতন্য' দিব্যজ্যোতি |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/when-is-srijit-mukherji-s-releasing-dibyojyoti-dutta-gives-a-big-update-271761804078213.html |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 October 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> Agnivo Niyogi for ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and opined &quot;Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey unfolds across three timelines. They do not appear sequentially or through elaborate flashbacks but unfold simultaneously, with the narratives sometimes overlapping through match-cuts.&quot; The crisp modern-day narrative, Srijit's storytelling, Ishaa's performance, Subhasree's commanding portrayal of Binodini as well as Chaitanya, Dibyajyoti's performance as Chaitanya and the music were being applauded but the arc where Partha's wife exists in his mind as a memory was being criticized for being an unnecessary disruption to the central story.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Srijit Mukherji's 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey' spans three timelines with a message of love and sacrifice |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-film-on-chaitanya-mahaprabhus-disappearance-is-engaging/cid/2139701 |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=26 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Poorna Bnaerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;Despite its unevenness, Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey is worth watching for its ambition, performances, and its willingness to ask how legends endure after history falls silent—not as fixed truths, but as echoes that continue to shape those who dare to retell them.&quot; She praised the film's music, Subhasree's commanding performance as Binodini and Dibyajyoti's portrayal of Chaitanya but bemoaned the fragile contemporary timeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey Movie Review: A compelling yet conflicted period drama about a saint |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/lawho-gouranger-naam-rey/movie-review/126189814.cms |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anurupa Chakraborty of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and noted &quot;While trying to unravel the mystery of Sri Chaitanya's disappearance or disappearance, the audience was lost. A little more research was needed in making a movie about such a scholar.&quot; She criticized the weak direction, the backstory of the King of Odisha and the below par research done for the film but applauded Dibyajyoti and Subhashree's performance in their respective roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey Review: মহাপ্রভুর জীবনকথা নাকি তত্ত্বের জট, ইতিহাসের ভার কি সামলাতে পারল 'লহ গৌরাঙ্গের নাম রে'? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/loho-gouranger-nam-re-review-srijit-mukherji-10949840 |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=27 December 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|2.5|5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zee 24 Ghanta Binodone Sera 24 || Best Album (Film) || ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey'' || {{Won}}|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Zee 24 Ghanta Binodone Sera 24 winners: Arijit Singh bags best playback male singer |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/zee-24-ghanta-binodone-sera-24-winners-arijit-singh-bags-best-playback-male-singer-check-full-list-3011770.html/amp |website=Zee News |access-date=31 Jan 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Playback Singer – Male || [[Arijit Singh]] for “Khawne Gorachand Khawne Kaala” || {{Won}}|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Zee 24 Ghanta Binodone Sera 24 winners: Arijit Singh bags best playback male singer |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/zee-24-ghanta-binodone-sera-24-winners-arijit-singh-bags-best-playback-male-singer-check-full-list-3011770.html/amp |website=Zee News |access-date=31 Jan 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt16733786}}<br /> <br /> {{Srijit Mukherji}}<br /> {{Shree Venkatesh Films}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language biographical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 biographical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural depictions of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]<br /> [[Category:Shree Venkatesh Films]]<br /> [[Category:Dag Creative Media films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Srijit Mukherji]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yashodar_Singh&diff=546083 2026-04-05T13:35:55Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Raja of Khilchipur 1942/1961}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | title = [[Raja]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rai Bahadur|Rao Bahadur]]<br /> | succession = [[Raja]] of [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]]<br /> | reign = {{circa|1942}} – 25 December 1961<br /> | predecessor = [[Durjan Sal Singh]]<br /> | successor = Bhartendra Singh<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1918|03|06|df=yes}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1966|12|25|1918|03|06|df=yes}}<br /> | spouse = Saraswati Devi<br /> | issue = {{ubl|Indu Kumari|Meenakshi Kumari|Jaishree Kumari|Bhartendra Singh}}<br /> | issue-link = #Early_life,_family,_and_education<br /> | house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kilchipur.gif}} [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]]<br /> | father = [[Durjan Sal Singh]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]<br /> | module = {{infobox person<br /> |embed=yes<br /> |education = [[Daly College]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Yashodar Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]] from 1942 until his death in 1961.<br /> <br /> == Early life, family, and education ==<br /> He was born on 6 March 1918 to [[Durjan Sal Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]], and his wife, a daughter of the [[Raja]] of [[Sailana State|Sailana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was educated at [[Daly College]], [[Indore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=133}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1937, he married Saraswati Devi, the only daughter of Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo and sister of [[Vir Singh Judeo|Vir Singh Ju Deo]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchestra|Orchha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=ORCHHA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/o/orchha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708052038/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/o/orchha.html |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KHILCHIPUR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/khilchipur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106133433/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/khilchipur.html |archive-date=2018-01-06 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple had three daughters, Indu Kumari, Meenakshi Kumari, Jaishree Kumari, and a son, Bhartendra Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reign ==<br /> Upon the death of his father in 1942, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Khilchipur State|Khilichipur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He signed the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]] on 11 August 1947, and by it he acceded his state to the [[Dominion of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers_Rajga/IlVDAAAAYAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Rajgarh |date=1996 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=IX, 49 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Assembly (Legislative) |first=India Constituent |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_Legisl/RbKWcuF8HqEC |title=The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report |date=1947 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=215 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, he, like many of his fellow rulers, signed the covenant at [[New Delhi]] to form [[Madhya Bharat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died on 25 December 1961 and was succeeded by Bhartendra Singh to his title, rank and dignity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yashodar}}<br /> [[Category:1918 births]]<br /> [[Category:1961 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:People from British India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigade_of_the_Guards&diff=459287 2026-03-24T03:50:56Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Regiment of the Indian Army}}<br /> {{for|the British Army unit|Brigade of Guards}}<br /> {{Infobox Military Unit<br /> | unit_name = Brigade of The Guards<br /> | image = Brigade of the Guards Insignia (India).svg<br /> | caption = Regimental Insignia of the Brigade of The Guards<br /> | dates = 1949 - Present<br /> | country = {{flag|India}} <br /> | allegiance = <br /> | branch = {{army|India}} <br /> | type = Foot Guards<br /> | role = [[Mechanized Infantry]]<br /> | size = 23 battalions<br /> | command_structure = <br /> | garrison = [[Kamptee]], [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/first-agniveer-batch-arrive-guards-regimental-centre-training-8357013/|title=Members of first Agniveer batch arrive at Guards Regimental Centre for training|date=2023-01-02|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | garrison_label = Regimental Centre<br /> | equipment = [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947|Jammu &amp; Kashmir - 1947-48]], [[1965 war|Rajasthan - 1965]], [[1965 war|Punjab - 1965]], [[Bangladesh liberation war|East Pakistan - 1971]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Jammu &amp; Kashmir - 1971]]<br /> | equipment_label = Theatre Honours<br /> | nickname = <br /> | patron = <br /> | motto = ''Pahla Hamesha Pahla (First Always First)''<br /> | colors = ''Garud Ka Hun Bol Pyare (I am the son of Eagle,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=eagle&amp;dir=au {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Say O my Beloved)''<br /> | colors_label = War Cry<br /> | march = <br /> | mascot = <br /> | battles = <br /> | anniversaries = <br /> | decorations = 1 [[Param Vir Chakra]], 2 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]s, 1 [[Padma Bhushan]], 8 [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, 6 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s, 4 [[Kirti Chakra]]s, 46 [[Vir Chakra]]s, 18 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s, 77 [[Sena Medal]]s, 10 Ati Vishisht Seva Medals, 3 Yudh Seva Medals, 16 Vishisht Seva Medals, 45 Mention-in-Despatches, 151 COAS's Commendation Cards and 79 GOC-in-C's Commendation Cards<br /> | battle_honours = Akhaura, Burki, Gadra Road, Hilli, Naushera, Gurais, Shingo River Valley, Sylhet and Ganga Sagar<br /> &lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;| current_commander = <br /> | current_commander_label = <br /> | ceremonial_chief = <br /> | ceremonial_chief_label = <br /> | colonel_of_the_regiment =Major General Pankaj Malhotra, AVSM, SM&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | colonel_of_the_regiment_label = <br /> &lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;| identification_symbol = [[Garuda]] - A mythological eagle king.<br /> | identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia<br /> | identification_symbol_2 = Red over Yellow<br /> | identification_symbol_2_label = Hackle<br /> | identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Brigade of the Guards flag.jpg|150px]]<br /> | identification_symbol_3_label = Flag<br /> }}<br /> The '''Brigade of The Guards''' is a [[mechanised infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It was raised as the first &quot;all India&quot;, &quot;all class&quot; [[infantry]] unit of the Army where troops from all parts of India serve together, as opposed to other regiments that recruit from specific regions, ethnic groups or religions. <br /> <br /> The Brigade of The Guards distinguished itself by being awarded the most battle honours after [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1947. The regiment was the brain-child of [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[K. M. Cariappa]], who was the first Indian commander-in-chief (C-in-C) and Field Marshal of the Indian Army. He raised the Brigade of the Guards and coined the phrase – ''The Guards, The Elite''.<br /> <br /> The [[President of India]] is the Honorary Colonel-in-Chief and the [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] is the Colonel-in-Chief of The Guards. The Guards Regimental Centre is at [[Kamptee]] in [[Maharashtra]]. The Brigade of The Guards was the senior most [[line infantry]] regiment of the Indian Army before its selection and conversion to the mechanised infantry role. It now holds the title of the senior most infantry regiment in an honorary/ceremonial capacity. Together with the [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]], they form part of the ''Mechanised Infantry'' arm, which along with the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] form the ''Mechanised Forces''.<br /> <br /> ==History and raising==<br /> [[File:Guards marching contingent jointly won award for the best marching contingent among the two services in Republic Day Parade-2015.jpg|thumb|305x305px| The Guards marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 66th Republic Day Parade, 2015|alt=|right]]<br /> The Brigade of Guards was raised in 1949 on the lines of the elite [[Foot guards|Guards]] units of the world, particularly, the [[Coldstream Guards]] of the [[British Army]]'s [[Guards Division]]. The regiment was raised to implement the government's policy of encouraging Army recruitment from classes and regions which had been under-represented in the forces. Raised as The Guards Brigade, the old system of class composition was replaced with recruitment open to all regions, castes, creeds, and sections of society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rsep2001/05092001/r050920014.html|title=General S Padmanabhan - Honorary Colonel Of The Brigade Of The Guards|date=2001-09-05|access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to the raising of the Guards, Indian Army infantry regiments derived their name and troop composition from region, religion or sub-caste. There was a message with its formation that the country comes before everything else, including religion and caste. The regiment was formed as the first mixed class Indian regiment to be raised after Indian independence by [[Field Marshal]] [[Kodandera Madappa Cariappa|KM Cariappa]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]. Three of the Army's oldest and most distinguished battalions were converted as Guards battalions in 1949: <br /> *2nd Battalion, [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] - 1st Battalion<br /> *1st Battalion, [[The Grenadiers]] - 2nd Battalion<br /> *1st Battalion, [[Rajputana Rifles]] - 3rd Battalion<br /> <br /> A year later, they were joined by the 1st Battalion, [[Rajput Regiment]] as the 4th Battalion. It was the only regiment of [[foot guards]] in the Indian Army. Though the Brigade of The Guards is only 70 years old, its constituent battalions go back as far as 225 years and between them share 93 battle honours earned around the globe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobSecurity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-guards.htm|title = Brigade of the Guards}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> From its raising till 1964, the [[Colonel#Colonel_of_the_Regiment|Colonel of the Regiment]] was the serving [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]. On 1 January 1964, [[Brigadier]] (later [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]) [[N. C. Rawlley|NC Rawlley]] became the first Colonel of the Regiment of the Brigade of the Guards. The Chiefs of the Army Staff continue to be the Honorary Colonels of the Brigade of Guards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=h3 |url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2010/aug16-10/h3.htm |website=www.sainiksamachar.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Currently the Brigade of the Guards consists of 23 regular battalions and 2 [[Territorial Army (India)|territorial]] battalions and 1 RR ([[Rashtriya Rifles]]) battalion.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE BRIGADE OF THE GUARDS |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/army/Army/Regiments/Guards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411222921/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Guards.html |archive-date=2009-04-11 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1980s, the Indian Army began to increase the number of mechanized infantry battalions on its order of battle. As part of this program, the battalions of the Brigade of Guards were eventually converted to mechanized infantry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aftdelhi.nic.in/assets/judgement/2013/OA/OA-331-2012%20Col%20LC%20Dahiya%20Vs%20Union%20Of%20India%20%20Ors.pdf|title=Details of Bns|date=2013-04-26|access-date=2021-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Regimental Centre==<br /> Soon after its raising, the Brigade of the Guards Regimental Centre was started as a training company at the [[Rajputana Rifles]] Training Centre at [[Delhi Cantonment]] on 6 June 1950. It was later upgraded to the Guards Training Wing at the same location. The centre then moved to [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], where it became operational on 11 June 1956. The centre moved to its present location in [[Kamptee]] near the city of [[Nagpur]] in October 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/about/the-corps-of-engineers/regimental-centre-the-brigade-of-the-guards-infantry-arms-and-services|title=REGIMENTAL CENTRE|access-date=2024-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/brigade-guards-recruits-pass-colourful-ceremony-1795931.html|title=Brigade of Guards recruits pass out in colourful ceremony|date=2014-11-10|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; After their initial infantry training, Guardsmen undertake their mechanised conversion at [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment#Mechanised Infantry Institutions|Mechanised Infantry Centre and School]] at [[Ahmednagar]].<br /> <br /> ==Operations==<br /> ===1962 Indo-China War===<br /> {{main|Sino-Indian War}}<br /> <br /> ===1965 Indo-Pakistan War===<br /> {{main|Indo-Pakistan War of 1965}}<br /> <br /> ===1971 Liberation War===<br /> {{main|Indo-Pakistan War of 1971}}<br /> In the 1971 war, the Brigade of the Guards participated in actions on both the Eastern and the Western fronts. The 14th Guards earned their first PVC ( Param Vir Chakra) through L/Nk [[Albert Ekka]] of Bravo Company, for heroism in the Gangasagar theatre Near [[Tripura|TRIPURA]]: he single-handedly turned the tide against Pakistani defenders firing downrange with LMG's and MMG's from the top of a fortified structure, putting the entire operation in jeopardy.<br /> &lt;!--Capt. (now Brig.retd.) Ran Sher Singh Ranawat, KC, SM; 9 Bn Guards trained the Mukti Bahini from Jan 1971 onwards, behind enemy lines. He was active in the Sylhet sector as MI officer along with the 9th Bn. For his services during this time, he was decorated with the Kirti Chakra (Ashok Chakra IInd class) for single-handedly defusing a bomb planted to blow up a railway bridge by insurgents in Assam. He was also awarded a Sena Medal for gallantry during the siege of Dacca. He went on to command the 9th Guard, Raj Rif in Punjab during the bad years-1988 &amp; then a unit in Arunachal Pradesh. He commanded the College of Combat &amp; was an AX grade Commando. He oversaw the conversion of his unit to the 3rd Mech Inf (9th Guard). He was in charge of 12th sector Rashtriya Rifles (Badgam) in Kashmir He was promoted to Brigadier &amp; retired as Deputy Dir. Gen. (UP &amp; Uttaranchal). He spent 16 of his first 22years as an officer serving in the field (as opposed to peace stations). He belongs to the Sisodia Viramdevot thikana of Kankarwa in Mewar, Rajasthan. His brother Col. Ran Vijay Singh Ranawat served in the 2nd &amp; 3rd Guards &amp; commanded the 3rd Guards. He retired as Provost-Marshall of the Corps of Military Police in Rajasthan. He participated in the 1965 war being awarded a Mention-in-despatches &amp; was in the reserves in 1971.<br /> <br /> Excerpt from Sainik Samachar &quot;Commissioned on June 9, 1968 into the Brigade of Guards, Brig Ranawat has held various instructional and staff appointments during his last 32 years of service. He commanded an elite Guards Mechanised Battalion and a RR Sector in Jammu and Kashmir. He also commanded an Infantry Brigade in Rajasthan.&quot;<br /> <br /> Before taking up the present appointment, he was the Deputy DG NCC at the NCC Directorate of West Bengal and Sikkim in Kolkata. During the 1971 Indo-Pak war, Brig Ranawat served in the eastern sector where he was awarded Kirti Chakra as well as Sena Medal for bravery.--&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Operation Blue Star (1984)===<br /> {{further|Operation Blue Star}}<br /> <br /> This was an Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to capture the extremist Sikh leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his followers along with demolition of the buildings of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple) complex in [[Amritsar, Punjab]].<br /> <br /> The 10th battalion under Lt. Col. Ishrar Rahim Khan was located in [[Jalandhar]] in 1984 and moved to Amritsar to assist the civil administration. Along with 1 Para, 10 Guards moved in from the north entrance to the temple and, though suffering heavy casualties, achieved their objectives. The unit was awarded one Ashok Chakra (Capt. Jasbir Singh Raina), one Kirti Chakra and three Shaurya Chakras. Total casualties suffered by the unit were 19 killed and 50 wounded.<br /> <br /> ===UN operations and counter-insurgency operations===<br /> One the first deployments overseas, both for this newly formed regiment as well as for the newly independent India, was to Indo-china, where the 2nd Bn. was posted, in 1954, to support the [[International Control Commission]]: India was the lead-nation for the project, and from its own history was well-aware of how risky the task of Partition could be. Detachments of the battalion provided both security and an air of authority to the various subordinate headquarters in North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, and the all-India regiment exemplified the national commitment to a fraught operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdxDcxj_wn4C&amp;q=Ho+Chi+minh+with+M+J+Desai&amp;pg=RA1-PT123|title=Indian Army After Independence|isbn=9781935501619|last1=Praval|first1=Major K. C.|date=1987 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Brigade of the Guards has also taken part in UN peace keeping operations in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Angola]]. <br /> <br /> The regiment has also been used in [[counter-insurgency]] operations within [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobSecurity&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Regimental battalions==<br /> The regiment currently consists of a total of 23 battalions for Regular Army, one for [[Rashtriya Rifles]] and two for [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]. The majority of these operate as standard mechanized infantry, 6 operate in the reconnaissance and support role (3 wheeled and 3 tracked), one is equipped as an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) battalion and three (including two territorial army battalions) remain as infantry. Today, the regiment is one of three in the [[Indian Army]] that is made up of men from the different castes and regions of [[India]].<br /> [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158344 - 2 Guards 1 Grenadier - 225 Years.jpeg|thumb|right|305x305px|2003 postal stamp to commemorate '225 years of 2nd Battalion of the Guards (1 Grenadiers)'.]]<br /> [[File:Stamp of India - 1998 - Colnect 161877 - Uniforms 1798 - 1998.jpeg|thumb|right|305x305px|1998 postal stamp to mark the bicentenary of 4th Battalion of the Guards (former 1st battalion, 7th Rajput)]]<br /> [[File: Infantry Combat Vehicle passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi on January 26, 2017.jpg|thumb|305x305px| The contingent of the 10th Battalion, Brigade of the Guards on [[BMP-2]] passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade, 2017|alt=|right]]<br /> The list of battalions is as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;BR1&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Expand list|date=November 2024}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 75px;&quot;| Battalion<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 50px;&quot;| Raising Date<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px;&quot;| Former designations<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 220px;&quot;| Remarks<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 40px;&quot;| References<br /> |-<br /> |1st Battalion<br /> |1759 {{refn|group=nb|The Indian Army List, 1923 gives the date of raising between 1762 and 1765.&lt;ref name=&quot;Armylist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278900/page/n613/mode/2up?q=%222nd+Punjab+Regiment%22&amp;view=theater |title= The Indian Army List, 1923|access-date=2024-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |10th Battalion Coast Sepoys (1759), 10th Carnatic Battalion (1769), 9th Carnatic Battalion (1770), 9th Madras Battalion (1784), 1st Battalion, 9th Madras Native Infantry (1796), 9th Madras Native Infantry (1824), 9th Madras Infantry (1885), [[69th Punjabis]] (1903), 2nd battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]] (1922), [[Punjab Regiment (India)|2 Punjab]]<br /> |Raised at Madura (now [[Madurai]]). Battle honours - 31 - Pre-independence - ''Carnatic, Sholinghur, Mysore, Ava, Pegu''. {{refn|group=nb|Incomplete list}} Post independence – ''Naushera''. Designated as 1 Guards on 1 April 1951, mechanised in March 1994.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Armylist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/69thpunjabis.htm|title= 69th Punjabis|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |2nd Battalion<br /> |22 Nov 1778{{refn|group=nb|The Indian Army List, 1923 gives the date of raising as 1779.&lt;ref name=&quot;Armylist&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> |8th Regiment of Bombay Sepoys (1778), 8th Grenadier Regiment of Bombay Sepoys (1783), 1st Grenadier Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry (1793), 1st Grenadier Bombay Infantry (1901), [[101st Grenadiers]] (1903), 1st Battalion, 4th Bombay Grenadiers (1922), 1st Battalion, [[The Grenadiers]]. <br /> |Raised at [[Bombay]]. Battle honours - ''Mangalore, Mysore, Hyderabad, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878–80, Burma 1885–87, Somaliland 1901–04, East Africa 1914–16, Egypt, Gaza, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1917–18''. Post independence – ''Gurais''. Became 2 Guards on 1 August 1952.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Armylist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.grenadiers.info/indian/ |title = Indian Army Grenadiers Regiment}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://istampgallery.com/2-guards-1-grenadiers-225-years/|title=2 Guards (1 Grenadiers)|date=22 November 2003 |access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/2-guards-1-grenaiers-225-years-defence-br/|title=2 Guards|date=2003-11-23|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarbans&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarbans|title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army, 1757-1971|year=1993|publisher=Vision Books|page=|isbn=978-8170941156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/2-guards-1-grenadiers-225-years/|title=2 Guards (1 Grenadiers) of India|date=2003-11-22| access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |3rd Battalion<br /> |10 Jan 1775<br /> |5th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys (1775), 9th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys (1778), 2nd Battalion, 2nd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry (1796), 4th Bombay Native Infantry (1824), 4th Bombay Infantry (or Rifle Corps) (1885), 4th (1st Battalion Rifle Corps) Bombay Infantry (1889), 4th Bombay Rifles – (1901), [[104th Wellesley's Rifles]] (1903), 1st Battalion, [[6th Rajputana Rifles]] (1921), 1st Battalion, [[Rajputana Rifles]] (1945)<br /> |Battle honours (pre-independence) 28; (post-independence) – ''Gadra Road''. 3 Guards on 1 September 1949, mechanised in December 1991.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Armylist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/3-guards-1-raj-rif/|title=3 Guards|date=2015-09-08|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarbans&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |4th Battalion<br /> |1798<br /> |2nd Battalion, 15th Regiment of [[Bengal Native Infantry]] (1798), 31st Bengal Native Infantry (1824), 31st Bengal Native (Light) Infantry (1858), 2nd Bengal Native (Light) Infantry (1861), 2nd (The Queen's Own) Regiment of Bengal Native (Light) Infantry (1876), 2nd (The Queen's Own) Regiment of Bengal (Light) Infantry (1885), 2nd (Queen’s Own) Rajput Regiment of Bengal (Light) Infantry (1897), 2nd (Queen’s Own) Rajput Light Infantry (1901), [[2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry]] (1911), 1st light infantry battalion, [[7th Rajput Regiment]] (1922), 1st battalion, [[Rajput Regiment]] (1947).<br /> |Raised at [[Sasaram]]. Battle honours (pre-independence) - ''[[Battle of Delhi, 1803|Delhi 1803]], [[Laswari|Laswaree]], [[Deeg|Deig]], [[Bharatpur, India|Bhurtpore]], [[Kalat (Pakistan)|Khelat]]. [[First Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan]], [[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh|Maharajpore]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjaub]], [[Battle of Chillianwala|Chillianwallah]], [[Battle of Gujarat|Goojerat]], [[Central India Campaign (1858)|Central India]], [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1879-80]], [[Third Burmese War|Burma 1885-87]], [[Boxer Rebellion|China 1900]]''; (post-independence) – ''Akhaura''. The battalion has won two [[Victoria Cross]]es and one [[Param Vir Chakra]]. Designated 4 Guards on 26 January 1950.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Armylist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/2ndrajputltinf.htm|title=2nd Rajput Light Infantry|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/battalion-4-guards-1-rajput/|title=Fourth Battalion Brigade of the Guards (1 Rajput)|date=1998-09-15|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/4-guards-stirring-saga-of-courage-and-sacrifice-587739/|title=4 Guards' stirring saga of courage and sacrifice|date=2024-02-06|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |5th Battalion<br /> |1960<br /> |<br /> |Reconnaissance &amp; Support, battle honour – ''Burki''.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarbans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gunsinstamps.blogspot.com/2015/10/5th-battalion-brigade-of-guards-golden.html|title=5th Battalion Brigade of the Guards - Golden Jubilee|date=2010-08-25|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |6th Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |7th Battalion<br /> |1 Jan 1963<br /> |<br /> |Raised at Kota, Rajasthan; mechanised in 2003. Battle honour – ''Shingo River Valley''.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarbans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/7th-battalion-brigade-of-the-guards/|title=7 Guards|date=2013-10-29|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |8th Battalion<br /> |1 Oct 1963<br /> | <br /> |Raised at Kota, Rajasthan; mechanised in 1998. Battle honour – ''Hilli''. <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarbans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/8th-battalion-brigade-of-the-guards/|title=8 Guards|date=2013-11-23|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |9th Battalion<br /> |1 Apr 1964<br /> | <br /> |Raised at Kota, Rajasthan. Battle honour – ''Sylhet''.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarbans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/9th-bn-brigade-of-the-guards/|title=9 Guards|date=2014-04-01|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |10th Battalion<br /> |1 Jan 1965<br /> |<br /> |Raised at Kota, Rajasthan; mechanised in 1988. Ashok Chakra Battalion.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/10th-battalion-brigade-of-the-guards/|title=10 Guards|date=2015-10-03|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |11th Battalion<br /> |1 Jun 1966<br /> | <br /> |Raised at [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh]] as a para commando battalion, then converted to regular infantry; mechanised in 2011.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/eleventh-battalion-brigade-of-the-guards/|title=11 Guards|date=2016-06-01|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |12th Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Reconnaissance &amp; Support<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |13th Battalion<br /> |4 Jan 1968<br /> |31st Battalion, Brigade of the Guards (I)<br /> |Raised as a specialised unit for counter-insurgency operation in the [[Northeast India|Northeast]]. Now in regular mechanised infantry role. <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gunsinstamps.blogspot.com/2015/01/13th-battalion-brigade-of-guards-silver.html|title=13th Battalion Brigade of the Guards - Silver Jubilee|date=1993-01-04|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |14th Battalion<br /> |13 Jan 1968<br /> |<br /> |Param Vir Chakra battalion, battle honour – ''Ganga Sagar''.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarbans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/golden-jubilee-celebrations-of-brigade-of-the-guards-begin/articleshow/56507474.cms|title=Golden Jubilee Celebrations|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2017-01-13|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.defstrat.com/magazine_articles/battles-that-made-history-14/#:~:text=After%20the%20capture%20of%20Gangasagar,the%20Battle%20Honour%20'Gangasagar'.|title= Battle Honours of The Indian Army – 27 (1971 War) Gangasagar|date=2021-11-05|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |15th Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Reconnaissance &amp; Support<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |16th Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |17th Battalion<br /> |1981<br /> |<br /> |Nicknamed ''Tank Busters''. Raised in Kamptee as a specialised anti tank guided missile battalion, first to be equipped with [[MILAN]]. Had deployed 9 missile detachments during [[Kargil War]]. Converted to Reconnaissance &amp; Support role after mechanisation.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gunsinstamps.blogspot.com/2015/03/17th-battalion-brigade-of-guards-silver.html|title=17th Battalion The Brigade of the Guards - Silver Jubilee|date=2006-04-01|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Mandeep Singh |date=2012-06-26 |title=4 Sikh moving to Chandimandir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/4-sikh-moving-to-chandimandir/story-y280nydEB3Trmvb0NApuzN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101074845/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/4-sikh-moving-to-chandimandir/story-y280nydEB3Trmvb0NApuzN.html |archive-date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |quote=The 17 Guards, popularly known as the Tankbusters, was raised as an ATGM (anti-tank guided missile) battalion... effectively used for bunker-bursting, providing much-needed fire support capacity to the battalions they were embedded with.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |18th Battalion<br /> |1985<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gunsinstamps.blogspot.com/2015/09/18th-battalion-brigade-of-guards-silver.html|title=18th Battalion Brigade of the Guards - Silver Jubilee|date=2010-02-11|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |19th Battalion<br /> |1985<br /> |<br /> |Reconnaissance &amp; Support<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gunsinstamps.blogspot.com/2015/09/19th-battalion-brigade-of-guards-silver.html|title=19 Guards Silver Jubilee|date=2010-04-03|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |20th Battalion<br /> |?2016<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/4-new-mechanised-battalions-for-army-349271/|title=4 new mechanised battalions for Army|date=2017-01-11|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#D0FFD0&quot;<br /> |21st Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |[[Rashtriya Rifles]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Debalina-Chaterjee.pdf|title=Rashtriya Rifles In Kashmir: India's Counter-Terrorist Force|date=2012-01-01|access-date=2024-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |22nd Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |23rd Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |24th Battalion<br /> |1966<br /> |17th battalion, [[The Grenadiers]]<br /> |Raised as a camel battalion in [[Bikaner]]. Nicknamed ''The Desert Hawks''. Motorised Infantry Regiment. Became 24 Guards in 2023. Reconnaissance &amp; Support battalion.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/17th-battalion-the-grenadiers-motorised/|title= 17th Battalion The Grenadiers (Motorised)|date=2016-11-10|access-date=2024-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFD0D0&quot;<br /> |117th Battalion<br /> |1960<br /> |<br /> |[[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] (based at [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]]), nicknamed the ''Trichy Terriers''.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/TA-jawans-to-embark-on-cycle-rally/article16148461.ece#:~:text=The%20117%20Infantry%20Battalion%20(Territorial,Madras%20on%20October%201%2C%201962.|title=TA jawans to embark on cycle rally|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2010-08-28|access-date=2024-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gunsinstamps.blogspot.com/2015/10/117-infantry-battalion-ta-guards-golden.html|title=117 Infantry Battalion (TA) The Guards - Golden Jubilee|date=2010-10-01|access-date=2024-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FFD0D0&quot;<br /> |125th Battalion<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |[[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] (based at Tirumalagiri, [[Secunderabad]])<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uniindia.com/recruitment-for-territorial-army-in-hyderabad-will-be-conducted-from-october-15-to-25/south/news/1737896.html#google_vignette|title=Recruitment|date=2019-09-23|access-date=2024-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Traditions==<br /> ;Crest <br /> The regimental crest consists of the image of [[Garuda]] with a scroll below inscribed ‘BRIGADE OF THE GUARDS’. Garuda is a mythological bird and is the mount of the Hindu God [[Vishnu]]. It symbolises the values of invulnerability, immortality, elegance, strength, courage and vitality.&lt;ref name=&quot;BR1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Uniform<br /> The uniform of the Brigade of The Guards includes a yellow and red lanyard on the right shoulder. Instead of a brass title on the [[epaulette]], guardsmen wear red arm titles with the words ‘THE GUARDS’. The rank slides are embroidered in red over olive green straps. The green beret (common to all infantry units in India) has the regimental crest on a red-yellow-red vertical striped diamond base stitched to the beret and a red over yellow [[hackle]]. Guardsmen wear brass buttons on the uniform instead of the traditional green buttons. The regimental turban is worn by personnel during ceremonial occasions, parades, on guard duty and by those in the regimental band. It consists of a red background with yellow and red stripes.<br /> <br /> ;Regimental tune<br /> The four senior battalions and the Guards Training Centre each have their own march past for the Pipes and Drums. The 1 GUARDS plays ''Nachtlager En Grenada'', 2 GUARDS plays ''Back O’Benachie'', 3 GUARDS plays ''With Wellesley’s Rifles at Keren'', 4 GUARDS plays ''The Cock O’ the North'', and the Guards Training Centre plays ''Hundred Pipers''. In 1966, the Brigade adopted the march past of the 2nd Guards ''Back O’ Benachie'' for the Pipes and Drums. The ''Cariappa March'' was approved for the Brass Band of the 3rd Battalion and the centre in 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=NfhK/2yptneKivyEGs1deg==&amp;ParentID=t2VlARi2C7yBSJqx98xtcg==|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Colours<br /> 1 GUARDS was the first and as of 2020, is the only battalion to receive Colours from the [[President of India]] in front of the [[Red Fort]] in [[New Delhi]], with the colours being [[Presentation of Colours|presented]] on 20 September 1962. The centre and the 2nd to 14th battalions received colours from President [[VV Giri]] at [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] on 16 March 1973. Battalions 15 to 19 were presented with colours by [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] General [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]] at Kamptee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=9rC01f9K3k6zfNiWVbVIrw==&amp;ParentID=3qzOZvRAZ4C0KC5MsB9lOg==&amp;flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallantry awards==<br /> {{Incomplete list|date=November 2024}}<br /> ;[[Param Vir Chakra]]<br /> *Naik [[Jadunath Singh]] - 1st battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment, later 4 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1045|title=Jadunath Singh|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lance Naik [[Albert Ekka]] - 14 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1062|title=Albert Ekka|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]<br /> *Captain [[Jasbir Singh Raina]] - 10 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1082|title=Jasbir Singh Raina|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;[[Maha Vir Chakra]] - 6<br /> *Lieutenant [[Kishan Singh Rathore]] - 1st battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment, later 4 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1172|title=Kishan Singh Rathore|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lance Naik Nar Bahadur Chhetri - 12 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1731478548710302142|title=Lance Naik Nar Bahadur Chhetri|date=2023-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant Colonel Shamsher Singh - 8 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1431|title=Shamsher Singh|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Second Lieutenant Shamsher Singh Samra - 8 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1315|title=Kishan Singh Rathore|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lance Naik Ram Ugrah Pandey - 8 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1319|title=Ram Ugrah Pandey|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ;[[Kirti Chakra]] - 4<br /> *Captain Dinesh Prasad Mathur - 1 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2766|title=Captain Dinesh Prasad Mathur|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Captain Ransher Singh Ranawat - 9 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2856|title=Captain Ransher Singh Ranawat|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant Colonel Israr Rahim Khan - 10 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3224|title=Lieutenant Colonel Israr Rahim Khan|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Havildar Sarwan Singh - 10 Guards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4289|title=Havildar Sarwan Singh|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ;Others<br /> *[[Padma Bhushan]] - 1<br /> *[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] - 8<br /> *[[Vir Chakra]] - 46<br /> *[[Shaurya Chakra]] - 18<br /> *[[Sena Medal]] - 77<br /> *[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] - 10<br /> *[[Yudh Seva Medal]] - 3<br /> *[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] - 16<br /> *[[Mentioned in dispatches|Mention-in-Despatches]] - 45<br /> *[[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|COAS's Commendation Cards]] - 151<br /> *[[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|GOC-in-C's Commendation Cards]] - 79<br /> <br /> ==Battle honours==<br /> ===Pre-independence===<br /> [[Delhi 1803]]; Selinghar; [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Carnatic]]; [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Mysore]]; [[First Anglo-Burmese War|Ava]]; [[Second Anglo-Burmese War<br /> |Pegu]]; [[Raid on the Suez Canal|Suez Canal]]; Nels, Krithia; Laos; [[Aden]]; Point-551; Kanghaw; Naushera; Mangalore; Hyderabad; Gaza; Megiodo; Nablus; Curais; Seringapatnam; Beurabone; Punjab; Mooltan; Persia; Reshire; Khooshab; Central India; Basra; Shaiba; Ctesiphon; [[Siege of Kut|Defence of Kut-Al-Amara]]; Sidi Barrani; Keren; Cassino; Castele Hill; Leswarree; Deig; Bharatpore; Khelat; Mahrakpore; Chilianwallah; Goojerat; Punjab; Egypt 1876–1917; British East Africa 1878; [[Afghanistan 1878–80]]; Kandahar 1880; Burma 1891; [[Boxer Rebellion|China 1900]]; East Africa 1914–1916; Mesopotamia 1914–1918, Egypt 1915, [[Gallipoli 1915]], [[Western Front (World War I)|France and Flanders 1915]], [[Siege of Kut|Kutal Amarah 1915]]; Palestine 1916-1918; [[Tigris 1916]]; Macedonia 1918; [[Afghanistan 1919]]; Donbaik 1943; [[Italy 1943–45]]; [[Burma campaign|Burma 1945]]; Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Army&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_gds.html |title=Archived Document |access-date=2009-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829075729/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_gds.html |archive-date=2009-08-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Post-independence===<br /> Akhaura, [[Battle of Burki|Burki]], Gadra Road, [[Battle of Hilli|Hilli]], Naushera, Gurais, Shingo River Valley, Sylhet and Ganga Sagar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Army&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable Officers==<br /> *Lieutenant General [[N. C. Rawlley|Naveen Chand Rawlley]] {{small|[[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[MC]]}} - GOC-in-C [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], 1973 - 1974 and [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], 1974 - 1975&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oldcottonians.org/obituary_lt_gen_naveen_rawlley.htm|title=Lt. Gen. Naveen Rawlley|access-date=2024-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General [[WAG Pinto|Walter Anthony Gustavo Pinto]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}} - GOC-in-C [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]], 1980 - 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/victor-of-basantar-lt-gen-pinto-passes-away-at-97-101616765068642.html|title='Victor of Basantar' Lt Gen Pinto passes away at 97|date=2021-03-26|access-date=2024-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General Suraj Prakash Malhotra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}} - GOC-in-C [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]], 1980 - 1982<br /> *Lieutenant General AK Handoo {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Northern Command, 1985 - 1987<br /> *Lieutenant General CN Somanna {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}} - [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]], 1985 - 1986 <br /> *Lieutenant General KB Mehta {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Central Command, 1986 - 1987<br /> *Lieutenant General OP Nandrajog {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Central Command, 2006 - 2008<br /> *Lieutenant General SR Ghosh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM}}}} - GOC-in-C [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], 2009 - 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/lt-gen-ghosh-last-of-the-1971-war-veterans-retires/story-UB9EMPun2MdaCgeUvOqaGM.html|title=Lt Gen Ghosh, last of the 1971 war veterans, retires|date=2012-05-31|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2024-11-12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General Ashok Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]], 2013 - 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Ashok Singh takes over as Southern Army commander – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lt-gen-ashok-singh-takes-over-as-southern-army-commander/1067713/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527073637/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lt-gen-ashok-singh-takes-over-as-southern-army-commander/1067713 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |access-date=2024-11-12|website=archive.indianexpress.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General Sanjeev Madhok {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C [[Army Training Command]], 2013 - 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=lt Gen Madhok takes over command of Army training |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/Lt-gen-madhok-takes-over-command-of-army-training.html |website=The Pioneer |language=en|access-date=2024-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *Lieutenant General [[Surinder Singh (general)|Surinder Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Western Command, 2016 - 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/lt-gen-surinder-singh-takes-over-as-goc-in-c-3036878/|title=Lt Gen Surinder Singh takes over as GOC-in-C|date=2016-09-18|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2024-11-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General [[Iqroop Singh Ghuman]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Central Command, 2019 - 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/naravane-appointed-as-new-vice-chief-of-indian-army-four-army-commanders-appointed/articleshow/70339637.cms|title=Naravane appointed as new Vice Chief of Indian Army, four army commanders appointed|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|last1=Gurung|website=The Economic Times|date=23 July 2019 |access-date=12 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General JB Chaudhari {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|SM|VSM}}}} - Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Capability Development and Sustenance), 2022 - 2024<br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=nb}}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061207205122/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-1/jagan.html BR Monitor Issue on the Brigade of the Guards]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Brigade Of The Guards}}<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1949]]<br /> [[Category:Guards regiments]]<br /> [[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warner_Bros._Pictures&diff=450673 2026-03-24T00:21:47Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Expanded content with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the film studio|its current immediate parent corporation |Warner Bros. Entertainment|5=Warner Bros.}}<br /> {{Merge from|Warner Bros.-Seven Arts|discuss=Talk:Warner Bros.-Seven Arts#Merger proposal|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{short description|American film studio}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Warner Bros. Pictures<br /> | logo = Warner Bros Pictures 2023 Print color.svg<br /> | logo_size = 150px<br /> | logo_caption = Logo used since December 2023<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | former_names = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. (1923–1967)<br /> * Warner Bros. Productions, Inc. (1934–1937)<br /> * Warner Bros-First National Pictures, Inc. (1936–1958)<br /> * Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, Inc. (1967–1969)<br /> * Warner Bros., Inc. (1969–2003)<br /> * Warner Bros., a division of Time Warner Entertainment Company, L.P. (1992–2003)<br /> }}<br /> | type = [[Division (business)|Division]]<br /> | industry = [[Film industry|Film]]<br /> | predecessor = {{ubl|Warner Features Company|[[Leon Schlesinger Productions]]|[[First National Pictures]]|[[Vitagraph Company of America]]|[[Seven Arts Productions]]}}<br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|1923|04|04}}<br /> | founders = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Harry Warner]]<br /> * [[Albert Warner]]<br /> * [[Sam Warner]]<br /> * [[Jack L. Warner]]<br /> }}<br /> | hq_location = [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|4000 Warner Boulevard]]<br /> | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California]]<br /> | hq_location_country = [[United States]]<br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> | key_people = {{ubl|[[Michael De Luca]] and [[Pamela Abdy]] ([[Chairperson|co-chairpersons]] and [[CEO]]s, Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group)|Jesse Ehrman (president, production &amp; development)}}<br /> | products = [[Film|Motion pictures]]<br /> | services = {{ubl|[[Film distribution]]|[[Film promotion]]|[[Film production]]}}<br /> | parent = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Independent (1923–1967)<br /> * [[Warner Bros.-Seven Arts]] (1967–1969)<br /> * [[Kinney National Company]] (1969–1972)<br /> * [[Warner Communications]] (1972–1990)<br /> * [[Time Warner]] (1990–1992, 2003–2018)<br /> * [[Time Warner Entertainment]] (1992–2001)<br /> * [[AOL Time Warner]] (2001–2003)<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Entertainment]] (2003–present)<br /> * [[WarnerMedia]] (2018–2022)<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] (2022–present)<br /> }}<br /> | divisions = [[Warner Bros. Pictures Animation]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.warnerbros.com/movies|warnerbros.com}}<br /> | footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/studio/about-studio/company-history |title=Company history |publisher=Warnerbros.com |access-date=April 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016015905/http://www.warnerbros.com/studio/about-studio/company-history |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenCorporates&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1923-04-04 |title=Warner Bros Pictures, Inc. |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/150923 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=[[OpenCorporates]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Warner Bros. Pictures''' is an American [[film studio]] and [[Film distributor|distribution]] arm of the [[Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group]], which in turn is a division of [[Warner Bros. Entertainment]], both of which are owned by [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]. It is headquartered at the [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|Warner Bros. Studios complex]] in [[Burbank, California]]. Warner Bros. Pictures is one of the [[Major film studios|&quot;Big Five&quot;]] major American film studios and is the third oldest film studio in the United States still in operation, after [[Paramount Pictures]] and [[Universal Pictures]], both founded in 1912. Animated films produced by [[Warner Bros. Pictures Animation]] are also released under the studio banner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=1. The Chaplin Effect: Ghosts in the Machine and Animated Gags |date=2019-12-31 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520950122-003 |work=Funny Pictures |pages=15–28 |access-date=2023-10-30 |publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/9780520950122-003 |isbn=9780520950122 |s2cid=226722604 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Warner Bros. Pictures was founded on April 4, 1923, by the brothers [[Harry Warner]], [[Albert Warner]], [[Sam Warner]], and [[Jack L. Warner]]. In addition to producing its own films, the studio handles filmmaking operations, theatrical distribution, marketing and promotion for films produced and released by other Warner Bros. labels. These labels include Warner Bros. Pictures Animation, [[New Line Cinema]] and [[Castle Rock Entertainment]], as well as various third-party producers. Warner Bros. Pictures is currently one of four live-action film studios within the Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group, the others being New Line Cinema, Castle Rock Entertainment, and [[Spyglass Media Group]] (with a minority stake).<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Early history (1910–1967)===<br /> {{Main|Early history of Warner Bros. Pictures}}<br /> <br /> The studio's predecessor (and modern Warner Bros. Entertainment as a whole) was founded in 1910 as the '''Warner Features Company''' in [[New Castle, Pennsylvania]], by filmmaker Sam Warner and his business partners and brothers, Harry, Albert, and Jack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://russianheritagemuseum.com/en/RHM_Warner_Brothers/ |title=Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack Warner: the most famous Hollywood family, creators the Warner Bros. |publisher=Russian-American Heritage Museum |access-date=December 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204012208/http://russianheritagemuseum.com/en/RHM_Warner_Brothers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They produced their first film, the ''Peril of the Plains''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234450/?ref_=ttco_co_tt |title= IMDb – Peril of the Plains (1912) |publisher=IMDb |access-date=December 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1912, which Sam directed for the [[St. Louis Motion Picture Company]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBtbBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Warner+Features+Company%22&amp;pg=PT88 |title=Bringing Up Oscar |access-date=December 23, 2021 |first=Debra Ann |last=Pawlak|date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781605982168 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1918, during [[WW1|World War I]], the four Warner brothers produced an adaptation of the book ''[[My Four Years in Germany]]'' by [[James W. Gerard]] as their first full-scale picture,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&amp;context=vocesnovae|title=The Warner Brothers Prove Their Patriotism |first=Lara |last=Jacobson}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was a box office hit and helped the brothers to establish themselves as a prestige studio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Warner's First Feature Film Turns 100 |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/news/articles/2018/03/09/warners-first-feature-movie-turns-100 |website=WarnerBros.com |access-date=8 May 2022 |language=en-US |date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610043836/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/articles/2018/03/09/warners-first-feature-movie-turns-100 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On April 4, 1923, Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. was officially established, as the brothers focused entirely on the motion picture industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Maas |first1=Jennifer |title=Warner Bros. Reveals 100th Anniversary Logo, Teases Rollout of Commemorative Content, Products and Events |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/warner-bros-100-anniversary-logo-1235212556/ |website=Variety |access-date=8 May 2022 |language=en-US |date=23 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1927, Warner Bros. Pictures revolutionized the film industry by releasing its first sound film (or &quot;[[Sound film|talkie]]&quot;), ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'', starring [[Al Jolson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = Warner, Movie Magnate, Dies: Sam Warner, Former Youngstown Man, Rose from Obscurity to Leader in Field| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator| date = October 5, 1927}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the aftermath of the [[United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.|1948 antitrust suit]], uncertain times led Warner Bros. to sell most of its pre-1950&lt;ref name=&quot;ymrt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Schickel |first1=Richard |last2=Perry |first2=George |title=You must remember this : the Warner Bros. story |date=2008 |publisher=Running Press |isbn=978-0-7624-3418-3 |location=Philadelphia, Pa. |oclc=191926490}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aap exceptions&quot;&gt;WB retained a pair of features from 1949 that they merely distributed, and all short subjects released on or after September 1, 1948; in addition to all cartoons released in August 1948&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Media History Digital Library |url=https://archive.org/details/mediahistory&amp;tab=collection?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Motion%20pictures%20--%20Catalogues%22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325121444/https://archive.org/details/mediahistory%26tab%3Dcollection?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Motion%20pictures%20--%20Catalogues%22 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |access-date=September 17, 2019 |work=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; films and cartoons to [[Associated Artists Productions]] (a.a.p.) in 1956. Two years later, a.a.p. was sold to [[United Artists]] (UA), which owned the company until 1981, when [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM) acquired UA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hoyt |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsvBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=1958+a.a.p.+was+sold+to+United+Artists&amp;pg=PA182 |title=Hollywood Vault: Film Libraries Before Home Video |date=2014-07-03 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95857-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cole&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Robert J. |date=May 16, 1981 |title=M-G-M Is Reported Purchasing United Artists for $350 million |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/16/world/m-g-m-is-reported-purchasing-united-artists-for-350-million.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908011627/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/16/world/m-g-m-is-reported-purchasing-united-artists-for-350-million.html |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Warner Bros.-Seven Arts (1967–1969)===<br /> {{Main|Warner Bros.-Seven Arts}}<br /> <br /> In November 1966, Jack L. Warner acknowledged advancing age and changing times, selling 32% of control of the studio and music business to [[Seven Arts Productions]] for $32&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/15/archives/jack-l-warner-president-agrees-to-sell-his-interest-in-a-32million.html|title=Jack L. Warner, President, Agrees to Sell His Interest In a $32-Million Deal; 7 ARTS IS BUYING 33% OF WARNER|last=Sloane|first=Leonard|work=The New York Times |date=November 15, 1966|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311025721/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/15/archives/jack-l-warner-president-agrees-to-sell-his-interest-in-a-32million.html|archive-date=March 11, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Seven Arts Productions was run by Canadian investors Elliot and Kenneth Hyman.) Eventually the company, including the studio, was renamed [[Warner Bros.-Seven Arts]] on July 14, 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/18/archives/warner-meeting-scheduled.html|title=Warner Meeting Scheduled|work=The New York Times |date=June 18, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kinney National / Warner Communications era (1969–1990)===<br /> Two years later the Hymans accepted a cash-and-stock offer from [[Kinney National Company]] for more than $64&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref name=&quot;thomas288&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Bob |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SUocAQAAIAAJ}} |title=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Time of Jack L. Warner |publisher=McGraw-Hill Ryerson |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-07-064259-1 |page=288}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1967, Kinney had previously acquired [[DC Comics]] (then officially known as National Periodical Publications), as well as a Hollywood talent agency, [[Ashley-Famous]],&lt;ref&gt;William Poundstone, ''Fortune's Formula''&lt;/ref&gt; whose founder [[Ted Ashley]] led Kinney head [[Steve Ross (businessman)|Steve Ross]] to purchase Warner Bros.<br /> <br /> Ashley-Famous was soon spun off due to antitrust laws prohibiting the simultaneous ownership of a film studio and a talent agency. Ashley became the studio head and changed the name to '''Warner Bros., Inc.''' once again.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=Karl |date=June 24, 1974 |title=Who Is Ted Ashley? Just the King of Hollywood, Baby! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOkCAAAAMBAJ |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |publisher=New York Media, LLC |pages=30–35 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jack Warner was outraged by the Hymans's sale, and decided to move into independent production (most successfully with ''[[1776 (film)|1776]]'' at Columbia). He retired in 1973 and eventually died from serious health complications of heart inflammation in September 1978.<br /> [[File:Warner_logo_by_Saul_Bass_sans_text.svg|thumb|The logo, designed by [[Saul Bass]], was used from 1972 until 1984. It is currently used by the separately spun-off [[Warner Music Group]].]]<br /> Although movie audiences had shrunk, Warner's new management believed in the drawing power of stars, signing co-production deals with several of the biggest names of the day, including [[Paul Newman]], [[Robert Redford]], [[Barbra Streisand]], and [[Clint Eastwood]], carrying the studio successfully through the 1970s and 1980s. Its hits in the early 1970s included those starring the aforementioned actors, along with comedian [[Mel Brooks]]' ''[[Blazing Saddles]]'', [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'', ''[[The Exorcist]]'', [[John Boorman]]'s ''[[Deliverance]]'', and the [[Martin Scorsese]] productions ''[[Mean Streets]]'' and ''[[Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore]]''. Warner Bros. also made major profits on films and television shows built around the characters of [[Superman]], [[Batman]], [[Wonder Woman]] and [[The Flash]] owned by Warner Bros. subsidiary [[DC Comics]]. The 1970s also saw Warner Bros. Records become one of the major record labels worldwide, and that company gained sister labels in [[Elektra Records]] and [[Atlantic Records]]. In 1971, [[Filmation]] and Warner Bros. entered into an agreement to produce and distribute cartoons for film and television, with its television subsidiary handling worldwide television rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=February 1, 1971 |title=Animator, Warner Bros. teams up for TV, movies |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/71-OCR/1971-02-01-BC-OCR-Page-0051.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217051410/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/71-OCR/1971-02-01-BC-OCR-Page-0051.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |work=[[Broadcasting &amp; Cable|Broadcasting Magazine]] |page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In late 1973, Warner Bros. announced that it had partnered with [[20th Century Fox]] to co-produce a single film: producer [[Irwin Allen]]'s ''[[The Towering Inferno]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erik |date=September 28, 2013 |title=Best Supporting Studio: Warner Bros. Pictures' Track Record in the Best Supporting Actor Category |url=http://awardswatch.com/predictions/best-supporting-studio-warner-bros-pictures-track-record-in-the-best-supporting-actor-category/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603090905/http://awardswatch.com/predictions/best-supporting-studio-warner-bros-pictures-track-record-in-the-best-supporting-actor-category/ |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2016 |website=Awards Watch |location=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both studios found themselves owning the rights to books about burning skyscrapers: Warner was attempting to adapt [[Thomas N. Scortia]] and [[Frank M. Robinson]]'s ''[[The Glass Inferno]]'' and Fox was preparing an adaptation of [[Richard Martin Stern]]'s ''[[The Tower (Stern novel)|The Tower]]''. Allen insisted on a meeting with the heads of both studios and announced that as Fox was already in the lead with their property it would be preferable to lump the two together as a single film, with Fox owning domestic rights and Warner Bros. handling the film's foreign distribution. The resulting partnership resulted in the second-highest-grossing film of 1974, turning profits for both studios, and influencing future co-productions between major studios. Although Allen would make further films for Warner Bros., he would not repeat the success he had with ''The Towering Inferno''.<br /> <br /> Abandoning parking lots and funeral homes, the refocused Kinney renamed itself in honor of its best-known holding, [[Warner Communications]]. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Warner Communications branched out into other business, such as [[video game]] company [[Atari, Inc.]] in 1976, and later the [[Six Flags]] theme parks.<br /> <br /> In 1972, in a cost-cutting move, Warner and Columbia formed a third company called [[The Burbank Studios]] (TBS).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Bingen |first1=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjGPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA194 |title=Warner Bros.: Hollywood's Ultimate Backlot |last2=Marc Wanamaker |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-58979-962-2 |location=London |pages=194–202 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101213403/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjGPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA194 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; They would share the Warner lot in Burbank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; Both studios technically became production entities, giving TBS day-to-day responsibility for studio grounds and upkeep.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; The [[Columbia Ranch]] (about a mile north of Warner's lot) was part of the deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Warner–Columbia relationship was acrimonious, but the reluctance of both studios to approve or spend money on capital upgrades that might only help the other did have the unintended consequence of preserving the Warner lot's primary function as a filmmaking facility while it produced relatively little during the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; One famous film that was filmed at the Warner lot during this era was ''[[Blade Runner]]'' (1982) by director [[Ridley Scott]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/68260 |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=catalog.afi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most films produced after 1968 were filmed on location after the failure of ''Camelot'' was partially attributed to the fact it was set in England but obviously filmed in Burbank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; With control over its own lot tied up in TBS, Warner ultimately retained a significant portion of its [[backlot]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; while Fox sold its backlot to create [[Century City, Los Angeles|Century City]], Universal turned part of its backlot into [[Universal Studios Hollywood|a theme park]] and [[Universal CityWalk|shopping center]], and [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Disney replaced its backlot with office buildings]] and moved its [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|animation department]] to an industrial park in Glendale.<br /> <br /> In 1989, a solution to the situation became evident when Warner Bros. acquired [[Lorimar-Telepictures]] and gained control of the former MGM studio lot in [[Culver City, California|Culver City]], and that same year, [[Sony]] bought Columbia Pictures.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; Sony was flush with cash and Warner Bros. now had two studio lots.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; In 1990, TBS ended when Sony bought the MGM lot from Warner and moved Columbia to Culver City.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt; However, Warner kept the Columbia Ranch, now known as the Warner Bros. Ranch.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bingen&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Robert A. Daly]] joined Warner Bros. on December 1, 1980, taking over from Ted Ashley. His titles were chairman of the board and Co-Chief Executive Officer. One year later, he was named chairman of the board and chief executive officer and appointed [[Terry Semel]] President and Chief Operating Officer. [[Warner Bros. Animation]] was established in March, 1980.<br /> <br /> === As part of Time Warner/Time Warner Entertainment/AOL Time Warner/TimeWarner (1990–2018) ===<br /> [[File:WarnerStudio.jpg|right|thumb|A panoramic view over studio premises in 2007]][[File:Warner Bros. Pictures logo.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert|Warner Bros. Pictures logo and wordmark used from 1993 to 2020. This logo was used as the on-screen logo of the studio from 1984 to 2022.|alt=]]Warner Communications merged in 1989 with [[White-shoe firm|white-shoe]] publishing company [[Time Inc.]] Time claimed a higher level of prestige, while Warner Bros. provided the profits. The [[Time-Warner]] merger was almost derailed when [[Paramount Communications]] (formerly [[Gulf and Western Industries|Gulf+Western]], later sold to the first incarnation of [[Viacom (1952-2006)|Viacom]]), launched a $12.2&amp;nbsp;billion [[hostile takeover]] bid for Time Inc., forcing Time to acquire Warner with a $14.9&amp;nbsp;billion cash/stock offer. Paramount responded with a lawsuit filed in [[Delaware]] court to break up the merger. Paramount lost and the merger proceeded. Time Warner formed Time Warner Entertainment in 1992 by merging its entertainment operations for the first time.<br /> <br /> In 1993, [[Warner Bros. Family Entertainment]] was established to produce various family-oriented films, plus animated films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Moerk |first=Christian |date=May 14, 1993 |title=Family volume at WB |url=https://variety.com/1993/film/news/family-volume-at-wb-106838/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520200309/https://variety.com/1993/film/news/family-volume-at-wb-106838/ |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=May 20, 2025 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Family Entertainment label was dormant in 2011. In 1994, [[Jon Peters]], whose Peters Entertainment company had a non-exclusive deal at [[Sony Pictures]], received another non-exclusive, financing deal at Warner Bros., citing that then president [[Terry Semel|Terry Samel]] and producer Peters were friends.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frook |first=John Evan |date=February 22, 1994 |title=Sony, Peters change nature of their deal |url=https://variety.com/1994/film/news/sony-peters-change-nature-of-their-deal-118478/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024000234/https://variety.com/1994/film/news/sony-peters-change-nature-of-their-deal-118478/ |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |access-date=October 24, 2021 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Warner_Bros_logo.svg|thumb|The former Warner Bros. shield logo, which was used from 1993 to 2019, and extensively used in films and on its TV shows until 2022. Currently used as the on-screen logo for [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] as of 2025]]<br /> In 1995, Warner Bros. and television station owner [[Tribune Media|Tribune Company]] of Chicago launched [[The WB]] Television Network, seeking a large share of the niche market of teenage viewers. The WB's early programming included an abundance of teenage fare, such as ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Smallville]]'', ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' and ''[[One Tree Hill (TV series)|One Tree Hill]]''. Two dramas produced by [[Spelling Television]], ''[[7th Heaven (TV series)|7th Heaven]]'' and ''[[Charmed]]'', helped bring The WB into the spotlight. ''Charmed'' lasted eight seasons, becoming the longest-running drama with female leads. ''7th Heaven'' ran for eleven seasons and was the longest-running family drama and longest-running show for the network. In 2006, Warner Bros. and [[CBS Corporation]] decided to close The WB and CBS's [[UPN]] and jointly launch [[The CW]] Television Network.<br /> <br /> On October 10, 1996, Time Warner acquired [[Turner Broadcasting System]], which allowed Warner Bros. to regain the rights to their pre-1950&lt;ref&gt;''You Must Remember This: The Warner Bros. Story'' (2008), p. 255.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;WB retained a pair of features from 1949 that they merely distributed, and all short subjects released on or after September 1, 1948; in addition to all cartoons released in August 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; film library,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fabrikant |first=Geraldine |date=October 11, 1996 |title=Holders Back Time Warner-Turner Merger |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/11/business/holders-back-time-warner-turner-merger.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214040754/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/11/business/holders-back-time-warner-turner-merger.html |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Turner deal also brought two separate film companies, [[New Line Cinema]] and [[Castle Rock Entertainment]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 August 1993 |title=TURNER ACQUIRING MOVIE COMPANIES |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1993-08-18-2932606-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503041235/https://playlist.stnvideo.com/player/data/index.php?cmd=loadInitial&amp;session=6ETCXjd7P9GAWYnu&amp;instance=198184328&amp;version=7.32.14-Z&amp;age=240503&amp;ESG_key=yDXFiiit&amp;type=FULL&amp;EXTREF=https://www.mcall.com/1993/08/18/turner-acquiring-movie-companies/&amp;REF=https://www.mcall.com/1993/08/18/turner-acquiring-movie-companies/&amp;ogSet=1 |archive-date=2024-05-03 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=The Morning Call |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; both of which were eventually integrated into [[Warner Bros. Entertainment]]. The Turner deal also gave Time Warner access to [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM)'s pre-May 1986 library and the pre-1991 libraries of animation studios [[Hanna-Barbera]] and [[Ruby-Spears]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TBS holders approve Time Warner deal - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/10/10/TBS-holders-approve-Time-Warner-deal/8817844920000/ |agency=United Press International}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 11, 1996 |title=Turner, Time Warner complete merger &amp;#124; The Journal Record |url=https://journalrecord.com/1996/10/11/turner-time-warner-complete-merger/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The merger brought projects such as ''[[City of Angels (film)|City of Angels]]'' and ''[[You've Got Mail]]'' into the studio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Ted |last2=Cox |first2=Dan |date=January 15, 1997 |title='ABSOLUTE POWER' (SORT OF) |url=https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/absolute-power-sort-of-1117433488/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912002101/https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/absolute-power-sort-of-1117433488/ |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that year, Warner Bros. partnered with [[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment]] to distribute various movies produced by Castle Rock Entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Dan |date=December 8, 1997 |title=WB, Polygram to co-fund Castle Rock |url=https://variety.com/1997/film/news/wb-polygram-to-co-fund-castle-rock-1116679438/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912002246/https://variety.com/1997/film/news/wb-polygram-to-co-fund-castle-rock-1116679438/ |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also that same year, [[Bruce Berman]] left Warner Bros. to begin Plan B Entertainment, then he subsequently headed [[Village Roadshow Pictures]] with a deal at the studio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karon |first=Paul |date=December 10, 1997 |title=WB takes a Village |url=https://variety.com/1997/film/news/wb-takes-a-village-111753045/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914000340/https://variety.com/1997/film/news/wb-takes-a-village-111753045/ |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1998, Time Warner Entertainment sold Six Flags to Premier Parks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shapiro |first=Eben |date=February 10, 1998 |title=Premier Parks to Buy Six FlagsFrom Time Warner and Partner |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB887059132285917500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123913/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB887059132285917500 |archive-date=March 3, 2017 |access-date=March 3, 2017 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The takeover of Time Warner Entertainment in 2001 by then-high-flying [[AOL|America Online]] (AOL) did not prove a good match, and following the collapse in &quot;dot-com&quot; stocks, the AOL element was banished from the corporate name.<br /> <br /> In 1998, Warner Bros. celebrated its 75th anniversary. In 1999, Terry Semel and Robert Daly resigned as studio heads after a career with 13 Oscar-nominated films. Daly and Semel were said to have popularized the modern model of partner financing and profit sharing for film production. In mid-1999, [[Alan F. Horn]] and [[Barry Meyer]] replaced Daly and Semel as new studio heads, in which the studio had continued success in movies, television shows, cartoons, that the previous studio heads had for the studio. In late 2003, Time Warner reorganized Warner Bros.'s assets under [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.]], in an effort to distinguish the film studio from its then-sister record label (which since became Warner Records in May 2019) and Warner Music Group.<br /> <br /> The studio division was incorporated as '''Warner Bros. Pictures''' on March 3, 2003, to diversify film subjects and expand audiences for their film releases.&lt;ref name=&quot;WarnerBrosPicturesLegal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Business Entity Detail: Warner Bros. Pictures (search on Entity Number: C2502930) |url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223134214/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |archive-date=February 23, 2018 |access-date=June 19, 2019 |website=California Business Search |publisher=California Secretary of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company became part of the Warner Bros. Pictures Group, which was established in 2008, and Jeff Robinov was appointed the first president of the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;JeffNYT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Halbfinger |first=David |date=November 27, 2007 |title=Warner's Production Chief to Also Oversee Distribution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/business/media/27studio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219155719/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/business/media/27studio.html |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the late 1990s, Warner Bros. obtained rights to the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' novels and released feature film adaptations of the [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|first]] in November 2001. Subsequently, they released the [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|second film]] in November 2002, the [[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|third]] in June 2004, the [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|fourth]] in November 2005, the [[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|fifth]] in July 2007, and the [[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|sixth]] in July 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Harry Potter and The Half-Blood Prince Moves to Summer 2009 |date=August 14, 2008 |url=http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2008/08/14/harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince-moves-to-summer-2009 |access-date=September 29, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930083829/http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2008/08/14/harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince-moves-to-summer-2009 |archive-date=September 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The seventh (and at that time, final) book was released as two movies; [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1|''Deathly Hallows&amp;nbsp;— Part 1'']] in November 2010 and [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|''Deathly Hallows&amp;nbsp;— Part 2'']] in July 2011.<br /> <br /> From 2006, Warner Bros. operated a joint venture with [[China Film Group Corporation]] and HG to form '''Warner China Film HG''' to produce films in Hong Kong and China, including ''[[Connected (2008 film)|Connected]]'', a remake of the 2004 [[thriller film]] ''[[Cellular (film)|Cellular]]''.<br /> <br /> Warner Bros. played a large part in the discontinuation of the [[HD DVD]] format. On January 4, 2008, Warner Bros. announced that they would drop support of HD DVD in favor of [[Blu-ray]] Disc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Warner Bros Goes Blu Ray Exclusive |url=http://www.consolewatcher.com/warner-bros-goes-blu-ray-exclusive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007012656/http://www.consolewatcher.com/warner-bros-goes-blu-ray-exclusive/ |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |publisher=Consolewatcher.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; HD DVDs continued to be released through May 2008, but only following Blu-ray and DVD releases.<br /> <br /> Warner Bros.'s [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]] was the worldwide highest-grossing film series of all time without adjusting for inflation. Its [[Batman in film|''Batman'' film series]] was one of only two series to have two entries earn more than $1 billion worldwide. ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' was Warner Bros.' highest-grossing movie ever (surpassing ''[[The Dark Knight]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2011 |title=Box Office: Final 'Harry Potter' film has highest-grossing domestic opening of all time [Updated] |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/07/box-office-harry-potter-deathly-hallow-part-2-winnie-the-pooh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817060619/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/07/box-office-harry-potter-deathly-hallow-part-2-winnie-the-pooh.html |archive-date=August 17, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2017 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Harry Potter movies have produced a net loss due to [[Hollywood accounting]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=July 6, 2010 |title=Studio Shame! Even Harry Potter Pic Loses Money Because Of Warner Bros' Phony Baloney Net Profit Accounting |url=https://deadline.com/2010/07/studio-shame-even-harry-potter-pic-loses-money-because-of-warner-bros-phony-baloney-accounting-51886/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807062206/http://www.deadline.com/2010/07/studio-shame-even-harry-potter-pic-loses-money-because-of-warner-bros-phony-baloney-accounting/ |archive-date=August 7, 2014 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |work=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IMAX Corporation|IMAX Corp.]] signed with Warner Bros. Pictures in April 2010 to release as many as 20 giant-format films through 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Georgiades |first=Andy |date=April 28, 2010 |title=Imax, Warner Bros. Sign Pact |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703648304575211961881537030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213907/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703648304575211961881537030.html |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2011, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group acquired [[Flixster]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2011-05-04 |title=Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group to Acquire Flixster |url=http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2011/05/Warner_Bros_Home_Entertainment_Group_to_Acquire_Flixster_05-04-2011.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506073227/http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2011/05/Warner_Bros_Home_Entertainment_Group_to_Acquire_Flixster_05-04-2011.php |archive-date=2011-05-06 |access-date=2025-07-20 |work=Time Warner}}&lt;/ref&gt; a movie discovery application company. The acquisition also includes [[Rotten Tomatoes]], a movie review aggregator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Knegt |first=Peter |date=2011-05-04 |title=Warner Brothers Buys Flixster, Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2011/05/warner-brothers-buys-flixster-rotten-tomatoes-54298/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505165518/https://www.indiewire.com/2011/05/warner-brothers-buys-flixster-rotten-tomatoes-54298/ |archive-date=2022-05-05 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=IndieWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On March 6, 2013, Time Warner announced plans to [[Corporate spin-off|spin off]] Time Inc. into a publicly traded company.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time Inc. Lays Out Restructuring&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Steigrad |first=Alexandra |date=February 5, 2014 |title=Time Inc. Lays Out Restructuring |url=http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/time-inc-lays-out-restructuring-7407860?src=nl/mornReport/20140205 |access-date=February 5, 2014 |work=[[Women's Wear Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Time Warner]]'s chairman/CEO [[Jeff Bewkes]] said that the split would allow Time Warner to focus entirely on its television and film businesses, and Time Inc. to focus on its core print media businesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Lieberman |first=David |date=March 6, 2013 |title=Time Warner plans to spin off Time Inc |url=https://deadline.com/2013/03/time-warner-publishing-magazines-spin-off-447281/ |access-date=April 20, 2013 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was announced in May 2014 that Time Inc. would become a [[publicly traded company]] on June 6 of that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Lieberman |first=David |date=May 8, 2014 |title=Time Inc To Go Public On June 6 |url=https://deadline.com/2014/05/time-inc-to-go-public-on-june-6-726790/ |access-date=July 28, 2014 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; The spin-off was completed on June 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=June 9, 2014 |title=Time Warner (TWX) Completes Time Inc. (TIME) Spinoff |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/12737471/1/why-time-warner-twx-stock-is-down-today.html |access-date=July 28, 2014 |work=[[TheStreet.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On October 21, 2014, Warner Bros. created a short form digital unit, Blue Ribbon Content, under [[Warner Bros. Animation]] and Warner Digital Series president [[Sam Register]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=October 21, 2014 |title=Warner Bros. Unveils Digital Short-Form Studio: Blue Ribbon Content |url=https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/warner-bros-unveils-digital-short-form-studio-blue-ribbon-content-1201335504/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022041206/http://variety.com/2014/digital/news/warner-bros-unveils-digital-short-form-studio-blue-ribbon-content-1201335504/ |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Warner Bros. Digital Networks announced its acquisition of online video company [[Machinima, Inc.]] on November 17, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lieberman |first=David |date=November 17, 2016 |title=Warner Bros Agrees To Buy Machinima |url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/warner-bros-agrees-buy-machinima-1201856472/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111344/http://deadline.com/2016/11/warner-bros-agrees-buy-machinima-1201856472/ |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |work=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2015, Warner Bros. is one of only three studios to have released a pair of billion-dollar films in the same year (along with [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]] and [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]]); the distinction was achieved in 2012 with ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Toy Story 3' Reaches $1 Billion |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2904&amp;p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003444/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2904&amp;p=.htm |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |website=Box Office Mojo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Around-the-World Roundup: 'Avengers' Reaches $1 Billion Worldwide |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3443&amp;p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085147/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3443&amp;p=.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |website=Box Office Mojo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Universal Crosses $3 Billion at the Worldwide Box Office |url=http://geeknation.com/universal-crosses-3-billion-at-the-worldwide-box-office/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032744/http://geeknation.com/universal-crosses-3-billion-at-the-worldwide-box-office/ |archive-date=July 11, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2015 |website=GeekNation}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2016, it is the only studio to cross $1 billion at the domestic box office every year since 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=June 26, 2015 |title='American Sniper,' 'San Andreas' Push Warner Bros. Past $1 Billion Domestically |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/american-sniper-san-andreas-push-warner-bros-past-1-billion-domestically-1201529536/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024153010/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/american-sniper-san-andreas-push-warner-bros-past-1-billion-domestically-1201529536/ |archive-date=October 24, 2016 |access-date=December 30, 2016 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, longtime New Line executive [[Toby Emmerich]] joined as President of Warner Bros. Pictures Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Toby Emmerich Named President and Chief Content Officer, Warner Bros. Pictures Group |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/toby-emmerich-named-president-and-chief-content-officer-warner-bros-pictures-group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023244/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/toby-emmerich-named-president-and-chief-content-officer-warner-bros-pictures-group |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=warnerbros.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2018, he was promoted to chairman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=2018-01-09 |title=Warner Bros. Shake-Up: Toby Emmerich Named Film Chairman, Sue Kroll Out |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/warner-bros-shakeup-toby-emmerich-sue-kroll-1202658430/ |access-date=2020-02-07 |website=Variety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Warner Bros. Shake-Up: Toby Emmerich Named Film Chairman, Sue Kroll Out |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/warner-bros-shakeup-toby-emmerich-sue-kroll-1202658430/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 23, 2018, it was announced that Lynne Frank, President of Warner Bros. Pictures Group, would be leaving the company to pursue new opportunities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 23, 2018 |title=Warner Bros International Marketing President Lynne Frank To Exit |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/warner-bros-international-marketing-president-lynne-frank-leaves-studio-1202488028/ |publisher=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2019, Warner Bros. Pictures signed an agreement with [[SF Studios]] to have their films distributed in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Warner Bros, SF Studios Expand Distribution Deal Across Scandinavia |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/global/warner-bros-sf-studios-expand-distribution-deal-across-scandinavia-1203252636/ |work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === As part of AT&amp;T/WarnerMedia (2018–2022)===<br /> In June 2018, Warner Bros. parent company Time Warner was acquired by U.S. telecom company [[AT&amp;T]], and renamed WarnerMedia, the former Time Inc. properties having been sold off to new owners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=June 15, 2018 |title=Time Warner's new name: WarnerMedia |url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/15/media/warnermedia-john-stankey-announcements/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215081726/https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/15/media/warnermedia-john-stankey-announcements/index.html |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |access-date=March 8, 2019 |website=CNN Money}}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 16, 2018, WarnerMedia shut down [[DramaFever]], affecting 20% of Warner Bros.' digital networks staff.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Matt |date=October 16, 2018 |title=WarnerMedia Shuts Down DramaFever Streaming Service |url=https://www.thewrap.com/warner-media-shuts-down-dramafever-streaming-service/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016235357/https://www.thewrap.com/warner-media-shuts-down-dramafever-streaming-service/ |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |access-date=October 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On March 4, 2019, WarnerMedia announced a planned reorganization that would break-up the [[Turner Broadcasting System]] by moving [[Cartoon Network]], [[Adult Swim]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]], their respective production studios ([[Cartoon Network Studios]] and [[Williams Street]]), as well as [[Turner Classic Movies]] and [[Otter Media]], directly under Warner Bros. (Turner's remaining television services and joint ventures would be divided into WarnerMedia Entertainment and WarnerMedia News &amp; Sports respectively). Aside from Otter Media, these assets operate under a newly formed Global Kids &amp; Young Adults division,&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc-reorganization&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=March 4, 2019 |title=WarnerMedia reorganizes its leadership team after AT&amp;T acquisition |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/warnermedia-reorganizes-its-leadership-team-after-att-acquisition.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304182211/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/warnermedia-reorganizes-its-leadership-team-after-att-acquisition.html |archive-date=March 4, 2019 |access-date=March 4, 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; renamed on April 7, 2020, to [[Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=April 7, 2020 |title=Tom Ascheim Joins Warner Bros As President of Global Kids, Young Adults And Classics |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/tom-ascheim-warner-bros-president-of-global-kids-young-adults-and-classics-1202902994/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410164959/https://deadline.com/2020/04/tom-ascheim-warner-bros-president-of-global-kids-young-adults-and-classics-1202902994/ |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 31, 2019, Otter Media was transferred from Warner Bros. to WarnerMedia Entertainment to oversee the development of [[HBO Max]], a new streaming service that would feature content from [[HBO]] and WarnerMedia brands.&lt;ref name=&quot;vty0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=May 31, 2019 |title=WarnerMedia Reorg Gives Otter Media's Tony Goncalves Oversight of Streaming Service Development |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/warnermedia-streaming-unit-otter-media-tony-goncalves-1203230363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710012811/https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/warnermedia-streaming-unit-otter-media-tony-goncalves-1203230363/ |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |access-date=July 9, 2019 |work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tom Ascheim]] resigned as president of cable network [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]] to become the president of the Global Kids, Young Adults, and Classics division on July 1, 2020, until May 11, 2022, when [[Michael Ouweleen]] took over as the current president of [[The Cartoon Network, Inc.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Low |first1=Elaine |last2=Otterson |first2=Joe |date=April 7, 2020 |title=Freeform Boss Tom Ascheim Moves to Warner Bros. |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/tom-ascheim-to-depart-as-president-of-freeform-1234573597/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422092117/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/tom-ascheim-to-depart-as-president-of-freeform-1234573597/ |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | perrow = 2<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image_style = border:none<br /> | image1 = Warner Bros. 2019.svg<br /> | image2 = Warner Bros. (Dimensional Ver.) Logo 1.svg<br /> | footer = These are the two versions of [[Pentagram (design firm)|Pentagram]]'s 2019 Warner Bros. shield logo, which are used from 2019 to 2023. One is the regular logo on the left, and the other is the &quot;dimensional&quot; version on the right.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Warner Bros. — Story |url=https://www.pentagram.com/work/warner-bros/story |access-date=March 26, 2023 |website=Pentagram |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326003537/https://www.pentagram.com/work/warner-bros/story |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> On November 13, 2019, Warner Bros. unveiled an updated iteration of its shield logo by [[Pentagram (design firm)|Pentagram]] in anticipation of the company's upcoming centennial, which features a streamlined appearance designed to make it better-suited for multi-platform usage and iterations. The company also commissioned a new corporate [[typeface]] that is modeled upon the &quot;WB&quot; lettering.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Lilly |date=November 13, 2019 |title=Warner Bros.' new brand is a glimpse at the future of entertainment |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90429745/warner-brotherss-new-logo-and-brand-are-a-glimpse-at-the-future-of-entertainment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203001425/https://www.fastcompany.com/90429745/warner-brotherss-new-logo-and-brand-are-a-glimpse-at-the-future-of-entertainment |archive-date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=November 26, 2019 |website=Fast Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=November 13, 2019 |title=Warner Bros Refreshes Logo As Studio's 2023 Centennial Approaches |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/warner-bros-refreshes-logo-as-studios-2023-centennial-approaches-1202785156/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114194819/https://deadline.com/2019/11/warner-bros-refreshes-logo-as-studios-2023-centennial-approaches-1202785156/ |archive-date=November 14, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2019 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Warner Bros. and HBO Max announced the Warner Max film label on February 5, 2020, which was to produce eight-to-ten mid-budget movies per year for the streaming service starting in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=February 5, 2020 |title=Warner Bros., HBO Max Set New Film Division for Streaming Service |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/warner-bros-hbo-max-set-new-film-division-for-streaming-service-1203494178/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205213015/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/warner-bros-hbo-max-set-new-film-division-for-streaming-service-1203494178/ |archive-date=February 5, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2020 |work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the label was ultimately discontinued in October 2020 as part of a consolidation of the Warner Bros. Pictures group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2020 |title=Warner Max Restructures as WarnerMedia Consolidates Film Production |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warner-max-shutting-down-as-warnermedia-reorganizes-film-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203021149/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warner-max-shutting-down-as-warnermedia-reorganizes-film-production |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=October 23, 2020 |title=WarnerMedia Film Group Streamline: HBO Max's Jessie Henderson To Exit, While Nikki Ramey Moves To New Line &amp; WB |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/warnermedia-movie-exec-streamlining-jessie-henderson-exit-nikki-ramey-new-line-wb-1234602566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220034855/https://deadline.com/2020/10/warnermedia-movie-exec-streamlining-jessie-henderson-exit-nikki-ramey-new-line-wb-1234602566/ |archive-date=February 20, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=October 23, 2020 |title=HBO Max Film Shake-Up: Toby Emmerich Consolidates Power, Two Executives Depart |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/hbo-max-film-shakeup-toby-emmerich-warnermedia-1234814287/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220033412/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/hbo-max-film-shakeup-toby-emmerich-warnermedia-1234814287/ |archive-date=February 20, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022) ====<br /> Like most other film distributors, Warner Bros. Pictures struggled with releasing films during the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic]] because of restrictions on opening theaters. After postponing several films planned for 2020 into 2021, Warner Bros. announced in December 2020 that they would take an unusual approach: planning their full slate of 2021 films for both theatrical release and simultaneous one-month availability on the [[HBO Max]] streaming service. This approach was similar to the studio's release of ''[[Wonder Woman 1984]]'' that month.<br /> <br /> After one month, these films would still be shown in theaters and would later become available via home media on typical release schedules.&lt;ref name=&quot;variety wb 2021 films&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2020/film/news/warner-bros-hbo-max-theaters-dune-matrix-4-1234845342/ | title = Warner Bros. to Debut Entire 2021 Film Slate, Including 'Dune' and 'Matrix 4,' Both on HBO Max and In Theaters | first1 = Rebecca | last1= Rubin | first2 = Matt | last2 = Donnelly | date = December 3, 2020 | access-date = December 3, 2020 | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; The inclusion of streaming, dubbed &quot;Project Popcorn&quot;, was criticized by production companies, directors, and actors. The criticism arose because Warner Bros. Pictures announced the streaming plan without informing these groups in advance, and because of concerns about lower payouts due to streaming options.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/business/media/warner-bros-hbo-max-movies-pay.html | title = Trading Box Office for Streaming, but Stars Still Want Their Money | first1= Brooks | last1= Barnes | first2 = Nicole | last2= Sperling | date = December 7, 2020 | access-date = January 18, 2021 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; These criticisms led Warner Bros. Pictures to alter compensation rates for the affected films by January 2021, in order to provide larger payouts to their casts and crews.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-09/warner-bros-guarantees-filmmakers-a-payday-for-hbo-max-movies | title = Warner Bros. Guarantees Filmmakers a Payday for HBO Max Movies | first1 = Lucas| last1 = Shaw<br /> | first2 = Kelly | last2 = Gilbolm | date = January 9, 2021 | access-date = January 18, 2021 | work = [[Bloomberg News]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2021, Warner Bros. announced that they would discontinue the model of same-day HBO Max and theatrical release in 2022; instead, they would use a 45-day theatrical exclusivity window.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=McClintock|first1=Pamela|date=2021-10-27|title=&quot;Project Popcorn&quot;: WarnerMedia's Box Office-HBO Max Experiment Gets Mixed Results|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/warnermedias-project-popcorn-box-office-hbo-max-experiment-gets-mixed-results-1235037096/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This change is part of an agreement the studio reached with [[Cineworld]] (who operates [[Regal Cinemas]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |last2=Tartaglione |first2=Nancy |date=March 23, 2021 |title=Regal Cinemas To Reopen In April; Parent Cineworld &amp; Warner Bros Reach Multi-Year Deal To Show WB Films In U.S. &amp; UK |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/cineworld-regal-warner-bros-deal-theatrical-windows-us-cinemas-reopening-1234719255/ |access-date=March 24, 2021 |website=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2022, [[Village Roadshow Pictures]], a co-financier of ''[[The Matrix Resurrections]]'', began a lawsuit against Warner Bros. over the hybrid release of the sci-fi sequel. Like all of Warner Bros.' 2021 films, the fourth ''Matrix'' film was given a [[simultaneous release]] on both HBO Max and in theaters due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. According to a complaint filed by Village Roadshow, the decision ruined any December box office hopes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Benjamin |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Warner Bros sued over 'abysmal' Matrix Resurrections release |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/feb/07/warner-bros-sued-over-abysmal-matrix-resurrections-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208003108/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/feb/07/warner-bros-sued-over-abysmal-matrix-resurrections-release |archive-date=February 8, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2022 |work=The Guardian News |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May of that same year, Village Roadshow agreed to arbitration with Warner Bros. over the release of ''The Matrix Resurrections''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |last2=Hayes |first2=Dade |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Village Roadshow Agrees To Arbitration With Warner Bros. In 'Matrix' Streaming Strategy Lawsuit – Update |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/warner-bros-slapped-by-village-roadshow-suit-matrix-streaming-1234927842/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611025735/https://deadline.com/2022/05/warner-bros-slapped-by-village-roadshow-suit-matrix-streaming-1234927842/ |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === As part of Warner Bros. Discovery (2022–present) ===<br /> [[File:Warner Bros. Pictures 2023.svg|thumb|Alternate version of the 2023 Warner Bros. Pictures logo without the banner, used as the on-screen variant in only a few films. Although the late-2023 on-screen logo has been used since December 6, 2023, this logo remains in use for corporate and small-scale purposes. It is also the official current logo of Warner Bros. Pictures' parent company, [[Warner Bros. Entertainment]] and its parent company, [[Warner Bros. Discovery]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://brand.wbd.com/other-brands/warner-bros-brands/warner-bros-pictures#small-scale-logo | title=Warner Bros. Pictures &amp;#124; Warner Bros. Discovery Brand Guide }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]On April 8, 2022, AT&amp;T divested WarnerMedia to its shareholders, which in turn merged with [[Discovery, Inc.|Discovery Inc.]] to form [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]. The new company is led by Discovery's CEO [[David Zaslav]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Meredith |first1=Sam |last2=Kovach |first2=Steve |date=May 17, 2021 |title=AT&amp;T announces $43 billion deal to merge WarnerMedia with Discovery |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/17/att-to-combine-warnermedia-and-discovery-assets-to-create-a-new-standalone-company.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120133629/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/17/att-to-combine-warnermedia-and-discovery-assets-to-create-a-new-standalone-company.html |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |publisher=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=May 17, 2021 |title=David Zaslav And John Stankey Outline Plans For Merging Discovery And WarnerMedia, Addressing Future Of Jason Kilar, CNN, Streaming |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/discovery-warnermedia-att-merger-streaming-david-zaslav-1234758225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517131711/https://deadline.com/2021/05/discovery-warnermedia-att-merger-streaming-david-zaslav-1234758225/ |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mass |first=Jennifer |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Discovery-WarnerMedia Merger Could Close as Early as This Friday (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/discovery-warnermedia-merger-friday-close-1235225258/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/discovery-warnermedia-merger-friday-close-1235225258/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406062156/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/discovery-warnermedia-merger-friday-close-1235225258/ |archive-date=April 6, 2022 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wbdlaunch&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Discovery Closes $43 Billion Acquisition of AT&amp;T's WarnerMedia |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/discovery-warnermedia-merger-close-warner-bros-discovery-1235200983/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408211723/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/discovery-warnermedia-merger-close-warner-bros-discovery-1235200983/ |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) is the legal successor to the company formerly known as [[Discovery, Inc.]] before its acquisition of [[WarnerMedia]] in April 2022. On June 1, 2022, WBD announced several changes:<br /> <br /> * Toby Emmerich would step down as head of the Warner Bros. Pictures Group after a transition period.<br /> * The company would be divided into three units: Warner Bros. Pictures/[[New Line Cinema]], [[DC Films]], and [[Warner Bros. Pictures Animation|Warner Animation Group]].<br /> * Former [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] executives [[Michael De Luca]] and Pamela Abdy would serve as co-chairs of Warner Bros. Pictures. They would also temporarily oversee the other two divisions until new executives were hired.<br /> * Emmerich would start his own production company; he would also enter into a five-year distribution and funding agreement with Warner Bros. Pictures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Toby Emmerich Out As Warner Bros Motion Picture Group Chairman; Michael De Luca &amp; Pam Abdy To Lead Studio |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/toby-emmerich-warner-bros-departure-1235036598/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2022-06-01 |title=David Zaslav &quot;Thrilled&quot; Toby Emmerich Remaining Part Of Warner Bros Discovery Family, Outlines New Structure; De Luca &amp; Abdy Made Official |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/david-zaslav-thrilled-toby-emmerich-remaining-part-of-warner-discovery-family-outlines-new-studio-structure-1235036864/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> On June 8, COO Carolyn Blackwood announced that she was stepping down as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2022-06-08 |title=Carolyn Blackwood Exits Warner Bros. Amid Ongoing Shake-Up |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/carolyn-blackwood-exits-warner-bros-amid-ongoing-shakup-1235161460/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Steve Spira returned as president of business affairs for Warner Bros. in June 2022; De Luca and Abdy took over from Emmerich in July 2022. Former president [[Alan Horn]] was appointed as a consultant for WBD President [[David Zaslav]], working with De Luca and Abdy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kim Masters |date=July 28, 2022 |title=Alan Horn on Rejoining Warner Bros.: &quot;I See Myself as a Consigliere&quot; |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/alan-horn-on-rejoining-warner-bros-i-see-myself-as-a-consigliere-1235188546/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2022, Warner Bros. Pictures entered into a multi-year contract to distribute MGM films outside the United States, including on home entertainment. This contract included joint participation by both companies in marketing, advertising, publicity, film distribution, and relationship with exhibitors for future MGM titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2022-08-14 |title=Warner Bros Forms Multi-Year Pact To Distribute MGM Movies Overseas Beginning With 'Bones And All', 'Creed III'; How Bond Will Be Handled |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/warner-bros-mgm-international-distribution-deal-james-bond-007-1235091889/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Deadline Hollywood |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same month, the studio's plans for film distribution were revised, with increased reliance on theatrical releases rather than releases on HBO Max only.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2022-08-24 |title='Aquaman 2' Heads To Christmas 2023, 'Shazam: Fury Of The Gods' Goes To March; HBO Max Pics 'House Party' &amp; 'Evil Dead Rise' Going Theatrical – Warner Bros. Release Date Changes |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/aquaman-2-shazam-fury-of-the-gods-hbo-max-house-party-evil-dead-rise-1235099521/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Walter Hamada]], the president of DC Films, stepped down on October 19, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2022-10-19 |title=DC Films Boss Walter Hamada Has Departed Studio As Warner Bros Discovery Finalizes Exit: The Dish |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/dc-films-boss-walter-hamada-warner-discovery-david-zaslav-1235149111/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; President of Production &amp; Development Courtenay Valenti departed on October 28 and was replaced by Jesse Ehrman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=2022-10-20 |title=Warner Bros. Pictures Names Jesse Ehrman President of Production and Development; Ups Three to Senior VP (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/warner-bros-pictures-jesse-ehrman-president-production-1235410379/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2022-10-27 |title=As Courtenay Valenti Exits Warner Bros, Production Boss Won't Be Idle For Long: The Dish |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/courtenay-valenti-netflix-amazon-jobs-exits-warner-bros-1235157045/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On June 9, 2023, the Warner Bros. Pictures Group was renamed as the Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group Taps Animation Visionary Bill Damaschke to Lead Its Newly Rebranded Feature Animation Division, Warner Bros. Pictures Animation |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230609005407/en/Warner-Bros.-Motion-Picture-Group-Taps-Animation-Visionary-Bill-Damaschke-to-Lead-Its-Newly-Rebranded-Feature-Animation-Division-Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Animation |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Business Wire]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2022, Warner Bros. soft launched a campaign for its [[centennial]] in 2023, with the tagline &quot;100 Years of Storytelling&quot;. In December 2022, the centennial campaign was launched with the new tagline &quot;Celebrating Every Story&quot;, which will include commemorative initiatives across all Warner Bros. divisions and properties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Warner Bros. Reveals 100th Anniversary Logo, Teases Rollout of Commemorative Content, Products and Events |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/warner-bros-100-anniversary-logo-1235212556/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508110056/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/warner-bros-100-anniversary-logo-1235212556/ |archive-date=May 8, 2022 |access-date=May 16, 2022 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=J. Kim |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery Launches Centennial Celebration for 100th Anniversary |url=https://variety.com/2022/biz/news/warner-bros-discovery-100th-anniversary-1235460543/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214172530/https://variety.com/2022/biz/news/warner-bros-discovery-100th-anniversary-1235460543/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; The campaign utilizes a commemorative logo featuring an updated shield by [[Chermayeff &amp; Geismar &amp; Haviv]] (first introduced in the Warner Bros. Discovery logo), which was revised with a softer appearance, thicker outlines, and a return to using blue and gold as its corporate colors (if not rendered in different colors or textures to suit a specific property). The updated shield is used as a secondary logo, and is used concurrently with the 2019 logo (which is the main and primary logo) since May 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Del Valle |first=Rachel |date=April 23, 2022 |title=After embarrassing leak, Warner Bros. Discovery gets a modern new logo |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90743463/after-embarrassing-leak-warner-brothers-discovery-gets-a-modern-new-logo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629154402/https://www.fastcompany.com/90743463/after-embarrassing-leak-warner-brothers-discovery-gets-a-modern-new-logo |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=[[Fast Company]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the 100th anniversary campaign, the studio released new short features for the Max streaming service that recreates Warner Bros. classics with a focus on diversity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Rebecca |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Warner Bros. Studios Celebrates 100th Anniversary With Diverse Shorts Re-Creating Warner Bros. Classics (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/warner-bros-100-adapt-classic-films-diverse-shorts-1235391514/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513212323/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/warner-bros-100-adapt-classic-films-diverse-shorts-1235391514/ |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2022, [[James Gunn]] and [[Peter Safran]] became the co-chairpersons and CEOs of DC Films, which was renamed to [[DC Studios]]. The studio also become an independent division of Warner Bros. Discovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-25 |title=James Gunn and Peter Safran Named Co-Chairmen and CEOs of DC Studios |url=https://www.wbd.com/james-gunn-and-peter-safran-named-co-chairmen-and-ceos-of-dc-studios |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Warner Bros. Discovery}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Proposed acquisition by Paramount Skydance (2025–present) ====<br /> {{Further|Proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery}}<br /> In late 2025, [[Netflix, Inc.|Netflix, Inc]] announced that it [[Proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery|intended to purchase Warner Bros.]] for $82.7 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Netflix&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Szlalai |first1=Georg |last2=Weprin |first2=Alex |date=December 5, 2025 |title=It's Official: Netflix to Acquire Warner Bros. in Deal Valued at $82.7 Billion |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-warner-bros-deal-hollywood-1236443081/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205125124/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-warner-bros-deal-hollywood-1236443081/ |archive-date=December 5, 2025 |access-date=December 5, 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The acquisition was expected to be completed after the previously announced separation of WBD's Global Networks division, Discovery Global, into a new publicly traded company in the third quarter of 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;NetflixPressRelease&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Netflix to Acquire Warner Bros. Following the Separation of Discovery Global for a Total Enterprise Value of $82.7 Billion (Equity Value of $72.0 Billion) |date=December 5, 2025 |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-to-acquire-warner-bros |access-date=December 5, 2025 |work=[[Netflix]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paramount Skydance]] and [[Comcast]] also emerged as contenders and submitted rival bids by November 20, 2025. After a second round of [[bidding]], Netflix was widely seen as the frontrunner by December 4, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snider |first=Mike |date=December 5, 2025 |title=What we know about Netflix's blockbuster deal with Warner Bros. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2025/12/05/netflix-to-buy-warner-bros-discoverys-studios-for-72-billion/87619918007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205170111/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2025/12/05/netflix-to-buy-warner-bros-discoverys-studios-for-72-billion/87619918007/ |archive-date=December 5, 2025 |access-date=December 5, 2025 |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Brook |last2=Hirsch |first2=Lauren |last3=Sperling |first3=Nicole |date=2025-12-05 |title=Netflix to Buy Warner Bros. in $83 Billion Deal to Create a Streaming Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/05/business/warner-brothers-discovery-netflix.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206095944/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/05/business/warner-brothers-discovery-netflix.html |archive-date=December 6, 2025 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Warner Bros. rejected Paramount's offer and advised shareholders to vote in favor of the Netflix deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=Paramount sues Warner Bros for Netflix deal details, plans proxy fight |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/paramount-sues-warner-bros-for-netflix-deal-details-plans-proxy-fight |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 12, 2026, Paramount Skydance sued Warner Bros. Discovery for more information on a rival deal with Netflix. Paramount Skydance also revealed its plan to nominate directors to Warner Bros.' board to convince investors that its all-cash bid of $30 per share was superior to Netflix's cash-and-stock offer of $27.75 per share for the studios and streaming assets and would more easily clear regulatory hurdles.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On February 23, 2026, Paramount's insiders told ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' that Paramount's revised offer for WBD would likely come in at $32 per share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=2026-02-23|title=Paramount Is Expected to Raise Price of Warner Bros. Discovery Bid. Will Netflix Walk Away?|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/paramount-warner-bros-discovery-higher-bid-will-netflix-walk-away-1236670140/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=2026-02-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following day, WBD confirmed it had a received a revised offer from Paramount and reviewed it in consultation with their financial and legal advisors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=2026-02-24 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery Reviewing Paramount's Revised Takeover Offer |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/warner-bros-discovery-reviewing-paramount-revised-proposal-1236734321/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 26, 2026, Warner Bros. Discovery confirmed that it considered Paramount’s updated bid to be superior to Netflix's current offer, triggering a four-business-day period during which Netflix could improve its offer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Warner Bros. Discovery deems Paramount's takeover bid superior to Netflix deal |url=https://www.local10.com/news/2026/02/26/warner-bros-discovery-deems-paramounts-takeover-bid-superior-to-netflix-deal/ |website=WPLG Local 10 |publisher=WPLG Local 10 |date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 26, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Netflix subsequently declined to increase its bid, stating that the deal was &quot;no longer financially attractive.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Netflix Declines to Raise Offer for Warner Bros. |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-declines-to-raise-offer-for-warner-bros |website=About Netflix |publisher=Netflix |date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 26, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 27, the deal was revealed to be worth $110 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=2026-02-27 |title=Massive Merger Confirmed: Paramount And WBD Reveal Details Of $110 Billion Deal |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/massive-merger-confirmed-paramount-and-wbd-reveal-details-1236738785/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == International arrangements ==<br /> <br /> === Film production ===<br /> ==== Germany ====<br /> In 1995, {{ill|Willi Geike|de}} was appointed as marketing director for Warner's operations in Germany. Around the same time, the studio began self-producing and distributing German films, starting with ''[[Dangerous Dowry]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WB TO GO DEUTSCH|last=Molner|first=David|url=https://variety.com/1995/scene/markets-festivals/wb-to-go-deutsch-99129843/|date=28 August 1995|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=7 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> During Geike's tenue, the studio achieved various successes with Its German-language features such as the animated films such as ''[[The Little Polar Bear (film)|The Little Polar Bear]]'' and ''[[Laura's Star (2004 film)|Laura's Star]]'' and the live-action releases such as ''[[Rabbit Without Ears]]'', ''[[Men in the City]]'' and ''[[SMS für Dich]]'', as well with estabilishing partnerships with filmmakers such as {{ill|Thilo Graf Rothkirch|de|Thilo Graf Rothkirch}}, [[Til Schweiger]], [[Matthias Schweighöfer]], [[Caroline Link]], [[Simon Verhoeven]] and [[Karoline Herfurth]].&lt;ref name=willigeike1/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Dockhorn|first=Katharina|title=Die lokalen Talente abgreifen|url=https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050693/Die-lokalen-Talente-abgreifen.html|date=January 19, 2009|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|access-date=March 12, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211062435/https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050693/Die-lokalen-Talente-abgreifen.html|archive-date=December 11, 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, Willi Geike left Warner Bros. after 38 years.&lt;ref name=willigeike1&gt;{{cite web|title=Willi Geike verlässt Warner Bros.|url=https://the-spot-mediafilm.com/kino/willi-geike-verlaesst-warner-bros-d3ac6f785574d832b9923e512399542d|website=The SPOT media &amp; film|date=January 13, 2021|language=de|access-date=March 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Netherlands ====<br /> In 1997, Warner Bros. signed an agreement with children's television producer [[Burny Bos]] and his production company BosBros. for the Benelux distribution rights of his films starting with ''[[The Flying Liftboy]]'', an adventure film based on the children's book by [[Annie M.G. Schmidt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=December 1997 |title=Bos Bros en Warner Bros. (Holland) sluiten distributie-over-eenkomst voor Abeltje |url=https://www.film-bioscoopbranche.nl/issue/HFN/1997-12-01/edition/null/page/19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601201246/https://www.film-bioscoopbranche.nl/issue/HFN/1997-12-01/edition/null/page/15 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=2 June 2025 |pages=19 |language=nl |magazine=Holland Film Nieuws, nr. 19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film became the most-visited Dutch film of 1998, which led to a partnership where Warner distributed films from the company such as ''[[Miss Minoes]]'', ''[[Tow Truck Pluck]]'' and ''[[Winky's Horse]]''. BosBros. ended the partnership in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Schenkius |first=Michiel |date=April 2011 |title=Op de set van Dolfje weerwolfje: Nieuwsgierigmakende metamorfoses |url=https://www.film-bioscoopbranche.nl/issue/HFN/2011-04-01/edition/null/page/18 |access-date=10 June 2025 |pages=20-21 |language=nl |magazine=Holland Film Nieuws, nr. 99|archive-date=February 18, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218204508/https://www.film-bioscoopbranche.nl/issue/HFN/2011-04-01/edition/null/page/18/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Japan ====<br /> On July 14, 1998, [[Toshiba]], Warner Bros. and [[Nippon Television]] launched production joint venture {{ill|TOWANI Corp|ja|トワーニ}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |date=July 15, 1998 |title=TW firms Japan venture with Nippon TV, Toshiba |url=https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/tw-firms-japan-venture-with-nippon-tv-toshiba-1117478457/ |access-date=September 8, 2025 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the goal to produce two Japanese films per year starting with ''{{ill|Sakuya: Slayer of Demons|ja|さくや妖怪伝}}'' on August 12, 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Schilling |first=Mark |date=25 February 2000 |title=Toshiba joint venture cranks up first production |url=https://www.screendaily.com/toshiba-joint-venture-cranks-up-first-production/401530.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251114114704/https://www.screendaily.com/toshiba-joint-venture-cranks-up-first-production/401530.article |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=[[Screen International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However after producing four features, the company filed for bankruptcy after the box office failure of ''[[Cutie Honey (film)|Cutie Honey]]'' on May 29, 2004.<br /> <br /> ==== India ====<br /> In 2025, Warner Bros. Pictures signed a five-film agreement with Bhanushali Studios Limited and JOAT Films to co-create adaptations of Warner Bros. titles for the Indian market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=June 15, 2025 |title=Warner Bros. Pictures Inks Five-Film Deal With Bhanushali Studios, JOAT Films for Indian Adaptations (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/warner-bros-pictures-bhanushali-studios-joat-films-five-film-deal-1236431260/ |access-date=December 17, 2025 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Film distribution ===<br /> {{anchor|Columbia partnership}}From 1971 until the end of 1987, Warner Bros.' international distribution operations were a joint venture with [[Columbia Pictures]]. In some countries, this joint venture distributed films from other companies (such as [[EMI Films]] and [[The Cannon Group, Inc.|Cannon Films]] in the United Kingdom). Warner Bros. ended the venture in 1988.<br /> <br /> On May 4, 1987, [[The Walt Disney Company]] signed a theatrical distribution agreement with Warner Bros. International for the release of Disney and [[Touchstone Pictures|Touchstone]] films in overseas markets, with Disney retaining full control of all distribution and marketing decisions on their product.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=May 4, 1987 |title=Warner Bros. and Disney have a distribution pact. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-05-04-fi-4825-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129120124/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-05-04/business/fi-4825_1_warner-bros |archive-date=January 29, 2018 |access-date=January 17, 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1992, Disney opted to end their joint venture with Warner Bros. to start [[Buena Vista International|autonomously distributing their films in the aforementioned markets]].<br /> <br /> In 2001, Warner Bros. began a partnership with German production company [[X Filme Creative Pool]] and its distribution arm {{Interlanguage link|X Verleih AG|de|X Verleih}}, were they would co-distribute their releases with the studio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=September 6, 2001 |title=Arthouse und deutscher Film beim Berliner X Verleih |url=http://www.mediabiz.de/film/news/arthouse-und-deutscher-film-beim-berliner-x-verleih/101206 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002703/http://www.mediabiz.de/film/news/arthouse-und-deutscher-film-beim-berliner-x-verleih/101206 |archive-date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=September 16, 2025 |work=Blickpunkt:Film |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; The partnership was later extended in 2004 with 20 additional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kay |first=Jeremy |date=February 18, 2004 |title=Warner Germany ties up X for a further 20 films |url=https://www.screendaily.com/warner-germany-ties-up-x-for-a-further-20-films/4017412.article |access-date=July 13, 2025 |work=[[Screen Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before the 2008 merger, Warner Bros. already handled distribution of then-sister company's [[New Line Cinema]] titles in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Eastern Europe, Russia and select territories in Latin America and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Carver |first=Benedict |date=March 25, 1999 |title=New Line lines up global distrib deals |url=https://variety.com/1999/film/news/new-line-lines-up-global-distrib-deals-1117492738/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Goodridge |first=Mike |date=October 16, 2001 |title=Warner Bros takes over Kinowelt's New Line deals |url=https://www.screendaily.com/warner-bros-takes-over-kinowelts-new-line-deals/407207.article |access-date=May 20, 2025 |work=[[Screen Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 2011 to 2023, Warner Bros. handled theatrical distribution of [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] films in [[Italy]]. One notable example of this is ''[[Call Me by Your Name (film)|Call Me By Your Name]]'', where Warner Bros. handled Italian theatrical distribution (although the Sony label is still being used). Since then, [[Eagle Pictures]], which was already distributing Sony's films on home video in the country, took over theatrical distribution as well.<br /> On February 6, 2014, Columbia TriStar Warner Filmes de Portugal Ltda., a joint venture with [[Sony Pictures]] which distributed both companies' films in [[Portugal]], announced that it would close its doors on March 31, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Barros |first=Eurico |date=February 6, 2014 |title=Columbia Tristar Warner encerra escritórios em Portugal |trans-title=Columbia Tristar Warner closes offices in Portugal |url=https://www.dn.pt/artes/cinema/interior/columbia-tristar-warner-encerra-escritorios-em-portugal-3673331.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930083919/https://www.dn.pt/artes/cinema/interior/columbia-tristar-warner-encerra-escritorios-em-portugal-3673331.html |archive-date=September 30, 2017 |access-date=September 29, 2017 |website=[[Diário de Notícias]] |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[NOS Audiovisuais]] handles distribution of Warner Bros. films in Portugal since then, while the distribution duties for Sony Pictures films in the country were taken over by Big Picture Films.<br /> <br /> Before the Disney merger in 2019, Warner Bros. and [[20th Century Fox]] had a strategic partnership to distribute both of their films theatrically in key territories in Southeast Asia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Warner Brothers and 20th Century Fox call media pitch in Singapore |url=https://www.campaignasia.com/article/warner-brothers-and-20th-century-fox-call-media-pitch-in-singapore/213016 |access-date=September 25, 2025 |publisher=Campaign Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Benelux. The earliest known joint venture of the two companies was established in 1970 in [[Singapore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FOX WARNER FILM DISTRIBUTORS |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/government_records/record-details/80b4d4a7-1159-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |access-date=September 25, 2025 |publisher=[[National Library Board]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Benelux, Warner distributed Fox titles in the Netherlands while Fox handled distribution of Warner Bros. titles in Belgium from 2008 until 2019, when Disney took over distribution duties in July.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mundell |first=Ian |date=March 11, 2008 |title=Fox, WB team in Benelux |url=https://variety.com/2008/biz/news/fox-wb-team-in-benelux-1117982239/ |access-date=September 25, 2025 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Huijsdens |first=Jeroen |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Overname Fox grote klap voor team Warner |url=https://www.hollandfilmnieuws.nl/nieuwscategorieen/cast/overname-fox-grote-klap-voor-team-warner/ |access-date=September 25, 2025 |work=Holland Film Nieuws |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since January 1, 2021, Warner Bros. films are distributed through [[Universal Pictures]] in [[Hong Kong]], [[Mexico]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] citing WarnerMedia's closure of its Hong Kong theatrical office starting with ''[[The Batman (film)|The Batman]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gómez Iniesta |first=Carlos |date=2009-03-09 |title=Desaparece Warner Bros. México |trans-title=Warner Bros. Mexico disappears |url=https://cinepremiere.com.mx/desaparece-warner-bros-mexico.html|website=cinepremiere.com.mx |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=21 September 2020 |title=Warner Bros. Cuts Village Roadshow Theatrical Ties in Australia, New Zealand |url=https://variety.com/2020/biz/asia/warner-ends-village-roadshow-theatrical-deal-australia-new-zealand-1234777255/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=WarnerMedia Closing Hong Kong Theatrical Division; Universal To Release WB Pictures In Market |date=December 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/warnermedia-warner-bros-hong-kong-theatrical-division-closing-universal-pictures-1234661302/ |access-date=December 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024, Warner Bros. currently handles theatrical distribution of Universal Pictures films in [[Brazil]], [[India]] and the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Portal Exibidor – CADE autoriza acordo entre Universal e Warner; saiba mais! |url=https://www.exibidor.com.br/noticias/mercado/11514-cade-autoriza-acordo-entre-universal-e-warner-saiba-mais |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618045127/https://www.exibidor.com.br/noticias/mercado/11514-cade-autoriza-acordo-entre-universal-e-warner-saiba-mais |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=exibidor.com.br |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Warner and Universal join hands to sustain business |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/warner-and-universal-join-hands-to-sustain-biz/articleshow/78833590.cms |access-date=April 14, 2024 |work=Mumbai Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title='No Time To Die' — Daniel Craig's Final Bond Film — Premieres in Cinemas This December 15 |date=November 21, 2021 |publisher=[[Universal Pictures]]/[[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros. (F.E.) Inc.]] |url=https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/article/108991/no-time-to-die-daniel-craigs-final-bond-film-premieres-in-cinemas-this-december-15/ |quote=From Universal Pictures International PH, distributed by Warner Bros., No Time To Die opens December 15 in Philippine cinemas. |via=Click the City |access-date=November 15, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112100151/https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/article/108991/no-time-to-die-daniel-craigs-final-bond-film-premieres-in-cinemas-this-december-15/ |archive-date=November 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2022, Warner Bros. Pictures entered into a multi-year deal for distributing MGM (later [[Amazon MGM Studios]]) films outside the United States, including on home entertainment. The contract included joint participation of both companies for marketing, advertising, publicity, film distribution, and relationship with exhibitors for future MGM titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 14, 2022 |title=Warner Bros Forms Multi-Year Pact To Distribute MGM Movies Overseas Beginning With 'Bones And All', 'Creed III'; How Bond Will Be Handled |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/warner-bros-mgm-international-distribution-deal-james-bond-007-1235091889/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015706/https://deadline.com/2022/08/warner-bros-mgm-international-distribution-deal-james-bond-007-1235091889/ |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt; The deal was concluded in 2025 when [[Sony Pictures Releasing International]] took over international distribution of Amazon MGM titles beginning with ''[[After the Hunt]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2025-06-27 |title=Amazon MGM Studios &amp; Sony Pictures Ink Multi-Year International Theatrical Distribution Deal |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/amazon-mgm-studios-sony-international-distribution-1236444141/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2025, Warner Bros. had partnerships with local distribution companies to theatrically release local language and regionally acquired films such as Singapore-based [[Encore Films]] in Southeast Asia and India, [[Picturehouse Cinemas|Picturehouse Entertainment]] (unrelated to the previous sister studio of the same name) in the [[United Kingdom]] and PiperFilm in Italy.<br /> <br /> On September 17, 2025, Warner Bros. Pictures signed a theatrical distribution deal with [[Toho-Towa]] for Japan that would take effect the following year with ''[[Wuthering Heights (2026 film)|Wuthering Heights]]''. Warner Bros.' local distribution arm dissolved on December 31, 2025, but continued to handle distribution for its 2026 slate of local productions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2025 |title=Toho-Towa to release Warner Bros. Movies in Japan |url=https://www.tohokingdom.com/blog/toho-towa-to-release-warner-bros-movies-in-japan/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2025 |title=Warner Bros' Feature Slate To Be Released Theatrically In Japan By Toho-Towa Group Beginning 2026 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/warner-bros-japan-toho-towa-theatrical-distribution-deal-1236547733/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Film library ==<br /> {{Main|Lists of Warner Bros. films}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Gate 4 Warner Bros. Studios.jpg|thumb|right|Gate 4, Warner Bros. Studios, looking south towards the water tower]]Mergers and acquisitions have helped Warner Bros. to accumulate a diverse collection of films, cartoons and television programs. As of 2022, Warner Bros. owned more than 145,000 hours of programming, including 12,500 feature films and 2,400 television programs comprising more than 150,000 individual episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Warner Bros. Unveils Centennial Logo in Advance of the Iconic Studio's 100th Anniversary |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/warner-bros-unveils-centennial-logo-in-advance-of-iconic-studios-100th-anniversary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905204125/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/warner-bros-unveils-centennial-logo-in-advance-of-iconic-studios-100th-anniversary |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=warnerbros.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Acquired libraries ===<br /> {{Main list|List of assets owned by Warner Bros. Discovery<br /> }}<br /> Mergers and acquisitions have helped Warner Bros. accumulate a diverse collection of films, cartoons and television programs. As of 2022, Warner Bros. owned more than 145,000 hours of programming, including 12,500 feature films and 2,400 television programs comprising more than tens of thousands of individual episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Warner Bros. Unveils Centennial Logo in Advance of the Iconic Studio's 100th Anniversary |date=March 23, 2022 |publisher=Warner Bros. |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/warner-bros-unveils-centennial-logo-in-advance-of-iconic-studios-100th-anniversary |access-date=September 12, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905204125/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/warner-bros-unveils-centennial-logo-in-advance-of-iconic-studios-100th-anniversary |archive-date=September 5, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the aftermath of the 1948 antitrust suit, uncertain times led Warner Bros. in 1956 to sell most of its pre-1950&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=March 5, 1956 |title=Warner Films Bought for $21 Million; Largest Library Yet for Television |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/56-OCR/1956-03-05-BC-OCR-Page-0040.pdf#search=%22prm%20inc%22 |magazine=Broadcasting |page=42}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ymrt2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schickel|Perry|2008|p=255}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aap exceptions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Media History Digital Library |url=https://archive.org/details/mediahistory&amp;tab=collection?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Motion%20pictures%20--%20Catalogues%22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325121444/https://archive.org/details/mediahistory%26tab%3Dcollection?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Motion%20pictures%20--%20Catalogues%22 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |access-date=September 17, 2019 |via=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; films and cartoons to [[Associated Artists Productions]] (a.a.p.). In addition, a.a.p. also obtained the [[Fleischer Studios]] and [[Famous Studios]] ''[[Popeye]]'' cartoons, originally from [[Paramount Pictures]]. Two years later, a.a.p. was sold to [[United Artists]] (UA), which owned the company until 1981, when [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM) acquired United Artists.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoyt2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hoyt |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsvBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=1958+a.a.p.+was+sold+to+United+Artists&amp;pg=PA182 |title=Hollywood Vault: Film Libraries Before Home Video |date=July 3, 2014 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95857-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cole2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Robert J. |date=May 16, 1981 |title=M-G-M Is Reported Purchasing United Artists for $350 million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/16/world/m-g-m-is-reported-purchasing-united-artists-for-350-million.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908011627/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/16/world/m-g-m-is-reported-purchasing-united-artists-for-350-million.html |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |access-date=October 26, 2016 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1982, during their independent years, [[Turner Broadcasting System]] acquired [[Brut Productions]], the film production arm of France-based then-struggling personal-care company [[House of Fabergé|Faberge Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Faberge Sells Brut&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 1982 |title=Faberge Sells Brut's Assets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/01/business/faberge-sells-brut-s-assets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092705/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/01/business/faberge-sells-brut-s-assets.html |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |access-date=November 27, 2014 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1986, Turner Broadcasting System acquired MGM. Finding itself in debt, [[Turner Entertainment]] kept the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television libraries and a small portion of the United Artists library (including the a.a.p. library and North American rights to the [[RKO Pictures|RKO Radio Pictures]] library) while spinning off the rest of MGM.&lt;ref name=&quot;Los Angeles Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=December 20, 1985 |title=Turner Sells Fabled MGM but Keeps a Lion's Share |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-07-mn-9950-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801044732/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-06-07/news/mn-9950_1_turner-broadcasting |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1989, Warner Communications acquired [[Lorimar-Telepictures]] Corporation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Crash Landing Merv Adelson—TV mogul, multimillionaire, and friend of the famous—lived a show-business fantasy. His bankruptcy has shocked Hollywood. – November 10, 2003 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/11/10/352823/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126093323/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/11/10/352823/index.htm |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Los Angeles Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Warner Completes Merger With Lorimar Telepictures |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-12-fi-413-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103031254/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-12/business/fi-413_1_lorimar-telepictures-corp |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |work=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lorimar's catalogue included the post-1974 library of [[Rankin/Bass Productions]], and the post-1947 library of [[Monogram Pictures]]/Allied Artists Pictures Corporation.<br /> <br /> In 1991, Turner Broadcasting System acquired animation studio [[Hanna-Barbera]] and the [[Ruby-Spears]] library from [[Taft Broadcasting|Great American Broadcasting]], and years later, Turner Broadcasting System acquired [[Castle Rock Entertainment]] on December 22, 1993,&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner Broadcasting Company Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turner Broadcasting Company Report |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100240/0000950144-94-000832.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710093510/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100240/0000950144-94-000832.txt |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |access-date=November 8, 2017 |publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Done deal: Turner Broadcasting System Inc. said it closed..... |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/12/25/done-deal-turner-broadcasting-system-inc-said/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302115359/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-12-25/business/9312250085_1_turner-broadcasting-system-hollywood-producer-turner-spokesman |archive-date=March 2, 2016 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |work=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[New Line Cinema]] on January 28, 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 28, 1994 |title=New Line to Join Ted Turner Empire Today : Film: With more money, the company is likely to add a few big movies to its annual production schedule. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-28-fi-16459-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325182644/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-28-fi-16459-story.html |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Information on New Line Cinema&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Line Cinema |url=http://ethicalbusinessbureau.com/NewLineCinema/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302115400/http://ethicalbusinessbureau.com/NewLineCinema/ |archive-date=March 2, 2016 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |website=ethicalbusinessbureau.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 10, 1996, [[Time Warner]] acquired Turner Broadcasting System, thus bringing Warner Bros.' pre-1950 library back home to the studio after 46 years. In addition, Warner Bros. owns pre-2010 libraries produced by Castle Rock Entertainment with few exceptions.<br /> <br /> In 2008, Time Warner integrated New Line Cinema into Warner Bros. Pictures.<br /> <br /> === The Warner Bros. Archives ===<br /> The [[University of Southern California]] Warner Bros. Archives is the largest single studio collection in the world. Donated in 1977 to USC's School of Cinema-Television by Warner Communications, the WBA houses departmental records that detail Warner Bros. activities from the studio's first major feature, ''My Four Years in Germany'' (1918), to its sale to Seven Arts in 1968. It presents a complete view of the production process during the [[Studio system|Golden Age of Hollywood]]. UA donated pre-1950 Warner Bros. nitrate negatives to the [[Library of Congress]] and post-1951 negatives to the [[UCLA Film and Television Archive]]. Most of the company's legal files, scripts, and production materials were donated to the [[Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research]].<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = <br /> | image1 = ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg<br /> | width1 = 150<br /> | caption1 = [[Clint Eastwood]]'s relationship with Warner Bros. began in 1971, and he has directed several of the studios best known films, including ''[[Unforgiven]]'' (1992) and ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]'' (2004).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/clint-eastwood-40-film-collection| work=Warner Bros.| title=About| access-date=September 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image2 = Christopher_Nolan,_London,_2013_(crop).jpg<br /> | width2 = 150<br /> | caption2 = [[Christopher Nolan]] wrote and directed several of Warner Bros.'s most profitable films in the early 21st century. Like Eastwood, Nolan has had a long creative partnership with the studio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warner-bros-eyes-slimmed-down-movie-budgets-under-toby-emmerich-1015390| work=The Hollywood Reporter| title=Warner Bros. Eyes Slimmed-Down Movie Budgets Under Toby Emmerich| first=Kim| last=Masters| date=June 21, 2017| access-date=September 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{div col begin}}<br /> * ''[[Ace Ventura (franchise)|Ace Ventura]]''<br /> * ''[[American Girl (film series)|American Girl]]''<br /> * ''[[Beetlejuice (franchise)|Beetlejuice]]''<br /> * ''[[Blade Runner (franchise)|Blade Runner]]''<br /> * ''[[Cats &amp; Dogs (film series)|Cats &amp; Dogs]]''<br /> * ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]''<br /> * ''[[A Cinderella Story (film series)|A Cinderella Story]]''<br /> * ''[[Parker Family Saga|A Christmas Story]]''<br /> * ''[[Clash of the Titans (film series)|Clash of the Titans]]''<br /> * ''[[Deep Blue Sea (film series)|Deep Blue Sea]]''<br /> * ''[[Dirty Harry (film series)|Dirty Harry]]''<br /> * ''[[Dracula (Hammer film series)|Dracula]]''<br /> * ''[[Frankenstein (Hammer film series)|Frankenstein]]''<br /> * ''[[Free Willy (franchise)|Free Willy]]''<br /> * ''[[The Fugitive (franchise)|The Fugitive]]''<br /> * ''[[Gremlins (franchise)|Gremlins]]''<br /> * ''[[The Hangover (film series)|The Hangover]]''<br /> * ''[[Wizarding World|Harry Potter]]''<br /> * ''[[Lethal Weapon (franchise)|Lethal Weapon]]''<br /> * ''[[The Lost Boys (franchise)|The Lost Boys]]''<br /> * ''[[National Lampoon's Vacation (film series)|National Lampoon's Vacation]]''<br /> * ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film series)|The NeverEnding Story]]''<br /> * ''[[The Exorcist (franchise)|The Exorcist]]''<br /> * ''[[The Matrix (franchise)|The Matrix]]''<br /> * ''[[Monsterverse]]''<br /> ** ''[[Godzilla (franchise)|Godzilla]]''<br /> ** ''[[King Kong (franchise)|King Kong]]''<br /> * ''[[Ocean's]]''<br /> * ''[[Police Academy (franchise)|Police Academy]]''<br /> * ''[[Pure Country (film series)|Pure Country]]''<br /> * ''[[The Right Stuff (franchise)|The Right Stuff]]''<br /> * ''[[The Shining (franchise)|The Shining]]''<br /> * [[DC Animated Universe]]<br /> * ''[[DC Universe Animated Original Movies]]''<br /> ** ''[[DC Animated Movie Universe]]''<br /> * ''[[Hanna-Barbera]]''<br /> ** ''[[Jonny Quest]]''<br /> ** ''[[Wacky Races]]''<br /> ** ''[[Scooby-Doo]]''<br /> *** [[Scooby-Doo in film|films]]<br /> ** ''[[The Flintstones]]''<br /> * ''[[The Lego Movie (franchise)|The Lego Movie]]''<br /> * ''[[Looney Tunes]]''<br /> * ''[[ThunderCats]]''<br /> * ''[[Tom and Jerry]]''<br /> * ''[[Austin Powers]]''<br /> * ''[[Blade (franchise)|Blade]]''<br /> * ''[[The Conjuring Universe]]''<br /> * ''[[Critters (franchise)|Critters]]''<br /> * ''[[Dungeons &amp; Dragons (film series)|Dungeons &amp; Dragons]]''<br /> * ''[[Evil Dead]]''<br /> * ''[[Final Destination]]''<br /> * ''[[Friday (franchise)|Friday]]''<br /> * ''[[Friday the 13th (franchise)|Friday the 13th]]''<br /> * ''[[The Mask (franchise)|The Mask]]''<br /> * ''[[Horizon: An American Saga]]''<br /> * ''[[Middle-earth]]''<br /> ** ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]''<br /> ** ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]''<br /> * ''[[Mortal Kombat (film series)|Mortal Kombat]]''<br /> * ''[[Dumb and Dumber (franchise)|Dumb and Dumber]]''<br /> * ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar]]''<br /> * ''[[House Party (franchise)|House Party]]''<br /> * ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)|A Nightmare on Elm Street]]''<br /> * ''[[Rush Hour (franchise)|Rush Hour]]''<br /> * ''[[Poison Ivy (film series)|Poison Ivy]]''<br /> * ''[[Arrowverse]]''<br /> * [[Babylon 5 (franchise)|''Babylon 5'']]<br /> * ''[[The Bachelor (franchise)|The Bachelor]]''<br /> * ''[[Pretty Little Liars (franchise)|Pretty Little Liars]]''<br /> * ''[[The Secret Circle]]''<br /> * ''[[Treasure Island (TV franchise)|Treasure Island]]''<br /> * ''[[V (franchise)|V]]''<br /> * ''[[The Vampire Diaries Universe]]''<br /> * ''[[Westworld]]'' <br /> * ''[[Adventure Time (franchise)|Adventure Time]]''<br /> * ''[[Ben 10]]''<br /> * ''[[The Powerpuff Girls (franchise)|The Powerpuff Girls]]''<br /> * ''[[Rick and Morty (franchise)|Rick and Morty]]''<br /> * ''[[List of video games based on DC Comics|DC]]''<br /> * ''[[Rampage (franchise)|Rampage]]''<br /> * ''[[Rush (video game series)|Rush]]''<br /> * ''[[Area 51 (series)|Area 51]]''<br /> * ''[[Scribblenauts]]''<br /> * [[NetherRealm Studios]]<br /> ** ''[[Injustice (franchise)|Injustice]]''<br /> ** ''[[Mortal Kombat]]''<br /> * [[Portkey Games]]<br /> ** ''[[Harry Potter video games|Harry Potter]]''<br /> * [[Rocksteady Studios]]<br /> ** ''[[Batman: Arkham]]''<br /> * [[Monolith Productions]]<br /> ** ''[[F.E.A.R.]]''<br /> ** ''[[Middle-earth in video games|Middle-Earth]]''<br /> * ''[[TT Games]]''<br /> ** ''[[List of Lego video games|Lego]]''<br /> * ''[[Batman (franchise)|Batman]]''<br /> ** ''[[Batman in film|Batman films]]''<br /> * [[DC Extended Universe]]<br /> ** ''[[Aquaman in other media|Aquaman]]''<br /> ** ''[[Flash in other media|Flash]]''<br /> * [[DC Universe (franchise)|DC Universe]]<br /> * ''[[Green Lantern in other media|Green Lantern]]''<br /> * ''[[Joker in other media|Joker]]''<br /> * ''[[Justice League in other media|Justice League]]''<br /> * ''[[Superman (franchise)|Superman]]''<br /> ** ''[[Superman in film|Superman films]]''<br /> * ''[[Wonder Woman in other media|Wonder Woman]]''<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> === Highest-grossing films ===<br /> : ''{{legend|#B6FCB6;&quot;|Indicates films currently in theatrical release in the week commencing {{Date of previous Friday}}.|text={{†|alt=film currently playing}}}}''<br /> {|<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> |+Highest-grossing films in North America&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Box Office by Studio – Warner Bros. All Time|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/studio/chart/?studio=warnerbros.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233320/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/studio/chart/?studio=warnerbros.htm|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Rank !! Title !! Year !! Gross<br /> |-<br /> ! 1<br /> | ''[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]''<br /> | 2023<br /> | $637,332,531<br /> |-<br /> ! 2<br /> | ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' {{double dagger}}<br /> | 2008<br /> | $534,987,076<br /> |-<br /> ! 3<br /> | ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]''<br /> | 2012<br /> | $448,149,584<br /> |-<br /> ! 4<br /> | ''[[A Minecraft Movie]]''<br /> | 2025<br /> | $424,087,780<br /> |-<br /> ! 5<br /> | ''[[Wonder Woman (2017 film)|Wonder Woman]]''<br /> | 2017<br /> | $412,845,172<br /> |-<br /> ! 6<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]''<br /> | 2011<br /> | $381,447,587<br /> |-<br /> ! 7<br /> | ''[[The Batman (film)|The Batman]]''<br /> | 2022<br /> | $369,345,583 <br /> |-<br /> ! 8<br /> | ''[[Superman (2025 film)|Superman]]'' <br /> | 2025<br /> | $354,223,803<br /> |-<br /> ! 9<br /> | ''[[American Sniper]]''<br /> | 2014<br /> | $350,159,020<br /> |-<br /> ! 10<br /> | ''[[Joker (2019 film)|Joker]]''<br /> | 2019<br /> | $335,477,657<br /> |-<br /> ! 11<br /> | ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]''<br /> | 2018<br /> | $335,104,314 <br /> |-<br /> ! 12<br /> | ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]''<br /> | 2016<br /> | $330,360,194<br /> |-<br /> ! 13<br /> | ''[[It (2017 film)|It]]''<br /> | 2017<br /> | $328,874,981<br /> |-<br /> ! 14<br /> | ''[[Suicide Squad (2016 film)|Suicide Squad]]''<br /> | 2016<br /> | $325,100,054<br /> |-<br /> ! 15<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' {{double dagger}}<br /> | 2001<br /> | $317,871,467 <br /> |-<br /> ! 16<br /> | ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'' {{ref|Note 1|1}}<br /> | 2012<br /> | $303,030,651<br /> |-<br /> ! 17<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]''<br /> | 2009<br /> | $302,334,374<br /> |-<br /> ! 18<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]''<br /> | 2010<br /> | $296,374,621<br /> |-<br /> ! 19<br /> | ''[[Beetlejuice Beetlejuice]]''<br /> | 2024<br /> | $294,100,435<br /> |-<br /> ! 20<br /> | ''[[Inception]]''<br /> | 2010<br /> | $292,587,330<br /> |-<br /> ! 21<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]''<br /> | 2007<br /> | $292,382,727<br /> |-<br /> ! 22<br /> | ''[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]''<br /> | 2013<br /> | $291,045,518<br /> |-<br /> ! 23<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]''<br /> | 2005<br /> | $290,469,928<br /> |-<br /> ! 24<br /> | ''[[Dune: Part Two]]''<br /> | 2024<br /> | $282,144,358 <br /> |-<br /> ! 25<br /> | ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]''<br /> | 2003<br /> | $281,576,461<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> |+Highest-grossing films worldwide<br /> |-<br /> ! Rank !! Title !! Year !! Gross <br /> |-<br /> ! 1<br /> | ''[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]''<br /> | 2023<br /> | $1,448,232,531<br /> |-<br /> ! 2<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]''<br /> | 2011<br /> | $1,342,359,942<br /> |-<br /> ! 3<br /> | ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]''<br /> | 2018<br /> | $1,148,528,393<br /> |-<br /> ! 4<br /> | ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]''<br /> | 2012<br /> | $1,081,153,097<br /> |-<br /> ! 5<br /> |''[[Joker (2019 film)|Joker]]''<br /> | 2019<br /> | $1,074,445,730<br /> |-<br /> ! 6<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' {{double dagger}}<br /> | 2001<br /> | $1,028,492,855<br /> |-<br /> ! 7<br /> | ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'' {{ref|Note 1|1}}<br /> | 2012<br /> | $1,017,030,651<br /> |-<br /> ! 8<br /> | ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' {{double dagger}}<br /> | 2008<br /> | $1,009,057,329<br /> |-<br /> ! 9<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]''<br /> | 2010<br /> | $977,070,383<br /> |-<br /> ! 10<br /> | ''[[A Minecraft Movie]]'' <br /> | 2025<br /> | $961,187,780<br /> |-<br /> ! 11<br /> | ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'' {{ref|Note 1|1}}<br /> | 2013<br /> | $959,027,992<br /> |-<br /> ! 12<br /> | ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' {{ref|Note 1|1}}<br /> | 2014<br /> | $956,019,788<br /> |-<br /> ! 13<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]''<br /> | 2007<br /> | $942,201,710<br /> |-<br /> ! 14<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]''<br /> | 2009<br /> | $934,483,039<br /> |-<br /> ! 15<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]''<br /> | 2005<br /> | $896,730,264<br /> |-<br /> ! 16<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]''<br /> | 2002<br /> | $879,793,867<br /> |-<br /> ! 17<br /> | ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]''<br /> | 2016<br /> | $873,637,528<br /> |-<br /> ! 18<br /> | ''[[Inception]]''<br /> | 2010<br /> | $836,848,102<br /> |-<br /> ! 19<br /> | ''[[Wonder Woman (2017 film)|Wonder Woman]]''<br /> | 2017<br /> | $822,854,286<br /> |-<br /> ! 20<br /> | ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''<br /> | 2016<br /> | $814,037,575<br /> |-<br /> ! 21<br /> | ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]''<br /> | 2004<br /> | $796,907,323<br /> |-<br /> ! 22<br /> | ''[[The Batman (film)|The Batman]]''<br /> | 2022<br /> | $770,962,583<br /> |-<br /> ! 23<br /> | ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' {{double dagger}}<br /> | 2014<br /> | $758,690,230<br /> |-<br /> ! 24<br /> | ''[[Suicide Squad (2016 film)|Suicide Squad]]'' <br /> | 2016<br /> | $746,846,894<br /> |-<br /> ! 25<br /> | ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]''<br /> | 2003<br /> | $741,847,937<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {{double dagger}} — Includes theatrical reissue(s)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank]]<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Studio Tour Hollywood]]<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]]<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Family Entertainment]]<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Television Studios]]<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Discovery Global Experiences]]<br /> * [[List of live-action short subject series by Hollywood studios#Warner Brothers|List of Warner Bros. short subjects]]<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Animation]]<br /> * [[Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden|Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> # {{note|Note 1}}&lt;!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTE --&gt; co-owned by [[New Line Cinema]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] Pictures (the film's producers)<br /> {{refend}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|url=https://www.warnerbros.com/company/divisions/motion-pictures/}}<br /> <br /> {{Film Studio}}<br /> {{Warner Bros.}}<br /> {{Academy Honorary Award}}{{Portal bar|Companies|United States|Greater Los Angeles|California|Film|1920s}}{{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:American companies established in 1923]]<br /> [[Category:Entertainment companies based in California]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Burbank, California]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media companies established in 1923]]<br /> [[Category:1923 establishments in California]]<br /> [[Category:Warner Bros. divisions|Pictures]]<br /> [[Category:Film distributors of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners]]<br /> [[Category:Film production companies based in California]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karur_City_Municipal_Corporation&diff=508751 2026-03-23T20:34:52Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting new place...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|City government body in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Karur City Municipal Corporation<br /> | coa_pic = <br /> | coa_res = <br /> | coa_alt = <br /> | coa_caption = <br /> | house_type = <br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|2021}}<br /> | budget = <br /> | leader1_type = [[Mayor of Karur]]<br /> | leader1 = Thirumathi. V Kavitha Ganesan<br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = Thiru. Dharani Saravanan<br /> | leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader3 = <br /> | seats = <br /> | structure1 = <br /> | structure1_res = <br /> |political_groups1 = <br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = <br /> | meeting_place = <br /> | website = https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karur/<br /> | motto = <br /> |last_election1=}}<br /> <br /> '''Karur City Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing city of [[Karur]] in [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.&lt;ref name=&quot;May ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karur City Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. Karur is also one of the fastest growing cities of Tamil Nadu. Karur was a historical city and played a major role in the history of Tamil country.<br /> <br /> == History and administration ==<br /> <br /> Karur City Municipal Corporation in Karur district was formed in year 2021 and is and is one of the 21 municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ka ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ordinances promulgated for upgrading four TN municipalities to corporations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/oct/22/ordinances-promulgated-for-upgrading-four-tn-municipalities-to-corporations-2374271.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ka ref4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Tambaram, Kancheepuram to become Municipal Corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-become-municipal-corporations/article36077265.ece |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=24 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ka ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=TN CM revives ‘Singara Chennai’ project, sets up 6 new corporations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tncmrevives-singara-chennai-project-sets-up-6-new-corporations-101629831724864.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the oldest municipalities in Tamil Nadu with 145 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;KA Ref9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jaisankar |first1=C. |title=Demand for corporation status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/demand-for-corporation-status/article30515962.ece |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=8 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KA Ref10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu to have six more corporations, 28 municipalities - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/tamil-nadu-to-have-six-more-corporations-28-municipalities/85624432 |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=ETRealty.com |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karur City Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.{{fact|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> Thirumathi. V Kavitha Ganesan and Thiru. Dharani Saravana,respectively are mayor and deputy mayor of Karur City Municipal Corporation.{{fact|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Factors driving Karur City Municipal Corporation ==<br /> <br /> Karur City Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:<br /> <br /> * Population Growth.<br /> * Increase in annual Income.<br /> * Improvement of Roads.<br /> * Providing drinking water.<br /> * Improving landscape.<br /> * Improving employment opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;av ref11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=TN govt set to implement urban employment scheme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tn-govt-urban-employment-scheme-7572428/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Improving relations between police and public.<br /> * Waste Management.<br /> * Arranging facilities during natural calamities.<br /> * Establishing industrial units.<br /> * Providing sewage connection.<br /> <br /> == Karur City Municipal Corporation local body polls ==<br /> <br /> Karur City Municipal Corporation members are elected through local body polls.&lt;ref name=&quot;kar ref7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ahead of polls to urban local bodies, TN to have six more corporations, 28 new municipalities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/aug/24/ahead-of-polls-to-urban-local-bodies-tn-to-have-six-more-corporations-28-new-municipalities-2349214.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KA Ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=DMK &amp; AIADMK gear up for local body polls in 9 districts |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/dmk-aiadmk-gear-up-for-local-body-polls-in-9-districts/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=The Federal |date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[List of municipal corporations in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karur/ official website]<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Karur]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chowmahalla_Palace&diff=473507 2026-03-18T05:08:55Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: expand references to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Chowmahalla Palace<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = Chowmahalla Palace 01.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | image_alt = &lt;!-- or | alt = --&gt;<br /> | image_caption = Afzal Mahal, Chowmahalla Palace<br /> | pushpin_map = India Hyderabad<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, Telangana<br /> | pushpin_mapsize = 300<br /> | pushpin_label = Chowmahalla Palace<br /> | pushpin_mark = <br /> | pushpin_relief = <br /> | former_names = <br /> | alternate_names = <br /> | etymology = <br /> | status = <br /> | cancelled = <br /> | topped_out = <br /> | building_type = Royal palace<br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | classification = <br /> | location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]<br /> | address = <br /> | location_city = &lt;!-- or | location_town = --&gt;<br /> | location_country = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.358247|78.471701|display=title,inline}}<br /> | altitude = <br /> | current_tenants = <br /> | namesake = <br /> | groundbreaking_date = <br /> | construction_start_date = 1750<br /> | construction_stop_date = <br /> | est_completion = <br /> | topped_out_date = <br /> | completion_date = 1880s<br /> | opened_date = <br /> | inauguration_date = <br /> | relocated_date = <br /> | renovation_date = <br /> | closing_date = <br /> | demolished_date = <br /> | cost = <br /> | ren_cost = <br /> | client = <br /> | owner = <br /> | landlord = <br /> | affiliation = <br /> | height = <br /> | architectural = <br /> | tip = <br /> | antenna_spire = <br /> | roof = <br /> | top_floor = <br /> | observatory = <br /> | diameter = <br /> | circumference = <br /> | weight = <br /> | other_dimensions = <br /> | structural_system = <br /> | material = <br /> | size = <br /> | floor_count = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | elevator_count = <br /> | grounds_area = <br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture_firm = <br /> | developer = <br /> | engineer = <br /> | structural_engineer = <br /> | services_engineer = <br /> | civil_engineer = <br /> | other_designers = <br /> | quantity_surveyor = <br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | awards = National Tourism Award (Best Maintained and Differently abled Friendly Monument), 2017<br /> | designations = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | ren_architect = <br /> | ren_firm = <br /> | ren_engineer = <br /> | ren_str_engineer = <br /> | ren_serv_engineer = <br /> | ren_civ_engineer = <br /> | ren_oth_designers = <br /> | ren_qty_surveyor = <br /> | ren_contractor = <br /> | ren_awards = <br /> | number_of_rooms = <br /> | parking = <br /> | embed = <br /> | references = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | website = <br /> | embedded = {{Infobox historic site<br /> | embed = yes &lt;!-- or child=yes or subbox=yes--&gt;<br /> | name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | locmapin = <br /> | map_relief = <br /> | map_width = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_mark = <br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;<br /> | gbgridref = <br /> | type = <br /> | etymology = <br /> | location = <br /> | nearest_city = <br /> | area = <br /> | elevation = <br /> | height = <br /> | beginning_label = <br /> | beginning_date = <br /> | formed = <br /> | founded = <br /> | founder = <br /> | built = <br /> | built_for = <br /> | original_use = Seat of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]<br /> | demolished = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | restored = 2005–2010<br /> | restored_by = [[Princess Esra]]<br /> | current_use = <br /> | architect = <br /> | sculptor = <br /> | architecture = <br /> | visitors_num = <br /> | visitors_year = <br /> | visitors_ref = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | owner = [[Azmet Jah]]<br /> }}<br /> }}'''Chowmahalla Palace''' or '''Chowmahallat''' is the palace of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]s of [[Hyderabad State]] located in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC|title=The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 &amp; 94/2|last1=Jayyusi|first1=Salma K.|last2=Holod|first2=Renata|last3=Petruccioli|first3=Attilio|last4=Raymond|first4=Andre|date=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004162402|pages=605–609|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the seat of power of the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] (1720-1948) and was the official residence of the Nizams during their reign. The palace has been converted into a museum and the ownership still lies with the family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rangan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Chowmahalla Palace of the Nizams in Hyderabad, a picture of opulence and magnificence |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/chowmahalla-palace-of-the-nizams-in-hyderabad-a-picture-of-opulence-and-magnificence/cid/2067848 |access-date=16 December 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=3 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=Dr. M.A. |title=The Royal Palaces of the Nizams |publisher=Hyderabad Publisher |year=2009 |isbn=9788185492261 |location=Hyderabad |pages=70–71 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The palace was constructed at the location of an earlier palace of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] and Asaf Jahi dynasty&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; close to the [[Charminar]]. Construction of the palace, as it stands today, was started by [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II]]&lt;ref name=&quot;restoration&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/restoration-of-the-chowmahalla-palace-complex/|title=Restoration of the Chowmahallatuu Palace Complex|publisher=RMA Architects|date=2007|access-date=24 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1769. He ordered the building of four palaces from which the nomenclature of Chau Mahalla is derived.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=Dr. M.A. |title=The Royal Palaces of the Nizam |publisher=Hyderabad Publisher |year=2009 |isbn=9788185492261 |location=Hyderabad |pages=74 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; The word ''chār'' or ''chahār'', and its variation ''chow'', means &quot;four&quot; and the word ''[[Mahal (palace)|mahal]]'' means &quot;palace&quot; in [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=1 Fatma 2 Srivastva |first=1 Tooba 2 Sangita |date=8 August 2020 |title=Grandeur of Nizam's Textiles and Clothing at Chowmahalla Palace, Hyderabad |url=https://www.tcrc.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Article_4_TF_SS.pdf |journal=Textiles and Clothing Research Centre e-Journal |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1 |via=Tcrc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Nizam's Chowmahela Palace, Hyderabad, India.JPG|left|thumb|Panoramic view in two parts of the Chowmahalla Palace at Hyderabad, photographed by [[Lala Deen Dayal|Deen Dayal]] in the 1880s. The [[Charminar]] and [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] are seen in the background (far right).]]<br /> [[File:Drawing Room of Chowmahela Palace, Hyderabad, India.JPG|thumb|upright|Drawing room]]<br /> <br /> While [[Asaf ad-Dawlah Mir Ali Salabat Jang|Salabat Jung]] initiated its construction in 1750, the palace was completed by the period of [[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V]] between 1857 and 1869.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=forgeten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-SCyobP0koC&amp;q=mahlaqa+bai&amp;pg=PA111|access-date=4 April 2013|isbn = 9780143064541|last1 = Latif|first1 = Bilkees I.|year = 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chowmahalla Palace grandeur to be restored before monsoon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/64365671.cms|access-date=29 May 2018|date=26 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The palace is unique for its style and elegance. Construction began in the late 18th century and over the decades a synthesis of many architectural styles and influences emerged. The palace consists of two [[courtyard]]s as well as the grand Khilwat (the Darbar Hall), [[fountain]]s and [[garden]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Restoration Of The Chowmahalla Palace Complex |url=https://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/restoration-of-the-chowmahalla-palace-complex/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=RMA Architects |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The palace originally covered {{convert|45|acre|m2}}, but only {{convert|12|acre|m2}} remain today.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-05-29 |title=Chowmahalla Palace grandeur to be restored before monsoon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/chowmahalla-palace-grandeur-to-be-restored-before-monsoon/articleshow/64365671.cms |access-date=2023-04-19 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Southern courtyard==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | perrow = 1/2<br /> | image1 = View of Chowmallah Palace.jpg<br /> | caption1 = Interior with chandeliers<br /> | width1 = 260<br /> | image2 = Chowmahalla Palace gate tower 01.jpg<br /> | caption2 = Watch tower gate<br /> | width2 = 130<br /> | image3 = Window chowmahalla palace.jpg<br /> | caption3 = Ornate with intricate stucco work, this is one of the two windows that flank the facade of the durbar hall.<br /> | width3 = 130<br /> }}<br /> <br /> This is the oldest part of the palace, consisting of four palaces: Afzal Mahal, Mahtab Mahal, Tahniyat Mahal and Aftab Maha, built symmetrically opposite each other in [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style. The forecourt between the palaces is adorned with a pond and a garden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rangan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The neoclassical palaces have double-height verandahs or façades lined with European style columns. The columns in the Aftab Mahal and Mehtab Mahal are of [[Ionic order]] whereas the Afzal Mahal and Tehniyat Mahal have [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Northern courtyard==<br /> This part has ''Bara Imam'', a long corridor of rooms on the east side facing the central fountain and pool that once housed the administrative wing; and ''Shishe-Alat'', meaning mirror image.<br /> <br /> It has [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] domes and arches and many [[Persian architecture|Persian]] elements such as the ornate [[stucco]] works that adorn the Khilwat Mubarak. These were characteristic of buildings built in Hyderabad at the time.<br /> <br /> Opposite the Bara Imam is a building that is its shishe or mirror image. The rooms were once used as guest rooms for officials accompanying visiting dignitaries.<br /> <br /> ==Khilwat Mubarak==<br /> <br /> This is the heart of Chowmahalla Palace. It is held in high esteem by the people of Hyderabad, as it was the seat of the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. The grand pillared Durbar Hall has a pure marble platform on which the Takht-e-Nishan or the royal seat was laid. Here the Nizams held their durbar and other religious and symbolic ceremonies.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The palaces of nizam MA nayeem - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=The+palaces+of+nizam+MA+nayeem&amp;tbm=bks |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 19 spectacular [[Chandeliers]] of [[Belgium|Belgian]] crystal were recently reinstalled to recreate the lost splendour of this regal hall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rangan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Clock tower===<br /> The main gateway to the Chowmahalla Palace on the western hand has a clock tower also known as a Khilafat clock. The tower is three storeys high and consists of balconies and jharokha of Mughal style same as the style of half domes.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;/&gt; It has been ticking since 1750. An expert family of [[Horology|horologists]] winds the mechanical clock every week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Dr Shikha |title=Legendary Narratives of Hyderabad |date=15 October 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64429-473-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io5yDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Khilwat+Mubarak&amp;pg=PT72 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Council hall===<br /> This building housed a rare collection of manuscripts and priceless books. The Nizam often met important officials and dignitaries here. Today it is a venue for temporary exhibitions from the treasures of the Chowmahalla Palace Collection of the bygone era.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> ===Roshan Bangla===<br /> <br /> The Sixth Nizam, [[Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]], is believed to have lived here and the building was named after his mother Roshan Begum.<br /> <br /> The former Nizam ([[Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah]]) and his family decided to restore the Chowmahalla Palace and open it to the public in January 2005. It took over five years to document and restore the palaces of the first [[courtyard]] to its former glory. The palace also has a collection of vintage cars, including the [[Rolls-Royce]], which the Nizam kings used.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rangan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Museum ==<br /> The displays in the museum depict the origin and evolution of Hyderabad, achievements and valuable contribution of the Nizams towards the development of [[Hyderabad state|the state]], and the social lifestyle of the royal family.<br /> <br /> The museum is divided into parts arranged around two quadrangle courtyards in North and South.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> &lt;!--=== Northern courtyard ===<br /> The entrance to the museum in through the Northern courtyard. Durbar Hall or Kilawat Mubarak is the most spectacular portion of the complex and its grandeur and intricately ornamented surfaces with magnificent chandelier make it an object of exhibit in itself.--&gt;<br /> <br /> == Conservation ==<br /> [[File:Marble statue of wrestlers, Afzal Mahal, Chowmahalla Palace 24.jpg|thumb|Marble statue of wrestlers, Afzal Mahal]]<br /> [[File:Vintage Cars at Chowmahalla Palace 1.jpg|thumb|Vintage cars at Chowmahalla Palace]]<br /> <br /> Conservation works were initiated in Chowmahalla Palace from 2000, where several conservation architects and experts were involved in more than a decade long journey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Restoration Of The Chowmahalla Palace Complex |url=https://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/restoration-of-the-chowmahalla-palace-complex/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=RMA Architects |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The initiative was undertaken by [[Esra Birgen|Princess Esra Birgen]]. Before commencement of the works, the place had fallen into disuse for a prolonged period and had deteriorated over the time. The vision for the restoration project was to rescue the exemplary palatial complex and to establish a contemporary civic use as a museum showcasing the splendour and valour of the erstwhile Nizams.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Awarded Projects |url=https://bangkok.unesco.org/content/winning-projects |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=UNESCO Bangkok |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The restoration process was divided into three stages, first stage involved thorough mapping, a fabric survey, and the development of conservation plans for the buildings' restoration as well as alternative re-use scenarios that might help assess the practicality of these historic buildings. In the second stage, structures that were in danger of collapsing had to be stabilised, and other urgent repairs like waterproofing and propping had to be made to prevent further damage. The complex's physical restoration as well as the addition of amenities to encourage the reuse of these structures were part of the final phase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Rahul |date=15 March 2023 |title=RESTORATION OF THE CHOWMAHALLA PALACE COMPLEX |url=https://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/restoration-of-the-chowmahalla-palace-complex/ |website=RMA Architects}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In order to preserve the integrity of these ancient structures, their conservation was carried out using traditional craftsmen and techniques, and several building components were saved from demolition.&amp;nbsp; Many architectural features, including granite arches, elaborate lime plaster work, and terracotta balusters, were restored carefully in their original design in addition to structural repairs and stabilisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Apart from bringing back the past glory of the palace complex and reviving traditional materials and craftsmanship, the project also created a cultural oasis in the heart of the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The project was awarded the [[UNESCO]] Asia Pacific Merit award for cultural heritage conservation on 15 March 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rangan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; UNESCO representative Takahiko Makino formally handed over the plaque and certificate to Princess Esra, former wife and [[Power of attorney#Types|GPA]] holder of Prince Mukarram Jah Bahadur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-14 |title=UNESCO award for Chowmahalla Palace |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/unesco-award-chowmahalla-palace}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chowmohalla Palace gets UNESCO award |url=http://thehyderabaddeccan.com/articleView.php?c%3D2%26i%3D5706 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830215442/http://thehyderabaddeccan.com/articleView.php?c=2&amp;i=5706 |archive-date=30 August 2011 |access-date=2011-06-06 |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Clock Tower At Chowmahalla Palace.jpg|Clock tower at Chowmahalla Palace<br /> File:Vaddipar khilawat.jpg|Khilwat Mubarak<br /> File:Chowmahalla Palace Hyderabad Telangana.jpg<br /> File:Chowmahalla Palace Architecture.jpg<br /> File:Chowmahalla Palace Hyderabad India.jpg|Chowmahalla Palace Council Hall Interior<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Hyderabad}}<br /> * [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]<br /> * [[Purani Haveli]]<br /> * [[Falaknuma Palace]]<br /> * [[King Kothi]]<br /> * [[Chiran Palace]]<br /> * [[Jewels of the Nizams]]<br /> * [[Jacob Diamond]]<br /> * [[Basheer Bagh Palace]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[File:Chowmahalla Palace Hydrabad India.jpg|thumb|Chowmahalla Palace, Hyderabad – an 18th-century masterpiece built by the Nizams, renowned for its stunning architecture, grand courtyards, and regal Durbar Hall that once hosted royal ceremonies and gatherings.]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [https://www.chowmahalla.in/ Official website]<br /> * [https://www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0,,2222979,00.html ''The lost world'']: article by [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] about the last Nizam of Hyderabad and the restoration of Chowmahalla Palace<br /> * [http://youtube.com/watch?v=C6nDwxuBWag Tour of Chowmahalla (main courtyard and Khilwat Mahal)]<br /> * [https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/112647/sahebzadi-feroze-jahan-begum-syed-abbas-ali-wedding-photos.aspx A Royal Wedding - Chowmohalla palace]<br /> <br /> {{Hyderabad topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hyderabad State]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Royal residences in India]]<br /> [[Category:Palaces in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Palaces of Nizams of Hyderabad]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performance-linked_incentives&diff=525195 2026-03-16T00:54:14Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting initial article w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Payment linked to an output or performance metric}}<br /> A '''performance-linked incentive''' ('''PLI''') is a form of incentive from one entity to another, such as from the government to industries or from an [[employer]] to an [[employee]], which is directly related to the performance or output of the recipient and which may be specified in a government scheme or a [[employment contract|contract]]. PLI may either be ''open-ended'' which does not have a fixed ceiling for the quantum of incentive granted or ''close-ended'' which has an upper ceiling as stipulated in the scheme or the contract.<br /> <br /> Open-ended incentives are normally applicable to revenue-generating activities (e.g., sales, production, efficiency, competitiveness, etc), while close-ended incentives are associated with quality improvement or support functions (e.g., operations, human resources, administration, etc.)<br /> <br /> ==Method of calculating PLI==<br /> <br /> Also, in calculating PLI, only the performance and not the potential of the recipient is considered. Potential of the recipient is normally subjective and can be contested. PLI is based on metrics which are absolutely objective and clearly perceived as fair by both the PLI provider and the recipient.<br /> <br /> ==Government to Industry PLI schemes==<br /> {{anchor | Gov | Govt | Government }}<br /> <br /> PLI schemes can be applied in various other scenarios. One common scenario is government's PLI scheme to boost or transform the specific sectors of the industry, trade or commerce. Government's incentives to industry are of diverse types, such as government [[subsidy]], [[tax incentive]], cash payments, waiver of certain types, etc. For example, in 2020-2021 the [[Government of India]] (GoI) introduced [[Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes in India |several targeted PLI schemes]], which will run for five years, to boost 13 distinct industry sectors. Under these schemes the industry and companies are given the specific incentives which are linked with their performance on certain parameters. Objective of these schemes entail [[Make in India]], incentivising foreign manufacturers to start production in India and incentivise domestic manufacturers to expand their production and exports.&lt;ref name=pls3&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-pli-scheme-which-sectors-will-be-under-it-7001985/ Explained: What is PLI scheme, and which sectors will be under it?], Indian Express, 8 Nov 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; The GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$ 28 b) PLI schemes for 13 sectors.&lt;ref name=pls1/&gt; For example one of these sectors is the [[Automotive industry in India]], for which GoI introduced 3 schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of [[electric vehicle]]s and [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen fuel vehicles]] (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) ''&quot;Advanced Chemistry Cell&quot;'' (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) ''&quot;Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles&quot;'' (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles.&lt;ref name=pls2/&gt; The PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to encourage the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector.&lt;ref name=pls1/&gt; These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.&lt;ref name=pls2&gt;[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-doesnt-need-speed-breakers-modi-govt-right-to-help-automobile-telecom/734816/ India doesn’t need speed breakers. Modi govt right to help automobile, telecom], The Print, 17 September, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.&lt;ref name=pls1&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/business/cabinet-clears-26-000-crore-new-scheme-for-auto-sector-to-boost-production-special-focus-on-electric-vehicles-2541513 Cabinet Clears ₹ 26,000 Crore Scheme For Auto Sector To Boost Production], NDTV, September 15, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Employer to employee PLI schemes ==<br /> <br /> ===PLI and Appraisal===<br /> <br /> Appraisals, normally conducted half-yearly or annually, are used to decide on the salary increments and promotions of the employee. These, being permanent increases, take both the performance and potential of the employee into account.<br /> <br /> ===PLI's comparison with other benefits ===<br /> <br /> ====PLI vs Salary====<br /> <br /> [[Salary]] is paid for the efforts that one puts in and PLI is paid for the results. Salary is paid in short, definitive cycles (e.g., weekly, monthly, fortnightly etc.) while PLI is paid in a longer cycle of monthly, quarterly or half-yearly, yearly.<br /> <br /> ====PLI vs Bonus====<br /> <br /> Bonus is paid for the performance of the organization while PLI is paid for the individual's performance. Bonus is normally paid yearly or half-yearly. This is normally paid as a percentage of one's salary, or as a fixed amount, of the employee's individual performance.<br /> <br /> ====PLI vs Retention Bonus====<br /> <br /> Some organizations give a retention bonus which is payable for the period that an employee stays back in the organization. This is paid for the value added by the employee by virtue of mere presence and not necessary for the efforts or work output. Normally retention bonus is paid yearly or half-yearly which will incentivise the employee to stay back in the organization for the payment<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Executive compensation]]<br /> * [[List of single-digit salary earners]]<br /> * [[List of largest sports contracts]]<br /> * [[List of highest paid baseball players]]<br /> * [[Medical specialties]], includes salaries respectively<br /> * [[Salaryman|Salaryman (Japan)]]<br /> * [[Peak earning years]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wiktionary|salary}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605234234/http://business.17things.com/what-are-salary-requirements.html 17 Things] Explanation of salary requirements and how to establish these.<br /> <br /> {{Employment}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Human resource management]]<br /> [[Category:Employment compensation]]<br /> [[Category:Recruitment]]<br /> [[Category:Incentives]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great&diff=466693 2026-03-12T19:06:25Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ancient Greek military campaign in Indus Valley}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Oxford spelling|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Indian campaign of Alexander the Great<br /> | partof = the [[Wars of Alexander the Great]]<br /> | image = AlexanderConquestsInIndia.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Routes taken by the [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]] into the [[Indus Basin|Indus Valley]]<br /> | date = 327–325 BC; {{time interval|-325}} ago<br /> | result = Partial Macedonian victory<br /> | <br /> <br /> | place = [[Indus Basin|Indus Valley]]<br /> | casus = <br /> | combatant1 = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Macedonian Empire]]<br /> * [[League of Corinth|Hellenic League]]<br /> * [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara]]<br /> }}<br /> | combatant2 = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Aśvaka]]<br /> * [[Cophen campaign|Guraeans]]<br /> * [[Pauravas]]<br /> * [[Mallian people|Mallians]]<br /> * [[Mallian campaign|Oxydracians]]<br /> * [[Agalasseis]]}}<br /> | commander1 = {{Plain list|<br /> * '''[[Alexander the Great]]'''<br /> * [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]]<br /> * [[Peithon]]<br /> * [[Craterus]]<br /> * [[Coenus (general)|Coenus]]<br /> * [[Taxiles]]<br /> }}<br /> | commander2 = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Porus]]<br /> * [[Cleophis]]<br /> }}<br /> | territory = *Macedonian Empire annexes northwestern India.<br /> **Macedonians fail to take the rest of India.<br /> | strength1 = <br /> | strength2 = <br /> | casualties1 = <br /> | casualties2 = <br /> }}<br /> {{Campaignbox Alexander's Indian campaign}}<br /> {{Alexander the Great sidebar}}<br /> <br /> The '''Indian campaign of Alexander the Great''' began in 327{{nbsp}}BC and lasted until 325{{nbsp}}BC. After conquering the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]], the [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]] undertook an expedition into the [[Indus Basin|Indus Valley]] of Northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]]. Within two years, [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] expanded the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]], a kingdom closely linked to the broader Greek world, to include Gandhara and the Indus Valley of [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] (now in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]), surpassing the earlier frontiers established by the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Persian Achaemenid conquest]].<br /> <br /> Following Macedon's absorption of [[Gandhara]] (a former [[Satrap|Persian satrapy]]), including the city of [[Taxila]], Alexander and his troops advanced into Punjab, where they were confronted by [[Porus]], the regional Indian king. In 326 BC, Alexander defeated Porus and the [[Pauravas]] during the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuller pg 198&quot;&gt;Fuller, p. 198 &lt;br&gt;{{quote|While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XVIII&lt;/ref&gt; but that engagement was possibly the Macedonians' most costly battle.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Connolly. ''Greece and Rome at War''. Macdonald Phoebus Ltd, 1981, p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alexander's continued eastward march was leading his army into a confrontation with the [[Nanda Empire]], based in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. According to Greek sources, the Nanda army was five times the size of the Macedonian army;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bongard-Levin |first=G. |title=A History of India |year=1979 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |pages=264}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander's troops—increasingly exhausted, homesick, and anxious by the prospects of having to further face large Indian armies throughout the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]—mutinied at the [[Beas River|Hyphasis River]], refusing to advance his push to the east. After a meeting with his army general [[Coenus (general)|Coenus]], during which he was informed of his soldiers' laments, Alexander relented under the conviction that it was better to return. He subsequently turned southward, advancing through southern Punjab as well as Sindh, where he conquered more tribes along the lower areas of the [[Indus River]], before finally turning westward to reach Macedon.&lt;ref&gt;The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XXVIII&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> Of those who accompanied Alexander to India, [[Aristobulus of Cassandreia|Aristobulus]], [[Onesicritus]], and [[Nearchus]] wrote about the Indian campaign.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=3}} The only surviving contemporary account of Alexander's Indian campaign is a report of the voyage of the [[navarch|naval commander]] Nearchus,{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=1}} who was tasked with exploring the coast between the Indus River and the [[Persian Gulf]].{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=3}} This report is preserved in [[Arrian]]'s ''[[The Anabasis of Alexander|Anabasis]]'' ({{circa|150 AD}}). Arrian provides a detailed account of Alexander's campaigns, based on the writings of Alexander's companions and courtiers.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=1}} <br /> <br /> Arrian's account is supplemented by the writings of other authors, whose works are also based on the accounts of Alexander's companions: these authors include [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]] ({{circa|21 BC}}), [[Strabo]] ({{circa|23 AD}}), and [[Plutarch]] ({{circa|119 AD}}).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|pp=1–2}}<br /> <br /> === Socio-political conditions in India ===<br /> <br /> Alexander's incursion into India took place primarily in the [[Indus River]] basin area, which was divided among several small states. These states appear to have been based on dominance of particular tribes, as the Greek writers mention tribes such as the [[Malloi]] as well as kings whose names seem to be tribal designations. The [[Achaemenid Empire]] of Persia [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|had held suzerainty]] over the Indus valley in the previous decades, but there was no trace of Achaemenid rule beyond the Indus river when Alexander's army arrived in the region.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|pp=2–3}} [[Strabo]], sourcing his information from the earlier writer [[Eratosthenes]], states that the Achaemenid king controlled the area to the west of the Indus.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=32-33}} This area (including the [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisa]]-[[Gandhara]] region) was probably the territory of the Indians, who according to the Greek accounts, fought alongside their overlord [[Darius III]] at the [[Battle of Gaugamela]].{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=33}}<br /> <br /> Greek writings as well as archaeological excavations indicate the existence of an urban economy dependent on agriculture and trade in the Indus basin. The Greeks mention the existence of cities and fortified towns such as [[Taxila]]. Arrian mentions that after defeating Porus, Alexander marched eastwards towards the [[Chenab River]], and captured 37 towns: the smallest of these towns had 5,000 or more inhabitants.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=2}} In the [[Swat River|Swat valley]], Alexander is said to have seized 230,000 oxen (possibly [[Zebu]]), intending to send them to Macedonia for [[plough]]ing land.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=1}} Aristobulus saw rice being grown in [[paddy field]]s, Onesicritus reported the existence of a crop called bosmoran (possibly the [[pearl millet]]), and Nearchus wrote of &quot;honey-yielding reeds&quot; (presumably the [[sugarcane]]).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|pp=1–2}} Nearchus also mentions that Indians wore clothes made of [[cotton]]. [[Rock salt]] was extracted from the [[Salt Range]], and supplied to other parts of India.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=2}} Some primitive communities existed in the forest, desert, and coastal regions of the subcontinent. For example, Nearchus mentions that people around the Tomeros river ([[Hingol River|Hingol]]) subsisted on fishing, and used stone tools instead of iron ones.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=2}}<br /> <br /> The Greek writers mention the priestly class of [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] (as &quot;Brachmanes&quot;), who are described as teachers of Indian philosophy.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=3}} They do not refer to the existence of any religious temples or idols in India, although such references commonly occur in their descriptions of Alexander's campaigns in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Iran. Greek accounts mention naked ascetics called [[gymnosophists]]. A philosopher named Calanus (probably a Greek transcription of the Indian name &quot;Kalyana&quot;) accompanied Alexander to [[Persepolis]], where he committed suicide on a public funeral pyre: he was probably a Jain or an [[Ajivika]] monk. There is no reference to [[Buddhism]] in the Greek accounts.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=4}}<br /> <br /> Other than their mention of the Brahmanas, the Greek narratives about Alexander's invasion do not directly mention the [[Indian caste system|caste system]]. Some Brahmanas acted as advisors to local princes: Alexander had groups of Brahmanas hanged in present-day [[Sindh]] for instigating the rulers Musicanus and Sambus to revolt against him. The Greek writings attest the existence of slavery in at least two places: Onesicritus describes slavery in the territory ruled by Musicanus, and Aristobulus mentions poor people selling their daughters publicly in Taxila. Aristobulus also observed [[Sati (practice)|Sati]], the practice of widows immolating themselves on their husbands' pyre, at Taxila. The practice of exposing dead bodies to vultures, similar to the [[Magian]] practice of [[Tower of Silence]], was also prevalent in Taxila.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=3}}<br /> <br /> Nearchus mentions that Indians wrote letters on closely woven cloth; it is possible that this is a reference to a precursor of the [[Kharoshthi]] script, which may have developed from the [[Aramaic alphabet]] during the Achaemenid rule.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=3}} While describing a tribe on the coast of present-day [[Balochistan]], Nearchus mentions that they were different from Indians in &quot;their language and customs&quot;, which implies that he associated a particular language with the Indians.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|pp=3–4}} This does not mean that the Indians spoke a single language: the language that Nearchus associated with India might have been a [[lingua franca]] used for official and commercial purposes. This lingua franca was most probably the [[Gandhari Prakrit]], as the Greek names (e.g. &quot;Taxila&quot; and &quot;[[Chandragupta Maurya|Sandrokottus]]&quot;) for Indian people and places seem to be derived from this language (e.g. &quot;Takhasila&quot; and &quot;Chandagutta&quot;) rather than [[Sanskrit]] (e.g. &quot;Takshashila&quot; and &quot;Chandragupta&quot;).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=4}}<br /> <br /> Nearchus attests the existence of [[medical science]] in India: he mentions that when the Greek physicians failed to provide remedies for snake-bites to [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], the king gathered Indian healers who were also able to cure other diseases and painful conditions. The Greek accounts do not mention any other sciences of contemporary India.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=4}}<br /> <br /> === Alexander's preparation ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Indian warriors (Sattagydian, Gandharan, Hindush) circa 480 BCE in the Naqsh-e Roastam reliefs of Xerxes I.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient India]]n warriors (from left to right: [[Sattagydian]], [[Gandharan]], [[Hindush]]) {{circa|480 BC}}. [[Naqsh-e Rostam]] reliefs of [[Xerxes I]].]]<br /> After the death of [[Spitamenes]] and his marriage to [[Roxana]] (Raoxshna in [[Old Iranian]]) in 326{{nbsp}}BC to cement his relations with his new Central Asian satrapies, Alexander was finally free to turn his attention to [[India]]. For Alexander, the invasion of India was a natural consequence of his subjugation of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], as the areas of the [[Indus valley]] had long been under Achaemenid control, since the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]] {{circa|515 BC}}.&lt;ref name=RE&gt;The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas [https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&amp;context=arch_pubs p.714]&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander was only taking possession of territories which he had obtained from the Achaemenids, and now considered rightfully his own.&lt;ref name=RE/&gt;<br /> <br /> Alexander invited all the chieftains of the former satrapy of [[Gandhara]], to come to him and submit to his authority. [[Ambhi]] (Greek: Omphis), ruler of [[Taxila]], whose kingdom extended from the [[Indus]] to the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] (Greek: Hydaspes), complied. At the end of the spring of 327 BC, Alexander started on his Indian expedition leaving Amyntas behind with 3,500 horse and 10,000 foot soldiers to hold the land of the [[Bactrians]].{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=46}}<br /> <br /> ==Cophen campaign==<br /> {{Main|Cophen campaign}}<br /> Alexander personally took command of the shield-bearing guards, foot-companions, archers, Agrianians, and horse-javelin-men and led them against the [[clan]]s{{snd}}the [[Aspasioi]] of [[Kunar Valley|Kunar]] [[valley]]s, the Guraeans of the Guraeus ([[Panjkora]]) valley, and the [[Assakenoi]] of the [[Swat River|Swat]] and [[Buner]] valleys.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}<br /> <br /> Alexander faced resistance from Hastin (or Astes), chief of the Ilastinayana (called the Astakenoi or Astanenoi) tribe, whose capital was Pushkalavati or Peukelaotis.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=24}} He later defeated Asvayanas and Asvakayanas and captured their 40,000 men and 230,000 oxen. Asvakayanas of Massaga fought him under the command of their queen, [[Cleophis]], with an army of 30,000 cavalry, 38,000 infantry, 30 elephants, and 7,000 mercenaries. Other regions that fought Alexander were Abhisara, [[Aornos]], [[Bazira]], and Ora or Dyrta.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=25}}{{sfn|Ian Worthington|2003|p=162}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Narain, A. K.|title=Alexander the Great: Greece and Rome&amp;nbsp;– 12|year=1965|pages=155–165}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi, in the course of which Alexander himself was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost the fight; 40,000 of them were enslaved. The Assakenoi faced Alexander with an army of 30,000 cavalry, 38,000 infantry, and 30 [[War Elephant|elephants]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2008-05-30|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Curtius/home.html|title=Quintus Curtius Rufus: Life of Alexander the Great |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had fought bravely and offered stubborn resistance to the invader in many of their strongholds such as the cities of Ora, [[Bazira]], and Massaga. The fort of Massaga could only be reduced after several days of bloody fighting in which Alexander himself was wounded seriously in the ankle. When the [[tribal chief|Chieftain]] of Massaga fell in the battle, the supreme command of the army went to his old mother, [[Cleophis]], who also stood determined to defend her motherland to the last extremity. The example of Cleophis assuming the supreme command of the military also brought the entire population of women of the locality into the fighting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Ancient India|year=1971|author=Majumdar, R. C.|page=99}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Unity, Foreign Invasion|author=Mukerjee, R. K.|page=46}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander was only able to reduce Massaga by resorting to political stratagem and actions of betrayal. According to [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius]]: &quot;Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubbles&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Curtius in McCrindle, p. 192, J. W. McCrindle; ''History of Punjab'', Vol I, 1997, p 229, Punjabi University, Patiala (editors): Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi; ''Kambojas Through the Ages'', 2005, p. 134, Kirpal Singh.&lt;/ref&gt; A similar slaughter then followed at Ora, another stronghold of the Assakenoi.<br /> <br /> ===Siege of Aornos===<br /> <br /> [[File:AlexanderIndiaMap.jpg|left|thumb|The Aornos is located to the north of [[Taxila]], [[Pakistan]].]]<br /> <br /> In the aftermath of general [[Mass murder|slaughter]] and [[arson]] committed by Alexander at Massaga and Ora, numerous [[Assakenoi|Assakenians]] fled to a high fortress called [[Aornos]] (not definitely identified but somewhere between Shangla, in [[Swat District|Swat]], and the [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]] region, both in [[North Pakistan|northern Pakistan]]). Alexander followed close behind their heels and besieged the strategic hill-fort. The Siege of Aornos was Alexander's last siege, &quot;the climax to Alexander's career as the greatest besieger in history&quot;, according to Robin Lane Fox.{{sfn|Robin Lane Fox|1973|p=343}} The siege took place in April 326{{nbsp}}BC.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=54}} It presented the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which stretched, dangerously vulnerable, over the [[Hindu Kush]] back to [[Balkh]], though [[Arrian]] credits Alexander's heroic desire to outdo his kinsman [[Heracles]], who allegedly had proved unable to take the place Pir-Sar, which the Greeks called Aornis. The site lies north of [[Attock]] in what is now [[Pakistani Punjab]], on a strongly reinforced mountain spur above the narrow gorges in a bend of the upper [[Indus]]. Neighboring tribesmen who surrendered to Alexander offered to lead him to the best point of access.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> At the vulnerable north side leading to the fort, Alexander and his catapults were stopped by a deep ravine. To bring the siege engines within reach, an earthwork mound was constructed to bridge the ravine. A low hill connected to the nearest tip of Pir-Sar was soon within reach and taken. Alexander's troops were at first repelled by boulders rolled down from above. Three days of drumbeats marked the defenders' celebration of the initial repulse, followed by a surprise retreat. Hauling himself up the last rockface on a rope, Alexander cleared the summit, slaying some fugitives{{snd}}inflated by Arrian to a massacre&lt;ref name=&quot;BriefLife120&quot; /&gt;{{snd}}and erected altars to [[Athena|Athena Nike]], Athena of Victory, traces of which were identified by Stein. ''Sisikottos'', or [[Saśigupta]], who had helped Alexander in this campaign, was made the governor of Aornos.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Punjab==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=August 2024}}<br /> After reducing Aornos, Alexander crossed the Indus to begin campaigning in the [[Punjab region]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thecollector.com/alexander-the-great-india-conquest-achaemenid-empire/ | title=Alexander the Great in India: Furthest and Final Conquests 327–325 BCE | date=4 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Battle of the Hydaspes River===<br /> {{main|Battle of the Hydaspes}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Le Brun, Alexander and Porus.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A painting by [[Charles Le Brun]] depicting Alexander and Porus (Puru) during the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]].}}]]<br /> <br /> The [[Battle of the Hydaspes River]] was fought by Alexander in July 326{{nbsp}}BC against king [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] (possibly, [[Paurava]]) on the [[Hydaspes]] River ([[Jhelum River]]) in the [[Punjab]], near [[Bhera]]. The Hydaspes was the last major battle fought by Alexander.&lt;ref&gt;P.H.L. Eggermont, ''Alexander's campaign in Southern Punjab'' (1993).&lt;/ref&gt; The main train went into what is now modern-day Pakistan through the [[Khyber Pass]], but a smaller force under the personal command of Alexander went via the northern route, resulting in the Siege of Aornos along the way. In early spring of the next year, he combined his forces and allied with [[Taxiles]] (also Ambhi), the King of [[Taxila]], against his neighbor, the King of [[Hydaspes]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Porus awaits the attack of Alexander july 326 B.C..jpg|thumb|left|Porus awaits the attack of Alexander, July, 326 BCE]]<br /> Porus was a regional King in India. Arrian writes about Porus, in his own words:<br /> {{quote|One of the Indian Kings called Porus, a man remarkable alike for his personal strength and noble courage, on hearing the report about Alexander, began to prepare for the inevitable. Accordingly, when hostilities broke out, he ordered his army to attack Macedonians from whom he demanded their king, as if he was his private enemy. Alexander lost no time in joining battle, but his horse being wounded in the first charge, he fell headlong to the ground, and was saved by his attendants who hastened up to his assistance.}}<br /> <br /> Porus drew up on the south bank of the Jhelum River, and was set to repel any crossings. The Jhelum River was deep and fast enough that any opposed crossing would probably doom the entire attacking force. Alexander knew that a direct crossing would fail, so he found a suitable crossing, about {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} upstream of his camp. The name of the place is &quot;Kadee&quot;. Alexander left his general Craterus behind with most of the army while he crossed the river upstream with a strong contingent. Porus sent a small cavalry and chariot force under his son to the crossing.<br /> <br /> According to sources{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}, Alexander had already encountered Porus's son, so the two men were not strangers. Porus's son killed Alexander's horse with one blow, and Alexander fell to the ground. Also writing about this encounter, Arrian adds, {{quote|Other writers state that there was a fight at the actual landing between Alexander's cavalry and a force of Indians commanded by Porus's son, who was there ready to oppose them with superior numbers, and that in the course of fighting he (Porus's son) wounded Alexander with his own hand and struck the blow which killed his (Alexander's) beloved horse Buccaphalus.}}<br /> [[File:Alexander victory coin Babylon silver c 322 BCE.jpg|thumb|&quot;Victory coin&quot; of Alexander the Great, minted in [[Babylon]] {{circa|322 BC}}, following his campaigns in the Indian subcontinent. ''Obverse'': Alexander being crowned by [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]. ''Reverse'': Alexander attacking king [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] on his elephant. Silver. [[British Museum]].]]<br /> The force was easily routed, and according to Arrian, Porus' son was killed. Porus now saw that the crossing force was larger than he had expected, and decided to face it with the bulk of his army. Porus's army were poised with cavalry on both flanks, the [[war elephants]] in front, and infantry behind the elephants. These war elephants presented an especially difficult situation for Alexander, as they scared the Macedonian horses.<br /> <br /> Alexander started the battle by sending horse archers to shower the Porus's left cavalry wing, and then used his cavalry to destroy Porus's cavalry. Meanwhile, the [[Macedonian phalanx]]es had crossed the river to engage the charge of the war elephants. The Macedonians eventually surrounded Porus's force.<br /> <br /> Diodorus wrote about the battle tactics of war elephants:{{quote|Upon this the elephants, applying to good use their prodigious size and strength, killed some of the enemy by trampling under their feet, and crushing their armour and their bones, while upon other they inflicted a terrible death, for they first lifted them aloft with their trunks, which they twisted round their bodies and then dashed them down with great violence to the ground. Many others they deprived in a moment of life by goring them through and through with their tusks.}}<br /> <br /> The fighting style of Porus' soldiers was described in detail by Arrian:{{quote|The foot soldiers carry a bow made of equal length with the man who bears it. This they rest upon the ground, and pressing against it with their left foot thus discharges the arrow, having drawn the string far backwards for the shaft they use is little short for three yards long, and there is nothing can resist an Indian archer's shot, neither shield nor breast plate, nor any stronger defence if such there be.&lt;ref name=&quot;BriefLife120&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> According to Curtius Quintus, Alexander towards the end of the day sent a few ambassadors to Porus:{{quote|Alexander, anxious to save the life of this great and gallant soldier, sent Texile the Indian to him (to Porus). Texile rode up as near as he dared and requested him to stop his elephant and hear what message Alexander sent him, escape was no longer possible. But Texiles was an old enemy of the Indian King, and Porus turned his elephant and drove at him, to kill him with his lance; and he might indeed have killed him, if he had not spurred his horse out of the way in the nick of the time. Alexander, however, far from resenting this treatment of his messenger, sent a number of others, last of whom was Indian named Meroes, a man he had been told had long been Porus' friend.&lt;ref name=&quot;BriefLife120&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> According to Plutarch this was one of Alexander's hardest battles:{{quote|The combat then was of a more mixed kind; but maintained with such obstinacy, that it was not decided till the eighth hour of the day.}} Plutarch also wrote that the bitter fighting of the Hydaspes made Alexander's men hesitant to continue the conquest of India, considering that they would potentially face far larger armies than those of Porus if they were to cross the Ganges River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Porus was one of many local kings who impressed Alexander. Wounded in his shoulder, standing over {{convert|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall, but still on his feet, he was asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated. &quot;Treat me, Alexander, the way a King treats another King&quot;, Porus responded. Other historians question the accuracy of this entire event, arguing that Porus would never have said those words.&lt;ref&gt;Rogers, p.200&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Dubious Source. --&gt;{{Doubtful|date=July 2017}} [[Philostratus the Elder]] in the [[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]] writes that in the army of Porus there was an elephant who had fought bravely against Alexander's army and Alexander dedicated it to [[Helios]] (Sun) and named it Ajax, because he thought that a so great animal deserved a great name. The elephant had gold rings around its tusks and an inscription was on them written in Greek: &quot;Alexander the son of Zeus dedicates Ajax to Helios&quot; (ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ Ο ΔΙΟΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΙΑΝΤΑ ΤΩΙ ΗΛΙΩΙ).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0638.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.12 Philostratus the Elder, Life of Apollonius of Tyana, § 2.12]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alexander did not continue, thus leaving all the headwaters of the Indus River unconquered. He later founded Alexandria Nikaia (Victory), located at the battle site, to commemorate his triumph. He also founded [[Alexandria Bucephalus]] on the opposite bank of the river in memory of his much-cherished horse, [[Bucephalus]], who had carried Alexander through the campaign on the Indian subcontinent and had died heroically during that [[Battle of Hydaspes | battle at Hydaspes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BriefLife120&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Arrian|author-link=Arrian|title=The Brief Life and Towering Exploits of History's Greatest Conqueror as Told By His Original Biographers|editor=Tania Gergel|page=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatse00gerg/page/120 120]|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2004|isbn=0-14-200140-6|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatse00gerg/page/120}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Catheans===<br /> After crossing the [[River Chenab]], Alexander joined by [[King Porus|Porus]] with elephants and 5,000 local troops, [[Expedition of Chenab by Alexander the Great and Porous|laid siege]] to [[Sagala]], where the ''Cathaeans'' (related to [[Kathi people|Kāṭhī]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Khachar |first1=Pradhyumn |title=Saurashtrana Prasiddha Rajavio |last2=Vala |first2=Dhirubhai |publisher=[[University Granth Nirman Board]] |year=2022 |isbn=9788174682321 |edition=3rd |location=Ahmedabad |pages=262 |language=gu |trans-title=Celebrated Rulers of Saurashtra}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pande |first1=G. C. |last2=Pande |first2=Govind Chandra |title=Foundations of Indian Culture |date=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0712-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMf-isGALqQC&amp;pg=PA41 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Request quotation|date=March 2025}} had entrenched themselves. The city was razed to the ground, and many of its inhabitants killed:<br /> :&quot;The Cathaeans... had a strong city near which they proposed to make their stand, named Sagala. (...) The next day Alexander rested his troops, and on the third advanced on Sangala, where the Cathaeans and their neighbours who had joined them were drawn up in front of the city. (...) At this point too, [[King Porus|Porus]] arrived, bringing with him the rest of the elephants and some five thousand of his troops. (...) Alexander returned to Sangala, razed the city to the ground, and annexed its territory&quot;. [[Arrian]], [[Anabasis Alexandri|Anabasis of Alexander]], V.22–24<br /> ==Musicanus==<br /> '''Musicanus''' ({{langx|grc|Μουσικανὸς}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 6.17&quot;&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0074.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.17 Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 6.17]&lt;/ref&gt; Indian: Mûshika{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}) was an Indian king at the head of the [[Indus]], who raised a rebellion against [[Alexander the Great]] {{circa|323 BC}}. [[Peithon (son of Agenor)|Peithon]], one of Alexander's generals, managed to put down the revolt:<br /> <br /> :&quot;Meantime he was informed that Musicanus had revolted. He dispatched the viceroy, Peithon, son of Agenor, with a sufficient army against him, while he himself marched against the cities which had been put under the rule of Musicanus. Some of these he razed to the ground, reducing the inhabitants to slavery; and into others he introduced garrisons and fortified the citadels. After accomplishing this, he returned to the camp and fleet. By this time Musicanus had been captured by Peithon, who was bringing him to Alexander.&quot; – Arrian Anabasis&lt;ref&gt;[http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book6b.asp Arrian Anabasis Book 6b]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Porticanus===<br /> <br /> The King of [[Regio Patalis|Patala]], Porticanus came to Alexander and surrendered. Alexander let him keep possession of his own dominions, with instructions to provide whatever was needed for the reception of the army.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 6.17&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sambus===<br /> Sambus was yet another ruler in lower Indus valley. According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], Alexander invaded his kingdom, killing eighty thousand people and destroying cities. Most of population was taken into slavery, and Sambus himself ‘fled with thirty elephants into the country beyond the Indus’.<br /> <br /> ==Revolt of Alexander's army==<br /> [[File:Asia 323bc.jpg|thumb|Asia in 323 BC, the [[Nanda Empire]] and neighboring [[Gangaridai]] of [[Ancient India]] in relation to [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s Empire and neighbors.]]<br /> <br /> East of Porus's kingdom, near the [[Ganges River]] (the Hellenic version of the Indian name ''Ganga''), was the powerful [[Nanda dynasty|Nanda Empire]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and the [[Gangaridai|Gangaridai Empire]] of [[Bengal]]. Fearing the prospects of facing other powerful Indian armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, his army mutinied at the [[Beas River|Hyphasis River]] (the modern [[Beas River]]), refusing to march further east.{{sfn|Paul J. Kosmin|2014|p=34}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Alexander troops beg to return home from India.jpg|thumb|Alexander's troops beg to return home from India in plate{{nbsp}}3 of 11 by Antonio Tempesta of Florence, 1608.]]<br /> {{quote|As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.|source=[[Plutarch's Lives]]&lt;ref&gt;Plutarch, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0007,047:62 ''Alexander'', 62]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Excavated Brick Structure - Khana-Mihir Mound - South-eastward View - Berachampa - North 24 Parganas 2015-04-11 7143.JPG|thumb|left|[[Chandraketugarh]] in [[West Bengal, India]] is believed to be the capital of [[Gangaridai]]. The Gangaridai army, with its 4,000 elephant force, may have led to Alexander's retreat from India.{{sfn|A. B. Bosworth|1996|p=189}}]]<br /> {{quote|Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants. Owing to this, their country has never been conquered by any foreign king: for all other nations dread the overwhelming number and strength of these animals. Thus Alexander the Macedonian, after conquering all Asia, did not make war upon the Gangaridai, as he did on all others; for when he had arrived with all his troops at the river Ganges, he abandoned as hopeless an invasion of the Gangaridai when he learned that they possessed four thousand elephants well trained and equipped for war.|author=[[Megasthenes]]|source=[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indika]]&lt;ref&gt;Megasthenes. Quoted from the Epitome of [[Megasthenes]], [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indika]]. (Diodorus II, 35&amp;ndash;42), ''Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian''. Translated and edited by J. W. McCrindle.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Alexander, using the incorrect maps of the Greeks, thought that the world ended a mere {{convert|1000|km}} away, at the edge of India. He therefore spoke to his army and tried to persuade them to march further into India, but [[Coenus (general)|Coenus]] pleaded with him to change his mind and return, saying the men &quot;longed to again see their parents, their wives and children, their homeland&quot;. Alexander, seeing the unwillingness of his men, agreed and turned back.<br /> <br /> Alexander raised twelve altars to mark the eastern extent of his conquests.&lt;ref&gt;''Travels into Bokhara'', Lieut. Alex. Burnes FRS, London, John Murray, 1834, page 6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11738/ |title = The Empire and Expeditions of Alexander the Great |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1833 |access-date = 2013-07-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The exact location and fate of these altars is unknown, although one historian has suggested that they were later reused to create some of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pal2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Pal | first=Ranajit | title=An altar of Alexander now standing near Delhi | journal=Scholia : Studies in Classical Antiquity | volume=15 | issue=1 | date=2006 | hdl=10520/EJC100294 | pages=78–101 | url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC100294 | access-date=2025-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Mallian campaign==<br /> {{main|Mallian Campaign}}<br /> <br /> Along the way, his army conquered the Malli clans (in modern-day [[Multan]]). During a siege, Alexander jumped into the fortified city with only two of his bodyguards and was wounded seriously by a Mallian arrow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2008-05-30|author=Plutarch, Alexander|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243;query=chapter%3D%2363;layout=;|title=Plutarch, Plutarch, Alexander (English).: Alexander (ed. Bernadotte Perrin)|publisher=[[Tufts University]]}} See also: {{cite web|access-date=2008-05-30|url=http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=macgregor&amp;book=greece&amp;story=wounded|title=Alexander is wounded|publisher=Main Lesson}}&lt;/ref&gt; His forces, believing their king dead, took the citadel and unleashed their fury on the Malli who had taken refuge within it, perpetrating a massacre, sparing no man, woman or child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India |author=Tripathi, Rama Shankar|year=1967|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120800182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbrcVcT-GbUC&amp;dq=Malloi++Alexander&amp;pg=PA134}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, due to the efforts of his surgeon, Kritodemos of Kos, Alexander survived the injury.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2008-07-15 |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/a-b/ancientsurgery4.html |title=Ancient Surgery:Alexander the Great |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506031619/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/a-b/ancientsurgery4.html |archive-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this, the surviving Malli surrendered to Alexander's forces, thereby his beleaguered army moved on and conquered more Indian tribes along the way.<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> [[File:PtolemyCoinWithAlexanderWearingElephantScalp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] coin with Alexander wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests in southern Asia.]]<br /> [[File:The army crosses the Gedrosian Desert by Andre Castaigne (1898-1899).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|The army crosses the Gedrosian Desert, by Andre Castaigne (1898–1899).]]<br /> In Alexander's wake, there were many subsequent local revolts, such as by [[Baryaxes]], which were put down or punished by Alexander or his proxies.<br /> <br /> Alexander sent much of his army to [[Carmania (satrapy)|Carmania]] (modern southern [[Iran]]) with his general [[Craterus]], and commissioned a fleet to explore the [[Persian Gulf]] shore under his admiral [[Nearchus]] while he led the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through the [[Gedrosia|Gedrosian Desert]] (now part of southern [[Iran]]) and [[Makran]] (now part of [[Pakistan]]). In crossing the desert, Alexander's army took enormous casualties from hunger and thirst, but fought no human enemy. They encountered the &quot;Fish Eaters&quot;, or [[Ichthyophagi]], primitive people who lived on the [[Makran|Makran coast]] of the [[Arabian Sea]], who had matted hair, no fire, no metal, no clothes, lived in huts made of whale bones, and ate raw seafood obtained by [[beachcombing]].&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Indica'', 29&lt;/ref&gt; During the crossing, Alexander refused as much water as possible, to share the sufferings of his men and to boost the morale of the army.&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''The Anabasis of Alexander'', [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm#Page_358 6.26:]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In the territory of the [[Indus River|Indus]], Alexander nominated his officer [[Peithon, son of Agenor|Peithon]] as a [[satrap]], a position he would hold for the next ten years until 316 BC, and in the [[Punjab]] he left [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus]] in charge of the army, at the side of the satrap [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] and [[Taxiles]]. Eudemus became ruler of a part of the Punjab after their death. Both rulers returned to the West in 316 BC with their armies. In {{circa|322 BC}}{{nbsp}}BC, [[Chandragupta Maurya]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] founded the [[Maurya Empire]] in India and conquered the Macedonian satrapies during the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] (305–303{{nbsp}}BC).{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{ref begin}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=A. B. Bosworth |title=Alexander and the East |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandereasttra00bosw_0 |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Clarendon |isbn=978-0-19-158945-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=H. C. Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&amp;pg=PA11 |year=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author1=Irfan Habib |author2=Vivekanand Jha |title=Mauryan India |series=A People's History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Aligarh Historians Society / [[Tulika Books]] |isbn=978-81-85229-92-8 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Arrian |author-link=Arrian |title=[[Anabasis Alexandri|The Campaigns of Alexander]] |others=trans. [[Aubrey de Sélincourt]] |year=1976 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-044253-7 |orig-year=140s AD}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Ian Worthington |title=Alexander the Great: Man And God |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-1-4058-0162-1 |year=2004}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Ian Worthington |title=Alexander the Great |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-29187-9 |year=2003 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatre0001unse }}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Mary Renault |author-link=Mary Renault |title=The Nature of Alexander |year=1979 |publisher=[[Pantheon Books]] |isbn=0-394-73825-X}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Peter Green |author-link=Peter Green (historian) |title=Alexander of Macedon: 356–323 B.C. A Historical Biography |publisher=University of California Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-520-07166-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/alexanderofmaced0000gree }}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Plutarch |author-link=Plutarch |title=Life of Alexander |year=2004 |isbn=0-8129-7133-7 |publisher=Modern Library |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofalexanderg00plut }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=R. K. Mookerji |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Robin Lane Fox |author-link=Robin Lane Fox |title=Alexander the Great |publisher=Allen Lane |year=1973 |isbn=0-86007-707-1 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Robin Lane Fox |author-link=Robin Lane Fox |title=The Search for Alexander |publisher=Little Brown &amp; Co. Boston |year=1980 |isbn=0-316-29108-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/searchforalexand00lane }}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Ulrich Wilcken |author-link=Ulrich Wilcken |orig-year=1932 |title=Alexander the Great |publisher=[[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-393-00381-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat00wilc }}<br /> {{ref end}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Wickramasinghe |first1=Chandima S. M. |title=The Indian Invasion of Alexander and the Emergence of Hybrid Cultures |journal=Indian Historical Review |date=2021 |volume=48 |pages=69–91 |doi=10.1177/03769836211009651|s2cid=235463234 }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wars of Alexander the Great]]<br /> [[Category:320s BC conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of India]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]<br /> [[Category:Military campaigns involving India|Alexander the Great]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Invasions of India]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mera_Yaar_Mera_Dushman&diff=464707 2026-03-03T23:50:29Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mera Yaar Mera Dushman<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[Anil Ganguly]]<br /> | producer = Askari Jafari<br /> | writer = <br /> | narrator =<br /> | starring = [[Rakesh Roshan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mithun Chakraborty]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bindiya Goswami]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Zarina Wahab]]<br /> | music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br /> | editing = Mukhtar Ahmed<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|1987|05|22|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | budget =&lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Mera Yaar Mera Dushman''''' ({{Translation|My Friend, My Enemy}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Hindi]]-language action drama film directed by [[Anil Ganguly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Mera Yaar Mera Dushman |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/mera-yaar-mera-dushman/etmovie_comments/61339844.cms |access-date=2023-12-28 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Zarina Wahab]] in lead roles. The film's music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]]. The film was shot and completed in 1982 but got delayed for unknown reasons.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Jagmohan &amp; Raj Narayan are both good friends and business partners. Jagmohan's son Ashok wants to become a dancer and his daughter Anita loves a boxer Vinod. Narayan's son Shakti is also a boxer. Shakti and his friend Gopal do illegal works together. Shakti wants to grab Jagmohan's business and his daughter. One day Dinesh is murdered, who is the leader of the labor union. The blame for his murder is imposed on Ashok. He is completely trapped in the trap of Gopal. Will the real killer be found? Will Anita get her love?&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mera Yaar Mera Dushman Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Mera Yaar Mera Dushman Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Mera Yaar Mera Dushman |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/mera-yaar-mera-dushman |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> *[[Rakesh Roshan]] as Ashok<br /> *[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Vinod Kumar<br /> *[[Bindiya Goswami]] as Anita<br /> *[[Zarina Wahab]] as Sheela<br /> *[[Deven Verma]] as Jamshedji Mukkawala<br /> *[[Sujit Kumar]] as Gopal <br /> *[[A. K. Hangal]] as Raj Narayan Singh<br /> *Ardhendu Bose as Shakti Singh <br /> *[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Seth Jagmohan <br /> *[[Dina Pathak]] as Mrs. Jagmohan <br /> *[[Ramesh Deo]] as Dinesh Kumar<br /> *[[Seema Deo]] as Mrs. Dinesh Kumar<br /> *[[Beena Banerjee]] as Gopal's Wheel Chair Ridden Wife <br /> *[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Assistant to Mukkawala<br /> *[[Jankidas]] as Gopal's Club Manager<br /> *[[Cezar D'Mello]] as [[Catholic priest]] <br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> Lyrics: [[Gulshan Bawra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mera Yaar Mera Dushman : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Mera Yaar Mera Dushman (1987) |url=https://www.hindilyrics4u.com/movie/mera_yaar_mera_dushman.htm |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=HindiLyrics4U |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Beoda Pahije Mala&quot;<br /> | [[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Karwat Badal Badal&quot;<br /> | Kishore Kumar<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kabhi Khulke Mile, Kabhi Milke Khule, Chahe Jale&quot;<br /> | Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kuch Ladke, Kuch Ladkiya, Bandh Karke Darwaza Aur Kholke Dil Ki Khidkiyan&quot;<br /> | [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Manhar Udhas]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Hansee Loot Gayi&quot;<br /> | Asha Bhosle<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0368022}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1980 films]]<br /> [[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Anil Ganguly]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizhi_Randilum&diff=455954 2026-03-03T21:40:55Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2003 film directed by Ranjith}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mizhi Randilum<br /> | image = Mizhi Randilum.jpg<br /> <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]<br /> | producer = [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]]<br /> | writer = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]<br /> | narrator = Ranjith<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Kavya Madhavan]]|[[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]]|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]}}<br /> | music = {{ubl|[[Raveendran]] &lt;small&gt;(Songs)&lt;/small&gt;|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] &lt;small&gt;(Score)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> | cinematography = [[Alagappan N]]<br /> | editing = Ranjan Abraham <br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = {{ubl|Rajashri Films|Penra Arts|Ambalakara Films}}<br /> | released = {{Film date|2003|10|31|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Mizhi Randilum''''' ([[English language|English]]: ''In both Eyes'') is a 2003 [[Malayalam film]] written and directed by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], starring [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Sukumari]], [[Dileep]], and [[Revathi]]. The movie was actor [[Narendra Prasad|Narendra Prasad's]] last film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mizhi-randilum-review-malayalam-pclvrBdffjgff.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410213906/https://www.sify.com/movies/mizhi-randilum-review-malayalam-pclvrBdffjgff.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 April 2022 | title=Mizhi Randilum | website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Bhadra is a nurse who is living with her widowed mother, grandmother, and twin sister, Bhama, a medical student. Her older brother Achuthankutty is a politician. Bhadra falls in love with Arun, a doctor who works with her. Arun has a Muslim father and a Hindu mother who agrees to have Bhadra as their daughter-in-law. Achuthankutty hates him because his father is a Muslim, causing Arun and Bhadra to break up.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Achuthankutty has troubles with a ruthless businessman and moneylender named Krishnakumar who forces him to sell the family house to him. Bhadra and Bhama are left to be taken care of by their sister-in-law. She meets Krishakumar's sister, Sridevi, who was paralyzed after the death of their parents. Krishnakumar falls in love with Bhadra owing to her simplicity and proceeds to marry her. Bhadra's life takes a tragic turn when Arun commits suicide, and Bhadra goes into mental shock. Krishnakumar decides to take care of the traumatized Bhadra and later marry her.<br /> <br /> The story has a positive ending where Bhadra is seen telling Krishnakumar that she is pregnant.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Kavya Madhavan]] in dual role as :<br /> **Thechikkattu Bhadra,(Voiceover by [[Praveena]])<br /> **Thechikkattu Bhama<br /> *[[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] as Dr. Arun<br /> *[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Krishnakumar<br /> *[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Thechikkattu Achuthankutti, Bhadra's and Bhama's elder brother<br /> *[[Sukumari]] as Shantha, Bhadra's and Bhama's Mother <br /> *[[Revathi]] as Sridevi, Krishnakumar's elder sister <br /> *[[Vijayakumari]] as Yasodara<br /> *[[Narendra Prasad]] as Bappuji<br /> *[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Thampi<br /> *[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Menon<br /> *[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] asR . V<br /> *[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Vasu <br /> *[[Shobha Mohan]] as Devi <br /> *[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Sarada <br /> *[[Zeenath]] as Vathsala Koshy <br /> *[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Bichu <br /> *[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]]<br /> *[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Santosh, Sarada's Husband<br /> *Meena Ganesh as Devaki<br /> *[[Santha Devi]] as grandmother<br /> *[[V. K. Sreeraman]]<br /> *C V Dev as Uncle's Right Hand<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was released on 31 October 2003.<br /> <br /> ===Box office===<br /> The film received positive reviews from the critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/01south.htm|title=Dileep's stroke of luck|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 November 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The film's soundtrack contains six songs, all composed by [[Raveendran]], with lyrics by [[Sarath Vayalar]]. <br /> All the songs are evergreen hits.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Raga(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | &quot;Aalilathaaliyumaay&quot;<br /> | [[P. Jayachandran]] || [[Shuddha Saveri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | &quot;Enthinaay Nin&quot;<br /> | [[K. S. Chitra]] || Sumaneesha Ranjani<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | &quot;Omane&quot;<br /> | [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || [[Kalyani (rāga)|Kalyani]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | &quot;Omane&quot; (M)<br /> | K. J. Yesudas || Kalyani<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | &quot;Vaarmazhaville&quot;<br /> | K. S. Chitra || [[raga|Kamboji]]<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | &quot;Vaarmazhaville&quot; (M)<br /> | [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || Kamboji<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0378370|Mizhi Randilum}}<br /> {{Ranjith (director)}}<br /> {{Ranjith}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ranjith (director)]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]<br /> [[Category:Twins in Indian films]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udal_(film)&diff=542296 2026-03-03T09:43:22Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Added a stub first draft - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2022 film directed by Ratheesh Raghunandan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Udal film poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster <br /> | director = Ratheesh Raghunandan<br /> | writer = Ratheesh Raghunandan<br /> | producer = Hazeeb Malabar<br /> | starring = [[Indrans]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Durga Krishna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]<br /> | music = William Francis<br /> | cinematography = Manoj Pillai<br /> | editing = Nishad Yousaf <br /> | studio = Hazeebs Films&lt;br /&gt;JAIHO &amp; MGC <br /> | distributor = Sree Gokulam Movies <br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|2022|05|20|India}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> }}<br /> '''''Udal''''' ({{Translation|[[Human body|Body]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[adult film|adult]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Ratheesh Raghunandan and produced by Gokulam Gopalan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2022-05-21 |title=Actor Indrans can shoulder a film with ease, says Ratheesh Reghunandan, director of the Malayalam film 'Udal' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-indrans-can-shoulder-a-film-with-ease-says-ratheesh-reghunandan-director-of-the-malayalam-film-udal/article65441942.ece |access-date=2022-06-15 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Indrans]], [[Durga Krishna]] and [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] in lead roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Udal Movie Review: A well-paced domestic thriller |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/udal/movie-review/91713007.cms |access-date=2022-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the film, Already a housewife and a mother, Shiny is sick of the prevailing circumstances at her father-in-law's home. When the home nurse tending to his bed-ridden wife leaves, Shiny has to take over. Durga Krishna plays the antagonist role in this movie.<br /> <br /> ''Udal'' was theatrically released on 20 May 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Udal Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/udal/movieshow/91658439.cms |access-date=2022-06-15 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The regional OTT platform [[Saina Play]] announced on 23 December 2023, that it had acquired the digital rights to the movie 'Udal'. Streaming begins 5 January 2024.<br /> <br /> ==Premise==<br /> Shiny is looking after her bedridden mother-in-law, living along with her father-in-law Kuttichan and her son. Her husband is away for work. Her only relief was spending time with her college mate Kiran. One night, when kiran was visiting her and became intimate. After that shiny tells Kiran that she is fed up of looking after her mother in law for nearly 4 years and she needs freedom from this. Shiny decides to kill her mother in law.Shiny and Kiran both kills with a bath towel by strangling her to death but they forget to take the bath towel from the dead body. They both went to room. After that kuttichan comes to see his wife and finds her dead and mourns. Kuttichan hears shiny talking to someone in her room. Shiny and Kiran are tensed and they goes to confirm the murder.when they look at the dead body they finds the Bath towel missing. Suddenly they hears some noises in their home, when they went to see from where the noise was coming, kuttichan badly injures both of them. Kuttichan was so strong that they couldn't do anything to him.Kuttichan tries to take revange by continuously injuring shiny and Kiran. shiny asks to call Kiran's friend to the house so that they can kill kuttichan.when Kiran's friend arrive, kiran knows about Shiny's other affairs. meanwhile kuttichan kill him. Thinking that there is no other way shiny calls her husband and put all blames on Kiran. Kiran came hearing this and Kiran kills shiny. Kuttichan kills Kiran. The next day ambulance coming and taking kuttichan to hospital. Kuttichan asks his son to see his mother one last time. When shiny's husband goes inside the house it was full of blood. Only kuttichan survived in that house.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Indrans]] as Kuttichayan<br /> * [[Durga Krishna]] as Shiny<br /> * [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as Kiran&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] as Reji (Shiny's Husband)<br /> * Master Kannan as Jerin (Shiny's Son)<br /> * Anjana Appukkuttan as Reena<br /> * Arun Punalur<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Udal'' was theatrically released on 20 May 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;On 23 December 2023, regional OTT platform [[Saina Play]] announced that they had acquired the digital rights to the film and began streaming it on 5 January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |orig-date=5 Jan 2024 |title=Udal Malayalam Movie On Saina Play |url=https://sainaplay.com/movie/udal/brcbhheyf26u}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated ''Udal'' 3 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;''Udal'' is definitely worth a watch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Udal Movie Review: A well-paced domestic thriller |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/udal/movie-review/91713007.cms |access-date=2022-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sajin Shrijith from [[Cinema Express]] rated ''Udal'' 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;The ambition of ''Udal'', however, is more in line with [[James Hadley Chase]] than [[Raymond Chandler]] or James M Cain. It has the finesse of a small airport novel you read and then forget. But it's a decent effort, nevertheless. In the midst of its overwhelming darkness, ''Udal'' also finds some time for dark humour.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Udal Movie Review: Indrans, Durga Krishna excel in minimalist noir |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/may/23/udal-movie-reviewindrans-durga-krishna-excel-in-minimalist-noir-31680.html |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shilpa S from [[OTTplay|OTTPlay]] rated ''Udal'' 2 out of 5 and wrote &quot;Although Udal boasts of the talents of stars such as Indrans and Dhyan Sreenivasan, Ratheesh Reghunandan fails to weave a compelling narrative out of the claustrophobic thriller.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Udal review: With violence as senseless as its writing, Indrans-Dhyan Sreenivasan's dawdling thriller makes for an exhausting watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/udal-review-with-violence-as-senseless-as-its-writing-indrans-dhyan-sreenivasans-dawdling-thriller-makes-for-an-exhausting-watch/ed31feaa4f70 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangeetha KS from [[Samayam]] rated ''Udal'' 4 out of 5 and wrote &quot;The film fills in as a seat-edge thriller beyond the family drama. Throughout the film, the scenes are taken to another level, shattering the audience's guessing what will happen in the next moment. The film received an A certificate for its sexually explicit content, obscene language, and violent scenes. It is better to watch movies without children.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Udal movie review - Malayalam Samayam |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/indrans-dhyan-sreenivasan-durga-krishna-starrer-udal-movie-review-rating/moviereview/91683021.cms |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=tt15891956}}<br /> *[https://sainaplay.com/movie/udal/brcbhheyf26u Udal] at [[Saina Play]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=FCUK:_Father_Chitti_Umaa_Kaarthik&diff=498796 2026-03-03T09:23:19Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Creating a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 film by Vidyasagar Raju}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik<br /> | image = FCUK - Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik.jpg<br /> | caption = Release poster<br /> | director = Vidyasagar Raju<br /> | producer = KL Damodar Prasad<br /> | writer = Aditya<br /> | story = Vidyasagar Raju<br /> | screenplay = Vidyasagar Raju<br /> | starring = [[Jagapathi Babu]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Ram Karthik]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Ammu Abhirami]]&lt;br /&gt;Baby Saharshitha<br /> | music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]<br /> | editing = Kishore Maddali<br /> | cinematography = Shiva G<br /> | studio = Sri Ranjith Movies<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2021|2|12|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 169 minutes <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik''''' is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language [[comedy film]] directed by Vidyasagar Raju and produced by KL Damodar Prasad through Sri Ranjith Movies. It stars [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Ram Karthik]], [[Ammu Abhirami]], Baby Saharshitha. The music is composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]. Jagapathi Babu played the lead role after a long gap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/barasala-function-of-fcuk-announced|title='Barasala' function of FCUK announced|date=February 5, 2021|website=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The film begins with Fhani Bhupal, a Casanova proprietor of a successful condom company. Karthik, a flirt, is his only son and plays the role of the bride's grooming agency. The father and son share an enormous, deep bond and an inseparable tie. Uma, a paediatrician, belongs to a traditional family. She betrothed with a Ph.D. Pathuri Hanumantha Das is an exasperated foreign return guy without knowledge about relationships. He has just endorsed the match as Uma's conscientious joint family is beneficial for his thesis. Karthik and Uma are acquainted at a [[rave]] when Priyanka, mate of Uma, bets entice any men. So, she lures Karthik as a bet, but impulsively, he genuinely loves her when she divulges the actuality. Forthwith, annoyed, Karthik seeks her penalty of 3 days of the date, which she agrees with as it is inevitable. At the end of it, Uma misconstrues Karthik as a tomcat chides and quits. <br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Karthik learns that his father is in hospital. Immediately, he flies, nonconscious that he is without clothes. As a flabbergast, the nurse handovers a cute baby, Chitti, to Karthik, proclaiming it his father's progeny when Fhani Bhupal moves rearward. During the outdoor shooting of his product, Fhani Bhupal comes across a prostitute, Kalyani, and his model. On the spot, she is mortified by his men when Fhani Bhupal retorts and addresses their pains and eminence, which makes Kalyani adore him. The same night fated, they share a single room and are consummates. <br /> <br /> After one year, Kalyani dies in an accident, leaving Chitti's responsibility to Fhani Bhupal. A little debate runs between father and son, but their idolisation defeats it, and Karthik develops bosom bondage towards Chitti. One night, when Fhani Bhupal is out of the station, Karthik neglects Chitti as a drunkard, and she collapses out of dehydration. Therein, he edgily rushes to the hospital when Uma spots his genuine love for the kid. Karthik imparts the entire fact to Uma. However, she initially mocks but comprehends after listening to their mutual affection. The next day, Uma proceeds to Karthik's house to invite him to her espousal, which makes him gloomy. <br /> <br /> Consequently, Uma is also in a dichotomy because she starts loving Karthik. Accordingly, she requests him to accommodate her, and they land at their village. Here, Uma poses Karthik as his widower friend and Chitti as his daughter; her family stares suspiciously. Since his wife died recently, she guested him home for diversion and to be aware of child-rearing when Karthik gets nearer to them, and they, too, endear him. Parallelly, the Ph.D. feels fishy and mistrusts Uma's purity, which calls off the nuptial. At this point, Uma's father, Raghavaiah, decides to knit Uma with Karthik and walks with the proposal when the truth breaks out. Raghavaiah lambasts Karthik's family, rebukes &amp; slaps Uma, and excludes her. <br /> <br /> Besides, a rift arises between father and son who imputes that he is the cause of all his troubles. Thus, Fhani Bhupal advances to Raghavaiah with Chitti to plead. Karthik is agitated about his father and sister and makes a video on social media to find their whereabouts. It goes viral when the media starts its investigation and broadcasts 24/7. Before, Fhani Bhupal made a dry run to speak Raghavaiah, which shows pain, remorse, and intimacy. Fortuitously, Chitti records and forwards it to the media without her knowledge, which Uma's family views. At last, they change their mindset before Fhani Bhupal's arrival and give their acceptance. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Karthik and Uma.<br /> <br /> ==Cast == <br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Jagapathi Babu]] as Fhani Bhupal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050221/i-dont-believe-in-having-an-image.html|title='I don't believe in having an image'|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=February 5, 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ram Karthik]] as Karthik&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/raam-karthik-gets-talking-about-fcuk|title=Raam Karthik gets talking about FCUK|date=February 11, 2021|website=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ammu Abhirami]] as Umaa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ammu-abhirami-s-first-look-telugu-film-fcuk-released-140470|title=Ammu Abhirami's first look from Telugu film 'FCUK' released|date=December 29, 2020|website=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Baby Saharshitha as Chitti<br /> * Raghu Master as Cameo<br /> *[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Daggubati Raja]] as Raghavaiah Uma's father<br /> *[[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Uma's mother<br /> *[[Ketaki Narayan]] as Kalyani<br /> *[[Aneri Vajani]] as Priyanka<br /> *[[Master Bharath]] as Ph.D. (Pathuri Hanumantha Das)<br /> *[[Shankar Melkote]] as Melkotaiah, Ph.D.'s grandfather<br /> *[[Rajitha]]<br /> *[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/fcuk-team-releases-singles-with-covid-warriors|title=FCUK team releases singles with Covid warriors|date=January 28, 2021|website=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Brahmaji]] as Fhani's friend<br /> *[[Krishna Bhagavaan]] <br /> *[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Servant Andhallu<br /> *[[Jayalalita]] as Judge<br /> *[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Lawyer<br /> *[[Vasu Inturi]] as Lawyer<br /> *Jabardast Ram Prasad<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception == <br /> The film released to mixed reviews from the audience and negative reviews from critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/jagapathi-babu-is-delighted-with-the-response-of-fcuk|title=Jagapathi Babu is delighted with the response of FCUK|date=January 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=”TOI”&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/fcuk-father-chitti-umaa-kaarthik/movie-review/80880844.cms|title=Fcuk: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik Movie Review: A bold story with failed execution|newspaper=The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that “Overall, despite a good story about that deals with the orthodox nature of society, ''FCUK'' fails to make a mark. Watch at your own risk!”.&lt;ref name=”TOI”/&gt; ''[[Telangana Today]]'' criticised the film while praising the performance of Raam Karthik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/over-the-top-acting-mars-the-movie|title=Over-the-top acting mars the movie|date=February 13, 2021|website=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that “what we get on screen is just a farcical drama”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/feb/13/fcuk-movie-review-a-decent-idea-gone-haywire-2263300.html|title='FCUK' movie review: A decent idea gone haywire|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|13912646}}<br /> [[Category:2021 films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parakramam_(2024_Telugu_film)&diff=524333 2026-03-03T09:13:09Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting initial article basic info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Bandi Saroj Kumar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Parakramam.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Bandi Saroj Kumar]]<br /> | writer = Bandi Saroj Kumar<br /> | producer = Bandi Saroj Kumar<br /> | starring = Bandi Saroj Kumar<br /> | cinematography = Venkat Rama Prasad<br /> | editing = Bandi Saroj Kumar<br /> | music = Bandi Saroj Kumar<br /> | studio = BSK Mainstream<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|08|22}}<br /> | runtime = 117 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> }}<br /> '''''Parakramam''''' is a 2024 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written, directed and produced by [[Bandi Saroj Kumar]], who also stars in the lead role alongside Naga Laxmi &amp; Sruthi Samanvi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar's 'Parakramam' Trailer Out, Check Release Date |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-trailer-out-check-release-date-324037 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921191055/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-trailer-out-check-release-date-324037 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also composed the music.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-26 |title=Teaser Of Bandi Saroj Kumar's New Movie Parakramam Is Out! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/teaser-of-bandi-saroj-kumars-new-movie-parakramam-is-out-article-110439597 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530064607/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/teaser-of-bandi-saroj-kumars-new-movie-parakramam-is-out-article-110439597 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 22 August 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar To Release His Next, Parakramam, On Chiranjeevi's Birthday |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bandi-saroj-kumar-to-release-his-next-parakramam-on-chiranjeevis-birthday-8979937.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806045952/https://www.news18.com/movies/bandi-saroj-kumar-to-release-his-next-parakramam-on-chiranjeevis-birthday-8979937.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film depicts the life of Lovaraju, who is both a theatre artist and a gully cricketer in the village of Lampakalova.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> <br /> * [[Bandi Saroj Kumar]] in a dual role as<br /> ** Satti Babu<br /> ** Lovaraju, Satti Babu's son<br /> * Sruthi Samanvi as Bujjamma<br /> * Naga Lakshmi Yellagula<br /> * Mohan Senapati<br /> * Nikhil Gopu<br /> * Anil Kumar<br /> * Vamsiraj Nekkant<br /> * Shashank Vennelakanti<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The music is composed by Bandi Saroj Kumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Title song of Bandi Saroj Kumar's Parakramam has a very unique backdrop and amazing singing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/title-song-of-bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-has-a-very-unique-backdrop-and-singing/aac56aa28a347 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track list<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_lyrics = Bandi Saroj Kumar<br /> | all_music = Bandi Saroj Kumar<br /> | title1 = Manishi Nenu<br /> | length1 = 2:18<br /> | extra1 = Hymath Mohammed<br /> | title2 = Dream<br /> | length2 = 1:46<br /> | extra2 = Sri Vaishnavi Goparaju<br /> | title3 = Cricket<br /> | length3 = 2:00<br /> | extra3 = Aditya Bheemathati<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The teaser of the film was released on 24 May 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The film earlier had two scheduled release dates {{Ndash}} 14 February 2024 and 27 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title='Parakramam' pre-teaser sparks positivity and sets the stage for a romantic Valentine's Day 2024 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/parakramam-pre-teaser-sparks-positivity-and-sets-the-stage-for-a-romantic-valentines-day-2024-release/articleshow/103107130.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530064610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/parakramam-pre-teaser-sparks-positivity-and-sets-the-stage-for-a-romantic-valentines-day-2024-release/articleshow/103107130.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-25 |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar's Parakramam teaser out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-teaser-out-895707 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530064417/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-teaser-out-895707 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later released on 22 August 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-07-24 |title=BSK’s ‘Parakramam’ set for grand release on August 22nd |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bsks-parakramam-set-for-grand-release-on-august-22nd-894171 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 14 September 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parakramam out on OTT: Where to watch the Bandi Saroj Kumar film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parakramam-out-on-ott-where-to-watch-the-bandi-saroj-kumar-film/86f93e4399212 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar’s Parakramam is arriving on OTT on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/12/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-is-arriving-on-ott-on-this-date |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930230727/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/12/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-is-arriving-on-ott-on-this-date |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[NTV (India)|NTV]]'' gave a rating of 2.25 out of 5 and praised Bandi Saroj Kumar's work and acting performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Parakramam Review: పరాక్రమం సినిమా రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/parakramam-movie-review-in-telugu-661190.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007184732/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/parakramam-movie-review-in-telugu-661190.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and statedBandi Saroj Kumar impresses as Charlie Chaplin and brings the vulnerability necessary to draw the viewer in with the story&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-08-23 |title=Parakramam Movie Review: Bandi Saroj Kumar’s heroic advertisement for his catalogue of skills |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Aug/23/parakramam-movie-review-bandi-saroj-kumars-heroic-advertisement-for-his-catalogue-of-skills |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=28743776}}<br /> [[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 action drama films]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutham&diff=519305 2026-03-03T04:38:45Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: creating a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{More plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Mutham.jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekaran]]<br /> | writer = '''Screenplay &amp; Dialogues:'''&lt;br /&gt;S. A. Chandrasekaran <br /> | producer = M. Arul Moorthy<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Arun Vijay|Arunkumar]]|[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]|[[Nagendra Prasad]]|[[Aniruddha Jatkar|Ajayan]]|[[Charulatha]]|[[Nanditha Jennifer]]|Anjali}}<br /> | cinematography = R. Selva<br /> | editing = L. Justin Roy<br /> | music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]<br /> | studio = Digital Magic Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|12|06}}<br /> | runtime = 130 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mutham''''' ({{translation}} Kiss) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[slasher film]] directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekaran]]. The film stars [[Arun Vijay]] (known at the time as Arunkumar), [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]], [[Nagendra Prasad]], [[Aniruddha Jatkar|Ajayan]], [[Charulatha]], [[Nanditha Jennifer]] and Anjali. The film, produced by M. Arul Moorthy, was released on 6 December 2002.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Joseph ([[Aniruddha Jatkar|Ajayan]]) and Sudha (Anjali) get married against their parents' wishes and they elope with their friends' help. Sudha's father (Vincent Roy), a politician, wants to kill Sudha and her friends. They arrive at a beach resort where they meet an old man ([[Thalaivasal Vijay]]) who warns them about the dangers at the resort. He tells them that the place is haunted and murders can take place. The friends arrange for the couple's honeymoon, ignoring his pleadings to vacate the place. However, in the forest, all the friends get murdered one by one. It turns out that the old man was the one who committed these killings as he explains his flashback of his granddaughter getting killed in the name of sacrifice by unscrupulous businessmen for the sake of buying the forest where the resort has been built and as for that, he kills each and every person who visits this resort. In the end, the old man gets stabbed and Arun and his lover escape from the place being worried about the situation.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Arun Vijay|Arunkumar]] as Bharath<br /> *[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Pazhani<br /> *[[Nagendra Prasad]] as Anand<br /> *[[Aniruddha Jatkar|Ajayan]] as Joseph (Joe)<br /> *[[Charulatha]] as Bindu<br /> *[[Nanditha Jennifer]] as Aarthi<br /> *Anjali as Sudha<br /> *[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Killer<br /> *[[Madhan Bob]] as Unnikrishnan<br /> *[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Maya<br /> *Vincent Roy as Sudha's father<br /> *[[Nithya Ravindran]] as Sudha's mother<br /> *Baby Divya<br /> *[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] in a special appearance<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was developed under the title ''Muthamidalaama'' ({{Translation|May I kiss?}}) and was touted as India's first digital film made for theatres. The film was shot for fifty days in forests across [[Tirupati]], [[Hogenakkal Falls]], [[Yelagiri]] hills and [[Alappuzha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=7 October 2002 |title=Muthamidalaama |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/mutham.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927084402/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/mutham.asp |archive-date=27 September 2003 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2002 |title=Muthamidalama |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/muthamidalama/VNANSbbXdnI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041534/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/muthamidalama/VNANSbbXdnI_ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;La La La&quot; || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || [[Snehan]] || 4:59<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Laiko Laiko&quot; || [[Malgudi Subha]] || [[Thamarai]] || 4:56<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Orampo Orampo&quot; || [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Snehan || 4:54<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Oru Murai Nee Yennai&quot; || [[P. Unni Krishnan]], [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || Newton || 3:31<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Saturday Sunday&quot; || Tippu || [[Pa. Vijay]] || 5:05<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Tigirtana&quot; || Harish Raghavendra, [[Swarnalatha]]|| Newton || 5:17<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that &quot;S.A.Chandrasekhar’s blend of tacky horror mixed with Alphonsa’s dance number in the jungle is all intolerable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mutham |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mutham-review-tamil-12200621.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628134515/http://www.sify.com/movies/mutham-review-tamil-12200621.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 |access-date=26 December 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tulika from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that &quot;As a film, ''Mutham'' is eminently forgettable. But at the technological level, it could turn out to be the trailblazer that changes the way films are shot in India&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tulika |date=25 January 2003 |title=Kiss of the future |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/24mutham.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419064020/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/24mutham.htm |archive-date=19 April 2010 |access-date=26 December 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that &quot;But while they've [Hindi filmmakers] borrowed the main plot, they've worked on the script and added their own interesting touches. But Chandrasekhar has not been able to do that, with both his inspirations turning out to be just bad copies&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=13 December 2002 |title=Mutham |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov233.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021217023112/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov233.asp |archive-date=17 December 2002 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cinesouth'' wrote, &quot;Tamil's first digital experimentation didn't have to turn out to be so pathetic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muththam |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/mutham.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411103820/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/mutham.shtml |archive-date=11 April 2004 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Yahoo'' wrote &quot;Director S A Chandrasekar (father of actor Vijay) seems to think that a few girls in 'trendy' (read skimpy) clothes will cover the huge lapses in content. But alas! 'Mutham' ends up as a film that does not do justice to either the 'love' or the 'suspense' genre!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/021206/113/1yuwa.html|date=6 December 2002|website=Yahoo Movies|access-date=3 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021208224508/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/021206/113/1yuwa.html|archive-date=8 December 2002|title=REVIEW: Mutham(Tamil)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> *{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2002 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s serial killer films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s slasher films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian serial killer films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian slasher films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films distributed by Kalasangham Films]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_6_Vaathiyaar_Kaalpanthatta_Kuzhu&diff=453632 2026-03-03T02:32:27Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = <br /> | image = Vaathiyaar.jpg<br /> | caption = Release poster<br /> | director = [[S. Hari Uthraa]]<br /> | writer = [[S. Hari Uthraa]]<br /> | producer = [[S. Hari Uthraa]] &lt;br /&gt; Dr. S.Prithi Shankar.<br /> | starring = {{plainlist| <br /> * S. Sharath Kumar<br /> * [[Ayraa|Ayraa Jain]]<br /> * [[Ganja Karuppu]] <br /> * [[Sona Heiden]]<br /> * Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy <br /> * Gajaraj<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Vinoth Raja<br /> | editing = Kishore M.<br /> | music = AJ Alimirzaq<br /> | studio = Uthraa Productions &lt;br /&gt; PSS Productions<br /> | distributor = Uthraa Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|2023|9|15|df=yes}}{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''En 6 Vaathiyaar Kaalpanthatta Kuzhu''''' ({{Translation|No.6- Vaathiyaar football team}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports film]] written and directed by [[S. Hari Uthraa]]. The film stars S. Sharath Kumar, [[Ayraa|Ayraa Jain]], [[Ganja Karuppu]], [[Sona Heiden]], Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy, and Gajaraj. The film was produced by S. Hari Uthraa and Dr. S. Prithi Shankar. under the banners of Uthraa Productions and PSS Productions, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Neethimaan |date=2023-09-13 |title=எண்.6 வாத்தியார் கால்பந்தாட்ட குழு |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/no-6_vathiyar_football_team/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The music was composed by AJ Alimirzaq, and the film released on 15 September 2023.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * S. Sharath Kumar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=உதை பந்தாட்ட வீரர்களின் தேர்வு அரசியலை பேசும் 'எண் 6 வாத்தியார் கால் பந்தாட்ட குழு' |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/164413 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ayraa]]<br /> * [[Ganja Karuppu]] <br /> * [[Sona Heiden]]<br /> * Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy<br /> * Gajaraj<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The [[Principal photography]] of film was held in [[Madurai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Rameswaram]] and [[Ramanathapuram]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2021-07-14 |title=வாத்தியார் கால்பந்தாட்ட குழு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2021/07/14150341/2825242/vaathiyaar-kaalpanthatta-kuzhu-movie-preview.vpf |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' noted that &quot;Director Hari Utra has given a quality film by telling a lively screenplay with a social purpose about how the ambition of many young people is destroyed despite their talent in the world of sports and the practical politics there&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-09-20 |title=எண்.6 வாத்தியார் கால்பந்தாட்ட குழு : சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/no-6-vathiyar-football-team-cinema-review-1056405 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic wrote thart &quot;The effort of the director who has taken new faces with less investment can be appreciated.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=எண் 6 வாத்தியார் கால்பந்தாட்ட குழு - விமர்சனம் |url=https://thinaboomi.com/2023/09/18/209605.html |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=tt29076707}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 sports films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian association football films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dera_(village)&diff=496332 2026-02-22T10:52:56Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Creating place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Delhi, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement | name = Dera | native_name = Dera Gaon / Dera Village | native_name_lang = hi | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Census town]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Delhi | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India | coordinates = {{coord|28|25|08|N|77|11|18|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]] | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi district]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 16725 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 110074 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 011 | registration_plate = DL | website = | footnotes = }}<br /> '''Dera''', also known as '''Dera Gaon''' or '''Dera Village''', is a village and census town located in the Dera Mandi area of [[South Delhi district]], [[Delhi]], India. It is a predominantly [[Gujjar]]-dominated village belonging to the Tanwar gotra, known for its cultural heritage and proximity to urban Delhi. The village is situated near [[Chhatarpur metro station|Chattarpur]] and has developed into a mix of residential, commercial, and agricultural land, with a focus on farmhouses and real estate.<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Dera is located in the [[South Delhi district]], within the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli hills]] extension, near the Delhi-Haryana border and is part of the eco-sensitive zone around the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]. It falls under the [[Mehrauli]] tehsil, and is adjacent to areas like [[Chhattarpur]], [[Asola (Delhi)|Asola - Fatehpur Beri]] and Mandi, the region is frequently termed as Dera Mandi collectively to disambiguate from other places with similar name. The nearest metro station is [[Chhatarpur metro station]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-08 |title=In Delhi Lies a Forest Uprooted – The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/politics/government/delhi-forest-uprooted-dera-mandi/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Faizan |date=2024-02-02 |title=Zomato founder Deepinder Goyal buys 5-acre land in Delhi for Rs 79 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/zomato-founder-deepinder-goyal-buys-5-acre-land-in-delhi-for-rs-79-crore/articleshow/107358468.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-04 |title=Teen shoots caretaker after brawl over closed gate in south Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/teen-shoots-caretaker-after-brawl-over-closed-gate-in-south-delhi/articleshow/123097433.cms |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The region spans approximately 16.99 km², featuring a mix of hilly terrain, agricultural fields, and built-up areas. Its proximity to major roads like the Mehrauli-Gurgaon Road and Dera Mandi Road facilitates connectivity to central Delhi and neighbouring states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas Brinkhoff: City Population |title=Dera Mandi (South, Delhi, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/delhi/south/0709x064068__dera_mandi/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251009080949/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/delhi/south/0709x064068__dera_mandi/ |archive-date=2025-10-09 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=www.citypopulation.de |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dera (village)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&diff=498362 2026-02-14T20:38:32Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Component of Indian electoral system}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br /> [[File:EVM VVPAT.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] used with electronic voting machines in Indian elections]]<br /> {{Politics of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Electronic voting]] is the standard means of conducting elections using [[Electronic Voting Machines]] (EVMs) in India. The system was developed for the [[Election Commission of India]] by state-owned [[Electronics Corporation of India]] and [[Bharat Electronics]]. Starting in the late 1990s, they were introduced in Indian elections in a phased manner.<br /> <br /> Prior to the introduction of electronic voting, [[paper ballot]]s were used and manual counting was done. The printed paper ballots were expensive, required substantial post-voting resources and time to count individual ballots and were prone to fraudulent voting with pre-filled fake ballots. Introduction of EVMs have brought down the costs significantly, reduces the time of counting to enable faster announcement of results and eliminated fraudulent practices due to safety features such as security locking, limits to rate of voting per minute and verification of thumb impressions. EVMs are stand-alone machines that use [[write once read many]] memory. They are self-contained, [[Battery (electricity)|battery]]-powered and do not need any networking capability. They do not have any wireless or wired components that connect to the internet.<br /> <br /> Various opposition parties at times have alleged faulty EVMs after they failed to defeat the incumbent. In 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the Election Commission to include a paper trail to help confirm the reliable operation of EVMs. The Election Commission developed EVMs with [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) which was trialed in the [[2014 Indian general election]]. After the 2019 ruling by the Supreme Court, EVMs with accompanying VVPAT are used in all the elections with a small percentage (2%) of the VVPATs verified to ensure the reliability before certifying the final results.<br /> <br /> The Election Commission of India has confirmed that the machines, system checks, safeguard procedures, and election protocols are tamper-proof. To mitigate any doubts regarding the hardware, prior to the election day, a sample number of votes for each political party nominee are entered into each machine, in the presence of polling agents and at the end of this sample trial run, the votes counted and matched with the entered sample votes, to ensure that the machine's hardware has not been tampered with, it is operating reliably and that there were no hidden votes pre-recorded in each machine.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> [[Paper ballot]]s were exclusively used during elections till the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/from-paper-ballots-to-switch-to-evm-and-the-introduction-of-nota-in-elections-learn-all-voting-system-in-classeswithnews18-6395737.html|title=From Paper Ballots Then to EVMs &amp; NOTA Now|work=[[News18]]|date=21 November 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043456/https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/from-paper-ballots-to-switch-to-evm-and-the-introduction-of-nota-in-elections-learn-all-voting-system-in-classeswithnews18-6395737.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Verma&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Verma|first=Arvind|title=Policing Elections in India|journal=India Review|volume=4|issue=3–4|year=2005|doi=10.1080/14736480500302217|pages=354–376|s2cid=154413285 }}&lt;/ref&gt; With the paper ballots, substantial resources were required for printing, transportation, storage and counting of individual ballots.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/understanding-the-difference-between-electronic-voting-machines-and-ballot-papers-2525237-2024-04-10|title=Difference between Electronic Voting Machines and Ballot Papers|work=[[India Today]]|date=10 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601052002/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/understanding-the-difference-between-electronic-voting-machines-and-ballot-papers-2525237-2024-04-10|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paper ballots were prone to fraudulent voting and booth capturing, where party loyalists captured booths and stuffed them with pre-filled fake ballots.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|first=Madhavan|last=Somanathan|title=India's electoral democracy: How EVMs curb electoral fraud|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/04/05/indias-electoral-democracy-how-evms-curb-electoral-fraud/|year=2019|publisher=Brookings Institution|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529074059/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/04/05/indias-electoral-democracy-how-evms-curb-electoral-fraud/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings&quot;&gt;{{cite report|last1=Debnath|first1=Sisir|last2=Kapoor|first2=Mudit|last3=Ravi|first3=Shamika|title=The Impact of Electronic Voting Machines on Electoral Frauds, Democracy, and Development|year=2017|ssrn=3041197|pages=1–59|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the late 1950s, there were multiple documented cases of such activities being reported and the problem grew between the 1950s and 1980s, becoming a serious and large scale problem in certain states and regions often accompanied with violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Milan|last=Vaishnav|title=When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics|year=2017|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-21620-2|pages=87–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0nJDQAAQBAJ|access-date=23 July 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043456/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0nJDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=N. S.|last=Saksena|title=India, Towards Anarchy, 1967–1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9NszWp5fdYC|year=1993|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-296-3|pages=38–39|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043456/https://books.google.com/books?id=s9NszWp5fdYC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the late 1970s, Election Commission of India sought a solution for the issues which resulted in the development of [[electronic voting machines]] (EVM).&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://ijcjs.com/menu-script/index.php/ijcjs/article/view/353/284|title=Situational Prevention and Elections in India|last=Verma|first=Arvind|year=2009|journal=International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences|volume=4|issue=2|pages=83–97}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Design and introduction ===<br /> The idea of using an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was proposed in 1977 and [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited|Electronics Corporation of India]] (ECIL) was tasked with the development of the same. A working model was evolved in 1979 and was showcased to various political parties in August 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/voter/history-of-evm/|title=History of EVM|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404055121/https://old.eci.gov.in/voter/history-of-evm/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bharat Electronics Limited|Bharat Electronics]] (BEL) and ECIL were tasked with manufacturing EVMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/evms-vvpats-designed-manufactured-indigenously-by-2-psus-government-123031701024_1.html|title=EVMs, VVPATS designed, manufactured indigenously by 2 PSUs: Government|date=17 March 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Business Standard|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507011647/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/evms-vvpats-designed-manufactured-indigenously-by-2-psus-government-123031701024_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The EVMs were first trialed in May 1982 in the by-election to [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]] assembly constituency in [[Kerala]] in a limited number of polling stations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Alok|last=Shukla|title=EVM Electronic Voting Machines|year=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs91DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT70|publisher=Leadstart|isbn=978-9-35201-122-3|pages=70–73|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043520/https://books.google.com/books?id=gs91DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT70#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece|title=A brief history of EVMs in India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a ruling on a case filed against the usage of EVMs in the by-election, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that the [[Representation of People Act, 1951]] and the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 specified the usage of paper ballots and forbade the use of any new methods including electronic voting. The court stated the manner in which the orders were issued for the use of EVMs was unconstitutional and the usage of any alternate means would require to be specified under the law. By the time of the verdict, EVMs had been used in several other elections and the court did not rule on the results of those elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Wider adoption ===<br /> Post the court ruling, as there was no provision explicitly permitting the usage of EVMs, it was not deployed immediately.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla&quot;/&gt; An amendment to the Representation of the People Act, 1951 which allowed the usage of EVMs, was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] in December 1988 and came into force in March 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LEVM&quot;&gt;{{cite report|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/uploads/monthly_2022_11/10386732_LegalHistoryofEVMsandVVPATs_pdf.a942a6ed2e36892f92adecb5e88f6d3d|title=Legal history of EVMs|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|date=November 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 1992, changes were made to the Conduction of Election Rules, 1961 by the [[Government of India]] to permit the usage of electronic voting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla&quot;/&gt; The deployment was delayed as general consensus could not be reached with the political parties and other stakeholders on the usage of EVMs.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVM&quot;/&gt; In 1998, the machines were used on an experimental basis across 25 state assembly constituencies during the [[1998 elections in India|assembly elections]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]]. In May 2001, EVMs were used in all constituencies for the [[2001 elections in India|state assembly elections]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], Kerala, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[West Bengal]]. In 2004, in the [[2004 Indian general election|General Election]], the EVMs were used in all 543 Parliamentary Constituencies for the first time. Since the time, all state assembly and parliamentary elections are held using the EVMs.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LEVM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/ballot-boxes-to-evms-incredible-journey-of-election-commission-indelibly-inked-in-history/articleshow/108095109.cms?from=mdr|title=Ballot boxes to EVMs: Incredible journey of Election Commission indelibly inked in history|date=29 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Further improvements ===<br /> As it was possible to know how many people from a polling station exactly voted for a candidate, there was a probability that a winning candidate might show favoritism or hold a grudge on specific areas depending on the votes received. In order to mitigate the issue, a [[totaliser]] was developed in 2008, which was connected to several EVM units and displayed only the overall results instead of votes from individual machines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-2008/story/new-counting-method-for-assembly-polls-34541-2008-12-04|title=New counting method for Assembly polls|date=4 December 2008|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065130/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/New+counting+method+for+Assembly+polls/1/21718.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/elections2009/volume1/Chap-39.pdf|title=Know Your Electronic Voting Machine|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=1 September 2010|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605194131/http://pib.nic.in/elections2009/volume1/Chap-39.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After a consultation with the political parties in 2010, the Election Commission appointed an expert technical committee to study the feasibility of a [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) in EVMs as a measure of transparency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/evm-vvpat-case-supreme-court-lok-sabha-elections-13763213.html|title=EVM-VVPAT case: Why were VVPATs introduced? What is the controversy?|date=24 April 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|newspaper=[[First Post]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603163708/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/evm-vvpat-case-supreme-court-lok-sabha-elections-13763213.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The committee was tasked with examining the possibility of displaying a printed paper to a voter which consisted of the symbol of the party to which the vote was cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/27901-delhi-hc-to-decide-on-evms.html|title=Delhi HC to decide on EVMs|date=15 December 2011|newspaper=The Pioneer|access-date=10 January 2012|first=Rakesh|last=Ranjan|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107192211/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/27901-delhi-hc-to-decide-on-evms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the recommendation of the committee, a VVPAT system was developed and was put on field trials in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-vvpat-was-brought-in-why-oppn-wants-all-slips-verified-9258995/|title=Why VVPAT was brought in, why Opposition wants all slips verified|date=9 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501114558/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-vvpat-was-brought-in-why-oppn-wants-all-slips-verified-9258995/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Election Commission to introduce EVM and VVPAT system for more transparent electronic voting|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/news/29683624_1_polling-stations-voter-electronic-voting-machine|access-date=28 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=21 June 2011|archive-date=18 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018140639/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/news/29683624_1_polling-stations-voter-electronic-voting-machine|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2011, trials were conducted at 175 polling booths in [[Ladakh]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Cherrapunjee]], [[East Delhi]] and [[Jaisalmer]] to test the performance of the VVPAT system under various weather conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New voting machines found perfect: Election Commission|url=http://www.kolkatanews.net/story/817207|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413205244/http://www.kolkatanews.net/story/817207|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2013|access-date=28 July 2012|newspaper=Kolkata News|date=28 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New Voting Machines Found Perfect: EC|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=109901|access-date=28 July 2012|website=[[Daijiworld Media]]|date=28 July 2011|archive-date=6 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106133222/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=109901|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> VVPAT was further introduced on a trial basis in a by-poll at [[Noksen (Assembly Constituency)|Noksen]] in [[Nagaland]] in September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nagaland-first-to-use-vvpat-device-for-voting-113090401142_1.html|title=Nagaland first to use VVPAT device for voting|date=4 September 2014|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=9 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765831_1_npf-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-vvpat|title=VVPAT used or the first time in Noksen bypolls|last=Singh|first=Bikash|date=4 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412002416/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765831_1_npf-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-vvpat|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later used in various [[State Assembly elections in India|legislative elections]] and in eight Lok Sabha constituencies in [[2014 Indian general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/473723-india-devises-flawless-ballot-mechanism|title=India devises flawless ballot mechanism|date=19 December 2013|work=[[The News International]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053023/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/473723-india-devises-flawless-ballot-mechanism|url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/ls-polls-voters-to-get-automated-receipts-at-gandhinagar-114042901134_1.html|title=LS polls: Voters to get 'automated-receipts' at Gandhinagar|date=29 April 2014|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=10 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days/article5868161.ece|title=VVPAT machine to be on demonstration for 10 days|date=4 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530024131/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days/article5868161.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a directive of the Supreme Court on 8 October 2013, the Election Commission of India introduced VVPATs along with EVMs in a phased manner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=40874|title=Civil Appeal No.9093 of 2013|work=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=10 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502062650/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=40874|archive-date=2 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Supreme Court asks Election Commission to introduce paper trail in EVMs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms-213615-2013-10-07|work=[[India Today]]|date=8 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece|title=Elections 2014: SC directive to EC for paper trail in EVMs|date=8 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530081148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, the Supreme Court further directed that a small percentage (2%) of the VVPATs to be verified to ensure the reliability before the final results were certified.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|title=EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting|date=10 March 2019|newspaper=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174127/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms|title=EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls|date=23 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616143716/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Design and technology ==<br /> [[File:Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg|thumb|Ballot unit (left) and Control unit (right)]]<br /> <br /> The EVM was designed by a team led by A.G. Rao and [[Ravi Poovaiah]], professors at [[IIT Bombay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2024/03/30/meet-the-team-members-who-conceptualised-the-electronic-voting-machine.html|title=Meet the team members who conceptualised the EVM|date=7 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|magazine=[[The Week (magazine)|The Week]]|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422120144/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2024/03/30/meet-the-team-members-who-conceptualised-the-electronic-voting-machine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An EVM consists of two units, a control unit, and the ballot unit which are connected by a cable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bel-india.in/product/electronic-voting-machine/|title=Electronic Voting Machine|work=[[Bharat Electronics Limited]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084148/https://bel-india.in/product/electronic-voting-machine/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Unit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://164.100.137.42/web/assets/uploads/2017/01/EVM%20Singal%20post%20in%20English%20-%202018.pdf|title=User manual|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|date=February 2007|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723092554/http://164.100.137.42/web/assets/uploads/2017/01/EVM%20Singal%20post%20in%20English%20-%202018.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ballot unit facilitates the actual voting by a voter and consists of a ballot paper screen with the names of candidates and their symbols alongside labeled buttons, indicator lights and [[Braille|Braille signage]]. The control unit is responsible for the operational control of the ballot units, stores the vote counts and displays the results on [[LED displays]]. The control unit is pre-programmed at the time of manufacturing and cannot be altered later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unit&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The machines are powered by a 7.5 [[volt]] battery inserted into the control unit.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Unit&quot;/&gt; The designers intentionally opted for battery power, to prevent the possibility of power cables interfering with the functioning and the EVMs can function without a secondary power source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/technology/evm-work-without-electricity-model-m3-battery-pack-vvpat-how-does-it-operate-abpp-1679427|title=Can EVMs Work Without Electricity? Let's Find Out|date=12 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=ABP News|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043959/https://news.abplive.com/technology/evm-work-without-electricity-model-m3-battery-pack-vvpat-how-does-it-operate-abpp-1679427|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two units work in tandem and cannot work independently. The EVMs do not have any communication components or [[internet]] interface. The ballot unit has an internal clock and a pre-programmed protocol by which it records every input-output event with a timestamp provided it is powered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unit&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> A single ballot unit can list a maximum of 16 candidates and as a part of the initial design, up to four ballot units could be connected in parallel to a single control unit to cater to a maximum of 64 candidates. After an upgrade in 2013, 24 ballot units can now be connected to a single unit so that it can cater to a maximum of 384 candidates.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-faqs-what-is-an-evm-and-how-does-it-work-2944231#5|title=Lok Sabha elections 2024 FAQs: What is an EVM and how does it work?|date=20 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806044001/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-faqs-what-is-an-evm-and-how-does-it-work-2944231#5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-check-faqs-related-to-evms-1478528-2019-03-15|title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: Check FAQs related to EVMS|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413214705/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-check-faqs-related-to-evms-1478528-2019-03-15|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A single machine can record a maximum of 2000 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Line&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-machines/article68070856.ece|title=All you need to know about electronic voting machines|date=16 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu]] [[Business Line]]|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806044001/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-machines/article68070856.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The devices were designed to prevent fraud by limiting the number of new votes can be entered into the machine in a given time frame. In a minute, the EVMs can register a maximum of five votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verma&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings&quot;/&gt; The later version of the EVMs are all equipped with VVPAT capability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/all-questions-about-evms-are-answered-here-1399009.html|title=All Questions About EVMs Are Answered Here|date=11 May 2017|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528145904/https://www.news18.com/news/india/all-questions-about-evms-are-answered-here-1399009.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; VVPAT system which was an upgrade of the EVMs had modified software that allowed a printer to be attached to the machine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/new-evms-to-have-paper-trail-bel-187950.html|title=New EVMs to have paper trail: BEL|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=19 January 2012|access-date=20 January 2012|archive-date=23 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123043020/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/new-evms-to-have-paper-trail-bel-187950.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2018, a built-in-hood was added to protect the printer and other devices from excess light and heat in VVPAT systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=All VVPATs in 2019 to come with hood to keep light at bay|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-vvpats-in-2019-to-come-with-hood-to-keep-light-at-bay/articleshow/64547730.cms|first=Anubhuti|last=Vishnoi|date=11 June 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192500/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-vvpats-in-2019-to-come-with-hood-to-keep-light-at-bay/articleshow/64547730.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Usage ==<br /> [[File:Electionic Voting Machine India ballot Unit.svg|thumb|Sketch of the Ballot unit of the EVM used to cast votes]]<br /> <br /> The EVMs are inventoried and stored at secure locations when not in use. They are tracked by the Election Commission of India on a real-time basis and distributed randomly to the polling booths.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOP&quot;&gt;{{cite report|url=https://ceodaman.nic.in/Document-2023/EVM%20Manual%20August%202023%20final.pdf|title=EVM operating manual|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229052204/https://ceodaman.nic.in/Document-2023/EVM%20Manual%20August%202023%20final.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/evm-management-system|title=EVM Management System|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the Election Commission decided to replace all first generation machines and most of the machines in use in 2024 belong to the third generation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/evm-tamper-election-commission-aap-congress-969140-2017-04-03|title=Amid tampering row, Election Commission to replace 9 lakh EVMs before 2019|date=3 April 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-experts-from-iit-who-helped-design-indias-most-tamper-proof-evms-5728218|title=Top Experts From IIT Who Helped Design India's Most Tamper-Proof EVMs|date=23 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601071223/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-experts-from-iit-who-helped-design-indias-most-tamper-proof-evms-5728218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to the elections, the machines are randomly allocated to polling booths and sample checks are carried out to ensure working condition. Ballot papers are inserted into the displays in the ballot unit and test votes for each nominee is entered into the machine in the presence of polling agents and counted to match with the entered sample votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voting&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-look-inside-the-electronic-voting-machine/article23036380.ece|title=A look inside the electronic voting machine|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726061540/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-look-inside-the-electronic-voting-machine/article23036380.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SOP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Before the voting, the control units are sealed. The control unit is operated by the polling booth officer, while the ballot unit is operated by the voter in privacy. The officer confirms the voter's identification before electronically activating the ballot unit to accept a new vote. Once the voter enters the vote, the ballot unit displays the vote to the voter and records it in its memory. Post the voting, the polling officer presses the close button and the control unit registers the polled votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unit&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SOP&quot;/&gt; The units are identified by unique identifier numbers and the a particular control unit is designed to work with a specific ballot unit.&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduCC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece|title=Making Electronic Voting Machines Tamper-proof: Some Administrative and Technical Suggestions|date=30 August 2018|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu|The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy]]|archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023161300/https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/sc-order-on-evm-vvpat-verification-case-likely-today-all-you-need-to-know-124042400119_1.html|title=After EC's reply to SC queries, verdict on EVM-VVPAT case likely today|date=26 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427023217/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/sc-order-on-evm-vvpat-verification-case-likely-today-all-you-need-to-know-124042400119_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Once the polling process is completed, the votes are recorded in the device's memory on the same order of polling and the device's ability to accept additional votes is disabled.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolchok&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wolchok |first1=Scott |last2=Wustrow |first2=Eric |last3=Halderman |first3=J. Alex |last4=Prasad |first4=Hari K. |last5=Kankipati |first5=Arun |last6=Sakhamuri |first6=Sai Krishna |last7=Yagati |first7=Vasavya |last8=Gonggrijp |first8=Rop |chapter=Security analysis of India's electronic voting machines |date=4 October 2010 |title=Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1866307.1866309 |publisher=ACM |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1145/1866307.1866309 |isbn=978-1-45030-245-6 |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718180542/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1866307.1866309 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The control unit can store the vote in its memory for more than ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voting&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Result&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/what-is-an-electronic-voting-machine-all-faqs-about-evm-2524001-2024-04-06|title=What is an electronic voting machine? All FAQs about EVM|date=23 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520192524/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/what-is-an-electronic-voting-machine-all-faqs-about-evm-2524001-2024-04-06|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the VVPAT system, when a vote is cast, it is recorded in its memory and simultaneously a serial number and vote data is printed out for the voter to verify the same.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/Apr/14/how-sc-pushed-the-vvpat-transparency-envelope-so-far|title=How SC pushed the VVPAT transparency envelope so far|date=14 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512230744/https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/Apr/14/how-sc-pushed-the-vvpat-transparency-envelope-so-far|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Election Commission maintains a database of thumb impressions and signatures of the voters along with identification, which is matched in order to identify the eligibility of a voter and ensure that a voter cannot cast a ballot more than once.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SOP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After a poll closes on an election day, the Presiding officer will hand over an account of votes recorded in each machine to the polling agents of the political parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOP&quot;/&gt; The units are separated and the control units moved and stored separately in locked and guarded premises.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/election-results-2019-what-time-will-counting-start-how-are-evm-votes-counted-will-final-results-be-delayed-201613-2019-05-22|title=Election results 2019: What time will counting start, how are EVM votes counted?|date=23 May 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362|title=Zero Complaints Came Up After Lok Sabha Polls, Claims Expert Behind EVMs|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528144457/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of counting of votes, the results are displayed on the control unit on pressing the &quot;Result&quot; button.&lt;ref name=&quot;Result&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-evm-votes-are-counted-why-ec-changed-rule-on-postal-ballots-in-2019-whats-oppositions-concern-8918695.html|title=How EVM Votes Are Counted, Why EC Changed Rule On Postal Ballots In 2019, What's Opposition's Concern?|date=3 June 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[News18]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603053813/https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-evm-votes-are-counted-why-ec-changed-rule-on-postal-ballots-in-2019-whats-oppositions-concern-8918695.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The button cannot be pressed before the polling is closed by the polling officer-in-charge. It is usually hidden and is exposed only at the counting center in the presence of the designated officer. The total displayed will also be tallied with the count given on the polling day.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unit&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SOP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cost and efficiency ==<br /> The manufacturing cost per EVM was {{INRConvert|5500|year=1989}} for the first batch of machines that were purchased in 1989–90. The cost of the production of later models was estimated to be {{INRConvert|8670|year=2006}} in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/documents/FAQ%20on%20EVM.pdf|title=FAQs on EVMs|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204221419/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/documents/FAQ%20on%20EVM.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cost was estimated to be {{INRConvert|10500|year=2014}} per unit based on an additional order placed in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/electronics-corp-bharat-electronics-get-evm-contracts/|title=Electronics Corp, Bharat Electronics get EVM contracts|date=7 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055216/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/electronics-corp-bharat-electronics-get-evm-contracts/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though the design, production and procurement was capital intensive, it has helped reduce the cost incurred on the printing of ballot papers, their transportation and storage and the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/assembly-elections-2021-what-are-evms-how-are-they-used-all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-6426191.html|title=All you need to know about electronic voting|date=29 March 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[First Post]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603163834/https://www.firstpost.com/india/assembly-elections-2021-what-are-evms-how-are-they-used-all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-6426191.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; EVMs are easier to transport compared to ballot boxes as they are lighter, more portable, and come with [[polypropylene]] carrying cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unit&quot;/&gt; As there are reduced probability of malfeasance and rejection of votes, it eliminates the requirement of re-polling due to these issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings&quot;/&gt; An independent study had also indicated that the voting by the economically weaker section have increased due to the ease of usage with EVMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-electronic-voting-machines-have-improved-indias-democracy/|title=How electronic voting machines have improved India's democracy|date=6 December 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520071612/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-electronic-voting-machines-have-improved-indias-democracy/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shelf life of an EVM is estimated to be 15 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Line&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/shelf-life-of-50-evms-ending-have-to-buy-14-lakh-for-2019-ec/|title=Shelf-life of 50% EVMs ending, have to buy 14 lakh for 2019: EC|date=25 October 2015|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055155/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/shelf-life-of-50-evms-ending-have-to-buy-14-lakh-for-2019-ec/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reliability ==<br /> [[File:Evmcontrolunit.jpg|thumb|Control unit in an EVM said to be tamper-proof by the Election Commission of India]]<br /> <br /> The use of EVMs and questions of their reliability have been raised by academics and politicians. In February 2010, an international conference held under the chairmanship of [[Subramanian Swamy]] blamed the Election Commission for shirking from its responsibility on proving the transparency of EVMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article106271.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203213930/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article106271.ece|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2010, an independent security analysis undertaken by [[Hari K. Prasad]], [[Rop Gonggrijp]], and [[Alex Halderman]], found that the machines could be manipulated by people who have physical access to the machines. While manufacturing, people with access could insert malicious hardware and people with physical access between voting and counting could change vote totals or learn about the results earlier. It suggested moving to a voting system that provides greater transparency such as paper ballots, [[Optical scan voting system|precinct count optical scan]], or a [[voter-verified paper audit trail|voter verified paper audit trail]] for skeptical voters to observe the physical counting process to gain confidence that the outcome is fair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolchok&quot;/&gt; In August 2010, one of the authors of the research was charged with suspected EVM theft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/electronic-voting-machine-stolen-this-man-blamed-428563|title=Electronic voting machine stolen, this man blamed|date=23 August 2010|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804144918/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/electronic-voting-machine-stolen-this-man-blamed-428563|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A research from ''[[The Hindu]]'' shared similar concerns that the EVMs could be manipulated during manufacturing, storage during the non-election periods and service of the machines by authorised technicians. It further suggested the usage of paper trail for verification and the use of authentication units to check the devices for counterfeit or tampered units.&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduCC&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> In August 2017, EVMs from multiple countries were hacked by programmers at the EVM Hacking village at the 25th [[DEF CON]] conference held at [[Las Vegas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 August 2018 |title=Kids at hacking conference show how easily US elections could be sabotaged |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/22/us-elections-hacking-voting-machines-def-con |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806044003/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/22/us-elections-hacking-voting-machines-def-con |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 August 2017 |title=DEFCON Hackers Found Many Holes in Voting Machines and Poll Systems |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/defcon-hackers-find-holes-in-every-voting-machine |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[IEEE]] |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419122623/https://spectrum.ieee.org/defcon-hackers-find-holes-in-every-voting-machine |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian made EVMs however, were not included as part of the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sircar |first=Sushovan |date=24 January 2019 |title='EVM Hack Still Possible': Engineer Who Demonstrated It In 2010 |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/evm-hack-still-possible-hari-prasad-who-demonstrated-it-in-2010 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Quint |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804162525/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/evm-hack-still-possible-hari-prasad-who-demonstrated-it-in-2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shetty |first=K. Ashok Vardhan |date=30 August 2018 |title=Making Electronic Voting Machines Tamper-proof: Some Administrative and Technical Suggestions |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023161300/https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, the Election Commission organized an open hackathon encouraging people to attempt hacking of EVMs used by the commission in various Indian elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/parties-fail-take-evm-hackathon-2008271|title=Parties fail to take EVM hackathon challenge|date=3 June 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205070925/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/parties-fail-take-evm-hackathon-2008271|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the Commission announced that no attempts were made to demonstrate any vulnerabilities in the event, the registered participants claimed that the Commission made only a few select machines available and imposed additional conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-evm-challenge-today-aap-hackathon-too-10-points-1707370|title=The EVM (Vote Machine) 'Hackathons' That Weren't: 10 Points|last=Prabhu|first=Sunil|date=3 June 2017|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=9 September 2017|editor-last=Tikku|editor-first=Aloke|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052942/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-evm-challenge-today-aap-hackathon-too-10-points-1707370|url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2019, a self proclaimed cyber expert based in London claimed that the results can be manipulated by using low frequency signals. The Election Commission however dismissed the allegations since the machines did not use wireless frequencies to communicate with other devices and no proof was provided by the expert to demonstrate the hacking of the devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Vishnoi |first=Anubhuti |date=23 January 2019 |title=EC, its technical expert committee member &amp; ECIL tear into Syed Shuja's claims |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ec-its-technical-expert-committee-member-ecil-tear-into-syed-shujas-claims/articleshow/67651055.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804155536/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ec-its-technical-expert-committee-member-ecil-tear-into-syed-shujas-claims/articleshow/67651055.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=EVM hacking claim: Election Commission of India writes to Delhi Police seeking filing of FIR against self-proclaimed cyber expert |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/evm-hacking-election-commission-writes-to-delhi-police-seeking-fir-against-self-proclaimed-cyber-expert/article61549977.ece |access-date=4 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804155538/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/evm-hacking-election-commission-writes-to-delhi-police-seeking-fir-against-self-proclaimed-cyber-expert/article61549977.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Election Commission and the manufacturers of the EVMs have consistently rejected the possibility of EVM tampering.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 January 2019 |title=Motivated slugfest: Election Commission slams man claiming EVMs can be hacked |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/election-commission-full-text-response-on-evm-hacking-claim-syed-shuja-london-event-1435965-2019-01-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122193744/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/election-commission-full-text-response-on-evm-hacking-claim-syed-shuja-london-event-1435965-2019-01-21 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=22 January 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have maintained that the machines are tamper-proof as the programming is done at a secure manufacturing facility. They have also contended that there is no connecting or transmission devices attached to the machines and the machines are securely stored with a real-time logging system in the machine detecting any access or attempts to change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ramani |first=Srinivasan |date=18 December 2017 |title=It takes a heck of a lot to hack an EVM |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/it-takes-a-heck-of-a-lot-to-hack-an-evm/article21832708.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606002645/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/it-takes-a-heck-of-a-lot-to-hack-an-evm/article21832708.ece |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=19 December 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 August 2009 |title=EVMs cannot be tampered: K J Rao |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/evms-cannot-be-tampered-k-j-rao/499148/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813202122/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/evms-cannot-be-tampered-k-j-rao/499148/ |archive-date=13 August 2009 |access-date=17 September 2012 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Zia |first=Hasan |date=28 March 2023 |title=Complete Guide on How to Vote in India |url=https://www.oneworldnews.com/kaam-ki-baat/complete-guide-on-how-to-vote-in-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100614/https://www.oneworldnews.com/kaam-ki-baat/complete-guide-on-how-to-vote-in-india/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |newspaper=One World News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concerns have also been raised on the software which could be tampered with during initial programming and could be programmed to register a particular button. The Commission responded that the buttons are interchangeable and the order of candidates is randomly selected.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=24 April 2024 |title=SC says EVM microcontrollers are 'agnostic', do not recognise parties or candidates, only buttons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-ec-five-queries-in-evm-vvpat-case-is-a-microcontroller-used-in-evms-is-one-time-programmable-or-not/article68100796.ece |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509182631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-ec-five-queries-in-evm-vvpat-case-is-a-microcontroller-used-in-evms-is-one-time-programmable-or-not/article68100796.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There have been multiple cases against the usage of EVMs before the state high courts and the Supreme Court of India. The courts have often dismissed these cases and ruled in the favor of the Election Commission and the Supreme Court has declared that the use of EVMs is constitutionally valid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LEVM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Nandan Nilekani|title=Imagining India: Ideas for the New Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTAOHFrwRNsC&amp;pg=PA115|year=2012|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-341799-6|pages=115–117|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521152907/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTAOHFrwRNsC&amp;pg=PA115#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Public-interest litigation (India)|PIL]] was filed in the Supreme Court in 2011 for directing the Election Commission to modify the EVMs to give a slip printed with the symbol of the party in whose favor the voter cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2031211p.txt|title=SC order on EVM|website=Supreme Court of India|date=25 July 2011|access-date=15 February 2012|archive-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220032341/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2031211p.txt|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2611/at092|title=SC seeks EC reply on EVM modification|date=25 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Assam Tribune]]|access-date=15 February 2012|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219142425/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2611/at092|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/do-evms-need-modification-sc-asks-ec-to-decide-in-3-weeks/822122/0|title=Do EVMs need modification? SC asks EC to decide in 3 weeks|date=25 July 2011|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=15 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 January 2012, [[Delhi High Court]] in its ruling on Subramanian Swamy's [[Prerogative writ|writ petition]] challenging the use of EVMs in the present form asked the Election Commission to hold wider consultations with the executive, political parties and other stakeholders on the matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/35970-hc-puts-trust-in-evm.html|title=EVMs not tamper-proof: Delhi HC|date=18 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=19 January 2012|archive-date=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126185432/http://dailypioneer.com/nation/35970-hc-puts-trust-in-evm.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following further petitions in the Supreme Court and the subsequent ruling in 2013 led to the use of VVPATs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms-213615-2013-10-08|title=Supreme Court asks Election Commission to introduce paper trail in EVMs|date=8 October 2013|magazine=India Today|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110150943/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms-213615-2013-10-08|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Field trial of new EVMs with paper trail under way: ECI informs SC|url=http://www.lawetalnews.com/article/4442/Field-trial-of-new-EVMs-with-paper-trail-under-way--ECI-informs-SC.htm|date=27 September 2012|work=Law|access-date=27 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209105724/http://www.lawetalnews.com/article/4442/Field-trial-of-new-EVMs-with-paper-trail-under-way--ECI-informs-SC.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Supreme Court hearing in Special Leave to Appeal (Civil) No(s).13735/2012|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc%201373512p.txt|work=Supreme Court of India|access-date=27 September 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106191725/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc%201373512p.txt|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Export to other countries ==<br /> [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Namibia]] and [[Kenya]] have acquired India-manufactured EVMs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Export&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.global-innovation.net/publications/PDF/Working_Paper_67.pdf|title=India – A Lead Market for Frugal Innovations? Extending the Lead Market Theory to Emerging Economies|last1=Tiwari|first1=Rajnish|last2=Herstatt|first2=Cornelius|publisher=[[Hamburg University of Technology]]|page=18|date=January 2012|access-date=11 March 2013|archive-date=25 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154123/http://www.global-innovation.net/publications/PDF/Working_Paper_67.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the Election Commission of Namibia acquired 1700 control units and 3500 ballot units from Bharat Electronics Limited and these units were used in the regional and presidential elections in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.namibiansun.com/politics/ecn-unveils-tamper-free-voting-machines.54679|title=ECN unveils 'tamper-free' voting machines|date=5 July 2013|newspaper=[[Namibian Sun]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709132413/http://www.namibiansun.com/politics/ecn-unveils-tamper-free-voting-machines.54679|archive-date=9 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/evms-may-be-under-a-cloud-in-india-but-more-than-20-nations-use-them-1548701598543.html|title=EVMs may be under a cloud in India but more than 20 nations use them|date=29 January 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|archive-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223228/https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/evms-may-be-under-a-cloud-in-india-but-more-than-20-nations-use-them-1548701598543.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several other Asian and African countries have also expressed interested in using the Indian made EVMs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Export&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Electoral fraud]]<br /> * [[None of the above]]<br /> * [[Postal voting#India|Postal voting in India]]<br /> * [[Risk-limiting audit]]<br /> * [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]]<br /> * [[Voting machine]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian elections}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Voting Machines}}<br /> [[Category:Science and technology in India]]<br /> [[Category:Elections in India]]<br /> [[Category:Electronic voting by country]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Shakthi_Institute_of_Engineering_and_Technology&diff=468994 2026-02-11T05:36:54Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox college<br /> | name = Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous)<br /> | image = Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology logo.png<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = Powering the Youth, Empowering the Nation<br /> | type = <br /> | established = 2006<br /> | affiliation = [[Anna University]]<br /> | chairman = S. Thangavelu<br /> | address = Sri Shakthi Nagar, L &amp; T By - Pass, Chinniyampalayam<br /> | city = [[Coimbatore]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | website = {{url|https://siet.ac.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology''' ('''SIET''') is an autonomous engineering institute located in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Established in 2006,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology |url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/PDF/Coimbatore/Sri%20Shakthi%20Institute%20of%20Engineering%20and%20Technology.pdf |website=annauniv.edu |accessdate=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; it is affiliated to [[Anna University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Affiliated colleges in Coimbatore District |url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/District%20wise/district/Coimbatore.php |website=annauniv.edu |accessdate=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2019}}, four of its programmes are accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbaind.org/accreditedprograms.aspx|title=National Board of Accreditation|website=www.nbaind.org|access-date=2019-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Under Graduate Courses ==<br /> # B.Tech - Agricultural Engineering <br /> # B.E - Biomedical Engineering <br /> # B.Tech - Biotechnology <br /> # B.E - Civil Engineering <br /> # B.E - Computer Science and Engineering <br /> # B.E - Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security)<br /> # B.E - Electrical and Electronics Engineering <br /> # B.E - Electronics and Communication Engineering <br /> # B.Tech - Food Technology <br /> # B.Tech - Information Technology <br /> # B.E - Mechanical Engineering<br /> # B.Tech - Artificial Intelligence and Data Science<br /> # B.Tech - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning<br /> <br /> == Post Graduate Courses ==<br /> # M.E - Computer Science and Engineering <br /> # M.E - VLSI Design <br /> # M.E - CAD/CAM <br /> # M.E - Embedded System Technologies <br /> # M.E - Structural Engineering<br /> <br /> == Research Centers (Ph.D) ==<br /> * Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering<br /> * Department of Computer Science Engineering<br /> * Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering<br /> * Department of Mechanical Engineering<br /> * Department of Civil Engineering<br /> * Department of Physics<br /> * Department of Chemistry<br /> <br /> == Annual Events ==<br /> * [http://iccci.in/index.aspx International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI)]<br /> * [http://kalam.siet.ac.in/ Kalam - Inter-Collegiate Techno cultural fest]<br /> * [https://agrifest.siet.ac.in/ Velaan Thiruvizha]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://siet.ac.in/}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Engineering colleges in Coimbatore]]<br /> [[Category:2006 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begampura_Express&diff=472740 2026-02-10T14:19:36Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Begampura Express<br /> | logo = <br /> | image = Begampura express.jpg<br /> | image_width = 330px<br /> | caption = Begampura Express At [[Ludhiana Junction railway station]]<br /> | type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|02|07}}<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} (BSB)<br /> | stops = 16<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)<br /> | distance = {{convert|1260|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 22 hours 10 minutes<br /> | frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}<br /> | class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = On-board catering, &lt;br/&gt; E-catering<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | el = <br /> | trainnumber = 12237 / 12238<br /> | speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 12237 / 12238 '''Begampura Express''' is a superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is currently being operated with 12237/12238 train numbers on daily in week.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/amritsar-nagpur-train-starts-to-deal-with-rush/407263.html Amritsar-Nagpur train starts to deal with rush]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=5940&amp;did=1494503904771EE55A8D89CA3DFB3C2111AFD29C7957C.web91|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=5774&amp;did=1486641299335D186178C750398302A8A61EA8590B879.web91|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The express train route was inaugurated in the year 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Koonal |title=Dalit Journeys for Dignity: Religion, Freedom, and Caste |date=Apr 1, 2025 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9798855802634 |editor-last=Rawat |editor-first=Ramnarayan S. |chapter=Between Blasphemy and Martyrdom: The Formation of the Ravidassia Religion in Punjab |editor-last2=Satyanarayana |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Mohan |editor-first3=P. Sanal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Service==<br /> <br /> It averages 56&amp;nbsp;km/h as 12237 Begampura Express and covers 1260&amp;nbsp;km in 22 hrs 35 mins and 56&amp;nbsp;km/h as 12238 Begampura Express and covers 1260&amp;nbsp;km in 22 hrs 30 mins.<br /> <br /> 12237 – leaves Varanasi Junction at 12:40 Hrs and reaches Jammu Tawi on 2 day at 11:05 hrs<br /> <br /> 12238 – leaves Jammu Tawi at 14:00 hrs and reaches Varanasi Junction at 12:30 hrs on 2 Day<br /> <br /> The important halts of the train are :<br /> <br /> * {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jaunpur City }}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Lambhua }}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Sultanpur Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Maharaja Bijli Pasi}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Shahjahanpur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Moradabad Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jalandhar Cantonment Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Pathankot Cantonment}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kathua}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}<br /> <br /> ==Route and halts==<br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}'''<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jaunpur City}}<br /> * [[Lambhua]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Sultanpur}}<br /> * [[Maharaja Bijli Pasi railway station|Maharaja Bijli Pasi]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Shahjahanpur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Saharanpur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ludhiana}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jalandhar Cantonment}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Mukerian}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Pathankot Cantonment}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kathua}}<br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}'''<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> <br /> Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Tughlakabad|Tughlakabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> The train has standard [[LHB Coaches|LHB rakes]] with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:<br /> <br /> * 1 AC first-class<br /> * 2 AC II tier<br /> * 6 AC III tier<br /> * 6 Sleeper coaches<br /> * 5 General<br /> * 1 Slrd<br /> * 1 EoG<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Himgiri Superfast Express]]<br /> * [[Archana Express]]<br /> * [[Kolkata–Jammu Tawi Express]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/begampura-express-12237/7921/334/81 12237/Begampura Express]<br /> *[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/begampura-express-12238/7924/81/334 12238/Begampura Express]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Begampura Superfast Express}}<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Jammu]]<br /> [[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]<br /> [[Category:2010 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharamsinghwa&diff=496698 2026-02-08T07:59:52Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Creating new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town and Nagar Panchayat in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Dharamsinghwa<br /> | native_name = धर्मसिंहवा دھرم سنگھوا<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | image_flag =<br /> | image_seal =<br /> | motto =<br /> | nickname =<br /> | image_map =<br /> | pushpin_map = India#Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.08|N|83.06|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = Uttar Pradesh<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = Sant Kabir Nagar<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Tehsil<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Mehdawal<br /> | government_type = Nagar Panchayat<br /> | leader_title = Chairperson<br /> | leader_name = Wasiuddin Ansari<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = Hindi and Urdu<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br /> | demographics1_info2 = Awadhi<br /> | timezone = UTC+5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = Postal Index Number (PIN)<br /> | postal_code = 272154<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dharamsinghwa''', also spelt as Dharmsinghwa and Dharmsinghawa, is a town and a newly formed [[Nagar Panchayat]] in the [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]] district of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/santkabir-nagar/story-dharamsinghwa-got-the-status-of-nagar-panchayat-7097464.html|title=धर्मसिंहवा को मिला नगर पंचायत का दर्जा|website=Hindustan}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is situated about 40 kilometres north of the district headquarters, [[Khalilabad, India|Khalilabad]]. The town is known for its [[Kushan Empire|Kushan-era]] [[Stupa|Buddhist Stupa]].&lt;ref&gt;Indian Archaeology 1995-96 Review&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar-beautification-work-of-dharamsinghwa-buddhist-stupa-started-21772803.html|title=धर्मसिंहवा बौद्ध स्तूप के सुंदरीकरण का कार्य शुरू - Beautification work of Dharamsinghwa Buddhist Stupa started - Uttar Pradesh Sant Kabir Nagar General News|website=Jagran}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The town has 15 wards and 20 neighbourhoods. The Nagar Panchayat office is being made in one of the town’s neighbourhoods, Sewaichpar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/santkabir-nagar/story-mla-laid-the-foundation-stone-of-the-office-of-nagar-panchayat-dharamsinghwa-8661267.html|title=नगर पंचायत धर्मसिंहवा के कार्यालय का विधायक ने किया शिलान्यास|website=Hindustan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are no national or state highways that pass through the town, but nearby cities and towns such as Belauha Bazaar, [[Menhdawal]], [[Bansi]] and Dhani are connected through local roads. The nearest railway stations are in [[Siddharthnagar|Siddharth Nagar]] and Khalilabad.<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> <br /> The town is connected to nearby villages and towns via local roads.<br /> <br /> There are a few private buses that either depart from the town or pass through it and go to Menhdawal, Khalilabad, [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]], [[Pharenda|Anand Nagar]], [[Gorakhpur]], Sonauli and [[Lucknow]].<br /> <br /> Additionally, e-rickshaws are easily available for nearby villages and towns.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Sant Kabir Nagar district]]<br /> <br /> {{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sursatola&diff=538642 2026-02-06T13:37:48Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Added initial entry v1 - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sursatola<br /> | official_name = Sursatola, Madhya Pradesh<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.833208|N|81.284902|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Dindori district|Dindori]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | leader_title = Sarpanch<br /> | leader_name = Ms. Dharamwati Maravi<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 4,44 More Publication<br /> | population_as_of = 2020<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Chhattisgarhi]].<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 481882<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sursatola''' is a village in [[Dindori district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2023/9/25/Police-arrest-three-poachers-recover-skin-of-2-leopards.html|title=Police arrest three poachers, recover skin of 2 leopards|date=25 September 2023|website=[[The Hitavada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mpsdma.mp.gov.in/uploads/media/Dindori.pdf|title=District Disaster Management Plan Dindori |url-status=live|website=Madhya Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628220041/http://www.mpsdma.mp.gov.in/uploads/media/Dindori.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Dindori district]]<br /> <br /> {{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Punjab_(Pakistan)&diff=477656 2026-01-23T01:13:02Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: done!</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[List of populated places in Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from alternative name}}<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> {{R from other disambiguation}}<br /> }}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agana_(actress)&diff=484793 2026-01-16T11:31:11Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Agana<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Ahana Qureshi<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_cause = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | height = <br /> | other_names =<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | party = <br /> | awards = <br /> | years_active = 1993–1999<br /> | homepage = <br /> | parents = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Agana''' (born '''Ahana Qureshi''', also known as '''Ahana''') is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress who appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] films.<br /> <br /> ==Film career==<br /> Agana made her debut in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]'' which was released in 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;nst1&quot; /&gt; Her [[Malayalam]] movie debut was ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' in 1994.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]'' || Poongodi || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Debut film&lt;ref name=&quot;nst1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vijian |first1=K. |title=It's more than a love story |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNhOAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=zRMEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4368,464823 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=22 May 1993 |page=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1994 || ''[[Ravanan (1994 film)|Ravanan]]'' || Meena || &lt;ref name=&quot;nst2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vijiyan |first1=K. |title=Tale of farmer with own code of justice |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bNNQAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=mxMEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3363,2414868 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=26 March 1994 |page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' || Oyila ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sevatha Ponnu]]'' || Saroja ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' || Priya || [[Malayalam]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1997 || ''Yuddha'' || Akshitha || [[Kannada]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || ''[[Sooryavanam]]'' || || Malayalam ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Sivan (film)|Sivan]]'' || Ahana || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-bio-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bull,_India&diff=451333 2026-01-15T16:37:28Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: General cleanup and content improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bronze sculpture in GIFT City, Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Big Bull'', India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox artwork<br /> | title = ''Big Bull''<br /> | italic title = no<br /> | painting_alignment = <br /> | other_language_1 = <br /> | other_title_1 = <br /> | other_language_2 = <br /> | other_title_2 = <br /> | wikidata =<br /> | image = Statue of Bull in front of BSE Mumbai.jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | artist = Bhagwan Rampure<br /> | year = 2008<br /> | completion_date = <br /> | catalogue = <br /> | medium = Bronze<br /> | movement =<br /> | subject = <br /> | height_metric = <br /> | width_metric = <br /> | length_metric = <br /> | diameter_metric = <br /> | height_imperial = &lt;!-- (i.e. in imperial units) --&gt;<br /> | width_imperial = <br /> | length_imperial = <br /> | diameter_imperial = <br /> | dimensions = {{convert|5|ft|m}} tall &amp; {{convert|8|ft|m}} long<br /> | dimensions_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;causedcrash&quot;/&gt;<br /> | metric_unit = cm &lt;!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included --&gt;<br /> | imperial_unit = in &lt;!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included --&gt;<br /> | weight = {{convert|1000|kg|lb}}<br /> | designation = <br /> | condition = <br /> | museum = <br /> | city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India &lt;br&gt; [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT City]], [[Gujarat]], India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | owner = <br /> | accession = <br /> | preceded_by = &lt;!-- preceding work by the same artist --&gt;<br /> | followed_by = &lt;!-- next work by the same artist --&gt;<br /> | module = <br /> | website = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | map_size = <br /> }}<br /> The '''''Big Bull''''' is a bronze sculpture of a charging bull designed by [[Solapur]]-based sculptor Bhagwan Rampure and was originally located inside the premises of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) on [[Dalal Street]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. The sculpture was installed outside the building of Bombay Stock Exchange on 11 January 2008. The bull is inspired by [[Arturo Di Modica]]'s ''[[Charging Bull]]'' sculpture that was installed on [[Wall Street]] outside the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]] in 1989. The ''Big Bull'' is {{convert|5|ft|m}} tall, {{convert|8|ft|m}} long and weighs {{convert|1000|kg|lb}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;causedcrash&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=BSE bronze bull caused crash? |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/29bull.htm |accessdate=16 July 2019 |work=www.rediff.com |date=29 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;livid&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-was-livid-when-brokers-wanted-sculpture-removed-bhagwan-rampure-1443887 | title=I was livid when brokers wanted sculpture removed: Bhagwan Rampure | work=Daily News and Analysis | date=27 September 2010 | accessdate=17 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panavti&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/panvati-what-bull/articleshow/15781055.cms | title=Panvati? What bull! | work=Mumbai Mirror | date=29 January 2008 | accessdate=17 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bullrun&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/bull-run/articleshow/15794393.cms | title=Bull Run | work=Mumbai Mirror | date=16 March 2008 | accessdate=17 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was relocated to the [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City]] (GIFT City) near [[Ahmedabad]] in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;giftshift&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bse-shifts-the-bull-of-dalal-street-to-gift-city/articleshow/59119169.cms?from=mdr | title=BSE shifts the bull of Dalal Street to GIFT City | work=Economic Times | date=13 June 2017 | accessdate=17 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On April 27, 2023 a replica of Big bull is installed on the outskirts of Dalal Street with RK Laxmans Common man Statue.<br /> <br /> == Design ==<br /> Rampure was approached by officials of the BSE in 2007 to design the sculpture. He was given photographs of the original sculpture in New York City and studied live bulls to understand their anatomy. A clay model was first designed for the BSE's approval following which the bronze version was made. It was made in four parts owing to its size and took Rampure three months to design and build.&lt;ref name=&quot;panavti&quot; /&gt; While he was allowed to make a few changes to the design, the original pose of the bull was retained owing to the animal's identity in stock markets as a symbol of money. The BSE later commissioned him to create a thousand miniature replicas made of fibre to be given as souvenirs to visiting foreign dignitaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;bullrun&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> The sculpture came into news after the [[Stock market crashes in India#Crashes of 2008|stock market crash of January 2008]], when the [[Sensex]] lost 14% in two days and {{INRConvert|180000|c|year=2008|lk=on}} in a week, along its year-long descent from 20,000 to 8,000. The bull was subsequently considered as a ''panvati'' or bad omen.&lt;ref name=&quot;livid&quot; /&gt; Several brokers demanded the removal of the sculpture during the crash, with an astrologer suggesting that it be re-installed at a more auspicious time. A group of 200 to 300 brokers protested outside the exchange for a day asking for it to be removed.&lt;ref name=&quot;panavti&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bullrun&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, prior to its relocation to GIFT City, the BSE decided to allow visitors to photograph the bull. However, due to security issues, it was replaced by an acrylic replica on rollers outside the exchange. The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM) objected to this, claiming that it was inconveniencing people on the road and asked for it to be removed.&lt;ref name=&quot;giftshift&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sculptures of cattle]]<br /> [[Category:2008 sculptures]]<br /> [[Category:Bronze sculptures in India]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jubair_Muhammed&diff=506641 2026-01-08T00:05:46Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting stub...</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{short description|Indian music composer and playback singer (b. 1994)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}{{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Jubair Muhammed<br /> | image = Jubair_Muhammed_Music_Director.jpg<br /> | alt = Jubair Muhammed, Indian Music director and Singer.<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> | occupation = {{flatlist|<br /> * Music director<br /> * Singer<br /> * Record Producer<br /> * Songwriter<br /> }}<br /> | years_active = 2015–present<br /> | website =<br /> | genre = [[Film score]]<br /> | label =<br /> | associated_acts = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jubair Muhammed''' is an Indian music composer and playback singer who works in [[Malayalam cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Oru Adaar Love' fame Jubair's new song makes waves. |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/05/07/oru-adaar-love-fame-jubair-new-song-makes-waves.html |work=Manorama Online English |date=10 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jubair has worked on [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] language films, Music Videos and Short Films.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> {{BLP unsourced section|date=January 2019}}<br /> Jubair Muhammed was born to Abdul Shukkoor and Haseena Beevi in the town of [[Attingal]], located within the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district of [[Kerala]], India. He did his schooling at the Government Higher Secondary School, Navaikulam, [[Kallambalam]], and completed his [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Arabic literature]] from the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]. After the completion of his bachelor's degree, he started an interior design firm in his hometown.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Jubair entered the music industry by working on [[Short Film]]s and television advertisements in Malayalam. His first film as a music director was an unreleased film in Tamil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Jubair Muhammed |url=https://www.lyricsmall.com/jubair-muhammed-biography/ |work=Lyricsmall |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135818/https://www.lyricsmall.com/jubair-muhammed-biography/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His next work, which marked his entry to [[Malayalam cinema]], was for the Malayalam film ''[[Chunkzz]]'', directed by [[Omar Lulu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chunkzz's promo video song is here! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/chunkzzs-promo-video-song-is-here/articleshow/58701721.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His guest appearance in ''[[Oru Adaar Love]]'' as a musician increased his popularity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Priya Prakash Verrier is scared to step out the house' says 'Oru Adaar Love' co-star Jubair Muhammed |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priya-prakash-verrier-is-scared-to-step-out-the-house-says-oru-adaar-love-co-star-jubair-muhammed-2584222 |work=DNA India |date=16 January 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Very Difficult to Cope All Attention Priya Prakash Varrier's Family |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/very-difficult-cope-all-attention-priya-prakash-varriers-family-76376 |work=The News Minute |date=16 January 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> <br /> ===Acting Credits===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |[[Oru Adaar Love]]<br /> |Stage Performer<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Language<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Remarks<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> |[[Chunkzz]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sweet music to their ears |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/280517/sweet-music-to-their-ears.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |Music Director – Promo Song <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2019<br /> |''[[Netaji (2019 film)|Netaji]]''<br /> | Irula<br /> |Music Director&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gokulam Gopalan makes acting debut in Nethaji |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/01/gokulam-gopalan-makes-acting-debut-in-nethaji-1918969.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503105414/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/01/gokulam-gopalan-makes-acting-debut-in-nethaji-1918969.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Thamara<br /> |Thulu<br /> |Background Score<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jeem Boom Bhaa]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Malayalam<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Music Director<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Old Is Gold (2019 film)|Old Is Gold]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Grabbing one gold pie |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/100118/grabbing-one-gold-pie.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 January 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Remya strikes gold<br /> |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100518/remya-strikes-gold.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |Sound of Pain<br /> |English<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Music Director<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Peace (2021 film)|Peace]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Malayalam<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Ente Maavum Pookkum<br /> |Background Score<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[Vichithram]]<br /> |Music Director<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Albums===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Album<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Language<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Remarks<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |Uyire Neeye En Kadhal<br /> |Tamil<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Music Director<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |Eighties<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |Raave<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |Last Seen<br /> |Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, [[Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2021<br /> |Tu Hi Hai Meri Zindagi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=28 January 2021|title=Tu hi hai meri zindagi|work=News 18 Malayalam|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/here-is-the-first-look-for-omar-lulu-directed-music-album-tu-hi-hai-meri-zindagi-mm-342035.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |Jaana Mere Jaana &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Omar Lulu: Didn't expect such a great response for 'Jaana Mere Jaana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/omar-lulu-didnt-expect-such-a-great-response-for-jaana-mere-jaana/articleshow/82653207.cms |work=Timesofindia |date=15 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Malayalam<br /> |-<br /> |Manasinte Ullil Ninnoliyunna&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=പ്രണയപ്പാട്ടുമായി വീണ്ടും ഒമർ ലുലു; 'മനസ്സിന്റെ ഉള്ളിൽ' ഹിറ്റ്, വിഡിയോ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/07/26/manasinte-ullil-ninnoliyunna-musical-album.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |Neeyam Nizhalil &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Malayalam Gana New Video Songs Geet 2021: Latest Malayalam Song 'Varshith Radhakrishnan' Sung by Varshith Radhakrishnan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/malayalam-gana-new-video-songs-geet-2021-latest-malayalam-song-varshith-radhakrishnan-sung-by-varshith-radhakrishnan/videoshow/84724973.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Short films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Short Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Language<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Remarks<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |Orupad Thamasikum Orupad<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |Malayalam<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Music Director<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2018<br /> |Oh Thenju<br /> |-<br /> |Theeppetti Padam<br /> |-<br /> |Bridge<br /> |-<br /> |Countdown<br /> |-<br /> |Jeevanum Nidhiyum<br /> |-<br /> |Chaos Theory<br /> |-<br /> |Naahe<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020<br /> |The Send Of Day<br /> |Background Score<br /> |-<br /> |420 Fare's Fair<br /> |Malayalam<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Music Director<br /> |-<br /> |Vyakhyana<br /> |Kannada<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Honours and awards==<br /> Jubair Muhammed made an entry into the Guinness World Records for the movie Netaji as a Music Director.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news//news.php?id=86006&amp;u=gokulam-gopalans-film-netaji-wins-guinness-award |title=ഗിന്നസ് റെക്കാഡുമായി നേതാജി|language=Malayalam|trans-title=Netaji with a Guinness record|publisher=keralakoumadi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;[[Guinness World Records]]<br /> * ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' – Music Director for the movie [[Netaji (2019 film)|Netaji]]<br /> <br /> ===Others===<br /> *Official Theme song of [[Kerala University]] Festivals 2018<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb name|nm9195809}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammed, Jubair}}<br /> [[Category:1994 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian music directors]]<br /> [[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhay_Kumar_Dubey&diff=473174 2025-12-18T07:10:37Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: general corrected structure for consistency also and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian journalist and writer}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{notability|Bio|date=February 2017}}}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Abhay Kumar Dubey<br /> | image =<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | education = <br /> | occupation = scholar-journalist<br /> | organization = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | credits = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Abhay Kumar Dubey'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About: Abhay Kumar Dubey|url=http://www.csds.in/faculty_abhay_kumar_dubey.htm|publisher=csds.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian [[journalist]] and writer.<br /> <br /> Dubey is the author of &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Books by Abhay Kumar Dubey, Publisher: HINDI BOOK CENTER, Vani Prakashan, V&amp;S Publishers, Pustak Mahal|url=http://www.nbcindia.com/Search.aspx?q=abhay-kumar-dubey&amp;StoreId=1&amp;SearchType=Author|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Bharat Mein Rajniti-Kal Aur Aaj''&lt;nowiki/&gt;',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bharat Mein Rajniti : Kal Aur Aaj |url=http://www.csds.in/indian_language_programmes.html |publisher=csds.in, Written by: Abhay Kumar Dubey |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729161944/http://www.csds.in/indian_language_programmes.html |archivedate=29 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'World-famous Great Treasures''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Books by Abhay Kumar Dubey|url=http://www.pustakmahal.com/books/author/abhay-kumar-dubey/index.html|publisher=Pustak Mahal|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716022649/http://www.pustakmahal.com/books/author/abhay-kumar-dubey/index.html|archive-date=16 July 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Political pentagon of UP: BJP, SP, BSP, AAP, Congress|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-political-pentagon-of-up-bjp-sp-bsp-aap-congress-1947008|last=Dubey|first=Abhay Kumar|date=2014-01-08|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of Books ==<br /> *''Bharat Mein Rajniti-Kal Aur Aaj''<br /> *''World Famous Great Treasures''<br /> *''Rajneeti Ki Kitab''<br /> *''Rastvad Ka Ayodhya Kand''<br /> *''Bharat Ka Bhoomandalikaran''<br /> *''Unsolved Mysteries''<br /> *''Rahasya''<br /> *''Adventures''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Abhay Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhura_Datar&diff=514483 2025-12-17T17:32:43Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: creating new page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian singer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Madhura <br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Madhura Datar<br /> | birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | occupation = Singer<br /> | years_active = 2000–present<br /> }}<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2018}}<br /> '''Madhura Datar''' is an Indian singer in [[Bollywood]] in the [[Marathi language]]. She is known for singing the songs of [[Asha Bhosle]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Datar is from a musical family from the city of [[Pune]] in India. She attended Renuka Swaroop Memorial Girls High School there and [[Sir Parashurambhau College]], affiliated to Pune University, from where she obtained a bachelor's degree. She was a student of Shaila Datar and [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]] for her musical training. She has sung in many Marathi movies.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Datar has performed in TV programs like ''Saregama''. She is also a part of the musical program by Hridaynath Mangeshkar named ''Bhavsargam''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171109134827/http://hdwon.asia/video/madhura-datar-performance-in-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-aao-huzur-aao-tumko/G90pE82kbho.html ''Saregamapa'']&lt;/ref&gt; Her programs named ''Diwali Pahat'' are often performed don [[Diwali]] mornings.<br /> <br /> She also has an independent program called ''Swarmadhura''. She was appreciated by [[P L Deshpande]] for her singing.&lt;ref&gt;[https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/others/like-share-readers-own-page/thank-you/p-l-deshpande-madhura-datar-memory/articleshow/59096916.cms माझी आ‘पुल’की]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Song<br /> !Composer <br /> !Co-artist<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''Urus''<br /> |&quot;Lagnagharche Mandav&quot;<br /> |[[Anand Modak]]<br /> |Kalyani Shelke<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |''Parambi''<br /> |&quot;Life Is Beautiful&quot;<br /> |[[Ashok Patki]]<br /> |[[Swapnil Bandodkar]], [[Avadhoot Gupte]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012<br /> |''Baburao La Pakda''<br /> |&quot;Jamnar Nahi&quot;<br /> |Durga Nataraj<br /> |Anand Shinde<br /> |-<br /> |''Golaberij''<br /> |&quot;Ithech Taka Tambu&quot;<br /> |[[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]]<br /> |[[Vasantrao Deshpande]], Mithilesh Patankar<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Rama Madhav]]''<br /> |&quot;Swapnihi Navhate Disle&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Anand Modak]]<br /> |[[Hrishikesh Ranade]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Loot Liyo&quot;<br /> |Solo<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016<br /> |''[[Jalsa (2016 film)|Jalsa]]''<br /> |&quot;Paul Padla Chorich&quot;<br /> |V. Sanap<br /> |[[Adarsh Shinde]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[YZ (film)|YZ]]''<br /> |&quot;Niramay&quot;<br /> |[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj]]-Saurabh-Rishikesh <br /> |Solo<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Dhyanimani]]''<br /> |&quot;Ashi Kashi Vedi Maya&quot;<br /> |[[Ajit Parab]]<br /> |Solo<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022<br /> |''Sahela Re''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gomolo.com/about-madhura-datar/342927 Madhura Datar], ''Gomolo'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109135009/http://www.gomolo.com/about-madhura-datar/342927 |date=9 November 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&quot;Sai Bai Ga&quot;<br /> |[[Saleel Kulkarni]]<br /> |[[Aarya Ambekar]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=Priyanka Barve &amp; Madhura Datar Records With Ajay-Atul For Upcoming Marathi Film Chandramukhi |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/priyanka-barve-records-with-ajay-atul-for-upcoming-marathi-film-chandramukhi/5fdc3f3e90c45f1dda8eceb5 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922074038/https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/priyanka-barve-records-with-ajay-atul-for-upcoming-marathi-film-chandramukhi/5fdc3f3e90c45f1dda8eceb5 |archive-date=22 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |&quot;Sawaal Jawaab&quot;<br /> |[[Ajay-Atul]]<br /> |[[Priyanka Barve]], Vishwajeet Borvankar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Composer<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]''<br /> |Sameer Saptiskar<br /> |Debut<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Aggabai Sasubai]]''<br /> |[[Ashok Patki]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''<br /> |Rohit Nagbhide<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notable songs==<br /> * &quot;Ashi Kashi Vedi Maya&quot; - lyrics: Dhyanimani <br /> * &quot;Lut Liyo Mohe Sham Savre&quot; - Rama Madhav<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> *Nominated - [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Female]] For Song Lut Liyo From the Movie [[Rama Madhav]].<br /> * Shahu Modak award for newcomer<br /> * Ram Kadam smruti puraksar<br /> * Zee awards<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Datar, Madhura}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language singers]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Pune]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Vyas&diff=510022 2025-12-16T20:48:09Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting a stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|French Yoga instructor (born 1944)}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kiran Vyas<br /> | image = Kiran Vyas.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1944|03|31}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Yoga instructor<br /> | known_for = Yoga and Ayurveda teaching and promotion<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kiran Vyas''' (born 31 March 1944) is a French Yoga instructor and Ayurveda practitioner, known for his contributions to the field of [[Ayurveda]] in [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-01-26 |title=Padma awards for four people from France underscore strength of its ties with India: Officials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padma-awards-for-four-people-from-france-underscore-strength-of-its-ties-with-india-officials/article67779931.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early 80s, when the practice was still relatively unknown, he introduced Ayurveda to the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kiran Vyas : L’Ayurvéda soigne la personne plus que la maladie |url=https://www.alternativesante.fr/ayurveda/kiran-vyas-l-ayurveda-soigne-la-personne-plus-que-la-maladie |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.alternativesante.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Venkaiah Naidu, Vyjayantimala, K Chiranjeevi &amp; Foxconn's Liu among others to be conferred with Padma awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/venkaiah-naidu-vyjayantimala-k-chiranjeevi-foxconns-liu-among-others-to-be-conferred-with-padma-awards-2865379 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Life ==<br /> Vyas was born on March 31, 1944, in [[Gujarat]], India. He studied under notable people such as [[Sri Aurobindo]] and practiced [[Hatha yoga|Hatha Yoga]] with Shri Ambu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=Meet The 4 French Nationals Set To Be Conferred With Padma Shri Award 2024 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/who-are-charlotte-chopin-kiran-vyas-pierre-sylvain-filliozat-fred-negrit-french-citizens-set-to-receive-padma-shri-article-107174024 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He founded the Tapovan Open University of Yoga and Ayurveda in France,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vyas |first=Kiran |title=Kiran Vyas |url=https://www.baglis.tv/intervenants/2190-kiran-vyas.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=BAGLIS TV |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; where He advocates for a holistic approach to health that encompasses physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-01-26 |title=Strengthening India-France bond: 4 French nationals among recipients of prestigious Padma awards |url=https://theprint.in/world/strengthening-india-france-bond-4-french-nationals-among-recipients-of-prestigious-padma-awards/1940718/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-23 |title=Kiran Vyas: Swami Isa's 61st Jayanathi Celebrated |url=https://ivpt.org/isalayam_home/read_news/Swami-Isa-61-Jayanthi-Public-Fuction |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ivpt.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has previously worked with [[UNESCO]] and several non-governmental organizations ([[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=fondatrice) |first=Mathilde Corbin (la |date=2021-05-05 |title=Ayurveda, the medicine of tomorrow - Conference of the famous Kiran Vyas! |url=https://www.yogom.fr/en/ayurveda-the-medicine-of-tomorrow/#:~:text=Kiran%20Vyas,%20Indian%20Philosopher,%20Founder,of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi's%20closest%20collaborators. |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=YOGOM |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as a yoga instructor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sridhar |first=Aparna |date=2019-08-08 |title=When Yoga came to UNESCO |url=https://www.csp.indica.in/when-yoga-came-to-unesco/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Center for Soft Power |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-05-06 |title=France Culture by Kiran Vyas |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/for-interieur-10-11/kiran-vyas-7557100 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[Radio France]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> In 2024, Kiran Vyas was presented with the [[Padma Shri]] Award by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions to the field of Yoga, presented by the President of India, [[Droupadi Murmu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title=Four people from France awarded Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/four-people-from-france-awarded-with-padma-shri/articleshow/107170924.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024130.pdf | title=Shri Kiran Labhshanker Vyas | website=www.padmaawards.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in &amp;#34;Others&amp;#34; Category|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Kiran}}<br /> [[Category:1944 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Yoga scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Yoga teachers]]<br /> [[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parmotrema_perlatum&diff=448036 2025-10-24T06:00:44Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Structure improved and content revised</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of lichen}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Italic title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | image = Parmotrema perlatum 163808872.jpg<br /> | image_caption = in [[Noordwijk]], Netherlands<br /> | status = G4<br /> | status_system = TNC<br /> | status_ref = &amp;lt;ref name=NS&amp;gt;{{cite NatureServe |id=2.123193 |title=''Parmotrema perlatum'' |access-date=24 October 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | taxon = Parmotrema perlatum<br /> | authority = ([[William Hudson (botanist)|Huds.]]) [[M.Choisy]] (1952)<br /> | synonyms_ref = &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Species Fungorum synonymy&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list|bullets=on<br /> |''Lichen perlatus'' {{au|Huds. (1762)}}<br /> |''Lobaria perlata'' {{au|(Huds.) [[Hoffm.]] (1796)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' {{au|(Huds.) [[Ach.]] (1803)}}<br /> |''Platysma perlatum'' {{au|(Huds.) Frege (1812)}}<br /> |''Platisma perlatum'' {{au|(Huds.) Frege (1812)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria perlata'' {{au|(Huds.) [[Körb.]] (1846)}}<br /> |''Lobaria perlata'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|[[DC.]] (1805)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Jean Étienne Duby|Duby]] (1830)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria perlata'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Körb.]] (1846)}}<br /> |''Parmelia ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Nyl.]] (1878)}}<br /> |''Parmelia crinita'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Stizenb.]] (1882)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold|Arnold]] (1884)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' subsp. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Cromb.]] (1894)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' subvar. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Harm.]] (1897)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' f. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Alphonse Boistel|Boistel]] (1903)}}<br /> |''Parmelia urceolata'' f. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Antonio Jatta|Jatta]] (1909)}}<br /> |''Parmelia trichotera'' f. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[B.de Lesd.]] (1910)}}<br /> |''Parmotrema perlatum'' var. ''ciliatum'' {{au|(DC.) [[M.Choisy]] (1952)}}<br /> |''Parmelia coniocarpa'' {{au|[[Johann Friedrich Laurer|Laurer]] (1827)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' var. ''innocua'' {{au|[[Wallr.]] (1831)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria perlata'' var. ''innocua'' {{au|Körb. (1855)}}<br /> |''Parmelia trichotera'' {{au|[[Auguste-Marie Hue|Hue]] (1898)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' subsp. ''trichotera'' {{au|(Hue) Boistel (1903)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' var. ''trichotera'' {{au|(Hue) Maheu (1907)}}<br /> |''Parmotrema trichoterum'' {{au|(Hue) M.Choisy (1952)}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Parmotrema perlatum''''', commonly known as the '''powdered ruffle lichen''', is a common species of [[foliose lichen]] in the family [[Parmeliaceae]]. The species has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] and occurs throughout the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is a prominent and widely recognised species within its genus across primarily [[temperate]] zones, preferring humid, oceanic-suboceanic habitats. It is found in diverse geographic areas including Africa, North and South America, Asia, Australasia, Europe, and islands in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It usually [[corticolous lichen|grows on bark]], but occasionally occurs on [[siliceous rock]]s, often among [[moss]]es.<br /> <br /> The [[thallus]] of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is large, light-grey to pale-blue patch-shaped with rounded and ruffled {{lichengloss|lobes}} and often with black hair-{{lichengloss|cilia}} at the edges. Distinguishing features of the lichen include its conspicuous [[soralia]] (reproductive structures) near the lobe edges, curled leaf-like lobes, and a narrow, shiny, and sometimes wrinkly area on the underside near the margin. This species is known for producing certain [[secondary metabolite]]s, namely [[atranorin]] and a group of substances known as the [[stictic acid]] complex, which includes stictic and [[constictic acid]]s, among other related compounds. These [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and chemical characteristics help distinguish ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' from several other potential lookalikes.<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a complex [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] history, having undergone multiple reclassifications since its original [[species description|description]] in 1762. Significant efforts in the mid-20th century helped clarify its nomenclature, stabilising its current name. Although there were challenges to this name in the 1980s, it was confirmed as valid in 2004. More recently, [[molecular phylogenetics|DNA studies]] suggest that there may be hidden diversity within the species, indicating the need for further taxonomic evaluation.<br /> <br /> The lichen is used as a [[spice]] in Indian cuisine. For this purpose, it is commonly known as ''black stone flower'' or ''kalpasi'' (among other names). Although nearly tasteless on its own, it releases an earthy fragrance and taste when cooked in with oil or butter.<br /> <br /> ==Systematics==<br /> <br /> ===Historical taxonomy===<br /> The [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a rich history marked by periods of confusion and clarification that typify the dynamic nature of botanical classification. It was originally [[species description|described]] as ''Lichen perlatus'' by [[William Hudson (botanist)|William Hudson]] in his 1762 work ''Flora Anglica''. Hudson described it as a foliaceous (leafy) lichen with creeping, lobed, and smooth characteristics, having a pearly edge, a farinaceous ({{lichengloss|pruinose}}) texture, and a black underside, adorned with slightly scalloped, brown, stalked fruiting bodies.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hudson 1762&quot;/&amp;gt; The [[taxon]] was later transferred to the genus ''[[Parmelia (fungus)|Parmelia]]'' by [[Erik Acharius]] in 1803, becoming ''Parmelia perlata''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Acharius 1803&quot;/&amp;gt; The name was well-established in scientific literature, being cited extensively in works like [[Alexander Zahlbruckner]]'s popular 1929 catalogue.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1952, [[Maurice Choisy]] reclassified it under the current name, ''Parmotrema perlatum''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Choisy 1952&quot;/&amp;gt; The nomenclature of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' was revisited in the late 20th century, amid a broader effort to clarify the [[type (biology)|typification]] and application of early lichen names. [[Mason Hale]], in 1961, undertook a detailed restudy of the species,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hale 1962&quot;/&amp;gt; selecting a [[lectotype]] from the Dillenian collections—the [[herbarium]] and associated works of [[Johann Jacob Dillenius]] housed at the [[University of Oxford]]. This solidified the application of Hudson's name and was part of a larger trend in lichenology to fix historical names to specific [[herbarium]] specimens to stabilise nomenclature.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The name ''Parmelia perlata'' was widely accepted until Hale and Ahti (1986) encountered the designation ''Lichen chinensis'',&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hale &amp;amp; Ahti 1986&quot;/&amp;gt; introduced by [[Pehr Osbeck]] in 1757.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Osbeck 1757&quot;/&amp;gt; They proposed the name ''Parmotrema chinense'', based on the assumption that Osbeck's specimen corresponded to the well-known species ''Parmotrema perlatum''. However, this proposal was not universally adopted due to the lack of valid typification and the name's absence in the literature between 1757 and 1986.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ====Impact of the Tokyo Code (1993)====<br /> The Tokyo Code of 1993 extended the provisions for [[conserved name|conserving names]] to all species, not just those of major economic importance. This change in the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] allowed for the conservation of names that would promote nomenclatural stability. Despite this provision, no formal proposal was made to conserve the name ''Parmotrema chinense'', and thus it did not gain widespread acceptance.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[David Leslie Hawksworth|David Hawksworth's]] 2004 study brought significant clarity to the taxonomic confusion. He rediscovered Osbeck's original material in Linnaeus' herbarium and identified it as belonging to ''[[Parmotrema tinctorum]]'', not ''Parmotrema perlatum''. Hawksworth demonstrated that ''Lichen chinensis'' was not [[validly published name|validly published]] because it lacked a proper description and was linked with an expression of doubt by Osbeck. Hawksworth's work led to the reinstatement of the name ''Parmotrema perlatum'', confirming that Hudson's name was legitimate and should continue to be used. This resolution was based on the original typification by Hale and the invalid publication status of ''Lichen chinensis''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Recent studies suggest that the circumscription of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' may need to be revised. Research utilising [[DNA sequencing]] has uncovered [[cryptic species|cryptic]] diversity within the genus ''Parmotrema'', indicating that traditional phenotype-based identification methods may underestimate species diversity. Specifically, the genetic analysis of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' and related species revealed multiple distinct [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]] that were previously grouped under a single nominal taxon. These findings highlight the need for a comprehensive taxonomic re-evaluation of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' to accurately delineate species boundaries and account for hidden genetic diversity.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Del-Prado et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Phylogeny===<br /> In [[molecular phylogenetics]] analysis, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a [[sister group|sister]] relationship with ''[[Parmotrema crinitum]]''. These two species form a [[clade]] that itself is sister to a clade with ''[[Parmotrema austrosinense|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;austrosinense]]'' and ''[[Parmotrema tinctorum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;tinctorum]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Crespo et al. 2010&quot;/&amp;gt; In a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis by Stelate and colleagues (2022), ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' and ''P&amp;amp;nbsp;crinitum'' were found to form a well-supported [[monophyletic]] group using [[internal transcribed spacer]] sequences and several analytical methods. This study highlights the complexity of species boundaries within the genus and the need for further research incorporating additional molecular markers to confirm these findings.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Stelate et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Common names===<br /> [[Common name|Vernacular]] names used for this species include black stone flower, stone lichen, sea lichen, kalpasi, kalpas, kalpashi, and kalpash. The latter name and its variations, however, have been used as a crude drug in Indian medicines for more than one species, including ''Parmotrema perlatum'', ''Parmotrema tinctorum'', and ''[[Everniastrum cirrhatum]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt; In North America, vernacular names used for the species include &quot;powdered ruffle lichen&quot;,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Brodo et al. 2001&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; &quot;powdered scatter-rug&quot;,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Goward 1994&quot;/&amp;gt; and &quot;queen ruffle&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;gov.bc.ca&quot;/&amp;gt; The [[botanical name|species epithet]] ''perlatum'' refers to the [[pearl]]-like margins of the lobes, which are directly referenced in Hudson's original 1762 description of the species. He proposed the English name &quot;pearl lichen&quot;;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hudson 1762&quot;/&amp;gt; this name later morphed into &quot;pearly parmelia&quot; in some 19th-century British accounts of lichen flora.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley 1863&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Smith 1844&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 200<br /> | header = <br /> | image1 = Parmotrema perlatum 1273956.jpg<br /> | caption1 = Closeup of soredious lobe edges ...<br /> | image2 = Parmotrema perlatum cilia.jpg<br /> | caption2 = ... and marginal cilia.<br /> }}<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a [[thallus]] that ranges from loosely to tightly attached to the surface it grows on, forming expansive, spreading colonies that often merge together.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; Individual thalli typically measure up to {{cvt|10|–|15|cm|0}} in diameter. The upper thallus surface is greenish-grey, blue-grey,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; or yellowish-grey in colour,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Brodo et al. 2001&quot;/&amp;gt; lacking {{lichengloss|pruina}} and either free of spots ({{lichengloss|maculae}}),&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; or with few maculae.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Brodo et al. 2001&quot;/&amp;gt; This species develops soredia, a type of asexual reproductive structure, aiding in its propagation. The {{lichengloss|lobes}} of this lichen vary from 1.5 to 10&amp;amp;nbsp;mm in width, with a wave-like ({{lichengloss|undulate}}) or ruffled pattern and overlapping ({{lichengloss|imbricate}}) arrangement. The tips and edges of these lobes are generally smooth and round, sometimes notched ({{lichengloss|crenate}}) or incised, often curling up or inward, revealing the paler brown to black underside adorned with hair-like structures ({{lichengloss|cilia}}) up to 2.5&amp;amp;nbsp;mm in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; [[Rhizine]]s are common on the underside of the thallus, except for a brown border near the edges.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The [[soredia]] found in this species are {{lichengloss|granular}} and appear white or may become grey due to wear. They are located within specifically structured groups called soralia, which can be linear to oval in shape, often positioned at the edges of the lobes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; The presence of soredia causes the lobe margins to curl back and form {{lichengloss|capitate}} soralia.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; The upper surface of the lichen is typically whitish grey to pale greenish-grey, and can be either smooth or slightly wrinkled, without spots ({{lichengloss|immaculate}}), featuring scattered, shallow cracks.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; [[Isidia]] are absent in this species.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Apothecia]] (fruiting bodies) are rare in ''Parmotrema perlatum''. When present, they measure 4–8&amp;amp;nbsp;mm across and are somewhat stalked and funnel-shaped with a brown, concave {{lichengloss|disc}}. The edges of these structures curl inward, becoming thick with soredia as they mature. Its spores are [[ellipsoid]] in shape and typically measure between 20 and 28&amp;amp;nbsp;[[μm]] in length and 11 to 17&amp;amp;nbsp;μm in width, with a wall thickness of 2–3&amp;amp;nbsp;μm. [[Pycnidia]], which are structures that produce asexual spores called [[conidia]], appear sporadically on the surface ({{lichengloss|laminal}}) of the thallus, with the conidia being thread-like and straight, measuring 6–8 by 1&amp;amp;nbsp;μm.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Photobiont===<br /> <br /> The photobiont partner of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is from ''[[Trebouxia]]'', a [[green alga]]l genus belonging to the order [[Trebouxiales]] (order [[Chlorophyta]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Carniel 2015&quot;/&amp;gt; It has been identified as an undescribed species within a [[clade]] containing ''[[Trebouxia arboricola]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bertuzzi et al. 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A study compared the desiccation tolerance and physiological responses of lichenised ''Trebouxia'' to isolated cultures of the same alga. Both forms can survive extended [[desiccation]], but with differing responses to photo-oxidative stress. Lichenisation enhances the [[photoprotection|photoprotective]] mechanisms of ''Trebouxia'', improving [[Quenching (fluorescence)|quenching]] of excess light energy, particularly under high [[relative humidity]], and controlling [[reactive oxygen species]] production under light exposure. However, isolated cultures showed better photosynthetic performance after desiccation recovery. This research demonstrates the mutual benefits of the lichen-photobiont partnership, where the alga gains a sheltered environment boosting its resilience to environmental stressors.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Carniel 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Further studies on ''Parmotrema perlatum'' revealed specific [[antioxidant]] mechanisms supporting its photobiont under stress. The lichen shows high levels of [[reactive oxygen species]] scavenging enzymes such as [[superoxide dismutase]] and [[ascorbate peroxidase]], protecting the photobiont from [[oxidative damage]] during dehydration and rehydration cycles. This enhanced antioxidant system provides not only physical shelter but also biochemical protection, increasing the photobiont's resilience to environmental fluctuations.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bertuzzi et al. 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chemistry==<br /> Chemically, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' contains [[atranorin]] and [[chloroatranorin]], alongside a predominant stictic acid {{lichengloss|chemosyndrome}} that includes [[stictic acid|stictic]] as a major [[secondary metabolite]] and smaller amounts of [[constictic acid]] and other related substances. Testing the [[medulla (lichenology)|medulla]] (the inner layer beneath the upper cortex) with [[spot test (lichen)|spot tests]] results in K+ (yellow), KC–, and P+ (orange) reactions.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; The cortical layer, in contrast, is K+ (yellow), KC–, and P–.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The secondary metabolites of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' have been studied using [[gas chromatography–mass spectrometry]] (GC–MS) and [[liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry]] (LC–MS/MS). The lichen produces several notable compounds, including [[orcinol]], [[atraric acid]], [[benzoic acid]], 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-, methyl ester, and [[palmitic acid]], methyl ester. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of orcinol (63%) and atraric acid (21%) in the methanol extract, while benzoic acid was predominant in the chloroform extract. The [[hexane]] extract contained significant amounts of benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-, methyl ester (62%).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dwarakanath et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt; A more recent study using liquid chromatography-[[electrospray ionization]]-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry as an analysis technique tentatively identified a total of twenty-five lichen products, including 5 [[depside]]s, 12 [[depsidone]]s, 2 [[diphenyl ether]]s, 1 [[aromatic]] considered as possible artifact, 1 [[dibenzofuran]], 1 [[carbohydrate]], 1 [[organic acid]], and 2 undefined compounds.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Castañeta et al. 2024&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Similar species==<br /> <br /> The distinguishing features of ''Parmotrema perlatum'', such as the presence of soredia and stictic acid, facilitate its easy identification. In mature specimens, the appearance of scattered, fine cracks on the upper surface may resemble the cracked maculae seen in ''[[Parmotrema reticulatum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;reticulatum]]'', which shares similar habitats. However, the two species can be differentiated chemically, as ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;reticulatum'' contains [[salazinic acid]], unlike ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' and ''[[Parmotrema stuppeum]]'' are two morphologically similar species that can be found in similar habitats. Both species have a loosely attached thallus with revolute, wavy lobes and sparsely ciliate lobe tips. Their upper cortex is continuous and not finely reticulately cracked, while the lower surface is black and rhizinate. Both species also feature linear soralia. However, there are several key differences that can help distinguish between the two. While earlier descriptions suggested that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'' has a matte, olive-green to brownish-green upper surface and ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' has a slightly shiny, whitish-grey to greyish-green upper surface, recent observations have shown that both species have a distinctly matte upper surface with similar colouration.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The most reliable morphological difference in the field is the location of the soralia: ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'' has strictly terminal soralia, whereas ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' has submarginal soralia. Additionally, the two species can be distinguished by their chemical composition. ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'' contains salazinic acid, while ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' has a stictic acid complex. Although both acids cause a Pd+ orange to orange-red medulla reaction, a potassium (K) spot test can separate the species: the medulla of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' turns yellow (K+ yellow), whereas in ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'', the yellow colour turns red (K+ yellow turning red).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' can be distinguished from other sorediate and marginally ciliate species like ''[[Parmotrema arnoldii|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;arnoldii]]'' and ''[[Parmotrema robustum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;robustum]]'' by the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jabłońska et al. 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Also, the medulla of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;arnoldii'' fluoresces strongly when lit with an [[ultraviolet]] lamp.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McCune &amp;amp; Geiser 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is similar to ''[[Parmotrema crinitum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;crinitum]]'' due to both species having a brown to tan, erhizinate marginal zone and the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome in the medulla. However, ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;crinitum'' can be distinguished by its [[isidia]]te upper surface.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jayalal et al. 2013&quot;/&amp;gt; Another potential lookalike, ''[[Parmotrema margaritatum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;margaritatum]]'', is distinguished from ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' by the K+ (red) reaction of its medulla.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; ''[[Cetrelia cetrarioides]]'' has been documented as a lookalike, presumably because of the cilia on its thallus margin, and the presence of atranorin and the stictic acid chemosyndrome.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kukwa et al. 2011&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;center toccolours&quot;<br /> |+ '''Lookalikes'''<br /> |&amp;lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140&quot; style=&quot;line-height:130%&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> File:Parmotrema arnoldii 236323.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema arnoldii]]''<br /> File:Parmotream crinitum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema crinitum]]''<br /> File:Parmotrema stuppeum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema stuppeum]]''<br /> File:Parmotrema reticulatum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema reticulatum]]''<br /> File:Parmotrema robustum group 202849.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema robustum]]''<br /> &amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Habitat and distribution==<br /> [[File:Powdered Ruffle Lichen (982620239).jpg|thumb|right|''Parmotrema perlatum'' in Northwestern California growing on a hardwood limb]]<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' typically grows in areas with ample light, favouring neutral to slightly acidic-barked broad-leaved trees. It is commonly found on [[siliceous rock]]s and walls, as well as mossy coastal rocks, generally growing in places with moderate to strong sunlight.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cannon et al. 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; In the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]] in the United States, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is especially abundant on branches in humid, high-elevation habitats.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tripp &amp;amp; Lendemer 2020&quot;/&amp;gt; Similarly, in East Africa, it grows in the misty environments of [[inselberg]]s, [[montane]] forests, and ''[[Erica (plant)|Erica]]''-dominated habitats, typically found between {{cvt|1400|and|3100|m}} above sea level.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Swinscow &amp;amp; Krog 1988&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The species is globally distributed, found in both [[temperate]] and [[tropical regions]]. It has been reported across numerous European countries including Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Scandinavia, Slovakia, Spain, and Ukraine.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jabłońska et al. 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Although it is rare in Eastern Europe, it is widely distributed in both the Asian and European parts of Russia.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt; Beyond Europe, it is also present in Macaronesia, Africa, Australia, North America, and South America.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jabłońska et al. 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Its Asian distribution includes India, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jayalal et al. 2013&quot;/&amp;gt; Although it has historically been recorded in Nepal and Sri Lanka, these reports are considered tentative due to shifting species concepts and possible confusion with the lookalike ''[[Parmotrema pseudonilgherrense]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Awasthi 2007&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is globally widespread lichen found on all continents except Antarctica and predominantly in oceanic areas in Europe, primarily grows on bark and occasionally on siliceous rocks amongst mosses. While it is seeing an increase in the Netherlands due to global warming, it is [[critically endangered]] in the Czech Republic,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Liška et al. 2008&quot;/&amp;gt; Slovakia, and Poland&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cieśliński et al. 2003&quot;/&amp;gt; due to susceptibility to air pollution, and is listed as extinct in certain regional Red Data Books due to a lack of recent findings.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Vondrák &amp;amp; Liška 2010&quot;/&amp;gt; In contrast, it has been increasing in sightings in the Netherlands, a phenomenon attributed to both global warming decreases in the levels or air pollution in recent decades.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;van Herk et al. 2002&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Aptroot &amp;amp; van Herk 2007&quot;/&amp;gt; Its recent recurrence in Hungary, particularly on some unusual hosts (''[[Catalpa bignonioides]]'', ''[[Prunus serotina]]'', and ''[[Robinia pseudoacacia]]'') have been suggested as a possible consequence of &quot;a recolonisation process, due to the improving air quality&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Balogh et al. 2021&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is an important species within specific lichen [[community (biology)|communities]] in British woodlands, particularly those in late successional [[Mesotrophic soils|mesotrophic]] settings in oceanic or humid microclimates. It is associated with the Type K Lobaria pulmonaria-Isothecium myosuroides ecological Community. This community type is characterised by its occurrence in mature mesotrophic environments, which are often warmer in winter climates or specific microhabitats. This community includes, in addition to ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'', dominant foliose lichens like ''[[Lobaria pulmonaria]]'', ''[[Hypotrachyna taylorensis]]'', and ''[[Parmotrema crinitum]]'', as well as [[bryophyte]]s such as ''[[Isothecium myosuroides]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A 2017 study investigated the physiological responses of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' along an [[aridity]] gradient in Southern Portugal. The researchers transplanted thalli of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' to rural and forested sites characterised by varying levels of aridity and measured several physiological parameters, including photosynthetic performance, pigment content, [[ergosterol]] content, and sample viability, both before and after a six-month exposure period. The study found that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' showed lower photosynthetic performance (measured as [[Plant stress measurement#FV/FM|FV/FM]] and the performance index on an absorption basis, PIABS) in drier sites compared to more humid sites. In humid environments, the content of photosynthetic pigments increased post-exposure, while in drier sites, this increase was less pronounced. Additionally, ergosterol content was lower in drier sites, indicating a [[stress response]] to arid conditions. These results highlight that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum''{{'}}s physiological responses are significantly influenced by water availability. The ability to maintain higher photosynthetic performance and pigment content in humid conditions suggests that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' is better adapted to environments with higher moisture levels. This adaptability makes ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' useful as a bioindicator for monitoring ecological responses to [[climate change]] and varying moisture conditions in Mediterranean ecosystems.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Paoli et al. 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Lichenicolous fungus|Lichenicolous]] (lichen-dwelling) fungi that have been recorded [[parasitism|parasitising]] ''Parmotrema perlatum'' include ''[[Abrothallus parmotrematis]]'', ''[[Briancoppinsia cytospora]]'', ''[[Lichenoconium erodens]]'', and ''[[Spirographa lichenicola]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;BLS&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Conservation==<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has been identified as a species of concern in some regions due to its rarity and declining populations. In Hungary, it has been proposed for '[[endangered species|endangered]]' status in the Hungarian lichen [[Regional Red List|red list]], reflecting its limited distribution and the pressures it faces in its natural habitats there.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Balogh et al. 2021&quot;/&amp;gt; Similarly, in Ukraine, the species is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine with the status of &quot;Rare&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Didukh 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Additionally, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is red-listed in Sweden&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Thell et al. 2011&quot;/&amp;gt; In northern North America, its [[NatureServe conservation status]] is designated as &quot;G4&quot;, meaning &quot;apparently secure&quot; at the global level. In the United States, it has been assessed as secure in [[Kentucky]] and presumed [[extirpated]] in [[Wisconsin]], while in Canada, it is considered as vulnerable in [[British Columbia]] and [[Ontario]], and critically imperiled in [[New Brunswick]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NatureServe&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Uses==<br /> ===As a spice===<br /> [[File:Parmotrema perlatum.jpg|thumb|right|''Parmotrema perlatum'' as the dried spice, kalpaasi]]<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is used as a spice, particularly in the [[Tamil cuisine#Cuisine|cuisine]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is especially prevalent in [[Chettinad cuisine]], being used in the popular rice dish [[biryani]], and also in many meat and vegetarian dishes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In its raw state, black stone flower does not have much taste or fragrance. However, when put in contact with heat, especially hot [[cooking oil]] or [[ghee]], it releases a distinctive earthy, smoky flavour and aroma. This property of black stone flower is especially valued in the [[Tempering (spices)|tempering]] step of cooking a number of Indian dishes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mani 2021&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The spice is also integral to various regional [[Masala (spice)|masalas]] throughout the Indian subcontinent. ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is a key ingredient in masalas such as Kala and Goda masala of [[Maharashtra]], Anglo-Indian bottle masala, bhojwar masala from [[Hyderabad]], and potli masala in [[Lucknow]]. It is what many cooks and commercial [[spice blend]] makers believe sets apart accomplished dishes from those made by amateurs. Despite its lack of a specific aroma or describable flavour in its raw form, its contribution to the complex flavour profile of these spice blends is highly valued.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mani 2021&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dyeing===<br /> A natural purple dye extracted from ''Parmotrema perlatum'' using [[ammonia fermentation]] showed optimal results, with a notable dye yield and effective application on silk fabric. The study demonstrated the dye's potential as a sustainable alternative to [[synthetic dye]]s, with satisfactory [[colour fastness]] and fabric strength enhancement.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roychowdhury et al. 2024&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Recent research highlights the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and [[photocatalytic]] capabilities of [[zinc oxide]] [[nanoparticle]]s synthesised using ''Parmotrema perlatum'', marking a significant step towards sustainable dyeing practices and broadening the lichen's applicative horizons.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Khan et al. 2024&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Traditional medicines===<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is used as a component of a herbal mixture in [[Ayurvedic medicine]], one of several {{lichengloss|parmelioid}} lichen species used as ''charila''. Referenced in ancient Ayurvedic texts and first mentioned in the [[Atharvaveda]] around 1500 BCE, charila is a lichen mixture [[traditional medicine|traditionally]] used in India for its purported medicinal properties. It has been employed to treat various ailments, including digestive and respiratory issues, skin conditions, and reproductive health concerns, and it also serves as an ingredient in treatments for infertility.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford 2019&quot;/&amp;gt; For [[chronic ulcer]]s, a powder made from dried lichen, infused in pork suet, is applied externally.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Biomonitoring===<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is sensitive to [[air pollution]], making it a useful bioindicator. This sensitivity is utilised in the &quot;Hawksworth and Rose&quot; scale, which estimates mean winter [[sulphur dioxide]] (SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) levels in England and Wales by observing lichens on acidic and nutrient-poor bark. According to this scale, ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' is found only in zones 8 to 10, indicating areas with the lowest SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; concentrations, less than 35 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth &amp;amp; Rose 1970&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richardson 1992&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A 2022 study analyzed the effects of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and [[nitrogen dioxide]] (NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) fumigation on the chlorophyll content of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' collected from the [[Mount Lawu]] volcano in Indonesia. The results indicated that increased exposure to these pollutants leads to a significant reduction in chlorophyll levels. The study demonstrated that SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; negatively impact the physiological processes of the lichen, particularly its [[photosynthetic efficiency]], demonstrating the sensitivity of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' to air pollution.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roziaty et al. 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has been effectively used in biomonitoring studies to assess environmental radioactivity. Research conducted in [[Turkey]] found that this lichen species retains radioactive [[caesium-137]] (&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;137&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Cs) from atmospheric deposition, such as fallout from the [[Chernobyl accident]]. The [[ecological half-life]] of &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;137&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Cs in ''Parmotrema perlatum'' was determined to be approximately 5.5 years, indicating its capability to monitor long-term radioactive contamination in the environment.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cevik 2009&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research==<br /> Research on the bioactive properties of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has revealed several findings. The methanol extract of this species has been shown to significantly reduce [[blood glucose]] levels in [[streptozotocin]]-induced diabetic rats, attributed to its inhibitory activity on [[alpha-glucosidase]] rather than an effect on [[insulin]] secretion. This extract also has a high [[naturally occurring phenols|phenolic]] content and moderate [[antioxidant]] capacity, which could help prevent secondary complications of diabetes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;González-Burgos et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt; The antioxidant potential and [[radical (chemistry)|free radical-scavening]] activity of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' extracts has been further demonstrated through various chemical assays.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dwarakanath et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has some [[antimicrobial]] properties. The crude polysaccharide fraction of this lichen demonstrated [[antibacterial]] activity against ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', which are common [[pathogen]]s in [[diabetic foot ulcer]]s. Furthermore, extracts from this species showed significant [[antiviral]] activity against the [[yellow fever virus]] envelope.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;González-Burgos et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt; Tests against the [[Gram-negative]] bacteria ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Chromobacterium violaceum]]'', and Gram-positive ''[[Lactobacillus plantarum]]'' showed that the [[methanol]] extract had the highest antibacterial activity among the three [[solvent]] extracts evaluated.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dwarakanath et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In terms of [[cytotoxic]] and anticancer activities, the [[hexane|''n''-hexane]], [[diethyl ether]], and methanol extracts of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' have been studied against various [[cancer cell line]]s, with the ''n''-hexane extract showing the highest cytotoxic effects. The extracts were particularly effective against murine [[Lewis lung carcinoma]] and human [[glioblastoma]] cell lines.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;González-Burgos et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of Parmotrema species|List of ''Parmotrema'' species]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Acharius 1803&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Acharius |first=Erik |year=1803 |title=Methodus qua omnes detectos Lichenes : secundum organa carpomorpha, ad genera, species et varietates |trans-title=Method by which all detected lichens: according to carpomorph organs, are classified into genera, species, and varieties |page=216 |location=Stockholm |publisher=F.D.D. 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Powdered Ruffle Lichen |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.123193/Parmotrema_perlatum |publisher=[[NatureServe]] |access-date=25 May 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Osbeck 1757&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Osbeck |first=P. |year=1757 |title=Dagbok öfwer en ostindisk resa åren 1750, 1751, 1752 |trans-title=Diary of an East Indian journey in the years 1750, 1751, 1752 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Lorenz Ludvig Grefing}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Paoli et al. 2017&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Paoli |first1=Luca |last2=Pinho |first2=Pedro |last3=Branquinho |first3=Cristina |last4=Loppi |first4=Stefano |last5=Munzi |first5=Silvana |year=2017 |title=The influence of growth form and substrate on lichen ecophysiological responses along an aridity gradient |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |volume=24 |issue=34 |pages=26206–26212 |doi=10.1007/s11356-017-9361-2|pmid=28664492 |bibcode=2017ESPR...2426206P }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ravindran |first=P.N. |year=2017 |chapter=104. Kalpashi (Kalpasi) ''Parmotrema perlatum'' |title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-1-78064-315-1 |pages=493–496 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pJNDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA493}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richardson 1992&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=D.H.S. |year=1992 |title=Pollution Monitoring with Lichens |series=Naturalists' Handbook |volume=19 |publisher=Pelagic Publishing |isbn=978-1-78427-211-1 |page=8}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roychowdhury et al. 2024&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |first1=Rupsa |last1=Roychowdhury |first2=Saptarshi |last2=Maiti |first3=Ravindra V. |last3=Adivarekarb |first4=Rekha S. |last4=Singhal |year=2024 |title=Sustainable dyeing of silk using an acetylshikonin-based natural colourant from the lichen ''Parmotrema perlatum'' |journal=Green Chemistry |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=904–917 |doi=10.1039/D3GC03686C}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roziaty et al. 2023&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Roziaty |first1=Efri |last2=Sutarno |last3=Suntoro |last4=Sugiyarto |year=2023 |title=Short Communication: The effects of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; fumigation on the chlorophyll of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' from Mt. Lawu, Cemoro Sewu, Indonesia |journal=Biodiversitas |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=2630–2637 |doi=10.13057/biodiv/d240515 |doi-access=free}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Smith 1844&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |authorlink=James Edward Smith (botanist) |last=Smith |first=James Edward |year=1844 |title=English Botany; Or Coloured Figures of British Plants, with Their Essential Characters, Synonyms, and Places of Growth |edition=2 |volume=11 |location=London |publisher=R. Taylor |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yejNNJnjWgC&amp;amp;pg=PA18}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Species Fungorum synonymy&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: ''Parmotrema perlatum'' (Huds.) M. Choisy, Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Soc. Bot. Lyon 21: 174 (1952) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=368896 |publisher=[[Species Fungorum]] |access-date=25 May 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Stelate et al. 2022&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stelate |first1=Ayoub |last2=Del-Prado |first2=Ruth |last3=Alors |first3=David |last4=Tahiri |first4=Hikmat |last5=Divakar |first5=Pradeep K. |last6=Crespo |first6=Ana |year=2022 |title=Resolving the phylogenetic relationship between ''Parmotrema crinitum'' and ''Parmotrema perlatum'' populations |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=54 |issue=3–4 |pages=183–194 |doi=10.1017/S0024282922000147 |doi-access=free}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Swinscow &amp;amp; Krog 1988&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Swinscow |first1=Thomas Douglas Victor |last2=Krog |first2=Hildur |year=1988 |title=Macrolichens of East Africa |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |location=London |isbn=978-0-565-01039-3 |page=170}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Thell et al. 2011&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Thell |first1=A. |last2=Thor |first2=G. |last3=Ahti |first3=T. |chapter=''Parmelia'' |pages=96–97 |title=Nordic Lichen Flora |year=2011 |volume=4 |editor-last1=Thell |editor-first1=Arne |editor-last2=Moberg |editor-first2=Roland |publisher=Svenska Botaniska Föreningen |isbn=978-91-85221-24-0}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tripp &amp;amp; Lendemer 2020&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Tripp |first1=Erin A. |last2=Lendemer |first2=James C. |year=2020 |title=Field Guide to the Lichens of Great Smoky Mountains National Park |page=328 |publisher=The University of Tennessee Press |location=Knoxville |isbn=978-1-62190-514-1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1= Tsurykau |first1=Andrei |last2=Golubkov |first2=Vladimir |last3=Belyt |first3=Pavel |year=2015 |title=The genera ''Hypotrachyna'', ''Parmotrema'' and ''Punctelia'' (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Belarus |journal=Herzogia |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=736–745 |doi=10.13158/heia.28.2.2015.736}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;van Herk et al. 2002&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Hark |first1=C.M. |last2=Aptroot |first2=A. |last3=van Dobben |first3=H.F. |year=2002 |title=Long-term monitoring in the Netherlands suggests that lichens respond to global warming |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=141–154 |doi=10.1006/lich.2002.0378|bibcode=2002ThLic..34..141V }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Vondrák &amp;amp; Liška 2010&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vondrák |first1=Jan |last2=Liška |first2=Jiří |year=2010 |title=Changes in distribution and substrate preferences of selected threatened lichens in the Czech Republic |journal=Biologia |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=595–602 |doi=10.2478/s11756-010-0061-3|bibcode=2010Biolg..65..595V }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q6354381}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Parmotrema|perlatum]]<br /> [[Category:Lichen species]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens described in 1762]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Europe]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Central America]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of North America]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of South America]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spices]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by William Hudson (botanist)]]<br /> [[Category:Cosmopolitan lichens]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parmotrema_perlatum&diff=447962 2025-10-24T06:00:44Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Structure improved and content revised</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of lichen}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Italic title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | image = Parmotrema perlatum 163808872.jpg<br /> | image_caption = in [[Noordwijk]], Netherlands<br /> | status = G4<br /> | status_system = TNC<br /> | status_ref = &amp;lt;ref name=NS&amp;gt;{{cite NatureServe |id=2.123193 |title=''Parmotrema perlatum'' |access-date=24 October 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | taxon = Parmotrema perlatum<br /> | authority = ([[William Hudson (botanist)|Huds.]]) [[M.Choisy]] (1952)<br /> | synonyms_ref = &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Species Fungorum synonymy&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list|bullets=on<br /> |''Lichen perlatus'' {{au|Huds. (1762)}}<br /> |''Lobaria perlata'' {{au|(Huds.) [[Hoffm.]] (1796)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' {{au|(Huds.) [[Ach.]] (1803)}}<br /> |''Platysma perlatum'' {{au|(Huds.) Frege (1812)}}<br /> |''Platisma perlatum'' {{au|(Huds.) Frege (1812)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria perlata'' {{au|(Huds.) [[Körb.]] (1846)}}<br /> |''Lobaria perlata'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|[[DC.]] (1805)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Jean Étienne Duby|Duby]] (1830)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria perlata'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Körb.]] (1846)}}<br /> |''Parmelia ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Nyl.]] (1878)}}<br /> |''Parmelia crinita'' var. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Stizenb.]] (1882)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold|Arnold]] (1884)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' subsp. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Cromb.]] (1894)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' subvar. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Harm.]] (1897)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' f. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Alphonse Boistel|Boistel]] (1903)}}<br /> |''Parmelia urceolata'' f. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[Antonio Jatta|Jatta]] (1909)}}<br /> |''Parmelia trichotera'' f. ''ciliata'' {{au|(DC.) [[B.de Lesd.]] (1910)}}<br /> |''Parmotrema perlatum'' var. ''ciliatum'' {{au|(DC.) [[M.Choisy]] (1952)}}<br /> |''Parmelia coniocarpa'' {{au|[[Johann Friedrich Laurer|Laurer]] (1827)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' var. ''innocua'' {{au|[[Wallr.]] (1831)}}<br /> |''Imbricaria perlata'' var. ''innocua'' {{au|Körb. (1855)}}<br /> |''Parmelia trichotera'' {{au|[[Auguste-Marie Hue|Hue]] (1898)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' subsp. ''trichotera'' {{au|(Hue) Boistel (1903)}}<br /> |''Parmelia perlata'' var. ''trichotera'' {{au|(Hue) Maheu (1907)}}<br /> |''Parmotrema trichoterum'' {{au|(Hue) M.Choisy (1952)}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Parmotrema perlatum''''', commonly known as the '''powdered ruffle lichen''', is a common species of [[foliose lichen]] in the family [[Parmeliaceae]]. The species has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] and occurs throughout the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is a prominent and widely recognised species within its genus across primarily [[temperate]] zones, preferring humid, oceanic-suboceanic habitats. It is found in diverse geographic areas including Africa, North and South America, Asia, Australasia, Europe, and islands in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It usually [[corticolous lichen|grows on bark]], but occasionally occurs on [[siliceous rock]]s, often among [[moss]]es.<br /> <br /> The [[thallus]] of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is large, light-grey to pale-blue patch-shaped with rounded and ruffled {{lichengloss|lobes}} and often with black hair-{{lichengloss|cilia}} at the edges. Distinguishing features of the lichen include its conspicuous [[soralia]] (reproductive structures) near the lobe edges, curled leaf-like lobes, and a narrow, shiny, and sometimes wrinkly area on the underside near the margin. This species is known for producing certain [[secondary metabolite]]s, namely [[atranorin]] and a group of substances known as the [[stictic acid]] complex, which includes stictic and [[constictic acid]]s, among other related compounds. These [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and chemical characteristics help distinguish ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' from several other potential lookalikes.<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a complex [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] history, having undergone multiple reclassifications since its original [[species description|description]] in 1762. Significant efforts in the mid-20th century helped clarify its nomenclature, stabilising its current name. Although there were challenges to this name in the 1980s, it was confirmed as valid in 2004. More recently, [[molecular phylogenetics|DNA studies]] suggest that there may be hidden diversity within the species, indicating the need for further taxonomic evaluation.<br /> <br /> The lichen is used as a [[spice]] in Indian cuisine. For this purpose, it is commonly known as ''black stone flower'' or ''kalpasi'' (among other names). Although nearly tasteless on its own, it releases an earthy fragrance and taste when cooked in with oil or butter.<br /> <br /> ==Systematics==<br /> <br /> ===Historical taxonomy===<br /> The [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a rich history marked by periods of confusion and clarification that typify the dynamic nature of botanical classification. It was originally [[species description|described]] as ''Lichen perlatus'' by [[William Hudson (botanist)|William Hudson]] in his 1762 work ''Flora Anglica''. Hudson described it as a foliaceous (leafy) lichen with creeping, lobed, and smooth characteristics, having a pearly edge, a farinaceous ({{lichengloss|pruinose}}) texture, and a black underside, adorned with slightly scalloped, brown, stalked fruiting bodies.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hudson 1762&quot;/&amp;gt; The [[taxon]] was later transferred to the genus ''[[Parmelia (fungus)|Parmelia]]'' by [[Erik Acharius]] in 1803, becoming ''Parmelia perlata''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Acharius 1803&quot;/&amp;gt; The name was well-established in scientific literature, being cited extensively in works like [[Alexander Zahlbruckner]]'s popular 1929 catalogue.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1952, [[Maurice Choisy]] reclassified it under the current name, ''Parmotrema perlatum''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Choisy 1952&quot;/&amp;gt; The nomenclature of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' was revisited in the late 20th century, amid a broader effort to clarify the [[type (biology)|typification]] and application of early lichen names. [[Mason Hale]], in 1961, undertook a detailed restudy of the species,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hale 1962&quot;/&amp;gt; selecting a [[lectotype]] from the Dillenian collections—the [[herbarium]] and associated works of [[Johann Jacob Dillenius]] housed at the [[University of Oxford]]. This solidified the application of Hudson's name and was part of a larger trend in lichenology to fix historical names to specific [[herbarium]] specimens to stabilise nomenclature.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The name ''Parmelia perlata'' was widely accepted until Hale and Ahti (1986) encountered the designation ''Lichen chinensis'',&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hale &amp;amp; Ahti 1986&quot;/&amp;gt; introduced by [[Pehr Osbeck]] in 1757.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Osbeck 1757&quot;/&amp;gt; They proposed the name ''Parmotrema chinense'', based on the assumption that Osbeck's specimen corresponded to the well-known species ''Parmotrema perlatum''. However, this proposal was not universally adopted due to the lack of valid typification and the name's absence in the literature between 1757 and 1986.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ====Impact of the Tokyo Code (1993)====<br /> The Tokyo Code of 1993 extended the provisions for [[conserved name|conserving names]] to all species, not just those of major economic importance. This change in the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] allowed for the conservation of names that would promote nomenclatural stability. Despite this provision, no formal proposal was made to conserve the name ''Parmotrema chinense'', and thus it did not gain widespread acceptance.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[David Leslie Hawksworth|David Hawksworth's]] 2004 study brought significant clarity to the taxonomic confusion. He rediscovered Osbeck's original material in Linnaeus' herbarium and identified it as belonging to ''[[Parmotrema tinctorum]]'', not ''Parmotrema perlatum''. Hawksworth demonstrated that ''Lichen chinensis'' was not [[validly published name|validly published]] because it lacked a proper description and was linked with an expression of doubt by Osbeck. Hawksworth's work led to the reinstatement of the name ''Parmotrema perlatum'', confirming that Hudson's name was legitimate and should continue to be used. This resolution was based on the original typification by Hale and the invalid publication status of ''Lichen chinensis''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth 2004&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Recent studies suggest that the circumscription of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' may need to be revised. Research utilising [[DNA sequencing]] has uncovered [[cryptic species|cryptic]] diversity within the genus ''Parmotrema'', indicating that traditional phenotype-based identification methods may underestimate species diversity. Specifically, the genetic analysis of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' and related species revealed multiple distinct [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]] that were previously grouped under a single nominal taxon. These findings highlight the need for a comprehensive taxonomic re-evaluation of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' to accurately delineate species boundaries and account for hidden genetic diversity.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Del-Prado et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Phylogeny===<br /> In [[molecular phylogenetics]] analysis, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a [[sister group|sister]] relationship with ''[[Parmotrema crinitum]]''. These two species form a [[clade]] that itself is sister to a clade with ''[[Parmotrema austrosinense|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;austrosinense]]'' and ''[[Parmotrema tinctorum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;tinctorum]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Crespo et al. 2010&quot;/&amp;gt; In a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis by Stelate and colleagues (2022), ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' and ''P&amp;amp;nbsp;crinitum'' were found to form a well-supported [[monophyletic]] group using [[internal transcribed spacer]] sequences and several analytical methods. This study highlights the complexity of species boundaries within the genus and the need for further research incorporating additional molecular markers to confirm these findings.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Stelate et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Common names===<br /> [[Common name|Vernacular]] names used for this species include black stone flower, stone lichen, sea lichen, kalpasi, kalpas, kalpashi, and kalpash. The latter name and its variations, however, have been used as a crude drug in Indian medicines for more than one species, including ''Parmotrema perlatum'', ''Parmotrema tinctorum'', and ''[[Everniastrum cirrhatum]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt; In North America, vernacular names used for the species include &quot;powdered ruffle lichen&quot;,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Brodo et al. 2001&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; &quot;powdered scatter-rug&quot;,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Goward 1994&quot;/&amp;gt; and &quot;queen ruffle&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;gov.bc.ca&quot;/&amp;gt; The [[botanical name|species epithet]] ''perlatum'' refers to the [[pearl]]-like margins of the lobes, which are directly referenced in Hudson's original 1762 description of the species. He proposed the English name &quot;pearl lichen&quot;;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hudson 1762&quot;/&amp;gt; this name later morphed into &quot;pearly parmelia&quot; in some 19th-century British accounts of lichen flora.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley 1863&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Smith 1844&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 200<br /> | header = <br /> | image1 = Parmotrema perlatum 1273956.jpg<br /> | caption1 = Closeup of soredious lobe edges ...<br /> | image2 = Parmotrema perlatum cilia.jpg<br /> | caption2 = ... and marginal cilia.<br /> }}<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has a [[thallus]] that ranges from loosely to tightly attached to the surface it grows on, forming expansive, spreading colonies that often merge together.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; Individual thalli typically measure up to {{cvt|10|–|15|cm|0}} in diameter. The upper thallus surface is greenish-grey, blue-grey,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; or yellowish-grey in colour,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Brodo et al. 2001&quot;/&amp;gt; lacking {{lichengloss|pruina}} and either free of spots ({{lichengloss|maculae}}),&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; or with few maculae.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Brodo et al. 2001&quot;/&amp;gt; This species develops soredia, a type of asexual reproductive structure, aiding in its propagation. The {{lichengloss|lobes}} of this lichen vary from 1.5 to 10&amp;amp;nbsp;mm in width, with a wave-like ({{lichengloss|undulate}}) or ruffled pattern and overlapping ({{lichengloss|imbricate}}) arrangement. The tips and edges of these lobes are generally smooth and round, sometimes notched ({{lichengloss|crenate}}) or incised, often curling up or inward, revealing the paler brown to black underside adorned with hair-like structures ({{lichengloss|cilia}}) up to 2.5&amp;amp;nbsp;mm in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; [[Rhizine]]s are common on the underside of the thallus, except for a brown border near the edges.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The [[soredia]] found in this species are {{lichengloss|granular}} and appear white or may become grey due to wear. They are located within specifically structured groups called soralia, which can be linear to oval in shape, often positioned at the edges of the lobes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; The presence of soredia causes the lobe margins to curl back and form {{lichengloss|capitate}} soralia.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; The upper surface of the lichen is typically whitish grey to pale greenish-grey, and can be either smooth or slightly wrinkled, without spots ({{lichengloss|immaculate}}), featuring scattered, shallow cracks.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; [[Isidia]] are absent in this species.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Apothecia]] (fruiting bodies) are rare in ''Parmotrema perlatum''. When present, they measure 4–8&amp;amp;nbsp;mm across and are somewhat stalked and funnel-shaped with a brown, concave {{lichengloss|disc}}. The edges of these structures curl inward, becoming thick with soredia as they mature. Its spores are [[ellipsoid]] in shape and typically measure between 20 and 28&amp;amp;nbsp;[[μm]] in length and 11 to 17&amp;amp;nbsp;μm in width, with a wall thickness of 2–3&amp;amp;nbsp;μm. [[Pycnidia]], which are structures that produce asexual spores called [[conidia]], appear sporadically on the surface ({{lichengloss|laminal}}) of the thallus, with the conidia being thread-like and straight, measuring 6–8 by 1&amp;amp;nbsp;μm.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Photobiont===<br /> <br /> The photobiont partner of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is from ''[[Trebouxia]]'', a [[green alga]]l genus belonging to the order [[Trebouxiales]] (order [[Chlorophyta]]).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Carniel 2015&quot;/&amp;gt; It has been identified as an undescribed species within a [[clade]] containing ''[[Trebouxia arboricola]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bertuzzi et al. 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A study compared the desiccation tolerance and physiological responses of lichenised ''Trebouxia'' to isolated cultures of the same alga. Both forms can survive extended [[desiccation]], but with differing responses to photo-oxidative stress. Lichenisation enhances the [[photoprotection|photoprotective]] mechanisms of ''Trebouxia'', improving [[Quenching (fluorescence)|quenching]] of excess light energy, particularly under high [[relative humidity]], and controlling [[reactive oxygen species]] production under light exposure. However, isolated cultures showed better photosynthetic performance after desiccation recovery. This research demonstrates the mutual benefits of the lichen-photobiont partnership, where the alga gains a sheltered environment boosting its resilience to environmental stressors.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Carniel 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Further studies on ''Parmotrema perlatum'' revealed specific [[antioxidant]] mechanisms supporting its photobiont under stress. The lichen shows high levels of [[reactive oxygen species]] scavenging enzymes such as [[superoxide dismutase]] and [[ascorbate peroxidase]], protecting the photobiont from [[oxidative damage]] during dehydration and rehydration cycles. This enhanced antioxidant system provides not only physical shelter but also biochemical protection, increasing the photobiont's resilience to environmental fluctuations.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bertuzzi et al. 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chemistry==<br /> Chemically, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' contains [[atranorin]] and [[chloroatranorin]], alongside a predominant stictic acid {{lichengloss|chemosyndrome}} that includes [[stictic acid|stictic]] as a major [[secondary metabolite]] and smaller amounts of [[constictic acid]] and other related substances. Testing the [[medulla (lichenology)|medulla]] (the inner layer beneath the upper cortex) with [[spot test (lichen)|spot tests]] results in K+ (yellow), KC–, and P+ (orange) reactions.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; The cortical layer, in contrast, is K+ (yellow), KC–, and P–.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The secondary metabolites of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' have been studied using [[gas chromatography–mass spectrometry]] (GC–MS) and [[liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry]] (LC–MS/MS). The lichen produces several notable compounds, including [[orcinol]], [[atraric acid]], [[benzoic acid]], 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-, methyl ester, and [[palmitic acid]], methyl ester. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of orcinol (63%) and atraric acid (21%) in the methanol extract, while benzoic acid was predominant in the chloroform extract. The [[hexane]] extract contained significant amounts of benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-, methyl ester (62%).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dwarakanath et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt; A more recent study using liquid chromatography-[[electrospray ionization]]-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry as an analysis technique tentatively identified a total of twenty-five lichen products, including 5 [[depside]]s, 12 [[depsidone]]s, 2 [[diphenyl ether]]s, 1 [[aromatic]] considered as possible artifact, 1 [[dibenzofuran]], 1 [[carbohydrate]], 1 [[organic acid]], and 2 undefined compounds.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Castañeta et al. 2024&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Similar species==<br /> <br /> The distinguishing features of ''Parmotrema perlatum'', such as the presence of soredia and stictic acid, facilitate its easy identification. In mature specimens, the appearance of scattered, fine cracks on the upper surface may resemble the cracked maculae seen in ''[[Parmotrema reticulatum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;reticulatum]]'', which shares similar habitats. However, the two species can be differentiated chemically, as ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;reticulatum'' contains [[salazinic acid]], unlike ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kantvilas 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' and ''[[Parmotrema stuppeum]]'' are two morphologically similar species that can be found in similar habitats. Both species have a loosely attached thallus with revolute, wavy lobes and sparsely ciliate lobe tips. Their upper cortex is continuous and not finely reticulately cracked, while the lower surface is black and rhizinate. Both species also feature linear soralia. However, there are several key differences that can help distinguish between the two. While earlier descriptions suggested that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'' has a matte, olive-green to brownish-green upper surface and ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' has a slightly shiny, whitish-grey to greyish-green upper surface, recent observations have shown that both species have a distinctly matte upper surface with similar colouration.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The most reliable morphological difference in the field is the location of the soralia: ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'' has strictly terminal soralia, whereas ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' has submarginal soralia. Additionally, the two species can be distinguished by their chemical composition. ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'' contains salazinic acid, while ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' has a stictic acid complex. Although both acids cause a Pd+ orange to orange-red medulla reaction, a potassium (K) spot test can separate the species: the medulla of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' turns yellow (K+ yellow), whereas in ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;stuppeum'', the yellow colour turns red (K+ yellow turning red).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' can be distinguished from other sorediate and marginally ciliate species like ''[[Parmotrema arnoldii|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;arnoldii]]'' and ''[[Parmotrema robustum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;robustum]]'' by the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jabłońska et al. 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Also, the medulla of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;arnoldii'' fluoresces strongly when lit with an [[ultraviolet]] lamp.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McCune &amp;amp; Geiser 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is similar to ''[[Parmotrema crinitum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;crinitum]]'' due to both species having a brown to tan, erhizinate marginal zone and the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome in the medulla. However, ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;crinitum'' can be distinguished by its [[isidia]]te upper surface.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jayalal et al. 2013&quot;/&amp;gt; Another potential lookalike, ''[[Parmotrema margaritatum|P.&amp;amp;nbsp;margaritatum]]'', is distinguished from ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' by the K+ (red) reaction of its medulla.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;McMullin 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; ''[[Cetrelia cetrarioides]]'' has been documented as a lookalike, presumably because of the cilia on its thallus margin, and the presence of atranorin and the stictic acid chemosyndrome.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kukwa et al. 2011&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;center toccolours&quot;<br /> |+ '''Lookalikes'''<br /> |&amp;lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140&quot; style=&quot;line-height:130%&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> File:Parmotrema arnoldii 236323.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema arnoldii]]''<br /> File:Parmotream crinitum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema crinitum]]''<br /> File:Parmotrema stuppeum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema stuppeum]]''<br /> File:Parmotrema reticulatum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema reticulatum]]''<br /> File:Parmotrema robustum group 202849.jpg |alt= | ''[[Parmotrema robustum]]''<br /> &amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Habitat and distribution==<br /> [[File:Powdered Ruffle Lichen (982620239).jpg|thumb|right|''Parmotrema perlatum'' in Northwestern California growing on a hardwood limb]]<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' typically grows in areas with ample light, favouring neutral to slightly acidic-barked broad-leaved trees. It is commonly found on [[siliceous rock]]s and walls, as well as mossy coastal rocks, generally growing in places with moderate to strong sunlight.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cannon et al. 2023&quot;/&amp;gt; In the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]] in the United States, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is especially abundant on branches in humid, high-elevation habitats.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tripp &amp;amp; Lendemer 2020&quot;/&amp;gt; Similarly, in East Africa, it grows in the misty environments of [[inselberg]]s, [[montane]] forests, and ''[[Erica (plant)|Erica]]''-dominated habitats, typically found between {{cvt|1400|and|3100|m}} above sea level.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Swinscow &amp;amp; Krog 1988&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The species is globally distributed, found in both [[temperate]] and [[tropical regions]]. It has been reported across numerous European countries including Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Scandinavia, Slovakia, Spain, and Ukraine.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jabłońska et al. 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Although it is rare in Eastern Europe, it is widely distributed in both the Asian and European parts of Russia.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt; Beyond Europe, it is also present in Macaronesia, Africa, Australia, North America, and South America.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jabłońska et al. 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Its Asian distribution includes India, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Jayalal et al. 2013&quot;/&amp;gt; Although it has historically been recorded in Nepal and Sri Lanka, these reports are considered tentative due to shifting species concepts and possible confusion with the lookalike ''[[Parmotrema pseudonilgherrense]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Awasthi 2007&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is globally widespread lichen found on all continents except Antarctica and predominantly in oceanic areas in Europe, primarily grows on bark and occasionally on siliceous rocks amongst mosses. While it is seeing an increase in the Netherlands due to global warming, it is [[critically endangered]] in the Czech Republic,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Liška et al. 2008&quot;/&amp;gt; Slovakia, and Poland&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cieśliński et al. 2003&quot;/&amp;gt; due to susceptibility to air pollution, and is listed as extinct in certain regional Red Data Books due to a lack of recent findings.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Vondrák &amp;amp; Liška 2010&quot;/&amp;gt; In contrast, it has been increasing in sightings in the Netherlands, a phenomenon attributed to both global warming decreases in the levels or air pollution in recent decades.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;van Herk et al. 2002&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Aptroot &amp;amp; van Herk 2007&quot;/&amp;gt; Its recent recurrence in Hungary, particularly on some unusual hosts (''[[Catalpa bignonioides]]'', ''[[Prunus serotina]]'', and ''[[Robinia pseudoacacia]]'') have been suggested as a possible consequence of &quot;a recolonisation process, due to the improving air quality&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Balogh et al. 2021&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is an important species within specific lichen [[community (biology)|communities]] in British woodlands, particularly those in late successional [[Mesotrophic soils|mesotrophic]] settings in oceanic or humid microclimates. It is associated with the Type K Lobaria pulmonaria-Isothecium myosuroides ecological Community. This community type is characterised by its occurrence in mature mesotrophic environments, which are often warmer in winter climates or specific microhabitats. This community includes, in addition to ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'', dominant foliose lichens like ''[[Lobaria pulmonaria]]'', ''[[Hypotrachyna taylorensis]]'', and ''[[Parmotrema crinitum]]'', as well as [[bryophyte]]s such as ''[[Isothecium myosuroides]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis et al. 2015&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A 2017 study investigated the physiological responses of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' along an [[aridity]] gradient in Southern Portugal. The researchers transplanted thalli of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' to rural and forested sites characterised by varying levels of aridity and measured several physiological parameters, including photosynthetic performance, pigment content, [[ergosterol]] content, and sample viability, both before and after a six-month exposure period. The study found that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' showed lower photosynthetic performance (measured as [[Plant stress measurement#FV/FM|FV/FM]] and the performance index on an absorption basis, PIABS) in drier sites compared to more humid sites. In humid environments, the content of photosynthetic pigments increased post-exposure, while in drier sites, this increase was less pronounced. Additionally, ergosterol content was lower in drier sites, indicating a [[stress response]] to arid conditions. These results highlight that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum''{{'}}s physiological responses are significantly influenced by water availability. The ability to maintain higher photosynthetic performance and pigment content in humid conditions suggests that ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' is better adapted to environments with higher moisture levels. This adaptability makes ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' useful as a bioindicator for monitoring ecological responses to [[climate change]] and varying moisture conditions in Mediterranean ecosystems.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Paoli et al. 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Lichenicolous fungus|Lichenicolous]] (lichen-dwelling) fungi that have been recorded [[parasitism|parasitising]] ''Parmotrema perlatum'' include ''[[Abrothallus parmotrematis]]'', ''[[Briancoppinsia cytospora]]'', ''[[Lichenoconium erodens]]'', and ''[[Spirographa lichenicola]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;BLS&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Conservation==<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has been identified as a species of concern in some regions due to its rarity and declining populations. In Hungary, it has been proposed for '[[endangered species|endangered]]' status in the Hungarian lichen [[Regional Red List|red list]], reflecting its limited distribution and the pressures it faces in its natural habitats there.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Balogh et al. 2021&quot;/&amp;gt; Similarly, in Ukraine, the species is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine with the status of &quot;Rare&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Didukh 2009&quot;/&amp;gt; Additionally, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is red-listed in Sweden&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Thell et al. 2011&quot;/&amp;gt; In northern North America, its [[NatureServe conservation status]] is designated as &quot;G4&quot;, meaning &quot;apparently secure&quot; at the global level. In the United States, it has been assessed as secure in [[Kentucky]] and presumed [[extirpated]] in [[Wisconsin]], while in Canada, it is considered as vulnerable in [[British Columbia]] and [[Ontario]], and critically imperiled in [[New Brunswick]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NatureServe&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Uses==<br /> ===As a spice===<br /> [[File:Parmotrema perlatum.jpg|thumb|right|''Parmotrema perlatum'' as the dried spice, kalpaasi]]<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is used as a spice, particularly in the [[Tamil cuisine#Cuisine|cuisine]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is especially prevalent in [[Chettinad cuisine]], being used in the popular rice dish [[biryani]], and also in many meat and vegetarian dishes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In its raw state, black stone flower does not have much taste or fragrance. However, when put in contact with heat, especially hot [[cooking oil]] or [[ghee]], it releases a distinctive earthy, smoky flavour and aroma. This property of black stone flower is especially valued in the [[Tempering (spices)|tempering]] step of cooking a number of Indian dishes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mani 2021&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The spice is also integral to various regional [[Masala (spice)|masalas]] throughout the Indian subcontinent. ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is a key ingredient in masalas such as Kala and Goda masala of [[Maharashtra]], Anglo-Indian bottle masala, bhojwar masala from [[Hyderabad]], and potli masala in [[Lucknow]]. It is what many cooks and commercial [[spice blend]] makers believe sets apart accomplished dishes from those made by amateurs. Despite its lack of a specific aroma or describable flavour in its raw form, its contribution to the complex flavour profile of these spice blends is highly valued.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mani 2021&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dyeing===<br /> A natural purple dye extracted from ''Parmotrema perlatum'' using [[ammonia fermentation]] showed optimal results, with a notable dye yield and effective application on silk fabric. The study demonstrated the dye's potential as a sustainable alternative to [[synthetic dye]]s, with satisfactory [[colour fastness]] and fabric strength enhancement.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roychowdhury et al. 2024&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Recent research highlights the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and [[photocatalytic]] capabilities of [[zinc oxide]] [[nanoparticle]]s synthesised using ''Parmotrema perlatum'', marking a significant step towards sustainable dyeing practices and broadening the lichen's applicative horizons.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Khan et al. 2024&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Traditional medicines===<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is used as a component of a herbal mixture in [[Ayurvedic medicine]], one of several {{lichengloss|parmelioid}} lichen species used as ''charila''. Referenced in ancient Ayurvedic texts and first mentioned in the [[Atharvaveda]] around 1500 BCE, charila is a lichen mixture [[traditional medicine|traditionally]] used in India for its purported medicinal properties. It has been employed to treat various ailments, including digestive and respiratory issues, skin conditions, and reproductive health concerns, and it also serves as an ingredient in treatments for infertility.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford 2019&quot;/&amp;gt; For [[chronic ulcer]]s, a powder made from dried lichen, infused in pork suet, is applied externally.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Biomonitoring===<br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' is sensitive to [[air pollution]], making it a useful bioindicator. This sensitivity is utilised in the &quot;Hawksworth and Rose&quot; scale, which estimates mean winter [[sulphur dioxide]] (SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) levels in England and Wales by observing lichens on acidic and nutrient-poor bark. According to this scale, ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' is found only in zones 8 to 10, indicating areas with the lowest SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; concentrations, less than 35 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Hawksworth &amp;amp; Rose 1970&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richardson 1992&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A 2022 study analyzed the effects of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and [[nitrogen dioxide]] (NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) fumigation on the chlorophyll content of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' collected from the [[Mount Lawu]] volcano in Indonesia. The results indicated that increased exposure to these pollutants leads to a significant reduction in chlorophyll levels. The study demonstrated that SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; negatively impact the physiological processes of the lichen, particularly its [[photosynthetic efficiency]], demonstrating the sensitivity of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' to air pollution.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roziaty et al. 2023&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has been effectively used in biomonitoring studies to assess environmental radioactivity. Research conducted in [[Turkey]] found that this lichen species retains radioactive [[caesium-137]] (&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;137&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Cs) from atmospheric deposition, such as fallout from the [[Chernobyl accident]]. The [[ecological half-life]] of &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;137&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Cs in ''Parmotrema perlatum'' was determined to be approximately 5.5 years, indicating its capability to monitor long-term radioactive contamination in the environment.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cevik 2009&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research==<br /> Research on the bioactive properties of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has revealed several findings. The methanol extract of this species has been shown to significantly reduce [[blood glucose]] levels in [[streptozotocin]]-induced diabetic rats, attributed to its inhibitory activity on [[alpha-glucosidase]] rather than an effect on [[insulin]] secretion. This extract also has a high [[naturally occurring phenols|phenolic]] content and moderate [[antioxidant]] capacity, which could help prevent secondary complications of diabetes.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;González-Burgos et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt; The antioxidant potential and [[radical (chemistry)|free radical-scavening]] activity of ''P.&amp;amp;nbsp;perlatum'' extracts has been further demonstrated through various chemical assays.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dwarakanath et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, ''Parmotrema perlatum'' has some [[antimicrobial]] properties. The crude polysaccharide fraction of this lichen demonstrated [[antibacterial]] activity against ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', which are common [[pathogen]]s in [[diabetic foot ulcer]]s. Furthermore, extracts from this species showed significant [[antiviral]] activity against the [[yellow fever virus]] envelope.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;González-Burgos et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt; Tests against the [[Gram-negative]] bacteria ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Chromobacterium violaceum]]'', and Gram-positive ''[[Lactobacillus plantarum]]'' showed that the [[methanol]] extract had the highest antibacterial activity among the three [[solvent]] extracts evaluated.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Dwarakanath et al. 2022&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In terms of [[cytotoxic]] and anticancer activities, the [[hexane|''n''-hexane]], [[diethyl ether]], and methanol extracts of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' have been studied against various [[cancer cell line]]s, with the ''n''-hexane extract showing the highest cytotoxic effects. The extracts were particularly effective against murine [[Lewis lung carcinoma]] and human [[glioblastoma]] cell lines.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;González-Burgos et al. 2019&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of Parmotrema species|List of ''Parmotrema'' species]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Acharius 1803&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Acharius |first=Erik |year=1803 |title=Methodus qua omnes detectos Lichenes : secundum organa carpomorpha, ad genera, species et varietates |trans-title=Method by which all detected lichens: according to carpomorph organs, are classified into genera, species, and varieties |page=216 |location=Stockholm |publisher=F.D.D. Ulrich |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44218308}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Aptroot &amp;amp; van Herk 2007&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=A. |last2=van Herk |first2=C.M. |year=2007 |title=Further evidence of the effects of global warming on lichens, particularly those with ''Trentepohlia'' phycobionts |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=293–298 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.018 |pmid=16697507|bibcode=2007EPoll.146..293A }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Awasthi 2007&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |authorlink=Dharani Dhar Awasthi |last=Awasthi |first=Dharani Dhar |year=2007 |title=A Compendium of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka |page=345 |publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh |location=Dehra Dun, India |isbn=978-8121106009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Balogh et al. 2021&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aszalósné Balogh |first1=R. |last2=Buczkó |first2=K. |last3=Erzberger |first3=P. |last4=Freytag |first4=Cs. |last5=Homm |first5=Th. |last6=Lőkös |first6=L. |last7=Matus |first7=G. |last8=Nagy |first8=Z. |last9=Papp |first9=B. |last10=Farkas |first10=E. |year=2021 |title=Taxonomical and chorological notes 15 (153–163) |journal=Studia Botanica Hungarica |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=165–184 |doi=10.17110/StudBot.2021.52.2.165|url=http://real.mtak.hu/141458/1/StudiaBotHung_2021_Vol_52_2_165.pdf }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bertuzzi et al. 2017&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bertuzzi |first1=Stefano |last2=Pellegrini |first2=Elisa |last3=Candotto Carniel |first3=Fabio |last4=Incerti |first4=Guido |last5=Lorenzini |first5=Giacomo |last6=Nali |first6=Cristina |last7=Tretiach |first7=Mauro |year=2017 |title=Ozone and desiccation tolerance in chlorolichens are intimately connected: a case study based on two species with different ecology |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=8089–8103 |doi=10.1007/s11356-017-9444-0 |pmid=28646314}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;BLS&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last=Sanderson |first=N.A. |title=''Parmotrema perlatum'' |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/resources/species-accounts/parmotrema-perlatum |publisher=[[British Lichen Society]] |access-date=25 May 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Brodo et al. 2001&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |authorlink=Irwin Brodo |first1=Irwin M. |last1=Brodo |first2=Sylvia Duran |last2=Sharnoff |authorlink3=Stephen Sharnoff |first3=Stephen |last3=Sharnoff |title=Lichens of North America |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=493 |isbn=978-0-300-08249-4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cannon et al. 2023&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Divakar |first2=P. |last3=Yahr |first3=R. |last4=Aptroot |first4=A. |last5=Clerc |first5=P. |last6=Coppins |first6=B. |last7=Fryday |first7=A. |last8=Sanderson |first8=N. |last9=Simkin |first9=J. |year=2023 |title=Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae, including the genera ''Alectoria'', ''Allantoparmelia'', ''Arctoparmelia'', ''Brodoa'', ''Bryoria'', ''Cetraria'', ''Cetrariella'', ''Cetrelia'', ''Cornicularia'', ''Evernia'', ''Flavocetraria'', ''Flavoparmelia'', ''Hypogymnia'', ''Hypotrachyna'', ''Imshaugia'', ''Melanelia'', ''Melanelixia'', ''Melanohalea'', ''Menegazzia'', ''Montanelia, Nesolechia, ''Parmelia'', Parmelina, ''Parmeliopsis'', ''Parmotrema'', ''Platismatia, ''Pleurosticta, ''Protoparmelia'', ''Pseudephebe'', ''Pseudevernia'', ''Punctelia'', ''Raesaenenia, Tuckermannopsis, ''Usnea'', ''Vulpicida'' and ''Xanthoparmelia'' |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=33 |pages=52–53 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Parmeliaceae%20R3.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Carniel 2015&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Candotto Carniel |first1=Fabio |last2=Zanelli |first2=Davide |first3=Bertuzzi |last3=Stefano |last4=Tretiach |first4=Mauro |year=2015 |title=Desiccation tolerance and lichenization: a case study with the aeroterrestrial microalga ''Trebouxia'' sp. 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Natural Remedies and Drug Discovery |editor-last1=Kaneria |editor-first1=Mital |editor-last2=Rakholiya |editor-first2=Kalpna |editor-last3=Egbuna |editor-first3=Chukwuebuka |isbn=978-0-443-15457-7 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/B978-0-443-15457-7.00019-8}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kukwa et al. 2011&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kukwa |first1=Martin |first2=Magdalena |last2=Pietnoczko |first3=Krystyna |last3=Czyżewska |title=The lichen family Parmeliaceae in Poland. II. 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Troy |year=2023 |title=Lichens. The Macrolichens of Ontario and the Great Lakes Region of the United States |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-0-228-10369-1 |page=332}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley 1863&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Mosley |first=sir Oswald |year=1863 |title=The Natural History of Tutbury. Together with the Fauna and Flora of the District Surrounding Tutbury and Burton-on-Trent |publisher=[[John Van Voorst]], Paternoster Row |location=London |page=319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KG4PAQAAMAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA319}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NatureServe&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=''Parmotrema perlatum''. Powdered Ruffle Lichen |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.123193/Parmotrema_perlatum |publisher=[[NatureServe]] |access-date=25 May 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Osbeck 1757&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Osbeck |first=P. |year=1757 |title=Dagbok öfwer en ostindisk resa åren 1750, 1751, 1752 |trans-title=Diary of an East Indian journey in the years 1750, 1751, 1752 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Lorenz Ludvig Grefing}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Paoli et al. 2017&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Paoli |first1=Luca |last2=Pinho |first2=Pedro |last3=Branquinho |first3=Cristina |last4=Loppi |first4=Stefano |last5=Munzi |first5=Silvana |year=2017 |title=The influence of growth form and substrate on lichen ecophysiological responses along an aridity gradient |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |volume=24 |issue=34 |pages=26206–26212 |doi=10.1007/s11356-017-9361-2|pmid=28664492 |bibcode=2017ESPR...2426206P }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran 2017&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ravindran |first=P.N. |year=2017 |chapter=104. Kalpashi (Kalpasi) ''Parmotrema perlatum'' |title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-1-78064-315-1 |pages=493–496 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pJNDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA493}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Richardson 1992&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=D.H.S. |year=1992 |title=Pollution Monitoring with Lichens |series=Naturalists' Handbook |volume=19 |publisher=Pelagic Publishing |isbn=978-1-78427-211-1 |page=8}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roychowdhury et al. 2024&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |first1=Rupsa |last1=Roychowdhury |first2=Saptarshi |last2=Maiti |first3=Ravindra V. |last3=Adivarekarb |first4=Rekha S. |last4=Singhal |year=2024 |title=Sustainable dyeing of silk using an acetylshikonin-based natural colourant from the lichen ''Parmotrema perlatum'' |journal=Green Chemistry |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=904–917 |doi=10.1039/D3GC03686C}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Roziaty et al. 2023&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Roziaty |first1=Efri |last2=Sutarno |last3=Suntoro |last4=Sugiyarto |year=2023 |title=Short Communication: The effects of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; fumigation on the chlorophyll of ''Parmotrema perlatum'' from Mt. Lawu, Cemoro Sewu, Indonesia |journal=Biodiversitas |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=2630–2637 |doi=10.13057/biodiv/d240515 |doi-access=free}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Smith 1844&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |authorlink=James Edward Smith (botanist) |last=Smith |first=James Edward |year=1844 |title=English Botany; Or Coloured Figures of British Plants, with Their Essential Characters, Synonyms, and Places of Growth |edition=2 |volume=11 |location=London |publisher=R. Taylor |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yejNNJnjWgC&amp;amp;pg=PA18}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Species Fungorum synonymy&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: ''Parmotrema perlatum'' (Huds.) M. Choisy, Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Soc. Bot. Lyon 21: 174 (1952) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=368896 |publisher=[[Species Fungorum]] |access-date=25 May 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Stelate et al. 2022&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stelate |first1=Ayoub |last2=Del-Prado |first2=Ruth |last3=Alors |first3=David |last4=Tahiri |first4=Hikmat |last5=Divakar |first5=Pradeep K. |last6=Crespo |first6=Ana |year=2022 |title=Resolving the phylogenetic relationship between ''Parmotrema crinitum'' and ''Parmotrema perlatum'' populations |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=54 |issue=3–4 |pages=183–194 |doi=10.1017/S0024282922000147 |doi-access=free}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Swinscow &amp;amp; Krog 1988&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Swinscow |first1=Thomas Douglas Victor |last2=Krog |first2=Hildur |year=1988 |title=Macrolichens of East Africa |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |location=London |isbn=978-0-565-01039-3 |page=170}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Thell et al. 2011&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Thell |first1=A. |last2=Thor |first2=G. |last3=Ahti |first3=T. |chapter=''Parmelia'' |pages=96–97 |title=Nordic Lichen Flora |year=2011 |volume=4 |editor-last1=Thell |editor-first1=Arne |editor-last2=Moberg |editor-first2=Roland |publisher=Svenska Botaniska Föreningen |isbn=978-91-85221-24-0}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tripp &amp;amp; Lendemer 2020&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Tripp |first1=Erin A. |last2=Lendemer |first2=James C. |year=2020 |title=Field Guide to the Lichens of Great Smoky Mountains National Park |page=328 |publisher=The University of Tennessee Press |location=Knoxville |isbn=978-1-62190-514-1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Tsurykau et al. 2015&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1= Tsurykau |first1=Andrei |last2=Golubkov |first2=Vladimir |last3=Belyt |first3=Pavel |year=2015 |title=The genera ''Hypotrachyna'', ''Parmotrema'' and ''Punctelia'' (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Belarus |journal=Herzogia |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=736–745 |doi=10.13158/heia.28.2.2015.736}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;van Herk et al. 2002&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Hark |first1=C.M. |last2=Aptroot |first2=A. |last3=van Dobben |first3=H.F. |year=2002 |title=Long-term monitoring in the Netherlands suggests that lichens respond to global warming |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=141–154 |doi=10.1006/lich.2002.0378|bibcode=2002ThLic..34..141V }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Vondrák &amp;amp; Liška 2010&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vondrák |first1=Jan |last2=Liška |first2=Jiří |year=2010 |title=Changes in distribution and substrate preferences of selected threatened lichens in the Czech Republic |journal=Biologia |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=595–602 |doi=10.2478/s11756-010-0061-3|bibcode=2010Biolg..65..595V }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q6354381}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Parmotrema|perlatum]]<br /> [[Category:Lichen species]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens described in 1762]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Europe]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of Central America]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of North America]]<br /> [[Category:Lichens of South America]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spices]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by William Hudson (botanist)]]<br /> [[Category:Cosmopolitan lichens]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirpal_Kazak&diff=510045 2025-10-20T22:50:59Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Punjabi writer}}<br /> [[File:Kirpal Kazak 03.jpg|thumb|Kirpal Kazak, Punjabi language writer]]<br /> '''Kirpal Kazak''' (born 15 January 1943) is a Punjabi writer. He won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2019 for his [[short story]] collection ''Antheen''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Kazak was born in village Baloke, [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]] (now [[Pakistan]]). His father, Sadhu Singh Ramgarhia, was well versed in Arabic, Persian, [[Sanskrit]], and Punjabi. The family migrated to Fatehpur Majra village, [[Patiala district]], [[Punjab, India]] after the [[partition of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-12-19 |title=Writer of middle class, Kirpal Kazak wins Akademi award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/writer-of-middle-class-kirpal-kazak-wins-akademi-award/articleshow/72883072.cms |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He worked as a carpenter and a mason as a youngster.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-19 |title=Kirpal Kazak, known as Punjab's Verrier Elwin, to receive the Sahitya Akademi Award for his collection of short stories |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/kirpal-kazak-known-as-punjabs-verrier-elwin-to-receive-the-sahitya-akademi-award-for-his-collection-of-short-stories-7801791.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He started his writing career by contributing to Punjabi magazine [[Nagmani (magazine)|Nagmani]]. In 1972, he published his first book ''Kala Ilm''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He was appointed as a [[folklore]] assistant at [[Punjabi University|Punjabi University, Patiala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; where he researched the culture of [[Nomadic tribes in India|nomadic tribes]] from Punjab such as [[Sikligar|Sikligars]] and [[Gadia Lohar|Gadia Lohars]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]<br /> [[Category:1943 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindi_Rusi_Bhai_Bhai&diff=502782 2025-10-18T06:02:06Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: starting new pg...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1950s–1980s Soviet political slogan}}<br /> [[File:Russian Indian flag.svg|thumb|This composite flag, incorporating the [[Flag of India|Indian tricolor]] and the [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian double-headed eagle]], symbolizes the shared cultural heritage and brotherhood of the Russian-Indian community and people of Indian origin in Russia.]]<br /> '''Hindi Rusi Bhai Bhai''' ({{langx|hi|हिन्दी रूसी भाई भाई}} — &quot;[[Indian people|Indians]] and [[Russians]] are brothers&quot;) was a political slogan used in India from the 1950s to the 1980s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/08/19/hindi-russi_bhai_bhai_celebrating_40_years_of_the_friendship_treaty_12888|title=Hindi-Russi Bhai Bhai: Celebrating 40 years of the Friendship Treaty|first=Aanchal|last=Anand|date=19 August 2011|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bricsforum.in/in-india-formed-the-national-preparatory-committee-for-the-xix-world-festival-of-youth-and-students-in-russia/|title=In India- Formed, the National Preparatory Committee for the XIX World Festival of Youth and Students in Russia – BRICS International Forum|website=www.bricsforum.in|access-date=2018-06-22|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622194258/http://www.bricsforum.in/in-india-formed-the-national-preparatory-committee-for-the-xix-world-festival-of-youth-and-students-in-russia/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/PropagandaPosters/comments/7igk9w/soviet_poster_in_russian_and_hindi_saying_hindi/|title=r/PropagandaPosters - Soviet Poster in Russian and Hindi Saying &quot;Hindi Rusi Bhai Bhai&quot; Translation- &quot;Russians and Indians are brothers&quot; Post 1962|website=reddit}}&lt;/ref&gt; that was officially advocated in India and the [[Soviet Union]]. It was declared by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at a meeting in [[Bangalore]] on November 26, 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.davno.ru/prazdniki/dates/november26.html Давно.ру]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The term came from a similar slogan, &quot;Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai&quot; ({{langx|hi|हिन्दी चीनी भाई भाई}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXIsX2mNaXgC&amp;dq=hindi+rusi+bhai+bhai&amp;pg=PA339|title=Indian Freedom Fighters: Struggle for Independence|first=S. R.|last=Bakshi|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Anmol|isbn=9788170417033|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; declaring brotherhood between the nascent republican [[India]] and [[China]] between 1954—1962, under the &quot;[[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]], or &quot;pancha shila&quot;, ultimately ending with the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962. Similarly, in the USSR, the slogan &quot;Russians and Chinese are brothers forever&quot;, derived from the song [[Moscow-Peking]] was seen, a sentiment that ended with the [[Sino-Soviet split]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|ru}} [http://bibliotekar.ru/encSlov/16/71.htm Серов, Вадим. Энциклопедический словарь крылатых слов и выражений. «Локид-Пресс», 2003.]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The slogan was used in Soviet literature, for example, in the book &quot;Old Man Hottabych&quot; by [[Lazar Lagin]] and in [[Old Khottabych|the corresponding movie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|ru}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wzt0oUO51wC&amp;dq=хинди+руси&amp;pg=PA85 Л. Лагин. Старик Хоттабыч]&lt;/ref&gt; It also appears prominently in the film &quot;Be prepared, Your Majesty&quot; by [[Lev Kassil]]. The usage also continued after the Soviet Union's collapse, such as in the 1991 movie [[Promised Heaven]] by [[Eldar Ryazanov]].<br /> <br /> The word ''bhai'' in [[Hindi]] means &quot;brother&quot; and etymologically corresponds to Russian word ''брат'' (&quot;brat&quot;). There are also [[cognate]]s in other [[Indo-European languages]]: ''brother'' in English, ''frāter'' in Latin, ''φράτηρ'' in Greek.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1955 in India]]<br /> [[Category:1955 in the Soviet Union]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political slogans]]<br /> [[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._K._Birla_Foundation&diff=461138 2025-10-14T23:55:38Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian arts and literature organisation}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{update|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{third party sources|date=April 2025}}}}<br /> The '''K.K. Birla Foundation''' was established in 1991 by [[Krishna Kumar Birla]] in Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pandya, Haresh|title=K. K. Birla, a Leader of Indian Business, Dies at 89|date=2 September 2008|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/03/business/worldbusiness/03birla.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its mission is to promote literature (especially [[Hindi]] literature) and the arts, as well as education and social work. It regularly gets mentioned in the media for the awards it confers, including:<br /> <br /> * the [[Saraswati Samman]] {{INRConvert|1500|k}} for literary work in any Indian language(22),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Saraswati Samman |url=http://www.kkbirlafoundation.org/saraswati-s.html |publisher=KK Birla Foundation |accessdate=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405142131/http://www.kkbirlafoundation.org/saraswati-s.html |archivedate=5 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Govind Mishra gets Saraswati Samman 2013 for novel 'Dhool Paudhon Par' |work= Daily News &amp; Analysis| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-govind-mishra-gets-saraswati-samman-2013-for-novel-dhool-paudhon-par-2020773 |date=22 September 2014 | accessdate = 2014-09-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * the [[Vyas Samman]] {{INRConvert|400|k}} for prose/poetry work in Hindi, <br /> * the Bihari Puraskar {{INRConvert|100|k}} for prose/poetry work in Hindi/Rajasthani, only authors from Rajasthan are eligible,<br /> * the [[Shankar Puraskar]] {{INRConvert|150|k}} for a work in Hindi concerning Indian philosophy, culture and/or art,<br /> * the [[Vachaspati Puraskar]] {{INRConvert|150|k}} for any work in [[Sanskrit]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vachaspati Puraskar |url=http://www.kkbirlafoundation.org/vachaspati.html |publisher=KK Birla Foundation |accessdate=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221133626/http://kkbirlafoundation.org/vachaspati.html |archivedate=21 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * the [[G.D. Birla Award for Scientific Research]] {{INRConvert|150|k}}.<br /> <br /> Saraswati Samman a literary recognition given annually by the KK Birla Foundation. Saraswati Samman carries a cash award of 15 lakh rupees, a citation and a plaque. Besides the Saraswati Samman, two other awards have been instituted by the KK Birla Foundation – the Vyas Samman (for Hindi works by Indian citizens) and Bihari Puraskar (for Hindi/Rajasthani works by Rajasthani writers), a literary and cultural organisation.<br /> <br /> Noted Sindhi writer Vasdev Mohi will be honoured with 29th Saraswati Samman. He has been selected for his short stories collection:- Chequebook, published in 2012. This short stories collection talks about the agonies and sufferings of marginalized sections of the society. He has authored 25 books of poetry, stories and translations. He has also received the Sahitya Akademi Award.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Birla family]]<br /> *[[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]<br /> *[[Sahitya Akademi]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1991 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1991]]<br /> [[Category:Foundations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:Birla family]]<br /> [[Category:Indic literature societies]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{india-company-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susant_Kumar_Rout&diff=538705 2025-09-29T23:38:47Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Added the biography initial version - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]<br /> | term_start = 2019<br /> | term_end = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = [[Priyadarshi Mishra]]<br /> | party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br /> | image =<br /> }}<br /> '''Susant Kumar Rout''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhubaneswar North (Uttar) Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhubaneswar-north-uttar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916538.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhubaneswar North (Uttar), Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's Susant Kumar Rout wins Bhubaneswar North with 78179 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bhubaneswar-north-uttar-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548497-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rout, Susant Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bairia_Assembly_constituency&diff=489174 2025-08-08T04:11:53Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: adding first stub added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bairia<br /> | constituency_no = 363<br /> | map_image = 363-Bairia.svg<br /> | mla = [[Jai Prakash Anchal]]<br /> | party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Surendra Nath Singh]]<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | type = SLA<br /> }} <br /> '''Bairia''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bairia in the [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<br /> Bairia is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha constituency of Ballia]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 363 amongst 403 constituencies.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bairia Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Bairia.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |[[Jai Prakash Anchal]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |[[Surendra Nath Singh]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |[[Jai Prakash Anchal]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bairia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Jai Prakash Anchal]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:71241}}<br /> |percentage = 40.33<br /> |change = {{increase}}10.85<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Anand Swarup Shukla]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:58290}}<br /> |percentage = 33.0<br /> |change = {{decrease}}7.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Vikassheel Insaan Party<br /> |candidate = [[Surendra Nath Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:28615}}<br /> |percentage = 16.2<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Subhash Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:12695}}<br /> |percentage = 7.19<br /> |change = {{decrease}}10.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1958}}<br /> |percentage = 1.11<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:12951}}<br /> |percentage = 7.33<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:176654}}<br /> |percentage = 48.11<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Bharatiya Janata Party candidate [[Surendra Nath Singh]] won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Jai Prakash Anchal]] by a margin of 17,077 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bairia.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bairia&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Surendra Nath Singh]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:64868}}<br /> |percentage = 40.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Jai Prakash Anchal]]<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:47791}}<br /> |percentage = 29.48<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Javahar<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:27974}}<br /> |percentage = 17.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ashani Singh<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6122}}<br /> |percentage = 3.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Manoj<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5946}}<br /> |percentage = 3.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Sanjay<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2197}}<br /> |percentage = 1.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:762}}<br /> |percentage = 0.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:17077}}<br /> |percentage = 10.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:162100}}<br /> |percentage = 47.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|25.77|84.48|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Ballia district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parkala&diff=448294 2025-05-22T23:01:34Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Content refreshed with new edits</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Parkala<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Suburb<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13|21|13|N|74|49|10|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = City<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = Udupi<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Udupi<br /> | established_title = &amp;lt;!-- Established --&amp;gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Udupi City Municipal Council/Local Panchayats<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 576107<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Manipal<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Summer: Hot/humid, Monsoon: Typically heavy rains, Winter: Cool, breezy]] &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]] [[Kannada]] [[Konkani language|Konkani]] <br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> <br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Udupi]] and [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kaup]] <br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = Udupi City Municipal Council/Local Panchayats<br /> | blank5_name_sec1 = Major Political Party Stronghold<br /> | blank5_info_sec1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Parkala''' is a suburb of [[Udupi]] city located east of [[Manipal]] in [[Udupi district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |author=&amp;lt;!-- not stated --&amp;gt; |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is administered in part by Udupi City Municipality and in part by the 80, Badagubettu Panchayat (village-level local government body).<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Parkala, along the banks of calm and serene [[Swarna River]], is dotted with paddy fields, coconut and arecanut plantations and forests.<br /> Gatson colony the most famous colony in Udupi is located in Parkala. Gatson colony comes within the range of 2&amp;amp;nbsp;km from Parkala. Gatson colony is the most advanced colony in udupi district, many innovations like underground telephone line or underground water pipes were first introduced there.<br /> <br /> This town is situated on the [[Udupi]]-[[Karkala]] state highway, right next to the internationally renowned [[Manipal]] city, the knowledge hub of southern India, where students from all over India and the world come to pursue higher studies in subjects ranging from medicine to technology to management. From [[Udupi]] city, famous for its [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha|Shri Krishna Temple]], Parkala is about seven km.<br /> <br /> Parkala has ancient temples, a mosque, besides schools—one of them, the Basel Mission School, which is more than 100 years old—hospitals and clinics, and a popular weekly market, called the Santhe in local lingo.<br /> <br /> A software firm also dots the landscape along with mobile and landline towers of major telephone companies. There are many restaurants and bars and a hotel for those wishing to stay in this area.<br /> <br /> This town also boasts of lush green paddy fields, besides coconut and arecanut groves that sway in the wind, and farmers here also plant a variety of crops.<br /> <br /> Besides the farming community, who live here in large numbers, many locals commute from here mainly to Udupi and Manipal to their place of work, whether in banks, hospitals or in one of Manipal's various educational campuses.<br /> <br /> Parkala is connected by road and railway, the nearest railway station being the Udupi Railway Station on the [[Konkan Railway]], linking [[Mangalore]] with [[Goa]] and [[Bombay]]. Similarly, the National Highway links [[Udupi]] with [[Mangalore]] to the south and Goa and Bombay to the north. Currently a Major National Highway Project (NH 169A) is being executed, starting from Devinagar, Parkala to Karavali Bypass, Udupi.<br /> <br /> Parkala is served by a Post Office with the PIN 576107, serving Parkala, [[Herga]], Badagubettu, Hirebettu, Athrady, Kabyadi and so on. A telephone exchange is situated at Herga, with the STD calling code (+91) 820.<br /> <br /> ==Language==<br /> [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Urdu language | Urdu]] and [[Beary language | Beary]] are widely spoken here<br /> <br /> ==Art, culture, &amp;amp; sports==<br /> [[Bhuta Kola]] and [[Nagaradhane]] are some of the cultural traditions of Parkala, like elsewhere across the coastal Karnataka region. Folk arts like [[Yakshagana]] are also popular, with a local team of artistes winning state and other awards. The famous Netaji Sports Club (R.) was established in 1975 at Parkala.<br /> <br /> ==Climate==<br /> The summers (February–May) are hot/humid, winters (October–January) cool and the monsoon (June–September) sees some fairly heavy rains.<br /> <br /> ==River Swarna==<br /> [[File:swarna02.jpg|thumb|right|Swarna river at Parkala]]The River Swarna is a rain-fed water source. Water is tapped at two small dams, one at Baje near Hiriyadka and the other near Shiroor, where it is taken through filtration plants and supplied to many towns and villages, including Parkala, besides being Udupi City's main drinking water source. Swarna also supplies water to many villages along its banks for agricultural purposes.<br /> <br /> ==Agriculture==<br /> Agriculture is the main occupation of a sizeable population of residents of Parkala. The main produce is paddy, coconut, arecanut and a variety of vegetables.<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> The closest railway stations is Udupi, 8&amp;amp;nbsp;km from Parkala. The nearest international airport is at Bajpe in Mangalore. Parkala is connected by public and private transport to major cities in Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra.<br /> <br /> ==Schools==<br /> Basel Mission School [Urban area], popularly known as B.M. School, is over 100 years old. Kannada (up to 8th) and English (up to 10th) are languages of instruction. Another popular school is the Parkala High School, imparting education in Kannada and English from 8th to 10th standard.<br /> <br /> ==Medical institutions==<br /> S.D.M. Yoga and Nature Cure Hospital, Pareeka.<br /> <br /> ==Corporates==<br /> Telenetix Private Limited, Puthur Hills, Parkala<br /> <br /> ==Temples==<br /> Sri Mahalingeshwara Mahaganapathi Temple, Parkala<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Sri Srinivasa Upadhya, Parkala, Managing Trustee, Sri Mahalingeshwara Mahaganapathi Temple<br /> <br /> Late Dr. Giridhara Rao, Physician<br /> <br /> Dr N R Rao, International editor for Davidson's Textbook of Medicine<br /> <br /> ==Auditoriums==<br /> Sri Vighneshwara Sabha Bhavana, Parkala is a hub of various cultural programmes. Art forms like [[Yakshagana]] and various other theatre form of entertainment can be witnessed all year round. The Sabha Bhavana hosts its own Ganesh Chaturthi inviting over thousands of devotees across the district.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Udupi]]<br /> * [[Manipal]]<br /> * [[Udupi district]]<br /> * [[Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227232203/http://www.udupinet.com/ Online news portal dedicated to Udupi is published from here]<br /> * [http://www.telenetix.net Website of Telenetix Private Limited]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100205060939/http://www.rotaryparkala.org/parkala.html Website of Rotary Club of Parkala]<br /> *[http://naturecure.org.in/ Website of SDM Yoga &amp;amp; Nature Cure Hospital, which has major facility at Parkala]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Udupi]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Udupi district]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochin_State_Forest_Tramway&diff=469806 2025-02-08T19:04:18Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: improve formatting further and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cable railway (1907–1963)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox rail line<br /> | box_width = <br /> | name = Cochin State Forest Tramway<br /> | other_name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | color = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_width = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | image = Cochin State Forest Tramway - Part of the main line with empty train on a grade. (Scientific American, 26 February 1910, p. 184-185).jpg<br /> | image_width = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = [[Zig zag (railway)|Switchback]] on the main line<br /> | type = [[Tramway (industrial)|Tramway]]<br /> | system = <br /> | status = closed<br /> | locale = [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]] and [[Thrissur District]]s, [[Kingdom of Cochin|State of Cochin]]<br /> | start = [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br /> | end = [[Chalakudy]]<br /> | stations = 16<br /> | routes = <br /> | daily_ridership = <br /> | ridership2 = <br /> | planopen = &lt;!--{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}--&gt;<br /> | open = {{Start date|1907|df=y}}<br /> | yearcommenced = {{Start date|1905|10|03|df=y}}<br /> | yearcompleted = &lt;!--{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}--&gt;<br /> | close = {{Start date|1963|df=y}}<br /> | event1label = <br /> | event1 = <br /> | event2label = <br /> | event2 = <br /> | event3label = <br /> | event3 = <br /> | owner = <br /> | operator = <br /> | character = <br /> | depot = <br /> | stock = <br /> | linelength_km = 79.5<br /> | linelength_mi = <br /> | linelength = <br /> | tracklength_km = <br /> | tracklength_mi = <br /> | tracklength = <br /> | tracks = <br /> | gauge = {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}}<br /> | old_gauge = <br /> | load_gauge = <br /> | minradius = <br /> | racksystem = <br /> | routenumber = <br /> | linenumber = <br /> | electrification = <br /> | speed_km/h = <br /> | speed_mph = <br /> | speed = <br /> | signalling = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_ft = <br /> | elevation = <br /> | website = <br /> | map = [[File:Map of the Cochin State (Register No 949, Litho Print, Survey &amp; Land Records Office, Trichun, 1117) In Census of India, 1941, Vol XIX, Cochin by B V K Menon, Census Commissioner, Cochin, printed 1944 (retouched).jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;The line in 1944 {{Cochin State Forest Tramway }}<br /> | map_name = <br /> | map_state = <br /> | embedded = <br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> |name = &amp;nbsp;<br /> |location_city = [[Chalakudy]] <br /> |location_country = [[India]]<br /> |key_people = [[Rama Varma XV]]<br /> |products = [[Teak]] and [[Rosewood]]<br /> |revenue = Rs 17.5 lakhs<br /> |operating_income = Rs 2 lakhs <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Cochin State Forest Tramway''' was a {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://irfca.org/articles/CochinStateForestTramwayJournal.doc &quot;Journal on the Cochin State Forest Tramway.&quot;] (*.doc file) Retrieved on 10 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;empire&quot;&gt;{{cite news <br /> |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/04/stories/2010010455160600.htm |last1=Prabhakaran |first1=G.<br /> |title=Tramway to a trade empire <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120602/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/04/stories/2010010455160600.htm <br /> |access-date=2020-09-11|url-status=dead<br /> |work=[[The Hindu]]<br /> |date=2010-01-04<br /> |archive-date=17 May 2014 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web <br /> |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1410735.ece<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517140257/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1410735.ece<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=17 May 2014<br /> |title=Public to get glimpses of the marvel of erstwhile tramway<br /> |publisher=The New Indian Express<br /> |access-date=2013-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[cable railway]] line that ran from the [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Palakkad District]] to the town of [[Chalakudy]] in [[Thrissur District]] in India. Operating from 1907 to 1963, it served the [[Kingdom of Cochin|State of Cochin]] and brought prosperity by enabling the transport of [[teak]] and [[rosewood]] from the forest into town. These goods could then be exported abroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;empire&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Inception===<br /> The idea of a forest tramway was put forward by J.C. Kolhoff, first Conservator of Forests of the city of [[Kochi|Cochin]], and was implemented by V. Alwar Chetty, a forest officer on special duty. British officers Haldwell and Floukes performed the initial survey and route. R.E. Haffield was the first tramway engineer who cleared the forests and laid down the lines. The tramway was built during the rule of [[Rama Varma XV]], [[Maharaja of Cochin]] (1895 to 1914).&lt;ref name=&quot;empire&quot;/&gt; Sir [[Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill]], the [[Governor of Madras]], inaugurated its construction on 3 October 1905. The tramway began operating in 1907. On 26 June 1907, the [[Maharaja of Cochin]] passed the Cochin Forest Tramway Act, which provided for the protection and management of the tramway.<br /> <br /> ===Tram routes===<br /> The tramway was divided into three sections: the first started from [[Chalakudy]] and ended at Anapantham, covering a length of 21 miles; the second ran from Kavalai to [[Pothupara]], covering six miles; and the third ran from Komalapara to Chinnar, covering 22.5 miles. The total length of tramway was 49.5 miles (79.5&amp;nbsp;km).&lt;ref name=&quot;empire&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Machinery===<br /> [[Chalakudy]] used to house the tramway workshop and timber yard. The section had two locomotives to pull the trucks and saloons. The locomotives, rolling stock and machinery for the tramway were supplied by [[Orenstein and Koppel]] of [[Germany]]. P&amp;W MacLennan of the U.K. supplied the bridges and culverts. K.R. Menon was the last tramway engineer. The tramway system had double lines and worked on rollers and cables. Empty wagons were rolled up while loaded wagons were pushed down along the other rails.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Harran: [https://zenodo.org/record/1923056/files/article.pdf &quot;The Cochin Forest Railway.'' In: ''Scientific American,&quot; 26 February 1910, p. 184-185.] Retrieved 10 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Demise===<br /> In 1926, the special finance committee recommended the abolition of the tramway, but was rejected by the Government in 1928. Another special committee was set up in 1950 under the chairmanship of the Chief Conservator of Forests, which recommended discontinuing of the tramway. In 1953, another commission was appointed but given the report that tramway should be revived at any cost. Finally in 1963, after serving 56 years and making modern [[Cochin Port]] a present-day commercial harbour and [[Cochin]] City, the economic hub, the Cochin State Forest Tramway was abolished on the basis of a special finance committee report.&lt;ref name=&quot;empire&quot;/&gt;<br /> The staff was absorbed in various departments of Government.<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> The tramway was an engineering wonder in that period for [[South India]]. The money was used for building ports, bridges, roads, colleges, schools, etc. [[Cochin Port]], a major port on the [[Arabian Sea]] – [[Indian Ocean]] sea-route, was constructed by the earnings from the tramway. [[Willingdon Island]], which was created during construction of [[Cochin Port]], was also bankrolled by tramway revenues.&lt;ref name=&quot;empire&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Rama Varma XV of Cochin.JPG| [[Rama Varma XV]] was the brain behind the idea of Cochin State Forest Tramway<br /> Cochin State Forest Tramway - Incline 02.jpg| A section of the Tramway without locomotives<br /> Cochin State Forest Tramway - Incline.jpg| Steep incline section of the Tram<br /> Kochi City-sizzling port-W.ISLAND, that's created by Lord Bristow.jpg| [[Cochin Port]], the cherry in [[Kerala]]'s growth, was constructed from the earnings of the tramway<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite periodical |last1=Jackson |first1=Harold V. |title=The Cochin State Forest Tramway |magazine=The Industrial Railway Record |date=August 1971 |issue=38 |pages=104-105 |url=http://www.irsociety.co.uk/Archives/38/Cochin.htm |publisher=www.irsociety.co.uk}}<br /> * Travel article: [https://archive.today/20130411143944/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent1.aspx?id=150&amp;flag=issuehome &quot;Forest Track&quot;, ''Outlook Traveller'' (November 2006).] Text and photographs by Sanjiv Valsan &quot;The mountain route of the long forgotten Cochin State Forest Tramway is reborn as a jungle trail.&quot; <br /> * {{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Sebastian |title=Cochin forests and the British techno-ecological imperialism in India |date=2016 |publisher=Primus |location=Delhi |isbn=9789384082659}}<br /> ** From [[Union Christian College, Aluva|UC College, Aluva]], Department of History: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044446/http://uccollege.edu.in/history/news/cochin-forests-and-the-british/ An extract from the &quot;Environmental History&quot; chapter of Dr. Sebastian Joseph's 2010 thesis, ''Cochin Forests and the British''], submitted as part of the Kerala Council for Historical Research's (KCHR) Post-Doctoral Fellowship. The thesis was the basis of above 2016 book.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{URL|https://zenodo.org/record/1923056/files/article.pdf|Edward Harran 26 February 2010}}<br /> * {{URL|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L2j5HFW-k8|2=A short film about the Tram line}}<br /> <br /> {{Trams in India}}<br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tram transport in India]]<br /> [[Category:Metre-gauge railways in India]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Palakkad district]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:History of Thrissur district]]<br /> [[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]<br /> [[Category:Railway companies established in 1907]]<br /> [[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1963]]<br /> [[Category:1963 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1907]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaziphema&diff=500130 2025-02-03T16:17:33Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Creating data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gaziphema<br /> | native_name = Vafiimai <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Laü<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Manipur#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25|30|02|N|94|23|16|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Senapati district|Senapati]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Village panchayat<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m =<br /> | population_total = 5518<br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]] (Written), Poula (Spoken)<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 795104<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91385-<br /> | registration_plate = MN <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = 939 (2011)<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Senapati]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 30.43%<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = Outer Manipur<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = 48-Mao<br /> | website = {{URL|manipur.gov.in}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Gaziphema''', also called '''Vafiimai''' or '''Laü''', is a [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai Naga]] village located north of [[Senapati (Tahamzam)|Senapati]] in [[Senapati district]] of the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Manipur]]. It is bounded on the East by [[Ukhrul district]] and [[Nagaland]] on the North and West and covers an area of 46.48&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. According to the Census of India 2011, there are 806 households with a total population of 5518 persons, out of which 2846 are male while 2672 are female, making it one of the largest villages amongst the [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai Naga]] tribe.&lt;ref&gt;Census of India 2011, http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268498-laii-manipur.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Legend has it that the ancestors of Vafiimai originally came from [[Mao Naga people|Mao]] by hunting a phenomenal seven-horned [[stag]]. Chasing the stag, they embark upon the present location of Laii, and as nightfall was nigh, they decided against returning. With no food at hand, they ate the buds of a leafy plant [[Koenigia polystachya|Himalayan knotweed]] locally called '''vavu'''. On finding that the land was habitable and good, the hunters returned home and came back with 16 delegates from each clan of the 16 Mao villages. Thus was the new settlement established.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The term '''Vafiimai''' has its origin from the plant [[Koenigia polystachya|Himalayan knotweed]] which grows abundantly in the region. Literally, '''Va''' (Vavu) [Scientifically called Koenigia polystachya] is the name of ''the plant'', '''Fii''' meaning ''place'', and '''Mai''' means ''people''. Hence, ''people from the land of Vavu''. The name '''Gaziphema''' has similar etymology as '''Vafiimai''' and is what it is known in Nagaland. The name '''Laii''' which means ''God'' in [[Manipur|Manipuri]] was given by a [[Manipur|Meitei]] [[Ningthou]] after a failed attempt to raid the village.<br /> <br /> == Culture and religion ==<br /> Like any other [[Naga people|Naga]] village, the people of Gaziphema depend mainly on cultivation and livestock-rearing. Because of this labour-intensive cultivation, land is the most important form of property among them to date. However, with the changing times, many have adopted small businesses and other skilled professions. Several educated individuals and families migrated to various metropolitan cities due to government postings, education and corporate jobs leading to a huge diaspora populace. <br /> <br /> During the period of headhunting, the menfolks spent the majority of their time in warfare with hostile villages and [[Head hunting|taking heads]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/record/r87050.html|title=H.H. Godwin-Austen, Journal of a Tour in Assam, 26th November 1872 to 15th April 1873 |publisher=The Naga Database|accessdate=2023-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1879, when the [[United Kingdom|British]] succeeded in annexing the Naga territory, the inter-village feuds have come to an end. With the introduction of [[Christianity]] in the region in the early twentieth century, many of them changed their faith to Christianity. Today, 99% of the population follows [[Christianity]]. These Christians are of two major denominations: [[Baptist]] and [[Roman Catholic]].<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Gaziphema village is located at 25.5004° N latitude and 94.3893° E longitude. It is situated at a height of 1791.5 m above sea level, and lies about 42 Kilometres from national highway 39 at Tadubi.<br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Gaziphema<br /> |North = [[Phek district]], [[Nagaland]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Kharasom]], [[Ukhrul district]]<br /> |East = [[Chingjaroi]], [[Ukhrul district]]<br /> |Southeast = Chingmai Khunou &lt;br&gt; [[Senapati district]]<br /> |South = Chingmai Khullen &lt;br&gt; [[Senapati district]]<br /> |Southwest = Katafiimai [[Senapati district]]<br /> |West = [[Phek district]], [[Nagaland]]<br /> |Northwest = [[Phek district]], [[Nagaland]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Literacy==<br /> As per the Census of India 2011, Gaziphema village has a very low literacy rate. In 2011, literacy rate was 30.43 % compared to 76.94 % of Manipur. Male literacy stands at 35.67 % while female literacy rate was 24.76 %.<br /> <br /> ==World War II==<br /> During the Second World War, Gaziphema was a strategic location to the Allied soldiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/60-and-80-column-chindits-1944/|title=60 and 80 Column Chindits 1944|publisher=Burma Star Association|accessdate=2016-12-01|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221033910/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/60-and-80-column-chindits-1944/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1944, when the invasion by the Japanese troops was imminent, the Assam Regiment was moved to [[Jessami]] and [[Kharasom]] via Gaziphema to delay the advance of the 31st Japanese division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/596322.html |title=The Soldier's Burden |publisher=Kaiser Cross |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Senapati district]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doresani&diff=497610 2025-02-01T08:08:44Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television drama}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Doresani.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]]<br /> | creator = Manju Chelur<br /> | screenplay = Nikitha Gowri<br /> | director = <br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *Roopika<br /> *Prithviraj<br /> }}<br /> | voices = <br /> | narrated = <br /> | composer = Sunad Gautham<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 205<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = Vittal Mugulur<br /> | producer = [[Prakash (film director)]]<br /> | location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 6:30 PM<br /> | company = Jaimatha Combines<br /> | network = [[Colors Kannada]]<br /> | released = <br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2021|12|20|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2022|08|21|df=y}}<br /> | related = <br /> | opentheme = Ne Doresani Nanna Doresani<br /> | endtheme = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Doresani''''' is an Indian television drama in the [[Kannada language]] that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]] on 20 December 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Doresani to go on air from December 20 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/doresani-to-go-on-air-from-december-20/articleshow/88158163.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> The story revolves around the lives of a father, daughter, and his boss. Deepika, the apple of her father Purushotham's eye, promises to never fall in love. Unaware of the ways of the heart, she is confident of her decision until she meets Vishwanath Anand, an orphan and self-made man, who runs an auditing firm. Anand is Purushotham's boss at the office whom Purushotham hates because of his strictness in the office. Then Purushotham learns that his daughter is in love with the man he hates.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * Prithviraj as Vishwanathan Anand – Purushottham's boss; Deepika's love interest<br /> * Roopika as Deepika – Purushottham's first daughter; Anand's love interest<br /> * Jaidev Mohan as Purushottham – Deepika's father<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * [[Bhavani Prakash]] as Sathyavathi – Sinchana's mother<br /> * Madhumathi as Soudamini – Deepika's mother; Purushottham's wife<br /> * Shewtha Koglur as Sinchana – Rajath's wife; Sathyavathi's daughter<br /> * Bhuvana Murali as Saptami – Deepika's first younger sister; Purushottham's second daughter<br /> * Prathima as Goutami – Deepika's second younger sister; Purushottam's third daughter<br /> * Darshith Gowda as Rajath – Deepika's elder brother; Purushottam's son<br /> * Amogh Adiga as Sinchana's younger brother; Satyavathi's son<br /> * Sushma as Siri – Anand's office assistant<br /> * Shubha as Ningamma – Anand's house maid who is treated as a family member<br /> * Bhagat snow as Inspector Ram – Anand's best friend<br /> * Gagan Ram&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gagan Ram bags a pivotal role in Doresani - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gagan-ram-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-doresani/articleshow/88386362.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Giridhar – The manager in Anand's office<br /> <br /> === Cameo appearances ===<br /> * Shamanth Gowda as Bro Gowda – Anand's office worker's brother<br /> * [[Priyanka Thimmesh]] as Priyanka – Bro Gowda's wife<br /> * [[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumaraswamy]]<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The show marks the comeback of actress Roopika after a break from serials.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roopika comes full circle, returns to Kannada TV after a decade - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/roopika-comes-full-circle-returns-to-kannada-tv-after-a-decade/articleshow/87697715.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show is being shot in and around Bengaluru. Some episodes of the show were filmed in the outskirts of Bengaluru.<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The title song for the series ''Doresani'' has been sung by singer Rajath Hegde, Neenada Nayak and Shamir Haripu. The original music is provided by Sunad Gautham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=After the success of Jothe Jotheyalli title track, Sunaad Gowtham is now doing it for the serial's other south versions - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/after-the-success-of-jothe-jotheyalli-title-track-sunaad-gowtham-is-now-doing-it-for-the-serials-other-south-versions/articleshow/78215715.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | all_lyrics = <br /> | all_music = <br /> | headline = Doresani Soundtrack:<br /> | extra_column = Singer<br /> | title1 = Doresani Title Song<br /> | length1 = 1:18<br /> | extra1 = Rajath Hegde, Neenada Nayak, Shamir Haripu<br /> | total_length = 1:18<br /> | lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domchanch&diff=497539 2024-10-13T17:13:05Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Domchanch<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Census Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.473056|N|85.689722|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country <br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Koderma district|Koderma]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal governance in India]]<br /> | governing_body = Nagar Panchayat Domchanch<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 11.04<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 15890<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Domchanch (community development block)#Language and religion]])<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 825407<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code<br /> | area_code = 06543<br /> | registration_plate = JH 12<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]<br /> | website = {{URL|koderma.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Domchanch''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Domchanch (community development block)|Domchanch]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Koderma subdivision]] of the [[Koderma district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=380| height=450| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|24|33|0|N|85|38|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Koderma district in North Chotanagpur Division'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, D: dam, P: power plant, T: tourist centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chandwara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chandwara]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|34|48|N|85|46|18|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Dhab| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhab]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|22|33|N|85|38|37|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Jainagar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Jainagar, Koderma]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|24|19|38|N|85|50|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Markacho| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Markacho]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|24|24|26|N|85|48|41|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Nawadih| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Nawadih, Markacho]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|25|51|N|85|46|21|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Nawalsahi| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Nawalsahi]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|44|47|N|85|46|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Satgawan| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Satgawan]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|24|19|55|N|85|31|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Tilaiya| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Tilaiya]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|24|21|20|N|85|27|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Urwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Urwan]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|24|28|12|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Kodarma| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Kodarma]] (M) |label-size10=13 |label-color10=#800000<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|24|25|44|N|85|32|7|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=Jhumri Telaiya| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jhumri Telaiya]] (M) |label-size11=13 |label-color11=#800000<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|28|23|N|85|41|23|E}}| label-pos12=top|label12=Domchanch| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= Domchanch (CT) |shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|50|N|85|35|22|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Bekobar| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Bekobar]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|26|40|N|85|33|9|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Karma| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Karma, Koderma]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|24|19|26|N|85|31|40|E}}| label15= Tilaiya|labela15= Dam| label-color15 = #C42222 | label-angle15=0| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=12| numbered15=D|mark-title15 =[[Tilaiya Dam]]| shape-color15=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|33|40|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Koderma Thermal Power Station | numbered16=P| mark-title16= [[Koderma Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color16=#967117<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|24|34|0|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Koderma|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|24|20|0|N|85|37|0|E}} |label18= Barakar River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 10| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label19= Sakri River|label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 50| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -75| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}<br /> <br /> ===Location=== <br /> Domchanch is located at {{coord|24.473056|N|85.689722|E|display=inline}}.<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> Koderma district is plateau territory and around 60% of the total area is covered with forests. The first dam of the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], at [[Tilaiya]], was built across the [[Barakar River]] and inaugurated in 1953. [[Koderma Junction railway station]] has emerged as an important railway centre in the region. It is a predominantly rural district with only 19.72% urban population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Pages 8 and 9 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 2 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2003_PART_B_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII B| work = Page 18| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 2 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |title =Damodar Valley Corporation |work =Dams and Barrages |publisher =DVC|accessdate =2 January 2021 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100429025712/http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |archive-date =2010-04-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Domchanch had a total population of 15,890, of which 8,161 (52%) were males and 7,648 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,541. The total number of literate persons in Domchanch was 10,337 (77.91% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2004_PART_B_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Giridih, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 292: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 8 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Kodarma'', Domchanch covered an area of 11.04&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Among the civic amenities, it had 24&amp;nbsp;km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, hand pump. It had 2,335 domestic electric connections, 30 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 hospitals, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 2 TB hospital/ clinics, 5 nursing homes, 1 veterinary hospital, 2 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 2 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at [[Kodarma]] 11&amp;nbsp;km away. Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 stadium. It had the branch offices of 2 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Koderma, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 353-358 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |accessdate = 20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civic administration==<br /> ===Police station===<br /> Domchanch police station serves Domchanch CD block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/koderma | title = District Police Profile - Koderma | work = Contact Numbers | publisher = Jharkhand Police | accessdate = 20 December 2020 | archive-date = 2 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210102033429/https://jhpolice.gov.in/koderma | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===CD block HQ===<br /> Headquarters of Domchanch CD block is at Domchanch town.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Kodarma on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> * There is a station nearby at Maheshpur on the [[Madhupur-Giridih-Koderma line]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/koderma-maheshmunda-passenger-53366/21983/1428/10156 |title = Koderma-Maheshmunda Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo | accessdate = 10 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jharkhand State Highway 13, passes through domchanch which connect Koderma by Giridih &amp; Dhanbaad<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Koderma District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Koderma district]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elluvochi_Godaramma&diff=498399 2024-08-15T12:56:58Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Elluvachi Godaramma#2019 version]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunduru_railway_station&diff=542003 2024-07-31T11:59:36Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Added new info and citations - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Tsunduru<br /> | type = [[Commuter rail|Commuter]], [[Inter-city rail|Inter-city]] and [[Regional rail]] station<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | address = [[Tsunduru]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br /> | map_caption = Location in [[Andhra Pradesh]]##Location in India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|16.24252|N|80.63993|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inlinemtitle}}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = Indian Railways<br /> | line = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]<br /> * [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]]<br /> * [[Vijayawada–Gudur section]]<br /> }}<br /> | distance = <br /> | platforms = 3<br /> | train_operators = <br /> | structure = Standard (on ground)<br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}<br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = TSR<br /> | zone = {{abbrlink|SCoR|South Coast Railway zone}}<br /> | division = {{abbrlink|Vijayawada|Vijayawada railway division}}<br /> }}<br /> | classification = Non-Suburban Grade-6 (NSG-6)<br /> | opened = {{Start date|1899|df=y}}<br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | former = <br /> | electrified = 1980–81<br /> | years = <br /> | events = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Indian Railways<br /> <br /> |line1=Delhi–Chennai line|left1=Valiveru|right1=Modukuru<br /> <br /> |line2=Howrah–Chennai main line|left2=Valiveru|right2=Modukuru<br /> }}<br /> | route_map = {{Howrah–Chennai main line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tsunduru railway station''' (station code:TSR&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Chirala – Tenali Jn. section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=30 April 2019 |page=55 |format=PDF |date=12 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;), is an [[Indian Railways]] station in [[Tsundur]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is situated on [[Vijayawada–Gudur section]] of [[Vijayawada railway division]] in [[South Coast Railway zone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;station_categories&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,291,358,748,2213|title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW)|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Tsunduru is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-6 (NSG-6)'' railway station.&lt;ref name=&quot;station_categories&quot; /&gt; Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–6 category station earns nearly {{₹|16}} [[lakhs]] and handles close to {{Nowrap|3 lakhs}} passengers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Categorization of Railway Stations |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174916 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=20 May 2019 |date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Tsunduru}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Vijayawada railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Guntur district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muthumariamman_Temple,_Konnaiyur&diff=519327 2024-07-24T07:34:48Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: creating a location</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> '''Muthumariamman Temple''' is situated at Konnaiyur in [[Pudukkottai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> This temple is located at [[Pudukkottai]]-[[Ponnamaravathi]] road at a distance of 35&amp;nbsp;km from [[Pudukkottai]].&lt;ref name=pdk&gt;புதுக்கோட்டைக் கோயில்கள், புதுக்கோட்டை மாவட்டத் திருக்கோயில்கள் பயணியர் கையேடு, இந்து சமய அறநிலைய ஆட்சித்துறை, 2003&lt;/ref&gt; As there were many kondrai trees this place was called earlier as 'Kondraiyur' and now as Konnaiyur.&lt;ref name=dinamalar/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Presiding deity==<br /> The presiding deity of the temple is Muthumariamman.&lt;ref name=pdk/&gt; The temple tree is [[Phyllanthus emblica|Nelli]] tree.&lt;ref name=dinamalar&gt;[https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=1556 அருள்மிகு மாரியம்மன் கோயில், கொன்னையூர், தினமலர் கோயில்கள்]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> During [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of Aadi, [[Amavasya|Amavasai]], Tamil New Year day &lt;ref name=dinamalar/&gt; and during [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of Panguni, starting from the first Sunday Festival and showering of flowers are held. [[Pujas]] are held three times daily at Kalasanthi, Uttchikkalam and Sayaratchai. People in and around the area come here &lt;ref name=pdk/&gt; One of the festivals held in Panguni is known as 'Nadu Selutthuthal Vizha'. During the festival devotees belonging to four different 'nadu' of this area come here with large sticks carrying and spear. They would come on foot. Especially people of Alavayal area, in order to offer the deity, would come there smearing their body with mud.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=486773 கொன்னையூர் முத்துமாரியம்மன் கோயில் நாடு செலுத்துதல் திருவிழா, உடல் முழுவதும் சகதி பூசி பக்தர்கள் நேர்த்திக்கடன், தினகரன்] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410155556/http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=486773 |date=2019-04-10 }},&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Worship time==<br /> The temple is opened for worship from 6.30 to 1.00 a.m. and 3.00 to 8.00 p.m.&lt;ref name=pdk/&gt; [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of this temple was held in September 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-trichy/pudukottai/2019/sep/08/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-3230088.html கொன்னையூர் முத்துமாரியம்மன் கோயிலில் இன்று குடமுழுக்கு, தினமணி, 8 டிசம்பர் 2019]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district}}<br /> {{Coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Pudukkottai district]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurugram_Airstrip&diff=453048 2024-01-22T10:44:33Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: fixed issues</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Dhirendra Brahmachari#Ashrams]] {{R from merge}} {{R to section}}</div>

AlphonsoMarler5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoga-Vedanta_Forest_Academy&diff=546257 2023-07-13T01:20:36Z

<p>AlphonsoMarler5: Created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Divine Life Society#Departments]]</div>

AlphonsoMarler5