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Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T09:46:25Z

Alphadelta: new

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Maldaha Uttar {{Small|WB-7}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Maldaha Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Khagen Murmu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur]] [[Gazole Assembly constituency|Gazole]] [[Chanchal Assembly constituency|Chanchal]] [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]] [[Malatipur Assembly constituency|Malatipur]] [[Ratua Assembly constituency|Ratua]] [[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha]]
| electors = 1,425,428<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 7 Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]]. As per the order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency]] ceased to exist from 2009 and two new ones came into being: Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency and [[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 27 May 2009 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|250px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. '''Maldaha Uttar''', 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency (parliamentary constituency No. 7) is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref name =delimitation/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|43
|[[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur]] (ST)
| rowspan="7" |[[Malda district|Malda]]
|[[Joyel Murmu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 44
|[[Gazole Assembly constituency|Gazole]] (SC)
|[[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
|-
|45
|[[Chanchal Assembly constituency|Chanchal]]
|Prasun Banerjee
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|46
|[[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
|Mohammad Matibur Rahaman
|-
|47
|[[Malatipur Assembly constituency|Malatipur]]
|[[Abdur Rahim Boxi]]
|-
|48
|[[Ratua Assembly constituency|Ratua]]
|[[Samar Mukherjee (Malda politician)|Samar Mukherjee]]
|-
|50
|[[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha]] (SC)
|[[Gopal Chandra Saha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maldaha Uttar Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/maldaha-uttar.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2008 : See [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mausam Noor]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Khagen Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Maldaha Uttar<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Maldaha Uttar">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Maldaha Uttar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S257.htm |access-date=6 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706102238/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S257.htm |archive-date=6 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maldaha Uttar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Maldaha Uttar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/maldaha-uttar |access-date=6 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706102253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/maldaha-uttar |archive-date=6 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Khagen Murmu]]
|votes = 5,27,023
|percentage = 37.18
|change = {{decrease}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Prasun Banerjee
|votes = 4,49,315
|percentage = 31.70
|change = {{increase}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mostaque Alam]]
|votes = 3,84,764
|percentage = 27.14
|change = {{increase}}4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 7288
|percentage = 0.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 77,708
|percentage = 5.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,17,589
|percentage = 76.03
|change ={{decrease}}4.36
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Maldaha Uttar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS257.htm?ac=7 |title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622134159/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS257.htm?ac=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Khagen Murmu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 509,524
|percentage = 37.61
|change = +22.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Mausam Noor]]
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|votes=425,236
|percentage=31.39
|change= +14.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Isha Khan Choudhury]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=305,270
|percentage=22.53
|change= -10.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bishwanath Ghosh
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 50,401
|percentage = 3.72
|change = -24.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohan Hasda
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 13,473
|percentage = 0.99
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Al Manowara Begum
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,225
|percentage = 0.53
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manotam Hembram
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes = 5,985
|percentage = 0.44
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nitish Kumar Mandal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,347
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Arjun Keshari
|party= Shiv Sena
|votes=4,985
|percentage=0.37
|change=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of The Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 8,039
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 84,288
|percentage = 6.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,355,367
|percentage = 80.39
|change = -1.20
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,685,955
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +16.70
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Maldaha Uttar<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mausam Noor]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 388,609
|percentage = 33.41
|change = -14.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Khagen Murmu]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 322,904
|percentage = 27.77
|change = -13.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Soumitra Roy
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 197,313
|percentage = 16.97
|change = +16.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhaskrishna Goswami
|votes = 179,000
|percentage = 15.39
|change = +8.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Milan Das
|votes = 12,163
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Gautam Sarkar
|votes = 8,988
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = Nurul Islam Majidi
|votes = 7,128
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Imanuyel Hemram
|votes = 6,805
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Suren Murmu
|votes = 6,446
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chittaranjan Kirttania
|votes = 6,229
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Monatan Hembram
|votes = 4,696
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Abdul Khaleque
|votes = 4,650
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Bishnupada Barman
|votes = 4,225
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Hindustan Krantikari Dal
|candidate = Minara Khatun
|votes = 3,348
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 10,481
|percentage = 0.90
|change = ---
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 65,705
|percentage = 5.65
|change = -0.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,162,985
|percentage = 81.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[English Bazar|Maldaha Uttar]]<ref name="loksabha2009">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |access-date=2 June 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mausam Noor]]
|votes = 440,264
|percentage = 47.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sailen Sarkar]]
|votes = 380,123
|percentage = 41.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amlan Bhaduri
|votes = 61,515
|percentage = 6.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bikash Biswas
|votes = 7,179
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = RDMP
|candidate = Monowara Begam
|votes = 7,362
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Atul Chandra Mandal
|votes = 5,998
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Asim Kumar Chowdhury
|votes = 4,174
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Amina Khatun
|votes = 4,841
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Mallika Sarkar (Nandy)
|votes = 10,046
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 60,141
|percentage = 6.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 921,531
|percentage = 83.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Malda topics}}

{{Coord|25.04|N|88.14|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Maldah]]

Periyapanicheri

2026-05-01T15:32:49Z

Alphadelta: adding a stub

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Periyapanicheri
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu#India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|00|38|N|80|07|57|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sriperumbudur taluk|Sriperumbudur]]
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 2379
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 602105
}}

'''Periyapanicheri''' is a village in [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located on the eastern part of Kancheepuram district, about 25 kilometres east of the taluk seat [[Sriperumbudur]] and 68 kilometres northeast of the district seat [[Kanchipuram]]. As of the year 2011, it had a population of 2,379.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1102/download/3422/DH_2011_3303_PART_A_DCHB_KANCHEEPURAM.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Tamil Nadu District Census Handbook Kancheepuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Tamil Nadu |page=768 |access-date=2024-02-11}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Periyapanicheri is situated along the [[National Highway 32 (India)|National Highway 32]], bordering the villages of Thelliaragaram and [[Gerugambakkam]]. It has an average elevation of 16 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periyapanicheri topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-cnvf3q/Periyapanicheri/?center=13.01242,80.13368 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Periyapanicheri had a population of 2,379, of which 1,159 were male and 1,220 were female. The literacy rate was 77.89%, with 960 of the male residents and 893 of the female residents being literate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]

Shahenshah (1988 film)

2026-05-01T14:10:41Z

Alphadelta: added some post added tags!

{{short description|1988 Indian film by Tinnu Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shahenshah
| image = Shahenshah (1988).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Tinnu Anand]]
| producer = Bitu Anand [[Tinnu Anand]] Naresh Malhotra
| writer = [[Inder Raj Anand]]
| screenplay = [[Santosh Saroj]]
| story = [[Jaya Bachchan]]
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Amrish Puri]] [[Aruna Irani]] [[Prem Chopra]] [[Sharat Saxena]] [[Murad (actor)|Murad]]
| music = [[Amar Haldipur]] Utpal Biswas
| cinematography = Peter Pereira
| editing = A. Habib
| studio = Shiva Video
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1988|02|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|12 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-15 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225637/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Shahenshah''''' ({{translation|Emperor}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] produced and directed by [[Tinnu Anand]] with story by [[Jaya Bachchan]] and script by [[Inder Raj Anand]] (who died before the film was released). The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the title role, alongside [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]], [[Praan]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Prem Chopra]] and [[Sharat Saxena]] and [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] in supporting roles. The film marks Bachchan's comeback to films after a three-year hiatus during which he had entered politics. Bachchan still had films releasing during the hiatus as they were projects, which he had previously completed.

''Shahenshah'' became the [[List of Indian films of 1988#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Indian film of 1988]] despite strong competition from ''[[Tezaab]]'' and ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indicine.com/bollywood/shahenshah/ |title=Indicine Box Office Results - 1988 |accessdate=30 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111441/http://www.indicine.com/bollywood/shahenshah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dialogue "Rishte Mein To Hum Tumhare Baap Hote Hain, Naam Hai Shahenshah" also became one of the popular dialogues. It was also remembered for Meenakshi Sheshadri's performance and [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s double performances and single role and single fictional character and double costume.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/16/16829 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331084915/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/16/16829 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 March 2020 |title=5 memorable roles of Meenakshi Seshadri – Birthday special |last=Thombare |first=Suparna |website=Cinestaan |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Simran |last=Bhargava |title=Amitabh Bachchan makes spectacular come-back with Shahenshah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880315-amitabh-bachchan-makes-spectacular-come-back-with-shahenshah-797041-1988-03-15 |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 March 1988 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mathur, a corrupt bank manager, has illegally borrowed {{INR}}2.5 million and loaned them to J.K. Verma, a crime baron, who orchestrates a bank robbery to bail him out. [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Anand Kumar Srivastava gets wind of this plot and is about to crack the case when J.K. enlists Julie, an exotic dancer, to use the robbery as a backdrop and frame Anand for corruption. Anand is arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] and is imprisoned for three months. Anand gets depressed about the false charges and commits suicide after being released on bail. This creates a lasting and powerful impression on his son [[Inspector]] Vijay Kumar Srivastava.

Vijay retains the noose, which his father used to hang himself and vows to restore his father's honour. Vijay and his mother leave their house and live in the house of [[Inspector]] Aslam Khan. Years later, Vijay becomes a cop and is friends with Aslam's daughter Shaheena. Aslam is an honest cop like Anand, while Vijay is an obsequious and cowardly Inspector, who is prone to bribery and generally scared of powerful criminals. It does not take JK long to find Vijay, where he gets him on the payroll and run his crime empire past the cops. It is revealed that Vijay is living a dual life as ''Shahenshah'', a costumed crime-fighter, who punishes anyone for committing crimes.

Vijay's outward mission is to eradicate crime and track the perpetrators behind Anand's death. Shahenshah quietly breaks up several of J.K.'s gambling dens and illicit liquor distilleries, where he also halts the demolition of a slum. This catches the eye of small-time trickster Shalu, who lives there with her aging and ailing mother Julie. J.K. had ordered her assassination after she helped frame Vijay's father. Julie has been on the run from him ever since, which becomes Shalu's motivation for seeking out and eliminating J.K. Shalu decides to infiltrate J.K.'s coterie by becoming an exotic dancer. One night, Shalu attempts to kill J.K. by shooting him, but is shocked when J.K. reveals he had been wearing a bullet-proof vest all the time.

Vijay lies to J.K. that Shahenshah's weakness is not Shalu's death and also lies that if J.K. returns Shalu to Shahenshah, Shahenshah will return J. K.'s goods worth millions. However, J.K. is fooled and Shahenshah detonates a bomb planted in J.K.'s truck. J.K. kills Mohammed Salim, a crime reporter and Shaheena's husband, who was about to expose J.K.'s crime ring. Vijay decides to turn around his image as a cowardly cop and openly defies J.K. Julie agrees to testify against J.K. and Shalu provides evidence. J.K. prepares for a war against Vijay, Shalu and his nemesis. At Salim's funeral, a person reveals that he witnessed Salim's death and is about to reveal J.K.'s name, but an assassin kills him.

A veritable bloodbath on the streets ensues as Vijay tries to get Julie into the courthouse. A final showdown occurs, where Shahenshah reveals his secret identity and becomes the nemesis for the culprits. To give himself a chance to escape, J.K. abducts Shalu and a showdown leads Shahenshah to chase after J.K. to the roof of the courthouse, where J.K. is pleading his case as his cover is blown. J.K. falls through a hole in the roof and is clinging on for dear life, with the whole court looking in astonishment. Shahenshah reveals his identity before the whole court and throws the noose down to J.K., who attempts to attack Vijay. Vijay lets go of the noose, which slips around J.K.'s neck and is hanged, thus avenging Anand and Salim's death.

== Cast ==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as [[Inspector]] Vijay Kumar Srivastava / Shahenshah
**[[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Young Vijay Kumar Srivastava
*[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Shalu
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as [[Inspector]] Aslam, Anand's friend
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Julie
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Bank Manager Mathur
*[[Amrish Puri]] as J.K., the main antagonist
*[[Kader Khan]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|D.C.P]] Anand Kumar Srivastava
*[[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Shanti Srivastava
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Shaheen, Salim's wife
*[[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Editor Mohammed Salim
*[[Jagdeep]] as Tarachand Badlani
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Jaichand, J.K's man
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Corrupt Police Officer D,Souza
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as Corrupt Politician Patil
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Abdul
*[[Praveen Kumar Sobti]] as Mukhtar Singh
*[[Dan Dhanoa]] as Naresh, J.K.'s goon
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Randhir, J.K's lawyer
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Laal Singh ,Shalu's friend
*[[Sameer Khakhar]] as Balram , Shalu's drunkard friend
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Judge Jaiswal
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Journalist Saxena

== Production ==
Tinnu Anand, who had made the very successful film ''[[Kaalia]]'' (1981) with Amitabh Bachchan, wanted to make another film with him during the early 1980s. The story of ''Shahenshah'' was written by Jaya Bachchan and further refined by Tinnu Anand's father Inder Raj Anand. Even though Anand signed up Bachchan in 1983, the film could not commence shooting because only three days before shooting was to begin in Bangalore, Amitabh fell seriously ill.<ref name="indiatoday_328860">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19880131-release-of-amitabh-bachchan-film-shahenshah-delayed-769018-2013-11-18 |title=IndiaToday |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> After a thorough medical examination it was revealed that he had developed [[myasthenia gravis]], a rare chronic autoimmune disease marked by muscular weakness without atrophy.

Due to Amitabh's illness and his commitments to other movies, the shooting was delayed until 1985.<ref name="indiatoday_328860"/> By this time, the female lead of the film, [[Dimple Kapadia]], was replaced by [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]].<ref name="indiatoday_328860"/> The iconic costume that Amitabh donned in this movie weighed almost 18 kg, and despite his illness, Amitabh insisted on wearing the costume in all of his fight scenes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/look/when-amitabh-almost-gave-up-acting/20121005.htm |title=Tinnu Anand Interview - Rediff |accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> During shooting, Amitabh and Tinnu got into a disagreement over one particular scene in which Tinnu wanted Amitabh to wear his police uniform, but Amitabh insisted on wearing a blazer instead. The argument got quite heated and with neither of the two willing to change his stance, shooting was temporarily halted. It was not until Tinnu's father, Inder Raj Anand, intervened and convinced Amitabh to wear the police uniform by explaining its significance in the scene that the shooting resumed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-tinnu-anand/20130611.htm#6 |title=Tinnu Anand Interview - Rediff |accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref>

The shooting eventually wrapped up in October 1987. Even though the film was initially planned to be released in November, the release date kept on being pushed back due to the threat of a boycott of the film by some opposition political parties.<ref name="indiatoday_328860"/> These parties had had some conflict with Bachchan, while he was a Congress [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]], and they maintained bitterness towards him even after he had retired from politics.

== Soundtrack ==
The lyrics of all songs were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Andheri Raaton Mein
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| title2 = Hoga Thanedaar Tu Mera Dildaar Tu
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title3 = Jane Do, Jane Do, Mujhe Jana Hai, Vada Jo Kiya Hai Woh Nibhana Hai
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar [[Mohammed Aziz]]
| title4 = O Behna, O Behna (Happy)
| extra4 = Mohammed Aziz
| title5 = O Behna, O Behna (Sad)
| extra5 = Mohammed Aziz
| title6 = Hey You
| extra6 = [[Asha Bhonsle]]
}}

==Awards==

; [[34th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Amitabh Bachchan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0093949|title=Shahenshah}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:1988 action films]]
[[Category:1980s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

Faizul Hasan Saharanpuri

2026-04-22T07:11:49Z

Alphadelta: made a details

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1816 – 1887)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Faizul Hasan Saharanpuri
| native_name = فیض الحسن سہارنپوری
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| birth_date = 1816
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1887|1816}}
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| teacher = [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]]
| students = [[Shibli Nomani]], [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], [[Hamiduddin Farahi]], [[Altaf Hussain Hali]]
}}
}}
'''Faizul Hasan Saharanpuri''' (1816–1887) was an Indian Islamic scholar, poet, and educator, known for his work in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu literature, as well as in logic, philosophy, and Islamic studies. Some of his famous students include [[Shibli Nomani]], [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], [[Hamiduddin Farahi]], and [[Altaf Hussain Hali]].

== Early life ==
Faizul Hasan was born in 1816 in [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] into a family of landowners.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=A.K.M. Mahdi |date=2022 |title=Biography of Allama Faizul Hasan Al Saharanpuri |url=https://www.ijres.org/papers/Volume-10/Issue-4/Ser-6/M10046265.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=63 |issn=2320-9364}}</ref> His ancestry traced back to [[Qalandar Bakhsh Jurat]], and he belonged to the [[Quraysh]] lineage, although his full genealogical record is not completely documented. He received instruction in Persian and Arabic from his father and, by the age of twenty, had gained recognition in logic, earning the title Faiz al-Hasan Mantaqi (the Logician).{{Sfn|Rahman|1997|p=13}} He pursued advanced studies under several teachers: in Delhi, he studied foundational Islamic sciences with Sadr al-Din Azrada and hadith with Akhwan Vilayati, from whom he obtained the isnad (chain of transmission); in Rampur, he studied logic, literature, and philosophy under [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]]; and he also visited Lucknow to consult other scholars. Additionally, he studied Persian poetry with Maulana Sahbai and sought guidance in Urdu poetry from [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]]. His education further included philosophical studies with Hakim Imam al-Din and spiritual instruction under Ahmad Saeed al-‘Umri al-Dehlawi.{{Sfn|Rahman|1997|p=13}}

== Career ==
After completing his studies, Saharanpuri taught for several years in northern India. He was invited by Syed Ahmad Khan to tutor his son, Syed Mahmood, and assist with translation work for the Scientific Society of India. He later served as a professor of Arabic at [[Oriental College, Lahore]], where he also edited the monthly journal ''Shifa al-Sudur''. He taught in Lahore for approximately fifteen to sixteen years, instructing students in Arabic literature, grammar, and composition.{{Sfn|Rahman|1997|p=14}}

Among his notable students were [[Altaf Hussain Hali]]; Maulana Ismail Koli; Ahmad Uddin Lahori; Syed Al-Hasan Amrohi; [[Hamiduddin Farahi]]; Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri; Khalil Ahmad Sambhali; Syed Ahmad Khan; Shibli Nomani; Quazi Zafaruddin Lahori; Abdul Jabbar Umarpuri; Abdullah Tonki; Muhammad bin Ahmad Tonki; Syed Muhammad Irfan Tonki; and Mushtaq Ahmad Ambethi.{{Sfn|Hasan|2022|p=64}}

Saharanpuri died in February 1887 from a snakebite in Lahore. In accordance with his wishes, his body was transported to Saharanpur for burial.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Ateequr |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/moulana-faizul-hasan-adeeb-saharanpuri-hayat-wa-khidmaat-ek-tarauf-ateequr-rahman-ebooks |title=Moulana Faizul Hasan Adeeb Saharanpuri |publisher=Offset Press |year=1997 |location=Delhi |pages=15 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Works ==
Saharanpuri wrote in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu, producing works in logic, philosophy, literature, and Islamic studies. He also composed poetry under the pen names Faiz and Khiyali, reflecting classical Persian and Urdu literary traditions. He declined the honorary title Shams al-Ulama offered by [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]], demonstrating his preference to remain outside formal recognition. Left-handed in writing, his manuscripts were noted for their precision and careful composition.{{Sfn|Rahman|1997|p=16}}

His notable works include: ''Halle Abyat Baizawi'' (Arabic, 1271 Hijri / 1854), ''Taaliqaat al-Jalalayn'' (Arabic, 1287 Hijri / 1870), ''Faizi Sharah Hamasa'' (Arabic, 1294 Hijri / 1877), ''Tohfa-e-Siddiqiya'' (Arabic, 1295 Hijri / 1878), ''Hashiya Diwan-e-Hassan bin Sabit'' (Arabic), ''Riyaz-ul-Faiz Sharah Saba-al-Mualqat'' (1881 / 1299 Hijri), ''Hashiya Diwan An-Nabigahatuz-Zubyani, Qamoos-ul-Faiz'' (1881 / 1299 Hijri), ''Urooz-ul-Miftah'' (1881 / 1299 Hijri), ''Dian-ul-Faiz'' (1915 / 1334 Hijri), ''Sharah Tarikh Taimoori, Zau-ul-Mishkat Sharh-e-Mishkat, Khulasa Kitaab al-Maghazi, Quraaba Deen-e-Faizi'' (Persian), ''Naseem Faizi'' (Diwan Farsi, 1903), ''Masnawi Roza Faiz'' (Persian, 1900 / 1318 Hijri), ''Masnawi Subhe Eid'' (1882 / 1299 Hijri), Faizia (1882), ''Ansaab wa Ayyam al-Arab, Majallatu Shifa us-Sudoor, Majallatun Nafaul Azeem, Faiziyatu fil-Urduwiya fi Usool al-Manazirah'' (1882), ''Gulzaar-e-Faiz-e-Diwan'' (Urdu), ''Chashma-e-Faiz'' (Urdu), ''Tohfa-tul-Siddiqiya'' (Arabic, 1878), ''Ous wa Khazraj Tasikh-ul-Qabilatain, Sineeh-ul-Islam, Waseelatu-Safas, Hashiyatul Aqd-ut-Tameen, Risala-e-Guldasta, and Qasaid-e-Qasmi''.{{Sfn|Hasan|2022|p=64–65}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Mahdi Hasan |first=A.K.M |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/523774 |title=Contribution of al Allamah Faizul Hasan al Saharanpuri to the Arabic studies a critical and analytical study |publisher=Arabic, Persian, Urdu & Islamic studies, [[Visva-Bharati University]] |year=2022 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/523774}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Gosh |first=Mohammed |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/537471 |title=An Analytical and Critical Study of the Literary Linguistic and Poetic Writings of Faizul Hasan Al Saharanpuri |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2022 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/537471}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Shaikh Jalilur |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/222558 |title=An analytical study on the contribution of al allamah faizul hasan al saharanpuri to the arabic language and literature |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |year=2017 |location=India |pages=1 |language=en |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/222558}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Alam |first=Shahnawaz |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/57128 |title=Maulana Faizul Hasan _d:1304 AH_ saharanpuri his contribution to Arabic language and lit |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2008 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/57128}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Qureshi |first=Saeed Iqbal |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8803 |title=Maulana Faizul Hasan Qureshi Saharanpuri: Ilmi wa Adabi Kaarname |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=1986 |location=Pakistan |pages=1 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830141815/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8803 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |url-status=dead |degree=PhD}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]

Shivmangal Singh Tomar

2026-04-21T12:12:24Z

Alphadelta: added a biography with sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shivmangal Singh Tomar
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1 December 1959}}
| birth_place = [[Badagaon]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| predecessor = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Urmila
| children =
| parents = Janak Singh Tomar, Kaushalya Devi
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5604?from=members
}}
'''Shivmangal Singh Tomar''' ({{IPA|hi|ʃɪʋ.məŋgəl sɪŋgʱ t̪oːməɾ}}) is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="f400">{{cite web | author=Arshdeep kaur | title=Madhya Pradesh Election results 2024: Full list of winners in Lok Sabha election | website=mint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-election-11717486187348.html | access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="y265">{{cite web | title=Morena Election Result 2024 Live Updates:BJP's Shivmangal Singh Tomar Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat, Elections Latest News | website=TheQuint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/morena-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="f279">{{cite web | title=Morena Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 HIGHLIGHTS: BJP's Shivmangal Singh Tomar wins Morena by over 50,000 votes | website=Financialexpress | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/morena-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-eci-results-live-bjp-congress-bsp-winner-latest-news/3509244/ | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

Tomar defeated INC's [[Satyapal Singh Sikarwar]] in [[2024 lok sabha election|2024 Lok Sabha Election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Morena Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/morena-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 1 - MORENA (Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S121.htm |website=ECI}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - MORENA">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - MORENA |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S121.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806120504/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S121.htm |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tomar, Shivmangal Singh}}
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shashikala Dani

2026-04-21T11:56:27Z

Alphadelta: added initial page from scratch!

{{Short description|Indian classical Jaltarang musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=January 2020}}
{{COI|date=January 2020}}
}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vidushi Shashikala Dani
| image = Jaltarang music concert by Vidushi Shashikala Dani at Doordarshan.jpg
| caption = Shashikala presenting a [[Jaltarang]] music concert
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalaghatagi, Karnataka]], India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Indian classical music]]
| occupation = [[Jaltarang]] Musician, [[State Bank of Mysore]]
| instrument = [[Jaltarang]], [[harmonium]], [[sitar]], [[violin]], [[dilruba]], [[tabla]]
}}

'''Vidushi Shashikala Dani''' ({{langx|kn|ವಿದೂಷಿ ಶಶಿಕಲಾ ದಾನಿ}}, {{Langx|hi|विदूषी शशिकला दानी}}) is an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[Jal tarang|Jal Tarang]] artist. She is one among the few musicians and presently the only [[All India Radio]]-graded female exponent of the Jal Tarang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/?pub=pp3-20200217_24&article=1478182594|title=ಪಿಂಗಾಣಿ ಬಟ್ಟಲುಗಳ ಆಟ - ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ|last=|first=|date=|website=epaper.prajavani.net|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wegotguru.com/post/shashikala-dani-the-only-air-amp-dd-recognised-classical-jaltarang-female-instrumentalist/9f8f593af6b09a7d68c36ed5a2a56b3e#.XnINbqj7S02|title=shashikala-dani-the-only-air-and-dd-recognised-classical-jaltarang-female-instrumentalist|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> She is a multi-instrument artist with concert and teaching experience in Jal Tarang, [[Harmonium]], [[Sitar]], [[Violin]], [[Dilruba]] and [[Tabla]]. She is also an [[All India Radio]]-graded [[vocalist]] in the [[Gamak (music)|Gamaka]] genre of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Light Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/?pub=pp3-20200217_24&article=1478182594|title=Prajavani E-Paper|website=epaper.prajavani.net|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Shashikala earned a Bachelor of Arts and lives in [[Hubli]], where she married Shri Arun Dani, son of journalist T.S.R. Awardee Lt. Shri Surendra Dani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/20/surendra-dani-bags-prestigious-tsr-award-1166634236.html|title=Surendra Dani bags prestigious TSR award|date=2006-12-20|website=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> They have a son, musician [[Sugnan Dani]]. After working at the [[State Bank of Mysore]] for 33 years, she is now a Jal Tarang artist.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYswDwAAQBAJ&q=shashikala+dani&pg=PT112|title=India at 70: snapshots since Independence|date=2017-08-23|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-86815-37-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.virtuousreviews.com/top/musical-instruments/jal-tarang-lessons|title=Notable Jaltarang Artists|last=Reviews|first=Virtuous|date=|website=Virtuous Reviews|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinduscriptures.com/hindu-lifestyle/arts/musical-instruments/jalatarang/2013/|title=Jalatarang {{!}}|date=2017-12-27|website=Hindu Scriptures {{!}} Vedic lifestyle, Scriptures, Vedas, Upanishads, Itihaas, Smrutis, Sanskrit.|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/87519/meet-ancient-art-jalatarangam-talented-proponents/|title=Meet the Artists Preserving Jalatarangam, the Ancient Art of Creating Music From Water Waves|date=2017-02-20|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

== Musical career ==
Learning [[Jal tarang|Jal Tarang]], she decided to develop her classical music career with a focus on this instrument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunbyanyname.com/2017/07/28/raaga-based-song-of-the-day-51/|title=Jaltarang in Film Music|last=|first=|date=2017-07-28|website=Sunbyanyname|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

After learning the Jal Tarang, she has imbibed both "Gayaki and Tantrakari Angs"<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Music Glossary |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/music-glossary.html |website=culturalindia.net |date= |accessdate=28 October 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629081617/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/music-glossary.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in her playing style. She is trained in the [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior Gharana]] School of Hindustani Classical Music under her father and Guru Pt. D. R. Warang.<ref>Mention of Father & Guru – Pt. D. R. Warang in an Exclusive Interview based documentary of Vidushi Shashikala Dani

{{Citation|title=Shashikala Dani {{!}} Jal tarang {{!}} North Karnataka Got Talent {{!}} TiECON Hubli 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VvNTJC6KQE|language=en|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Jaltarang {{!}} Vid. Shashikala Dani – Radio Mirchi Interview {{!}} AIR Graded Female Hindustani Exponent|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjxAQq3u8Z0|language=en|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref> She has also developed multiple other styles of playing. Her focus is "Layakari".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jal-tarang-how-well-does-it-irrigate-the-classical-music-scenario/309820|title=Jal Tarang: How Well Does It Irrigate The Classical Music Scenario?|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Vidushi Shashikala Dani {{!}} Interview & Concert {{!}} 93.5 RED FM|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66ZLhpZQdmE|language=en|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref>

She is presently involved in [[mentoring]] young artists at her institute, [https://swaranaada.business.site/ Swara Naada Sangeeta Vidyalaya®] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216024250/https://swaranaada.business.site/ |date=16 February 2020 }}.<ref>Mention of the institute – Swara Naada Sangeeta Vidyalaya® in an Exclusive Interview based documentary of Vidushi Shashikala Dani

{{Citation|title=Shashikala Dani {{!}} Jal tarang {{!}} North Karnataka Got Talent {{!}} TiECON Hubli 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VvNTJC6KQE|language=en|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==

* "A Grade" in [[Jal tarang]] by [[Prasar Bharati|Prasar Bharti]] – [[All India Radio]]
* "Gāyana Gangā" Life-Achievement Award by [[Padma Vibhushan|Padma-Vibhushan]] Dr.[[Gangubai Hangal]] – 2009<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2009 |title=Gangubai to honour musicians |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Gangubai-to-honour-musicians/articleshow/4220101.cms |accessdate=24 March 2016 |work=Times of India}}</ref>
*"Karnataka Kalashri" Award by Government Of Karnataka <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epapervijayavani.in/ArticlePage/APpage.php?edn=Bengaluru&articleid=VVAANINEW_BEN_20191221_4_9&artwidth=98px|title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಕಲಾಶ್ರೀ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಕಟ|last=|first=|date=|website=ವಿಜಯವಾಣಿ - ದಿನಪತ್ರಿಕೆ|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/imageview_47248_14456270_4_1_21-12-2019_14_i_1_sf.html|title=18 ಮಂದಿಗೆ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಕಲಾಶ್ರೀ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ|last=|first=|date=|website=ವಿಜಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ - ದಿನಪತ್ರಿಕೆ|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.samyukthakarnataka.com/c/47094745|title=18 ಸಾಧಕರಿಗೆ ಸಂಗೀತ ನೃತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ|last=|first=|date=|website=ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ - ದಿನಪತ್ರಿಕೆ|access-date=|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213011420/http://epaper.samyukthakarnataka.com/c/47094745|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kpepaper.asianetnews.com/c/47120375|title=ಸಂಗೀತ ನೃತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಕಟ|last=|first=|date=|website=ಕನ್ನಡಪ್ರಭ - ದಿನಪತ್ರಿಕೆ|access-date=|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128211844/https://kpepaper.asianetnews.com/c/47120375|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*"Kitturu Rani Chennamma" Award by Government Of Karnataka <ref>{{Cite web |title=तीन महिलाओं का रानी चेन्नम्मा पुरस्कार के लिए चयन - Rajasthan Patrika |url=https://epaper.patrika.com/imageview_236664_58824750_4_96_10-03-2021_5_i_1_sf.html |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=epaper.patrika.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿಯ ಮೂವರು ಮಹಿಳಾ ಮಣಿಗಳಿಗೆ ರಾಣಿ ಚೆನ್ನಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ - Udayavani Kannada Daily |url=https://epaper.udayavani.com/c/58955806 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=epaper.udayavani.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿಯ ಮೂವರಿಗೆ ಚನ್ನಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಗರಿ - ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |url=https://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=93c49f1bb6&imageview=1 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=epaper.prajavani.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ರಾಣಿ ಚೆನ್ನಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ವಿಜೇತರು - ಉದಯವಾಣಿ |url=https://epaper.udayavani.com/c/59016424 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=epaper.udayavani.com}}</ref>
*"B Grade" in [[Gamak (music)|Gamaka]] ([[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Light Music]]) by [[Prasar Bharati|Prasar Bharti]] – [[All India Radio]]
*First at National-Level Inter-Bank Music Competition held in [[Chennai]] – 1991
* Selected twice for scholarship by Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy – 1982, 1985

== Concerts ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB|title=Shashikala Dani Jal-Tarang Concerts – YouTube|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref>

* 'International Women's Day' celebration, S.J.M.V.S. Women's College, [[Hubli|Hubballi]] – 2020
*At Banker's Colony, [[Hubli|Hubballi]] – 2020
*Interview and concert at [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM – 2020<ref>{{Citation|title=Jaltarang {{!}} Vid. Shashikala Dani – Radio Mirchi Interview {{!}} AIR Graded Female Hindustani Exponent|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjxAQq3u8Z0|language=en|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>
*At the prestigious 'Puligere Utsav', [[Lakshmeshwara|Laxmeshwar]] – 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kpepaper.asianetnews.com/c/47769414|title=Puligere Utsav – Kannada Prabha Kannada Daily – GADAG|last=|first=|date=|website=kpepaper.asianetnews.com|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.udayavani.com/c/47769984|title=Puligere Utsav – Udayavani Kannada Daily – Gadaga|last=|first=|date=|website=epaper.udayavani.com|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref>
*Krishnaveni Samskrutik Vrund, [[Goa]] – 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.dainikgomantak.com/FlashClient/Show_Story_IPad.aspx?storySrc=http://124.30.219.86/DainikGomantakEpaperData/DainikGomantak/Goa/2019/11/29/Goa-Today/DainikGomantak_Goa_2019_11_29_Goa-Today_DA_002/54_190_500_894.jpg&uname=|title=Jaltarang Concert at Panaji (Goa) organised by Krishnaveni Samskrutik Vrund.|last=|first=|date=|website=Goa Today – Dainik Gomantak|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822112515/http://epaper.dainikgomantak.com/FlashClient/Show_Story_IPad.aspx?storySrc=http%3A%2F%2F124.30.219.86%2FDainikGomantakEpaperData%2FDainikGomantak%2FGoa%2F2019%2F11%2F29%2FGoa-Today%2FDainikGomantak_Goa_2019_11_29_Goa-Today_DA_002%2F54_190_500_894.jpg&uname=|archive-date=22 August 2020|access-date=}} [http://124.30.219.86/DainikGomantakEpaperData/DainikGomantak/Goa/2019/11/29/Goa-Today/DainikGomantak_Goa_2019_11_29_Goa-Today_DA_002/54_190_500_894.jpg Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=873830499681838&set=a.425965684468324&type=3&theater|title=A wonderful experience performing #Jaltarang at Panaji (Goa) with the talented Dr. Uday Kulkarni.|last=|first=|date=|website=Facebook|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://124.30.219.86/DainikGomantakEpaperData/DainikGomantak/Goa/2019/12/04/Goa-Today/DainikGomantak_Goa_2019_12_04_Goa-Today_DA_004/1216_982_1896_1710.jpg|title=Marvellous Jaltarang Concert by Vid. Shashikala Dani.|last=|first=|date=|website=Goa Today – Dainik Gomantak|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Navaratri|'Navaratri Utsav]]' at Ramakrishna-Vivekanand Ashram, [[Gadag district|Gadag]] – 2019
* '40th Sangeeta Sammelana' by [[Pandit Narasimhalu Vadavati|Pt. Narasimhalu Vadavati]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]] – 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/raichur/whole-night-music-654848.html|title=ಪಂಚಾಕ್ಷರಿ ಗವಾಯಿಗಳ ಪುಣ್ಯ ಸ್ಮರಣೆ: ಅಹೋರಾತ್ರಿ ಸಂಗೀತ|date=2019-07-31|website=Prajavani|language=kn|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>
* [[Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur|'111th Janmotsav Music Concert]]', [[Shanti Kuteer Ashram|Shanti-Kuteer]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]] – 2019
* 'Shivaratri Utsav', Siddharoodh Math, [[Hubli|Hubballi]] – 2019
* 'Sangeet Nrutyotsava' by Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy, [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]] – 2019
* [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana|Akhila Bhaarata Kannada Saahitya Sammelana]], [[Dharwad]] – 2019
* "All-Night Sangeet Mahotsav" by [[Vinayak Torvi|Pt. Vinayak Torvi]], [[Dharwad]] – 2019
* Ustad Rehmat Khan & Pt. V.D. Paluskar Smruti Sohala by [[Vinayak Torvi|Pt. Vinayak Torvi]], [[Kuruntwad|Kurundwad]] – 2018
* 'Raashtreeya Sangeeta Mahotsava' – National Music Festival, [[Karkala]] – 2018
* At the prestigious 'Kadambotsava', [[Banavasi]] – 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/uttara-kannada/banavasi-festival-juice/articleshow/62683652.cms|title=ಬನವಾಸಿ ಉತ್ಸವ ರಸದೌತಣ|date=2018-01-29|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref>
* 24th Koti Gayatri Japa Yagna, Gayatri Tapobhoomi, [[Tadas]] – 2018
* 'Shri Gavisiddeshwar Jatra Mahotsav', Gavi Math, [[Koppal]] – 2018
* 'Swara Namana, Naada Namana' – Sangeeta Samavesha, [[Gandhi Bhavan, Bengaluru]] – 2017
* At the prestigious 'Karavali Utsav', [[Karwar, Karnataka|Karwar]] – 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uttarakannada.nic.in/docs/KaravaliUtsav2017/karvaliprogrammes.pdf|title=Karavali Utsav – 2017 Concerts|work=uttarakannada.nic.in}}</ref>
* At the prestigious [[Hampi|'Hampi Utsav']], [[Hampi]] – 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.samyukthakarnataka.com/c/23548876|title=Jaltarang performance at Hampi Utsava - ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿ|access-date=2017-11-08|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108151947/http://epaper.samyukthakarnataka.com/c/23548876|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Musical event at [[Brahma Kumaris|Brahmakumaris]], [[Mount Abu|Mt.Abu]], [[Rajasthan]] – 2017
* [[Navaratri|'Navratri Utsav]]', [[Ramakrishna Math|Ramkrishna Ashram]], [[Hubli|Hubballi]] – 2017
* Jal tarang – Vocal Jugalbandi with Sugnan Dani by TablaGyan Academy of Music, [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]], Bengaluru – 2017
* Jal tarang – Vocal Jugalbandi with Sugnan Dani at [[D. R. Bendre|Dr. Da. Rā. Bendre]] Rāshtriya Smārak Trust, [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] – 2017
*[[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] Musical Celebration, [[State Bank of Mysore|State Bank Of Mysore]], Hubballi – 2016
* 'Sangeet Mahotsav', Bhandarakavate, [[Solapur]] – 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaperdivyamarathi.bhaskar.com/solapurcity/261/06112016/0/2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220105313/http://epaperdivyamarathi.bhaskar.com/solapurcity/261/06112016/0/2/|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2016|title=Sangeet Mahotsav|last=|first=|date=|website=epaperdivyamarathi.bhaskar.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esanchar.co.in/Details.aspx?id=322571&boxid=97908|title='Sangeet Mahotsav' organised at Bhandarakavate, Solapur|last=|first=|date=|website=www.esanchar.co.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074722/http://www.esanchar.co.in/Details.aspx?id=322571&boxid=97908|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '[[Maha Shivaratri|MahāShivratri Utsav']], [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] – 2016
* [[Maha Shivaratri|'MahāShivratri Utsav]]', Gayatri Tapobhoomi, [[Hubli|Hubballi]] – 2016
* 'Adamya Chetana Seva Utsav', [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] – 2016
*[[Hubli|'Hubballi]] [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana|Kannada Sahitya Sammelan]]' – 2016
*Jal tarang – Vocal Jugalbandi with Sugnan Dani on '[[World Water Day]]', [[D. R. Bendre|Dr. Da. Rā. Bendre]] Rāshtriya Smārak Trust, [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] – 2015
* Shri Manikprabhu Sansthan, [[Manik Nagar|Maniknagar]] – 2014
* Dharwad Utsav, [[Dharwad]] – 2006, 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/district/dharwada/-/articleshow/45653615.cms|title=ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿ - ಧಾರವಾಡ ಉತ್ಸವದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂದಿನ ವಿಶೇಷ -Vijaykarnatka|date=2014-12-27|newspaper=Vijaykarnatka|access-date=2017-01-25|language=kn}}</ref>
* '3rd Kannada Sāhitya Sammelan', [[Hubli|Hubballi]]- 2014
*'[[State Bank of Mysore]] Centenary Celebrations', Hubballi – 2013
*'79th All-India Kannada Sāhitya Sammelan', [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]] – 2013
*'Women Music Festival', S.J.M.V.S. Women's College, [[Hubli|Hubballi]] – 2013
* 'Rare Instrumental Concert', SriRam Kala Vedike, [[Bengaluru, India|Bengaluru]] – 2012<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2012/01/28/116488.html|title=ನಗರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂದು, ನಾಳೆ (ಜ.28 ಶನಿವಾರ ಜ.29ಭಾನುವಾರ) - ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ|newspaper=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ|access-date=2017-01-25|language=kn|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024718/http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2012/01/28/116488.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 'Jal tarang – Violin Jugalbandi' with Vadiraj Nimbargi, Dr.Mallikarjun Mansur Rāshtriya Smarak Trust, [[Mansur, Dharwad|Mansur]] – 2010<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/devotional-tribute/article1046487.ece|title=Devotional tribute|date=2011-01-07|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-03-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 'Jal tarang – Sitar Jugalbandi' with Shrinivas Joshi, [[Hubli|Hubballi]] and [[Koppal district|Koppal]] – 2008
* 'Panchakshari Gavayi Punyatithi', [[Gadag District|Gadag]] – 2007
* 'Academy of Performing Arts', [[Belgaum|Belagavi]] – 2007
* 'Hubli Arts Circle', Hangal Music Foundation, Hubballi – 2005
* 'Kundagol Music Festival', [[Kundgol|Kundagol]] – 1992, 2005

== Discography ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cu-l1okp0y4&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB Vid. Shashikala Dani – Jal tarang Concert – Kurundwad Utsav]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUYTAN7mct0&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB&index=2 Vid. Shashikala Dani – Jal tarang Concert – Karkala Utsav]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=764dRRvd3QI&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB&index=4 Vid. Shashikala Dani – The Only AIR & DD Recognised Classical Jal tarang Female Instrumentalist]
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB Jal tarang Instrumental Concert Videos by Vidushi Shashikala Dani]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKC2H_TnigI&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB&index=2 Vid. Shashikala Dani – Jal tarang Concert at Hampi Utsav]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKv_yTpvnaY&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB&index=1 Vid. Shashikala Dani – Jal tarang Concert at Karavali Utsav]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSq5XzBcEYQ&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB&index=2 Vid. Shashikala Dani – Jal tarang Telecast by Doordarshan]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnFaa8oZZ3s&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB&index=5 Vid. Shashikala Dani – Jal tarang Concert at State Bank Of Mysore]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVZHAwbF9jY&list=PLreHBqiG9K3uuGBvmZjAdGgp6PFnX7zcB&index=15 Vid. Shashikala Dani – Jal tarang Concert at Dharwad Utsav]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://swaranaada.business.site/ Swara Naada Sangeeta Vidyalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216024250/https://swaranaada.business.site/ |date=16 February 2020 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dani, Shashikala}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hubli]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Jal tarang players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Trimeresurus popeiorum

2026-04-21T06:49:32Z

Alphadelta: added first article added tags

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Trimeresurus popeiorum, Pope's pit viper - Doi Phu Kha National Park (46846412805).jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Wogan, G. |author2=Chan-Ard, T. |year=2022 |amends=2012 |title=''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T192243A217770326 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T192243A217770326.en |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Trimeresurus
| species = popeiorum
| authority = [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1937
| synonyms = *''Trimesurus elegans'' (part) {{small|— [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1853}}
*''Trimeresurus gramineus'' (part) {{small|— [[Clifford H. Pope|C. Pope]] & [[Sarah H. Pope|S. Pope]], 1933}}
*''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' [sic] {{small|M.A. Smith, 1937}}
*''Trimeresurus popeorum'' [sic] {{small|M.A. Smith, 1943}}
*''Trimeresurus popeorum'' {{small|— [[Edward Harrison Taylor|Taylor]] & [[Robert E. Elbel|Elbel]], 1958}}
*''Trimeresurus popeorum popeorum'' {{small|— [[Urs Regenass|Regenass]] & [[Eugen Kramer|Kramer]], 1981}}
*''Trimeresurus popeorum popeorum'' {{small|— [[Philippe Golay|Golay]] et al., 1993}}<ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], [[T'Shaka A. Touré|Touré TA]] (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).{{pn|date=June 2022}}</ref>
*''Popeia popeiorum'' {{small|— [[Anita Malhotra|Malhotra]] & [[Roger Stephen Thorpe|Thorpe]], 2004}}
*''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' {{small|— [[Patrick David|David]] et al., 2009}}
*''Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum'' {{small|— David et al., 2011}}
}}
'''''Trimeresurus popeiorum''''' is a [[species]] of [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Crotalinae|pit viper]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Viperidae]]. The species is native to northern and northeastern parts of [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/> [[Common name]]s include: '''Pope's pit viper''', '''Pope's green pit viper''', '''Pope's tree viper''' and '''Pope's bamboo pitviper'''.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/><ref name="Gum04">[[Andreas Gumprecht|Gumprecht A]], [[Frank Tillack|Tillack F]], [[Nikolai Liutsianovich Orlov|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], [[Sergei A. Ryabov|Ryabov S]] (2004). ''Asian Pitvipers''. First Edition. Berlin: Geitje Books. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.{{pn|date=June 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Pope's Pit Viper.jpg|thumbnail|Female]][[File:Trimeresurus-popeorum-Pope%27s-pit-viper-(male-juvenile)-Kaeng-Krachan-National-Park.jpg|thumbnail|Juvenile male]]

==Description==
''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' may grow to a total length of {{convert|770|mm|in|abbr=on}}, which includes a tail length {{convert|170|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Lev03">{{cite journal |last1=Leviton |first1=Alan E. |last2=Wogan |first2=G. |last3=Koo |first3=M. |last4=Zug |first4=George R. |last5=Lucas |first5=R. |last6=Vindum |first6=J. |title=The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar. Illustrated key and checklist |journal=Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences |volume=54 |issue=24 |date=2003 |pages=407–462 |hdl=10088/4542 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Above green, below pale green to whitish, the two separated by a bright bicolored orange or brown (below) and white (above) (males) or white (females) ventrolateral stripe, which occupies the whole of the outermost scale row and a portion of the second row.<ref name="Lev03"/>

[[Dorsal scales]] in 21 (rarely 23) longitudinal rows at midbody; 9–11 [[upper labials]], first upper labials separated from [[Nasal scales|nasals]] by a distinct suture; a single [[supraocular]]. [[Ventrals]] 155–169; [[subcaudals]] 52–76, in males the base of the tail enlarged to the level of subcaudals 20–25; [[Hemipenis|hemipenes]] long and slender, smooth, without spines.<ref name="Lev03"/>

This species is most often confused with ''[[Trimeresurus stejnegeri|T. s. stejnegeri]]'' (q.v.); the two have quite distinct hemipenes, which does not make identification of individuals in the field or in the laboratory any easier without recourse to (a) male individuals and (b) an examination of the hemipenes. However, the two species are not known to have overlapping distributions, at least based on available materials. Also, closely allied to ''T. popeiorum'' is ''[[Trimeresurus yunnanensis]]'' (q.v.); ordinarily, the two are more easily told apart by the number of midbody [[dorsal scale]] rows, 21 in ''T. popeiorum'', 19 in ''T. yunnanensis''.<ref name="Lev03"/>
[[File:Trimeresurus popeorum adult male.jpg|alt=Trimeresurus popeorum|thumb|Adult male Pope's pit viper, ''Trimeresurus popeiorum'']]
<gallery>
File:Trimeresurus popeorum adult male.jpg|Adult male ''Trimeresurus popeiorum''
</gallery>

==Geographic range==
''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' is found in [[Northeastern India]] (Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Darjiling), northern [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], and [[Laos]]. It probably also occurs in [[Nepal]] and [[Yunnan]] (China), but there are no reliable records from those areas.<ref name=IUCN/>

The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]], designated by [[lectotype]], is listed as "[[Khasi Hills]], [[Assam]]" (India).<ref name="McD99"/>

==Taxonomy and etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''popeiorum'' (Latin, genitive, plural), is in honor of two American herpetologists, [[Clifford H. Pope]] and Sarah H. Pope, his wife.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Trimeresurus popeiorum'', p. 209).</ref>

There are differences in opinion as to the correct spelling of the [[Specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]]. The following is from David and Vogel (1996):<ref name=RDB/><ref name="D&V96">[[Patrick David|David P]], [[Gernot Vogel|Vogel G]] (1996). ''The Snakes of Sumatra: An annotated checklist and key with natural history notes''. Frankfurt am Main: Edition Chimaira. 259 pp. {{ISBN|3-930612-08-9}}.{{pn|date=June 2022}}</ref>
<blockquote>
This species was named in honour to [[Clifford H. Pope]] and Sarah H. Pope. The original spelling of the specific epithet, ''popeiorum'', was corrected into ''popeorum'' by [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith]] (1943:518) on the basis that it was indeed a clerical error. Unfortunately, according to the Art. 32 (c, ii) of the Code ([[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]], 1985), such a change does not fall into the category of a "correction of an incorrect original spelling." According to the Art. 33 (d), the use of a termination -orum in a subsequent spelling of a species-group name that is a genitive based upon a personal name in which the correct original spelling terminates with -iorum, is an incorrect subsequent spelling, even if the change is deliberate. The original spelling, ''popeiorum'', must therefore be conserved.
</blockquote>

==Habitat==
''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' is found in [[forest]]s of mountainous regions.<ref name="Das2002"/>

==Behavior==
''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' is [[nocturnal]] and [[arboreal]]. If threatened, it will vibrate its tail.<ref name="Das2002">{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Choo |last2=Tan |first2=Kae |last3=Ng |first3=Tzu |last4=Quah |first4=Evan |last5=Ismail |first5=Ahmad |last6=Khomvilai |first6=Sumana |last7=Sitprija |first7=Visith |last8=Tan |first8=Nget |title=Venomics of ''Trimeresurus (Popeia) nebularis'', the Cameron Highlands Pit Viper from Malaysia: Insights into Venom Proteome, Toxicity and Neutralization of Antivenom |journal=Toxins |date=6 February 2019 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=95 |doi=10.3390/toxins11020095 |pmid=30736335 |pmc=6410072 |doi-access=free |oclc=8080820858 }}</ref>

==Diet==
''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' [[Predation|preys]] upon [[frog]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[bird]]s, and [[rodent]]s (especially [[rat]]s and [[squirrel]]s).<ref name="Das2002"/>

==Reproduction==
This species, ''T. popeiorum'', is [[viviparous]]. In India, sexually mature females give birth in April and May, and the average clutch size is 10. The hatchlings are about {{convert|180|mm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Das2002"/>

==Venom==
''Trimeresurus popeiorum'' possesses a potent [[Hemotoxin|hemotoxic]] [[venom]] which is dangerous to humans.<ref name="Das2002"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Trimeresurus |species=popeiorum |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gumprecht |first1=A |title=Die Bambusottern der Gattung ''Trimeresurus'' Lacépède. Teil IV: Checkliste der Trimeresurus-Arten Thailands |journal=Sauria |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=25–32 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Malcolm A |title=The names of two Indian vipers |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=39 |issue=4 |year=1937 |pages=730–731 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47591225 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tu |first1=Ming-Chung |last2=Wang |first2=Hurng-Yi |last3=Tsai |first3=Mung-Pei |last4=Toda |first4=Mamoru |last5=Lee |first5=Wen-Jen |last6=Zhang |first6=Fu-Ji |last7=Ota |first7=Hidetoshi |title=Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Biogeography of the Oriental Pitvipers of the Genus ''Trimeresurus'' (Reptilia: Viperidae: Crotalinae): A Molecular Perspective |journal=Zoological Science |date=November 2000 |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1147–1157 |doi=10.2108/zsj.17.1147 |pmid=18522471 |s2cid=207286072 |oclc=264530970 |hdl=2433/108613 |hdl-access=free }}
{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2713670}}

[[Category:Trimeresurus|popeorum]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Snakes of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Laos]]
[[Category:Snakes of Thailand]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1937]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Malcolm Arthur Smith]]

Ultrahuman

2026-04-20T14:32:45Z

Alphadelta: added basic data w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Health-tech company in India}}
{{advertising|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ultrahuman Healthcare
| logo =
| founder = {{Unbulleted list|Mohit Kumar|Vatsal Singhal}}
| hq_location = Bengaluru, India
| products = {{Unbulleted list|Ultrahuman Ring|Ultrahuman M1}}
| num_employees = 51-200
}}

'''Ultrahuman''' is a [[health technology]] company headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], India, that designs, manufactures and sells the Ultrahuman Ring Air smart ring, the Ultrahuman M1 continuous glucose monitor, the Ultrahuman Home indoor monitoring device, and related blood testing services.
Ultrahuman was incorporated in 2019 by Mohit Kumar and Vatsal Singhal. Kumar and Singhal had previously co-founded Runnr in 2015, a food delivery startup that was later acquired by [[Zomato]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Anirban |date=2017-09-13 |title=Zomato acquires food delivery start-up Runnr |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/W8wu28THxovZpVYufEvrnL/Zomato-acquires-delivery-startup-Runnr.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Ultrahuman was founded by Mohit Kumar and Vatsal Singhal in 2019.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Ultrahuman's Mohit Kumar bets big on wearables |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/mohit-kumar-bets-big-on-wearables-111666919856333.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2021, Ultrahuman launched its app at the [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite press release |last=Ultrahuman |title=Ultrahuman Launches At CES |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ultrahuman-launches-at-ces-301202305.html |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> In June 2021, it launched a [[continuous glucose monitor]] called Ultrahuman M1 (formerly known as Ultrahuman Cyborg).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Ultrahuman makes the platform more accessible by coming out of private beta |url=https://sugermint.com/ultrahuman-makes-the-platform-more-accessible-by-coming-out-of-private-beta/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Suger Mint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2022, Ultrahuman acquired LazyCo, a wearables IoT company that had developed an AI-powered smart ring.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-12 |title=Metabolic fitness platform Ultrahuman acquires LazyCo |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/metabolic-fitness-platform-ultrahuman-acquires-lazyco/articleshow/90797853.cms |access-date=2023-02-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-12 |title=Healthtech startup Ultrahuman acquires wearables firm LazyCo |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/healthtech-startup-ultrahuman-acquires-wearables-firm-lazyco/articleshow/90797821.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metabolic fitness platform Ultrahuman acquires LazyCo |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/metabolic-fitness-platform-ultrahuman-acquires-lazyco-8350011.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Moneycontrol |date=12 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2023, Ultrahuman won the [[Red Dot Design Award]] at Berlin for its Ultrahuman Ring Air.

=== 2024–2025 developments ===
In December 2024, the company introduced the Cycle & Ovulation PowerPlug, an optional module for Ring Air that uses biomarker data to estimate fertile windows.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Ultrahuman introduces subscription‑free ovulation tracking for Ring Air |publisher=GlobeNewswire |date=5 December 2024 |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/05/2992300/0/en/Ultrahuman-scales-to-30-market-share-as-it-introduces-the-world-s-first-subscription-free-Ovulation-Tracking.html |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

In August 2025, Ultrahuman acquired medical device company viO HealthTech, developer of the OvuCore vaginal temperature sensor and OvuSense fertility algorithm. The acquisition led to the launch of Cycle & Ovulation Pro, a paid version of the cycle tracking module. [[TechCrunch]] reported that the acquisition allowed the company to offer more advanced cycle predictions by porting the OvuSense algorithm to the Ultrahuman Ring Air.<ref>{{cite news |last=Malik |first=Aisha |title=Ultrahuman acquires viO HealthTech to launch enhanced cycle and ovulation tracking |work=TechCrunch |date=15 August 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/15/ultrahuman-acquires-vio-healthtech-to-launch-enhanced-cycle-and-ovulation-tracking/ |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, Ultrahuman launched Blood Vision, a service that offers blood testing for more than 100 biomarkers and integrates results with data from its wearables. Forbes and HLTH reported that the service initially rolled out across 48 US states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ultrahuman Launches Blood Vision |publisher=Forbes |date=15 July 2025 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbes-personal-tech/2025/07/15/ultrahuman-launches-blood-vision-100-biomarkers/ |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ultrahuman Blood Vision expands across US states |publisher=HLTH |url=https://www.hlth.com/articles/ultrahuman-blood-vision-launch |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, the company introduced Ultrahuman Home, a device that monitors [[indoor air quality]], temperature, humidity, noise and light.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Ultrahuman Home launches publicly |publisher=GlobeNewswire |date=6 June 2025 |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/06/06/3052110/0/en/Ultrahuman-Home-Launches-Publicly.html |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

== Products ==

* '''Ring Air''' – a smart ring that records sleep, movement, skin temperature and heart‑rate variability. Additional functions, including an AFib detection module that monitors heart rhythm using FibriCheck, can be enabled via optional PowerPlugs apps.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ultrahuman launches PowerPlugs platform for Ring Air |url=https://www.massdevice.com/ultrahuman-launches-powerplugs-platform-for-ring-air/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=MassDevice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PowerPlugs bring A‑Fib detection and more to smart rings |url=https://newatlas.com/wearables/ultrahuman-ring-afib-powerplugs/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=New Atlas}}</ref>
* '''M1''' – a continuous‑glucose monitoring sensor and app that provides metabolic scores and nutrition guidance.
* '''Ultrahuman Home''' – an indoor monitoring hub that records environmental factors such as air quality, temperature, humidity, noise and light.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Ultrahuman Home launches publicly |date=6 June 2025 |publisher=GlobeNewswire |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/06/06/3052110/0/en/Ultrahuman-Home-Launches-Publicly.html |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>
* '''Blood Vision''' – a preventive blood‑testing service in the US, India, UAE and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ultrahuman Blood Vision expands across US states |publisher=HLTH |url=https://www.hlth.com/articles/ultrahuman-blood-vision-launch |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>
* '''PowerPlugs''' – a marketplace of mini‑applications for Ring Air; some applications are free, while others, including AFib detection and Cycle & Ovulation Pro, require a subscription.<ref>{{cite news |title=PowerPlugs bring A‑Fib detection and more to smart rings |url=https://newatlas.com/wearables/ultrahuman-ring-afib-powerplugs/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=New Atlas}}</ref>

== Research ==
In March 2024, Ultrahuman published a multi-armed observational study<ref name="Chaudhry Kumar Singhal Srinivasan 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Monik |last2=Kumar |first2=Mohit |last3=Singhal |first3=Vatsal |last4=Srinivasan |first4=Bhuvan |title=Metabolic health tracking using Ultrahuman M1 continuous glucose monitoring platform in non- and pre-diabetic Indians: a multi-armed observational study |journal=Scientific Reports |date=18 March 2024 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=6490 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-56933-2 |pmid=38499685 |pmc=10948749 |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.6490C }}</ref> that included 105 non-diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals. The study aimed to examine metabolic health as a continuous spectrum, and reported a correlation between the company's "Metabolic score" and inflammatory markers. The research also included blood markers and gut-microbiome index markers, and was published in ''[[Scientific Reports]]''.<ref name="Chaudhry Kumar Singhal Srinivasan 2024"/>

== Funding ==
Ultrahuman has raised $65 million across three rounds of investments.

Ultrahuman raised $7.5 million in a seed round from Nexus Venture Partners and Blume Ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-01 |title=Ultrahuman company information, funding & investors |url=https://app.dealroom.co/companies/ultrahuman |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=app.dealroom.co |language=en}}</ref>

In their [[Series A round]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lomas |first=Natasha |date=2021-08-17 |title=Ultrahuman raises $17.5M, touting a wearable blood glucose tracker |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/16/ultrahuman-raises-17-5m-touting-a-wearable-blood-glucose-tracker/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Ultrahuman raised $17.5 million in funding from Alpha Wave Incubation (AWI),<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Prosser |first=David |title=How Ultrahuman Is Moving From Sports Science To Global Healthcare |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidprosser/2021/08/17/how-ultrahuman-is-moving-from-sports-science-to-global-healthcare/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Wave Ventures and Alpha Wave Incubation Companies |url=https://www.alphawaveglobal.com/businesses/ventures-incubation |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.alphawaveglobal.com}}</ref> Steadview Capital, Nexus Venture Partners, Blume Ventures and iSeed fund.

In March 2024, Ultrahuman closed a US$35 million Series B funding round, comprising US$25 million in equity and the remainder in debt.<ref name="ETseriesB">{{cite news |last=Saha |first=Soumyajit |title=Health monitoring device maker Ultrahuman raises $35 million in mix of equity and debt funding from existing investors |work=The Economic Times |date=20 March 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/health-device-maker-ultrahuman-raises-35-million-led-by-steadview-nexus/articleshow/108646994.cms |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> The round was co‑led by existing investors Blume Ventures, Steadview Capital and Nexus Venture Partners, with participation from Alpha Wave Global and Zomato founder Deepinder Goyal.<ref name="ETseriesB"/> Ultrahuman said it would use the proceeds to increase manufacturing capacity and fund health‑tracking research.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ultrahuman Raises $35M |work=citybiz |date=20 March 2024 |url=https://www.citybiz.co/article/534250/ultrahuman-raises-35m/ |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

== UltraFactory ==
Ultrahuman opened its first UltraFactory in Bengaluru in 2022. It partnered with the U.S. electronics manufacturer SVTronics and opened a factory in [[Plano, Texas]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Ultrahuman expands its American factory's manufacturing capacity |publisher=GlobeNewswire |date=8 May 2025 |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/05/08/3077389/0/en/Ultrahuman-Expands-its-American-Factory-s-Manufacturing-Capacity.html |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> HBW Insight reported that the company maintains offices in London, India and the United Arab Emirates and sells its products through more than 150 retail outlets worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ultrahuman expands wearable medtech production into US after $35M funding round |work=HBW Insight |url=https://insights.citeline.com/RS154611/Ultrahuman-Expands-Wearable-Medtech-Production-Into-US-After-$35M-Funding-Round/ |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ultrahuman.com/ Official site]

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2019]]

Chopra Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:33Z

Alphadelta: made new data...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About|the Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake census town|Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur|2 its namesake community development block|Chopra (community development block)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chopra
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Chopra.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chopra Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Hamidul Rahman]]
| party =[[File:All India Trinamool Congress logo.svg|20px]] [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| constituency_no = 28
| established = 1977
| electors = 247,764
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Chopra Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 28 Chopra Assembly constituency covers [[Chopra (community development block)|Chopra]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Kamalagaon Sujali [[gram panchayat]] of [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (community development block)|Islampur]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Chopra Assembly constituency is part of No. 4 [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bachcha Munsi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Mohammad Mahamuddin]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Hamidul Rahman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Anwarul Haque
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Hamidul Rahman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chopra}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hamidul Rahman]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shankar Adhikari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Makleswar Rahaman
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zakir Abedin
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Hamidul Rahman of TMC defeated his nearest rival Md. Shahin Akhtar of BJP.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chopra constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Hamidul Rahman]]
|votes = 1,24,923
|percentage = 61.20
|change = +19.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Md. Shahin Akhtar
|votes = 60,018
|percentage = 29.40
|change = +20.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Anwarul Haque
|votes = 12,279
|percentage = 6.02
|change = -26.32
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Ajoy Kumar Sinha
|votes = 3,166
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Surojit Kisku
|votes = 2,193
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,531
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,04,110
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=All India Trinamool Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Hamidul Rahman of TMC defeated his nearest rival Akramul Haque of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chopra constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Hamidul Rahman]]|votes=74,390|percentage=41.81|change=+36.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Akramul Haque|votes=57,530|percentage=32.34|change=-7.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sajen Ram Singha|votes=15,815|percentage=8.89|change=+4.87}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Ashok Roy
|votes = 15,618
|percentage = 8.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jharkhand Disom Party|candidate=Sarkar Murmu|votes=4,214|percentage=2.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|candidate=Naseer Ahmed Khan|votes=3,531|percentage=1.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Dr Md Tabibur Rahman
|votes = 2,681
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ruhidas Uraw|votes=1,456|percentage=0.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,655
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=177,890|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

In the 2011 election, Hamidul Rahman (Independent) defeated his nearest rival Anwarul Haque of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Chopra constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606064043/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=28| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 6 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Chopra| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Hamidul Rahman]]
|votes = 64,289
|percentage = 44.62
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Anwarul Haque
|votes = 57,719
|percentage = 40.06
|change = -10.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sekh Jalaluddin
|votes = 6,944
|percentage = 4.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashim Chandra Barman
|votes = 5,793
|percentage = 4.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ruhidas Urao
|votes = 5,377
|percentage = 3.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Safiya Khatun
|votes = 2,178
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Joydeb Biswas
|votes = 178
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,570
|percentage = 4.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,44,084
|percentage = 86.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Hamidul Rahman, contesting as an independent candidate, was a rebel Congress candidate from Chopra. He was suspended from the party but the Raiganj MP, [[Deepa Dasmunsi]], campaigned for him.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110416/jsp/siliguri/story_13859959.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110419212447/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110416/jsp/siliguri/story_13859959.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 19 April 2011 |title = Deepa backs rebels under Sonia nose - MP pleads for Congress ‘soldiers’ | publisher = The Telegraph, 16 April 2011 |access-date = 20 April 2011 | location=Calcutta, India | date=2011-04-16}}</ref> Of the 18 Congress rebels who fought the 2011 assembly elections, Hamidul Rahaman was the only one to win.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110514/jsp/nation/story_13981424.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102150645/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110514/jsp/nation/story_13981424.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 November 2012 | title = Rebels flattened but give pinpricks | access-date = 4 August 2011 | last = Ghosh| first = Barun| publisher = The Telegraph, 14 May 2011 | location=Calcutta, India | date=2011-05-14}}</ref>

.# Change figure based on his own vote percentage as a Congress candidate in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Anwarul Haque of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Chopra assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Hamidul Rahman of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Hamidul Rahaman, Independent, defeated Akbar Ali of CPI(M) in 2001.<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Mahamuddin of CPI(M) defeated Hamidul Rahman of Congress in 1996,<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Choudhury Md. Manjur Afaque of Congress in 1991<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Shiekh Jalaluddin Ahmad of Congress in 1987.<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Mahammad Bacha Munshi of CPI(M) defeated Sheikh Jalauddin of Congress in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Narayan Chandra Sinha, Independent in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp27.htm | title =27 - Chopra Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref> Prior to that the constituency did not exist.

==Lok Sabha Election Results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Chopra constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Gopal Lama|votes=133,276|percentage=63.45|change=+2.25%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Raju Bista]]|votes=41,145|percentage=19.59|change=-9.82%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Munish Tamang|votes=25,508|percentage=12.14|change=+6.12%|notes=Left supported}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the Above|votes=4,154|percentage=1.98|change=+1.23%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=Others|votes=5,982|percentage=2.85|change=+0.23%}}
{{Election box majority|votes=92,131|percentage=43.86%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=210,065|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=All India Trinamool Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}Notes: Postal ballot excluded

=== 2019 ===
In the [[2019 Indian general election]], '''[[Amar Singh Rai]]''' of [[All India Trinamool Congress|'''TMC''']] was the leading candidate in [[ Chopra Assembly constituency]] of [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency]].
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian General election]]: Chopra constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Amar Singh Rai]]
|votes = 94,298
|percentage = 50.6
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raju Bista]]
|votes = 49,521
|percentage = 26.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sankar Malakar
|votes = 22,769
|percentage = 12.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Saman Pathak
|votes = 11,403
|percentage = 6.1
|change =

}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,777
|percentage = 20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,77,991
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In the [[2014 Indian general election]], '''[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]''' of [[Trinamool Congress|'''TMC''']] was the leading candidate in [[Chopra Assembly constituency]] of [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency]].
{{Election box begin | title= [[2014 Indian general election]] : Chopra constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|votes = 49,985
|percentage = 31.36
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Saman Pathak
|votes = 48,213
|percentage = 30.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
|votes = 27,220
|percentage = 17.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sujay Ghatak
|votes = 24,906
|percentage = 16.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,563
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra P Lama
|votes = 1,309
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arun Kumar Agarwal
|votes = 1,092
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rabindra Roy Basunia
|votes = 915
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Goutam Bhattacharya
|votes = 843
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kakuli Majumdar (Roy)
|votes = 757
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janasachetan Party
|candidate = Sunil Pandit
|votes = 650
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Lalit Singha
|votes = 323
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,772
|percentage = 1.1%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,57,776
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In the [[2009 Indian general election]], '''[[Dawa Narbula]]''' of [[Indian National Congress|'''Congress''']] was the leading candidate in [[Chopra Assembly constituency]] of [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency]].
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: Chopra constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dawa Narbula]]
|votes = 65,274
|percentage = 49.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jibesh Sarkar
|votes = 49,715
|percentage = 38.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jaswant Singh]]
|votes = 9,441
|percentage = 7.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ram Ganesh Baraik
|votes = 1,574
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Haridas Thakur
|votes = 1,540
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Abhijit Majumdar
|votes = 621
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nitu Jai
|votes = 669
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Arun Kumar Agarwal
|votes = 656
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Niranjan Saha
|votes = 543
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,559
|percentage = 11.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,063
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]

Odia calendar

2026-04-14T07:01:50Z

Alphadelta: adding data

{{Short description|Solar calendar used by the Odia people}}
The '''Odia calendar''' ({{langx|or|ପାଞ୍ଜି}} Pāñji) is a [[solar calendar]] used by the [[Odia people]] from the [[Odisha]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The calendar follows the [[Sidereal year|sidereal]] solar cycle while using the lunar Purnimanta phase for the religious dates.<ref>{{citation |title=Indian Astronomy: An Introduction |publisher=Universities Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&q=punjabi+lunisolar+calendar&pg=PA44 |author=S. Balachandra Rao |date=2000 |page=44 |isbn=9788173712050 }}</ref> The [[New Year]] in the Odia calendar is known as [[Maha Bishuba Sankranti]] or '''Pana Sankranti'''. It occurs on the first day of the traditional solar month of [[Meṣa]] (Georgian: Aries), hence equivalent lunar month [[Vaisakha|Baisakha]] (odia: ବୈଶାଖ). The Odia calendar follows the Utkaliya era, which began on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī from 592 CE.<ref>{{citation |title=The Calendars of India |author=VK Mishra |date=2010 |pages=55, 81|arxiv=1007.0062 }}</ref>

==New Year and Era==
{{main|Maha Bishuba Sankranti}}
As per the sidereal solar cycle followed by the Odia Panjika, the first day of the year or New Year falls on Mesa Sankranti (Sun-crossing into Sidereal Aries) in Mid-April. The ''Odia New Year'' festival is known as '''Pana Sankranti''' ({{langx|or|ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି}}) or '''Maha Bishuba Sankranti''' ({{langx|or|ମହା ବିଷୁବ ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି}}).<ref>Crump, William D. (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide], MacFarland, page 114</ref>

The '''Utkaliya era''' ({{langx|or|ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ}} Utkaḷiya) for the Odia calendar began on 592 CE on Bhādra sukḷa dvādasi (the 12th day of the full moon fortnight of the Bhādra month). Bhādra sukla dvādasi is considered to be the birthday of the legendary king [[Indradyumna]] who set up the icon of Lord [[Jagannath]] ([[Neela Madhava]]) at [[Puri]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra Part 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/bharatiya-jyotish-sastra-2-sankar-balakrishna-dikshit/page/n1/mode/2up |publisher=India Meteorological Department |year=1896 |author=Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit |access-date=2020-04-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Chronological tables from 1764 to 1900 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7604/mode/2up |year=1894 |author=Girish Chandra Tarkalankar |publisher=Sreenath Banerjee, Bhowanipore |access-date=2020-04-12 }}</ref> The epoch seems to correspond to the reign of the legendary early Somavamshis (Kesaris) as per the chronicle [[Madala Panji]], thus implying the era was instituted by King Yayati I of the [[Somavamshi dynasty]].{{sfn|Kailash Chandra Dash|2010|p=165}}

Thus the Era calendar new year falls on the 12th day of the full moon fortnight or the waxing moon lunar phase of the Bhādra month in September. This day is termed as the ''Odia financial New Year'' and is known as the festival of '''Sunia''' ({{langx|or|ସୁନିଆଁ}} suniā̃) which denotes the start of the beginning of the new financial calendar year for the collection of revenue, publishing of almanacs and the palm-leaf horoscopes carrying the reigning year of the Gajapati King. Post-1947, it has been reduced as a ceremonial day and is mostly used in the Panji calendars to denote the change of Odia calendar year for records and horoscopes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunia |date=9 September 2011 |publisher=puriwaves |url=https://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/photo_news/sunia-52-anka-1419-declared-by-gajapati-maharaja-dibyasing-dev |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Sunia (The Odia Calendar) |url=https://odia.org/articles/sunia_odi.pdf |author=Subhash Sahu |date=2009 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123053213/http://www.odia.org/articles/sunia_odi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Anka Ceremony of the King of Puri (India) |publisher=Journal of Social Sciences |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321220231 |author=Roland Hardenberg |date=July 2000 |access-date=5 December 2020 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ New Year Date
! New Year !! Odia month !! Gregorian !! Cycle
|-
! Odia New Year (Maha Bishuba Sankranti/Pana Sankranti)
| ୧ ବୈଶାଖ (ମେଷ) 1 Baiśākha (Meṣa) || 14 April 13 April (Gregorian leap year) || Solar
|-
! Odia financial New Year (Sunia)
| ଭାଦ୍ର ଶୁକ୍ଳ ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ Bhādra Śukḷa Dwādaśī 12th day of Waxing Moon (Full moon) phase || varies, September || Lunar
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Odia year !! Shaka year !! Vikrami year !! Gregorian year
|-
| ୧୪୩୪ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ/ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ ସନ 1434 Utkaḷābda/Utkaḷiya San || 1948 Śakābda || 2083 Vikram Samvat || 2026 CE
|}

*Utkaḷābda year for 2026 on 23 September.<ref>{{cite web|title=Odia (Oriya) Panjika 2026|url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/Odia-Kohinoor-Press-Calendar-Panji.aspx?Month=september|website=Nuaodisha|date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

===Anka year===
{{main|Anka year}}
The [[Anka year]] ({{langx|or|ଅଙ୍କ}} ''Aṅka'') system is a unique [[regnal year]] system instituted by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] kings for dating their reigns. It had a number of features that mark the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati Maharaja [[Dibyasingha Deb]] of the [[Puri Estate]], whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha.<ref>{{citation |title=Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas |publisher=BU |url=https://www.academia.edu/2771794 |author=Pankaj Tandon |date=2012 |access-date=25 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga |publisher=BU |url=https://www.academia.edu/32275350 |author=Pankaj Tandon |date=2018 |access-date=25 January 2021 }}</ref>

Features:
* The Anka system always starts on the Odia financial new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August–September) known as Bhadra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
* Coins were minted on the date of the new year, and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
* All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
* All years ending in 0 were also skipped, except for the Anka year 10.
Hence no Anka years exist for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56, and so on.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Timeline of actual Regnal year and Anka year (shown till regnal year 30)
! Regnal year
|| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15 || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 23 || 24 || 25 || 26 || 27 || 28 || 29 || 30
|-
! Anka year
|| 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 21 || 22 || 23 || 24 || 25 || 27 || 28 || 29 || 31 || 32 || 33 || 34 || 35 || 37
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regnal & Anka year of Gajapati (titular reign since 7 July 1970)
! Gregorian year || Regnal year || Odia year || Anka year
|-
| 2026 CE || 56 || ୧୪୩୪ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ 1434 Utkaḷābda || ୭୧ ଅଙ୍କ 71 Aṅka
|}

==Panji==
{{Main|Panjika}}

[[Madala Panji]] ([[Odia language|Odia]]: ମାଦଳ ପାଞ୍ଜି) is a chronicle of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] in Odisha. It describes the historical events of Odisha related to [[Jagannath]] and the Jagannath Temple. The Madala Panji dates from the 12th century and was traditionally written on a year-to-year basis on [[Vijayadashami]] Day by the [[Karan (caste)|Karanas]] community. The tradition of keeping this chronicle began with [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] king [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] (1077–1150).

The modern Odia calendar begins with the scientific reforms initiated by the astronomer [[Pathani Samanta]]. His findings which included astronomical observations with the help of traditional instruments were recorded in his treatise ''Siddhanta Darpana'' written on palm-leaf manuscript in 1869 and eventually published in 1899. These observations were instrumental in the preparation of almanacs in Odisha especially by the astrologers of the Jagannath temple at Puri.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Naik|first=P. C.|title=Samanta Chandra Sekhar : The great naked eye astronomer|journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India|year=1998|volume=26|pages=33–49|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1998BASI...26...33N|author2=Satpathy, L.|bibcode=1998BASI...26...33N}}</ref> The prominent Panjis of this tradition include:
* Khadiratna Panjika
* Samanta Panjika
* Biraja Panjika

Other notable Odia Panji calendars include Kohinoor Panji, Biraja Panji(Nanda), Radharaman Panji(based on Puri tradition Panjis), Bhagyadeepa Panji, Bhagyajyoti Panji, Bhagyachakra Panji.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odia calendar |url=https://www.odiacalendar.com/odia-calendar-2020/ |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

==Months==
{| class="wikitable"
! Odia (Lunar) ମାସ māsa !! Days !! Odia (Solar) ରାଶି rāsi !! [[Zodiac]] !! Sign !! Gregorian
|-
| ବୈଶାଖ Baiśākha || 31 || ମେଷ Mesa || [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] || [[File:Aries.svg|20px]] || April–May
|-
| ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ Jyeṣṭha || 31 || ବୃଷ Brusa || [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]] || [[File:Taurus.svg|20px]] || May–June
|-
| ଆଷାଢ଼ Āṣāḍha || 32 || ମିଥୁନ Mithuna || [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] || [[File:Gemini.svg|20px]] || June–July
|-
| ଶ୍ରାବଣ Śrābaṇa || 31 || କର୍କଟ Karkaṭa || [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]] || [[File:Cancer.svg|20px]] || July–August
|-
| ଭାଦ୍ରବ/ଭାଦ୍ର Bhādraba/Bhādra || 31 || ସିଂହ Singha || [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]] || [[File:Leo.svg|20px]] || August–September
|-
| ଆଶ୍ୱିନ Āświna || 31 || କନ୍ୟା Kanyā || [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]] || [[File:Virgo.svg|20px]] || September–October
|-
| କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ Kārttika || 30 || ତୁଳା Tuḷā || [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] || [[File:Libra.svg|20px]] || October–November
|-
| ମାର୍ଗଶିର Mārgaśira || 29 || ବିଛା Bichā || [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]] || [[File:Scorpio.svg|20px]] || November–December
|-
| ପୌଷ Pauṣa || 29 || ଧନୁ Dhanu || [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] || [[File:Sagittarius.svg|20px]] || December–January
|-
| ମାଘ Māgha || 30 || ମକର Makara || [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]] || [[File:Capricorn.svg|20px]] || January–February
|-
| ଫାଲ୍‌ଗୁନ/ଫଗୁଣ Phālguna/Phaguṇa || 30 || କୁମ୍ଭ Kumbha || [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]] || [[File:Aquarius.svg|20px]] || February–March
|-
| ଚୈତ୍ର Chaitra || 30 || ମୀନ Mina || [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]] || [[File:Pisces.svg|20px]] || March–April
|}

==Days==
The Odia calendar incorporates the seven-day [[week]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Day (Odia) !! Celestial object !! Equivalent !! Day (Gregorian)
|-
| ରବିବାର Rabibāra || [[Surya]] || [[Sun]] || [[Sunday]]
|-
| ସୋମବାର Somabāra || [[Chandra]] || [[Moon]] || [[Monday]]
|-
| ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Maṅgaḷbāra || [[Mangala]] || [[Mars]] || [[Tuesday]]
|-
| ବୁଧବାର Budhabāra || [[Budha]] || [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] || [[Wednesday]]
|-
| ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubāra || [[Brihaspati]] || [[Jupiter]] || [[Thursday]]
|-
| ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Śukrabāra || [[Shukra]] || [[Venus]] || [[Friday]]
|-
| ଶନିବାର Śanibāra || [[Shani]] || [[Saturn]] || [[Saturday]]
|}

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Odia [[Ritu (Indian season)|Rutu]] ଋତୁ !! Season !! Odia months !! Months (Gregorian)
|-
| ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ Grīṣma || [[Summer]] || Baiśākha–Jyeṣṭha || April–June
|-
| ବର୍ଷା Barṣā || [[Monsoon]] || Āṣāṛha–Śrābaṇa || June–August
|-
| ଶରତ Śarata || [[Autumn]] || Bhādraba–Āświna || August–October
|-
| ହେମନ୍ତ Hemanta || Pre-[[Winter]] || Kārttika–Mārgaśira || October–December
|-
| ଶୀତ Śīta || [[Winter]] || Pauṣa–Māgha || December–February
|-
| ବସନ୍ତ Basanta || [[Spring (season)|Spring]] || Phālguna–Chaitra || February–April
|-
|}

==Time==
{| class="wikitable"
! Time !! Gregorian !! Units !! Equivalent
|-
| ଦିନ dina || Day || ୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା ''12 ghaṇṭā'' || 12 hours
|-
| ରାତି rāti || Night || ୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା ''12 ghaṇṭā'' || 12 hours
|-
| ଦିବସ dibasa || Solar day || ୨୪ ଘଣ୍ଟା ''24 ghaṇṭā'' || 24 hours
|-
| ୧ ସପ୍ତାହ 1 saptaha || 1 week || ୭ ଦିନ ''7 dina'' || 7 days
|-
| ୧ ପକ୍ଷ 1 pakṣa || 1 fortnight || ୧୫ ଦିନ ''15 dina'' || 15 days
|-
| ୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barṣa || 1 year || ୩୬୫ ଦିନ ''365 dina'' || 365 days
|-
| ୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barṣa || 1 year || ୧୨ ମାସ ''12 māsa'' || 12 months
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Lunar week
|-
! [[Paksha]] ପକ୍ଷ (pakhya) !! Period !! [[Lunar phase]] !! Days
|-
| ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ śukḷapakṣa || From ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) to ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) [[New moon]] to [[Full moon]] || Waxing moon || 15 days
|-
| କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ krushṇapakṣa || From ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) to ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) [[Full moon]] to [[New moon]] || Waning moon || 15 days
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Lunar Day ତିଥି (tithi)
! Bright fortnight ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ (śukḷapakṣa)
! [[Lunar phase]]
! Dark fortnight କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ (krushṇapakṣa)
! [[Lunar phase]]
|-
| 1
| ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada
| rowspan="6"| Waxing Crescent
| ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada
| rowspan="6"| Waning Gibbous
|-
| 2
| ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā
| ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā
|-
| 3
| ତୃତୀୟା trutīyā
| ତୃତୀୟା trutīyā
|-
| 4
| ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī
| ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī
|-
| 5
| ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī
| ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī
|-
| 6
| ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī
| ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī
|-
| 7
| ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī
| rowspan="2"| First Quarter
| ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī
| rowspan="2"| Last Quarter
|-
| 8
| ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī
| ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī
|-
| 9
| ନବମୀ nabamī
| rowspan="6"| Waning Crescent
| ନବମୀ nabamī
| rowspan="6"| Waxing Gibbous
|-
| 10
| ଦଶମୀ daśamī
| ଦଶମୀ daśamī
|-
| 11
| ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī
| ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī
|-
| 12
| ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī
| ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī
|-
| 13
| ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī
| ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī
|-
| 14
| ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī
| ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī
|-
| 15
| ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା pūrṇṇima
| [[Full Moon]]
| ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା amābāsyā
| [[New Moon]]
|-
|}

==Festivals==
Odia and other Indian festivals observed as per Odia calendar:
{| class="wikitable"
! Months
! [[Festivals of Odisha|Festivals]]
|-
| Baisākha || [[Maha Bishuba Sankranti]] (Pana Sankranti)
|-
| Jyesṭha || [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Purnima]], [[Akshaya Tritiya]], [[Sabitri Brata]], [[Sitalsasthi]]
|-
| Āsāḍha || [[Raja (festival)|Raja Parba]], [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Jatra]]
|-
| Srābaṇa || [[Gamha Purnima]] (Raksha Bandhan)
|-
| Bhādraba || [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Nuakhai]], Sunia
|-
| Āswina || [[Vishwakarma Puja]], [[Pitri Paksha|Mahalaya]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Vijayadashami|Dusehra]], [[Sharad Purnima|Kumara Purnima]]
|-
| Kārttika || [[Kali Puja]], [[Diwali|Dipabali]], [[Jagaddhatri#Jagadhatri Mela|Jagaddhatri Puja]], [[Boita Bandana]], [[Bali Jatra]]
|-
| Mārgasira || [[Prathamastami]], [[Manabasa Gurubara]]
|-
| Pausa || [[Dhanu jatra]], [[Samba Dashami]], [[Pousha Purnima]]
|-
| Māgha || [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Vasant Panchami]]
|-
| Phālguna || [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|-
| Chaitra || [[Holi]] ([[Dol Purnima]]), [[Odisha Day|Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa)]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kailash Chandra Dash |title=A traditional account on Yayati Keshari: Its formation and historical authenticity |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |issue=2010–2011 |year=2010 |pages=165–178 |jstor=44147485 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html Calendars and their History (by L.E. Doggett)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180417203122/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/projects/lcl.pdf Indian Calendars (by Leow Choon Lian, pdf, 1.22mb)]

{{Calendars}}
{{Odia language}}
{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Calendar eras]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Solar calendars]]
[[Category:Lunisolar calendars]]
[[Category:Time in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]

Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei

2026-04-11T10:02:12Z

Alphadelta: starting basic details first draft

{{Short description|2006 film by Chimbu Deven}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei
| image = Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chimbu Deven]]
| producer = [[S. Shankar]]
| writer = Chimbu Deven
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vadivelu]]
* [[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
* [[Tejashree]]
}}
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| distributor = [[S Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|07|08}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 3.5 crores{{efn|Film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] and the entertainment news website [[Sify]] estimate the budget to be {{INR}} 30 million,<ref name = "Baskaran"/> and {{INR}} 40 million respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rise-and-rise-of-vadivel-news-tamil-kkfuzycggjfsi.html|title=Rise and rise of Vadivel!|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 October 2007|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028140500/http://www.sify.com/movies/rise-and-rise-of-vadivel-news-tamil-kkfuzycggjfsi.html|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| gross = 15 crores<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20070408/features2.html |title=Business Today |website=archives.digitaltoday.in |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101110500/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20070408/features2.html |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'''''{{efn|Although the title card spells ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'',<ref>{{cite AV media | title=Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikesi | publisher=[[S Pictures]] | date=29 March 2014 | medium=Motion picture | location=India}} Opening titles, at 7:08.</ref> the spellings ''Imsai Arasan 23aam Pulikesi'',<ref name = "Baskaran">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king-who-has-exploded-myths/article3231189.ece|title=King who has exploded myths|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Sundararaj Theodore Baskaran|author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran|date=3 November 2006|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031020137/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king-who-has-exploded-myths/article3231189.ece|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi'',<ref name = "Sify Pulikesi Review"/> and ''Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi'',<ref name = "TOI"/> have become more common.}} ({{Translation|Pulikesi XXIII, the king of nuisance}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical fiction|historical]]-[[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Chimbu Deven]] in his directoral debut .The film stars [[Vadivelu]] in his debut as a solo lead actor. [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] and [[Tejashree]] play the female leads, while [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Sreeman]] and [[Nagesh]] play supporting roles. [[Sabesh–Murali]] composed the soundtrack album and background score. [[S. Shankar]] produced and distributed the film under his production banner [[S Pictures]].

Set in the late 18th century during the early stages of the [[British Raj]], the film tells the story of twin brothers separated at birth. Pulikesi XXIII, the foolish elder brother, becomes a puppet of his uncle, the Chief Minister, while Ukraputhan, the wise younger brother, becomes a patriot intent on saving his land and his brother.

Principal photography began in November 2005 at [[Prasad Studios]]. ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikesi'' was released on 8 July 2006, and was the first historical Tamil film released since ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]'' (1978). The film received positive reviews, with critics praising the screenplay, the performances, and the dialogues. A box office success, the film won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and one [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]].

== Plot ==
In the South Indian kingdom of Cholapuram Paalayam in the year 1771, Raja Mokkaiyappar and his queen, Rani Bhavani Ammaiyar, are desperate for a child, as all their previous twenty-two children have died at birth. Unknown to them, Bhavani's brother, Sangilimayan, who is also the Rajaguru (high priest), is responsible for the deaths of their children. Sangilimayan is shocked to see that his sister has given birth to twins. Before informing the king about the birth, he calls the palace astrologer, Chinnavadayaan, who predicts that the elder twin will be incapable of making decisions on his own while the younger one will be smarter. Sangilimayan orders the palace doctor, Kailasakaruppan, to kill the younger one, but Chinnavadayaan tells Sangilimayan that his actions would not be good for the kingdom. Instead, Sangilimayan orders the palace doctor to abandon the child in a nearby river. The elder child is named Pulikesi XXIII. Maragathavalli, Kailasakaruppan's childless wife, rescues the abandoned child from the river, and the couple decides to raise him as their own, naming him Ukraputhan.

Twenty-five years pass, and Pulikesi is now the king of Cholapuram Paalayam. As foretold, he is foolish as well as lecherous. He is a puppet in the hands of Sangilimayan, who collaborates with the British for his own personal gain, and does not attend to the needs of the people of his kingdom. Pulikesi also tortures his subjects. He creates an outdoor stadium for different castes to fight against each other and punishes his palace guards even when they make the slightest of mistakes; he also uses his guards as targets for shooting practice. Ukraputhan, now an educated revolutionary, collaborates with his friends to overthrow the British. Ukraputhan falls in love with Vasantha Sundari, who reciprocates his feelings. When Ukraputhan plots to overthrow Pulikesi for serving the British, he is shocked to see that they look alike.

Ukraputhan then learns about his birth from his foster parents and realizes that Pulikesi is his identical twin brother. To save the land from Sangilimayan and the British, Ukraputhan switches places with an unconscious Pulikesi as the king while sending Pulikesi to prison. As the king, Ukraputhan reveals his true identity to Agandamuthu, the commander-in-chief, and joins forces with him to help bring about new reforms. He converts the palace harem into a playground and helps fund and provide for the education of children. To grow crops, he creates fertile land for tilling the soil. Breaking the past kingdom policies, Ukraputhan refuses to pay tributes and taxes demanded by the British. Bhavani Ammaiyar praises Ukraputhan's reforms, unaware that Ukraputhan is disguised as Pulikesi. In jail, Pulikesi is taken care of by Soolayini, who provides refreshments to the soldiers. Eventually, the two fall in love.

All of this happens while Sangilimayan is away on a business trip visiting British officers in [[Chennai]], pattinam. When he learns of the new reforms, he confronts Ukraputhan, who defies him. Later, Pulikesi escapes from prison and overhears a conversation between Ukraputhan, Agandamuthu, and Chinnavadayaan. Pulikesi learns the truth about his birth and realizes his mistake. He reunites with Ukraputhan to reform the kingdom, but is beaten by one of Sangilimayan's men and is locked up in the palace. However, he escapes with the help of Kollan, the palace blacksmith. Believing that Agandamuthu was responsible for Pulikesi's change of mind, Sangilimayan arrests him and Ukraputhan. After escaping, Pulikesi appears before Sangilimayan as Ukraputhan but is recognized by his minister, Mangunipandiyan, when he inadvertently uses his catchphrase. A fight between the twins and Sangilimayan follows; Sangilimayan is overpowered by Ukraputhan and is about to be killed when Bhavani Ammaiyar intervenes. Feeling guilty for betraying his kingdom, Sangilimayan, at the behest of his sister, has a change of heart and apologizes to her; she forgives him. The kingdom attains independence from British rule, and Pulikesi and Ukraputhan marry their respective lovers, Soolayini and Vasantha Sundari. Pulikesi then introduces 10 ordinances for the welfare of the people of Cholapuram Paalayam.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vadivelu]] as King Pulikesi XXIII and Ukraputhan
* [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Vasantha Sundari
* [[Tejashree]] as Soolayini
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sangilimaayan
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Mangunipandiyan
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Agandamuthu
* [[Nagesh]] as Raja Mokkaiyappar
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Kailasakaruppan
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Chinnavadayaan
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Rajamatha Bhavani Ammaiyar
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Maragathavalli
* [[Manobala]] as Kollan
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as King Vallavaraayan
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Spy Vadakodari
* [[Singamuthu]] as Poet Balabhadhra Onandi
* [[Nellai Siva]] as poet
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as priest
* Paul Vincent as Nixon Durai
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as palace guard Sarangapani
* [[Nanditha Jennifer]] as dancer in "Aah Aadivaa" song
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Chimbu Deven]] worked as a cartoonist in the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' before venturing into mainstream cinema as an associate to director [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] in three of his films, ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' (2000), ''[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]'' (2001) and ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' (2004).<ref name = "Baskaran"/> ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' draws inspiration from a cartoon created by Deven, which originally appeared in ''Ananda Vikatan''. Deven, who wrote the script,<ref name = "Baskaran"/> showed it to director S. Shankar. Shankar was impressed with the script as soon as he read it, and offered to produce and distribute the film under his production company S Pictures, making the film his third as producer after ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999) and ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004).<ref name="Historical">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/historical-comedy-in-the-making/article3171033.ece | title=Historical comedy in the making | work=The Hindu| date=29 March 2006 | access-date=8 November 2014 | author=S. R. Ashok Kumar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108015512/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/historical-comedy-in-the-making/article3171033.ece | archive-date=8 November 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

As a former comic strip illustrator, Deven used the [[storyboard]] technique to develop the film.<ref name = "Baskaran"/> Cinematography was handled by [[Arthur A. Wilson]] and editing by G. Sasikumar.<ref name="OC">{{cite AV media | title=Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikesi | publisher=[[S Pictures]] | date=29 March 2014 | medium=Motion picture | location=India}} Opening credits from 1:25 to 7:25.</ref> [[P. Krishnamoorthy]] was signed up as the film's art director.<ref name="OC"/> S. Naveen, who later directed ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013), worked as an assistant director in the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/independently-yours/article5314952.ece | title=Independently yours | work=The Hindu| date=5 November 2013 | access-date=2 December 2014 | author=K. Jeshi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202065218/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/independently-yours/article5314952.ece | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> The dialogues for the film were written in [[Tamil language#Middle Tamil|chaste Tamil]].<ref name = "Sreedhar Pillai"/> Research was conducted at the [[Roja Muthiah Research Library]].<ref name = "Baskaran"/>{{efn|In the film credits, the library is misspelt as ''Raja Muthiah Research Library''.}}

=== Casting ===
{{quote box
| quote = "The audience expect films like 'Imsai...’ once in a while and the success of the movie is a clear indication. Acting with Vadivelu is an enjoyable experience. He has a great sense of humour and times it to perfection."
| source = Nassar, in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' in July 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-light-to-serious-stuff/article2250384.ece | title=From light to serious stuff | work=The Hindu| date=14 July 2007 | access-date=2 December 2014 | author=G. Prasad | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202070512/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-light-to-serious-stuff/article2250384.ece | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
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}}
Deven approached Vadivelu in October 2005 and offered him the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://173.193.200.250/serious-stuff-from-comedian-telugu-news-17547 | title=Serious stuff from comedian | website=IndiaGlitz | date=19 October 2005 | access-date=31 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031024157/http://173.193.200.250/serious-stuff-from-comedian-telugu-news-17547 | archive-date=31 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Vadivelu was initially hesitant to accept the offer as he felt that the audience would not want to see him as the central character, but after Vadivelu read the script, he decided to take up the role.<ref name="Sreedhar Pillai">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laugh-riot/article3195686.ece | title=Laugh riot | work=The Hindu| date=6 July 2006 | access-date=2 December 2014 | author=Sreedhar Pillai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202072532/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laugh-riot/article3195686.ece | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding the selection of Vadivelu for the roles, Deven noted that one of the royal characters from his comic book strip in ''Ananda Vikatan'' closely resembled Vadivelu, including his complexion and nativity.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-funny-side-of-history/article3202619.ece | title=The funny side of history | work=The Hindu| date=9 November 2006 | access-date=8 November 2014 | author=K. Jeshi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108021325/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-funny-side-of-history/article3202619.ece | archive-date=8 November 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Swarnamalya]] and actress [[Nagma]] were considered for the female leads,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News37/10-11-05/tamil-movies-news-vadivelu.html | title=Vaigaippuyal will star as the hero in Imsaimannan | website=Behindwoods | date=10 November 2005 | access-date=2 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028135243/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News37/10-11-05/tamil-movies-news-vadivelu.html | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/jan-06-01/31-01-06-nagma.html | title=Nagma: Fishing a chance in Shankar's movie? | website=Behindwoods | date=31 January 2006 | access-date=2 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202044833/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/jan-06-01/31-01-06-nagma.html | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> but [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] and [[Tejashree]] eventually got the parts.<ref name = "Historical"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article3021538.ece | title=Grill mill | work=The Hindu| date=29 May 2009 | access-date=2 December 2014 | author=S. R. Ashok Kumar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202063605/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article3021538.ece | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> Director-actor [[Ilavarasu]] played the role of Pulikecei's minister, Mangunipandiyan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/success-through-spontaneity/article5202207.ece | title=Success through spontaneity | work=The Hindu| date=5 October 2013 | access-date=2 December 2014 | author=T. Saravanan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202071341/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/success-through-spontaneity/article5202207.ece | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[M. N. Rajam]] played Ukraputhan's mother.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/contented-with-her-lot/article2271268.ece | title=Contented with her lot | work=The Hindu| date=26 January 2007 | access-date=2 December 2014 | author=Malathi Rangarajan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202070112/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/contented-with-her-lot/article2271268.ece | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nagesh]] played Raja Mokkayappar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nagesh-a-stellar-comedian-news-tamil-kkfsxGbiaafsi.html |title=Nagesh, a stellar comedian |date=1 February 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170927153717/http://www.sify.com/movies/nagesh-a-stellar-comedian-news-tamil-kkfsxGbiaafsi.html |archive-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began at [[Prasad Studios]] on 16 November 2005, under the working title of ''Imsai Mannan 23am Pulikesi''.<ref name="19 December 2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/19-11-05e/tamil-movies-news-vadivelu.html | title=Vadivelu is the hero in Imsai arasan | website=Behindwoods | date=19 November 2005 | access-date=2 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202042709/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/19-11-05e/tamil-movies-news-vadivelu.html | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/16-11-05/tamil-movies-news-vadivel.html | title=Vadivel the hero in Imsai Arasan 23rd Pullekessi | website=Behindwoods | date=16 November 2005 | access-date=2 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202041311/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/16-11-05/tamil-movies-news-vadivel.html | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first historical film made in [[Tamil cinema]] since ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]'' (1978) almost three decades previously.<ref name = "Sorts"/> Shooting also took place at [[AVM Studios]]. The second schedule of the film was held in Prasad Studios.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/09-12-05/tamil-movies-news-vadivelu.html | title=Vadivelu in hero attire | website=Behindwoods | date=9 December 2005 | access-date=2 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202041304/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/09-12-05/tamil-movies-news-vadivelu.html | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Aah Adivaa" was shot at Prasad Studios and choreographed by Sivasankar.<ref name = "19 December 2005"/> Due to poor weather, the outdoor portions of the song were shot indoors.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/26-11-05/tamil-movies-news-vadi.html | title=Imsai mannan 23am Pulikesi will be Vadivelu's first film as lead hero | website=Behindwoods | date=26 November 2005 | access-date=2 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202043607/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/26-11-05/tamil-movies-news-vadi.html | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

A total of eleven sets were created for all of the filming schedules.<ref name = "Historical"/> Filming also took place in [[Chengalpattu]], [[Tiruvannamalai]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="Sorts">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/stargazing/article3217936.ece | title=Stargazing — History of sorts | work=The Hindu| date=28 April 2006 | access-date=2 December 2014 | author=Malathi Rangarajan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202073438/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/stargazing/article3217936.ece | archive-date=2 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> Spoofs on [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] are seen in the film.<ref name="Baskaran" /> [[Wipe (transition)|Wipes]] and [[Split screen (filmmaking)|split screen]] transitions are commonly used.<ref name = "Baskaran"/> Principal photography was completed in 55{{mdash}}61 days.{{efn|Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' gives the completion time as 55 days,<ref name = "Sorts"/> whereas Sundararaj Theodore Baskaran gives the completion time as 61 days.<ref name = "Baskaran"/>}}

== Themes and influences ==
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer =Vadivelu's moustache in the film is based on those sported by Salvador Dalí (''left'') and Subramania Bharati (''right'')
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| image1 = Dali Allan Warren.jpg
| width1 = 200
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| caption1 =


| image2 = Subramanya Bharathi.jpg
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}}
Although ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' is a historical film set in the late 18th century AD, most of the issues it raises are contemporary. Topics discussed include child labour, globalisation, the bureaucratic inefficiency of government, [[pesticide]] usage in soft drinks, and divisions in the caste system.<ref name = "Baskaran"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lights-camera-action/article3201696.ece | title=Lights, camera, action! – Making a difference | work=The Hindu| date=23 October 2006 | access-date=4 December 2014 | author=K. Jeshi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083541/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lights-camera-action/article3201696.ece | archive-date=4 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "MR The Hindu"/>

In their 2010 book, ''Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology'' under the section ''Dualities and Negotiation 23rd Imsai Arasan Pulikesi'', Sowmya Dechamma C. C., Elavarthi Sathya Prakash and Jananie Kalyanaraman mention the soft drinks that are satirized include [[Coca-Cola]] and [[Pepsi]]. The two are called Akka Mala and Gup-C respectively.{{Sfn|Dechamma C. C.|Prakash|Kalyanaraman|2010|page=108}} They also note that Pulikesi and Ukraputhan have contrasting differences with respect to attitude towards women, education, governance, and demonstration of both skill in weaponry and physical prowess.{{Sfn|Dechamma C. C.|Prakash|Kalyanaraman|2010|pages=108–109}} Kalyanaraman compares Vadivelu's balancing of both his comic and heroic abilities through the roles of Pulikesi and Ukraputhan to Nagesh's roles in ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' (1964) and ''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (1968), where Nagesh plays more serious roles.{{Sfn|Dechamma C. C.|Prakash|Kalyanaraman|2010|pages=96–97, 103–105}}

The mustache sported by Vadivelu is inspired and modeled after mustaches worn by the Spanish Catalan surrealist painter, [[Salvador Dalí]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet, [[Subramania Bharati]].<ref name = "Baskaran"/> Historical references in the film include places like [[Nalanda|Nalanda University]], which was active around the 2nd century AD, and people like [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]], [[Robert Clive]], and [[Ettappan]].<ref name = "Baskaran"/>

[[S. Theodore Baskaran]] and Malathi Rangarajan called the film a parody of ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' (1958).<ref name = "Baskaran"/><ref name = "MR The Hindu"/> Malathi Rangarajan said that the sequences in the song "Aah Aadivaa" are reminiscent of scenes from the song "Yaaradi Nee Mohini" from ''Uthama Puthiran''.<ref name = "MR The Hindu"/> Theodore Baskaran also compared the film to M. G. Ramachandran films like ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954) and ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958).<ref name="Baskaran" />{{efn|Dechamma C. C., Prakash and Kalyanaraman also compare the film to ''Nadodi Mannan'' in terms of Vadivelu playing dual roles.{{Sfn|Dechamma C. C.|Prakash|Kalyanaraman|2010|page=109}}}} Saraswathy Srinivas of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] compared the film to [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s novel, ''[[The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later#Part Three: The Man in the Iron Mask (Chapters 181–269)|The Man in the Iron Mask]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssind/20080104.htm | title=Indiralogathil's music is a letdown | publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] | date=7 January 2008 | access-date=4 December 2014 | author=Saraswathy Srinivas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204081655/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssind/20080104.htm | archive-date=4 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Sabesh–Murali]] composed both the film's [[soundtrack album]] and [[background music|background score]]. The soundtrack album features five songs with lyrics written by [[Pulamaipithan]].<ref name = "Raaga"/> The songs were rendered in a style authentic to the film's period setting. The soundtrack album was released on 9 June 2006.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 June 2006|title='Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi' Audio Launch|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/9664.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202081334/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/9664.html|archive-date=2 December 2014|access-date=2 December 2014|website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

The album was received positively by critics. G. Dhananjayan, in his book ''Best of Tamil Cinema'', said the songs contributed to the film's success and were popular during its theatrical run.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=281}} Praises were directed mainly towards the musicians, the melodious interludes of "Aah Aadivaa" and the fusion of modern western and traditional Indian music in "Vaanam Namakul".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7989.html|title=Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi — Ring old, ring new|website=IndiaGlitz|date=17 May 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202083400/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7989.html|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "S. Sudha"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latestcinema.com/07-06/Tamil-movies/Vallavan-Loosu-penne-song-at-tamil-songs-top-list.html|title='Vallavan' scores over 'Vettayadu...' among Tamil albums|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|publisher=Latest Cinema|date=25 July 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203042223/http://www.latestcinema.com/07-06/Tamil-movies/Vallavan-Loosu-penne-song-at-tamil-songs-top-list.html|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist<ref name = "Raaga">{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/imsai-arasan-23rd-pulikesi-T0000799|title=Tracklist — Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi|website=[[Raaga.com]]|access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:41
| title1 = Aah Aadivaa
| extra1 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Binny Krishnakumar]], [[Saindhavi]], Kovai Kamala, [[Vadivelu]]
| length1 = 5:49
| title2 = Pootiya Sirayinai
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Panju Methai Kaniyae
| extra3 = Krishnaraj, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = Aasai Kanave
| extra4 = [[Naresh Iyer]], Kalyani Nair
| length4 = 5:11
| title5 = Vaanam Namakul
| extra5 = [[T. L. Maharajan]]
| length5 = 5:01
}}

==Marketing and release==
The film was originally scheduled for release on 19 May 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/no-more-hitches--telugufont-news-22748|title=No more hitches?|website=IndiaGlitz|date=1 June 2006|access-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230052402/http://www.indiaglitz.com/no-more-hitches--telugufont-news-22748|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the film's release was delayed due to its use of animals without prior approval from the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] (AWBI). According to a rule issued in 2001, film producers must obtain prior approval from the AWBI to use animals in a film. Further, scenes with animals must be filmed with a veterinary physician on the set. Crucial to the film's story, the scenes were not re-edited.<ref name="Horse">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/a-horse-stops-release-news-tamil-kkfvkNddgdcsi.html|title=A horse stops release!|website=[[Sify]]|date=22 May 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202093156/http://www.sify.com/movies/a-horse-stops-release-news-tamil-kkfvkNddgdcsi.html|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an interview, Deven stated that the elephants and horses in the film were not subjected to any cruelty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/debate-over-animals-in-tamil-film/story-pmWwh64kOBEpy0PHODF0YP.html|title=Debate over animals in Tamil film|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=G. C. Shekhar|date=19 June 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410042509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/debate-over-animals-in-tamil-film/story-pmWwh64kOBEpy0PHODF0YP.html|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

When Shankar approached the AWBI for a [[No Objection Certificate]] (NOC), he was denied.<ref name="Horse"/> On 18 May, the [[Madras High Court]] requested that the AWBI issue the necessary certificate, but the organisation refused and said that it was the responsibility of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC). In response, the CBFC cited a rule issued by the [[Bombay High Court]], which noted that it was mandatory for the AWBI to provide an NOC to films which used animals.<ref name="Bungling">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bureaucratic-bungling-news-tamil-kkfvjRgjifcsi.html|title=Bureaucratic bungling!|website=[[Sify]]|date=9 June 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202094753/http://www.sify.com/movies/bureaucratic-bungling-news-tamil-kkfvjRgjifcsi.html|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> This led to the initial postponement of the film's release until 9 June.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/may-06-04/31-05-06-vadivelu.htm|title=Finally Imsai Arasan finds the way!!|website=Behindwoods|date=31 May 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202091309/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/may-06-04/31-05-06-vadivelu.html|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 13 June,<ref name="Bungling" /> the Madras High Court ordered that the film be given a censorship certificate by 19 June, along with the NOC from the AWBI. Because of this sequence of events, the film's release date was further postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/vadivel-starrer-runs-into-trouble/article3117057.ece|title=Vadivel starrer runs into trouble|work=The Hindu|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=9 June 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202094226/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/vadivel-starrer-runs-into-trouble/article3117057.ece|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shankar and Vadivelu requested the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. Karunanidhi]], to intervene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/june-06-03/24-06-06-shankar.html|title=Shankar meets Chief Minister Karunanidhi|website=Behindwoods|date=24 June 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203035522/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/june-06-03/24-06-06-shankar.html|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> A week before the release date, and with the help of Karunanidhi, ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' was cleared by the [[Government of India|Central Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/screening-of-five-films-allowed/article3098444.ece|title=Screening of five films allowed|work=The Hindu|date=1 July 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203085838/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/screening-of-five-films-allowed/article3098444.ece|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received an NOC,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/imsai/20060703.htm |title=Shankar's historical comedy cleared |publisher=Rediff |author=Shobha Warrier |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029111048/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/imsai/20060703.htm |archive-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was subsequently given a [[U certificate (India)|'U' (Universal) certificate]] without any cuts by the CBFC.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 280}} After months of delay, the film's release finally occurred on 8 July in 135 screens across [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name = "BOSify"/>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=280}} [[R. B. Choudary]]'s Super Good Films purchased the theatrical rights of the Telugu dubbed version, which was released with the title, ''Himsinche 23 Va Raju Pulikesi''.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=281}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/imsai-arasan-to-speak-telugu-news-telugu-kkfviriecfdsi.html|title=Imsai Arasan to speak Telugu!|website=[[Sify]]|date=2 September 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203093745/http://www.sify.com/movies/imsai-arasan-to-speak-telugu-news-telugu-kkfviriecfdsi.html|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Brahmanandam]] and [[Tanikella Bharani]] dubbed for Vadivelu and Ilavarasu in the Telugu version, respectively.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=281}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/himsinche23varajupulakesi.html|title=Himsinche 23va Raju Pulakesi (2007)|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|author=Jeevi|date=3 August 2007|access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

The film was banned in [[Karnataka]] as the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce|Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce]] objected to a spoof film with Pulikecei's name in the title being released in their state. [[Pulakesi II]] was a famous king who belonged to the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] and ruled the Karnataka region in the seventh century.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=281}}

Post-release, vendors sold unauthorised copies of the film on VCD in many areas of Tamil Nadu, especially in [[Chennai]], where CDs were sold for {{INR}} 35 to 40, and [[Madurai]] and [[Dindigul]], where CDs were sold at {{INR}} 45 to 50. Police conducted raids in the [[Avadi]] and [[Ambattur]] areas of Chennai where they seized 6636 VCDs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pirates-plunder-pulikesi-news-tamil-kkfvjtffhcisi.html|title=Pirates plunder 'Pulikesi'!|website=[[Sify]]|date=20 July 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203083310/http://www.sify.com/movies/pirates-plunder-pulikesi-news-tamil-kkfvjtffhcisi.html|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although infringement helped increase the film's popularity, its theatrical run at the box office was still a financial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/quotimsai-arasanquot-a-boxoffice-hit-despite-piracy/article3087812.ece|title=Imsai Arasan: a box-office hit despite piracy|work=The Hindu|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=9 August 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203084034/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/quotimsai-arasanquot-a-boxoffice-hit-despite-piracy/article3087812.ece|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lankan Cricketer]] [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] watched the film in Kamala Theatres in Chennai with his family on 11 July 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/murali-watches-imsai-news-tamil-kkfvjygdcbbsi.html|title=Murali watches 'Imsai..'!|website=[[Sify]]|date=12 July 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203081657/http://www.sify.com/movies/murali-watches-imsai-news-tamil-kkfvjygdcbbsi.html|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He praised the film's innovative story, further saying that Vadivelu had developed a huge fan following in [[Sri Lanka]] through this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/muralitharan-bowled-over/article3104405.ece|title=Muralitharan bowled over|work=The Hindu|date=13 July 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203081443/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/muralitharan-bowled-over/article3104405.ece|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> To further promote the film, 50 children who watched it were given "Pulikesi moustaches".<ref name="mr"/> The moustache became quite popular with children and further boosted the film's popularity.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=281}} Deven said that the moustache would become as popular as [[Superman]]'s outfit and [[Spider-Man]]'s mask.<ref name="mr">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/stargazing/article3230362.ece|title=Stargazing — Moustache magic|work=The Hindu|author=Malathi Rangarajan|date=18 August 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203085244/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/stargazing/article3230362.ece|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Distributed by AP International, it was released on DVD in single disc format.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Imsai-Arasan-23Rd-Pulikesi-Vadivelu/dp/B008BORA5A|title=Imsai Arasan 23Rd Pulikesi|work=Amazon|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Kalaignar TV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-06-14/news/28419240_1_raj-tv-raj-television-network-gemini-tv |title=Karunanidhi family owns New TV channel Kalaignar |author=D. Govardan |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629124355/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-06-14/news/28419240_1_raj-tv-raj-television-network-gemini-tv |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the worldwide premiere occurred on channel's launch date 15 September 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kalaignar-tv-to-be-launched-today-takes-on-marans--sun/217079/|title=Kalaignar TV to be launched today, takes on Marans' Sun|last=Menon|first=Jaya|date=15 September 2007|work=Indian Express|access-date=23 January 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123131852/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kalaignar-tv-to-be-launched-today-takes-on-marans--sun/217079/|archive-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Critics responded positively to ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikesi'', noting the quality of its story, Vadivelu's performance, its highlighting of contemporary political and social concerns, and the film's art direction, cinematography, and music.<ref name = "Baskaran">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king-who-has-exploded-myths/article3231189.ece|title=King who has exploded myths|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Sundararaj Theodore Baskaran|author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran|date=3 November 2006|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031020137/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king-who-has-exploded-myths/article3231189.ece|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "S. Sudha">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/imsai/20060713.htm|title=Great satire from Shankar|author=S. Sudha|publisher=Rediff|date=13 July 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085445/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/imsai/20060713.htm|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = IG/> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' approved of the way Deven presented comedy, saying that it came in "the most unexpected situations."<ref name = "MR The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/messages-in-a-light-vein-imsai-arasan-23rd-pulikesi/article3218733.ece|title=Messages in a light vein — Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikesi|work=The Hindu|author=Malathi Rangarajan|date=14 July 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203040642/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/messages-in-a-light-vein-imsai-arasan-23rd-pulikesi/article3218733.ece|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Film historian Sundararaj Theodore Baskaran described ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' as "a parody with healthy concerns".<ref name = "Baskaran"/>

Both Bijoy Bharathan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' and Sudhish Kamath of ''The Hindu'' applauded Vadivelu's comic timing.<ref name = "TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Number-titles-become-popular/articleshow/9550948.cms|title=Number titles become popular|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Bijoy Bharathan|date=10 August 2011|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203074719/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Number-titles-become-popular/articleshow/9550948.cms|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3205323.ece|title=The Fab Five of 2006|work=The Hindu|author=Sudhish Kamath|date=28 December 2006|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203053700/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3205323.ece|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its original review of the film dated 23 July 2006, lauded Vadivelu's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 July 2006 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: இம்சை அரசன் 23-ம் புலிகேசி |trans-title=Movie Review: Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2006-jul-23/cinema-news/75140.html |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142903/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2006-jul-23/cinema-news/75140.html |url-status=live }}</ref> S. Sudha of Rediff.com said that Vadivelu was the strength of the film. She credited the film's art direction and cinematography as one of its major highlights.<ref name = "S. Sudha"/> Art director Krishnamoorthy performed intense research to create the costumes for the characters and to design the palace sets.<ref name = IG>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7989.html|title=Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi Review — King of comedies|website=IndiaGlitz|date=10 July 2006|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085931/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7989.html|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Theodore Baskaran, Arthur A. Wilson's cinematography "creates a series of arresting images" which helps facilitate the directorial narrative.<ref name = "Baskaran"/> However, [[Sify]] criticised the inclusion of songs in the film post-interval, stating that they "mar the film's tempo".<ref name = "Sify Pulikesi Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/imsai-arasan-23am-pulikesi-review-tamil-14245286.html|title=Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085923/http://www.sify.com/movies/imsai-arasan-23am-pulikesi-review-tamil-14245286.html|archive-date=2 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Vadivelu, the film's humour, Sabesh-Murali's background score and Krishnamoorthy's art direction and concluded saying amidst gangster and affair based films, a Tamil film to be watched with family and children itself is a historical achievement.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-07-23/page/n1/mode/2up|page=1|date=23 July 2006|access-date=29 March 2024|title=இம்சை அரசன் 23ம் புலிகேசி|last=லஜ்ஜாவதி}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "At a time when film subjects centre on lust and gangsterism, director Shankar deserves credit for having the guts to produce a historical film that one can watch with the family".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/imsai.shtml|title=Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikesi|website=Cinesouth|access-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018082130/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/imsai.shtml|archive-date=18 October 2006}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "'Imsai Arasan..' is no doubt a fairly neatly packaged wholesome family entertainer, a laudable experiment. But those who go with the expectation of watching a hilarious comic caper, a joke-a-minute laugh riot, what with Vadivelu donning two roles, would find it a bit of a lag and a bit of a disappointment... For there's not much of laughs here".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/07imsaiarasan.asp|first=Malini|last=Mannath|date=18 July 2006|website=Chennai Online|access-date=8 January 2026|title=Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903120554/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/07imsaiarasan.asp|archive-date=3 September 2006}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' was a box office success. The film opened to full houses in theatres across [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]] and [[Madurai]].<ref name="BOSify">{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pulikesi-a-historical-opening-news-tamil-kkfvjzgegbasi.html | title='Pulikesi' – A historical opening! | website=[[Sify]] | date=10 July 2006 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203075622/http://www.sify.com/movies/pulikesi-a-historical-opening-news-tamil-kkfvjzgegbasi.html | archive-date=3 December 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> At the Mayajaal Multiplex centre in Chennai, the film grossed {{INR}} 301,000 in its first week and a total of {{INR}} 427,000 by the end of the second week of its theatrical run.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14252821&cid=13525926 | title=Chennai Box Office (July 14 – July 16) | website=[[Sify]] | date=19 July 2006 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203082343/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14252821&cid=13525926 | archive-date=3 December 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Tickets were sold in black at the Devi Cineplex in Chennai for {{INR}} 150 against the original theatre price of {{INR}} 50.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-03/18-07-06-imsai-arasan-1.html | title=House full shows, record turnout, laugh riot and that's Imsai Arasan!! – Page 2 | website=Behindwoods | date=18 July 2006 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028211753/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-03/18-07-06-imsai-arasan-1.html | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The film completed a theatrical run of 100 days at the box office. The film's 100th day celebration function was held on 14 October 2006 at the Kalaivanar Arangam located in the [[Chepauk|Chepauk district]] of Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/oct-06-01/04-10-06-rajini.html | title=Rajini to head Imsai Arasan 100th day gala | website=Behindwoods | date=4 October 2006 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203090708/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/oct-06-01/04-10-06-rajini.html | archive-date=3 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/imsai-100th-day-news-tamil-kkfvhPjbabjsi.html | title='Imsai....' – 100th day! | website=[[Sify]] | date=16 October 2006 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203091208/http://www.sify.com/movies/imsai-100th-day-news-tamil-kkfvhPjbabjsi.html | archive-date=3 December 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Rajinikanth, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], Vivek, [[Sathyaraj]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu Ganesan]], Abirami Ramanathan and directors [[Lingusamy]] and [[Balaji Sakthivel]] attended the function. Rajinikanth presented Vadivelu with a trophy for his performance in the film. Technicians who were involved with the film were also honoured.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-memorable-day-for-pulikesi-team/article3061501.ece | title=A memorable day for 'Pulikesi' team | work=The Hindu| date=15 October 2006 | access-date=3 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203091909/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-memorable-day-for-pulikesi-team/article3061501.ece | archive-date=3 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> According to an analysis in 2007 by T. V. Mahalingam of ''[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]'', the film earned a worldwide box office collection of {{INR}} 150 million.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20070408/features2.html | title=The Boom in Regional Films | work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] | date=8 April 2007 | access-date=28 October 2014 | author=T. V. Mahalingam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101110500/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20070408/features2.html | archive-date=1 January 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
The film won two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. Vadivelu won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]] award while P. Krishnamoorthy won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2006 |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091413/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Webindia123}}</ref> Vadivelu also won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Comedian]] for his performance in the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=282}}

== Legacy ==
''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' became an important film in Vadivelu's career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top ten personalities of Kollywood in 2006 – Vadivelu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Slideshows/slideshows2/tamil-cinema-2006/vadivelu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204045556/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Slideshows/slideshows2/tamil-cinema-2006/vadivelu.html |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> It continued a trend of films with different themes that focused on social issues. K. Jeshi of ''The Hindu'' placed it in a category of films that discuss social issues like ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999), ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004), ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006), ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007) and ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. Jeshi |date=23 November 2007 |title=Formula is passé, freshness is in |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3024024.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125080129/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3024024.ece |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> Another critic from ''The Hindu'', Sumit Bhattacharjee, compared it with other period films like ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandements]]'' (1956) ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' (1959) ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997), ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' (2000), ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' (2007) and ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sumit Bhattacharjee |date=23 February 2008 |title=Period films rake in the moolah |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/period-films-rake-in-the-moolah/article1408593.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204085402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/period-films-rake-in-the-moolah/article1408593.ece |archive-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

[[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] included ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' in his list of all-time favourite films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> H. Murali, who produced the film ''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' (2009), in an interview with Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'', says the success of ''Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei'' inspired him to make ''Jaganmohini''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 November 2008 |title=The name game — Another angle |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-name-game/article1436331.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204042923/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-name-game/article1436331.ece |archive-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Subha J. Rao and K. Jeshi of ''The Hindu'' placed the film in league with other successful comedy films like ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964), ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'' (1981) and ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Subha J. |last2=Jeshi |first2=K. |date=30 June 2013 |title=Laughter lines |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/laughter-lines/article4863636.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011024439/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/laughter-lines/article4863636.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

Behindwoods included the "Pulikesi moustache" in its list of "Best accessories used in Tamil Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mithun Sivagurunathan |last2=Jigdesh |last3=Maris |last4=Balasaravanan |last5=Sudharshan |last6=Kaushik L M |last7=Abhishek Krishnan |title=Behindwoods's Best accessories used in Tamil Cinema — Vadivelu's moustache |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/behindwoods-best-accessories-used-in-tamil-cinema/vadivelus-moustache-imsai-arasan-23am-pulikesi-103-votes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204044457/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/behindwoods-best-accessories-used-in-tamil-cinema/vadivelus-moustache-imsai-arasan-23am-pulikesi-103-votes.html |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> A dialogue spoken by Vadivelu in the film, "Ka Ka Ka Po", which expands into ''Karuththukkalai Katchithamaaga Kavvikkondir Pongal'' (You have understood what I am saying), became a very popular [[Internet meme|meme]] used on social networking sites. Behindwoods included this dialogue in its list of Vadivelu memes.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mithun |last2=Jigdesh |last3=Abhishek Krishnan |last4=Sudharshan |last5=Balasaravanan |last6=Maris |last7=Kaushik L M |title=Vadivelu memes! – Ka Ka Ka Po |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/vadivelu-memes/ka-ka-ka-po.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204044521/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/vadivelu-memes/ka-ka-ka-po.html |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> "Ka Ka Ka Po" also served as the title for a [[Ka Ka Ka Po|2016 Tamil film by P. S. Vijay]] and as an [[acronym]] for director [[Nalan Kumarasamy]]'s [[romantic comedy]] ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=18 January 2016 |title=Title trouble for Vijay Sethupathi's Ka Ka Ka Po? |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/kollywood/170116/title-trouble-for-vijay-sethupathi-s-ka-ka-ka-po.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130072119/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/kollywood/170116/title-trouble-for-vijay-sethupathi-s-ka-ka-ka-po.html |archive-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> The dialogue "Pandrikku Nandri Solli" (Saying thank you to the Pig) inspired the title of a [[Pandrikku Nandri Solli|2022 film]].<ref name="PNS Preview ToI 1">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2020 |title=Pandrikku Nandri Solli is about the hunt for a pig statue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pandrikku-nandri-solli-is-about-the-hunt-for-a-pig-statue/articleshow/74552492.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311085814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pandrikku-nandri-solli-is-about-the-hunt-for-a-pig-statue/articleshow/74552492.cms }}</ref>

== Cancelled sequel ==
In August 2017, Shankar announced that a sequel, titled ''Imsai Arasan 24th Pulikecei'', was scheduled for release in 2018. Vadivelu signed on to reprise his role as Pulikesi while Chimbu Deven and Shankar were to return as director and producer respectively. Shankar would have co-produced the film with [[Allirajah Subaskaran]] of [[Lyca Productions]]. [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]] was cast as the film's heroine. [[Ghibran]] joined as the music composer while R. Saravanan, a former assistant to [[Nirav Shah]], was hired to be the cinematographer. [[Vivek Harshan]] and [[T. Muthuraj]] were chosen for handling the editing and art direction respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Suganth |date=23 August 2017 |title=Parvathy Omanakuttan is Vadivelu's pair in Imsai Arasan 24am Pulikesi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parvathy-omanakuttan-is-vadivelus-pair-in-imsai-arasan-24am-pulikesi/articleshow/60175506.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823085104/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parvathy-omanakuttan-is-vadivelus-pair-in-imsai-arasan-24am-pulikesi/articleshow/60175506.cms |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vadivelu later opted out, citing creative differences, and the project was dropped mid-way through shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2019 |title=Vadivelu to act in horror comedy 'Pei Mama'? |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/03/06/vadivelu-to-act-in-horror-comedy-pei-mama/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=[[News Today]] |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330032721/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/03/06/vadivelu-to-act-in-horror-comedy-pei-mama/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | title=Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, and Ideology | chapter=Dualities and Negotiation: 23rd Imsai Arasan Pulikesi | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | last1=Dechamma C. C. | first1=Sowmya | last2=Prakash | first2=Elavarthi Sathya | first3=Jananie | last3=Kalyanaraman | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgrKSAAACAAJ | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-1980-6795-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Dhananjayan|first=G.|author-link=G. Dhananjayan|title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CGLgEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Galatta Media|isbn=978-81-921043-0-0}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0888503}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}
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1984 Indian general election in Delhi

2026-04-05T06:33:53Z

Alphadelta:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1984 Indian general election in Delhi
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1980 Indian general election in Delhi
| previous_year = 1980
| next_election = 1989 Indian general election in Delhi
| next_year = 1989
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|1984|12|24}}
| seats_for_election = 7 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rajiv Gandhi (1987).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = '''7'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote1 = '''1,528,252'''
| percentage1 = '''68.72%'''
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = ''New''
| popular_vote2 = 419,210
| percentage2 = 18.85%
| swing2 =
| map_image = File:1984delhi.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| turnout = 64.5%
}}

The [[1984 Indian general election]] in [[Delhi]] was held to elect representatives of the 7 seats of the [[NCT of Delhi]] in the Lok Sabha.

The [[Indian National Congress]] won all the seven seats of Delhi and won two-thirds of the votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 1984 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/57/9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114190027/https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/57/9 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> This was the second of three times in which the Congress won all seven seats of Delhi, the first time being in the [[1971 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-17 |title=Cong corners all 7 seats in Delhi for third time since 1952 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/cong-corners-all-7-seats-in-delhi-for-third-time-since-1952_532393.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114191142/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/cong-corners-all-7-seats-in-delhi-for-third-time-since-1952_532393.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Parties and alliances==

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! '''Flag'''
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| style="text-align:center"| 7
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center"|[[A. B. Vajpayee]]
| style="text-align:center"| 5
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 15,28,252
| 68.72
| {{increase}} 18.32
| 7
| 7
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 4,19,210
| 18.85
| {{steady}}
| 5
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Lok Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Lok Dal|LKD]]
| 1,15,777
| 5.21
| {{steady}}
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| 73,970
| 3.33
| {{decrease}} 34.57
| 1
| 0
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)|INC(J)]]
| 5,354
| 0.24
| {{steady}}
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 81,420
| 3.66
| {{increase}} 0.25
| 174
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 22,23,983
! 100%
! -
! 189
! 7
! -
|}

== Elected MPs ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|[[K. C. Pant]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,31,932
|67.86
|Kanwar Lal Gupta
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59,046
|30.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|72,886
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|37.49
|-

!2
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|[[Lalit Maken]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,15,898
|61.07
|[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,30,847
|37.01
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|85,051
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|24.06
|-

!3
|[[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi]]
|[[Chaudhary Bharat Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,65,454
|72.75
|[[Tarif Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Lok Dal}}
|[[Lok Dal|LKD]]
|1,15,777
|23.05
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2,49,677
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|49.70
|-

!4
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|[[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,86,150
|76.95
|Kishore Lal
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|73,970
|14.74
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|3,12,180
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|62.21
|-

!5
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,22,069
|60.52
|[[Sikander Bakht]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|74,993
|37.18
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|47,076
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|23.34
|-

!6
|[[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]
|[[Jagdish Tytler]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,55,333
|62.11
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|89,480
|35.78
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|65,853
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|26.33
|-

!7
|[[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
|[[Sundarwati Nawal Prabhakar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,51,416
|68.81
|[[Surender Pal Ratawal]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,844
|29.47
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|86,572
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|39.34
|-
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Delhi==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
!SI No.
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!Colspan=2|Party
|-
!rowspan="3"|1
|rowspan="3"|K. C. Pant
|rowspan="3"|New Delhi
|rowspan="3"|Cabinet Minister
|Education
|31 December 1984
|25 September 1985
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=11}}
|-
|Steel and Mines
|25 September 1985
|12 April 1987
|-
|Defence
|12 April 1987
|2 December 1989
|-
!rowspan="4"|2
|rowspan="4"|H. K. L. Bhagat
|rowspan="4"|East Delhi
|rowspan="4"|Cabinet Minister
|Parliamentary Affairs
|31 December 1984
|2 December 1989
|-
|Tourism
|25 September 1985
|12 May 1986
|-
|Food and Civil Supplies
|12 May 1986
|14 February 1988
|-
|Information and Broadcasting
|14 February 1988
|2 December 1989
|-
!rowspan="4"|3
|rowspan="4"|Jagdish Tytler
|rowspan="4"|Delhi Sadar
|Minister of State
|Transport (Civil Aviation)
|25 September 1985
|22 October 1986
|-
|rowspan="3"|Minister of State (Independent Charge)
|Civil Aviation
|22 October 1986
|14 February 1988
|-
|Tourism
|28 July 1987
|14 February 1988
|-
|Labour
|14 February 1988
|25 June 1988
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi elections}}
{{India-election-stub}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:1980s in Delhi]]
[[Category:1984 Indian general election by state or union territory|Delhi]]

Tiruvaymoli

2026-04-01T14:17:35Z

Alphadelta: added basic post needs work!

{{short description|Tamil literary work}}
{{Italic title}}{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=[[Nammalvar]]|language=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|caption=Painting of Nammalvar.|image=Swami Nammaazhvar.jpg|verses=1102|period=9th–10th century CE|name=''Tiruvaymoli''|previous=Periya Tirumatal|next=Ramanuja Nutrantati}}
The '''''Tiruvaymoli''''' ({{langx|ta|திருவாய்மொழி|translit=Ṭiruvāymoḻi}} {{Pronunciation|LL-Q5885 (tam)-Sriveenkat-திருவாய்மொழி.wav}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nammalvar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt7QDwAAQBAJ |title=Endless Song |date=2020-02-17 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-779-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last1=Carman |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrATjqi_QIUC&q=tiruvaymoli&pg=PR11 |title=The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli |last2=Carman |first2=Research Fellow and Senior Lecturer John |last3=Narayanan |first3=Vasudha |last4=Narayanan |first4=Professor Vasudha |date=1989-05-17 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-09305-5 |page=4 |language=en}}</ref> is a work of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]]. Comprising 1102 verses, it was composed in the ninth century CE by the Hindu poet-saint [[Nammalvar]], who is regarded as the foremost of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints of [[South India]]. It is the most prominent work of the ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', a compilation of the Alvars towards the devotion of [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=Vasudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8uL8ki9-D8C&dq=tiruvaymoli+naalayira&pg=PA2 |title=The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual |last2=Nammāḻvār |date=1994 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-87249-965-2 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> It is frequently referred to as the ''Tamilveda'' or the ''Dravidaveda''.<ref name="auto" />

== Structure ==
{{Vaishnavism}}
The poem is divided into 10 sections (''pattu'') of about 100 verses each. Each hundred is divided into 10 decads (''tiruvaymoli'') 28 of 10 verses (''pasuram'') each. A special feature of the poem is that it is in the style of an ''[[Andhadhi|antati]]'', that is, the last words of one verse forms the opening words of the next one. This is carried on through all 1,102 verses; the last words of the poem are also the first words of the poem. Nammalvar is said to have stated that these "thousand songs are to be spread abroad by people of the Tamil land, musicians and devotees". The deity Vishnu, addressed in these poems, is also exalted in [[Sanskrit]] myth and epic. In this poem, Vishnu is himself a symbol of the coalescence between Tamil and Sanskrit literatures. Nammalvar's poems are addressed to [[Perumal (deity)|Tirumal]] or Mayon, "the dark one," the god of the mullai landscape and of [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] poems, identified with Vishnu. Sanskrit myths are known to Nammalvar, and he alludes to them frequently, but it is Vishnu who is cast in the role of a king and a lover, reminiscent of the heroes of the war and love poems of the ancient Tamil. Drawing upon classical Tamil poetry, the conventions are adapted to the devotional milieu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carman |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrATjqi_QIUC&q=tiruvaymoli&pg=PR11 |title=The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli |last2=Carman |first2=Research Fellow and Senior Lecturer John |last3=Narayanan |first3=Vasudha |last4=Narayanan |first4=Professor Vasudha |date=1989-05-17 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-09305-5 |page=20 |language=en}}</ref>

== Significance ==
{{Hindu scriptures}}
[[File:Thiruvaymoli palm manuscript.jpg|thumb|left|Tiruvaymoli [[Manuscript]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Hymns of 1:1]]
According to [[Vasudha Narayanan]], the ''Tamilveda'' is not an imitation of the Sanskrit ''[[Vedas|Veda]]'' or even a translation; it is considered to have been revealed through the twelve Alvars and primarily through Nammalvar, a poet-saint who lived between the eighth and ninth centuries CE. This work is considered to be historic since no vernacular language had hitherto been held to be the medium of revelation within Hinduism; no other work had been called a ''Veda''. For the first time in Hindu literature, hymns in a language other than Sanskrit were considered to be revealed. According to [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition, the message of both these ''Vedas'' were considered to be the same, and later theologians went to elaborate lengths to show how their ideas parallel each other.<ref name="auto"/>

Selections from the ''Tiruvaymoli'' are recited daily at [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] homes, often recited at its entirety at funeral services, ancestral rites, birthdays of saints, rituals regarding pregnancy, and at the investiture ceremonies of young boys, known as the ''[[upanayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Timm |first=Jeffrey R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryswPhIBcZkC&q=tiruvaymoli&pg=PA85 |title=Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0796-7 |page=87 |language=en}}</ref> Each set of the ten verses of the poem are presented containing a coherent theme in its commentaries, the main philosophical idea condensed into a single verse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Timm |first=Jeffrey R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryswPhIBcZkC&q=tiruvaymoli&pg=PA85 |title=Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0796-7 |page=88 |language=en}}</ref>

== Hymns ==
{{Tamil literature}}
A hymn from the ''Tiruvaymoli'' imagines the author pining for Krishna, referred to as Kannan:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3 |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |date=2007-06-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972431-4 |page=197 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Dark as the blue seas, Kannan, the black diamond of the heavenly hosts, He is my dear life, the Light that sleeps on the many-hooded serpent— to destroy the army of the Hundred who came to kill, once upon a time he sided with the Five, and in that terrible war that day he drove a chariot— when will these eyes glimpse the sounding anklets on his feet, Oh when? |title=''Tiruvaymoli''|source=Hymn 3.6.10}}

== See also ==

* [[Tiruvasiriyam|''Tiruvaciriyam'']]
* ''[[Perumal Tirumoli]]''
* ''[[Periyalvar Tirumoli]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Tiruvaymoli.ogg|date=6 July 2023}}

[[Category:9th-century poems]]
[[Category:Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]

Lokpal (film)

2026-04-01T10:29:17Z

Alphadelta: new

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lokpal
| image = Lokpal (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = {{Ubl | Ruby Vijayan | S. L. Vimal Kumar}}
| writer = [[S. N. Swamy]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Kavya Madhavan]]
* [[Meera Nandan]]
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
}}
| music = [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
| cinematography = Pradeep Nair
| editing = Shyam Sasidharan
| studio = Happy & Ruby Cinemas
| distributor = [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|1|31}}<ref name=Reps>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malayalam-movie-lokpal-releases-with-an-average-report/370022-71-210.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115357/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malayalam-movie-lokpal-releases-with-an-average-report/370022-71-210.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Lokpal releases with average reports |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Rels>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/90543.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203014050/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/90543.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Lokpal opens in 80 centres |website=IndiaGlitz |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Reles>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanscinema.com/2013/01/lokpal-released-in-80-cinemas.html |title=Lokpal released in 80 centres |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204072315/http://www.sanscinema.com/2013/01/lokpal-released-in-80-cinemas.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |website=SansCinema |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| gross =
}}

'''''Lokpal''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[thriller film]] written by [[S. N. Swamy]] and directed by [[Joshiy]].<ref name=DC>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?section=citytimes&xfile=/data/citytimes/2012/November/citytimes_November39.xml "Mohanlal is the ‘Lokpal’"]. ''Khaleej Times''. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> The film stars [[Mohanlal]] as chef Nandagopal who leads a double life with an [[alter ego]] named Lokpal, a vigilante fighting against corruption. [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]] and [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] play supporting roles.<ref name=DC/><ref name=MOMdb.com>[http://www.momdb.com/movie/1111/Lokpal "Lokpal – Malayalam Online Movie Database"]. ''MOMDb.com''. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.</ref> The soundtrack was composed by [[Ratheesh Vegha]]. The film was released on 31 January 2013.<ref name=Rels/><ref name=Reles/>

==Plot==

Nandagopal, while publicly known as the chef of the popular Nandu's Food Court, is also 'Lokpal' (Peoples' Protector), who fights corruption. The film does a flashback to Nandagopal's backstory which involves "attempted murder, a juvenile home and unrequited love"<ref name="Rediff review">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-lokpal-is-a-letdown/20130201.htm|title=Review: Mohanlal's Lokpal is a big letdown|work=Rediff|accessdate=8 February 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Nandagopal (Lokpal)
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Vijayan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Manuel Ittyer
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Ramdasa
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Dr. Geetha, Vijayan's wife
* [[Meera Nandan]] as Jane
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as Sathyanweshi Mukundan Menon
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Kishore, Lokpal's ally
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Ashraf, a registrar and Lokpal's ally
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as [[Advocate]] P.K.Ramabhadran
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Minister Anirudhan
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Vidhyadharan
* [[Sivaji Guruvayoor]] as Muraleedharan
* Murali Mohan as [[Judge]]
* Baiju V.K. as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Somasundaram
* [[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Tomichan
* [[Pradeep (Malayalam actor)|Pradeep Chandran]] as [[Inspector of Police#Kerala|CI]] Sunil
* Baiju Jose as Sajan, Security Police
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Moideen Sahib
* [[Shafna]] as Neethu
* [[Asha Aravind]] as Dr. Elizabeth
* [[Reena Basheer]] as Nandagopal's mother
}}

==Production==
The film is produced by S. L. Vimal Kumar, Balan Vijayan, and M. Vijayakumar, under the banner of Happy & Ruby Cinemas.<ref name="MOMdb.com"/> The film was launched on 10 September 2012 with a [[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony organised at the [[Holiday Inn]] Hotel in [[Kochi, India]]. The movie was filmed in Kochi.

==Release==
The film was released on 31 January 2013 in 80 screens across [[Kerala]].<ref name=Reps/><ref name=Rels/><ref name=Reles/> The distribution rights for ''Lokpal'' were bought by [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]. Lokpal's premiere was held on 22 January 2013 in Kalabhavan theatre, [[Trivandrum]], Kerala.

===Critical reception===

The film received negative reviews from critics. Paresh C Palicha of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the movie 1.8/5, commenting that "It is hard to believe that ''Lokpal'' is the work of the director Joshiy who has given some good films in the past, which is a huge letdown."<ref name="Review 9"/> Moviebuzz of ''[[Sify]]'' gave the movie a verdict of "''Pathetic''", stating that "''Lokpal'' is the kind of film that has been made with some kind of arrogance, without even scant regard for the viewer. Watch some of the yesteryear gems from Mohanlal instead of wasting time on this one."<ref name="Review 14" /> Unni R Nair of ''Kerala9'' gave the movie 2/5, saying that "''Lokpal'' is unimpressive, just because the script plays foil. Is watchable for the sake of Mohanlal."<ref name="Review 7">[http://kerala9.com/news/lokpal-malayalam-movie-review/ "Lokpal Kerala9 Review"] ''Kerala9''. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. {{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2013}} Parvathy Nair of ''SansCinema'' gave the movie 1/4, commenting that "''Lokpal'' is a missed opportunity, with the only highlight being the presence and performance of Mohanlal."<ref name="Review 12" />{{unreliable source?|date=February 2013}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lokpal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Original CD cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|1|26}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=25|s=32}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
| prev_title = [[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[David and Goliath (2013 film)|David and Goliath]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Ratheesh Vegha]], with lyrics by [[Rafeeq Ahmed]]. The album consists of six songs and was launched on 26 January 2013 at [[Kochi]]. The event was attended by [[Mohanlal]], [[Joshiy]], [[Ratheesh Vegha]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], and [[Meera Nandan]] along with the technical crew and cast of ''Lokpal''.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:32
| title1 = Mayam Mayam
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahmed]]
| extra1 = Sooraj Santhosh
| length1 = 3:49
| title2 = Mizhiyithalil
| lyrics2 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Kunjaruvikal Onnay
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra3 = Arun Elta
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Arjunante
| lyrics4 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra4 = Sooraj
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Hari Govinda
| lyrics5 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra5 = Pradeep Chandrakumar
| length5 = 4:11
| title6 = Mayam Mayam Remix
| lyrics6 = Rafeeq Ahmed
| extra6 = Sooraj Santhosh, [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
| length6 = 4:21
}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Review 9">[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-lokpal-is-a-letdown/20130201.htm "Lokpal is a big letdown"] ''[[Rediff]]''. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.</ref>
<ref name="Review 12">[http://www.chithravishesham.com/2013/02/review-lokpal.html "Lokpal Review"] ''SansCinema''. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref>
<ref name="Review 14">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130322062235/http://www.sify.com/movies/lokpal-review-malayalam-15019137.html "Movie Review: Lokpal"] ''[[Sify]]''. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013. ''Pathetic''</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2550884|Lokpal}}
* [http://www.momdb.com/movie/1111/Lokpal ''Lokpal''] at the Malayalam Online Movie Database
{{Joshiy}}
{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}
{{S. N. Swamy}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s political thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Shashank Shende

2026-03-27T12:10:24Z

Alphadelta:

{{short description|Indian actor, director, producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
[[File:ShashankShende.jpg|thumb|Shashank Shende in ''Moraya Vinayaka'' music album.]]

'''Shashank Shende''' is an Indian actor, screenwriter, director and producer who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi film industry|Marathi]] films. He received Prestigious [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi]] For his critically acclaimed movie [[Baaplyok]] and also won [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actor]] For the same film.

== Early life ==
Shende grew up in Pune till 10th standard, in a middle-class family. He then moved to [[Ahmednagar]] for two years before moving back. After college, he started his own business. He got introduced to acting through Satyadev Dubey's workshops and then went on to form his own experimental theatre troupe, ''Samanvay'', with Sandesh Kulkarni, Nikhil Ratnaparkhi, [[Amruta Subhash]] and [[Sonali Kulkarni]]. He wanted to be a director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/23/13924/i-search-for-an-element-of-humanity-in-negative-characters-shashank-shende|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326081457/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/23/13924/i-search-for-an-element-of-humanity-in-negative-characters-shashank-shende|url-status=live|archive-date=26 March 2019|title=I search for an element of humanity in negative characters: Shashank Shende|last=Seta|first=Keyur|date=23 June 2018|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shende has appeared in various [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language films.He was awarded Best Actor at the Pune International Film Festival 19th for the film ''Porga Majetay''. He was part of the film ''[[Khwada]]'',<ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/moving-on-9/99/|title=Moving On|last=Mishra|first=Garima|date=26 March 2015|access-date=2019-03-26|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> which received two awards at the [[62nd National Film Awards]]. The film was also shown at the [[Pune International Film Festival]].

He won [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi]] for film [[Kaagar]].

He was nominated for the Best Actor Award for [[Redu (film)|Redu]] at Maharashtra Rajya Chitrapat Mahotsav 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/redu-bags-10-nominations-at-state-awards/articleshow/63712313.cms|title=Redu bags 10 nominations at State Awards - Times of India|date=11 April 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

==Filmography==
Shende was part of films : ''[[Ishqiya]]'' (as Firoz), ''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City Of Gold]]'', ''Lalbaug Parel'' (as Anna), ''Chillar Party'' (as Minister Bhide),''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'' (as Kishorilal), ''Pangira'' (as Battasha), ''[[Aaghaat]]'' (as Dr. Budhkar), ''Fresh Suicide'' (as Shivram), ''Force'', ''Deool'', ''Taryanche Bait'', ''Shala'', ''Bagh Haat Dakhaun'' (as Krushna) and ''Maya - The Reality''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role!! Language !!Refs
|-
|2001
|''Maya – The Reality''
|
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Bagh Haat Dakhavun''
|Krushna
|Rowspan="2" | Marathi
|
|-
|2008
|''Urus''
|
|
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Kaminey]]''|| Ganesh
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaminey (2009) |url=https://www.movieranker.com/movie/2CQ351pzdgA12eF/Kaminey |access-date=2023-09-08 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010 ||''[[Aaghaat]]''|| Dr.Budhkar
|Marathi||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Aaghaat' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/vikram-gokhale-marathi-movies-of-the-actor-you-shouldnt-miss/aaghaat/photostory/64175906.cms |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City of Gold]]''
|Anna
|Marathi, Hindi
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|''[[Ishqiya]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Fresh Suicide''
|Shivram
|Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011 ||''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]''
| Arvind
|Rowspan="2" |Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashank Shende Filmography |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=4428&role=24 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chillar Party]]''
|Minister Bhide
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|''[[HE...]]''
|
|Bhojpuri
|
|-
|''[[Deool]]''
|Ninety (Teacher)
|Rowspan="3" | Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Taryanche Bait]]''
|Mahadaa
|
|-
|''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]''
|Mhatre sheth
|
|-
|''[[Stanley Ka Dabba]]''
|Stanley's chacha
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Pangira''
|Battasha
|Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]''
|Kishorilal
|Hindi, English, Bengali
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|''[[Masala (2012 film)|Masala]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''BMW: Bombay's most wanted''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013 ||''Kurukshetra''|| Rangrao || Marathi ||
|-
| ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]''|| Quack Medic|| Hindi ||
|-
|''Maunraag''
|
|Rowspan="2" | Marathi
|
|-
|''Tuhya Dharma Koncha?''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rajjo]]''
|Gannewala
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014|| ''Bhatukali''|| Ramesh||Rowspan="2"| Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Nati (film)|Nati]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Hate Story 2]]''
|kaka
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ajoba]]''
|Mr. Jadhav
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Dekh Tamasha Dekh]]''
|Lawyer
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Vakratunda Mahakaaya]]''
|
|Rowspan="11" | Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|''[[Razzakar (film)|Razzakar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Khwada]]''
|Raghu Karhe
|
|-
|''Aabhraan''
|
|
|-
|''Highway Ek Selfie Aarpar''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016||''[[Reti (film)|Reti]]''
|Mhatre
|
|-
| ''[[Ringan]]'' || Arjun Magar
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/6bmmarathi-film-ringanpg5/article19216469.ece|title=A leap of faith|last=Kharude|first=Dipti|date=5 July 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
|Politician Zantey
|
|-
|''[[Babanchi Shala]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017 || ''Happy Birthday''||
||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/PDvqPCFBcEf9O02NNS9UTP/Kadvi-Hawa-Ajji-prominent-releases-this-week-as-Padmav.html|title='Kadvi Hawa', 'Ajji' prominent releases this week as 'Padmavati' postponed|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=24 November 2017|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02|quote=Marathi drama Happy Birthday, starring Shashank Shende and Arun Nalawade and directed by Narayan Gondal, has all the necessary elements of a big-ticket launchpad, says The Times of India.}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]''
|Rahoul
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Biscuit''
|
|Rowspan="14" | Marathi
|
|-
|''Bandookya''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ubuntu (film)|Ubuntu]]''||
|-
|''Jay Swachamev Jayte Bola''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|''Maska'' ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/maskas-teaser-trailer-a-promise-of-thriller-and-comedy/articleshow/64222909.cms|title=Maska's teaser trailer, a promise of thriller and comedy! - Times of India|date=18 May 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Redu]]''||
|-
|''Land 1857''
|
|
|-
|''Looose Control''
|
|
|-
|''[[Youngraad]]''
|Naamdev Chavan
|
|-
|''Zelya''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019|| ''Adham''||
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Adham' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/adham/articleshow/69580751.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaagar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dithee]]''
|Shiva
|
|-
|''[[Luckee]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 ||''[[Tanhaji]]''|| Shelarmama|| Hindi ||
|-
|''Chronicle of Space''
|
|Rowspan="4"| Marathi
|
|-
|''Online Guru''
|KAZI
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Gast (film)|Gast]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Befaam]]''
|Sarvanand Maharaj
|
|-
|''Institute Of Povtology''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
|''[[Soyrik]]''
|
|Rowspan="14" | Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha]]''
|Babi
|
|-
|''Irsal''
|
|
|-
|''Bharat Mazha Desh Aahe''
|
|
|-
|''[[Palyad]]''
|
|
|-
|''143''
|Kaalya
|
|-
|''Jindagani''
|
|
|-
|''Rivanawayali''
| Rajaram Desai
|
|-
|Ekdam Kadak
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023
|[[Tarri (film)|''Tarri'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Baaplyok]]''
|Tatya
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=मुंबई |first=ब्युरो रिपोर्ट, साम टीव्ही |date=2023-08-25 |title=Marathi Movie Baaplyok: बाप म्हणजे काय? याचा शोध घेणारा 'बापल्योक' १ सप्टेंबरपासून प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-movie-baaplyok-releasing-on-1st-september-psd94 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ankush (2023 film)|Ankush]]''
|Avinash Surve
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=मुंबई |first=ब्युरो रिपोर्ट, साम टीव्ही |date=2023-08-27 |title=Ankush Film Music Launch Event: केतकी माटेगावकरच्या आगामी चित्रपटाचा दिमाखदार म्युझिक लॉंच सोहळा संपन्न, ६ ऑक्टोबरला होणार चित्रपट प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/marathi-movie-ankush-teaser-and-music-launch-event-ketaki-mategaonkar-sayaji-shinde-shashank-shende-bharat-ganeshpure-gaurav-more-movie-cb99 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Saam TV {{!}} साम टीव्ही |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Pillu Bachelor''
|
|
|-
|''Club 52''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sajini Shinde Ka Viral Video]]''
|Sadashiv Shinde
|Rowspan="2" | Hindi
|-
|''Aarya the daughter of Bharat''
|Humlo
|
|-
|''Dobya''
|
|Marathi
|
|-
|''Adbhut''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Gaarud''
|Gajanan
| rowspan="7" | Marathi
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Gaarud Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Garud {{!}} गारुड {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/gaarud-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=13 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Shri Ganesha''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Ganesha Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} श्री गणेशा {{!}} Shree Ganesha {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/shri-ganesha-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=19 January 2025 |date=22 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Mangla (2025 film)|Mangla]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Patil |first1=Kiran |title=Mangla Movie (2025): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date, Shivali Parab {{!}} मंगला {{!}} Mangala {{!}} Exclusive 2025 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/mangla-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=19 January 2025 |date=18 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Jay Bhim Panther''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Jay Bhim Panther Movie (2025): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} जय भीम पँथर {{!}} Exclusive 2025 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/jay-bhim-panther-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=20 January 2025 |date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Punha Shivajiraje Bhosale]]''
|Tatya
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
|''Super Duper''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shruti Vilas |date=2026-02-09 |title=Super Duper: रंगणार कौटुंबिक महासोहळा; ललित प्रभाकर-निर्मिती सावंत यांचा नवा चित्रपट 'सुपर डुपर' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/lalit-prabhakar-nirmitee-sawant-new-marathi-movie-super-duper-teaser-has-been-released-on-social-media-svk01 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Marathi News {{!}} Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Salbardi''
|Ganpat Patil
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=Video: काळोख, रक्तपात अन्…; 'सालबर्डी'चा थरारक टीझर प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला, भारत गणेशपुरे यांच्यासह 'हे' कलाकार झळकणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/salbardi-marathi-movie-teaser-bharat-ganeshpure-thriller-horror-release-date-nsp-98-5747223/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम ओंकार भोजने पूजा सावंतच्या सिनेमात दिसणार, 'सालबर्डी'मध्ये साकारणार उपसरपंच |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/salbardi-movie-onkar-bhojane-and-shashank-shende-to-play-important-role-in-pooja-sawant-movie-a-a971/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Ladki Bahin''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=गौतमी पाटीलचा ठसका आता ‘लाडकी बहीण’मध्ये! गवळणीच्या ठेक्यावर थिएटर थिरकणार |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ladki-bahin-marathi-film-set-for-april-17-release-across-maharashtra-gautami-patils-lavani-adds-glamour-1415378 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Ghabadkund''
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=3583019}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shende, Shashank}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Pune]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Jaynath Pati

2026-03-24T03:18:42Z

Alphadelta:

{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Short description|Indian Freedom Fighter and Magahi novelist}}{{Infobox Author
| name = Jayanath Pati
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1890}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1939|1890}}
| occupation = Writer, novelist
| language = [[Magahi]]
}}

'''Jayanath Pati''' (1890–1939) was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom fighter]] and novelist who wrote in [[Magahi language|Magahi]].<ref> [https://archive.org/details/PhulBahadur/page/n1/mode/2up Fool Bahadur] Archives.org 26 April 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K88VAQAAIAAJ&q=Jainath+Pati |title=Jayanatha Pati |year=1930 |access-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044649/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=K88VAQAAIAAJ&q=Jainath+Pati&dq=Jainath+Pati&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM5POmj9baAhUMro8KHaQ4AosQ6AEITjAJ |archive-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a prominent scholar on Indian history and culture. He wrote ''[[Sunita (novel)|Sunita]]'' the first novel in the Magahi language.

==Biography ==
Jayanath Pati was a versatile scholar, writer, editor-publisher and Vedic scholar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sita Nath Pradhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH2BAAAAIAAJ|title=Chronology of Ancient India: From the Times of the Ṛgvedic King Divōdāsa to Chandragupta Maurya, with Glimpses Into the Political History of the Period|publisher=Calcutta Univ.|year=1927}}</ref> He was a serious scholar of language, culture and history. At the same time, he was active and creative on many fronts as a writer on Vedas, history, and language-culture in various journals.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=911BAAAAYAAJ|title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society|publisher=Bihar and Orissa Research Society|year=1923}}</ref> He wrote articles and literature in his mother tongue Magahi, and provided leadership to the freedom movement at the local level. Magahi is spoken in the east of India, in the state of Bihar and Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Magahi|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/magahi.htm|website=Omniglot}}</ref> Pati then published books in Magahi and took out handwritten newspapers for the freedom struggle. Not only this, being a [[Mukhtar|mokhtar]], he was also fighting legal battles for the rights of mokhtar's from British rule. Jaynath Pati - who became a Mokhtar after studying only up to the 12th standard - also contributed to the field of education, he established the Anglo-Sanskrit School in [[Nawada]] which is still running today.

Pati was a fearless nationalist. He was the only member at the local level of the [[Indian Home Rule movement|Home Rule movement]]. He led the Surajis as the President of the [[Nawada]] [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Committee during Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha movement in 1920. To organize the freedom movement, he started a handwritten newspaper, which he wrote in his house's basement. He then traveled through villages with his wife Shyama Devi to spread it among the readers. Due to his active role in the freedom struggle, he spent nine months in the Central Jail [[Hazaribagh]] in 1930.

==Works==
Jayanath Pati wrote the first Magahi-language novel ''[[Sunita (novel)|Sunita]]'' in late 1927 which was published in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwKvpoSMVYEC&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF |title=Jaynath Pati|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044502/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vwKvpoSMVYEC&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&dq=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2mOTxj9baAhVMro8KHZVXCAUQ6AEIKDAA |archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live |last1=Siṃha|first1=Kapiladeva|year=1969}}</ref> This novel was reviewed by the eminent linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] in April 1928 issue of ''The Modern Review''. The novel no longer available, but the copy of his second Magahi novel Fool Bahadur ''[[Phool Bahadur]]'' published on 1 April, 1928 has been preserved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nawada/story/377445.html |title=Jaynath Pati|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213724/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nawada/story/377445.html |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After this, his third novel ''Gadhneet'' was published. In all three of his novels, he has hit hard on social stereotypes and corruption. Apart from this, Jayanath Pati published a Magahi translation of the [[Government of India Act 1935]] under the title 'Swaraj' in 1937. He also formed an organization for the development of modern Magahi literature and wrote many books, most of which remained unpublished.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDXhAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF |title=Jaynath Pati|year=1960|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044551/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IDXhAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&dq=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2mOTxj9baAhVMro8KHZVXCAUQ6AEIVzAH |archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live }}</ref> A book of [[Magahi culture|Magahi folk literature]] compiled by him was also published.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Magahi language]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]

Dipanwit Dashmohapatra

2026-03-22T13:00:58Z

Alphadelta: made new post

{{Short description|Indian Odia film actor}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dipanwit Dashmohapatra
| image = Dipanwit Dashmohapatra in 2018 (cropped).jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|08|14}}
| birth_place = [[Soro, Balasore|Soro]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater = [[Siksha 'O' Anusandhan]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| parents = Jeetendra Dashmohapatra (father) Jyotsna Dashmohapatra (mother)
| spouse =
}}
'''Dipanwit Dashmohapatra''' is an Indian actor and theater artist who predominantly works in [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia movies]] and web series.

==Early life==
Dipanwit was born in [[Soro, Balasore|Soro]] in [[Balasore district]] of [[Odisha]] to Jyotsna & Jeetendra Dashmohapatra. He did his schooling from Ramakrishna Sikhshya Niketana and S.N. High School of Soro. Later, his higher secondary from [[Upendranath College]]. He completed his degree in Electrical Engineering in 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOA felicitates its alumni and DAMaN Actor Dipanwit Dashmohapatra |url=https://www.soa.ac.in/general-notifications/2022/12/6/soa-felicitates-its-alumni-and-daman-actor-dipanwit-dashmohapatra |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=SOA {{!}} SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN |language=en-IN}}</ref> from ITER, [[Siksha 'O' Anusandhan]], [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.namasteindia.info/2019/10/know-about-actor-Dipanwit-Dashmohapatra.html?m=1|title=Kow about an accomplished actor, theatre artist Dipanwit Dashmohapatra|date=18 October 2019|work=NAMASTE INDIA|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113082440/https://www.namasteindia.info/2019/10/know-about-actor-Dipanwit-Dashmohapatra.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Dipanwit started acting in plays from his college days. He has worked with many prominent theatre groups like Toneelstuk and Uttar Purush Theatre Group. He is an active member of ''Jeevan Rekha Theatre Group'' of Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/happening/2019/apr/10/from-balasore-to-bhubaneswar-how-dipanwit-dashmohapatra-made-his-mark-in-contemporary-theatre-5733.html|title=From Balasore to Bhubaneswar, how Dipanwit Dashmohapatra made his mark in contemporary theatre|date=10 April 2019|work=Edexlive|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114092003/https://www.edexlive.com/happening/2019/apr/10/from-balasore-to-bhubaneswar-how-dipanwit-dashmohapatra-made-his-mark-in-contemporary-theatre-5733.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

His cinematic journey began with his feature film debut in 2017 in the critically acclaimed Odia film "Khyanikaa - The Lost Idea" which was selected in the Indian Panorama section of 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), Goa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khyanikaa at IFFI, Goa - Indian Panorama selection |date=16 November 2017 |url=https://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/khyanikaa-lost-idea-odia-film-prestigious-indian-panorama-48th-iffi-goa |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609072623/https://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/khyanikaa-lost-idea-odia-film-prestigious-indian-panorama-48th-iffi-goa |url-status=live }}</ref> He played the character of Postman in this film produced by Swastik Arthouse and directed by acclaimed filmmaker and National Awardee [[Amartya Bhattacharyya]] who first saw his potential during the auditions for Khyanikaa held in the same college where Dipanwit was studying at that time. He was one of the delegates who represented the film at the prestigious festival in Goa.

With [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh Routray's]] production house ''OdiaOne'' he acted in several Music videos and Web series, the most popular being ''Rabana Podi'' by S3 Movies and then forayed into Art and Feature films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/dipanwit-dashmohapatra/2019846|title=Dipanwit Dashmohapatra|accessdate=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113082433/https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/dipanwit-dashmohapatra/2019846|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Dipanwit played the innocent character of "Joe" in the much acclaimed and internationally awarded film - ''[[Adieu Godard]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Adieu Godard: Amartya Bhattacharyya blends realism and surrealism in his tribute to Jean-Luc Godard |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/adieu-godard-review-amartya-bhattacharyya-blends-realism-and-surrealism-in-his-tribute-to-jean-luc-godard/d835cae1d3410 |access-date=2024-12-27 |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609084241/https://www.ottplay.com/review/adieu-godard-review-amartya-bhattacharyya-blends-realism-and-surrealism-in-his-tribute-to-jean-luc-godard/d835cae1d3410 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Adieu Godard - a film dense with ideas, reflecting a filmmaker that clearly has a lot to say |date=26 August 2022 |url=https://filmthreat.com/reviews/adieu-godard/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609084239/https://filmthreat.com/reviews/adieu-godard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which won 7 international awards including the Best Feature Film (Indian section) at the 27th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]. The film was released in theaters in September 2022 and Dipanwit was very much appreciated for the nuances he brought to his character when people watched him on the big screen. He came into major limelight with movie ''[[Daman (2022 film)|DAMaN]]'' in a supporting role alongside [[Babushaan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Nov/19/odia-film-daman-made-tax-free-in-odisha-2519903.html|title=Odia film DAMaN made tax free in Odisha|date=5 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref> His first movie as lead ''[[Pratikshya]]'' has been selected for screening in Indian Panorama section of [[53rd International Film Festival of India|IFFI 2022]] and has won the Best Story Feature Film Award at the Washington DC South Asia Film Festival (DCSAFF) 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffigoa.org/indian-panaroma/|title=Indian Panorama|accessdate=28 November 2022|work=IFFI Goa|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128170008/https://iffigoa.org/indian-panaroma/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/---pratikshya----wins-big-at-washington-fest.html|title='Pratikshya' wins big at Washington fest|accessdate=28 November 2022|work=Dailypioneer.com|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127121345/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/---pratikshya----wins-big-at-washington-fest.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2017
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm8328893}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dashmohapatra, Dipanwit}}
[[Category:Male actors in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Odia people]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology

2026-03-19T16:14:23Z

Alphadelta: Updated entries and formatting

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Annai Vailankanni College of Engineering|timestamp=20260319161421|year=2026|month=March|day=19|substed=yes}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2011}}

{{Infobox University
|name = Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology
|native_name =
|image =
|established =1996
|type =[[Engineering college]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty = ~150
|chairman = Gomathi Radhakrishnan
|principal =Dr. K. SOMASUNDARAM
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|nss co-ordinator =
|head_label =
|head =
|students = ~1000
|undergrad = ~800
|postgrad = ~200
|doctoral =0

|city =[[Chennai]]
|state =[[Tamil Nadu]]
|country =[[India]]
|campus = 43.6 acres
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname = SMIT
|affiliations = [[AICTE & Anna University]],
|Tie Ups/MoU =
|website = [http://smit.edu.in/]
|coor = {{coord|13.018513|80.108163|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{unref|date=May 2021}}
'''Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology''' (SMIT), popularly known as SMIT, is an [[engineering]] institution located in [[Mangadu]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Anna University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-university-stub}}

Srinivasa Ramanujan

2026-03-18T00:18:08Z

Alphadelta: updated details to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (1887–1920)}}
{{Redirect|Ramanujan}}
{{Tamil name|Srinivasa|Ramanujan}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| caption = Ramanujan in 1913
| name = Srinivasa Ramanujan
| honorific_suffix ={{postnominals|FRS|size=100}}
| image = File:Srinivasa Ramanujan-Add. MS a94 version2 (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|12|22}}
| birth_place = [[Erode]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1920|4|26|1887|12|22}}
| death_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Thanjavur district]], Tamil Nadu, India)
| citizenship = [[British Raj|British Indian]]
| workplaces = [[University of Cambridge]]
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[Government Arts College, Kumbakonam|Government Arts College]]
* [[Pachaiyappa's College]]
* {{nowrap|[[Trinity College, Cambridge]] {{nowrap|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}}}}}
| thesis_title = Highly Composite Numbers
| thesis_url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180819150043/http://math.univ-lyon1.fr/~nicolas/ramanujanNR.pdf
| thesis_year = 1916
| academic_advisors = {{plainlist|
* [[G. H. Hardy]]
* [[John Edensor Littlewood|J. E. Littlewood]]}}
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* [[Ramanujan's sum]]
* [[Landau–Ramanujan constant]]
* [[Mock theta function]]s
* [[Ramanujan's congruences]]
* [[Ramanujan conjecture]]
* [[Ramanujan prime]]
* [[Ramanujan–Soldner constant]]
* [[Ramanujan theta function]]
* [[Rogers–Ramanujan identities]]
* [[Ramanujan's master theorem]]
* [[Partition function (number theory)#Approximation formulas|Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic formula]]
* [[Ramanujan–Sato series]]}}
| awards = [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (1918)
| signature = Signature of Srinivasa Ramanujan.svg
| signature_alt = Srinivasa Ramanujan signature
| field = [[Mathematics]]
| doctoral_advisors = 
}}
'''Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar'''{{efn|{{langx|ta|ஶ்ரீநிவாஸ ராமாநுஜையங்கார்|Śrīnivāsa Rāmānujaiyaṅgār}}}} {{postnom|FRS}} (22 December 1887{{spaced ndash}}26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician who worked during the early 20th century. Despite having almost no formal training in [[pure mathematics]], he made substantial contributions to [[mathematical analysis]], [[number theory]], [[infinite series]], and [[continued fraction]]s, including solutions to mathematical problems then considered unsolvable.

Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation. According to [[Hans Eysenck]], "he tried to interest the leading professional mathematicians in his work, but failed for the most part. What he had to show them was too novel, too unfamiliar, and additionally presented in unusual ways; they could not be bothered."<ref>[[Hans Eysenck]] (1995). ''Genius'', p. 197. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-48508-8}}.</ref> Seeking mathematicians who could better understand his work, in 1913 he began a mail correspondence with the English mathematician [[G. H. Hardy]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. Recognising Ramanujan's work as extraordinary, Hardy arranged for him to travel to Cambridge. In his notes, Hardy commented that Ramanujan had produced groundbreaking new [[theorem]]s, including some that "defeated me completely; I had never seen anything in the least like them before",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Godfrey Harold |year=1940 |title=Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=9}} 3rd edition, 1978, corrected and reprinted by AMS Chelsea Publishing, 2021, {{isbn|0-8218-2023-0}}.</ref> and some recently proven but highly advanced results.

Throughout his life, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3,900 results (mostly [[identity (mathematics)|identities]] and [[equation]]s).<ref>{{Cite book |title= Ramanujan's Notebooks |volume = Part 5 |last= Berndt |first=Bruce C. |date=12 December 1997 |publisher= Springer Science & Business |isbn=978-0-38794941-3 |page = 4}}</ref> Many were completely novel; his original and highly unconventional results, such as the [[Ramanujan prime]], the [[Ramanujan theta function]], [[partition (number theory)|partition]] formulae and [[mock theta function]]s, have opened entire new areas of work and inspired further research.<ref name=ono>{{cite journal |author-link = Ken Ono |last=Ono |first=Ken |date= June–July 2006 |title= Honoring a Gift from Kumbakonam |journal= [[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume= 53 |issue= 6 |pages= 640–51 [649–50] |url= https://www.ams.org/notices/200606/fea-ono.pdf |access-date=2007-06-23 |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621074858/https://www.ams.org/notices/200606/fea-ono.pdf |archive-date= 21 June 2007}}</ref> Of his thousands of results, most have been proven correct.<ref name="frontline">{{cite journal |date= August 1999 |title= Rediscovering Ramanujan |journal= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume= 16 |issue= 17 |page= 650 |url= https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1617/16170810.htm |access-date= 20 December 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130925201456/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1617/16170810.htm |archive-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Ramanujan Journal]]'', a [[scientific journal]], was established to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan,<ref>{{cite book |title=Analytic and Elementary Number Theory: A Tribute to Mathematical Legend Paul Erdos |last1 = Alladi |first1 = Krishnaswami |last2 = Elliott |first2 = P. D. T. A.| last3 = Granville |first3 = A. |date=30 September 1998 |publisher=Springer Science & Business |isbn= 978-0-79238273-7 |page = 6}}</ref> and his notebooks—containing summaries of his published and unpublished results—have been analysed and studied for decades since his death as a source of new mathematical ideas. As late as 2012, researchers continued to discover that mere comments in his writings about "simple properties" and "similar outputs" for certain findings were themselves profound and subtle number theory results that remained unsuspected until nearly a century after his death.<ref name= "ono_simpleproperties">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20039-deep-meaning-in-ramanujans-simple-pattern/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803140127/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20039-deep-meaning-in-ramanujans-simple-pattern/|url-status=dead|title=Deep meaning in Ramanujan's 'simple' pattern|archivedate=3 August 2017|website=New Scientist}}</ref><ref name="ono_mock">[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628904-200-mathematical-proof-reveals-magic-of-ramanujans-genius/ "Mathematical proof reveals magic of Ramanujan's genius"] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170709084351/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628904-200-mathematical-proof-reveals-magic-of-ramanujans-genius/|date=9 July 2017}}. ''[[New Scientist]]''.</ref> He became one of the youngest [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellows of the Royal Society]] and only the second Indian member, and the first Indian to be elected a [[Trinity College, Cambridge#Notable fellows and alumni|Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge]].

In 1919, ill health—now believed to have been hepatic [[amoebiasis]] (a complication from episodes of [[dysentery]] many years previously)—compelled Ramanujan's return to India, where he died in 1920 at the age of 32. His last letters to Hardy, written in January 1920, show that he was still continuing to produce new mathematical ideas and theorems. His "[[Ramanujan's lost notebook|lost notebook]]", containing discoveries from the last year of his life, caused great excitement among mathematicians when it was rediscovered in 1976.

==Early life==
[[File:Erode, 18 Alahiri Str - Ramanujan birth place.jpg|thumb|upright|Ramanujan's birthplace was in [[British Raj|British-ruled India]] on 18 Alahiri Street, [[Erode]], modern [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
[[File:Ramanujanhome.jpg|thumb|upright|Ramanujan's home on Sarangapani Sannidhi Street, [[Kumbakonam]]]]
Ramanujan (literally, "younger brother of [[Rama]]", a Hindu deity)<ref name="Kanigel-1991-12">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=12}}</ref> was born in [[British Raj|British-ruled India]] on 22 December 1887 into a [[Tamil Brahmin]] [[Iyengar]] family in [[Erode]], in modern [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=11}}</ref> His father, Kuppuswamy Srinivasa Iyengar, originally from [[Thanjavur district]], worked as a clerk in a [[sari]] shop.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|pages=17–18}}</ref><ref name="ODNB-Ramanujan">{{cite ODNB|id=51582|title= Ramanujan, Srinivasa |year=2004 |first=Robert|last= Kanigel}}</ref> His mother, Komalatammal, was a [[housewife]] and sang at a local temple.<ref>{{Harvnb|Berndt|Rankin|2001|p=89}}</ref> They lived in a small traditional home on Sarangapani Sannidhi Street in the town of [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Pankaja|title=The Nostalgia Formula|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-nostalgia-formula/article4013282.ece|access-date=7 September 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 October 2012}}</ref> The family home became a museum. When Ramanujan was a year and a half old, his mother gave birth to a son, Sadagopan, who died less than three months later. In December 1889, Ramanujan contracted [[smallpox]], but recovered. He moved with his mother to her parents' house in [[Kanchipuram]], near Madras (modern [[Chennai]]). His mother gave birth to two more children, in 1891 and 1894, both of whom died before their first birthdays.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-12" />

On 1 October 1892, Ramanujan was enrolled at the local school.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=13}}</ref> After his maternal grandfather lost his job as a court official in Kanchipuram,<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=19}}</ref> Ramanujan and his mother moved back to [[Kumbakonam]], and he was enrolled in Kangayan Primary School.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-14">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=14}}</ref> When his paternal grandfather died, he was sent back to his maternal grandparents, then living in Madras. He did not like school in Madras, and tried to avoid attending. His family enlisted a local constable to make sure he attended school. Within six months, Ramanujan was back in Kumbakonam.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-14" />

Since Ramanujan's father was at work most of the day, his mother took care of the boy, and they had a close relationship. From her, he learned about tradition and [[puranas]], to sing religious songs, to attend [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] at the temple, and to maintain particular eating habits—all part of [[Brahmin]] culture.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=20}}</ref> At Kangayan Primary School, Ramanujan performed well. Just before turning 10, in November 1897, he passed his primary examinations in English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], geography, and arithmetic with the best scores in the district.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-25">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=25}}</ref> That year, Ramanujan entered [[Town Higher Secondary School]], where he encountered formal mathematics for the first time.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-25" />

A [[child prodigy]] by age 11, he had exhausted the mathematical knowledge of two college students who were lodgers at his home. He was later lent a book written by [[S. L. Loney]] on advanced trigonometry.<ref name="berndt9">{{Harvnb|Berndt|Rankin|2001|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Hardy | first=G. H.| title=Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work| publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] | location=Providence, Rhode Island | year = 1999|isbn=978-0-8218-2023-0 | page=2 }}</ref> He mastered this by the age of 13 while discovering sophisticated theorems on his own. By 14, he received merit certificates and academic awards that continued throughout his school career, and he assisted the school in the logistics of assigning its 1,200 students (each with differing needs) to its approximately 35 teachers.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-27">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=27}}</ref> He completed mathematical exams in half the allotted time, and showed a familiarity with [[geometry]] and [[infinite series]]. Ramanujan was shown how to solve cubic equations in 1902. He would later develop his own method to solve the [[Quartic function|quartic]]. In 1903, he tried to solve the [[Quintic function|quintic]], not knowing that it was [[Abel–Ruffini theorem|impossible to solve with radicals.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ramanujan/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>

In 1903, when he was 16, Ramanujan obtained from a friend a library copy of ''[[Synopsis of Pure Mathematics|A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics]]'', [[G. S. Carr]]'s collection of 5,000 theorems.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=39}}</ref><ref>McElroy, Tucker (2005). ''A to Z of mathematicians''. Facts on File. p. 221. {{isbn|0-8160-5338-3-}}</ref> Ramanujan reportedly studied the contents of the book in detail.<ref name=papers>{{citation | title= Collected papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan | journal=Nature | volume=123 | issue=3104 | first1=Srinivasa | last1=Ramanujan Aiyangar | first2= Godfrey Harold | last2= Hardy | first3= P. Veṅkatesvara Seshu |last3=Aiyar |year= 2000 |isbn= 978-0-8218-2076-6 |page= xii| bibcode=1929Natur.123..631L | doi=10.1038/123631a0 | s2cid=44812911 }}</ref> The next year, Ramanujan independently developed and investigated the [[Bernoulli number]]s and calculated the [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] up to 15 decimal places.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=90}}</ref> His peers at the time said they "rarely understood him" and "stood in respectful awe" of him.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-27" />

When he graduated from Town Higher Secondary School in 1904, Ramanujan was awarded the K. Ranganatha Rao prize for mathematics by the school's headmaster, Krishnaswami Iyer. Iyer introduced Ramanujan as an outstanding student who deserved scores higher than the maximum.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-unknown-page">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=??}}</ref> He received a scholarship to study at [[Government Arts College, Kumbakonam]],<ref name="Kanigel-1991-28">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=28}}</ref><ref name="Kanigel-1991-45">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=45}}</ref> but was so intent on mathematics that he could not focus on any other subjects and failed most of them, losing his scholarship in the process.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-47-48">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|pages=47–48}}</ref> In August 1905, Ramanujan ran away from home, heading towards [[Visakhapatnam]], and stayed in [[Rajahmundry]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/ramanujan-lost-and-found-a-1905-letter-from-the-hindu/article2745164.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Ramanujan lost and found: a 1905 letter from ''The Hindu'' | date=25 December 2011 }}</ref> for about a month.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-47-48" /> He later enrolled at [[Pachaiyappa's College]] in Madras. There, he passed in mathematics, choosing only to attempt questions that appealed to him and leaving the rest unanswered, but performed poorly in other subjects, such as English, physiology, and Sanskrit.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news|last1=Krishnamachari|first1=Suganthi|title=Travails of a Genius|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/travails-of-a-genius/article4857108.ece|access-date=7 September 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826080524/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/travails-of-a-genius/article4857108.ece|archive-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Ramanujan failed his [[Royal Society of Arts|Fellow of Arts]] exam in December 1906 and again a year later. Without an FA degree, he left college and continued to pursue independent research in mathematics, living in extreme poverty and often on the brink of starvation.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-55-56">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=55–56}}</ref>

In 1910, after a meeting between the 23-year-old Ramanujan and the founder of the [[Indian Mathematical Society]], [[V. Ramaswamy Aiyer]], Ramanujan began to get recognition in Madras's mathematical circles, leading to his inclusion as a researcher at the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="krish">{{cite web|last1=Krishnamurthy|first1=V.|title=Srinivasa Ramanujan – His life and his genius|url=https://www.krishnamurthys.com/profvk/VK2/Srinivasa_Ramanujan.html|website=www.krishnamurthys.com|publisher=(Expository address delivered on Sep.16, 1987 at Visvesvarayya Auditorium as part of the celebrations of Ramanujan Centenary by the IISC, Bangalore)|access-date=7 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921182431/https://www.krishnamurthys.com/profvk/VK2/Srinivasa_Ramanujan.html|archive-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>

==Adulthood in India==
On 14 July 1909, Ramanujan married Janaki (Janakiammal; 21 March 1899 – 13 April 1994),<ref>{{cite web|work= Live mint|url= https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/6vJOM00P1sGZgCxV7RIasI/The-seamstress-and-the-mathematician.html|title= The seamstress and the mathematician|date= 20 April 2018|access-date= 22 December 2018|archive-date= 22 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181222082235/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/6vJOM00P1sGZgCxV7RIasI/The-seamstress-and-the-mathematician.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> a girl his mother had selected for him a year earlier and who was ten years old when they married.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-71">>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=71}}</ref><ref name= "History in adult human sexual behavior with children and adolescents in Western societies">{{cite book |last1=Bullough|first1= V.L. | chapter = 2. History in adult human sexual behavior with children and adolescents in Western societies|date= 1990 |publisher= Springer-Verlag | place = New York |isbn= 978-1-46139684-0 |pages=71| title = Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nnKEBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last= Kolata |first=Gina |author-link= Gina Kolata |date=19 June 1987 |title= Remembering a 'Magical Genius' |journal= Science |series= New Series |volume=236 |issue=4808 |pages= 1519–21 |doi= 10.1126/science.236.4808.1519|pmid= 17835731 |bibcode=1987Sci...236.1519K}}</ref> It was not unusual then for marriages to be arranged with girls at a young age. Janaki was from Rajendram, a village close to Marudur ([[Karur district]]) Railway Station. Ramanujan's father did not participate in the marriage ceremony.<ref name="Janaki">{{cite web|title= Ramanujan's wife: Janakiammal (Janaki)|url= https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/janaki.pdf|publisher= Institute of Mathematical Sciences|place= Chennai|access-date= 10 November 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121224003120/https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/janaki.pdf|archive-date= 24 December 2012}}</ref> As was common at that time, Janaki continued to stay at her maternal home for three years after marriage, until she reached puberty. In 1912, she and Ramanujan's mother joined Ramanujan in Madras.<ref name= "express">{{cite news|last1= Janardhanan |first1=Arun|title=A passage to infinity|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/a-passage-to-infinity-the-untold-story-of-srinivasa-ramanujan/|access-date=7 September 2016|newspaper=Indian Express|date=6 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905150332/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/a-passage-to-infinity-the-untold-story-of-srinivasa-ramanujan/|archive-date=5 September 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Ramanujan seated alone.png|thumb|Ramanujan seated alone]]
After the marriage, Ramanujan developed a [[hydrocele testis]].<ref name="Kanigel-1991-72">>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=72}}</ref> The condition could be treated with a routine surgical operation that would release the blocked fluid in the scrotal sac, but his family could not afford the operation. In January 1910, a doctor volunteered to do the surgery at no cost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramanujan|first=Srinivasa|editor = P. K. Srinivasan |title= Ramanujan Memorial Number: Letters and Reminiscences |year= 1968|publisher= Muthialpet High School |location=Madras| page=100|volume=1|no-pp=true}}</ref>

After his successful surgery, Ramanujan searched for a job. He stayed at a friend's house while he went from door to door around Madras looking for a clerical position. To make money, he tutored students at Presidency College who were preparing for their Fellow of Arts exam.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=73}}</ref>

In late 1910, Ramanujan was sick again. He feared for his health, and told his friend R. Radakrishna Iyer to "hand [his notebooks] over to Professor Singaravelu Mudaliar [the mathematics professor at Pachaiyappa's College] or to the British professor Edward B. Ross, of the [[Madras Christian College]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|pages=74–75}}</ref> After Ramanujan recovered and retrieved his notebooks from Iyer, he took a train from Kumbakonam to [[Viluppuram (city)|Villupuram]], a city under French control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranganathan |first=Shiyali Ramamrita |author-link=Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan |title=Ramanujan: The Man and the Mathematician |year=1967 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuTuAAAAMAAJ |page=23|isbn=9788185273372 }}</ref><ref>Srinivasan (1968), Vol. 1, p. 99.</ref> In 1912, Ramanujan moved with his wife and mother to a house in Saiva Muthaiah Mudali street, [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Madras]], where they lived for a few months.<ref name="rao">{{cite web|author=Rao, K. Srinivasa|title=Ramanujan's wife Janakiammal (Janaki)|url=https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/janaki.pdf|website=IMSC|publisher=Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|access-date=7 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110132908/https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/janaki.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> In May 1913, upon securing a research position at Madras University, Ramanujan moved with his family to [[Triplicane]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Ramanujan|url=https://ramanujaninstitute.com/about.html|publisher=The Ramanujan Institute|access-date=7 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006210739/https://ramanujaninstitute.com/about.html|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>

===Pursuit of career in mathematics===
In 1910, Ramanujan met deputy collector [[V. Ramaswamy Aiyer]], who founded the Indian Mathematical Society.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-77">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=77}}</ref> Wishing for a job at the revenue department where Aiyer worked, Ramanujan showed him his mathematics notebooks. As Aiyer later recalled:
<blockquote>
I was struck by the extraordinary mathematical results contained in [the notebooks]. I had no mind to smother his genius by an appointment in the lowest rungs of the revenue department.<ref>Srinivasan (1968), Vol. 1, p. 129.</ref>
</blockquote>
Aiyer sent Ramanujan, with letters of introduction, to his mathematician friends in Madras.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-77" /> Some of them looked at his work and gave him letters of introduction to [[R. Ramachandra Rao]], the district collector for [[Nellore]] and the secretary of the Indian Mathematical Society.<ref>Srinivasan (1968), Vol. 1, p. 86.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Neville |first=Eric Harold |date=January 1921 |title=The Late Srinivasa Ramanujan |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=106 |issue=2673 |pages=661–662 |doi=10.1038/106661b0 |bibcode = 1921Natur.106..661N|s2cid=4185656 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429646 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Ranganathan|1967|p=24}}</ref> Rao was impressed by Ramanujan's research but doubted that it was his own work. Ramanujan mentioned a correspondence he had with Professor Saldhana, a notable [[Mumbai|Bombay]] mathematician, in which Saldhana expressed a lack of understanding of his work but concluded that he was not a fraud.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-80">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=80}}</ref> Ramanujan's friend C. V. Rajagopalachari tried to quell Rao's doubts about Ramanujan's academic integrity. Rao agreed to give him another chance, and listened as Ramanujan discussed [[elliptic integral]]s, [[Gaussian hypergeometric series|hypergeometric series]], and his theory of [[divergent series]], which Rao said ultimately convinced him of Ramanujan's brilliance.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-80" /> When Rao asked him what he wanted, Ramanujan replied that he needed work and financial support. Rao consented and sent him to Madras. He continued his research with Rao's financial aid. With Aiyer's help, Ramanujan had his work published in the ''Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society''.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=86}}</ref> [[File:K Ananda Rau seated with Ramanujan.jpg|thumb|K Ananda Rau seated with Ramanujan]]

One of the first problems he posed in the journal<ref name="Kanigel-1991-unknown-page" /> was to find the value of:

: <math>\sqrt{1+2\sqrt{1+3 \sqrt{1+\cdots}}}</math>

He waited for a solution to be offered in three issues, over six months, but failed to receive any. At the end, Ramanujan supplied an incomplete<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herschfeld |first=Aaron |date=August 1935 |title=On Infinite Radicals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00029890.1935.11987745 |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=419–429 |doi=10.1080/00029890.1935.11987745 |issn=0002-9890|url-access=subscription }}</ref> solution to the problem himself. On page 105 of his first notebook, he formulated an equation that could be used to solve the infinitely [[nested radical]]s problem.

: <math>x+n+a = \sqrt{ax+(n+a)^2 +x\sqrt{a(x+n)+(n+a)^2+(x+n) \sqrt{\cdots}}}</math>

Using this equation, the answer to the question posed in the ''Journal'' was simply 3, obtained by setting {{math|1=''x'' = 2}}, {{math|1=''n'' = 1}}, and {{math|1=''a'' = 0}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=87}}</ref> Ramanujan wrote his first formal paper for the ''Journal'' on the properties of [[Bernoulli number]]s. One property he discovered was that the denominators of the fractions of Bernoulli numbers {{OEIS|id=A027642}} are always divisible by six. He also devised a method of calculating {{mvar|Bn}} based on previous Bernoulli numbers. One of these methods follows:

It will be observed that if ''n'' is even but not equal to zero,
# {{mvar|Bn}} is a fraction and the numerator of {{math|{{sfrac|''Bn''|''n''}}}} in its lowest terms is a prime number,
# the denominator of {{mvar|Bn}} contains each of the factors 2 and 3 once and only once,
# {{math|2''n''(2''n'' − 1){{sfrac|''Bn''|''n''}}}} is an integer and {{math|2(2''n'' − 1)''Bn''}} consequently is an ''odd'' integer.

In his 17-page paper "Some Properties of Bernoulli's Numbers" (1911), Ramanujan gave three proofs, two corollaries and three conjectures.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=91}}</ref> His writing initially had many flaws. As ''Journal'' editor M. T. Narayana Iyengar noted:
<blockquote>
Mr. Ramanujan's methods were so terse and novel and his presentation so lacking in clearness and precision, that the ordinary [mathematical reader], unaccustomed to such intellectual gymnastics, could hardly follow him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seshu Iyer |first=P. V. |date=June 1920 |title=The Late Mr. S. Ramanujan, B.A., F.R.S.|journal=Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=83}}</ref></blockquote>
Ramanujan later wrote another paper and also continued to provide problems in the ''Journal''.<ref name="Neville293" /> In early 1912, he got a temporary job in the Madras [[Accountant General]]'s office, with a monthly salary of 20 rupees. He lasted only a few weeks.<ref>Srinivasan (1968), p. 176.</ref> Toward the end of that assignment, he applied for a position under the Chief Accountant of the [[Chennai Port|Madras Port Trust]].

In a letter dated 9 February 1912, Ramanujan wrote:
<blockquote>
Sir, 
{{pad|2em}}I understand there is a clerkship vacant in your office, and I beg to apply for the same. I have passed the Matriculation Examination and studied up to the F.A. but was prevented from pursuing my studies further owing to several untoward circumstances. I have, however, been devoting all my time to Mathematics and developing the subject. I can say I am quite confident I can do justice to my work if I am appointed to the post. I therefore beg to request that you will be good enough to confer the appointment on me.<ref>Srinivasan (1968), p. 31.</ref>
</blockquote>

Attached to his application was a recommendation from [[E. W. Middlemast]], a mathematics professor at the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], who wrote that Ramanujan was "a young man of quite exceptional capacity in Mathematics".<ref>Srinivasan (1968), p. 49.</ref> Three weeks after he applied, on 1 March, Ramanujan learned that he had been accepted as a Class III, Grade IV accounting clerk, making 30 rupees per month.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=96}}</ref> At his office, Ramanujan easily and quickly completed the work he was given and spent his spare time doing mathematical research. Ramanujan's boss, [[Francis Spring|Sir Francis Spring]], and S. Narayana Iyer, a colleague who was also treasurer of the Indian Mathematical Society, encouraged Ramanujan in his mathematical pursuits.{{sfnp|Berndt|Rankin|2001|p=97}}

===Contacting British mathematicians===
In the spring of 1913, Narayana Iyer, Ramachandra Rao and E. W. Middlemast tried to present Ramanujan's work to British mathematicians. [[Micaiah John Muller Hill|M. J. M. Hill]] of [[University College London]] commented that Ramanujan's papers were riddled with holes.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=105}}</ref> He said that although Ramanujan had "a taste for mathematics, and some ability", he lacked the necessary educational background and foundation to be accepted by mathematicians.<ref>Letter from M. J. M. Hill to a C. L. T. Griffith (a former student who sent the request to Hill on Ramanujan's behalf), 28 November 1912.</ref> Although Hill did not offer to take Ramanujan on as a student, he gave thorough and serious professional advice on his work. With the help of friends, Ramanujan drafted letters to leading mathematicians at Cambridge University.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=106}}</ref>

The first two professors, [[H. F. Baker]] and [[E. W. Hobson]], returned Ramanujan's papers without comment.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|pages=170–171}}</ref> On 16 January 1913, Ramanujan wrote to [[G. H. Hardy]], whom he knew from studying ''Orders of Infinity'' (1910).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=G. H. (Godfrey Harold) |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38079 |title=Orders of Infinity: The 'Infinitärcalcül' of Paul Du Bois-Reymond |date=1910 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berndt |first1=Bruce C. |last2=Rankin |first2=Robert A. |date=August 2000 |title=The Books Studied by Ramanujan in India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00029890.2000.12005244 |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=595–601 |doi=10.1080/00029890.2000.12005244 |issn=0002-9890|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Coming from an unknown mathematician, the nine pages of mathematics made Hardy initially view Ramanujan's manuscripts as a possible fraud.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Snow|first=C. P. |title= Variety of Men |year= 1966|publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |location=New York| pages=30–31}}</ref> Hardy recognised some of Ramanujan's formulae but others "seemed scarcely possible to believe".<ref name="Hardy1920">{{Cite journal|last=Hardy |first=G. H.|author-link=G. H. Hardy |year=1920 |title=Obituary, S. Ramanujan |journal=Nature|volume=105 |issue= 7|pages=494–495 |doi=10.1038/105494a0 |bibcode = 1920Natur.105..494H|s2cid=4174904|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429640 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|494}} One of the theorems Hardy found amazing was on the bottom of page three (valid for {{math|0 < ''a'' < ''b'' + {{sfrac|1|2}}}}):

: <math>
\int\limits_0^\infty \frac{1+\dfrac{x^2}{(b+1)^2}}{1+\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}} \times\frac{1+\dfrac{x^2}{(b+2)^2}}{1+\dfrac{x^2}{(a+1)^2}}\times\cdots\,dx
= \frac{\sqrt \pi}{2} \times\frac{\Gamma\left(a+\frac12\right) \Gamma(b+1) \Gamma(b-a+1)}{\Gamma(a)\Gamma\left(b+\frac12\right)\Gamma\left(b-a + \frac12 \right)}.
</math>

Hardy was also impressed by some of Ramanujan's other work relating to infinite series:

: <math>1 - 5\left(\frac12\right)^3 + 9\left(\frac{1\times3}{2\times4}\right)^3 - 13\left(\frac{1\times3\times5}{2\times4\times6}\right)^3 + \cdots = \frac{2}{\pi}</math>

: <math>1 + 9\left(\frac14\right)^4 + 17\left(\frac{1\times5}{4\times8}\right)^4 + 25\left(\frac{1\times5\times9}{4\times8\times12}\right)^4 + \cdots = \frac{2\sqrt 2}{\sqrt\pi\,\Gamma^2\left(\frac34\right)}.</math>

The first result had already been determined by [[Gustav Conrad Bauer|G. Bauer]] in 1859. The second was new to Hardy, and was derived from a class of functions called [[hypergeometric series]], which had first been researched by Euler and Gauss. Hardy found these results "much more intriguing" than Gauss's work on integrals.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-167">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=167}}</ref> After seeing [[Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction|Ramanujan's theorems on continued fractions]] on the last page of the manuscripts, Hardy said the theorems "defeated me completely; I had never seen anything in the least like them before",<ref name="Kanigel-1991-168">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=168}}</ref> and that they "must be true, because, if they were not true, no one would have the imagination to invent them".<ref name="Kanigel-1991-168" /> Hardy asked a colleague, [[John Edensor Littlewood|J. E. Littlewood]], to take a look at the papers. Littlewood was amazed by Ramanujan's genius. After discussing the papers with Littlewood, Hardy concluded that the letters were "certainly the most remarkable I have received" and that Ramanujan was "a mathematician of the highest quality, a man of altogether exceptional originality and power".<ref name="Hardy1920" />{{rp|494–495}} One colleague, [[Eric Harold Neville|E. H. Neville]], later remarked that "No one who was in the mathematical circles in Cambridge at that time can forget the sensation caused by this letter... not one [theorem] could have been set in the most advanced mathematical examination in the world".<ref name="Neville293">{{Cite journal|last=Neville |first=Eric Harold |date=1942 |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan |journal=Nature |volume=149 |issue=3776 |pages=292–293 |doi=10.1038/149292a0 |bibcode = 1942Natur.149..292N |doi-access=free }}</ref>

On 8 February 1913, Hardy wrote Ramanujan a letter expressing interest in his work, adding that it was "essential that I should see proofs of some of your assertions".<ref>Letter, Hardy to Ramanujan, 8 February 1913.</ref> Before his letter arrived in Madras during the third week of February, Hardy contacted the Indian Office to plan for Ramanujan's trip to Cambridge. Secretary Arthur Davies of the Advisory Committee for Indian Students met with Ramanujan to discuss the overseas trip.<ref>Letter, Ramanujan to Hardy, 22 January 1914.</ref> In accordance with his Brahmin upbringing, Ramanujan refused to leave his country to "[[Kala pani (taboo)|go to a foreign land]]", and his parents were also opposed for the same reason.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=185}}</ref> Meanwhile, he sent Hardy a letter packed with theorems, writing, "I have found a friend in you who views my labour sympathetically."<ref>Letter, Ramanujan to Hardy, 27 February 1913, [[Cambridge University Library]].</ref>

To supplement Hardy's endorsement, [[Gilbert Walker (physicist)|Gilbert Walker]], a former mathematical lecturer at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], looked at Ramanujan's work and expressed amazement, urging the young man to spend time at Cambridge.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=175}}</ref> As a result of Walker's endorsement, B. Hanumantha Rao, a mathematics professor at an engineering college, invited Ramanujan's colleague Narayana Iyer to a meeting of the Board of Studies in Mathematics to discuss "what we can do for S. Ramanujan".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ram|first=Suresh |title= Srinivasa Ramanujan |year= 1972|publisher= National Book Trust |location=New Delhi| page=29}}</ref> The board agreed to grant Ramanujan a monthly research scholarship of 75 rupees for the next two years at the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ranganathan|1967|pp=30–31}}</ref>

While he was engaged as a research student, Ramanujan continued to submit papers to the ''Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.'' In one instance, Iyer submitted some of Ramanujan's theorems on summation of series to the journal, adding, "The following theorem is due to S. Ramanujan, the mathematics student of Madras University." Later in November, British Professor [[Edward Burns Ross|Edward B. Ross]] of [[Madras Christian College]], whom Ramanujan had met a few years before, stormed into his class one day with his eyes glowing, asking his students, "Does Ramanujan know Polish?" The reason was that in one paper, Ramanujan had anticipated the work of a Polish mathematician whose paper had just arrived in the day's mail.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ranganathan|1967|p=12}}</ref> In his quarterly papers, Ramanujan drew up theorems to make definite integrals more easily solvable. Working off Giuliano Frullani's 1821 integral theorem, Ramanujan formulated generalisations that could be made to evaluate formerly unyielding integrals.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=183}}</ref>

Hardy's correspondence with Ramanujan soured after Ramanujan refused to come to England. Hardy enlisted a colleague lecturing in Madras, E. H. Neville, to mentor and bring Ramanujan to England.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=184}}</ref> Neville asked Ramanujan why he would not go to Cambridge. Ramanujan apparently then accepted the proposal; Neville said, "Ramanujan needed no converting" and "his parents' opposition had been withdrawn".<ref name="Neville293"/> Apparently, Ramanujan's mother had a vivid dream in which Ramanujan was surrounded by Europeans, and the family goddess, [[Namagiri Thayar|the deity of Namagiri]], commanded her "to stand no longer between her son and the fulfilment of his life's purpose".<ref name="Neville293"/> On 17 March 1914, Ramanujan travelled to England by ship,<ref>{{cite web |title=A (very) Brief History of Srinivasa Ramanujan |via = [[YouTube]]| date=31 January 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyFYF27xFMU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GyFYF27xFMU| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> leaving his wife to stay with his parents in India.{{sfnp|Berndt|Rankin|2001|pp=83–84}}

==Life in England==
[[File:RamanujanCambridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ramanujan (centre) and his colleague [[G. H. Hardy]] (rightmost), with scientists and other mathematicians, outside the [[Senate House, Cambridge]], c.1914–19]]
[[File:Whewell's Court, Trinity College, Cambridge.jpg|thumb|upright|Whewell's Court, [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]]]

Ramanujan departed from Madras aboard the S.S. ''Nevasa'' on 17 March 1914.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping 1930 |date=1930 |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0845.pdf |accessdate=1 September 2020 |quote=Nevasa 1913}}</ref> When he disembarked in London on 14 April, Neville was waiting for him with a car. Four days later, Neville took him to his house on Chesterton Road in Cambridge. Ramanujan immediately began his work with Littlewood and Hardy. After six weeks, Ramanujan moved out of Neville's house and took up residence on Whewell's Court, a five-minute walk from Hardy's room.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=202}}</ref> [[File:Ramanujan's "Master Theorem" page.jpg|thumb|Ramanujan's "Master Theorem" page]]

[[G. H. Hardy|Hardy]] and [[J. E. Littlewood|Littlewood]] began to look at Ramanujan's notebooks. Hardy had already received 120 theorems from Ramanujan in the first two letters, but there were many more results and theorems in the notebooks. Hardy saw that some were wrong, others had already been discovered, and the rest were new breakthroughs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardy |first=G. H. |title= Ramanujan|year= 1940 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge| page=10}}</ref> Ramanujan left a deep impression on Hardy and Littlewood. Littlewood commented, "I can believe that he's at least a [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi|Jacobi]]",<ref>Letter, Littlewood to Hardy, early March 1913.</ref> while Hardy said he "can compare him only with [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] or Jacobi."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardy |first=G. H. |title= Collected Papers of G. H. Hardy|year= 1979 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford, England| page=720|volume=7|no-pp=true}}</ref>

Ramanujan spent nearly five years in [[Cambridge]] collaborating with Hardy and Littlewood, and published part of his findings there. Hardy and Ramanujan had highly contrasting personalities. Their collaboration was a clash of different cultures, beliefs, and working styles. In the previous few decades, the [[foundations of mathematics]] had come into question and the need for [[mathematical rigor|mathematically rigorous]] proofs was recognised. Hardy was an atheist and an apostle of proof and mathematical rigour, whereas Ramanujan was a deeply religious man who relied very strongly on his intuition and insights. Hardy tried his best to fill the gaps in Ramanujan's education and to mentor him in the need for formal proofs to support his results, without hindering his inspiration—a conflict that neither found easy.

Ramanujan was awarded a ''Bachelor of Arts by Research'' degree<ref>The Cambridge University Reporter, of 18 March 1916, reports: ''Bachelors designate in Arts,'' Srinivasa Ramanujan ''(Research Student),'' Trin''.''

A clear photographic image of said document can be viewed on the following YouTube video at the specified timestamp:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhNGCn_3hmc&t=1636</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Maths PhD in the UK: Notes on its History|url=http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.economics.soton.ac.uk}}</ref> (the predecessor of the PhD degree) in March 1916 for his work on [[highly composite number]]s, sections of the first part of which had been published the preceding year in the ''[[Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society]].'' The paper was more than 50 pages long and proved various properties of such numbers. Hardy disliked this topic area but remarked that though it engaged with what he called the 'backwater of mathematics', in it Ramanujan displayed 'extraordinary mastery over the algebra of inequalities'.<ref>Jean-Louis Nicolas, Guy Robin (eds.), [http://math.univ-lyon1.fr/~nicolas/ramanujanNR.pdf ''Highly Composite Numbers by Srinivasa Ramanujan,''] The Ramanujan Journal 1997 1, 119–153, p.121</ref>

On 6 December 1917, Ramanujan was elected to the London Mathematical Society. On 2 May 1918, he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]],<ref name="FRS-Repository">{{cite web |last1=Embleton |first1=Ellen |title=Revisiting Ramanujan |url=https://blogs.royalsociety.org/history-of-science/2018/10/02/revisiting-ramanujan/ |website=The Royal Society |access-date=16 February 2020 |date=2 October 2018 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216230325/https://blogs.royalsociety.org/history-of-science/2018/10/02/revisiting-ramanujan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the second Indian admitted, after [[Ardaseer Cursetjee]] in 1841. At age 31, Ramanujan was one of the youngest Fellows in the Royal Society's history. He was elected "for his investigation in [[elliptic function]]s and the Theory of Numbers." On 13 October 1918, he was the first Indian to be elected a [[Trinity College, Cambridge#Notable fellows and alumni|Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|pages=299–300}}</ref>

==Illness and death==
Ramanujan had numerous health problems throughout his life. His health worsened in England; possibly he was also less resilient due to the difficulty of keeping to the strict dietary requirements of his religion there and because of [[Rationing in the United Kingdom#First World War 1914–1918|wartime rationing in 1914–1918]]. He was diagnosed with [[tuberculosis]] and a severe [[vitamin]] deficiency, and confined to a [[sanatorium]]. He attempted suicide in late 1917 or early 1918 by jumping on the tracks of a London underground station. [[Scotland Yard]] arrested him for attempting suicide (which was a crime), but released him after [[G. H. Hardy|Hardy]] intervened.<ref>S. Chandrasekhar, ''An Incident in the Life of S. Ramanujan F.R.S. Conversations with G.H. Hardy FRS & J.E. Littlewood FRS and their Sequel''. Papers deposited with the Royal Society (18/8/1977). Reprinted in Berndt, Bruce C., and Robert Alexander Rankin. ''Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys''. Providence: American Mathematical Society, 2001.</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 1919, Ramanujan returned to [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras Presidency]], where he died in 1920 aged 32. After his death, his brother Tirunarayanan compiled Ramanujan's remaining handwritten notes, consisting of formulae on singular moduli, hypergeometric series and continued fractions.<ref name="express" /> In his last days, though in severe pain, "he continued doing his mathematics filling sheet after sheet with numbers", Ramanujan's widow, Janaki Ammal, recounts.<ref>Ramaseshan, S. "Srinivasa Ramanujan." (1990). ''Current Science'', VOL. 59, NO. 24, 25 December 1990. Lecture delivered at the Ramanujan Centennial International Conference (15–18 December 1987) at Kumbakonam.</ref>

After Ramanujan's death, Janaki Ammal moved to [[Bombay]]. In 1931, she returned to Madras and settled in [[Triplicane]], where she supported herself on a pension from Madras University and income from tailoring. In 1950, she adopted a son, W. Narayanan, who eventually became an officer of the [[State Bank of India]] and raised a family. In her later years, she was granted a lifetime pension from Ramanujan's former employer, the Madras Port Trust, and pensions from, among others, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the state governments of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]]. She continued to cherish Ramanujan's memory, and was active in efforts to increase his public recognition; prominent mathematicians, including George Andrews, [[Bruce C. Berndt]] and [[Béla Bollobás]] made it a point to visit her while in India. She died at her Triplicane residence in 1994.<ref name="Janaki" /><ref name="express" />

A 1994 analysis of Ramanujan's medical records and symptoms by D. A. B. Young<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1994.0009 |author=Young, D. A. B. |year=1994 |title=Ramanujan's illness |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=107–119 |pmid=11615274 |s2cid=33416179}}</ref> concluded that his medical [[symptom]]s—including his past relapses, fevers, and hepatic conditions—were much closer to those of hepatic [[amoebiasis]], an illness then widespread in Madras, than of tuberculosis. He had two episodes of [[dysentery]] before he left India. When not properly treated, amoebic dysentery can lie dormant for years and lead to hepatic amoebiasis, whose diagnosis was not then well established.<ref name="lostnotebook">{{cite web|url=https://www.las.illinois.edu/alumni/magazine/articles/2006/lostnotebook/|title=Raiders of the Lost Notebook|access-date=11 January 2014|last=Peterson|first=Doug|publisher=[[UIUC College of Liberal Arts and Sciences]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112022743/https://www.las.illinois.edu/alumni/magazine/articles/2006/lostnotebook/|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> At the time, if properly diagnosed, amoebiasis was a treatable and often curable disease;<ref name="lostnotebook" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gunn, J. W. C. |author2=Savage, B. |year=1919|title=Report on the treatment of ''Entamoeba histolytica'' infections|journal=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps|volume=33|issue=5|pages=418–426 |doi=10.1136/jramc-33-05-09 |doi-access=free}}</ref> British soldiers who contracted it during the First World War were being successfully cured of amoebiasis around the time Ramanujan left England.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Langley |first1=George J. |jstor=20429465 |title=The Difficulties in Diagnosis And Treatment of Hepatic Abscess |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=2 |issue=3182 |pages=1073–1074 |date=24 December 1921 |pmid=20770524 |pmc=2339657 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3182.1073}}</ref>

==Personality and spiritual life==
{{Quote box
| quote = While asleep, I had an unusual experience. There was a red screen formed by flowing blood, as it were. I was observing it. Suddenly a hand began to write on the screen. I became all attention. That hand wrote a number of elliptic integrals. They stuck to my mind. As soon as I woke up, I committed them to writing.
| source = —Srinivasa Ramanujan<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baaquie |first1=Belal E. |last2=Willeboordse |first2=Frederick H. |title=Exploring Integrated Science |date=1 December 2009 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-8794-9 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSf1FFOTIYEC&pg=PA38 |language=en}}</ref>
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}

Ramanujan has been described as a person of a somewhat shy and quiet disposition, a dignified man with pleasant manners.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/pcm5.htm |title = Ramanujan's Personality |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045011/https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/pcm5.htm |archive-date = 27 September 2007 |df = dmy-all |access-date = 23 June 2018 }}</ref> He lived a simple life at Cambridge.<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|pages=234, 241}}</ref> Ramanujan's first Indian biographers describe him as a rigorously [[Hinduism|orthodox Hindu]]. He credited his acumen to his [[Kuladevata|family goddess]], [[Namagiri Thayar]] (Goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]]) of [[Namakkal]]. He looked to her for inspiration in his work<ref>{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=36}}</ref> and said he dreamed of blood drops that symbolised her consort, [[Narasimha]]. Later he had visions of scrolls of complex mathematical content unfolding before his eyes.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-281">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=281}}</ref> He often said, "An equation for me has no meaning unless it expresses a thought of God."<ref>{{Cite journal|title= Less Proof, More Truth |journal= New Scientist |issue=2614 |date= 28 July 2007 |page=49 | last =Chaitin | first = Gregory |doi= 10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61908-3 |url= https://philpapers.org/rec/CHALPM}}</ref>

Hardy cites Ramanujan as remarking that all religions seemed equally true to him.<ref name="Kanigel-1991-283">{{harvnb|Kanigel|1991|page=283}}</ref> Hardy further argued that Ramanujan's religious belief had been [[romanticism|romanticised]] by Westerners and overstated—in reference to his belief, not practice—by Indian biographers. At the same time, he remarked on Ramanujan's strict [[vegetarian]]ism.<ref name= "berndt">{{Harvnb|Berndt|Rankin|2001|p=47}}</ref>

Similarly, in an interview with [[Frontline (American TV program)|''Frontline'']], Berndt said, "Many people falsely promulgate mystical powers to Ramanujan's mathematical thinking. It is not true. He has meticulously recorded every result in his three notebooks," further speculating that Ramanujan worked out intermediate results on slate because he could not afford the paper to record them more permanently.<ref name= "frontline" />

Berndt reported that Janaki said in 1984 that Ramanujan spent so much of his time on mathematics that he did not go to the temple, that she and her mother often fed him because he had no time to eat, and that most of the religious stories attributed to him originated with others. However, his [[orthopraxy]] was not in doubt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |date=1989 |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211668 |journal=The American Scholar |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=234–244 |jstor=41211668 |issn=0003-0937}}</ref>

==Mathematical achievements==
In mathematics, there is a distinction between insight and formulating or working through a proof. Perhaps as an inheritance of Hardy's style of being magnificent at formulating ideas yet reluctant to do the tedious calculations, Ramanujan proposed an abundance of formulae that could be investigated later in depth, often without proofs. [[G. H. Hardy]] said that Ramanujan's discoveries are unusually rich and that there is often more to them than initially meets the eye. As a byproduct of his work, new directions of research were opened up. Examples of the most intriguing of these formulae include infinite [[Series (mathematics)|series]] for [[pi|{{pi}}]], one of which is given below:

:<math> \frac{1}{\pi} = \frac{2\sqrt 2}{9801} \sum^\infty_{k=0} \frac{(4k)!(1103+26390k)}{(k!)^4 396^{4k}}.</math>

This result is based on the negative [[fundamental discriminant]] <math> d = -4 \times 58 = -232 </math> with class number <math> h(d) = 2 </math>. Further, <math> 26390 = 5 \times 7 \times 13 \times 58 </math> and <math> 16 \times 9801 = 396^2 </math>, which is related to the fact that

:<math display="inline"> e^{\pi\sqrt{58}} = 396^4 - 104.000000177\dots. </math>

This might be compared to [[Heegner number]]s, which have [[Ideal class group|class number]] 1 and yield similar formulae.

Ramanujan's series for {{pi}} converges extraordinarily rapidly and forms the basis of some of the fastest algorithms used to calculate {{pi}}. Truncating the sum to the first term also gives the approximation <math> \frac{9801 \sqrt{2}}{4412} </math> for {{pi}}, which is correct to six decimal places; truncating it to the first two terms gives a value correct to 14 decimal places {{crossreference|(see also the more general [[Ramanujan–Sato series]])}}.

One of Ramanujan's remarkable capabilities was the rapid solution of problems, illustrated by the following anecdote about an incident in which [[Mahalanobis|P. C. Mahalanobis]] posed a problem:

{{blockquote|Imagine that you are on a street with houses marked 1 through {{mvar|n}}. There is a house in between ({{mvar|x}}) such that the sum of the house numbers to the left of it equals the sum of the house numbers to its right. If {{mvar|n}} is between 50 and 500, what are {{mvar|n}} and {{mvar|x}}?' This is a bivariate problem with multiple solutions. Ramanujan thought about it and gave the answer with a twist: He gave a [[continued fraction]]. The unusual part was that it was the solution to the whole class of problems. Mahalanobis was astounded and asked how he did it. 'It is simple. The minute I heard the problem, I knew that the answer was a continued fraction. Which continued fraction, I asked myself. Then the answer came to my mind', Ramanujan replied."<ref>{{Harvnb|Ranganathan|1967|p=82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Statistics and truth: putting chance to work|year=1997|publisher=World Scientific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqWd4oe3iwIC&q=%22Which+continued+fraction%22&pg=PA185|author=Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao|access-date=7 June 2010|page=185|isbn=978-981-02-3111-8}}</ref>}}

His intuition also led him to derive some previously unknown [[identity (mathematics)|identities]], such as

: <math>
\begin{align}
& \left ( 1+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\cos(n\theta)}{\cosh(n\pi)} \right )^{-2} + \left (1+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\cosh(n\theta)}{\cosh(n\pi)} \right )^{-2} \\[6pt]
= {} & \frac {2 \Gamma^4 \bigl( \frac34 \bigr)} \pi = \frac{8\pi^3}{\Gamma^4 \bigl( \frac14 \bigr)}
\end{align}
</math>

for all <math> \theta </math> such that <math>|\Re (\theta)|<\pi</math> and <math>|\Im (\theta)|<\pi</math>, where {{math|Γ(''z'')}} is the [[gamma function]], and related to a special value of the [[Dedekind eta function#Special values|Dedekind eta function]]. Expanding into series of powers and equating coefficients of <math> \theta^0 </math>, <math> \theta^4 </math>, and <math> \theta^8 </math> gives some deep identities for the [[hyperbolic secant]].

In 1918, Hardy and Ramanujan studied the [[Partition function (number theory)|partition function]] {{math|''P''(''n'')}} extensively. They gave a non-convergent asymptotic series that permits exact computation of the number of partitions of an integer. In 1937, [[Hans Rademacher]] refined their formula to find an exact convergent series solution to this problem. Ramanujan and Hardy's work in this area gave rise to a powerful new method for finding asymptotic formulae called the [[Hardy–Littlewood circle method|circle method]].<ref>{{cite conference
| last = Iwaniec | first = Henryk | author-link = Henryk Iwaniec
| contribution = The circle method and the Fourier coefficients of modular forms
| mr = 1441326
| pages = 47–55
| publisher = Tata Inst. Fund. Res., Bombay
| series = Tata Inst. Fund. Res. Stud. Math.
| title = Number theory and related topics (Bombay, 1988)
| volume = 12
| year = 1989}}</ref>

In the last year of his life, Ramanujan discovered [[mock theta function]]s.<ref name="Fox">{{cite news | url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/100-year-old-deathbed-dreams-of-mathematician-proved-true/ | work=Fox News | title=100-Year-Old Deathbed Dreams of Mathematician Proved True | date=28 December 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107003536/https://www.foxnews.com/science/2012/12/28/mathematician-century-old-secrets-unlocked/ | archive-date=7 January 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> For many years, these functions were a mystery, but they have become known as the holomorphic parts of harmonic weak [[Maass forms]].

===The Ramanujan conjecture===
{{Main|Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture}}

Although there are numerous statements that could have borne the name ''Ramanujan conjecture,'' one was highly influential in later work. In particular, the connection of this conjecture with conjectures of [[André Weil]] in algebraic geometry opened up new areas of research. That [[Ramanujan conjecture]] is an assertion on the size of the [[Ramanujan tau function|tau-function]], which has a generating function as the discriminant modular form Δ(''q''), a typical [[cusp form]] in the theory of [[modular forms]]. It was finally proven in 1973, as a consequence of [[Pierre Deligne]]'s proof of the [[Weil conjectures]]. The reduction step involved is complicated. Deligne won a [[Fields Medal]] in 1978 for that work.<ref name=ono/><ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 9, 2019|last=Winnie|first=Wen-Ching|title=The Ramanujan conjecture and its applications|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=378 |issue=2163 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2018.0441 |pmid=31813366 |pmc=6939229 }}</ref>

In his paper "On certain arithmetical functions", Ramanujan defined the so-called delta-function, whose coefficients are called {{math|''τ''(''n'')}} (the [[Ramanujan tau function]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last= Ramanujan |first= Srinivasa |title= On certain arithmetical functions |journal= Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=XXII |number= 9 |year= 1916 |url= https://ramanujan.sirinudi.org/Volumes/published/ram18.pdf |access-date= 15 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160611175341/https://ramanujan.sirinudi.org/Volumes/published/ram18.pdf |archive-date= 11 June 2016 |df= dmy-all }} The tau function is discussed in pages 194–197.</ref> He proved many congruences for these numbers, such as {{math|''τ''(''p'') ≡ 1 + ''p''11 mod 691}} for primes {{mvar|p}}. This congruence (and others like it that Ramanujan proved) inspired [[Jean-Pierre Serre]] (1954 Fields Medalist) to conjecture that there is a theory of [[Galois module|Galois representations]] that "explains" these congruences and more generally all modular forms. {{math|Δ(''z'')}} is the first example of a modular form to be studied in this way. Deligne (in his Fields Medal-winning work) proved Serre's conjecture. The proof of [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] proceeds by first reinterpreting [[elliptic curve]]s and modular forms in terms of these Galois representations. Without this theory, there would be no proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Ono |first1= Ken |author-link1= Ken Ono |last2= Aczel|first2= Amir D. |author-link2= Amir Aczel |title= My Search for Ramanujan: How I Learned to Count |date= 13 April 2016 |publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= 236–237 |isbn= 978-3319255668 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JZkFDAAAQBAJ&q=%22ideas+that+were+critical+to+the+proof+of+Fermat%27s+last+theorem%22&pg=PA236 |quote= ideas that were critical to the proof of Fermat's last theorem}}</ref>

===Ramanujan's notebooks===
{{Further|Ramanujan's lost notebook}}

While still in Madras, Ramanujan recorded the bulk of his results in four notebooks of [[loose leaf|looseleaf]] paper. They were mostly written up without any derivations. This is probably the origin of the misapprehension that Ramanujan was unable to prove his results and simply thought up the final result directly. Mathematician [[Bruce C. Berndt]], in his review of these notebooks and Ramanujan's work, says that Ramanujan most certainly was able to prove most of his results, but chose not to record the proofs in his notes.

This may have been for any number of reasons. Since paper was very expensive, Ramanujan did most of his work and perhaps his proofs on [[slate (writing)|slate]], after which he transferred the final results to paper. At the time, slates were commonly used by mathematics students in the [[Madras Presidency]]. He was also quite likely to have been influenced by the style of [[G. S. Carr]]'s book, which stated results without proofs. It is also possible that Ramanujan considered his work to be for his personal interest alone and therefore recorded only the results.<ref name="Bruce Berndt on Ramanujan">{{Cite book|isbn = 978-0387949413 |title = Ramanujans Notebooks|last1 = Berndt|first1 = Bruce C.|date = 12 December 1997| publisher=Springer }}</ref>

The first notebook has 351 pages with 16 somewhat organised chapters and some unorganised material. The second has 256 pages in 21 chapters and 100 unorganised pages, and the third 33 unorganised pages. The results in his notebooks inspired numerous papers by later mathematicians trying to prove what he had found. Hardy himself wrote papers exploring material from Ramanujan's work, as did [[G. N. Watson]], [[Bertram Martin Wilson|B. M. Wilson]], and Bruce Berndt.<ref name="Bruce Berndt on Ramanujan"/>

In 1976, [[George Andrews (mathematician)|George Andrews]] rediscovered a fourth notebook with 87 unorganised pages, the so-called [[Ramanujan's lost notebook|"lost notebook"]].<ref name="lostnotebook"/>

==Hardy–Ramanujan number 1729==
{{Main|1729 (number)}}
The number 1729 is known as the Hardy–Ramanujan number after a famous visit by Hardy to see Ramanujan at a hospital. In Hardy's words:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Quotations/Hardy.html |title=Quotations by Hardy |publisher=Gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk |access-date=20 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185939/https://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Quotations/Hardy.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 }}</ref>

<blockquote>I remember once going to see him when he was ill at [[Putney]]. I had ridden in taxi cab number 1729 and remarked that the number seemed to me rather a [[Interesting number paradox|dull one]], and that I hoped it was not an unfavorable omen. "No", he replied, "it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the [[sum of two cubes]] in two different ways."</blockquote>

Immediately before this anecdote, Hardy quoted Littlewood as saying, "Every positive integer was one of [Ramanujan's] personal friends."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.numbertheory.org/obituaries/LMS/ramanujan/page18.html |title=Obituary Notices: Srinivasa Ramanujan |last=Hardy |first=G. H. |journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society |volume=19 |page=lvii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005434/https://www.numbertheory.org/obituaries/LMS/ramanujan/page18.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

The two different ways are:

:<math>1729=1^3+12^3=9^3+10^3.</math>

Generalisations of this idea have created the notion of "[[taxicab number]]s".

==Mathematicians' views of Ramanujan==
{{Quote box
| quote = "Of course, we're always hoping. That's one reason I always read letters that come in from obscure places and are written in an illegible scrawl. I always hope it might be from another Ramanujan."

| source = —[[Freeman Dyson]] on how another such genius might appear anywhere<ref name="Ross 2017 u486">{{cite web | last=Ross | first=Greg | title=Podcast Episode 140: Ramanujan | website=Futility Closet | date=2017-02-06 | url=https://www.futilitycloset.com/2017/02/06/podcast-episode-140-ramanujan/ | access-date=2023-12-24}}</ref>
| width = 30%
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In his obituary of Ramanujan, written for ''Nature'' in 1920, Hardy observed that Ramanujan's work primarily involved fields less known even among other pure mathematicians, concluding:
{{blockquote|His insight into formulae was quite amazing, and altogether beyond anything I have met with in any European mathematician. It is perhaps useless to speculate as to his history had he been introduced to modern ideas and methods at sixteen instead of at twenty-six. It is not extravagant to suppose that he might have become the greatest mathematician of his time. What he actually did is wonderful enough… when the researches which his work has suggested have been completed, it will probably seem a good deal more wonderful than it does to-day.<ref name="Hardy1920"/>}}

Hardy further said:<ref>{{Cite book |title=The world of mathematics|date=2000|publisher=Dover Publications|editor=James R. Newman|isbn=978-0-486-41153-8|location=Mineola, NY |pages=373–4|oclc=43555029}}</ref>

{{blockquote|He combined a power of generalisation, a feeling for form, and a capacity for rapid modification of his hypotheses, that were often really startling, and made him, in his own peculiar field, without a rival in his day. The limitations of his knowledge were as startling as its profundity. Here was a man who could work out [[modular equation]]s and theorems... to orders unheard of, whose mastery of continued fractions was... beyond that of any mathematician in the world, who had found for himself the functional equation of the [[Riemann zeta function|zeta function]] and the dominant terms of many of the most famous problems in the analytic theory of numbers; and yet he had never heard of a [[doubly periodic function]] or of [[Cauchy's integral theorem|Cauchy's theorem]], and had indeed but the vaguest idea of what a function of a [[complex variable]] was..."}}

As an example, Hardy commented on 15 theorems in the first letter. Of those, the first 13 are correct and insightful, the 14th is incorrect but insightful, and the 15th is correct but misleading.

(14): The coefficient of <math>x^n</math> in <math>\left(1-2 x+2 x^4-2 x^9+\cdots\right)^{-1}</math> is the integer nearest to<math display="block">
\frac{1}{4 n}\left(\cosh (\pi \sqrt{n})-\frac{\sinh (\pi \sqrt{ n})}{\pi \sqrt{n}}\right) .
</math>This "was one of the most fruitful he ever made, since it ended by leading us to all our joint work on partitions".<ref name=":0" />

When asked about the methods Ramanujan used to arrive at his solutions, Hardy said they were "arrived at by a process of mingled argument, intuition, and induction, of which he was entirely unable to give any coherent account."<ref name="cola1">[https://www.usna.edu/Users/math/meh/ramanujan.html Srinivasa Ramanujan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050325041218/https://www.usna.edu/Users/math/meh/ramanujan.html |date=25 March 2005 }}. Retrieved 2 December 2010.</ref> He also said that he had "never met his equal, and can compare him only with Euler or Jacobi".<ref name="cola1" /> Hardy thought Ramanujan worked in a 19th-century style, where arriving at correct formulas was more important than systematic formal theories. Hardy thought his achievements were greatest in algebra, especially hypergeometric series and continued fractions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hardy |first=G. H. |date=March 1937 |title=The Indian Mathematician Ramanujan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00029890.1937.11987940 |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=137–155 |doi=10.1080/00029890.1937.11987940 |issn=0002-9890|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{blockquote|It is possible that the great days of formulas are finished, and that Ramanujan ought to have been born 100 years ago; but he was by far the greatest formalist of his time. There have been a good many more important, and I suppose one must say greater, mathematicians than Ramanujan during the last 50 years, but not one who could stand up to him on his own ground. Playing the game of which he knew the rules, he could give any mathematician in the world fifteen.<ref name=":0" />}}

He discovered fewer new things in analysis, possibly because he lacked the formal education and did not find books to learn it from, but rediscovered many results, including the [[prime number theorem]]. In analysis, he worked on the elliptic functions and the analytic theory of numbers. In [[analytic number theory]], he was as imaginative as usual, but much of what he imagined was wrong. Hardy blamed this on the inherent difficulty of analytic number theory, where imagination had led many great mathematicians astray. In analytic number theory, rigorous proof is more important than imagination, the opposite of Ramanujan's style. His "one great failure" is that he knew "nothing at all about the theory of [[analytic function]]s".<ref name=":0" />

Littlewood reportedly said that helping Ramanujan catch up with European mathematics beyond what was available in India was very difficult because each new point mentioned to Ramanujan caused him to produce original ideas that prevented Littlewood from continuing the lesson.<ref name="alyangar1995">{{Cite book |last=Alyangar |first=Srinivasa Ramanujan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of5G0r6DQiEC&pg=PA51 |title=Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary |publisher=American Mathematical Society |year=1995 |isbn=0821891251 |editor-last=Berndt |editor-first=Bruce C. |series=History of Mathematics |volume=9 |page=51 |access-date=2023-02-22 |editor-last2=Rankin |editor-first2=Robert Alexander}}</ref>

K. Srinivasa Rao has said,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan.html| author=Rao, K Srinivasa| title=Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920)| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416085328/https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan.html| archive-date=16 April 2012| df=dmy-all| access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> "As for his place in the world of Mathematics, we quote Bruce C. Berndt: '[[Paul Erdős]] has passed on to us Hardy's personal ratings of mathematicians. Suppose that we rate mathematicians on the basis of pure talent on a scale from 0 to 100. Hardy gave himself a score of 25, J. E. Littlewood 30, [[David Hilbert]] 80 and Ramanujan 100.{{'"}} During a May 2011 lecture at [[IIT Madras]], Berndt said that over the last 40 years, as nearly all of Ramanujan's conjectures had been proven, there had been greater appreciation of Ramanujan's work and brilliance, and that Ramanujan's work was pervading many areas of modern mathematics and physics.<ref name="Fox"/><ref>{{cite web|via=YouTube|title=Bruce Berndt on "Ramanujan's Lost Notebook", IIT Madras, 24th May 2011|date=30 May 2011 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uCAuwOQoxA |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151206114320/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uCAuwOQoxA |archive-date=6 December 2015}}</ref>

==Posthumous recognition==
{{further|List of things named after Srinivasa Ramanujan}}
[[File:Srinivasa Ramanujam bust BITM.JPG|thumb|upright|Bust of Ramanujan in the garden of [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]] in [[Kolkata]], India]]
The year after his death, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' listed Ramanujan among other distinguished scientists and mathematicians on a "Calendar of Scientific Pioneers" who had achieved eminence.<ref>{{Cite journal | title =Calendar of Scientific Pioneers | journal =[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]| volume =107 | issue =2686| pages =252–254 | date =21 April 1921 | bibcode =1921Natur.107..252.| doi =10.1038/107252b0| doi-access =free}}</ref> Ramanujan's home state of [[Tamil Nadu]] celebrates 22 December (Ramanujan's birthday) as 'State IT Day'. Stamps picturing Ramanujan were issued by the [[government of India]] in 1962, 2011, 2012 and 2016.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Srinivasa_Ramanujan_on_stamps Srinivasa Ramanujan on stamps]. commons.wikimedia.org</ref>

Since Ramanujan's centennial year, his birthday, 22 December, has been annually celebrated as Ramanujan Day by the [[Government Arts College, Kumbakonam]], where he studied, and at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] in [[Chennai]]. The [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP) has created a prize in Ramanujan's name for young mathematicians from developing countries in cooperation with the [[International Mathematical Union]], which nominates members of the prize committee. [[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy|SASTRA University]], a private university based in [[Tamil Nadu]], has instituted the [[SASTRA Ramanujan Prize]] of [[US$]]10,000 to be given annually to a mathematician not exceeding age 32 for outstanding contributions in an area of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan.<ref name=src/>

Based on the recommendations of a committee appointed by the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, the Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, established by SASTRA, has been declared an off-campus centre under the ambit of SASTRA University. House of Ramanujan Mathematics, a museum of Ramanujan's life and work, is also on this campus. SASTRA purchased and renovated the house where Ramanujan lived at Kumabakonam.<ref name=src>{{cite web|url=https://src.sastra.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=234&Itemid=345|title=Sastra University – Srinivasa Ramanujan Center – About Us|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615164913/https://src.sastra.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=234&Itemid=345|archive-date=15 June 2017|access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref>

In 2011, on the 125th anniversary of his birth, the Indian government declared that 22 December will be celebrated every year as ''National Mathematics Day''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/singhs-visit-first-to-the-state-after-the-congressdmk/942941.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715010820/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/singhs-visit-first-to-the-state-after-the-congressdmk/942941.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2012|title=Singh's first visit to the state|work=CNN IBN|location=India|access-date=12 April 2016|date=26 December 2011}}</ref> Then Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] also declared that 2012 would be celebrated as [[National Mathematics Year]] and 22 December as [[National Mathematics Day (India)|National Mathematics Day]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gauravtiwari.org/2011/12/28/2012/|title=Welcome 2012 – The National Mathematical Year in India|location=India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206214920/https://gauravtiwari.org/2011/12/28/2012/|archive-date=6 December 2017|date=28 December 2011|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>

[[Ramanujan IT City]] is an information technology (IT) [[special economic zone]] (SEZ) in [[Chennai]] that was built in 2011. Situated next to the [[TIDEL Park|Tidel Park]], it includes {{convert|25|acre}} with two zones, with a total area of {{convert|5.7|e6sqft|sqm}}, including {{convert|4.5|e6sqft|sqm}} of office space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/chennai/perungudi/ramanujan-it-city-hardy-tower-ind-p-000f4f|title=Ramanujan IT City - Hardy Tower|website=JLL Property India}}</ref>

==Commemorative postal stamps==
Commemorative stamps released by [[India Post]] (by year):
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header =

| image1 = Srinivasa Ramanujan 1962 stamp of India.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = 1962

| image2 =Srinivasa Ramanujan 2011 stamp of India.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = 2011

| image3 =Srinivasa Ramanujan 2012 stamp of India.jpg
| width3 = 270
| alt3 =
| caption3 = 2012

| image4 =Srinivasa Ramanujan 2016 stamp of India.jpg
| width4 = 150
| alt4 =
| caption4 = 2016

}}

==In popular culture==
* ''The Man Who Loved Numbers'' is a 1988 PBS NOVA documentary about Ramanujan (S15, E9).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1447049/ |title=The Man Who Loved Numbers |date=22 March 1988 |website=IMDB |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity]]'' is a 2015 film based on [[Robert Kanigel|Kanigel's]] [[The Man Who Knew Infinity (book)|book of the same name]]. British actor [[Dev Patel]] portrays Ramanujan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cannes: Dev Patel to Star as Famed Indian Mathematician |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-dev-patel-star-as-524307 |publisher=hollywoodreporter.com |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109091247/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-dev-patel-star-as-524307 |archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Jeremy Irons to Co-star in 'The Man Who Knew Infinity' |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/jeremy-irons-to-co-star-in-the-man-who-knew-infinity-1200921417/ |magazine=variety.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012150848/https://variety.com/2013/film/news/jeremy-irons-to-co-star-in-the-man-who-knew-infinity-1200921417/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |author=Barraclough, Leo |date=5 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Dev Patel's 'The Man Who Knew Infinity' Moves to Production After 8 Years in Development |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/dev-patels-the-man-who-knew-infinity-moves-to-production-after-8-years-in-development-1201262436/ |magazine=variety.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704075230/https://variety.com/2014/film/news/dev-patels-the-man-who-knew-infinity-moves-to-production-after-8-years-in-development-1201262436/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |author=McNary, Dave |date=15 July 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'', an Indo-British collaboration film chronicling Ramanujan's life, was released in 2014 by the independent film company [[Ramanujan (film)#Camphor Cinema|Camphor Cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/ramanujan-makers-shoot-in-his-house-87409.html |title='Ramanujan' Makers Shoot in His House |work=India Times |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711135855/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/ramanujan-makers-shoot-in-his-house-87409.html |archive-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The cast and crew include director [[Gnana Rajasekaran]], cinematographer [[Sunny Joseph]] and editor [[B. Lenin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/camphor-cinema-presents-their-first-film-ramanujan/ |title=Camphor Cinema Presents Their First Film Ramanujan |publisher=Select Publishing Company |work=Box Office India |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820212249/https://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/camphor-cinema-presents-their-first-film-ramanujan/ |archive-date=20 August 2013 |date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/makers-of-ramanujan-shoot-in-genius-house_138461.htm |title=Makers of 'Ramanujan' shoot in genius' house |publisher=Zee Media Corporation Ltd |work=Z News |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708015845/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/makers-of-ramanujan-shoot-in-genius-house_138461.htm |archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> Indian and English stars [[Abhinay Vaddi]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], Kevin McGowan and [[Michael Lieber]] star in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/travails-of-a-genius/article4857108.ece |title=Travails of a genius |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=27 June 2013 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701114803/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/travails-of-a-genius/article4857108.ece |archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref>
* Nandan Kudhyadi directed the Indian documentary films ''The Genius of Srinivasa Ramanujan'' (2013) and ''Srinivasa Ramanujan: The Mathematician and His Legacy'' (2016) about the mathematician.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune-based filmmaker wins 3 awards at National Science Film festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-based-filmmaker-wins-3-awards-at-national-science-film-festival-4545771/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=27 February 2017}}</ref>
* ''Ramanujan (The Man Who Reshaped 20th Century Mathematics)'', an Indian docudrama film directed by Akashdeep released in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramanujan (The Man who reshaped 20th Century Mathematics) (2018) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CGOD/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* M. N. Krish's thriller novel ''The Steradian Trail'' weaves Ramanujan and his accidental discovery into its plot connecting religion, mathematics, finance and economics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Racy read |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/racy-read/article6667634.ece |date=7 December 2014 |access-date=30 April 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |last1=Basu |first1=Kankana}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Crime in a World of High Science |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Crime-in-a-World-of-High-Science/2014/09/16/article2432584.ece |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415210040/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Crime-in-a-World-of-High-Science/2014/09/16/article2432584.ece |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>
* ''Partition'', a play by Ira Hauptman about Hardy and Ramanujan, was first performed in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ribet, Kenneth A. |date=December 2003 |journal=Notices of the AMS |pages=1407–1408 |volume=50 |issue=1 |url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200311/rev-ribet.pdf |title=Theater Review. Partition |access-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006222734/https://www.ams.org/notices/200311/rev-ribet.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2003/legit/reviews/partition-1200541626/ |title=Review: 'Partition' |first=Dennis |last=Harvey |date=18 May 2003 |access-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006224120/https://variety.com/2003/legit/reviews/partition-1200541626/ |archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/05/26/stories/2003052604331200.htm |title=Partitions – a play on Ramanujan |date=26 May 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720071318/https://www.thehindu.com/2003/05/26/stories/2003052604331200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=20 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-ode-to-a-genius/article6708231.ece |title=An ode to a genius |first=SRAVASTI |last=DATTA |access-date=23 March 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
* The play ''First Class Man'' by Alter Ego Productions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alteregoproductions.org/blog/2006/06/alteregos_new_theater_season_b.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629012019/https://www.alteregoproductions.org/blog/2006/06/alteregos_new_theater_season_b.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 June 2007 |title=First Class Man |publisher=Alteregoproductions.org |access-date=20 November 2012 }}</ref> was based on David Freeman's ''First Class Man''. The play centres around Ramanujan and his complex and dysfunctional relationship with Hardy. On 16 October 2011 it was announced that [[Roger Spottiswoode]], best known for his [[James Bond film]] ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'', is working on the film version, starring [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2541084.ece |title=News / National: James Bond director to make film on Ramanujan |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=18 October 2011 |date=16 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017180258/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2541084.ece |archive-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>
* ''[[A Disappearing Number]]'' is a British stage production by the company [[Complicite]] that explores the relationship between Hardy and Ramanujan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128513493 |title='Disappearing Number': A Vivid Theatrical Equation |last=Lunden |first=Jeff |date=15 July 2010 |work=Morning Edition |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=24 April 2018 }}</ref>
* [[David Leavitt]]'s novel ''[[The Indian Clerk]]'' explores the events following Ramanujan's letter to Hardy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/books/review/Freudenberger-t.html |title=Lust for Numbers |author=Freudenberger, Nell |work=The New York Times |date=16 September 2007 |access-date=4 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110114721/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/books/review/Freudenberger-t.html |archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adding up to a life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/26/fiction |author=Taylor, D. J. |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=26 January 2008 |access-date=4 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140353/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/26/fiction1|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Google]] honoured Ramanujan on his 125th birth anniversary by replacing its logo with a [[Google Doodles|doodle]] on its home page.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google doodles for Ramanujan's 125th birthday |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/internet/Google-doodles-for-Ramanujans-125th-birthday/articleshow/17716898.cms |access-date=22 December 2012 |newspaper=Times of India |date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222073142/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/internet/Google-doodles-for-Ramanujans-125th-birthday/articleshow/17716898.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/srinivasa-ramanujans-125th-birthday/ |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan's 125th Birthday |website=www.google.com |access-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510194306/https://www.google.com/doodles/srinivasa-ramanujans-125th-birthday |archive-date=10 May 2016}}</ref>
* Ramanujan was mentioned in the 1997 film ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'', in a scene where professor Gerald Lambeau ([[Stellan Skarsgård]]) explains to Sean Maguire ([[Robin Williams]]) the genius of Will Hunting ([[Matt Damon]]) by comparing him to Ramanujan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/psychology-masala/201802/legendary-creative-math-genius-srinivasa-ramanujan |title=A Legendary Creative Math Genius: Srinivasa Ramanujan |last=Kumar |first=V. Krishna |date=2 February 2018 |website=Psychology Today |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>
* In the television series [[Numbers (TV series)|Numbers]], the character [[Amita Ramanujan]] ([[Navi Rawat]]) was named after Srinivasa.

==Selected papers==

{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}

*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1914|title=Some definite integrals|journal=Messenger Math.|volume=44 |pages=10–18|url=https://archive.org/details/messengerofmathe44cambuoft/page/10/mode/2up|doi=|s2cid=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1914|title=Some definite integrals connected with Gauss's sums|journal=Messenger Math.|volume=44 |pages=75–85|url=https://archive.org/details/messengerofmathe44cambuoft/page/10/mode/2up}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1915|title=On certain infinite series|journal=Messenger Math.|volume=45|pages=11–15|url=https://archive.org/details/messengerofmathe45cambuoft/page/10/mode/2up|doi=|s2cid=}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Ramanujan|first1=S.|author-link1=|year=1915|title=Highly Composite Numbers|journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society |volume=14|issue=1|pages =347–409|doi=10.1112/plms/s2_14.1.347|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1433496 |doi-access=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1915|title=On the number of divisors of a number|journal=The Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society |volume=7|issue=4 |pages=131–133|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.504289/page/131/mode/2up|doi=|s2cid=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1915|title=Short Note: On the sum of the square roots of the first ''n'' natural numbers|journal=The Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society |volume=7|issue=5 |pages=173–175|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.504289/page/173/mode/2up|doi=|s2cid=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1916|title=Some formulae in the analytical theory of numbers|journal=Messenger Math.|volume=45|pages=81–84|url=https://archive.org/details/messengerofmathe45cambuoft/page/80/mode/2up|doi=|s2cid=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1916|title=A Series for Euler's Constant γ|journal=Messenger Math.|volume=46|pages=73–80|url=https://archive.org/details/messengerofmathe46cambuoft/page/72/mode/2up|doi=|s2cid=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1917|title=On the expression of numbers in the form {{math|1=ax2 + by2 + cz2 + du2}}|journal=[[Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society]] |volume=19|pages=11–21|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofcam1920191721camb/page/n23/mode/2up|doi=|s2cid=}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Hardy|first1=G. H.|author-link1=|last2=Ramanujan|first2=S.|author-link2=|year=1917|title=Asymptotic Formulae for the Distribution of Integers of Various Types|journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society |volume=16|issue=1|pages=112–132|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-16.1.112|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1553638 |doi-access=}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Hardy|first1=G. H. |author-link1=G. H. Hardy|last2=Ramanujan|first2=Srinivasa |year=1918|title=Asymptotic Formulae in Combinatory Analysis|journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society |volume=17|issue=1|pages=75–115|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-17.1.75 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1560148 }}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Hardy|first1=G. H. |last2=Ramanujan|first2=Srinivasa |year=1918|title=On the coefficients in the expansions of certain modular functions|journal=Proc. R. Soc. A |volume=95|issue=667|pages=144–155|doi=10.1098/rspa.1918.0056|bibcode=1918RSPSA..95..144H |doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=Srinivasa |year=1919 |title=Some definite integrals|journal=The Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society |volume=11|issue=2 |pages=81–88|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.509608/page/n89/mode/2up }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1919|title=A proof of Bertrand's postulate|journal=The Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society |volume=11|issue=5 |pages=181–183|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.509608/page/n195/mode/2up }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1920|title=A class of definite integrals|journal=Quart. J. Pure. Appl. Math. |volume=48|issue= |pages=294–309|hdl=2027/uc1.$b417568?urlappend=%3Bseq=306 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b417568?urlappend=%3Bseq=306%3Bownerid=9007199275659670-310 }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ramanujan|first=S. |year=1921|title=Congruence properties of partitions|journal=Math. Z. |volume=9|issue= 1–2|pages=147–153|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1447425|doi=10.1007/BF01378341|s2cid=121753215}} Posthumously published extract of a longer, unpublished manuscript.

{{colend}}

==Further works of Ramanujan's mathematics==
* [[George E. Andrews]] and [[Bruce C. Berndt]], ''Ramanujan's Lost Notebook: Part I'' (Springer, 2005, {{ISBN|0-387-25529-X}})<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bressoud, David|author-link=David Bressoud|title=Review: ''Ramanujan's Lost Notebook, Part I'', by George Andrews and Bruce C. Berndt|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]] |series=New Series|year=2006|volume=43|issue=4|pages=585–591|url=http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2006-43-04/S0273-0979-06-01110-4/S0273-0979-06-01110-4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623055212/http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2006-43-04/S0273-0979-06-01110-4/S0273-0979-06-01110-4.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=live|doi=10.1090/s0273-0979-06-01110-4|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* George E. Andrews and Bruce C. Berndt, ''Ramanujan's Lost Notebook: Part II'', (Springer, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-387-77765-8}})
* George E. Andrews and Bruce C. Berndt, ''Ramanujan's Lost Notebook: Part III'', (Springer, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-4614-3809-0}})
* George E. Andrews and Bruce C. Berndt, ''Ramanujan's Lost Notebook: Part IV'', (Springer, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-4614-4080-2}})
* George E. Andrews and Bruce C. Berndt, ''Ramanujan's Lost Notebook: Part V'', (Springer, 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-319-77832-7}})
* M. P. Chaudhary, ''A simple solution of some integrals given by Srinivasa Ramanujan,'' (Resonance: J. Sci. Education – publication of Indian Academy of Science, 2008)<ref>{{cite journal|title=A simple solution of some integrals given by Srinivasa Ramanujan |journal=Resonance|volume=13|issue=9|pages=882–884|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/issues/reso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000719/http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/issues/reso.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* M.P. Chaudhary, ''Mock theta functions to mock theta conjectures,'' SCIENTIA, Series A: Math. Sci., (22)(2012) 33–46.
* M.P. Chaudhary, ''On modular relations for the Roger-Ramanujan type identities,'' Pacific J. Appl. Math., 7(3)(2016) 177–184.

==Selected publications on Ramanujan and his work==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |editor-last1=Butzer |editor-first1=P. L. |editor-last2=Oberschelp |editor-first2=W. |editor-last3=Jongen |editor-first3=H. Th. |year=1998 |title=Charlemagne and His Heritage: 1200 Years of Civilization and Science in Europe |publisher=Brepols Verlag |location=Turnhout, Belgium |pages=119–146 |isbn=978-2-503-50673-9 |url=https://www.math.uiuc.edu/~berndt/articles/aachen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040909045617/http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~berndt/articles/aachen.pdf |archive-date=2004-09-09 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Berndt |first1=Bruce C. |last2=Rankin |first2=Robert A. |year=1995 |title=Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary |volume=9 |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] |location=Providence, Rhode Island |isbn=978-0-8218-0287-8 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Berndt |first1=Bruce C. |first2=Robert A. |last2=Rankin |author2-link=Robert Alexander Rankin |title=Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys |volume=22 |location=Providence, Rhode Island |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8218-2624-9 |author-link=Bruce C. Berndt |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405145958 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |year=2006 |title=Number Theory in the Spirit of Ramanujan |volume=9 |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] |location=Providence, Rhode Island |isbn=978-0-8218-4178-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |year=1985 |title=Ramanujan's Notebooks: Part I |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-96110-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |year=1999 |title=Ramanujan's Notebooks: Part II |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-96794-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |year=2004 |title=Ramanujan's Notebooks: Part III |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-97503-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ramanujansnotebo0000rama }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |year=1993 |title=Ramanujan's Notebooks: Part IV |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-94109-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |year=2005 |title=Ramanujan's Notebooks: Part V |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-94941-3 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hardy|first=G. H.|date=March 1937|title=The Indian Mathematician Ramanujan|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=44|issue=3|pages=137–155|jstor=2301659|doi=10.2307/2301659}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=G. H. |year=1978 |title=Ramanujan |publisher=Chelsea Pub. Co. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8284-0136-4 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=G. H. |year=1999 |title=Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work |publisher=American Mathematical Society |location=Providence, Rhode Island |isbn=978-0-8218-2023-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=Harry |year=1995 |title=Modern Mathematicians |publisher=Facts on File Inc. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-3235-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/modernmathematic00hend }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kanigel |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Kanigel|year=1991 |title=[[The Man Who Knew Infinity: a Life of the Genius Ramanujan]] |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-684-19259-8 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Leavitt |first=David |author-link=David Leavitt |year=2007 |title=The Indian Clerk |edition=paperback |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-0-7475-9370-6 |title-link=The Indian Clerk }}
* {{Cite book |last=Narlikar |first=Jayant V. |author-link=Jayant V. Narlikar |year=2003 |title=Scientific Edge: the Indian Scientist From Vedic to Modern Times |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-0-14-303028-7 }}
* {{cite book|last1= Ono |first1= Ken |author-link1= Ken Ono |last2= Aczel|first2= Amir D. |author-link2= Amir Aczel |title= My Search for Ramanujan: How I Learned to Count |date= 13 April 2016 |publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn= 978-3319255668}}
* {{Cite report |last=Sankaran |first=T. M. |year=2005 |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan- Ganitha lokathile Mahaprathibha |publisher=[[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] |location=Kochi, India |language=ml }}
{{refend}}

==Selected publications on works of Ramanujan==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|title=Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan |author-first1=Srinivasa |author-last1=Ramanujan |author-first2=G. H. |author-last2=Hardy |author-first3=P. V. |author-last3=Seshu Aiyar |author-first4=B. M. |author-last4=Wilson |author-link4=Bertram Martin Wilson |author-first5=Bruce C. |author-last5=Berndt |publisher=AMS |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8218-2076-6}}
:This book was originally published in 1927<ref>{{cite journal|title=''Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan'' edited by G. H. Hardy, P. V. Seshu Aiyar and B. M. Wilson |author=Bell, E. T.|author-link=Eric Temple Bell|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society |volume=34|issue=6|year=1928|pages=783–784|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1928-04651-7|doi-access=free}}</ref> after Ramanujan's death. It contains the 37 papers published in professional journals by Ramanujan during his lifetime. The third reprint contains additional commentary by Bruce C. Berndt.
* {{Cite book|title=Notebooks (2 Volumes) |author=S. Ramanujan |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |place=Bombay |year=1957}}
:These books contain photocopies of the original notebooks as written by Ramanujan.
* {{Cite book|title=The Lost Notebook and Other Unpublished Papers |author=S. Ramanujan |publisher=Narosa |place=New Delhi |year=1988|isbn=978-3-540-18726-4}}
:This book contains photocopies of the pages of the "Lost Notebook".
* [https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/collectedpapers/question/qJIMS.htm Problems posed by Ramanujan], Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.
* {{Cite book|title=Notebooks (2 Volumes) |author=S. Ramanujan |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |place=Bombay |year=2012}}
:This was produced from scanned and microfilmed images of the original manuscripts by expert archivists of Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai.
{{refend}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Mathematics|Biography|India}}
{{Div col}}
* {{anl|1729 (number)|1729}}
* [[Brown numbers]]
* [[List of amateur mathematicians]]
* [[List of Indian mathematicians]]
* {{anl|Ramanujan graph}}
* {{anl|Ramanujan summation}}
* [[Ramanujan's constant]]
* {{anl|Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form}}
* {{anl|Rank of a partition}}
{{Div col end}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt = no| b = no| q = Srinivasa Ramanujan | s = Author:Srinivasa Ramanujan | commons = Srinivasa Ramanujan | n = no| v = no| species = no| display = Srinivasa Ramanujan | author = no}}

===Media links===
* {{Cite news |title=Film to celebrate mathematics genius |work=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4811920.stm |access-date=24 August 2006 |date=16 March 2006 |first=Soutik |last=Biswas}}
* [https://devbenegal.com/2006/03/15/feature-film-on-math-genius-ramanujan/ Feature Film on Mathematics Genius Ramanujan by Dev Benegal and Stephen Fry]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/further5.shtml BBC radio programme about Ramanujan – episode 5]
* [https://archive.org/details/Ramanujan A biographical song about Ramanujan's life]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixra6x1XdjE |title=Why Did This Mathematician's Equations Make Everyone So Angry? |author= |date=11 April 2022 |via=YouTube |publisher=Thoughty2 |access-date=29 June 2022 |quote=}}

===Biographical links===
* {{MathGenealogy|id=91561}}
* {{MacTutor | id=Ramanujan}}
* {{ScienceWorldBiography | urlname=Ramanujan | title=Ramanujan, Srinivasa (1887–1920)}}
* [https://www.usna.edu/Users/math/meh/ramanujan.html A short biography of Ramanujan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050325041218/https://www.usna.edu/Users/math/meh/ramanujan.html |date=25 March 2005 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180805161945/http://srinivasaramanujan.in/ "Our Devoted Site for Great Mathematical Genius"]

===Other links===
* {{cite journal|url=https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2016/04/who-was-ramanujan/|title= Who Was Ramanujan?|first=Stephen|last=Wolfram|journal= Stephen Wolfram Writings|author-link=Stephen Wolfram|date=27 April 2016}}
* A Study Group For Mathematics: [https://archive.today/20121204163504/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/srinivasaramanujan/ Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020126193110/https://www.math.ufl.edu/~frank/ramanujan.html ''The Ramanujan Journal''] – An international journal devoted to Ramanujan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125142618/https://www.mathunion.org/General/Prizes/ International Math Union Prizes], including a Ramanujan Prize
* Hindu.com: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050120000345/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/12/26/stories/2004122600610400.htm Norwegian and Indian mathematical geniuses], [https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2003/08/26/stories/2003082600120300.htm Ramanujan – Essays and Surveys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106022700/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2003/08/26/stories/2003082600120300.htm |date=6 November 2012 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040103074953/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/22/stories/2003122204061100.htm Ramanujan's growing influence], [https://web.archive.org/web/20040628115315/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/22/stories/2002122200040400.htm Ramanujan's mentor]
* Hindu.com: [https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article884010.ece The sponsor of Ramanujan]
* {{Cite journal
|author1=Bruce C. Berndt |author2=Robert A. Rankin
| title = The Books Studied by Ramanujan in India
| journal = [[American Mathematical Monthly]]
| volume = 107
| year = 2000
| issue = 7
| pages = 595–601
| doi = 10.2307/2589114
| mr = 1786233
| jstor = 2589114
}}
* [https://www.maa.org/news/030807puzzlesolved.html "Ramanujan's mock theta function puzzle solved"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126182022/http://maa.org/news/030807puzzlesolved.html |date=26 January 2013 }}
* [https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/contentindex.html Ramanujan's papers and notebooks]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171211191400/http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/organics/papers/borwein/paper/html/local/ramnotebook.html Sample page from the second notebook]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319203227/http://www.friedeye.com/2011/01/01/ramanujan/ Ramanujan] on ''Fried Eye''
* {{cite web|last=Clark|first=Alex|title=163 and Ramanujan Constant|url=https://www.numberphile.com/videos/163.html|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204091812/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/163.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasa, Ramanujan}}
[[Category:Srinivasa Ramanujan| ]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Mental calculators]]
[[Category:Indian combinatorialists]]
[[Category:Indian number theorists]]
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Pi-related people]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Number theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Mathematicians from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts]]

List of people from West Bengal

2026-03-15T16:37:45Z

Alphadelta: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|None}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{Indian people sidebar|people}}
This is a '''list of notable people from [[West Bengal]], [[India]]'''. This list does not include the significant number of prominent [[East Bengali refugees]] from [[East Bengal]] who settled in West Bengal after the partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947.

==Literature==

===Major figures===
{{Div col}}

* [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Manik Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Rajshekhar Basu]]
* [[Suchitra Bhattacharya]]
* [[Shibram Chakraborty]]
* [[Amiya Chakravarty]]
* [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
* [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]]
* [[Ashapurna Devi]]
* [[Mahasweta Devi]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]]
* [[Sudhindranath Dutta]]
* [[Joy Goswami]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
* [[Samaresh Majumdar]]
* [[Premendra Mitra]]
* [[Mimi Mondal]]
* [[Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Annada Shankar Ray]]
* [[Satyajit Ray]]
* [[Narayan Sanyal]]
* [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]

{{div col end}}

===Children's story writers===
{{Div col}}

* [[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Shibram Chakraborty]]
* [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]]
* [[Anish Deb]]
* [[Narayan Debnath]]
* [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]]
* [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
* [[Leela Majumdar]]
* [[Samaresh Majumdar]]
* [[Premendra Mitra]]
* [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Sourav Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Moti Nandi]]
* [[Sukumar Ray]]
* [[Hemendra Kumar Roy]]
* [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]]

{{div col end}}

===Medieval Bengal literary scene===
{{div col}}

* [[Chandidas]]
* [[Kashiram Das]]
* [[Govindadasa]]
* [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]]
* [[Krittibas Ojha]]
* [[Bharatchandra Ray]]
* [[Vidyapati]]
{{div col end}}

===Other authors from early modern period===
{{Div col}}

* [[Akshay Kumar Baral]]
* [[Manoranjan Byapari]]
* [[Nirupama Devi]]
* [[Swarnakumari Devi]]
* [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]]
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]]
* [[Ishwar Chandra Gupta]]
* [[Peary Chand Mitra]]
* [[Parijat (writer)|Parijat]]
* [[Indra Bahadur Rai]]
* [[Dwijendralal Ray]]
* [[Begum Rokeya]]
* [[Kaliprasanna Singha]]
* [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]]
* [[Swami Vivekananda]]

{{div col end}}

===Prominent foreign-language authors from Bengal===
{{Div col}}

* [[Sri Aurobindo]]
* [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]]
* [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]]
* [[Amit Chaudhuri]]
* [[Souhardya De]]
* [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]]
* [[Toru Dutt]]
* [[Kaberi Gayen]]
* [[Amitav Ghosh]]
* [[Jhumpa Lahiri]]
* [[Mimi Mondal]]
* [[Pritish Nandy]]
{{div col end}}

===Other authors from early/mid-twentieth century and some contemporary authors===
{{Div col}}

* [[Anita Agnihotri]]
* [[Ekram Ali]]
* [[Afsar Amed]]
* [[Jatindramohan Bagchi]]
* [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Tapan Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Subimal Basak]]
* [[Abul Bashar]]
* [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]]
* [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]]
* [[Nirendranath Chakravarty]]
* [[Shibram Chakraborty]]
* [[Smaranjit Chakraborty]]
* [[Sandipan Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Sanjib Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Malay Roy Choudhury]]
* [[Salil Chowdhury]]
* [[Alokeranjan Dasgupta]]
* [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
* [[Anish Deb]]
* [[Nabaneeta Dev Sen]]
* [[Mahasweta Devi]]
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]]
* [[Kaberi Gayen]]
* [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]]
* [[Joy Goswami]]
* [[Prabir Ghosh]]
* [[Santosh Kumar Ghosh]]
* [[Shankha Ghosh]]
* [[Subodh Ghosh]]
* [[Buddhadeb Guha]]
* [[Pracheta Gupta]]
* [[Baby Halder]]
* [[Moinul Hassan]]
* [[Syed Kawsar Jamal]]
* [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)| Humayun Kabir]]
* [[Bimal Kar]]
* [[Binoy Majumdar]]
* [[Samaresh Majumdar]]
* [[Tarun Mandal]]
* [[Amar Mitra (writer)|Amar Mitra]]
* [[Arun Mitra]]
* [[Bimal Mitra]]
* [[Narendranath Mitra]]
* [[Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Bibhutibhushan Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Kumud Ranjan Mullick]]
* [[Moti Nandi]]
* [[Purnendu Pattrea]]
* [[Sheikh Abdur Rahim]]
* [[Dilipkumar Roy]]
* [[Samir Roychoudhury]]
* [[Sankar (writer)|Sankar]]
* [[Narayan Sanyal]]
* [[Subodh Sarkar]]
* [[Jatindranath Sengupta]]
* [[Mallika Sengupta]]
* [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]]

{{div col end}}

===Journalists===


{{Div col}}
* [[Ekram Ali]]
* [[Tamal Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Mrinal Chatterjee]]
* [[Ramananda Chatterjee]]
* [[Sunanda K. Datta-Ray]]
* [[Kaberi Gayen]]
* [[Tushar Kanti Ghosh]]
* [[Chandan Mitra]]
* [[Moti Nandi]]
* [[Pritish Nandy]]
* [[Sukumar Ray]]
* [[Barun Sengupta]]
{{div col end}}

===Comics writers===


{{Div col}}
* [[Narayan Debnath]]<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2022 |title=Narayan Debnath, the cartoonist who never underestimated children |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/narayan-debnath-obituary-7730108/ |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Language/linguistics, anthropology, history, and other social sciences ==
{{Div col}}


* [[Haricharan Bandopadhayaya]], lexicographer
* [[Rajshekhar Basu]], major contributor for scientific terms in Bengali and lexicographer
* [[Chandril Bhattacharya]], born in Kolkata
* [[Girindrasekhar Bose]], first non-European correspondent of Freud
* [[Nirmal Kumar Bose]], anthropologist, associate of Gandhi
* [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], linguist
* [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]], social philosopher
* [[Kirti N. Chaudhuri]], historian
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], creator of modern Bengali prose (chalit bhasha) along with Tagore
* [[Harinath De]], linguist
* [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], historian
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]], fellow of the Royal Society
* [[Biraja Sankar Guha]], anthropologist
* [[Ranajit Guha]], subaltern theorist
* [[R. C. Majumdar]], historian
* [[Vina Mazumdar]], women's studies academic
* [[Rajendralal Mitra]], first Indian to work with Indologists
* [[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay]], earliest educationist
* [[Niharranjan Ray]], historian
* [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]], Indian historian
* [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]], professor of history at Oxford University
* [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]], first Bengali prose writer
* [[Jadunath Sarkar]], historian
* [[Sumit Sarkar]], historian
* [[Susobhan Sarkar]], historian
* [[Amartya Sen]], Nobel Prize awardee in Economics
* [[Dinesh Chandra Sen]], historian of Bengali literature and folklorist
* [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]], linguist
* [[Hara Prasad Shastri]], historian of Bengali language and culture
* [[Maniklal Sinha]], novelist, historian and archaeologist of west Rarh
* [[Surajit Chandra Sinha]], anthropologist
* [[Dineshchandra Sircar]], epigraphist
* [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]], literature theorist.
* [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], creator of Standard Bengali prose (sadhu bhasha)


{{div col end}}

===Scholars and polymaths===

* [[Asima Chatterjee]], scholar of chemistry<ref name="IAS">''The Shaping of Indian Science''. p. 1036. Indian Science Congress Association, Presidential Addresses By Indian Science Congress Association. Published by Orient Blackswan, 2003. {{ISBN|978-81-7371-433-7}}</ref>
* [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], linguist
* [[Amlan Datta]], economist, Vice Chancellor of Visva Bharati
* [[Radhakanta Deb]], linguist
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]], scholar, mathematician
* [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]], scholar of Indian history, philosophy, religion and culture
* [[Ashis Nandy]], political psychologist
* [[Ramendra Sundar Tribedi]], scientist

==Education==

===Pioneers===


* [[Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya]]
* [[Girish Chandra Bose]]
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]]
* [[Muhammad Mohsin]]
* [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]]
* [[Satish Chandra Mukherjee]]
* [[Begum Rokeya]]
* [[Guruchand Thakur]]
* [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]

===Post-independence===


* [[Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari]]
* [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]], Chief Justice of India, Vice-chancellor of Visva Bharati<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.R. Das |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/s-r-das/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Azizul Haque (educator) | Azizul Haque]]

===Others===

===Teachers===

* [[Babar Ali (teacher)|Babar Ali]], world's youngest headmaster, headmaster and founder of Ananda Siksha Niketan
* [[Katyayanidas Bhattacharya]], philosophy, Presidency College
* [[Ramkrishna Bhattacharya]], English, Ananda Mohan College
* [[Barun De]], history, Presidency College
* [[Mahasweta Devi]], English, [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]]
* [[Chinmoy Guha]], English, [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]] and University of Calcutta
* [[K. C. Nag]], mathematics, Mitra institution
* [[Susobhan Sarkar]], history, Presidency College


==Philosophy==

===Pre-modern period===


* [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (Achintya Bhedabheda Vedanta) born in [[Nabadwip]] of [[Nadia district]] to parents who hailed from [[Sylhet]] in present day [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Madhusūdana Sarasvatī ]] (Advaita Vedanta), born in Kotalipara, [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]] in present day [[Bangladesh]] & studied at [[Nabadwip]] in [[Nadia district]]
* [[Raghunatha Shiromani]] (Navya Nyaya) from [[Nabadwip]]

===Modern age===


* [[Sri Aurobindo]]
* [[Abu Sayeed Ayyub]], born in Kolkata
* [[Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya]] born in [[Serampore]] in [[Howrah district]]
* [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty]] born in [[Pabna]] district in present day [[Bangladesh]], worked & preached in [[Kolkata]]. After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, he relocated to [[Deoghar]]
* [[Surendranath Dasgupta]], born in [[Kusthia]] of present day [[Bangladesh]] which was then a part of [[Nadia district|Nadia]] before [[Partition of India]], studied in [[Kolkata]]
* [[Balaram Hari]], born in [[Nadia]]
* [[Bimal Krishna Matilal]], born in [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] in [[South 24 Parganas]] district
* [[Amartya Sen]], born in [[Shantiniketan]] in [[Birbhum]] District
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen]], born in Kolkata
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], born in Kolkata
* [[Swami Vivekananda]], born in Kolkata

=== Early / Mid twenty century ===


* [[Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari]], born in Kolkata
* [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]], philosophy, University of Calcutta
* [[Sibnarayan Ray]], born in kolkata

==Science==
{{Div col}}

* [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]], computer scientist
* [[Amar Nath Bhaduri]], Indian molecular enzymologist and chemical biologist
* [[Somnath Bharadwaj]], cosmology
* [[Avik Bhattacharya]], remote sensing
* [[Santanu Bhattacharya]], chemistry
* [[Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya]], Indian structural biologist, biochemist
* [[Mani Lal Bhaumik]]
* [[Birendra Bijoy Biswas]], Indian molecular biologist and geneticist
* [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician
* [[Upendranath Brahmachari]]
* [[Bidyut Baran Chaudhuri]], computer scientist
* [[Asis Datta]], Indian biochemist, molecular biologist and genetic engineer
* [[Moumita Dutta]], Indian physicist
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]], mathematics
* [[Partha Ghose]]
* [[Sankar Ghosh]], Indian-American immunologist, microbiologist, and biochemist
* [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]]
* [[Chanchal Kumar Majumdar]], Indian [[condensed matter physicist]]
* [[Dwijesh Dutta Majumdar]], computer scientist
* [[Ujjwal Maulik]], computer scientist
* [[Ashesh Prosad Mitra]]
* [[Sisir Kumar Mitra]], Indian physicist
* [[Mahan Mj]], Mathematician
* [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (physician)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]], physician
* [[Indira Nath]], Indian immunologist
* [[Bedabrata Pain]], NASA Scientist
* [[Sankar Kumar Pal]], computer scientist
* [[Shehla Pervin]], molecular biologist
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]], Indian chemist, industrialist and philanthropist
* [[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]]
* [[Somak Raychaudhury]], Indian astrophysicist
* [[Anjali Roy]], mycologist
* [[Subrata Roy (scientist)|Subrata Roy]], plasma physics
* [[Ram Brahma Sanyal]], zoology
* [[Debi Prasad Sarkar]], Indian biochemist, immunologist and virologist
* [[Amartya Sen]], Nobel Laureate, economist, Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences
* [[Ashoke Sen]], physics
* [[Radhanath Sikdar]]
* [[Snehasikta Swarnakar]], Indian chemical biologist

{{Div col end}}

==Religious scholars==
===Muslim===
*[[Jalaluddin Tabrizi]] (13th-century)
*[[Gazi Pir]] (13th-century)
*[[Pir Gorachand]] (13th-century)
*[[Usman Serajuddin]] (1258–1357)
*[[Alaul Haq]] (1301–1384)
*[[Nur Qutb Alam]] (d. 1416)
*[[Syed Shah Mehr Ali Alquadri Al Baghdadi|Shah Mehr Ali]] (1808–1868)
*[[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]] (1832–1885)
*[[Azangachhi Shaheb]] (1828–1932)
*[[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique]] (1865–1943)
*[[Abdullah al-Baqi]] (1886–1952)
*[[Abbas Siddiqui]] (born 1987)

===Pre-modern period===

* [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha]]
* [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
* [[Nityananda]]
* [[Ramprasad Sen]]
* [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]]

===The Brahmo Samaj===

* [[Anandamohan Bose]]
* [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]]
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]
* [[Debendranath Tagore]]
* [[Ram Chandra Vidyabagish]]

===Hindu revival movement===

* [[Sri Aurobindo]]
* [[Sarada Devi]]
* [[Ramakrishna]]
* [[Swami Vivekananda]]

===Mid-twentieth-century religious figures===

* [[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri]]
* [[Lahiri Mahasaya]]
* [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]
* [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]

==Social reformation and social work==

===Major figures===

* [[Anil Kumar Gain]]
* [[Dwarkanath Ganguly]]
* [[Nibaran Chandra Mukherjee]]
* [[Satish Chandra Mukherjee]]
* [[Protap Chunder Mozoomdar]]
* [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]]
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]
* [[Harichand Thakur]]
* [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]
* [[Swami Vivekananda]]

===Derozians===

* [[Krishna Mohan Banerjee]]
* [[Rajnarayan Basu]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]]
* [[Hara Chandra Ghosh]]
* [[Ramgopal Ghosh]]
* [[Ramtanu Lahiri]]
* [[Rasik Krishna Mallick]]
* [[Kishori Chand Mitra]]
* [[Peary Chand Mitra]]
* [[Radhanath Sikdar]]

===Women's rights===

* [[Chandramukhi Basu]]
* [[Sarala Devi]]
* [[Kadambini Ganguly]]
* [[Kaberi Gayen]]
* [[Joyita Mondal]], social worker
* [[Charulata Mukherjee]]
* [[Rani Rashmoni]]
* [[Begum Rokeya]]
* [[Romola Sinha]]

==Military==

* Air Vice Marshal [[Madhavendra Banerji]], recipient of [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
* Flight Lieutenant [[Suhas Biswas]], recipient of [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
* [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], founder, [[Indian National Army]]
* General [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]], Indian Army Chief during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* Admiral [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]], Indian Navy Chief between 1966 and 1970
* Air Commodore [[S. K. Majumdar (commodore)|Sudhindra Kumar Majumdar]] (1927–2011), India's first military helicopter pilot
* Air Marshal [[Subroto Mukerjee]], former Head of Indian Air Force
* Chief of the Air Staff [[Arup Raha]], 24th chief of Indian Air Force
* Captain [[Man Bahadur Rai]], recipient of [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
* [[Indra Lal Roy]], first Indian (pre Independence) flying ace
* General [[Shankar Roychowdhury]], former Indian Army Chief
* [[William Tolly]] (1715–1784), an officer of the [[British East India Company]]

==Art==

===Early modern period===

* [[Ramkinkar Baij]]
* [[Nandalal Bose]]
* [[Mukul Dey]]
* [[Kalipada Ghoshal]]
* [[Sailoz Mookherjea]]
* [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]]
* [[Jamini Roy]]
* [[Abanindranath Tagore]]
* [[Gaganendranath Tagore]]

===From mid-twentieth century===

* [[Bikash Bhattacharjee]]
* [[Jogen Chowdhury]]
* [[Jahar Dasgupta]]
* [[Somnath Hore]]
* [[Chintamoni Kar]]
* [[Anil Karanjai]]
* [[Paresh Maity]]
* [[Hemen Majumdar]]
* [[Rabin Mondal]]
* [[Samir Mondal]]
* [[Ganesh Pyne]]
* [[Paritosh Sen]]

===Film and photography===

* [[Dulal Dutta]]
* [[Goutam Ghose]], filmmaker, cinematographer, and music composer
* [[Rituparno Ghosh]], filmmaker
* [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]], filmmaker, documentary filmmaker
* [[Atiul Islam]], filmmaker, screenwriter
* [[Ajoy Kar]], cinematographer, filmmaker, screenwriter
* [[Tarun Majumdar]], filmmaker, screenwriter, author, illustrator
* [[Subrata Mitra]], cinematographer
* [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], Indian film director, editor and writer
* [[Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri]]
* [[Satyajit Ray]], filmmaker, screenwriter, author, illustrator and music composer
* [[Mrinal Sen]], filmmaker, screenwriter, author

==Music==

===Composers===
{{Div col}}

* [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]]
* [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]
* [[Raichand Boral]]
* [[S. D. Burman ]]
* [[Salil Chowdhury]]
* [[Kamal Dasgupta]]
* [[Sudhin Dasgupta]]
* [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
* [[Hemant Kumar]]
* [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder ]]
* [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Dwijendralal Ray]]
* [[Dilipkumar Roy]]
* [[Atul Prasad Sen ]]
* [[Rajanikanta Sen]]
* [[Kabir Suman]]
{{div col end}}

===Performers (instrumental)===

* [[Nikhil Banerjee]], sitar
* [[Sankha Chatterjee]], tabla
* [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], sarod
* [[Annapurna Devi]], surbahar
* [[Jnan Prakash Ghosh]], Harmonium and tabla
* [[Pannalal Ghosh]], flute
* [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]], tabla
* [[Ali Akbar Khan]], sarod
* [[Allauddin Khan]], sarod and multi-instrumentalist
* [[Radhika Mohan Maitra]], Sarod and Mohanveena
* [[Manilal Nag]], sitar
* [[Ravi Shankar]], sitar

===Performers (vocal)===

====Classical====


* [[Pandit Iman Das]]
* [[Gopeshwar Banerjee]]
* [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]]
* [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]], vocal
* [[Tarapada Chakraborty]]
* [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]]

====Songs of Tagore and his contemporaries====
{{Div col}}


* [[Kanika Banerjee]]
* [[Debabrata Biswas]]
* [[Sarmila Bose]]
* [[Uma Bose]]
* [[Renuka Dasgupta]]
* [[Sahana Devi]]
* [[Gita Ghatak]]
* [[Santidev Ghosh]]
* [[Malati Ghoshal]]
* [[Suchitra Mitra]]
* [[Dilipkumar Roy]]
* [[Subinoy Roy]]
* [[Indrani Sen]]
* [[Nilima Sen]]
* [[Amiya Tagore]]
* [[Dinendranath Tagore]]
{{div col end}}

====Modern====
{{Div col}}


* [[Srikanta Acharya]]
* [[Mohammed Aziz]]
* [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
* [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]
* [[R. D. Burman]]
* [[S. D. Burman]]
* [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]]
* [[Antara Chowdhury]]
* [[Kanan Devi]]
* [[K. C. Dey]]
* [[Manna Dey]]
* [[Anjan Dutt]]
* [[Geeta Dutt]]
* [[Jeet Gannguli]]
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
* [[Rupam Islam]]
* [[Amit Kumar]]
* [[Hemant Kumar]]
* [[Kishore Kumar]]
* [[Bappi Lahiri]]
* [[Madhushree]]
* [[Silajit Majumder]]
* [[Shyamal Mitra]]
* [[Shantanu Moitra]]
* [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
* [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay ]]
* [[Pankaj Mullick]]
* [[Pritam]]
* [[Anupam Roy]]
* [[Kumar Sanu]]
* [[Indrani Sen]]
* [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
* [[Arijit Singh]]
* [[Kabir Suman]]
* [[Babul Supriyo]]
* [[Monali Thakur]]
* [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
{{div col end}}

====Nazrul geeti ====
{{div col}}


*[[Abbasuddin Ahmed]]
*[[Purabi Dutta]]
*[[Sohrab Hossain]]
*[[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Indrani Sen]]
{{div col end}}

====Shyama Sangeet ====


* [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]
* [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]

====Bengali Folk Song====


*[[Abbasuddin Ahmed]]
*[[Basudeb Das Baul]]
*[[Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya]]
*[[Timir Biswas]]
*[[Fulati Gidali]]
*[[Ratan Kahar]]

==Movies==

===Directors===
{{Div col}}


* [[Premankur Atorthy]]
* [[Anurag Basu]]
* [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
* [[Debaki Bose]]
* [[Pritish Chakraborty]]
* [[Raj Chakraborty]]
* [[Basu Chatterjee]]
* [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]
* [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
* [[Chidananda Dasgupta]]
* [[Anjan Dutt]]
* [[Goutam Ghose]]
* [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
* [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
* [[Sushmit Ghosh]]
* [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
* [[Atiul Islam]]
* [[Farha Khatun]]
* [[Tarun Majumdar]]
* [[Prem Prakash Modi]]
* [[Mohammad Mohsin]]
* [[Sujit Mondal]]
* [[Ayan Mukerji]]
* [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
* [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
* [[Suman Mukherjee]]
* [[Srijit Mukherji]]
* [[Bedabrata Pain]]
* [[Mujibar Rahaman]]
* [[Satyajit Ray]]
* [[Bimal Roy]]
* [[Aparna Sen]]
* [[Mrinal Sen]]
* [[Shaunak Sen]]
* [[Supriyo Sen]]
* [[Tapan Sinha]]
* [[Shoojit Sircar]]
{{div col end}}

===Actors===
{{div col}}


* [[Apurva Agnihotri]]
* [[Ferdous Ahmed]]
* [[Mir Afsar Ali]]
* [[Bhanu Banerjee]]
* [[Kali Banerjee]]
* [[Victor Banerjee]]
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
* [[Chhabi Biswas]]
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
* [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
* [[Pritish Chakraborty]]
* [[Sayak Chakraborty]]
* [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
* [[Abir Chatterjee]]
* [[Anil Chatterjee]]
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
* [[Hiran Chatterjee]]
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
* [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Utpal Datta]]
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
* [[Lokesh Ghosh]]
* [[Rabi Ghosh]]
* [[Ankush Hazra]]
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]
* [[Jayant Kripalani]]
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]]
* [[Uttam Kumar]]
* [[Ranjit Mallick]]
* [[Kamal Mitra]]
* [[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]]
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]]
* [[Tathagata Mukherjee]]
* [[Tapas Paul]]
* [[Chinmoy Roy]]
* [[Rahul Roy]]
* [[Pahari Sanyal]]
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]]
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]]


{{div col end}}

===Actresses===
{{see also|List of Indian Bengali actresses}}
{{div col}}


* [[Jaya Ahsan]]
* [[Varsha Ashwathi]]
* [[Pratyusha Banerjee]]
* [[Rachna Banerjee]]
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
* [[Arundhati Devi]]
* [[Chhaya Devi]]
* [[Kanan Devi]]
* [[Kanan Devi]]
* [[Supriya Devi]]
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
* [[Anita Guha]]
* [[Rakhee Gulzar]]
* [[Indrani Haldar]]
* [[Nusrat Jahan]]
* [[June Malia]]
* [[Koel Mallick]]
* [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
* [[Prema Narayan]]
* [[Devika Rani]]
* [[Debashree Roy]]
* [[Sumita Sanyal]]
* [[Aparna Sen]]
* [[Moon Moon Sen]]
* [[Raima Sen]]
* [[Reema Sen]]
* [[Rimi Sen]]
* [[Riya Sen]]
* [[Suchitra Sen]]
* [[Sushmita Sen]]
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
* [[Mamata Shankar]]
* [[Mala Sinha]]
* [[Sharmila Tagore]]
* [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]


{{div col end}}

===Cinematographer===
{{Div col}}


*[[Supratim Bhol]]
*[[Kamal Bose]]
*[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
*[[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]]
*[[Baby Islam]]
*[[Subrata Mitra]]
*[[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Binod Pradhan]]
*[[Ramananda Sengupta]]
{{div col end}}

===Editor===
{{Div col}}


* [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
* [[Dulal Dutta]]
* [[Rabiranjan Maitra]]
* [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
* [[Srijit Mukherji]]
{{div col end}}

===Screenplay writers===
{{Div col}}


* [[Anjan Dutt]]
* [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
* [[Shaktipada Rajguru]]
* [[N. K. Salil]]
{{div col end}}

==Dance==


* [[Sharmila Biswas]]
* [[Chitresh Das]]
* [[Gambhir Singh Mura]]
* [[Amala Shankar]]
* [[Mamata Shankar]]
* [[Uday Shankar]]

==Doctors==


* [[Rafiuddin Ahmed (dentist)|Rafiuddin Ahmed]]
* [[Upendranath Brahmachari]]
* [[Sambhu Nath De]]
* [[Kadambini Ganguly]]
* [[Madhusudan Gupta]]
* [[Radha Gobinda Kar]]
* [[Shyama Prasad Mandal]]
* [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (physician)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
* [[Nilratan Sircar]]
* [[Tabitha Solomon]]

==Drama/theatre==
{{Div col}}


* [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Sisir Bhaduri]]
* [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* [[Bibhash Chakraborty ]]
* [[Khaled Choudhury]]
* [[Parthapratim Deb]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]]
* [[Usha Ganguly]]
* [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
* [[Debshankar Haldar]]
* [[Dinabandhu Mitra]]
* [[Sombhu Mitra]]
* [[Manoj Mitra]]
* [[Dwijendralal Ray]]
* [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
* [[Badal Sircar]]
* [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]]

{{div col end}}

== Magicians==


* [[Ganapati Chakraborty]]
* [[Amin Suhrawardy]]
* [[Maneka Sorcar]]
* [[P. C. Sorcar]]
* [[P. C. Sorcar Jr.]]
* [[P. C. Sorcar, Young]]

==Politicians and revolutionaries==

===Pre-modern===


* [[Devapala of Bengal|Devapala]]
* [[Dharmapala]]
* [[Gopala I]]
* [[Mahipala]]
* [[Ballāla Sena]]
* [[Lakshmana Sena]]
* [[Shashanka]]

===Colonial period===
* [[Alimuddin Ahmad]]
* [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]]
* [[Nripendra Narayan]], philanthropist and ruler of [[Cooch Behar]]
* [[Kalim Sharafi]]
* [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha]]
* [[Satyendranath Tagore]]
* [[Titumir]]

===Indian freedom fighters===

====Early figures====


* [[Surendranath Banerjee]]
* [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]]
* [[Rani Shiromani]], queen of [[Karnagarh]] and leader of [[Chuar Rebellion]]
* [[Durjan Singh]], leader of [[Chuar Rebellion]]

====Twentieth century====
{{Div col}}


* [[Alimuddin Ahmad]]
* [[Sri Aurobindo]]
* [[Syed Badrudduja]]
* [[Kanailal Bhattacharjee]]
* [[Kanailal Bhattacharyya]]
* [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]]
* [[Khudiram Bose]]
* [[Rash Behari Bose]]
* [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]
* [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Ambika Chakrabarty]]
* [[Panchanan Chakraborty]]
* [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]]
* [[Bina Das]]
* [[Chittaranjan Das]]
* [[Jatindra Nath Das]]
* [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]]
* [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]
* [[Matangini Hazra]]
* [[Bagha Jatin]]
* [[Hemchandra Kanungo]]
* [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
* [[Saroj Mukherjee]]
* [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]]
* [[Bipin Chandra Pal]]
* [[Sudhamoy Pramanick]]
* [[Renuka Ray]]
* [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
* [[Birendranath Sasmal]]
* [[Narendra Mohan Sen]]
* [[Triguna Sen]]
{{div col end}}

===Politicians===
{{Div col}}


* [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]
* [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)]]
* [[Mamata Banerjee]]
* [[Jyoti Basu]]
* [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
* [[Kedarnath Bhattacharya]]
* [[Tanmoy Bhattacharya]]
* [[Kanailal Bhattacharyya]]
* [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
* [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
* [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
* [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
* [[Pratap Chandra Chunder]]
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
* [[Atulya Ghosh]]
* [[Kamal Guha]]
* [[Bimal Gurung]]
* [[Hashim Abdul Halim]]
* [[Firhad Hakim]]
* [[Bir Singh Mahato]]
* [[Mriganko Mahato]]
* [[Narahari Mahato]]
* [[Abha Maiti]]
* [[Amit Mitra]]
* [[Ashok Mitra]]
* [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
* [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]]
* [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
* [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
* [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
* [[Mukul Roy]]
* [[Saugata Roy]]
* [[Tathagata Roy]]
* [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
* [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
* [[Babul Supriyo]]
* [[Sabina Yeasmin]]
{{div col end}}

===Others===


* [[Abul Barkat]]

== Philanthropy and social welfare ==


* [[Balaram Bose]] householder disciple of Ramakrishna
* [[Nabakrishna Deb]]
* [[Radhakanta Deb]], published two Sanskrit dictionaries used by Westerners
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]]
* [[Bijay Chand Mahtab]]
* [[Uday Chand Mahtab]]
* [[Gobindram Mitter]]
* [[Manindra Chandra Nandy]], Maharaja of Cossimbazar
* [[Rani Rashmoni]]
* [[Mutty Lall Seal]]
* [[Mother Teresa]]

==Sports==

===Chess===


* [[Dibyendu Barua]], Grandmaster<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Jharkhand |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070815/asp/jharkhand/story_8195963.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413191443/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070815/asp/jharkhand/story_8195963.asp |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]], Grandmaster
* [[Nisha Mohota]], first woman Grandmaster of West Bengal

===Cricket===


{{Div col}}
* [[Montu Banerjee]]
* [[Shute Banerjee]]
* [[Subroto Banerjee]]
* [[Gopal Bose]]
* [[Utpal Chatterjee]]
* [[Nirode Chowdhury]]
* [[Benu Dasgupta]]
* [[Deep Dasgupta]]
* [[Rumeli Dhar]]
* [[Ashok Dinda]]
* [[Sourav Ganguly]]
* [[Jhulan Goswami]]
* [[Shreevats Goswami]]
* [[Subrata Guha]]
* [[Saba Karim]]
* [[Arun Lal]]
* [[Saradindu Mukherjee]]
* [[Ambar Roy]]
* [[Pankaj Roy]]
* [[Priyanka Roy]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]]
* [[Probir Sen]]
* [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]

{{div col end}}

===Football===
{{Div col}}


*[[Rahim Ali]]
*[[P. K. Banerjee]]
*[[Samar Banerjee]]
*[[Shibdas Bhaduri]]
*[[Subrata Bhattacharya]]
*[[Krishanu Dey]]
*[[Chuni Goswami]]
*[[Mehtab Hossain]]
*[[Sailen Manna]]
*[[Abhijit Mondal]]
*[[Arnab Mondal]]
*[[Syed Rahim Nabi]]
*[[Gostha Pal]]
*[[Subrata Paul]]
*[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
*[[Gautam Sarkar]]

{{div col end}}

===Lawn tennis===


* [[Jaidip Mukerjea]]
* [[Leander Paes]], noted lawn tennis player of India

===Squash===


* [[Ritwik Bhattacharya]], currently second highest ranked Indian player
* [[Saurav Ghosal]], currently highest ranked Indian player

===Bodybuilding===


* [[Manohar Aich]], Mr. Universe, 1952
* [[Bishnu Charan Ghosh]], noted bodybuilder and hathayogi
* [[Monotosh Roy]], Mr. Universe, 1951

===Swimming===

* [[Masudur Rahman Baidya]], world's first [[Physical disability|physically handicapped]] swimmer to swim across the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]
* [[Bula Choudhury]], first Indian woman to swim the English Channel twice
* [[Prasanta Karmakar]], para swimmer, [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], bronze medal
* [[Arati Saha]], first Asian woman to swim English Channel in 1959
* [[Mihir Sen]], first Indian to swim across the English Channel in 1958

===Table tennis===

* [[Ankita Das]], table tennis player, [[2012 Summer Olympics]]; participant in women's singles event, [[2014 Commonwealth Games]]; participant in women's doubles even
* [[Mouma Das]], table tennis player
* [[Poulomi Ghatak]], table tennis player
* [[Soumyajit Ghosh]], table tennis player; as of January 2013, his rank is 1st in India and 68th in Asia; 2014 Commonwealth Games, Participant in men's doubles event
* [[Subhajit Saha]], Commonwealth games gold medallist

===Weightlifting===

* [[Sukhen Dey (weightlifter)|Sukhen Dey]], Indian weightlifter; [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], gold medal; [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], gold medal
* [[Anil Mondal]], Indian [[weightlifter]], competed at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] and the [[1976 Summer Olympics]], the Arjuna Award in the year (1972)
* [[Achinta Sheuli]], [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], Gold medal

===Others===

* [[Arjun Atwal]], golfer
* [[Chhanda Gayen]], mountaineering, first Bengali woman to climb [[Mount Everest]]
* [[Dipa Karmakar]], Indian artistic gymnast; [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], bronze medal; 2010 Commonwealth Games participant
* [[Joydeep Karmakar]], Indian shooter, [[2012 Summer Olympics]]; qualified to represent India in men's 50m rifle prone event; [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] participant
* [[Anirban Lahiri]], Indian golfer
* [[Mohammed Ali Qamar]], Indian boxer, [[2002 Commonwealth Games]], gold medal
* [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]], athletics, double gold medallist at Bangkok Asiad, 1996

==Industry/business==
{{Div col}}


* [[Radhe Shyam Agarwal]]
* [[Benu Gopal Bangur]]
* [[G. D. Birla]]
* [[Jugal Kishore Birla]]
* [[Madhav Prasad Birla]]
* [[Pritish Chakraborty]]
* [[Purnendu Chatterjee]]
* [[Alamohan Das]]
* [[Sadhan Dutt]]
* [[Sumantra Ghoshal]]
* [[R. P. Goenka]]
* [[Radhe Shyam Goenka]]
* [[Ramnath Goenka]]
* [[Sanjiv Goenka]]
* [[Rajat Gupta]]
* [[Lakshmi Mittal]]
* [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee]]
* [[Diptendu Pramanick]]
* [[Subir Raha]]
* [[Jagat Seth family|Jagat Seth]]
* [[Dilip Shanghvi]]
* [[Dwarkanath Tagore]]


{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of people by India state]]
* [[List of Bengalis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of People From West Bengal}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by state or union territory|West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|People]]
[[Category:Lists of Bengali people]]
[[Category:Lists of people from West Bengal| ]]

List of awards and nominations received by Alka Yagnik

2026-03-14T05:29:53Z

Alphadelta: typo fix

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
[[File:AlkaYagnik.jpg|thumb|right|Yagnik at 11th Indian Television Academy Awards in 2011|250px]]
'''Alka Yagnik''' (born 20 March 1966<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horoscopeastrologer.com/2011/05/alka-yagnik-horoscope-vedic-astrology/ |title=Alka Yagnik {{pipe}} Bollywood, Play Back Singer {{pipe}} |publisher=Horoscope Astrologer |date=2011-05-17 |access-date=2011-08-09}}</ref> in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]) is an Indian singer who is ranked among the best Hindi playback singers of all time. She is a seven-time winner of the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]], a record tied with [[Asha Bhosle]], and has done [[playback singer|playback singing]] for over 1000 Indian films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003504/ |title=Alka Yagnik |publisher=IMDB |access-date=2011-08-09}}</ref> She has sung more than 20,000 songs in various Indian languages.<ref name="Star Screen Awards 2005">{{cite web | title= Star Screen Awards 2005| url= http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2304080740899286874#| publisher= IndiaFM | year= 2005 | access-date=2009-05-03}}</ref>

==Awards won for Best Female Playback Singer==
Alka Yagnik has received numerous awards and nominations in her singing career, in addition to the awards listed below. She received the Filmfare award for Best Female Playback for three consecutive years from 2000 to 2002.

===[[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award|Filmfare Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-" GALAXY BEST FEMALE SINGER OF THE UNIVERSE"
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyrics
|-
| 1989
| "[[Ek Do Teen (song)|Ek Do Teen]]"
| ''[[Tezaab]]''
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| [[Javed Akhtar]]
|-
| 1994
| "Choli Ke Peeche" shared with [[Ila Arun]]
|''[[Khalnayak]]''
| [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1998
| "Meri Mehbooba"
| ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
| [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 2000
| "Taal Se Taal"
|''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 2001
| "Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dil Se"
| ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
| Nadeem-Shravan
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
|-
| 2002
| "O Re Chhori"
|''[[Lagaan]]''
| A.R. Rahman
| Javed Akhtar
|-
| 2005
| "Hum Tum"
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
| [[Jatin–Lalit]]
|[[Prasoon Joshi]]
|}

===[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|National Film Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| 1993
| "Ghoongat Ki Aad Se"
|''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]''
| Nadeem-Shravan
| rowspan="2" | Sameer
|-
| 1998
| "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
| Jatin–Lalit
|}

===[[Lata Mangeshkar Award]]===
2013- Outstanding Contribution to Indian Music <ref name="dailypioneer">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/mp-govt-to-award-singing-maestros.html|website=dailypioneer.com|title=state-editions/bhopal/mp-govt-to-award-singing-maestros|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref>

===[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Playback Singer Female|Bollywood Movie Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| 1999
| "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
| Jatin–Lalit
| Sameer
|-
|2001
|"Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai"
|''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|Ibraheem Ashk
|-
|2002
| "San San Sana"
|''[[Asoka (2001 film)|Ashoka]]''
| [[Anu Malik]]
| [[Gulzar]]
|-
| 2007
| "Tumhi Dekho Naa"
|''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| Javed Akhtar
|}

===[[GIFA Best Female Playback Singer Award|Global Indian Film Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| 2007
| "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"
|''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy
| Javed Akhtar
|}

===[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Zee Cine Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| 1999
| "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
| Jatin–Lalit
| Sameer
|-
|2001
|"Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai"
|''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|Rajesh Roshan
|Ibraheem Ashk
|-
| 2007
| "Tumhi Dekho Naa"
|''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<ref>{{cite web | title= Winners of the Zee Cine Awards 2007 | url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090120235340/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 20 January 2009 | publisher= IndiaFM | date= 1 April 2007 |access-date=2009-05-03}}</ref>
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy
| Javed Akhtar
|-
| 2020
| "Zee Cine Special Achievers Award"<ref>{{cite web | title= Winners of the Zee Cine Awards 2020 | url= https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/zee-cine-awards-2020-here-are-the-winners-article136366.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200409175235/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/zee-cine-awards-2020-here-are-the-winners-article136366.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 9 April 2020 | publisher= DesiMartini | date= 16 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>
|}

===[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Screen Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
|1996
|"Dil Ne Dil Se Ikraar Kiya"
|''[[Haqeeqat (1995 film)|Haqeeqat]]''
| Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen
| Sameer
|-
| 2001
|"Panchi Nadiyan"
| [[Refugee (2000 film)|''Refugee'']]
| Anu Malik
| Javed Akhtar
|-
| 2002
|Special Award for "Kitni Bechain Hoke" <ref name="Screen Awards">{{cite web | title= Screen Awards | url= http://www.screenindia.com/news/Screen-Roll-Of-Honour/11830/ | publisher= Screen | year= 2006 | access-date= 2011-05-03 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130201223845/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Screen-Roll-Of-Honour/11830/ | archive-date= 2013-02-01 | url-status= dead| df= dmy-all }}</ref>
| ''[[Kasoor]]''
| Nadeem-Shravan
| Sameer
|-
| 2005
| colspan="4" |"Special Award for Outstanding Contribution to Indian Music since 25 years" <ref name="Star Screen Awards 2005"/>
|}

===[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|International Indian Film Academy Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| 2000
| "Taal Se Taal"
|''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
|A.R. Rahman
| Anand Bakshi
|-
|2001
|"Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai"
|''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|Rajesh Roshan
|Ibraheem Ashk
|}

===[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
!Note
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.in/Awards/Awards.aspx?AwardCode=7&YearCode=1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812193810/http://www.gomolo.in/Awards/Awards.aspx%3FAwardCode%3D7%26YearCode%3D1989 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-12 |title=BFJA Awards (1989) |publisher=Gomolo.in |access-date=2011-08-09 }}</ref>''
|
|-
|2007
|Special Award
|Hero Honda Voice of All Generations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/index.htm |access-date=2007-06-29 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132644/http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/index.htm |archive-date=2008-04-08|title=69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007}}</ref>
|}

===[[Apsara Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Apsara Award]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| 2004
| "Oodhni"
|''[[Tere Naam]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20040530-0.html |title=''Koi Mil Gaya'' bags top three awards, spoils KHNH party : Bollywood News : ApunKaChoice.Com |access-date=2011-11-09 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830055311/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20040530-0.html |archive-date=2008-08-30 }}</ref>
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| Sameer
|}

===Sansui Awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| 1999
| "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dharma-production.com/MAwards/MAwardsDetails.aspx |title=Awards |publisher=Dharma Production |access-date=2011-08-09 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709020144/http://www.dharma-production.com/MAwards/MAwardsDetails.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-09 }}</ref>
| Jatin–Lalit
| rowspan="2" | Sameer
|-
| 2004
|"Oodhni"
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
| Himesh Reshammiya
|}

===Other awards, honours & recognitions ===
* 2000 - International Viewer's Choice Award for MTV India "Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai"
* 2001 – MTV Asia Viewers Choice Award for "Jaane Kyon"- ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
* 2004 – Sahara Sangeet Award Best Female Playback for "Tere Naam"- ''[[Tere Naam]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20041002-0.html|title=Javed Akhtar wins honours at first Sangeet Awards|publisher=Apun Ka Choice|date=2004-01-16|access-date=2004-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027083530/http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20041002-0.html|archive-date=2004-10-27|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2007 – Sangam Kala Group- Music Awards 2007 Best Playback Singer for Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangamkalagroup.org/site/Awards.htm#era |access-date=2011-11-09 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901005519/http://sangamkalagroup.org/site/Awards.htm |archive-date=2010-09-01|title=Awards}}</ref>
* 2011 – Gr8 Women Achievers' Award For Outstanding Contribution to Indian Music <ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.apnicommunity.com/photos/shows-awards/GR8-Women-Awards-2011/Alka-Yagnik-Sachin-Singhal-Executive-Director-Commercials-Cool-FM-Rashid-Khan-GR8-Women-Awards-2011|title=Gr8 Women's Award 2011|publisher=Apni Community|access-date=2011-08-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715092036/http://in.apnicommunity.com/photos/shows-awards/GR8-Women-Awards-2011/Alka-Yagnik-Sachin-Singhal-Executive-Director-Commercials-Cool-FM-Rashid-Khan-GR8-Women-Awards-2011|archive-date=2012-07-15|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2011 – Sony Entertainment Asia Pearls Wave Voice of India Honour<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpY93Rd0N7c |title=Voice Of India Alka |publisher=YouTube |date=2011-01-16 |access-date=2011-08-09}}</ref>
* 2011 – Kalakar Awards Best Female Playback for "Milenge Milenge " – ''[[Milenge Milenge]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=19TH YEAR - PRAYAG KALAKAR AWARDS 06/02/2011 AT SCIENCE CITY AUDITORIUM |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |publisher=Kalkar Awardees|access-date=2011-11-09 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 }}</ref>
* 2011 – Sahyog Foundation- Kala Shiromani Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahyogfoundation.com/annual-award-function.html |title=Sahyog Foundation |publisher=Sahyog Foundation |access-date=2011-08-09 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715223933/http://www.sahyogfoundation.com/annual-award-function.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2011 - 2012 – TSRTV9 National Film Awards- Best Female Playback Singer Honoree<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2013/Apr/21/stars-outshine-each-other-at-tsr-film-awards-event-469985.html |title = Stars outshine each other at TSR Film Awards event}}</ref>
* 2012 – Dr. Ambedkar National Award for Outstanding Contribution to Indian Music <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://hamaraphotos.com/photo_-706410.html |title = Alka yagnik & kailash masoom at Dr. Ambedkar awards organised by Kailash Masoom and Harish Shah in Shan Mukhanan Hall, Sion on 14th April 2012 / Alka Yagnik - Bollywood Photos}}</ref>
* 2012 – Asia Pacific Brands Foundation Award For Outstanding Contribution To Music <ref>{{cite tweet|number=217880344634982401|user=19_manisha|title=@thealkayagnik congratulationsss Alkaji! :D|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>
* 2012 – On occasion of 100 years of Hindi Cinema, her song "Taal Se Taal Mila" from the movie ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' voted as the best song of the century in a poll conducted by DesiMartini, Hindustan Times and Fever 104.<ref>{{cite web | title= Song of The Century| url=http://www.desimartini.com/100-years-of-indian-cinema-songs-list.htm?sort_year=90&song_id=71&start_value=0 | year= 2012 | access-date=2012-08-31}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* 2012 – Global Indian Music Award For Best Folk Album – Mone Robe <ref>{{cite web|title=GIMA award 2012 |url=http://www.gima.co.in/2012_non_film_winners.php |year=2012 |access-date=2012-10-02 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004234805/http://gima.co.in/2012_non_film_winners.php |archive-date=2012-10-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= GIMA award 2012| url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/10/3rd-chevrolet-star-global-indian-music-awards-gima-2012-given-away/ | year= 2012 | access-date=2012-10-02}}</ref>
* 2013 – King Vikramaditya National Music Award <ref>{{cite web| title= King Vikramaditya Music Award| url= http://freepressjournal.in/king-vikramaditya-music-award-2013-to-alka-agyanik/| year= 2013| access-date= 2013-04-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160202215236/http://www.freepressjournal.in/king-vikramaditya-music-award-2013-to-alka-agyanik| archive-date= 2016-02-02| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2013 – Her song "[[Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai|Choli Ke Peeche]]" from the movie [[Khalnayak]] was voted as the hottest song of the century in a poll conducted by Sanona.<ref name="Hottest Song of The Century">{{cite web | title= Hottest Song of The Century| url=http://bollyspice.com/58278/madhuris-choli-is-top-of-the-bollywood-pops| year= 2013 | access-date=2013-04-26}}</ref>
* [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]] – [[Mirchi Music Awards]] Listener's Choice Song of the Year – "Agar Tum Saath Ho" <ref name="Complete List of Winners">{{cite web | title= Listener's Choice Song of The Year| website=[[The Times of India]]| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/8th-Mirchi-Music-Awards-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51196008.cms| year= 2016 | access-date=2016-02-29}}</ref>
* 2019 – Atal Mithila Samman for Outstanding Contribution to Indian Music <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindirush.com/news/alka-yagnik-received-atal-mithila-samman-rajnath-singh-give-this-award-117796/ | title=अलका याग्निक को रक्षा मंत्री राजनाथ सिंह ने दिया ये बड़ा सम्मान, बैकग्राउंड सिंगर ने बताई अवार्ड मिलने की वजह| date=18 August 2019}}</ref>
* 2021 - Mirchi Music Awards - Listeners' Choice- Song of the decade for "Agar Tum Saath Ho" - Tamasha <ref> {{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Alka-Yagnik/awards/ |
title=Alka Yagnik Awards|
newspaper=The Times of India}}
</ref>
* 2021 - ITA Honorary Award
* 2022 – Superstar Singer 2- Lifetime Achievement Award <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indiaonlinemart.net/alka-yagnik-receives-a-special-award-at-superstar-singer-2s-grand-finale-says-i-am-overwhelmed/ | title=Alka Yagnik receives a special award at Superstar Singer| date=April 2024}}</ref>
* 2024 - Brands Impact National Fame Award <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://brandsimpact.in/national-fame-awards.html| title=Best Branding Company. Brands Impact}}</ref>
* 2026 - Padma Bhushan

==Nominations for Best Female Playback Singer==

===Filmfare Awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
|-
|1982
|"Mere Angne Mein"
|''[[Lawaaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]''
|-
|1992
|"Dekha Hai Pehli Baar"
|''[[Saajan]]''
|-
|1993
|"Aisi Deewangi"
|''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994
|"Baazigar O Baazigar"
|''[[Baazigar]]''
|-
|"Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke"
|''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]''
|-
|"Palki Main Hogi Sawar"
|''[[Khalnayak]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
| "Churake Dil Mera"
|''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
|-
|"Raah Mein Unse"
|''[[Vijaypath]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|"Raja Ko Rani Se"
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
|-
|"Akhiyan Milaoon"
|[[Raja (1995 film)|''Raja'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|"Bahon Ke Darmiyan"
|''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]''
|-
|"Pardesi Pardesi"
|''[[Raja Hindustani]]''
|-
| 1998
|"Mere Khwaabon Mein Tu"
|''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth|Gupt]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
| "[[Chamma Chamma]]"
|''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]''
|-
| "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|-
|"Ladki Badi Anjaani Hai"
|-
|2000
|"Chand Chupa Badal Main"
|''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|"Haaye Mera Dil"
|[[Josh (2000 film)|''Josh'']]
|-
|"Panchhi Nadiya"
|''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|"San Sanana"
|''[[Aśoka (film)|Asoka]]''
|-
|"Jaane Kyon"
|''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|"Sanam Mere Humraaz"
| ''[[Humraaz]]''
|-
|"Aapke Pyar Mein"
|''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|"Tauba Tumhare"
|''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]''
|-
|"Oodhni"
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|"Lal Dupatta"
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|-
|"Saanwariya"
|''[[Swades]]''
|-
|2007
| "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"
|''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
|-
|2009
|"Tu Muskura"
|''[[Yuvvraaj]]''
|-
|2016
| "Agar Tum Saath Ho"
|''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|-
|}

===[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
|-
|2007
|"Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"
|''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
|-
|2005
|"Ankhe Bandh Karke"
|''[[Aitraaz]]''
|-
|2002
|"Suraj Hua Madham"
|''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''<ref name="imdbawards">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003504/awards|title=Awards for Alka Yagnik|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=2009-05-03}}</ref>
|}

===[[Star Screen Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
|-
|2005
|"Hum Tum"
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|-
|2004
|"Oodhni"
|''Tere Naam''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|"San Sanana"
|''Asoka''
|-
|"Suraj Hua Maddham"
|''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham''
|-
| 2000
| "Taal Se Taal"
|''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
|-
|1999
|"Gali Mein Aaj Chaand Nikla"
|''[[Zakhm]]''
|-
|1998
|"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai"
|''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|-
|1997
|"Tanhaai Tanhaai"
|''[[Koyla]]''
|-
|1996
|"Pardesi Pardesi Jana Nahin"
|''[[Raja Hindustani]]''<ref name="Screen Awards"/>
|}

===[[Zee Cine Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
|-
|2005
|"Kyon Ki Itna Pyaar"
|''[[Kyon Ki]]''
|-
|2004
|"Oodhni"
|''Tere Naam''
|-
|2002
|"Suraj Hua Madham"
|''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham''<ref>{{cite web | title= Alka Yagnik awards| url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/6394/index.html | archive-url= https://archive.today/20120730024400/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/6394/index.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 30 July 2012 | publisher= IndiaFM | year= 2009 | access-date=2011-11-09}}</ref>
|}

===[[Mirchi Music Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
|-
| [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
|"Agar Tum Saath Ho"
|''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|-
|}

===BBC World Music Awards===
* 2003 – [[BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music|BBC World Music Award]] – Asia Pacific<ref>{{cite web | title= Trilok Gurtu, Panjabi MC nominated for BBC awards | url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24sound.htm | date= 24 November 2004 | work=Rediff.com | access-date=2009-05-03 }}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yagnik, Alka}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian musician]]

Sachin State

2026-03-09T13:17:07Z

Alphadelta: enhanced article also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = સચીન રિયાસત سچن ریاست
|conventional_long_name =Sachin State
|common_name =Sachin
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1791
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Sachin State.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Sachin State (''pink'') within [[Surat Agency]]
|stat_area1 = 127
|stat_year1 = 1931
|stat_pop1 = 22,107
|capital = [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]]
|today = [[Surat district]], [[Gujarat State]]
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Nawab Sidi Ibrahim Mohammad Yakut Khan II of Sachin 1833 -1873.jpg|thumb|Nawab Ibrahim Mohammad Yakut Khan II of Sachin (1833–1873)]]
[[File:Sachin State Merchant Flag.png|thumb|Sachin State [[Red Ensign|Merchant Flag]]]]
[[File:Fatimabegumframe.jpg|thumb|Nawab of Sachin Ibrahim Mohammad Yakut Khan III was married to [[Fatma Begum]]. Their marriage ended in a divorce after the Nawab expressed disapproval of her pursuing a career in acting, which was not considered a respectable profession for women from aristocratic families.]]
The '''Sachin State''' ({{langx|gu|સચીન રિયાસત}}; {{langx|ur|سچن ریاست}}) was a [[princely state]] belonging to the [[Surat Agency]], former Khandesh Agency, of the [[Bombay Presidency]] during the era of the [[British Raj]]. Its capital was in [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]], the southernmost town of present-day [[Surat district]] of [[Gujarat State]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

== History ==
Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] had established the '''State of Sachin'''. Sachin state was invaded on 6 June 1791. Though over 85% of the subjects were Hindu, the state was ruled by [[Sunni Muslims]] of the [[Siddi]] dynasty of Danda-Rajpuri and [[Janjira State]]. The Siddi dynasty is of Abyssinian ([[Habesha]]) origin.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30391686|title = Africans in India: From slaves to reformers and rulers|last = Pandey|first = Vikash|date = 19 December 2014|work = Newspaper|access-date = 19 December 2014|archive-date = 21 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221014958/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30391686|url-status = live}}</ref>

Sachin State was under the protection of the [[Maratha]] [[Peshwa]] until it became a [[British protectorate]]. It had its own cavalry, currency, and stamped paper, as well as a state band that included Africans.

[[Fatma Begum]] (1892–1983), one of the early superstars of [[Hindi cinema]] and India's first female film director, was married to Nawab [[Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III]] of Sachin State later she divorced him when she started acting as the Nawab did not approve of her choice to pursue a career in acting and stage dramas, as it was not considered a respectable profession for women from affluent families at that time. In response to his disapproval, she divorced him and took custody of her three daughters, whom she later introduced to the film industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dokras |first=Uday |date=2021-01-01 |title=CHRONICLES of the African Diaspora in INDIA |url=https://www.academia.edu/45591761 |journal=Indo Nordic Aithor;s Collective}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sachin.html |title=Sachin Princely State (9 gun salute) |access-date=25 June 2014 |archive-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423041551/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sachin.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]], the daughter of Fatima Begum,<ref name="amazon">{{cite web |work=IMDb.com |title=Sultana-actress |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0838459/ |publisher=amazon.com/IMDb.com |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713015558/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0838459/ |url-status=live }}</ref> became a leading figure in early Indian movies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bombaymann2.blogspot.com/2013/12/cinema-majestic-girgaum-alam-ara-first.html |title=Indian films and posters from 1930 |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193555/http://bombaymann2.blogspot.com/2013/12/cinema-majestic-girgaum-alam-ara-first.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Zubeida]], leading actress of India's first talkie film [[Alam Ara]] (1931), was her younger sister.<ref name="cine">{{cite web |title=sultana |url=http://cineplot.com/encyclopedia/sultana/ |publisher=Cineplot.com |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225134720/http://cineplot.com/encyclopedia/sultana/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nawab [[Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III]], Sachin State's last ruler, signed the accession to join the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 8 March 1948. The state then became part of Surat district in [[Bombay Province]].<ref>Hunter, Sir William Wilson. ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India.'' London, Trübner & Co., 1885</ref><ref>Malleson, G. B. ''An historical sketch of the native states of India,'' London 1875, Reprint Delhi 1984</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Surat |volume=26 |page=117}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India]], Zubaida stayed in India, while her sister Sultana moved to [[Pakistan]] where she married and had a daughter, [[Jamila Razzaq]], who became a prominent Pakistani actress in the decade between the mid-1950s and the mid-1960s.<ref>[http://bmmann-filmyindia.blogspot.com/2014/05/jamila-razzaq-and-zubaida.html Jamila Razzaq and Zubaida] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151011025823/http://bmmann-filmyindia.blogspot.com/2014/05/jamila-razzaq-and-zubaida.html |date=11 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Rulers ==
The rulers of Sachin State bore the title '[[Nawab]]' and were granted the right of a 9 [[gun salute]] by the British authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 February 2019 |title=African Rulers in Indian History: Sachin, Gurjarat |url=https://thinkafrica.net/african-rulers-in-indian-history-sachin-gurjarat/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213182439/https://thinkafrica.net/african-rulers-in-indian-history-sachin-gurjarat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Nawabs ===
*6 Jun 1791 – 9 July 1802 [[Abdul Karim Muhammad Yakut Khan I|Abdul Karim Mohammad Yakut Khan I]] (b. 17.. – d. 1802)
* 9 July 1802 – 25 March 1853 Ibrahim Mohammad Yakut Khan I (d. 1853)
*25 Mar 1853 – 1 December 1868 [[Abdul Karim Muhammad Yakut Khan II|Abdul Karim Mohammad Yakut Khan II]] (b. 1802 – d. 1868)
* 1 December 1868 – 4 March 1873 Ibrahim Mohammad Yakut Khan II (b. 1833 – d. 1873)
* 4 March 1873 – 7 January 1887 [[Sidi Abdul Kadir Khan|Abdul Kadir Khan]] (b. 1865 – d. 1896)
* 4 March 1873 – Jul 1886 .... -Regent
* 7 February 1887 – 19 November 1930 [[Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III|Ibrahim Mohammad Yakut Khan III]] (b. 1886 – d. 1930)
* 7 February 1887 – 4 May 1907 .... -Regent
*19 Nov 1930 – 15 August 1947 [[Sidi Muhammad Haider Khan|Muhammad Haider Khan]] (b. 1909 – d. 1970)
==See also==
*[[Siddis of Gujarat]]
*[[Surat Agency]]
*[[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://bombaymann2.blogspot.com/2013/12/cinema-majestic-girgaum-alam-ara-first.html Early Indian Movies]
{{Coord|21.08|N|72.88|E|region:IN-GU_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:African diaspora]]
[[Category:1791 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

Ambika Rao

2026-03-08T13:34:21Z

Alphadelta:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Ambika|Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ambika Rao
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_name = Ambika Rao
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress, assistant director
| yearsactive = 2002–2021
| notable_works =
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

'''Ambika Rao''' (1964 – 27 June 2022) was an Indian actress and assistant director, who worked in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Malayalam actor Ambika Rao dies of cardiac arrest, Prithviraj Sukumaran, Tovino Thomas pay tribute |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/malayalam-actor-ambika-rao-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-industry-pays-tribute-101656403608658.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She has worked as assistant director in numerous Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Malayalam actor Ambika Rao passes away due to Covid complications at 58, Mohanlal and Mammootty mourn |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-actor-ambika-rao-passes-away-covid-19-complications-mohanlal-mammootty-mourn-7995546/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ambika also acted in supporting roles in several movies and is popular for her role in [[Kumbalangi Nights]] as Babymol's mother.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-28 |title=Malayalam actor Ambika Rao dies |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-actor-ambika-rao-dies/article65575353.ece |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Ambika entered into the Malayalam film industry in early 2000's as assistant director. She has assisted several directors including [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]], [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Anwar Rasheed]] and [[Vinayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumbalangi nights actor Ambika Rao dies of a heart attack |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/06/28/actress-ambika-rao-kumbalangi-nights.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

Ambika has acted in supporting roles in numerous films including [[Meesa Madhavan|Meesha Madhavan]], [[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam|Anuraga Karikkinvellam]], [[Kumbalangi Nights]] and [[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]. She was noted for her role in Kumbalangi Nights as a widowed mother of two daughters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malayalam actor Ambika Rao passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-actor-ambika-rao-passes-away/articleshow/92508821.cms |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Death==
Ambika died on 27 June 2022 after suffering cardiac arrest.<ref name="death">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Actor Ambika Rao passes away in Kerala due to cardiac arrest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-ambika-rao-passes-away-kerala-due-cardiac-arrest-165354 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' ||Omana ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]'' || Flat secretary||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2003 || ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramophone]]'' ||Cheriyamma ||<ref name="films">{{Cite web |title=Actor, asst director Ambika Rao passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/jun/29/actor-asst-director-ambika-rao-passes-away-2470832.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=29 June 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' ||Muslim lady ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' ||Class teacher ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' ||Sreekumar's sister ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| ''[[Anyar (film)|Anyar]]'' ||Raziya's mother ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| ''[[Gowrisankaram]]'' ||Sankar's relative ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| ''[[Swapnakkoodu]]'' || Tamil lady||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Vettam]]'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Rasikan]]'' || Professor||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' || Vanaja's neighbour||<ref name="films"/>
|-
|-
| 2005|| ''[[Krithyam]]'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2005|| ''Kochirajavu'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2006|| ''Rajamanikyam'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' ||Hostel warden sister ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2006|| ''Kissaan'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2006|| ''Bhargavacharitham Moonnam Khandam'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2008|| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Nurse||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2009|| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' ||Seetha's relative ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[In Ghost House Inn]]'' ||Servant||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' || Kalidas's colleague||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Tournament]]'' ||Nurse ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Theevram]]'' ||||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2013|| ''Buddy'' || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' ||Chandramohan's Colleague||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' ||Guguthai||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || Interview Board Member||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| rowspan=5| 2019 || ''[[Thamaasha]]'' || Doctor||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Head nurse ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''Safe'' || Sharadhamma||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' ||Baby and Simmy's Mother ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''Little Riddles Oru Nurungu Samshayam'' || || Malayalam short film
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte]]'' || Philomina ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ambika Rao no more: Mohanlal, Mammootty, and other M-Town celebs pay tribute to the 'Kumbalangi Nights' actor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ambika-rao-no-more-mohanlal-mammootty-and-other-m-town-celebs-pay-tribute-to-the-kumbalangi-nights-actor/articleshow/92510408.cms |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Ghar Se'' || || Hindi short film
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' || ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
|}

===As assistant director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Krishna Gopalakrishna]]'' || [[Balachandra Menon]] ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'' || [[Vinayan]] ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' || [[Anwar Rasheed]] ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'' || [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' || [[Rafi–Mecartin]] ||<ref name="AD">{{Cite web |title=Malayalam actor and assistant director Ambika Rao passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jun/28/malayalam-actor-and-assistant-director-ambika-rao-passes-away-32379.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| ''[[Romeo (2007 film)|Romeo]]'' || [[Rajasenan]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008 || ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || [[V. K. Prakash]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || [[M. Padmakumar]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (2008 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || Thomas Sebastian ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| ''[[College Kumaran]]'' || [[Thulasidas]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2009 || ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' || [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love in Singapore]]'' || [[Rafi–Mecartin]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]'' || [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
| ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'' || [[Martin Prakkat]] ||<ref name="AD"/>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Ambika}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Madhepura

2026-03-08T10:40:39Z

Alphadelta:

{{Short description|Municipality in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Madhepura district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhepura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = India's Electric Loco Capital
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = West By-pass Road, Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.920|86.792|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar parishad|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Madhepura Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 26
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 70000 (estimated)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_title4 = Other
| demographics1_info4 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 852113
| registration_plate = BR-43
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madhepura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| website = {{URL|madhepura.bih.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madhepura''' is a [[municipality]] in [[Madhepura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It stands at the centre of the Kosi ravine. It was called ''Madhyapura-'' a place centrally situated, which was subsequently transformed into Madhipura, present Madhepura. It is surrounded by Araria and Supaul districts in the north, Khagaria and Bhagalpur districts in the south, Purnia district in the east and Saharsa district in the West. Baba Singheshwar Sthan, a famous Shiva temple and pilgrimage site, is located in Madhepura district and attracts devotees, especially during the month of Shravan.

==History==
Madhepura is part of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] and the people here speak the [[Maithili language]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hbA4A--9HcC&q=madhepura+mithila&pg=PA74 | title=Women Empowerment Through Panchayati Raj Institutions | accessdate=15 January 2017 | pages=74| isbn=9788180696800 | last1=Thakur | first1=Minni | year=2010 }}</ref>
Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] who established the [[Mithila Kingdom]] (also called Kingdom of the Videhas).<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les littératures Indo-Aryennes'' éd. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17, 116–124, 141–143</ref>
During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centres of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called [[Janaka]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Witzel, M. |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=1989 |chapter=Tracing the Vedic dialects |title=Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes |location=Paris |editor1-last=Caillat |editor1-first=C. |pages=141–143 |publisher=Fondation Hugot}}</ref>
The Videha Kingdom was later incorporated into the [[Vajjika League]], which had its capital in the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], which is also in Mithila.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hemchandra, R. |year=1972 |title=Political History of Ancient India |location=Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}}, India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Madhepura had a population of 45,015. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Madhepura has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 51%. In Madhepura, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130908/jsp/bihar/story_17323700.jsp#.Ui0_ztI3tFs |title=Calamity call for double challenge |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330004522/http://telegraphindia.com/1130908/jsp/bihar/story_17323700.jsp |archive-date=2014-03-30}}</ref>{{irrelevant citation|date=July 2021|reason=Link is dead, but Wayback Machine archive version talks about floods, not demographics.}}

==Transport==
Public and private bus and taxi services are available.

===Rail===
{{rws|Dauram Madhepura}} is situated on the [[Saharsa–Purnia line]]. There are three pairs of passenger trains to {{rws|Purnia}}, Barhara Kothi & {{rws|Saharsa Junction}}. There are direct trains to {{rws|Patna Junction}}, {{rws|Darbhanga}}, {{rws|Jaynagar}}, {{rws|Katihar}}, {{rws|Ranchi}}, {{rws|Delhi}}, {{rws|Amritsar}}, {{rws|Sealdah}}.

===Road===
{{jct|NH|231|country=IND}} and {{jct|NH|131|country=IND}} passes through Madhepura. NH-231 goes through [[Purnia]], [[Saharsa]] & Maheskhunt, while NH-131 goes through [[Birpur, Supaul|Birpur]] and [[Bihpur]]. There is daily bus service to [[Purnia]], [[Saharsa]], [[Supaul]], [[Darbhanga]] & [[Patna]].

===Air===
Nearest airport is [[Purnea Airport]], [[Purnea]]. (80  km)

[https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Madhepura,+Bihar/Purnia+Airport,+Guasi,+Bihar/@25.8463803,86.776431,83968m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x39ee36d1bffc3331:0x4ceb43c05d2261fb!2m2!1d86.7946387!2d25.9239677!1m5!1m1!1s0x39effb22e048a92f:0xed9fe3635261fcd9!2m2!1d87.4158417!2d25.763832!3e0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDkyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Madhepura to Purnea Airport]

== Educational institution ==
* [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University]]
* [[Jannayak Karpuri Thakur Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[BP Mandal College of Engineering, Madhepura]]
* [[T P College, Madhepura]]
* [[P S College, Madhepura]]
* [[B P S INTER AND DEGREE COLLEGE BABHANGAMA BIHARIGANJ MADHEPURA]]
* [[BNMV College, Madhepura]]
* [[SNMP High School, Madhepura]]
* [[K.K.P.K High School,Rajni Babhangama Madhepura]]
* [[Keshav Kanya High School, Madhepura ]]
* [[Jawahar Navoday Vidyalay Madhepura ]]

==Social Group==
* [https://madhepurain.my.canva.site/ The Madhepura Index] On [https://x.com/IndexMadhepura X(Twitter)]

==See also==
* [The Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura is a joint venture of Alstom SA of France with Indian Railways for the production of 800 high-power locomotives over a period of 11 years, designed to run on Indian tracks at 120 km/h (75 mph). The manufacturing has started on 11 October 2017.] [PUBLICEDBY-BABA ANKIT
* [[Madhepura (Community development block)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Madhepura district}}
{{Kosi Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Madhepura district]]
[[Category:Madhepura district| ]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]]

Bombay (film)

2026-03-03T20:53:24Z

Alphadelta: small updated lead as per guidelines additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|1995 film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bombay 1995 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| writer = Mani Ratnam
| producer = [[S. Sriram]] Mani Ratnam [[Jhamu Sughand]]
| starring = [[Arvind Swamy]] [[Manisha Koirala]]
| cinematography = [[Rajiv Menon]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[Aalayam Productions]]
| distributor = Aalayam Productions [[Ayngaran International]] [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]] (Hindi Version)
| released = {{Film date|1995|3|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=292}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil Hindi
}}
'''''Bombay''''' is a 1995 Indian [[romantic drama film]]<ref name="BombayTOI">{{Cite news |date=30 May 2008 |title=Bombay |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/05/30&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar05300 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170612102234/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getimage.dll?path=TOICH/2008/05/30/53/Img/Ar0530000.png |archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], starring [[Arvind Swamy]] and [[Manisha Koirala]]. The film, primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and to a lesser extent [[Hindi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Seema |date=8 January 1995 |title=Police officials turn censors for Mani Ratnam's Bombay |url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/28C3BB0FA1B0482D65256940004E8801?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708173914/https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/28C3BB0FA1B0482D65256940004E8801?OpenDocument |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> tells the story of an [[Interfaith marriage|inter-religious]] family in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] before and during the [[Bombay riots]], which took place between December 1992 and January 1993 after the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] led to religious tensions between [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities. It is the second installment in Ratnam's trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992) and ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998).

''Bombay'' was released on 10 March 1995. The film was well-received both critically and commercially successful. It was screened at many international film festivals including the [[Philadelphia Film Festival]] in 1996. The [[Bombay (soundtrack)|film's soundtrack]] earned composer [[A. R. Rahman]] his fourth consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)]], and is considered one of the greatest Indian soundtracks of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Sound of Cinema: 20 Greatest Soundtracks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/playlists/zzzz5h |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409185852/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/playlists/zzzz5h |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=[[BBC Music]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> However, the film caused considerable controversy upon release for its depiction of inter-religious relations between a Muslim woman and a Hindu man. The film was banned in Singapore and Malaysia upon release.

In July 2005, a book on the film by Lalitha Gopalan was published by [[British Film Institute|BFI]] Modern Classics, looking at the film's production, the several issues it covered, and its impact upon release in India and abroad.<ref name="BFIorgBombay">{{Cite web |date=July 2005 |title=BFI Books: Bombay: The film |url=http://filmstore.bfi.org.uk/acatalog/info_206.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027081153/http://filmstore.bfi.org.uk/acatalog/info_206.html |archive-date=27 October 2007 |access-date=1 February 2007 |website=BFI.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="UCPressBombay">{{Cite web |date=July 2005 |title=Bombay (film): BFI Modern Classics |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/bfi/pages/PROD0397.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107021808/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/bfi/pages/PROD0397.html |archive-date=7 January 2007 |access-date=1 February 2007 |website=University of California Press}}</ref> The film was ranked among the top 20 Indian films in the British Film Institute's rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2007 |title=Top 10 Indian Films |url=http://bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040803225933/http://bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/index.html |archive-date=3 August 2004 |access-date=4 October 2011 |website=BFI}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shekhar is the son of an orthodox [[Tamil Hindu|Hindu]] Narayana Pillai living in a coastal village in [[Tamil Nadu]]. A journalism student studying in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Shekhar visits home to be with his family. On one of his return trips, he notices Shaila Banu, a [[Tamil Muslim|Muslim]] schoolgirl in the village and falls in love with her. She happens to be his sister's friend. Initially shy, Shaila seeks to distance herself from Shekhar, but after frequent run-ins, and days of pursuit, Shaila begins to like Shekhar. Eventually, they both fall in love.

Shekhar meets Shaila's father, Basheer, and says he wants to marry Shaila. Basheer refuses, citing differences in religions. Shekhar reveals his interest to his father, who becomes angry, meets Basheer, and gets into an abusive argument with him. Upset with rejection from both families, Shekhar returns to Bombay. Through a friend of hers, he sends Shaila a letter and a ticket for her to travel to Bombay. However, she is undecided; Basheer learns of her regular letters from Shekhar and plans to get her married in order to stop this relationship from growing further. Left with no choice, Shaila leaves the village with the ticket Shekhar sent and reaches Bombay.

Shekhar and Shaila marry and lead a happy life. In a year, Shaila conceives and delivers twin boys who are named Kabir Narayan and Kamal Basheer. The twins are raised in both religions. Shekhar continues to work as a journalist, while Shaila takes care of her home and children. In six years, Shekhar and Shaila firmly settle down.

When the [[Babri Masjid]] is [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished]] on 6 December 1992, [[Bombay riots|riots]] break out in Bombay. Kabir and Kamal, who had gone to buy groceries, get caught in the riots; eventually, Shekhar and Shaila save them and reach home safely. Narayana Pillai, who receives the news of the riots, rushes to Bombay to meet his son and his family. He reconciles with his son and everyone is happy with his arrival, and he stays with them. Soon, Basheer also comes with his wife and all of them live together happily for a few days. Both Pillai and Basheer are happy with their grandchildren; they try to get both into their religions and wish to be with them.

On 5 January 1993, when two murders are propagated as communal killings, another riot breaks out in Bombay, raising tensions between religious communities. Hindus and Muslims clash in the streets, resulting in hundreds of deaths on both sides. During the conflict, arsonists set fire to the apartment where Shekhar lives with his family. Shekhar tries to evacuate everyone, but Narayana Pillai, Basheer and his wife fail to escape in time and are killed in an explosion. In the confusion of the panicking crowds, Kamal and Kabir are separated from their parents.

Kamal is saved by a transgender woman who cares for him and protects him, while Kabir searches aimlessly for his brother. Shekhar and Shaila begin to search for them, and they go through several tense moments, as they check the morgues and hospitals for their children. Shekhar grows emotional and participates in the movement to stop the riots with other moderate religious leaders, ultimately succeeding. When the riots end, Shaila and Shekhar are reunited with their children tearfully as the people on the streets join hands, regardless of age or religion.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Shekhar Narayanan Pillai
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Shaila Banu
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Narayanan Pillai
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Basheer Ahmed
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as the Sakthi Samaj Head<ref name="communalism" />
* [[Akash Khurana]] as a fanatical Muslim leader<ref name="communalism" />
* Master Harsha (Sumeet) as Kabir Narayan
* Master Hriday as Kamal Basheer
* [[A. R. Srinivasan]] as Police officer
* Crazy Venkatesh as Servant
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Kumar
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as a transgender woman<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahul |first=N. |date=17 May 2019 |title=Rallapalli dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rallapalli-dead/article27166155.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519203848/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rallapalli-dead/article27166155.ece |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]]
* Pramoth as Periya Thambi
* Vijaya Chandrika as Visalam
* Radhabhai as Pankajam
* [[Sujitha]] in a special appearance
}}

Additionally, [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Nagendra Prasad]] appear in the [[item number]] "[[Humma Humma]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=1997–98'ன் கோடம்பாக்கக் குஞ்சுகள் |trans-title=1997–98 Kodambakkam babies |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201551/http://indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=Indolink |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2017 |title=AR Rahman birthday special: Five most popular songs by Mozart of Madras |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ar-rahman-birthday-special-five-most-popular-songs-by-mozart-of-madras/articleshow/56368173.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921065717/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ar-rahman-birthday-special-five-most-popular-songs-by-mozart-of-madras/articleshow/56368173.cms |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Development ===
During the recording of the background score of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993), the [[Bombay riots]] broke out. Mani Ratnam planned on making a film in [[Malayalam]] about a boy who gets lost in the riots, and requested [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] to write the script. This was supposed to be Mani Ratnam's second Malayalam film after ''[[Unaroo]]'' (1985). But since the idea did not materialise, he decided to make it in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as the film that would later be titled ''Bombay''.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|page=147}} According to Ratnam, ''Bombay'' was not originally planned as a political film: "It was a phase India was going through and these things affected me and found their way into my work."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melwani |first=Lavina |date=26 September 2015 |title=Up close and personal with Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/up-close-and-personal-with-mani-ratnam/article7684784.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927044000/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/up-close-and-personal-with-mani-ratnam/article7684784.ece |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=27 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[File:Tirumalai Nayak.jpg|right|thumb|[[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]], where "Kannalane" was shot.]]
[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] was considered for the female lead, but she opted out due to unavailability of dates, with the production schedules clashing with her Miss World pageant, a title she went on to win.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melwani |first=Lavina |date=26 September 2015 |title=Did you know? Aishwarya Rai Versus Manisha Koirala |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/did-you-know--aishwarya-rai-versus-manisha-koirala-62334 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927044000/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/did-you-know--aishwarya-rai-versus-manisha-koirala-62334 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=3 November 2009 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Mani Ratnam held a photoshoot for the film with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], but eventually excluded Vikram as he was unwilling to shave his beard and long hair that he had grown for the production of another film during the period, ''[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]'' (1994);<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=1 December 2013 |title=Man of Steel |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/arts/man-steel?page=0,5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108223000/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/arts/man-steel?page=0%2C5 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=30 October 2014 |work=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref> the role went to [[Arvind Swamy]].{{sfn |Gopalan |2019 |p=22}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=4 August 2020 |title=Tuesday Trivia, Bombay: Communal riots post Babri Masjid demolition to Vikram opting out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tuesday-trivia-bombay-communal-riots-post-babri-masjid-demolition-to-vikram-opting-out-1707689-2020-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810063117/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tuesday-trivia-bombay-communal-riots-post-babri-masjid-demolition-to-vikram-opting-out-1707689-2020-08-04 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Koirala has stated that, though some people advised her against accepting the project since she had to play a mother, she did not listen as there were others who said "it'll be foolish to refuse a Mani Ratnam film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Don't want to overwork myself, says Manisha Koirala |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/9825993_Don-t-want-to-overwork-myself--says-Manisha-Koirala.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819085601/http://www.ptinews.com/news/9825993_Don-t-want-to-overwork-myself--says-Manisha-Koirala.html |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Koirala's voice was dubbed by [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=12 July 2010 |title=Success of dubbing artist lies in not letting audience know who you are |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ldquoSuccess-of-dubbing-artist-lies-in-not-letting-audience-know-who-you-arerdquo/article16193272.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001104713/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ldquoSuccess-of-dubbing-artist-lies-in-not-letting-audience-know-who-you-arerdquo/article16193272.ece |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=6 August 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Nassar, a Muslim in real life, was cast as the father of Swamy's character (a Hindu) while Kitty, a Hindu in real life, was cast as the father of Koirala's character (a Muslim). Ratnam deliberately cast them in those roles as a statement.<ref name="communalism">{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=15 January 1995 |title=Mani Ratnams Bombay views communalism through eyes of common man |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19950115-mani-ratnams-bombay-views-communalism-through-eyes-of-common-man-806701-1995-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915105642/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mani-ratnams-bombay-views-communalism-through-eyes-of-common-man/1/287685.html |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=15 September 2017 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>{{Sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=158}} Twins Harsha and Hriday were chosen to play the protagonists' twin sons, from over 70 twins that the director saw but was not impressed. ''Bombay'' remains Harsha's only release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2011 |title=From Bombay to Chennai: Actor Hridayraaj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/Sep/05/from-bombay-to-chennai-actor-hridayraaj-287787.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607061655/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/Sep/05/from-bombay-to-chennai-actor-hridayraaj-287787.html |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2012 |title=A child star's journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-child-stars-journey/article2882687.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615024337/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-child-stars-journey/article2882687.ece |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
When Ratnam approached cinematographer [[Rajiv Menon]] to shoot ''Bombay'', he described it as a film about the riots and said that he (Menon) needed to "(make what came before) the riots as beautiful as possible". So Menon suggested shooting in the rains to achieve the effect. They shot the interiors of homes in [[Pollachi]] in Tamil Nadu and the exteriors were shot in [[Kasaragod]], and [[Kannur district|Kannur village]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shot breakdown |url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/client_coverstory/client_coverstory_details.asp?code=816 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220405/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/client_coverstory/client_coverstory_details.asp?code=816 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> The song "Kannalane" was shot at [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Teena |first=L |date=29 April 2012 |title=Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal gets a facelift |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Thirumalai-Nayakar-Mahal-gets-a-facelift/articleshow/12911321.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217050452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Thirumalai-Nayakar-Mahal-gets-a-facelift/articleshow/12911321.cms |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and "Uyire" was shot at [[Bekal Fort]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=3 July 2010 |title=Indian locations provide stunning backdrops for film shoots |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Indian-locations-provide-stunning-backdrops-for-film-shoots/article16182372.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170921070424/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Indian-locations-provide-stunning-backdrops-for-film-shoots/article16182372.ece |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The demolition of the Babri Masjid was shown onscreen through newspaper headlines and photographs, as the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] did not want the makers to show the actual destruction.{{Sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=146}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2–8 April 1995 |title=Bombay: The Making of the Most Controversial film of the Decade |url=https://archive.org/download/dli.bengal.10689.20999/10689.20999_text.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |magazine=Sunday |pages=75–84 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Mani Ratnam described ''Bombay'' as "a positive film about communal harmony". He said the Bombay riots were not the main focus of the film, but "a helpless, innocent man caught up in violence not of his own making."<ref name="communalism" /> The film is the second installment in Ratnam's trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992) and ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 June 2008 |title=Tryst with terrorism |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tryst-with-terrorism/articleshow/3297217.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623151056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tryst-with-terrorism/articleshow/3297217.cms |archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' compared it to the theme of the 1990 movie ''[[Come See the Paradise]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2012 |title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009214014/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Bombay (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack album for ''Bombay'' was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], in his third collaboration with Mani Ratnam after ''Roja'' and ''Thiruda Thiruda''. The lyrics for the Tamil version were written by [[Vairamuthu]], except "Humma Humma" and "Halla Gulla" written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. The soundtrack of the film became one of the best-selling Indian music albums of all time, with sales of 15{{nbsp}}million units.<ref name="sbs">{{Cite news |date=14 February 2017 |title=The "Mozart of Madras" AR Rahman is Performing LIVE in Australia |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/audiotrack/mozart-madras-ar-rahman-performing-live-australia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145814/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/audiotrack/mozart-madras-ar-rahman-performing-live-australia |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Surajeet Das |last2=Sen |first2=Soumik |date=21 September 2002 |title=A R Rahman: Composing a winning score |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040951/http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 |access-date=21 September 2002 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The soundtrack was included in ''[[The Guardian]]'''s "1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die" list,<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web |title=100 Best Albums Ever |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/guardian100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203223926/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/guardian100.htm |archive-date=3 February 2010 |access-date=3 February 2010 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and the song "Kannalanae" sung by [[K. S. Chithra]] was included in their "1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear" list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2009 |title=1000 songs everyone must hear; Part one: Love |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/table/2009/mar/14/love-1000-songs-everyone-must-hear |website=[[The Guardian]] |quote="Songs about love across the barricades delivered in a coquettish fashion are something of a staple in Bollywood. Which is why Kehna Hi Kya by AR Rahman is all the more extraordinary. With its extravagant vocal gymnastics and qawwali-esqe devotional wails, this tale of inter-religious attraction set a new standard and leaves you in no doubt that Rahman deserves his India's greatest living composer tag." |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327234331/http://www.theguardian.com/music/table/2009/mar/14/love-1000-songs-everyone-must-hear |url-status=live }}</ref> "Bombay Theme" has appeared in various international films and music compilations, while the songs "Kannalanae" and "Bombay Theme" have been sampled by various international artists.

== Release ==
''Bombay'' was released on 10 March 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=1 December 2020 |title=A war for love: Mani Ratnam's 'Bombay' explored an inter-faith marriage battered by bigotry |url=https://scroll.in/reel/979821/a-war-for-love-mani-ratnams-bombay-explored-an-inter-faith-marriage-battered-by-bigotry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709060644/https://scroll.in/reel/979821/a-war-for-love-mani-ratnams-bombay-explored-an-inter-faith-marriage-battered-by-bigotry |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-dubbed version was released on the same day.{{sfn |Gopalan |2019 |p=28}} It was previously scheduled to release in January 1995, during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரண்யா |first=அருண் |date=15 January 1995 |title=பொங்கல் ரிலீஸ் – பம்பர் அறுவடை! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-01-15/page/n63/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230909121625/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-01-15/page/n63/mode/2up? |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=29 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film caused considerable controversy upon release in India and abroad for its depiction of inter-religious relations between a Muslim woman and a Hindu man.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 1995 |title=Mani Ratnam's film Bombay invites critical acclaim and howls of protest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19950415-critical-acclaim-and-howls-of-protest-for-mani-ratnam-bombay-806737-1995-04-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222012839/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19950415-critical-acclaim-and-howls-of-protest-for-mani-ratnam-bombay-806737-1995-04-15 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=A. |date=30 April 1995 |title=Mani Ratnam's film 'Bombay' incenses Muslim leaders of city |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950430-mani-ratnams-film-bombay-incenses-muslim-leaders-of-city-808273-1995-04-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819095412/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950430-mani-ratnams-film-bombay-incenses-muslim-leaders-of-city-808273-1995-04-30 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was banned in Singapore and Malaysia upon release. Two homemade bombs were thrown at the house of Mani Ratnam by Radical Islamist terrorists, Mani Ratnam had to be hospitalised with shrapnel injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 1995 |title=Movie Director Injured By Bomb; Police Blame Muslim Extremists |url=https://apnews.com/article/a4a3e1b7524ee91d3c15622c77abbd96 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819091802/https://apnews.com/article/a4a3e1b7524ee91d3c15622c77abbd96 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The Hindi dubbed version of the film grossed {{INRConvert|140|m|year=1995}}, as reported by [[Box Office India]], making it one of the year's ten highest-grossing Hindi films.<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1995 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072458/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ%3D%3D |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 19 March 1995, rated the film 53 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 March 1995 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ''பம்பாய்'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Bombay'' |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Anand Kannan, writing for ''Planet Bollywood'', said, "I wouldn't call this the best of Mani Ratnam [...] But good acting, a socially conscious theme and a quick pace make the movie well worth watching."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Anand |title=Bombay |url=http://www.indolink.com/bollywood/Film/bombay.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010711104534/http://www.indolink.com/bollywood/Film/bombay.html |archive-date=11 July 2001 |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=Planet Bollywood}}</ref> In 1996, American critic [[James Berardinelli]] rated the film 3.5 out of 4 and said, "Largely because of their limited North American appeal and dubious quality, Indian movies are routinely ignored by distributors [...] Occasionally, however, a worthwhile picture causes enough people to take notice that it becomes a favorite on the international film festival circuit. One such movie is ''Bombay'', the fourteenth feature from celebrated director Mani Rathnam." He concluded, "Director Rathnam has shown great courage in making this picture (bombs were thrown at his house after it opened in India), which speaks with a voice that many will not wish to hear. ''Bombay'' recalls how forceful a motion picture can be."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berardenelli |first=James |author-link=James Berardinelli |date=1996 |title=Bombay |url=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/b/bombay.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170915103513/http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/b/bombay.html |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=30 October 2014 |website=ReelViews}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that with far cry from average cinema, this film raises a thousand questions about social morality, not just Mani Ratnam; it has given every Indian a chance to be proud.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர் |date=26 March 1995 |title=பம்பாய் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-03-26/page/n2/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330023357/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-03-26/page/n2/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2023-03-30 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Cinema Express Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| 1995
| [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''Bombay'' – {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=List Accolades Received by Films Produced Under Madras Talkies |url=http://www.madrastalkies.com/Accolades.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514090245/http://www.madrastalkies.com/Accolades.asp |archive-date=14 May 2006 |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=[[Madras Talkies]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director – Tamil
| {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor (Special Award)
| {{sort|Swamy|[[Arvind Swamy]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress (Special Award)
| {{sort|Koirala|[[Manisha Koirala]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist – Tamil
| {{sort|Vairamuthu|[[Vairamuthu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
| {{sort|Chithra|[[K. S. Chithra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]]
| 1996
| Gala Award
| ''Bombay'' – {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[41st Filmfare Awards|2 March 1996]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Critics Award for Best Film]]
| ''Bombay'' – {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}{{efn|The only dubbed film to win the award.}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Critics Award for Best Film Winners 1970–1999 |url=http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030107/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=[[Times Internet|Indiatimes]] |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Critics Award for Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Koirala|[[Manisha Koirala]]}}{{efn|Koirala is the only actress who has won the award for a non-Hindi film as ''Bombay'' was dubbed in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2019 |title=Filmfare Awards 2019: Inclusion of Critics' Choice category doesn't hold water in times when content is the king |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2019-inclusion-of-critics-choice-category-doesnt-hold-water-in-times-when-content-is-the-king-6321001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723164044/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2019-inclusion-of-critics-choice-category-doesnt-hold-water-in-times-when-content-is-the-king-6321001.html |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Critics Award for Best Performer Winners 1990–1999 |url=http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cperformance.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030053/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cperformance.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=[[Times Internet|Indiatimes]] |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="4"| [[43rd Filmfare Awards South|14 September 1996]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''Bombay'' – {{sort|Sriram|S. Sriram}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=The 43rd Filmfare Awards South 1996 Winners |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/nov96/faward.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970428123200/http://www.filmfare.com/site/nov96/faward.htm |archive-date=28 April 1997 |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=[[Filmfare]] |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Koirala|[[Manisha Koirala]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Jerusalem Film Festival]]
| 4–13 July 1996
| Honorable Mention
| ''Bombay'' – {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerusalem Film Festival 1996 |url=https://jff.org.il/en/article/6197 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723165558/https://jff.org.il/en/article/6197 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Jerusalem Film Festival}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Matri Shree Media Award]]
| 6 May 1996
| [[Matri Shree Media Award#Annually Awarded Indian Films|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2013 |title=1996 : 20th Matri Shree Awards |url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/159868/g4u-MEDIA/1996-Matri-Shree-Award#page/1/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061032/http://www.readwhere.com/read/159868/g4u-MEDIA/1996-Matri-Shree-Award |archive-date=21 September 2013 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |via=[[Readwhere]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[43rd National Film Awards|6 August 1996]]
| [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
| Producer: {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}} and {{sort|Sriram|S. Sriram}} Director: {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=43rd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116081834/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2020 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| {{sort|Urs|[[Suresh Urs]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| Political Film Society
| 1996
| Special Award
| ''Bombay'' – {{sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cn|date=February 2026}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| 1997
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Vairamuthu|[[Vairamuthu]]}}{{efn|also for ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]''.}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=1997 Highlights |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980615063650/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm |archive-date=15 June 1998 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Chithra|[[K. S. Chithra]]}} – (for "Kannalane")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTn8DwAAQBAJ |title=Bombay |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-85170-956-7 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |location=India |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 controversies]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in 1992]]
[[Category:Films set in 1993]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Sardar Paparayudu

2026-03-03T20:17:01Z

Alphadelta: added the page w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sardar Paparayudu
| image = Sardar Papa Rayudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| writer = Dasari Narayana Rao
| producer = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Sridevi]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| cinematography = S. Venkataratnam
| editing = G. G. Krishna Rao
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| studio = Sri Annapoorna International
| distributor = Shayikrishna
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1980|10|30}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Sardar Paparayudu''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical fiction|historical fiction film]] written and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. Produced by [[Kranthi Kumar]], it stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in the [[Title character|title role]], alongside [[Sridevi]] and [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2003 |title=Stalwart's death |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/stalwarts-death/article28409938.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907042541/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/stalwarts-death/article28409938.ece |archive-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=31 May 2017 |title=Hot-shot director Dasari dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/hot-shot-director-to-union-minister/article18662818.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113110109/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/hot-shot-director-to-union-minister/article18662818.ece |archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> The film was a commercial success and was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Sarfarosh (1985 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=7 April 2020 |title=Filmfare recommends: Top films of Jeetendra where he played a double role |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-films-of-jeetendra-where-he-played-a-double-role-40040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200415054829/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-films-of-jeetendra-where-he-played-a-double-role-40040.html |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ramu, a sincere police officer, is in love with Vijaya, the daughter of a corrupt politician, Dharmaraju. Although Dharmaraju maintains a respectable image in public, he is secretly involved in unethical activities. Along with his associates, Satya Murthy and Nyayapathi, Dharmaraju exploited the poor by collaborating with the British. Years earlier, the trio framed a freedom fighter, Sardar Paparayudu, for the murder of a king, Vijayaraghavaraju, in the Andaman Islands. As a result, Paparayudu was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Upon meeting Ramu, Dharmaraju is shaken by the young officer's striking resemblance to Sardar Paparayudu. It is soon revealed that Ramu is, in fact, Paparayudu's son. His mother, Seeta, is the wife of Paparayudu. Dharmaraju's fears intensify when Sardar Paparayudu is released from prison, seeking vengeance for his wrongful imprisonment.

A conflict arises between Paparayudu and Ramu, as the former seeks justice against Dharmaraju. In a climactic confrontation, Paparayudu sacrifices himself to protect his son and others. In his dying moments, he embraces Ramu, reconciling with him before dying.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Sardar Paparayudu and Ram "Ramu" Mohan
* [[Sridevi]] as Vijaya
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Seeta
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Dharma Rao
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Satya Murthy
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Nyayapathi
* [[Mohan Babu]] as Britisher
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Baba
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Vijaya Raghava Raju
* Tyagaraju as British Inspector
* K. V. Chalam as Raju
* [[P. J. Sarma]] as I.G.
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Sardar Paparayudu's henchmen
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Sardar Paparayudu's mother
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Urmila Devi
* Athili Lakshmi as Vijaya's mother
* [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] in an [[item number]]
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The idea for ''Sardar Paparayudu'' came about when producer [[Kranthi Kumar]], who had previously worked on smaller, women-centric films such as [[Sarada (1973 film)|Sarada]] (1973), [[Jyothi (1976 film)|''Jyothi'']] (1976), ''Kalpana'' (1977), and [[Aame Katha|''Ame Katha'']] (1977) decided to make a film with the reigning superstar [[N. T. Rama Rao]]. [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] was selected to direct, with Kranthi Kumar, and [[Palagummi Padmaraju]] participating in honing the script along with Dasari Narayana Rao.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2007 |title=Nostalgia - Sardar Paparayudu |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/sardarpaparayudu.htm |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=CineGoer.com |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140409132400/http://www.cinegoer.net/sardarpaparayudu.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Originally titled ''Paparayudu'', the film's name was later changed to ''Sardar Paparayudu'' for added emphasis. ''Sardar Paparayudu'' was the third collaboration between Rama Rao and director Dasari Narayana Rao, following successful films like [[Manushulanta Okkate|''Manushulantha Okkate'']] (1976) and ''[[Circus Ramudu]]'' (1980).<ref name=":0" />

=== Casting ===
Rama Rao was cast in the dual roles of the father, Paparayudu, and his son, Ram Mohan. His portrayal of these two distinct characters, with unique mannerisms and dialogue, was a highlight of the film. [[Sridevi]] played the female lead, and [[Rao Gopal Rao]] took on the role of the antagonist, Dharmaraju. Other notable cast members included [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Baba and [[Mohan Babu]] as a British soldier.<ref name=":0" />

=== Filming ===
The film's production was notable for its extensive period settings, especially during sequences portraying pre-independence India. Rama Rao took special care in distinguishing the two characters he portrayed, ensuring their personalities and dialogue were unique.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, Rama Rao fulfilled a long-held desire to portray [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] in a dream sequence in the song "Vinara Bharatha Veera Kumara," a [[Burra katha|Burrakatha]] composed by [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]. There was a notable incident during the filming when Rama Rao sustained a wrist injury, which led to a belief that the film would be a box-office success, following a pattern in his earlier films.<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sardar Paparayudu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| released = 1980
| recorded =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 30:14
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Rowdy Ramudu Konte Krishnudu]]
| prev_year = 1980
| next_title = [[Sarada Ramudu]]
| next_year = 1981
}}

The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Sri Sri, [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]], and Dasari Narayana Rao penned the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar Paparayudu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sardar-paparayudu/Mmfq4dPn6-c_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907042613/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sardar-paparayudu/Mmfq4dPn6-c_ |archive-date=7 September 2021 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=31 December 1980 }}</ref> The Burrakatha "Vinara Bharatha Veera Kumara," written by Sri Sri and performed by Burrakatha Benarjee, became an iconic piece in the film. The song was later included in many historical retrospectives on Telugu cinema. After the movie's initial release, the song "Jyothilakshmi Cheerakattindi" was added to extend the film's appeal.<ref name=":0" />

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:14
| title1 = Hello Temper
| lyrics1 = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = Thella Cheera Kallakatuka
| lyrics2 = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Pandommidhi Vandhala
| lyrics3 = Rajasri
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:41
| title4 = Jyothilakshmi
| lyrics4 = Dasari Narayana Rao
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 5:59
| title5 = Uyyalaku Vayasochchindhi
| lyrics5 = Rajasri
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 = Burrakatha
| lyrics6 = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Benerjee
| length6 = 6:49
}}

== Reception ==
Venkatram of ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' appreciated the direction, screenplay and dialogues by Dasari Narayana Rao, songs by Chakravarthy and the performances of the cast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=5 November 1980 |title=చిత్రసమీక్ష: సర్దార్ పాపారాయుడు |trans-title=Movie review: Sardar Paparayudu |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/IRH |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

''Sardar Paparayudu'' was a commercial success. The film's powerful dialogues, penned by Dasari Narayana Rao, resonated with audiences, leading to high sales of [[LP record|LP records]] and [[Cassette tape|cassettes]] of the audio track of the film. The film's re-recording, especially in the pre-independence era sequences, was highly praised. Rama Rao's dual-role performance was celebrated, with particular attention paid to the distinct mannerisms of both characters.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0187484}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s historical action films]]
[[Category:Fictional revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Alternate history films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about rebellions]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films based on real people]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

49th National Film Awards

2026-02-28T17:50:06Z

Alphadelta: formatting fix

{{Short description|2001 film awards in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 49
| award = National Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 49th National Film Awards
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 2001
| award_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| presenting_org = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] {{small|([[President of India]])}}
| announced_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2002|07|26}}
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2003|02|13}}
| site =
| host =
| website = [http://dff.nic.in/ dff.nic.in]
| lifetime_achievement = [[Yash Chopra]]
| best_feature = ''[[Dweepa]]''
| best_non_feature = ''Sonal''
| best_book = {{*}}''Asoumiya Chalachitrar Chaa-Pohar'' {{*}}''Moulik Marathi Chitrageete''
| best_critic = Vinod Anupam
| most_wins = ''[[Lagaan]]'' (8)
| last = 48th
| next = 50th
}}

The '''49th National Film Awards''', presented by [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], the organisation set up by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to felicitate the best of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year 2001.<ref name="49thaward">{{cite web |title=49th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232419/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref> Awards were announced by the committee headed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]], K. K. Kapil and [[Bharat Gopy]] for the feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema, respectively, on 26 July 2002; whereas award ceremony took place on 13 February 2003 and awards were given away by then [[President of India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].

== Awards ==

Awards were divided into feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema.

=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
|[[File:Yash Chopra 2012.jpg|75px]]
|[[Yash Chopra]]<ref name="dadasahebarchive">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award Past Recipients|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718171203/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|director and producer
|Swarna Kamal, {{INR}} {{formatnum:100000}} and a Shawl
|}

=== Feature films ===

Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 49th National Film Awards, a [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film]], ''[[Dweepa]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]; whereas a [[Bollywood|Hindi film]], ''[[Lagaan]]'' won the maximum number of awards (8). Following were the awards given in each category:<ref name="49thaward"/>

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardjuriesfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjul2002/26072002/r2607200224c.html|title=Jury Members for the 49th National film Awards (Feature Films)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=14 March 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082809/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjul2002/26072002/r2607200224c.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] (Chairperson){{•}}[[S. Ali Raza]]{{•}}[[Arun Kaul]]{{•}}Aruna Harprasad{{•}}[[Chitra Lakshmanan]]{{•}}[[Chitra Mudgal]]{{•}}Hemen Das
** J. L. Ralhan{{•}}K. C. N. Chandrasekar{{•}}Ibohal Sharma{{•}}K. Sampath{{•}}[[K. S. Rama Rao]]{{•}}[[Meera Dewan]]{{•}}[[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]
** [[Pallavi Joshi]]{{•}}Pradip Biswas{{•}}Prakash Dubey{{•}}[[Rajeevnath]]{{•}}Ramesh Desai{{•}}[[Sanjay Surkar]]{{•}}Sanjeev Hazarika

==== All India Award ====

Following were the awards given:<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjul2002/26072002/r2607200224a.html|title=49th National film Awards (Feature Films)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=19 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819080036/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjul2002/26072002/r2607200224a.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Golden Lotus Award =====

Official name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardfeature"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|''[[Dweepa]]''
|[[Kannada]]
|Producer: [[Soundarya]] director: [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the film combines integrity, creativity and aesthetics in its depiction of both the dilemmas and the spirit of a family who defy logic and weather to hold on to their roots.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|''[[Thilaadanam|Thiladaanam]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Director: [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
|{{INR}} 25,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its juxtaposition of two diverse ideologies existing within the same family – the father's belief in his religion and traditions and his son's revolutionary ideology. The film strikes a very fine balance in inter-generational explorations.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|''[[Lagaan]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Aamir Khan]] Director: [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
|{{INR}} 40,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For showing the victory of the human spirit in the face of oppression and for the creative use of a Cricket game as a metaphor for both colonisation and nationalism.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[B. Lenin]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For telling the eventful story of a revolutionary who has killed for his cause and awarded the death sentence for his crime. It further looks at the issue of capital punishment.''
|}

===== Silver Lotus Award =====

Official name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardfeature"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|''[[Bub (film)|Bub]]''
|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Director: [[Jyoti Sarup]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For exploring the problems of a minority in the face of terrorist activities of forces across the border. Against this macro scenario, the film weaves together more intimate micro stories particularly of the bonding between a sensitive bureaucrat and an orphaned boy.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
|''[[Chandni Bar]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: Lata Mohan Iyer Director: [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its realistic portrayal of the problems of an uprooted woman who is brought to Mumbai and forced to work in a beer bar. The film is a poignant and sensitive depiction of innocent girls trapped in the vicious cycle of survival in the underworld.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Neythukaran]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his brilliant portrayal of a character called Mestry, a committed political worker, caught in a web of shifting values-political and social.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Chandni Bar]]''
|Hindi
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For her down to earth and sensitive depiction of a never say die women, uprooted by the scars of communal violence.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Mitr, My Friend]]''
|English
|[[Shobana]]
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For her lifelike performance of a lonely mother / housewife torn between the social values of different societies which reflects the mood of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Chandni Bar]]''
|Hindi
|[[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting a ruthless character, trapped in a world without social values.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Chandni Bar]]''
|Hindi
|[[Ananya Khare]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her humane and realistic performance of a complex character.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[P. Shwetha]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her subdued portrayal of Kutty, a young girl made to suffer the agonies of social disparity and human exploitation.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{*}}''[[Lagaan]]'' {{small|("Mitwa")}} {{*}}''[[Dil Chahta Hain]]'' {{small|("Jaane Kyon")}}
|Hindi
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the song "Mitwa" in Hindi film "Lagaan" and "Jaane Kyon Log Pyaar Karte Hain" in Hindi film "Dil Chahta Hai".''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Udayageethavin Azhagi]]'' {{small|("Pattu Cholli")}}
|Tamil
|[[Sadhana Sargam]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her lilting and touching rendering of the song.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Dweepa]]''
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: Ramachandra Halkere [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: Prasad Film Laboratory
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his excellent camerawork that captures the agrarian milieu with strong visual metaphors. His work stands out for its deft handling of the situation, social vignettes and characters.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|''[[Show (film)|Show]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[G. Neelakanta Reddy]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the film, which seems to probes a real – unreal dramatic situation involving two characters full of emotion and conflicts, with a rare touch of artistic sensitivity.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''[[Lagaan]]''
|Hindi
|{{*}}[[H. Sridhar]] {{*}}Nakul Kamte
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For The sound effects recorded both efficiently and imaginatively heighten the visual impact of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|''[[Mitr, My Friend]]''
|English
|[[Beena Paul]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her crisp and taut cutting, makes her bag this award. The excellence is on view in frames offering imaginative touch.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
|''[[Lagaan]]''
|Hindi
|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For aesthetically recreating the pre independence period village with authentic details.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Lagaan]]''
|Hindi
|[[Bhanu Athaiya]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For taking microscopic care in designing the costumes of pre independence era which gives the film an authentic look.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''[[Lagaan]]''
|Hindi
|[[Soundtrack|Songs]] and [[Background music|Background Score]]: [[A. R. Rahman]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a music score, that is both regional in character and popular in appeal bringing out the ethos of Saurashtra region.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''[[Lagaan]]'' {{small|("Radha Kaise Na Jale" and "Ghanan Ghanan")}}
|Hindi
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For using very simple language to bring out the richness of the Kutch locale.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|''[[Aalavandhan]]''
|Tamil
|N. Madhusudhanan
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its creative execution of live and animated special effects which enhance the dramatic impact of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|''[[Lagaan]]'' {{small|("Ghanan Ghanan")}}
|Hindi
|Raju Khan
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For choreography of that particular song is very lively and skifully composed keeping our tradition and heritage in mind.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]''
|Tamil
|[[Janaki Vishwanathan]] (Director)
|{{INR}} 25,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its realistic portrayal of the transition of a girl child from rural Tamilnadu to Chennai, in search of a livelihood. The film sensitises its viewers to the exploitation of child domestic labour, commonly prevalent within middle class families.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]]
|''Panoi-Jongki''
|[[Kadugli language|Miri]] / [[Mising language|Mising]]
|{{•}}Dilip Doley {{•}}Narayan Seal (Director)
|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For effectively capturing the spirit of the colourful mongoloid tribe located at the foot hills of Arunachal Pradesh.''
|}

==== Regional Awards ====

The award is given to best film in the regional languages in India.<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardfeature"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|''[[Hemanter Pakhi]]''
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Director: Urmi Chakraborty
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For showing the plight of an educated woman who seeks her own identity within the trappings of her traditional role of mother and wife. A contemporary socially relevant issue has been handled with great sensitivity.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|Producer: [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] Director: [[Farhan Akhtar]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For artistically and humorously portraying the growing up years of young persons in modern society.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|''[[Atithi (2002 film)|Atithi]]''
|Producer: Mitrachitra Director: [[P. Sheshadri]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For addressing the universal affliction of terrorism. It portrays the impact of this scourge on innocent lives, human relations and behavioural patterns. It examines the issue at a human level with which viewers can empathise.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
|Producer: [[T. V. Chandran]] Director: [[T. V. Chandran]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For documenting the life of an ordinary human being who is denied any meaningful relationship within his family. In the end however the film very subtly but effectively brings out the triumph of the dignity of human relationships.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia|Best Feature Film in Odia]]
|''[[Magunira Shagada]]''
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Director: Prafulla Mohanty
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For showing the agony of a man trapped within tradition and unable to accept the changes that impact life around him.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]''
|Producer: L. Suresh Director: [[B. Lenin]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting a thought provoking story about crime, based on ideology. It reflects upon life, death and justice.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|''[[Show (film)|Show]]''
|Producer: [[Manjula Ghattamaneni]] Director: [[G. Neelakanta Reddy]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the development of human relations between two strangers with spontaneous humour and rare insight into life.''
|}

'''Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution'''

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]]
|''[[Mitr, My Friend]]''
|Producer: [[Suresh Chandra Menon|Suresh Menon]] Director: [[Revathi]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the agony of individuals torn between social values practised in different societies. It explores the nuances of emotions within a marriage and family.''
|}

=== Non-Feature Films ===

Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by K. K. Kapil was appointed to evaluate the non-feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="49thaward"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** K. K. Kapil (Chairperson){{•}}Dinkar Chowdhary{{•}}K. Sudhakar Rao{{•}}Naresh Bedi{{•}} [[Shalini Shah]]

==== Golden Lotus Award ====

Official name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardnonfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjul2002/26072002/r2607200224d.html|title=49th National film Awards (Non-Feature Films)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=14 March 2012|archive-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208010027/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjul2002/26072002/r2607200224d.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]
|''Sonal''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]] and English
|Producer: [[Films Division of India|Films Division]] Director: [[Prakash Jha]]
|{{INR}} 25,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its excellent use of the cinematic medium to give an insight into one of the greatest dancers of India.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction|Best Non-Feature Film Direction]]
|''Jorasanko Thakurbari''
|English
|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For artistically unfolding the history of the house of the Tagores.''
|}

==== Silver Lotus Award ====

Official name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardnonfeature"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director|Best First Non-Feature Film]]
|''[[Diary of a Housewife]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|Producer: Asha Joseph and [[Vinod Sukumaran]] Director: Vinod Sukumaran
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the innovative approach in narrating the pathos of a housewife who is waiting for her husband to return from war.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film|Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film]]
|''The Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh''
|English
|Producer: [[Films Division of India|Films Division]] Director: [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For exploring the vibrant rites and rituals of the Monpa tribe.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|Best Biographical Film]]
|''Teejan Bai''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: Kuldeep Sinha {{small|for}} Films Division Director: V. Packirisamy
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the portrayal of the success story of the folk artist.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film|Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film]]
|''The Holy Ganga''
|Hindi
|Producer: Y.N. Engineer {{small|for}} Films Division Director: Viplove Bhatia
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its thought provoking content which makes the viewers realise how badly the mother Ganga is treated.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film]]
|''News Magazine No. 458 (In Search of Muga Silk)''
|English
|Producer: Y.N. Engineer {{small|for}} Films Division Director: K.G. Das
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the unique art of Muga silk weaving of Assam.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]
|''A New Paradigm''
|English
|Producer: Aruna Raje Patil Director: Aruna Raje Patil
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For dealing with the lives of the mentally challenged, the trauma of their relatives and the endless effort of the teachers to bring hope to this segment of the society.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]]
|''Kanavu Malayilekku''
|Malayalam
|Producer: Tomy Mathew Director: M.G. Sasi
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its attempt to reassert the tribal identity and impart a sense of dignity to the tribal children.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|Best Investigative Film]]
|''Kalahandi''
|[[Oriya language|Oriya]] and English
|Producer: Soudamini Mishra Director: [[Gautam Ghose]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its courageous expose of endemic poverty in the backward region of Orissa and the state's apathy to it.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
|''The Pink Camel''
|Hindi
|Producer: [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society]] Director: Paushali Ganguli Animator: Paushali Ganguli
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For interesting animation, enlightening the viewers against superstitions.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]
|''[[Chaitra (film)|Chaitra]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Producer: [[Film and Television Institute of India]] Director: [[Kranti Kanade]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For beautifully exploring human relations centred around an age-old ritual of Haldi and Kumkum.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''Sayante Thinte Padavukal''
|Malayalam
|Producer: Ratheesh Ramayya Director: Satheesh Venganoor
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For sensitive portrayal of the plight of the aged who are neglected by their families.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''Jorasanko Thakurbari''
|English
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: Nilotpal Sarkar [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: Prasad Film Laboratory
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For imaginatively capturing images in light and shade, through smooth movements to bring life to the historical house of the Tagores'.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''The Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh''
|English
|Cameraman: [[Irom Maipak]] Laboratory Processing: Prasad Kalinga Lab
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his fascinating style of framing under uncontrolled situations.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''Enough of Silence''
|English
|Anup Mukherjee
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For adding a new dimension to the film through innovative sound track.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Editing|Best Editing]]
|''Athman''
|[[Universal language|Universal]]
|Ajith
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For maintaining the pace and drama of the film without any spoken words.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''[[Chaitra (film)|Chaitra]]''
|Marathi
|[[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating traditional music that blends aesthetically with the theme of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''Orchestra''
|Hindi
|[[Kireet Khurana]] (Producer) [[Bhimsain]] (Director)
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For effectively conveying the message of national integration through synchronous use of sound and animated images of musical instruments.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Non-Feature Film)|Special Mention]]
|''Kalahandi''
|Oriya and English
|A. R. Tripathi
|rowspan="4"|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his carefully crafted words giving an additional dimension to the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Chaitra (film)|Chaitra]]''
|Marathi
|[[Sonali Kulkarni]] (Actor)
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For the subtle display of her wide range of emotions.''
|}

=== Best Writing on Cinema ===

The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Bharat Gopy]] was appointed to evaluate the writing on Indian cinema. Following were the jury members:<ref name="49thaward"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Bharat Gopy]] (Chairperson){{•}}Ratnottama Sengupta{{•}}Savita Bhakhry

==== Golden Lotus Award ====

Official name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="49thaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''Asoumiya Chalachitrar Chaa-Pohar''
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|Author: Apurba Sarma Publisher: [[Jnan Pujari]]
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 7,500/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its panoramic and incisive analysis of Assamese cinema in the context of National and International scenario.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Moulik Marathi Chitrageete''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Author: Gangadhar Mahambare Publisher: Rajiv D. Barve
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its lucid, anecdotal narration of the growth of Marathi cinema through its film songs.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]
|
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Vinod Anupam
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the deep insight and social concern reflected in his questioning of phenomenon as varied as the disappearance of villages from Hindi screen and the glorification of terrorism.''
|}

==== Special Mention ====

All the award winners are awarded with Certificate of Merit.<ref name="49thaward"/>

{|class="wikitable"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Discontinued and intermittent National Film Awards#Special Mention (Film Critic)|Special Mention (Film Critic)]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|Author: [[C. S. Venkiteswaran]]
|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his serious approach in understanding the celluloid idiom and its social implications.''
|}

=== Awards not given ===

Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:<ref name="49thaward"/><ref name="49thawardfeature"/>

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment / Conservation / Preservation]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film|Best Scientific Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Agriculture Film|Best Agricultural Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Historical Reconstruction/Compilation Film|Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film|Best Exploration / Adventure Film]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:2002 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2003 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2002 awards in India]]
[[Category:2003 awards in India]]

Rimpi Das

2026-02-13T15:04:06Z

Alphadelta: adding new info

{{short description|Indian actress and model|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rimpi Das
| image =File:Aimi Barua and Rimpi Das at Jeevan kite festival.JPG
| caption=Rimpi Das (Right) at Jeevan kite festival on 26 February 2012
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tinsukia]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]
| spouse = Binoy Talukdar (m. 2023) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://assam.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/assamese-actress-rimpi-das-wedding-today-skd-291028.html|title=Rimpi Das Wedding : Popular actress Rimpi Das is getting married today|accessdate=3 May 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503144722/https://assam.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/assamese-actress-rimpi-das-wedding-today-skd-291028.html}}</ref>
| height = 5.7
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| relatives = [[Gunjan Bhardwaj]] (brother)
}}
'''Rimpi Das''' is an Indian actress and model, who appears in [[Assamese cinema]] and Hindi television serials. She has appeared in many Assamese movies which includes national award-winning films like ''[[Ajeyo]]'' and ''[[Mon Jaai]]''. She has also done Assamese VCD films like ''Uroniya Mon'', ''Phaguni'', ''Jonaki Mon'' etc. She made her Kollywood debut through ''Paali'' directed by A.Jesudoss.

== Career ==
Rimpi Das made her acting debut in the 2004 [[Assamese film]] ''Monot Birinar Jui'' directed by Ashok Kumar Bishaya. In 2010, Rimpi Das entered into the mobile theatre industry of Assam through [[Kohinoor Theatre]]. She started her Hindi television career in [[BIG Magic]]'s popular Hindi serial ''[[Akbar Birbal]]'', where she played the role of [[Anarkali]] along with well known Hindi television actors like [[Kiku Sharda]], [[Vishal Kotian]] and [[Delnaaz Irani]].

She has also portrayed the supporting role of [[Parvati]] in Indian epic series ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' along with Rohit Bakshi in [[Star Plus]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onenov.in/listings/rimpi_das_indian_film_television_actress |title=Rimpi Das Indian film television actress |accessdate=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821174000/https://www.onenov.in/listings/rimpi_das_indian_film_television_actress |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in another Indian epic television series of [[Colors TV|Colors]], ''[[Mahakali– Anth hi Aarambh hai]]'' where she played the character of [[Ganga in Hinduism|Devi Ganga]].

== Personal life ==
Rimpi is the eldest of three siblings. Her younger brother [[Gunjan Bhardwaj]] is also a popular actor of Assamese film and television industry.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
| Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film
! Role !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''Monot Birinar Jui''
| || Ashok Kumar Bishaya || Debut film
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''Joon Tora''
| || [[Simple Gogoi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Adhinayak]]''
| || [[Jatin Bora]] ||
|-
| ''Aami Asomiya''
| || Rajeev Bhattacharya ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Paali (film)|Paali]]''
| Paali || A Jesudas || Tamil film
|-
| ''Uroniya Mon''
| || Rajesh Bhuyan || VCD Film
|-
| rowspan="2| 2008 || ''Jonaki Mon''
| || Rajesh Bhuyan || VCD Film
|-
| ''[[Mon Jaai]]''
| || [[Moirangthem Maniram Singha]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Ochin Chinaki''
| || Munna Ahmed ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Poley Poley Ure Mon]]''
| || Timothy Das Hanse ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Karma Ke Rati]]''
| || [[Jayanta Nath]] || Assamese-Sadri film
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ajeyo]]''
| || [[Jahnu Barua]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Gaane Ki Aane]]''
| || Rajesh Jashpal ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''
| || [[Nipon Goswami]] || Special appearance in the song "Phool Phool"
|-
| ''Rongatapu 1982''
| || Adityam Saikia ||
|-
| 2025 || style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Homework''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| || Achintta Shankar ||
|-
| TBA || style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''[[Avataran]]''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| || Tarunabh Dutta ||
|}

=== Television ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !!Broadcast Channel
|-
|2015
|''Runjun''
|
|[[Rang (TV channel)]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Akbar Birbal]]'' || Anarkali || [[BIG Magic]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Hazir Jawab Birbal]]''
| Noor
| [[Big Magic]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' || Parvati || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mahakali– Anth hi Aarambh hai]]'' || Ganga || [[Viacom 18|Colors]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || Mishti || [[Star Bharat]]
|-
|}

=== Music Video ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song(s)
!Album(s)
!Singer(s)
!Language
!Music Composer
!Lyrics
!Co-actor(s)
!Note/Ref(s)
|-
|2005
|"Dhekide Dhekide"
|''Nayana''
|rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|rowspan="3" |Assamese
|Mrinalkanti
|Krishnamoni Nath
|
|Her First Assamese Music Video
|-
|rowspan="2" |2006
|"Sweet Love"
|rowspan="2" |''Mukha''
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Dusakure Nilare"
|Zubeen Garg, Arunima Bhattacharya
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm6757899}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Rimpi}}
[[Category:Actresses from Assam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aleixinho de Candolim

2026-02-11T16:26:27Z

Alphadelta: Added Initial Data V1

{{Short description|Indian playwright and singer (1913–1963)}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aleixinho de Candolim
| image = Aleixinho de Candolim.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Fernandes during his youth
| birth_name = João Baptista Aleixinho Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Candolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|7|9|df=y}}
| death_place = Candolim, Goa, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|7|16|1913|7|9|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|director|singer|composer}}
| years_active = 1935–1962
}}

'''João Baptista Aleixinho Fernandes''' (9 July 1913 – 16 July 1963), known professionally as '''Aleixinho de Candolim''', was an Indian playwright, [[theatre director]], singer, and composer who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Career==
During the same era when J. P. Souzalin graced the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] in [[Bombay]], another aspiring young man from Camotin-waddo, [[Candolim]], emerged with a fervent desire to make his mark in [[Goa]]'s theater scene. This individual was Fernandes, a 22-year-old who would later establish himself as a leading writer and director of Konkani stage plays, earning popular acclaim under the name "Aleixinho de Candolim." Fernandes was regarded as the pioneer who kick-started the ''[[tiatr]]'' movement on [[Goan]] soil. At the age of 22, Fernandes began crafting ''tiatrs'' and successfully staged his maiden play, ''Putanchi Duddvanchi Ass ani Avoichem Disgras'', on 15 August 1935, coinciding with the feast day of the [[patroness]] [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary]] at Candolim's Church of Our Lady of Hope ({{translation|''[[Our Lady of Pontmain|Nossa Senhora de Esperança]]''}}).<ref name=":0" /> This inaugural ''tiatr'', featuring local artists and showcasing Fernandes' own compositions, struck a chord with the audience. Subsequently, Fernandes authored a multitude of ''tiatrs'', collaborating with both local and commercial actors, and presenting his creations not only in Candolim but also in neighboring villages.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Cardozo |first=Irene |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=22–23}}</ref>

Fernandes swiftly gained prominence as a ''tiatr'' writer, composer, and singer. His popularity soared, with each of his compositions becoming a success. His reputation as a composer and vocalist earned him invitations to perform in ''tiatrs'' across the entire state of Goa. Fernandes soon became a household name, cherished and celebrated by the Goan populace. In 1939, Fernandes ventured to Bombay in search of employment, a path trodden by numerous Goan youth of that time. As fate would have it, German Pinto staged a ''tiatr'' at the ''Institute Luso Indiano'' on 11 November 1939, in Bombay during Fernandes' stay. Upon hearing of Fernandes' arrival, Pinto swiftly secured his services as a singer for his production. Fernandes mesmerized the Goan community in Bombay with his three renditions in the ''tiatr''. This triumph led to an invitation to participate in another ''tiatr'', directed by Cruz Jazzwala, held at the same venue on 6 January 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Once again, Fernandes captivated the audience with his performances. Writer Irene Cardozo writes, his talents and abilities established him as a cherished artist, commanding the respect and admiration of both ''tiatr'' directors and theatergoers in Bombay.<ref name=":1" />

Fernandes soon became a highly sought-after talent, attracting the attention of popular writers and directors in Bombay's [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater scene. Each aspired to enlist Fernandes for their own ''tiatrs''. J. P. Souzalin, a leading director, was among the first to secure Fernandes' services, casting him in ''Bhott Ailolo Pomburpechea Festak'' ([[Hindu priest]]'s arrival at [[Pomburpa]]'s feast). This play, staged on 5 February 1940, at the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, Bombay, drew a full house. Fernandes contributed two new songs to this ''tiatr'', titled "Ostori" and "Goenchea Alfani aile Bab," both of which became instant hits. Souzalin discerned Fernandes' prodigious talent and consistently included him in subsequent ''tiatrs''. However, circumstances dictated that Fernandes could not secure his desired employment in Bombay, thus compelling his return to Goa. Nonetheless, Souzalin once again invited Fernandes to participate in his production, ''Pai Tujeach Tonddan Magon Ghetlen'', bringing him back to Bombay specifically for this ''tiatr''.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, Fernandes graced the stage in numerous performances, both in his own productions and those of others.<ref name=":1" />

In the region of [[Goa]], Fernandes embarked on a career as a playwright, crafting ''[[tiatr]]s'' that garnered substantial support from the local [[Goan]] population in both Goa itself and the city of [[Bombay]]. Despite being rooted in Goa, Fernandes regularly undertook biannual tours to Bombay, where he consistently entertained the Goan community with his theatrical group. During these visits, Fernandes incorporated several artists from Bombay into his ensemble, including Dioginho D'Mello and Baldin Araujo. One of Fernandes's contributions to the realm of ''tiatrs'' in Bombay was his role in expanding the geographical scope of performances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=139–141 |language=en}}</ref> Prior to his ventures, Konkani ''tiatrs'' were primarily confined to the [[Dhobitalao|Dhobitalão]] area, whereas Fernandes was the first to bring ''tiatrs'' to locations such as [[Dadar]], [[Mahim]], [[Parel]], and [[Poona]]. Consequently, Fernandes's initiatives paved the way for subsequent directors to stage their own ''tiatrs'' in these centers. Fernandes authored 27 ''tiatrs'', including works such as ''Matarponn'' (Old Age), ''Goencho Posorkar'' (Goan Shopkeeper), ''Munddari, Bhasailolo Nouro'', ''Mottorkar Ponk'', ''Kuroikar'', ''Aga Kumpar'', ''Sezari'' (The Neighbour), ''St. Cecilia'', ''Bhirankull Xevott'' (The Scary Ending), ''Vid Tiatristanchem'', ''Eu Khuim vo Pescadores'', ''Te Dogui Luche'', ''Kallo Bazar Vo Black Market'','' Amcho Pordhes'', ''Bebdeacho Estad'', ''Miss 1951'', ''Festache Ferientlem Ful'', ''Cheddvankar'', ''Mhuzo Ghov Basurkar'', ''Millionar'' (Millionaire), ''Bhurgeankar'', ''Omtea Kollxear Udok'', and ''Amchea Xetachi Pavnni'' (The Auction of Our Field).<ref name=":0" /> Moreover, he actively composed and performed numerous songs within the ''tiatrs'', some of which continue to be broadcast on radio platforms today. Some examples of his popular compositions include "Fatima Saibinn," "Cazari Bhoinni," "Bailek Bhieta," and "Dadlea."<ref name=":1" />

Three ''tiatrs'' that deserve special recognition are ''To Bavtto Dhormancho'', ''Ram Ram Bhaoji'', and ''Sounsarant Konn Konnancho?''. These productions achieved success, drawing substantial audiences at each performance. ''Amchea Xetachi Pavnni'' marked Fernandes's final ''tiatr'' showcased in Bombay. Known for his aptitude as an actor, Fernandes meticulously studied each role prior to commencing rehearsals, and he expected a similar commitment from the actors in his ''tiatrs''. Like J. P. Souzalin, Fernandes strove for excellence in his productions and actively fostered emerging talent, thereby making a significant contribution to the growth of Konkani theater. He is known for his songs that continue to be aired on [[All India Radio]] in Bombay and [[Panaji]]. His vocal recordings are preserved by All India Radio on [[Gramophone Company India]] and tapes, ensuring that future generations of ''tiatr'' enthusiasts can enjoy his music. Fernandes occupied a pivotal position in preserving the tradition of Konkani ''tiatr'' during a critical juncture, as aptly noted by Konkani historian [[Wilson Mazarello]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=36–41 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
João Baptista Aleixinho Fernandes was born on 9 July 1913, in Camotim-waddo, [[Candolim]], [[Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Fernandes exhibited a fervent passion for music and acting from an early age. His talent for singing was honed while attending the local [[parochial school]], where he had the opportunity to perform [[hymns]].<ref name=":1" /> At the age of 16, Fernandes began showcasing his vocal prowess by singing [[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs in village concerts. These concerts, a customary part of the village church feasts, provided a platform for local boys and girls to exhibit their talents. It was during one such concert that Fernandes made his debut on stage. His composition and performance of a song received admiration from the audience, serving as a significant catalyst for his career.<ref name=":0" />

Rapidly gaining fame, Fernandes became widely known for his singing abilities and his gift for songwriting. His compositions were characterized by vivid imagery, showcasing his imaginative and visionary nature. Moreover, Fernandes had a unique singing style. His contributions extended beyond music, as he held a deep affection for his native village, adopting the stage name Aleixinho de Candolim to honor his roots.<ref name=":1" /> On 16 July 1963, Fernandes died in his hometown of Candolim, Goa, aged 50.<ref name=":0" />

==Analysis==
Fernandes ''[[tiatr]]s'' garnered lasting acclaim, transcending more than five decades since his demise. Popular among his [[repertoire]] are works such as ''Mhatarponn'', ''Amcho Pordes'', ''Gõycho Posorkar'', ''To Bavtto Dhormacho'', ''Mhozo Ghov Basurkar'', ''Ram Ram Baoji'', ''Bhasailolo Nouro'', ''Sonvsarant Konn Konnacho?'', ''Omtea Kollxear Udok'', and ''Amchea Xetachi Pavnni''. A careful analysis of Fernandes's ''tiatrs'' reveals his astute awareness of prevailing [[social issue]]s, with a dual aim of entertainment and education.<ref name=":1" /> His plays predominantly grapple with social themes, striving to uphold moral values and propose resolutions. Fernandes's ''tiatr Amchea Xetachi Pavnni'' aligns with the tradition of protest theater, bearing resemblance to the pioneering work of Brazilian director [[Augusto Boal]]'s [[Theatre of the Oppressed]].<ref name=":2" />

In ''Mhatarponn'', Fernandes portrays the mistreatment of elderly parents by their own children, delivering a cautionary message about the potential repercussions when these sons themselves age and face similar neglect. ''Gõycho Posorkar'' delves into the realm of shopkeepers in the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese era in Goa]], distinguishing between those who aided impoverished customers and those who exploited them through exorbitant pricing. By advocating for strict action against errant shopkeepers and recognition for the virtuous ones, Fernandes voices his concerns through this ''tiatr''. The migration of [[Goans]] seeking livelihoods in the [[Gulf countries]] has been a prevalent phenomenon, paralleling Fernandes's era when many individuals sought prosperity in Basura. ''Mhozo Ghov Basurkar'' encapsulates this dynamic, urging parents of prospective brides to prioritize qualities over monetary considerations when selecting suitors. ''To Bavtto Dhormacho'' explores various facets of social life, with Fernandes emphasizing the significance of the revered [[Christian cross|Holy Cross]] among Goans.<ref name=":1" />

''Amchea Xetachi Pavnni'', staged for the first time by Fernandes in [[Candolim]] on [[Easter Sunday]] in April 1962, sheds light on the plight of [[Tenant farmer|tenant]]s (''munddkars'') during the Portuguese regime in Goa. These tenants toiled on lands owned by [[landlord]]s (''bhattkars''), who disproportionately reaped the profits. The landlords wielded considerable power, instilling fear that inhibited tenants from expressing their grievances. Following [[Liberation of Goa|Goa's liberation]], Fernandes exposed the tyranny and exploitation faced by tenants, advocating fervently for their rights and justice. Staging a ''tiatr'' critical of landlords during the Portuguese era was a formidable task, yet Fernandes persevered, championing the cause of the marginalized and amplifying their voices through his play.<ref name=":1" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1935
|''Putanchi Duddvanchi Ass ani Avoichem Disgras''
|Writer/director
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1939
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Singer
|
|rowspan="27"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|1940
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Singer
|
|-
|''Bhott Ailolo Pomburpechea Festak''
|Singer
|
|-
|1940s
|''Pai Tujeach Tonddan Magon Ghetlen''
|Singer
|
|-
|
|''Matarponn''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Goencho Posorkar''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Munddari''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Bhasailolo Nouro''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Mottorkar Ponk''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Kuroikar''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Aga Kumpar''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Sezari''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''St. Cecilia''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Bhirankull Xevott''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Vid Tiatristanchem''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Eu Khuim vo Pescadores''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Te Dogui Luche''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Kallo Bazar Vo Black Market''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Amcho Pordhes''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Bebdeacho Estad''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Miss 1951''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Festache Ferientlem Ful''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Cheddvankar''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Mhuzo Ghov Basurkar''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Millionar''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Bhurgeankar''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Omtea Kollxear Udok''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|1961/1962
|''Amchea Xetachi Pavnni''
|Writer/director
|Final production
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Amchea Xetachi Pavnni' to be staged across Goa |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=162381 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |date=2012-07-28 |title=Aleixinho De Candolim |url=https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/28-7-12 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]] |language=gom}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aleixinho de Candolim}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Ratan Sil Sarma

2026-02-10T02:57:15Z

Alphadelta: adding article

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ratan Sil Sarma
| birth_place = [[Assam]]
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 2010-present
}}
'''Ratan Sil Sarma''' is an Indian film director.<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title='Pepper Chicken' was an Opportunity to Project Assam and Northeast to the Mainstream, Says Dipannita Sharma |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pepper-chicken-was-an-opportunity-to-project-assam-and-northeast-to-the-mainstream-says-dipannita-sharma-3118541.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=News18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Assam Filmmaker Ratan Sil Sarma, the man behind acclaimed thriller 'Pepper Chicken' - INSIDE NE|url=https://www.insidene.com/meet-assam-filmmaker-ratan-sil-sarma-the-man-behind-acclaimed-thriller-pepper-chicken/|access-date=2021-01-18|language=en-US}}</ref> He is associated with Assamese Cinema and Hindi Cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ratan Sil Sarma - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/ratan-sil-sarma/1090815|access-date=2021-01-18|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his career as film editor. He edited the films like [[Gangs Of North East|Gangs of North East]], Dham Dhama Dham and [[Kokaideu Bindaas]]. In 2016, he made his directing debut with Assamese film [[Marksheet (2016 film)|Marksheet]] for which he received several awards in [[Prag Cine Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Marksheet (মাৰ্কশ্বিট) a 2018 Assamese movie Dir: Ratan Sil Sarma|url=http://www.boxofficeassam.com/movie/marksheet/|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Box Office Assam|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, he directed Hindi film [[Pepper Chicken]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
!Language
|-
|2020
|''[[Pepper Chicken]]''
|First Hindi Film
|Hindi
|-
|2016
|''[[Marksheet (2016 film)|Marksheet]]''
|Debut Movie
|Assamese
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016
| rowspan="9" |''[[Prag Cine Awards]]''
|''Best Debut Director''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''Best Director''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|''Best Lyrics''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|''Best Film Editing''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|''Best Screenplay''
|{{Nominated}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, Ratan Sil}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Government Engineering College, Idukki

2026-02-06T17:58:03Z

Alphadelta: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|College in Idukki District, Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Engineering College, Idukki
| image = Gec_idukki_emblem.jpg
| image_size = 200 px
| image_alt = geci, gecidukki
| caption = Logo
| established = 2000
| type = Government College
| affiliation = [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]
| principal = Dr. Baiju Sasidharan
| students = 1000+
| city = Kuyilimala, [[Painavu, Idukki, Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|50|52|N|76|56|32|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=inline,title}}
| campus = {{convert|25|acre|m2}}
| other_name = GECI
| website = {{url|www.gecidukki.ac.in}}
| logo = Geci mainbldg.jpg
| director = Directorate of Technical Education, Kerala
}}

The '''Government Engineering College, Idukki''' ('''GECI''') is located in the town of [[Painavu]], in [[Idukki district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is affiliated to the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]], and is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE), New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gecidukki.ac.in|title=GECI}}</ref> The institution is under the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE), Government of Kerala.

==History==
The college<ref>{{citation |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Shiksha_-_TeleVehicle]]
|url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/government-engineering-college-idukki-6039
|title=Government Engineering College, Idukki Highlights 2024}}</ref> was established in 2000 under the Directorate of Technical Education<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_technicaleducation/index.htm
|title=Kerala Government |access-date=17 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625042112/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_technicaleducation/index.htm
|archive-date=25 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of the government of Kerala. The college was inspected and approved by AICTE in April 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aicte-india.org/misappengineering.htm|title=AICTE|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064249/http://www.aicte-india.org/misappengineering.htm|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> Government Engineering College, Idukki, was founded to provide technical education to students in the hilly regions of Kerala. It started operations in 2000 with just two undergraduate programs. Over the years, it has expanded its academic offerings to include more undergraduate and postgraduate programs across various disciplines of engineering and technology. The college operates under the administrative control of the Government of Kerala, following the curriculum prescribed by the Kerala Technological University (KTU).{{fact|date=December 2024}}

==Campus==
The {{convert|25|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus is located at Kuyilimala, [[Painavu]] – the headquarters of the [[Idukki]] district and is situated near State Highway 33.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTE - Home |url=https://www.dtekerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=www.dtekerala.gov.in}}</ref>

Key features of the campus include:

* Central Computing Facility
* Research Laboratories
* Auditorium and Seminar Halls
* Indoor and Outdoor Sports Facilities

[[File:A view of GEC Idukki and other Govt. Offices at Kuyilimala.jpg|thumb|GEC Idukki and government offices at Kuyilimala]]

== Admissions ==
Admissions to the B.Tech Degree programs are carried out on the basis of rank in the common entrance examination conducted by the Government of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cee-kerala.org
|title=CEE Kerala}}</ref>

Admissions to the M.Tech Degree programs are carried out on the basis of rank in the GATE conducted by the IITs.<ref name="gate">{{cite web
|url=http://gate.iitkgp.ac.in/gate2014 |title=GATE Office, IITKGP |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113235318/http://gate.iitkgp.ac.in/gate2014/
|archive-date=13 November 2013
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtekerala.gov.in/|title=DTE Kerala}}</ref>

== Academics ==
GECI offers undergraduate (B.Tech) programs in disciplines such as:

* Computer Science and Engineering
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* Electronics and Communication Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Information and Technology Engineering
* Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Similarly, offers postgraduate (M.Tech) programs in disciplines such as:

* Power Electronics and Control
* Computer Science and Systems Engineering
* Network Engineering
* VLSI and Embedded Systems

The college follows a semester-based curriculum with a strong emphasis on practical learning, research, and innovation. The programs are accredited by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education {{!}} |url=https://www.aicte-india.org |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=www.aicte-india.org}}</ref>

== Research and Collaborations ==
GECI actively promotes research and development in engineering and technology. The institution collaborates with various industries and research organizations to facilitate knowledge exchange and practical exposure for its students. It also hosts technical symposiums, hackathons, and workshops to enhance the research culture among students and faculty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University |url=https://ktu.edu.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203000652/https://ktu.edu.in/ |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=ktu.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:GEC Idukki library001.jpg|thumb|Library – book lending section]]
[[File:GECI - Library Reading Room.jpg|thumb|Library – Reference Section]]

==Digital library in engineering==
The college has access to international journals and technical papers through the Indian National Library in Engineering (INDEST) -AICTE Consortium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/indest/members.php
|title=indest}}</ref>

[[File:Govt Engineering College Idukki Campus DSC 3341.jpg|thumb|College Buses]]

==See also==
* [[Engineering education]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.gecidukki.ac.in Official website]
* [http://www.dtekerala.gov.in Directorate of Technical Education Kerala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307141828/http://gecilive.com/ Campus blog and e-magazine]
* [http://www.my.opera.com/gecidukki Photo blog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724132707/http://www.idukki.nic.in/ Idukki District homepage]
* [http://www.cee-kerala.org/ Kerala Entrance Examinations official web portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213085738/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_technicaleducation/outline.htm Department of Technical Education]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093518/http://www.idukki.net/images/districtmap.gif Idukki District map]

{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Kerala]]

Chantavit Dhanasevi

2026-02-01T07:30:30Z

Alphadelta: added info

{{Short description|Thai actor and screenwriter (born 1983)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chantavit Dhanasevi
| native_name = ฉันทวิชช์ ธนะเสวี
| native_name_lang = th
| image = Ter.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Dhanasevi in 2012
| birth_name = Chantavit Dhanasevi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|09|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Davika Hoorne]]|2025}}
| othername = {{hlist|Ter|Chunthawit Thanasewi}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Chulalongkorn University]] {{nowrap|([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] Communication Arts)}}|[[University of Western Australia]]}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| agent = {{ubl|[[GMM Tai Hub]]|[[GDH 559]]}}
| height = {{height|m=1.83}}
| website =
}}

'''Chantavit Dhanasevi''' ({{langx|th|ฉันทวิชช์ ธนะเสวี}}; {{RTGS|Chanthawit Thanasewi}}, born 18 September 1983), nicknamed '''Ter''' ({{langx|th|เต๋อ}}) is a Thai actor and screenwriter. He is best known for his lead roles in the 2010 film ''[[Hello Stranger (2010 film)|Hello Stranger]]'', the 2012 film ''[[ATM: Er Rak Error]],'' and the 2016 movie, ''[[One Day (2016 film)|One Day]]''.

==Early life==
Dhanasevi studied at [[Chulalongkorn University]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Communication Arts, majoring in Motion Pictures and Still Photography.<ref name="Chantavit Dhanasevi Profile">{{cite web |url=http://wiki.asianfuse.net/index.php/Ter_Chuntawit_Thanasewee |title=Ter Chuntawit Thanasewee - AsianFuse Wiki |access-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030142829/http://wiki.asianfuse.net/index.php/Ter_Chuntawit_Thanasewee |archive-date=2011-10-30 }}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/thailand/articles/the-10-biggest-actors-in-thailand/|title=The 10 Biggest Actors in Thailand|last=Finlay|first=Leslie|date=March 19, 2018|work=Culture Trip}}</ref> During his time at university, he worked in several faculty stage plays from 2001 to 2006.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Career==
After graduation, Dhanasevi began work as a freelancer and started doing screen-writing, assistant directing, off-shot cinematographing, and acting coach jobs for [[GMM Tai Hub|GTH]].<ref name=":23"/> He acted in several small roles in many GTH films until 2008, when he got one of the main roles in ''[[Hormones (2008 film)|Hormones]]''. He then had another lead role in the horror film ''[[Coming Soon (2008 film)|Coming Soon]]''. He also was credited for screenwriting of ''4Bia'' and ''Phobia 2'' in 2008-2009.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

In 2010, Dhanasevi became an actor after doing the romantic comedy ''[[Hello Stranger (2010 film)|Hello Stranger]]'' with Neungthida Sopon, in which he also was credited as co-screenwriter. His role earned him a Star Hunter award as one of the 10 most promising young actors in Asia at Shanghai International Film Festival 2011.<ref name=":23"/> In 2012, he came back with another film, ''[[ATM: Er Rak Error]]'' along with a new actress, [[Preechaya Pongthananikorn]]. ''ATM'' became GTH's highest-grossing film ever at that time (later surpassed by ''Pee Mak'' in 2013). In 2013, Dhanasevi co-wrote the film ''[[Pee Mak]]''.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== Personal life ==
Dhanasevi was in a relationship with Pattarasaya Kreursuwansiri for nearly seven years.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oowi7rWox1k คลิปจัดเต็ม "พีค" แถลงข่าวเลิก "เต๋อ" 1/3]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnVUKHW7Jpc คลิปจัดเต็ม "พีค" แถลงข่าวเลิก "เต๋อ" 2/3]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tt4hM7KVtrw คลิปจัดเต็ม "พีค" แถลงข่าวเลิก "เต๋อ" 3/3]</ref>

In mid-2018, he began dating [[Davika Hoorne]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khaosod.co.th/entertainment/news_1815480|title=เต๋อ-ใหม่ ศึกษา 1 ปี รู้ใจกันมากขึ้น รักหวานกลมกล่อม ไม่จำกัดคำสถานะแฟน|date=22 May 2019|work=khaosod}}</ref> On June 11, 2025, Chantavit proposed to Davika with a large diamond ring.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sanook.com/news/9801682/|title="ใหม่ ดาวิกา" ว่าที่เจ้าสาว "เต๋อ ฉันทวิชช์" สวมแหวนเพชรตีตราจองแล้ว อลังการมาก|trans-title="Mai Davika", the bride-to-be of "Ter Chantavit", wears a diamond ring to mark her reservation It's so magnificent|website=[[sanook.com]]|language=Thai|date=11 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> They tied the knot at the boutique hotel Maison Mystique in Khao Yai, Thailand on November 10.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thai actress Davika Hoorne and actor-screenwriter Ter Chantavit are married|url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/davika-hoorne-ter-chantavit-married-473761|work=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA Lifestyle]]|access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Screenwriter===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:600px"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! width=10|Year !! Title !! Note
|-
|2008
|''[[4bia]]''
| Consultant writer / segment "In the Middle")
|-
|2008
| ''[[Phobia 2]]''
| Screenplay / segment "In the End")
|-
|2010
|''[[Hello Stranger (2010 film)|Hello Stranger]]''
|Co-writer
|-
|2013
|''[[Pee Mak]]''
|Co-writer
|-
|2016
|''[[One Day (2016 film)|One Day]]''
|Co-writer
|-
|2021
|''[[The Medium (2021 film)|The Medium]]''
|Co-writer
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:600px"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! width=10|Year !! Title !! Role
|-
|2007
|''{{ill|The Bedside Detective|th|สายลับจับบ้านเล็ก}}''
| Pizza delivery guy
|-
|2008
|''[[Hormones (2008 film)|Hormones]]''
| Hern
|-
|2008
| ''[[Coming Soon (2008 film)|Coming Soon]]''
| Shane
|-
|2010
|''[[Hello Stranger (2010 film)|Hello Stranger]]''
| Dang
|-
|2012
|''[[ATM: Er Rak Error]]''
| Sua
|-
|2016
|''[[One Day (2016 film)|One Day]]''<ref>{{cite web|first1=Jing Yi|last1=Hon|title=Shutter director Banjong Pisanthanakun gets romantic with new movie|url=http://www.todayonline.com/entertainment/movies/shutter-director-banjong-pisanthanakun-gets-romantic-new-movie-0|website=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]]|access-date=2016-10-26|date=24 October 2016}}</ref>
| Denchai
|-
|2017
| ''[[A Gift (film)|A Gift]]''
| Llong
|-
|2019
| ''[[The Con-Heartist]]''
| Mr. Samson
|-
|2024
| ''404 Run Run''<ref>{{Cite web |title=404 สุขีนิรันดร์..RUN RUN {{!}} SF Cinema |url=https://www.sfcinemacity.com/movie/404.HO00002218 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=SF Cinema City |language=en}}</ref>
| Nakrob
|}

===Television===
* 2014 ''Naruk'' ([[:th:เดอะ วัน เอ็นเตอร์ไพรส์|XACT]]-[[:th:เดอะ วัน เอ็นเตอร์ไพรส์|SCENARIO]]/[[Channel 5 (Thailand)|Ch.5]]) as Nai With Kaneungnij Jaksamittanon
* 2015 ''Phu Khong Yod Rak'' ([[TV Thunder]]/[[Channel 3 (Thailand)|Ch.3]]) as Phan Namsupan With [[Rasri Balenciaga Chirathiwat]]
* 2017 ''Chai Mai Jing Ying Tae'' ([[:th:เดอะ วัน เอ็นเตอร์ไพรส์|The One Enterprise Public]]/[[One 31]]) as Phakorn Sedthahiran (Phak) With [[Davika Hoorne]]
* 2017 ''Nang Sao Mai Jam Kad Nam Sakul'' (The One Enterprise Public/One 31) as Aong Sa () With Davika Hoorne
* 2019 ''Rak Jung Oei'' ([[Sinjai Plengpanich|Mahaniyonchomchab]]/Ch.3) as Damrong (Phoo Yai Dam) With [[Natapohn Tameeruks]]
* 2020 ''Pleng Rak Chao Phraya'' (The One Enterprise Public-[[:th:ธงชัย ประสงค์สันติ|Por Dee kam]]/One 31) as Ton Jaopraya () With Alisa Kunkwaeng
* 2021 ''Help Me Khun Pee Chuay Duay'' ([[:th:ณัฏฐนันท์ ฉวีวงษ์|TV SCENE]]/Ch.3) as Arnon Srimankongying (Non) With Kannarun Wongkajornklai / Diana Flipo
* 2023 ''Mue Prap Kratha Rua'' (BEC Studio/Ch.3) as Jarinporn Joonkiat
* 2024 ''[[Doctor Climax]]'' as Dr. Nat

===Series===
* 2009 ''Sai Lub The Series'' (/[[Channel 9 (Thailand)|Modernine]]) as Shu
* 2010 ''Muad Opas Yod Mue Prab...Ka Dee Pissawong'' (/Modernine) as Muad Opas
* 2011 ''Muad Opas The Series - Season 2'' (/Modernine) as Muad Opas
* 2013 ''ATM 2: Koo Ver Er Rak'' (/) as
* 2016 ''Diary of Tootsie'' (/GDH559) as Escort - cameo
* 2020 ''The Con-Heartist'' (/GDH559) as Sam

===Sitcom===
* 2009 ''Suek Wan Shu Jai'' (/[[Channel 7 (Thailand)|Ch.7]]) as Shu

=== Director ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:600px"
!width=10|Year !!Title !!Episode
|-
|2015
|''ThirTEEN Terrors''
| Tai-Tam
|-
|2025
|''Clairebell''
|}

===Stage play===
*2012 Lum-Sing Singer as Paladkick (with [[Khemanit Jamikorn]])

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| rowspan=3|2011 || [[Suphannahong National Film Awards]] || Best Screenplay (shared with [[Banjong Pisanthanakun]] & Nontra Kumwong || rowspan=2|''[[Hello Stranger (2010 film)|Hello Stranger]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Shanghai International Film Festival China ประจำปี 2011 || Star Hunter Award || {{won}}
|-
| Meckhala Awards 24 || Best Comedy Actor || ''Muad Opas Yod Mue Prab...Kadee Pissawong'' || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2012 || Top Awards 2012 || Best Film Actor || ''[[ATM: Er Rak Error]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| TV Pool Star Party Awards 2012 || Film-goers' Most Favourite Star 2012 || {{N/A}} || {{won}}
|-
| 2014 || [[Suphannahong National Film Awards]] || Best Screenplay (shared with Nontra Kumwong and [[Banjong Pisanthanakun|Banjung Pisanthanakun]] || ''[[Pee Mak]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=5| 2016 || [[Suphannahong National Film Awards]] || Best Actor || rowspan=7| ''[[One Day (2016 film)|One Day]]'' || {{won}}
|-
| 10th Nine Entertain Awards || Actor of the Year || {{Won}}
|-
| 14th Star Pics Awards || Best Leading Actor || {{Nom}}
|-
| Dara Daily The Great Awards || Actor of the Year || {{Won}}
|-
| 25th Entertainment Club Awards || Best Leading Actor || {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2017 || Kazz Awards || Best Actor || {{Won}}
|-
| The BK Film Awards || Best Leading Actor || {{Won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3022002|name=Chantavit Dhanasevi}}
* [https://www.viki.com/celebrities/17137pr-ter-chantavit-dhanasevi Chantavit Dhanasevi] at Viki.com
{{Suphannahong National Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanasevi, Chantavit}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Thai male actors|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Thai male models|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bangkok|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Faculty of Communication Arts, Chulalongkorn University alumni|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Thai people of Chinese descent|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Thai male stage actors|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Thai male film actors|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Thai male television actors|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Thai comedians|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]
[[Category:Nadao Bangkok actors|Chantavit Dhanasevi]]

Black Warrant (book)

2026-01-14T22:32:48Z

Alphadelta: made new post

{{Short description|Book by Sunetra Choudhury}}
{{Other uses|Black Warrant (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Black Warrant: Confessions of a Tihar Jailer
| image = File:Black Warrant (novel).jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Sunetra Choudhury]] Sunil Gupta
| translator =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| country = India
| genre = Non-fiction Drama
| publisher = [[Roli Books]]
| release_date = 7 November 2019
| media_type = Print ([[paperback]], [[Hardcover|hardback]])
| pages = 178
| isbn = 8194206855
}}

'''''Black Warrant: Confessions of a Tihar Jailer''''' is an Indian 2019 non-fiction book written by journalist [[Sunetra Choudhury]] and the former superintendent of [[Tihar Jail]], Sunil Gupta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/podcast/black-warrant-confessions-of-a-jailer-nirbhaya-execution-afzal-guru-sunil-sharma-sunetra-choudhury|title=Ex-Tihar Jailer Opens Up About Afzal Guru, Sobhraj, Nirbhaya Cases|date=25 January 2020 |publisher=The Quint|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> It traces some of the infamous criminals who served their time in the jail and were hanged.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/943999/in-a-book-about-convicts-sentenced-to-death-a-jailer-reveals-details-of-afzal-gurus-final-hours|title=In a book about convicts sentenced to death, a jailer reveals details of Afzal Guru's final hours|publisher=Scroll.in|date=18 November 2019|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> The book was published by [[Roli Books]] on 7 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/books-culture-black-warrant-a-compilation-of-unheard-stories-of-tihar-by-retired-law-officer-567205|title=Retired law officer pens down unheard stories of Tihar Jail in his book titled, 'Black Warrant'|website=India TV|date=28 November 2019|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> The book shares controversial confessions of procedural lapses and corruption leading to a travesty of justice. It provides a step forward in a quest to understand the Indian prison system and provides fodder for further research into its corruption and injustices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book review of Black Warrant by Sunil Gupta and Sunetra Choudhary |url=https://www.humanrightspulse.com/mastercontentblog/book-review-of-black-warrant-by-sunil-gupta-and-sunetra-choudhary |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Human Rights Pulse |date=9 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception==
A review in ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' called the book a "racy read" calling it "a must-read if they want a quick tutorial on the history of crime in Delhi in the past four decades."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-black-warrant-confessions-of-a-tihar-jailer-confessions-crimes-worst-kept-secrets/1861344/|title=Book Review- Black Warrant: Confessions of a Tihar Jailer; Confessions, crimes, worst-kept secrets|work=The Financial Express|date=9 February 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref>

==Adaptation==
In June 2020, it was announced that [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] will be adapting the book into a [[Black Warrant (Web series)|web series]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/vikramaditya-motwane-to-adapt-black-warrant-into-series-to-bring-unheard-tihar-jail-stories-on-screen-1685874-2020-06-05|title=Vikramaditya Motwane to adapt Black Warrant into series, to bring unheard Tihar Jail stories on screen|work=India Today|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> The rights are jointly acquired by Motwane's production company Andolan Films and writer-journalist Josy Joseph's Confluence Media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/06/05/ent4-motwane-black-warrant-series.html|title=Vikramaditya Motwane to adapt 'Black Warrant' into series|work=The Week|date=5 June 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref>

The series [[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]], co-created by Motwane and Satyanshu Singh, released on 10 January 2025 premiering and streaming on Netflix, starring [[Zahan Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Vikramaditya Motwane to helm prison-drama series for Netflix |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/10/vikramaditya-motwane-to-helm-prison-drama-series-for-netflix |work=Cinema Express |date=10 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rolibooks.com/black-warrant/ Black Warrant] at [[Roli Books]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2019 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian memoirs]]
[[Category:Roli Books books]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1972

2026-01-14T10:05:08Z

Alphadelta: creating new biography...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the year '''1972'''.

==A-Z of films==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
|''[[Andha Atit]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=Andha+Atit+1972&pg=PT238 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=10 July 2014 |isbn=9781135943189 |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>''||[[Hiren Nag]]||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Devi]], [[Kali Banerjee]]||Thriller, Drama||
|-
|''Anindita''||Hemanta Mukherjee||Subhendu Chatterjee, Moushumi Chatterjee, Basu Bandyopadhyay|| ||
|-
|''Biraj Bau''||Manu Sen||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Bikash Roy]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Calcutta 71]]<ref name="Prakash2019">{{cite book |author=Gyan Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cnx8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point |date=26 March 2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18672-6 |pages=91–}}</ref>''||[[Mrinal Sen]]||[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Debraj Roy]], [[Satya Bandyopadhyay]]||Parallel Drama||
|-
|''Chhinapatra''||Tarun Majumdar||Uttam Kumar, Supriya Choudhury, Madhavi Mukherjee|| ||
|-
|''Har Mani Har''||Salil Sen||Samita Biswas, Lolita Chatterjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee|| ||
|-
|''[[Jaban (film)|Jaban]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaban (1972) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaban-34540 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306051043/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaban-34540 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>''||Palash Banerjee||[[Samit Bhanja]], [[Radha Saluja]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Jiban Saikate]]''||Swadesh Sarkar||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Mem Saheb]]''||Pinaki Mukherjee||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Gita Dey]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Padi Pishir Barmi Baksha]]''||[[Arundhati Devi]]||[[Chhaya Devi]], [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]||Adventure, Comedy||
|-
|''Parivartan''||D.S. Sultania||[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], Heena Kausar|| ||
|-
|''[[Picnic (1972 film)|Picnic]]''||[[Inder Sen]]||[[Archana Gupta]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Ranur Pratham Bhag]]''||[[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]||[[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]], [[Gita Dey]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Stree (1972 film)|Stree]]''||[[Salil Dutta]]||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Strir Patra]]''||[[Purnendu Pattrea]]||[[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]]||Social Drama||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Indian film list}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{1972 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1972}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1972]]
[[Category:Lists of 1972 films by language|Bengali]]
[[Category:1972 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]

Stephen Caesar Le Maistre

2025-12-11T23:45:41Z

Alphadelta:

{{onesource|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Stephen Caesar Le Maistre
| office = Puisne judge of the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] in Bengal
| term_start = 22 October 1774<ref>Curley p 194</ref>
| term_end = 4 November 1777
}}
'''Stephen Caesar Le Maistre''' was a [[puisne judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]]. Along with Justice Hyde and to some extent Impey, he argued for greatly expanding the powers of the Supreme Court. He died on 4 November 1777.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curley |first1=Thomas M. |isbn=0-299-15150-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sirrobertchamber0000curl/page/272 272] |title=Sir Robert Chambers: Law, Literature, and Empire in the Age of Johnson|year=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/sirrobertchamber0000curl |url-access=registration }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Le Maistre, Stephen}}
[[Category:1777 deaths]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

Sāyaṇa

2025-12-01T04:06:14Z

Alphadelta: added first data and citations!

{{Hinduism small}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|14th-century Vijayanagaran Vedic commentator}}

'''Sayana''' ([[IAST]]: Sāyaṇa; also called '''Sāyaṇācārya'''; died 1387) was a 14th-century [[Sanskrit]] [[Mimamsa]] scholar{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|p=40}}{{sfn|Galewicz|2011|p=338}}{{sfn|Collins|2009|loc="237 Sayana"}} from the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] of [[South India|peninsular India]], near modern day [[Bellary]], [[Karnataka]]. An influential commentator on the [[Vedas]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/sound-and-meaning-of-veda-23245229|title=Sound and meaning of Veda}}</ref> he flourished under King [[Bukka Raya I]] and his successor [[Harihara II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffith |first1=Ralph |title=Rig Veda Bhashyam |date=1 October 1896 |publisher=Evinity Publishing |location=Nilgiri |pages=Introduction |edition=2}}</ref> More than a hundred works are attributed to him, among which are commentaries on nearly all parts of the Vedas. He also wrote on a number of subjects like medicine, morality, music and grammar.

== Early life ==
Sāyaṇācārya was born to Mayana ([[IAST]]: Māyaṇa) and Shrimati in a [[Brahmin]] family who lived in [[Hampi]]. He had an elder brother named Madhava (sometimes identified as [[Vidyaranya]]) and a younger brother named Bhoganatha (or Somanatha). The family belonged to the [[Bharadvaja]] [[gotra]], and followed the [[Taittiriya Shakha]] (school) of the [[Krishna Yajurveda]].{{sfn|Modak|1995|p=4}}

He was the pupil of Vishnu Sarvajna and of Shankarananda. Both Mādhavāchārya and Sāyaṇāchārya were said to have studied under Vidyatirtha of [[Sringeri matha|Sringeri]], and held offices in the Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Modak|1995|pp=4–5}} Sāyaṇāchārya was a minister, and subsequently prime minister in Bukka Raya's court, and wrote much of his commentary with his brother and other Brahmins during his ministership.<ref name="melkote">{{cite book |title=Purushasukta - Sayana's commentary |publisher=Academy of Sanskrit research |location=[[Melkote]]}}</ref>

==Works==
Sāyaṇa was a Sanskrit-language writer and commentator,{{sfn|Lal Khera|2002|p=388}} and more than a hundred works are attributed to him, among which are commentaries on nearly all parts of the Vedas.{{refn|group=note|Complete list of works by written by Sayana:{{sfn|Modak|1995|pp=34, 40}}
* Subhashita-sudhanidhi
* Prayasuchitta-sudhanidhi
* Ayurveda-sudhanidhi
* Alamkara-sudhanidhi
* Purushartha-sudhanidhi
* Yajnatantra-sudhanidhi
* Madaviya-dhatuvritti
* Taitriyya-samhita-bhashya
* Taittriya-brahmnana-bhashya
* Taittriya-aranyaka-bhashya
* Aitareya-aranyaka-bhashya
* Samaveda-bhashya
* Tandya-brahmana-bhashya
* Samavidhana-brahmana-bhashya
* Arsheya-brahmana-bhashya
* Devatadhyaya-brahmana-bhashya
* Samhitopanishad-brahmana-bhashya
* Vamshya-brahmana-bhashya
* Aitareya-brahmana-bhashya
* Kanva-samhita-bhashya
* Atharvaveda-bhashya}} Some of these works were actually written by his pupils, and some were written in conjunction with his brother, [[Vidyaranya|Vidyāraṇya]] or Mādhavacārya.

His major work is his commentary on the [[Vedas]], ''Vedartha Prakasha'', literally "the meaning of the Vedas made manifest",{{sfn|Modak|1995|p=31}}{{refn|group=note|Sardesai: "Of all the commentaries on the Vedas, the most comprehensive and arguably the highest regarded is the one by Sayana from Karnataka in South India in the fourteenth century C.E."{{sfn|Sardesai|2019|p=33}}}} written at the request of King Bukka{{sfn|Modak|1995|p=16}}{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|pp=38–39}} of the Vijayanagara empire "to invest the young kingdom with the prestige it needed."{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|pp=38–39}} He was probably aided by other scholars,{{sfn|Modak|1995|p=34}}{{refn|group=note|name="Modak1995_p34"}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014|loc="Sayana was probably assisted"}} using the interpretations of several authors.{{sfn|Gopal|1983|p=170}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Gopal|1983|p=170}}: "There is no doubt that Sayana's Rgveda-Bhasya which represents a synthesis of different exegetical traditions of ancient India is not the work of a single author. This is why it is marred by several contradictions which cannot be easily reconciled."}} The core portion of the commentary was likely written by Sāyaṇāchārya himself, but it also includes contributions by his brother Mādhavāchārya, and additions by his students and later authors who wrote under Sāyaṇāchārya's name. "Sāyaṇa" (or also ''{{IAST|Sāyaṇamādhava}}'') by convention refers to the collective authorship of the commentary as a whole without separating such layers.

Galewicz states that Sayana, a [[Mimamsa]] scholar,{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|p=40}}{{sfn|Galewicz|2011|p=338}}{{sfn|Collins|2009|loc="237 Sayana"}} "thinks of the Veda as something to be trained and mastered to be put into practical ritual use", noticing that "it is not the meaning of the [[mantra]]s that is most essential [...] but rather the perfect mastering of their sound form."{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|p=41}} According to Galewicz, Sayana saw the purpose (''artha'') of the Veda as the "''[[artha]]'' of carrying out sacrifice", giving precedence to the ''[[Yajurveda]]''.{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|p=40}} For Sayana, whether the mantras had meaning depended on the context of their practical usage.{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|p=41}} This conception of the Veda, as a repertoire to be mastered and performed, takes precedence over the internal meaning or "autonomous message of the hymns."{{sfn|Galewicz|2004|pp=41–42}}

His commentary on the [[Rigveda]] was translated from Sanskrit to English by [[Max Müller]] (1823–1900). A new edition, prepared by the Vaidik Samshodhan Mandala (Vedic Research Institute) Pune, under the general editor [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade|V. K. Rajwade]], was published in 1933 in four volumes.<ref>[https://archive.org/search.php?query=Sayana%27s%20Commentary Internet Archive search – 'Sayana's commentary']</ref>

He has also written many lesser manuals called ''Sudhanidhis'' dealing with ''Prayaschitta'' ([[expiation]]), ''Yajnatantra'' ([[Yajna|ritual]]), ''[[Puruṣārtha|Purushartha]]'' (aims of human endeavour), ''[[Subhashita]]'' (Collection of moral sayings), ''[[Ayurveda]]'' (Indian traditional medicine), ''Sangita Sara'' (The essence of music), ''Prayaschitra'', ''[[Alankara Shastra|Alankara]]'', and ''Dhatuvrddhi'' ([[Sanskrit grammar|grammar]]).<ref>''Vijayanagara Literature'' from book [http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf ''History of Andhras''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313210732/http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |date=2007-03-13 }}, p. 268 ff.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3885 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 |editor=Mohan Lal |volume=5: Sasay to Zorgot |page=3885}}</ref>

==Influence==
According to Dalal, "his work influenced all later scholars, including many European commentators and translators."{{sfn|Dalal|2014}} Sayana's commentary preserved traditional Indian understandings and explanations of the Rigveda,{{sfn|Jackson|2017|p=51}} though it also contains mistakes and contradictions.{{sfn|Gopal|1983|p=170}}{{sfn|Macdonell|1968|p=62}}{{refn|group=note|name="Jackson2017_p51"}} While some 19th century Indologists were quite dismissive of Sayana's commentary, others were more appreciative.{{sfn|Gopal|1983|pp=172–175}} His commentary was used as a reference-guide by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] (1826–1906), [[John Muir (indologist)|John Muir]] (1810–1882), [[H. H. Wilson]] (1786–1860) and other 19th century European Indologists.{{sfn|Muller|1869}} According to Wilson, Sayana's interpretation was sometimes questionable, but had "a knowledge of his text far beyond the pretension of any European scholar", reflecting the possession "of all the interpretations which had been perpetuated by traditional teaching from the earliest times."{{sfn|Modak|1995|pp=34, 40}}{{refn|group=note|name="Modak1995_p34"}} [[Arthur Anthony Macdonell|Macdonell]] (1854–1930) was critical of Sayana's commentary, noting that many difficult words were not properly understood by Sayana.{{sfn|Macdonell|1968|p=62}} While [[Rudolf Roth]] (1821–1895) aimed at reading the Vedas as "lyrics" without the "theological" background of the interpretations of [[Yaska]] and Sayana, [[Max Müller]] (1823–1900) published a translation of the Rigvedic Samhitas together with Sayana's commentary.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|p=54}} His contemporaries [[Richard Pischel|Pischel]] and [[Karl Friedrich Geldner|Geldner]] were outspoken about the value of Sayana's commentary:
{{quote|German scholars Pischel and Geldner have expressed in unequivocal terms their opinion that in the matter of Vedic exegesis greater reliance ought to be placed on the orthodox Indian tradition represented by Yaska and Sayana than on modern philological methods. Linguistics may help one to understand the bare meaning of a Vedic word, but the spirit behind that word will not be adequately realised without due appreciation of the indigenous tradition.{{sfn|Modak|1995|pp=34, 40}}}}

Modern scholarship is ambivalent. According to [[Jan Gonda]], the translations of the Rigveda published by Griffith and Wilson were "defective", suffering from their reliance on Sayana.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|p=54, n. 50}}{{refn|group=note|[[Klaus Klostermaier]] cites Jan Gonda (1975), ''Vedic Literature''.}} [[Ram Gopal (author)|Ram Gopal]] notes that Sayana's commentary contains irreconcilable contradictions and "half-baked" tentative interpretations which are not further investigated,{{sfn|Gopal|1983|p=170}} but also states that Sayana's commentary is the "most exhaustive and comprehensive" of all available commentaries, embodying "the gist of a substantial portion of the Vedic interpretations of his predecessors."{{sfn|Gopal|1983|p=169}}

== See also ==
* [[Advaita_Vedanta|Advaita Vedanta]]
* [[Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham|Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]
* [[Vijayanagara literature]]
* [[Vidyaranya]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=


{{refn|group=note|name="Jackson2017_p51"|{{harvnb|Jackson|2017|p=51}}: "The meanings of the ''Rigveda'' barely survived the loss of Hindu autonomy. If Sayana, Vidyaranya's brother, had not written a voluminous commentary explaining or paraphrasing every word of the Rig Veda, many traditional meanings would be unknown today. This alone was a remarkable revival of Hindu knowledge, even if only on the textual level. As Sayana's commentary constantly referred to ancient authorities, it was thought to have preserved the true meanings of Rig Veda in a traditional interpretation going back to the most ancient times [...] Sayana has been of the greatest service in facilitating and accelerating the comprehension of the Vedas even though, with much labour and time-consuming searching, much could have been retrieved from various other sources in India and pieced together by others if Sayana had not done it. His work was an accumulated data bank on the Rig Veda referred to by all modern Vedic scholars." Jackson refers to {{harvnb|Macdonell|1968|p=62}}, who is quite critical of Sayana, noting that many of Sayana's explanations could not have been based on "either tradition or etymology." According to {{harvnb|Macdonell|1968|p=62}}, "a close examination of his explanations, as well as those of Yaska, has shown that there is in the ''Rigveda'' a large number of the most difficult words, about the proper sense of which neither scholar had any certain information from either tradition or etymology." {{harvnb|Macdonell|1968|p=62}} further states that "no translation of the ''Rigveda'' based exclusively on Sayana's commentary can possibly be satisfactory." It is Macdonell who states that most of the useful information provided by Yasana could also have been found out by the western philologists.}}


{{refn|group=note|name="Modak1995_p34"|{{harvnb|Modak|1995|pp=34, 40}}, quoting H. H. Wilson who translated the whole of Rigveda following the commentary of Sayana: "Although the interpretation of Sayana may be occasionally questioned, he undoubtedly had a knowledge of his text far beyond the pretension of any European scholar and must have been in possession, either through his own learning or that of his assistants, of all the interpretations which had been perpetuated by traditional teaching from the earliest times."}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last =Collins | first =Randall | year =2009 | title =The Sociology of Philosophies | publisher =Harvard University Press}}

* {{Citation | last =Dalal | first =Rosen | year =2014 | title =The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts | publisher =Penguin UK}}

* {{Citation | last =Galewicz | first =Cezary | year =2004 | chapter =Changing Canons: What did Sayana think he commented upon | editor-last1 =Balcerowicz | editor-first1 =Piotr | editor-last2 =Mejor | editor-first2 =Marek | title =Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}}
* {{Citation | last =Galewicz | first =Cezary | year =2011 | chapter =Why Should the Flower of Dharma be Invisible? Sayana's Vision of the Unity of the Veda | editor-last =Squarcini | editor-first =Federico | title =Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia | publisher =Anthem Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Gopal | first =Ram | year =1983 | title =The History and Principles of Vedic Interpretation | publisher =Concept Publishing Company}}

* {{Cite book | last =Jackson | first =W.J. | year =2017 | title =Vijayanagara Voices : Exploring south indian history and hindu literature | publisher =Routeledge | isbn =978-0754639503}}

* {{Citation | last =Klostermaier | first =Klaus | year =2007 | title =A Survey of Hinduism | edition =third | publisher =State University of New York Press | isbn =978-0-7914-7082-4}}

* {{cite book |last =Lal Khera | first =Krishan | year =2002 | title =Directory of Personal Names in the Indian History from the Earliest to 1947 | publisher =Munshiram Manoharlal | isbn =978-81-215-1059-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cmNmAAAAMAAJ}}

* {{Citation | last =Macdonell | first =Arthur A. | year =1968 | orig-year =1900 | title =A History of Sanskrit Literature | publisher =Haskell House Publishers | authorlink =Arthur Anthony Macdonell}}
* {{cite book | last =Modak | first =B. R. | year =1995 | title =Sayana | publisher =Sahitya Akademi | isbn =978-81-7201-940-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2rL1RtLr2KkC&pg=PA4 }}
* {{cite book | last =Muller | first =Max F | year =1869 | title =Rig Veda Sanhita: the sacred hymns of the Brahmans | publisher =Trubner & Co | location =London | url =https://archive.org/details/rigvedasanhitasa00ml}}

* {{Cite book | last =Sardesai | first =Damodar Ramaji | year =2019 | title =India: the definitive history | publisher =Routledge}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*Max Müller, ''Rig-Veda Sanskrit-Ausgabe mit Kommentar des Sayana (aus dem 14. Jh. n. Chr.)'', 6 vols., London 1849-75, 2nd ed. in 4 vols. London 1890 ff.
*{{IAST|Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā}}, Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala, Pune-9 (2nd ed. 1972)
*Siddhanatha Sukla, ''The Rgveda Mandala III: A critical study of the Sayana Bhasya and other interpretations of the Rgveda (3.1.1 to 3.7.3) ''(2001), {{ISBN|81-85616-73-6}}.

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Sayana%27s%20Commentary Sayana's commentary to the Rigveda]
* http://rigveda.sanatana.in/
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:14th-century scholars]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Rigveda]]
[[Category:1387 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Vijayanagara Empire]]

Vidyavati

2025-11-28T23:01:26Z

Alphadelta: added new article with sources!

{{Short description|Female botanist from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{cleanup|reason=reads like a resume fails [[WP:NOTCV]]|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Vidyavati
| image = Prof. Vidyavati receiving Eminent Women award from Telangana Government.jpg
| caption = Vidyavati (center) receiving Eminent Women award from Telangana Government
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|09|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation =
| title = Vice-Chancellor (retired)
| boards = {{UBL
|[[Phycological Society of India]], President
|Seaweed Research and Utilization
|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]
|Sarojini Naidu Centre for Women Studies
|''Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health''
}}
| awards = {{UBL
|Best Women Scientist (2000)
|Gold Medal by Plant Science Association (2007)
|Lifetime Achievement Award in Chennai (2007)
|International Women’s Day recognition (2017)
}}
| alma_mater = 
| thesis_title = Experimental and Cytological Studies on Certain Desmids
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1967
| doctoral_advisor = Profs. Jafar Nizam and M.R. Saxena
| academic_advisors =
| discipline = Botany
| sub_discipline = [[Hydrobiology]], [[phycology]], [[Cell biology|cytology]] and [[Ulvophyceae#Ultrastructure|ultrastructure ecology]]
| workplaces = Kakatiya University
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
}}

'''Vidyavati''' (born 15 September 1939) is a former Vice-Chancellor, [[Kakatiya University]], [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. She is President of [[Phycological Society of India]] and was honored by [[Telangana State Government]] as Eminent Women on 8 March 2017, on the occasion of "[[International Women's Day]]" celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |title=International Women’s Day on March 8—TS Govt to Honour Eminent Women |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/international-womens-day-march-8-ts-govt-honour-eminent-women-1145130/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=The Siasat Daily – Archive |date=6 March 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP sources section|date=June 2018}}
* In 1968, she was appointed permanent lecturer and posted at P.G. Centre of Osmania University at Warangal, which later on, in the year 1974, become Kakatiya University.<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Jubilee Celebrations Organized by Dept. of Botany, KU |url=http://www.kuwarangal.net/web/notifications/1205_Dept_of_Botany_40Percentage.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304153635/http://www.kuwarangal.net/web/notifications/1205_Dept_of_Botany_40Percentage.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 March 2018 |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref>
* She assumed charge as Vice-Chancellor of the University on 6 May 1998 for a period of three years.<ref>{{cite web|title= Former Vice-chancellors, Kakatiya University. |url=http://kakatiya.ac.in/formervicechancellors |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref>

==Research==

She was a Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellow at Royal Holloway, Belford College and University College London, where she received three months of training in biological material processing for electron microscopy with Prof. John D. Dodge.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cell division in ''Staurastrum gracile'' Ralfs. under the scanning electron microscope |journal=Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences |date=October 1982 |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=443–447 |doi=10.1007/BF03053202 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251306098_Cell_division_in_Staurastrum_gracile_Ralfs_under_the_scanning_electron_microscope |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Perspectives in Biotechnology.">{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=S. M. |last2=Rao |first2=Digamber |editor1-link=Vidyavati |title=Perspectives in Biotechnology: Proceedings of National Symposium on "Perspectives in Biotechnology", 1999 |date=2001 |publisher=Scientific Publishers (India) |location=Jodhpur |isbn=978-81-7233-255-6 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Perspectives_in_Biotechnology/QFiuAAAACAAJ?hl=en |access-date=12 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=John D |title=Mucilage interference in desmids under Sem |journal=Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences |date=October 1984 |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=561–565 |doi=10.1007/BF03053218 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251311073_Mucilage_interference_in_desmids_under_Sem |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref> She did post-doctoral research with Dr. J. Sulek at the Tribune Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovakia.<ref name="Perspectives in Biotechnology."/> She also visited various institutions in Oxford, Cambridge, France, Czechoslovakia, Bratislava and Toronto.<ref name="Perspectives in Biotechnology."/> As Professor of Botany, she attended the British Library meeting in Liverpool, United Kingdom, in 1980 under a Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellowship at the age of 81.

She visited Czechoslovakia from 1984-85 under the Indo-Czech Cultural Exchange Programme. In August 1998, she visited Canada to attend the Association of Commonwealth Universities' General Conference of Executive Heads. She presented a paper titled "University Leadership and Management of Change" at the Suwon Campus of [[Kyung Hee University]] in 1999. In her 36 years of work, she has contributed over 350 papers to national and international journals, guided 25 Ph.D.s and two M. Phils.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ph.D Awardees {{!}} Botany |url=https://kakatiya.ac.in/awardess_list/31/dept |website=kakatiya.ac.in |publisher=Kakatiya University |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref> and published ten books.

==Offices held==

* President, [[Phycological Society of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PHYKOS {{!}} About |url=http://phykosindia.com/about.html |website=phykosindia.com |publisher=Phycological Society, India |access-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310082635/http://phykosindia.com/about.html |archive-date=10 March 2013 |language=en |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Associate Editor of Seaweed Research and Utilization, an international Journal.<ref name="Editorial Board. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association" >{{cite web|title=Editorial Board. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association.|url=http://www.oocities.org/sruajournal/edit.htm|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Editorial Board. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association 2">{{cite web|title=Seaweed Research and Utilization Association|url=http://www.seaweedindia.net/members.html|accessdate=25 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929125616/http://www.seaweedindia.net/members.html|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Chairperson, [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]], Bangalore.<ref name="NAAC Report, The T K M College of Arts & Science, Kollam.">{{cite web |title=NAAC Report, The T K M College of Arts & Science, Kollam |url=http://www.tkmcas.ac.in/html/institution.html |accessdate=28 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929120439/http://www.tkmcas.ac.in/html/institution.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name= "NAAC Report, IDSG Government College, Chikmagalur, Karnataka." >{{cite web|title=NAAC Report, IDSG Government College, Chikmagalur, Karnataka|url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/12833-indiacolleges-IDSG-Government-College-Chikmagalur/|accessdate=28 August 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418123223/http://www.punjabcolleges.com/12833-indiacolleges-IDSG-Government-College-Chikmagalur/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* National Advisory Committee, Sarojini Naidu Centre for Women Studies, Hyderabad.<ref name= "National Advisory Committee, Sarojini Naidu Centre for Women Studies." >{{cite web |title=National Advisory Committee, Sarojini Naidu Centre for Women Studies |url=http://mgnirsa.ac.in/centres_sarojini.htm |accessdate=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095350/http://mgnirsa.ac.in/centres_sarojini.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Associate editor, ''Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health'', USA.<ref name="About Vidyavati (ed.). Perspectives in Biotechnology">{{cite web |title= About Vidyavati (ed.). Perspectives in Biotechnology |url= https://www.charoka.com/Perspectives-in-Biotechnology/b/4007 |accessdate= 27 August 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150928060707/https://www.charoka.com/Perspectives-in-Biotechnology/b/4007 |archive-date= 28 September 2015 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
* Appointed as member of search Committee to suggest a panel of names for appointment to the post of Vice-Chancellor, Dr. YSR Horticultural University, West Godavari District by Government of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name= "G.O.RT.No. 215 Agriculture & Cooperation (Horti) Department. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Dated: 03-04-2018." >{{cite web|title= G.O.RT.No. 215 Agriculture & Cooperation (Horti) Department. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Dated: 03-04-2018. |url= http://goir.ap.gov.in|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==

[[File:Vidyavati felicitated on Telangana formation Day.jpeg|thumb|Vidyavati felicitated on Telangana formation Day]]

She was honoured with Best Women Scientist award in 2000 at [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] and was awarded Gold Medal by Plant Science Association, Uttar Pradesh and felicitated in a "National Seminar on Current Trends in Biotechnology," organized by the Department of Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur College, [[Warangal]] on 30 November and 1 December 2007.<ref name="National Seminar on Current Trends in Biotechnology">{{cite web|title="National Seminar on Current Trends in Biotechnology" organized by the Department of Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur College, Warangal.2007.|url=http://smart.whad.org/iqac-report-for-the-year-2007-2008-part--a--plan-of-action-index-4|accessdate=25 August 2015|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929082039/http://smart.whad.org/iqac-report-for-the-year-2007-2008-part--a--plan-of-action-index-4|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also Guest of honour in various National and International Seminars.<ref name="Algal Bio-diversity and its role in bio-remediation">{{cite web|title=National Symposium on "Algal Bio-diversity and its role in bio-remediation". Vivekananda Institute of Algal Technology. 2006.|url=http://www.oocities.org/viat06/programmes.htm|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name= "National seminar on “Recent Advances in Molecular Microbiology & Microbial Technology” 2009.">{{cite web|title=National seminar on "Recent Advances in Molecular Microbiology & Microbial Technology", 2009.|url=http://andhra-colleges.com/Education-News/20091/20090121a.asp|accessdate=28 August 2015|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929053305/http://andhra-colleges.com/Education-News/20091/20090121a.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Biotechnology and global scenario">{{cite news|title= International seminar on 'Biotechnology and global scenario', 2010.|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 November 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bt-brought-drastic-changes-in-production/article866436.ece|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref name= "National seminar on “Modern Trends in Plant Sciences”, 2010.">{{cite news|title= National seminar on "Modern Trends in Plant", 2010|website= [[The Hindu]]|date= 27 March 2010|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/need-for-more-research-on-plant-sciences-stressed/article306776.ece|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name= "National seminar on “Plant Sciences and Human Welfare”, 2010.">{{cite news|title= National seminar on "Plant Sciences and Human Welfare", 2010|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 March 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/twoday-seminar-at-ku/article897535.ece|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref name= "National seminar on empowerment of women, 2012.">{{cite news|title= National seminar on empowerment of women, 2012|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 22 February 2012|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/seminar-on-women-empowerment/article2921838.ece|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name= "National Symposium on “Algae for Human Welfare”, (AFHW-2015).">{{cite web|title=National Symposium on "Algae for Human Welfare", (AFHW-2015).|url=http://www.apcce.gov.in/Documentation/Seminars/PRGC(A),%20Kakinada%20-%20Symposium.pdf|accessdate=25 September 2015|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929181219/http://www.apcce.gov.in/Documentation/Seminars/PRGC(A),%20Kakinada%20-%20Symposium.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2007, she was given Lifetime Achievement Award in Chennai. In 2015, the district administration of Warangal and [[Kadiyam Srihari]] felicitated her on the occasion of Telangana Formation Day celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|title= Vidyavati among other officials felicitated on Telangana formation Day ( 2nd June, 2015).|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVidyavati_felicitated_on_Telangana_formation_Day.jpeg|accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref> She was patron for National Conference on Biodiversity, Biology and Biotechnology of Algae (NCBBBA-2017), 9 - 10, January, 2017 Organized by Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany [[University of Madras]], Guindy Campus, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name= "National Conference on Biodiversity, Biology and Biotechnology of Algae ( 9th and 10th January, 2017)" >{{cite web|title=National Conference on Biodiversity, Biology and Biotechnology of Algae ( 9th and 10th January, 2017).|url=http://www.unom.ac.in/uploads/seminar_conference/NCBBBA-2017-BROCHURE_20161023075403_94960.pdf|accessdate=5 March 2017|archive-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307044820/http://www.unom.ac.in/uploads/seminar_conference/NCBBBA-2017-BROCHURE_20161023075403_94960.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Government of Telangana through [[K. Kavitha]], [[Member of Parliament]], [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]] and [[Padma Devender Reddy]], First Deputy Speaker in [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] felicitated her reward on occasion of International Women’s Day on 8 March 2017.<ref name= "Felicitation by the Government of Telangana ( 8th March, 2017)" >{{cite news|title= Felicitation by the Government of Telangana ( 8th March, 2017).|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 March 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/celebrating-women-and-their-contribution-to-society/article17430855.ece|accessdate=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref name= "Felicitation by the Government of Telangana ( 8th March, 2017) 2" >{{cite web|title=Felicitation by the Government of Telangana ( 8th March, 2017).|url=http://epaper.telanganatoday.news/pagezoomsinwindows.php?img=http://epaper.telanganatoday.news/epaperimages/09032017/09032017-md-hr-01.jpg&id=6235&boxid=790525544&cid=4&mod=1&pagenum=1&edcode=71|accessdate=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317234404/http://epaper.telanganatoday.news/pagezoomsinwindows.php?img=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.telanganatoday.news%2Fepaperimages%2F09032017%2F09032017-md-hr-01.jpg&id=6235&boxid=790525544&cid=4&mod=1&pagenum=1&edcode=71|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20140515212127/http://www.kakatiya.ac.in/
*http://phykosindia.com

==See also==
[[List of people with surname Goud]]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian phycologists]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:People from Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Telangana]]
[[Category:Writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian women botanists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]

V. C. Vadivudaiyan

2025-11-20T00:56:59Z

Alphadelta: added new stub with sources!

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. C. Vadivudaiyan
| image = Vadivudaiyan made his directorial debut.jpg
| imagesize =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|5|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/StarPage/Director/Vadivudayan-VC|title=Vadivudayan-VC|publisher=|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225048/http://www.iflicks.in/StarPage/Director/Vadivudayan-VC|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = Director
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''V. C. Vadivudaiyan''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter. He has worked on [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.

==Career==
In 2000, Vadivudaiyan planned to make ''Puththan,'' starring [[Arun Vijay|Arunkumar]] and [[Divya Unni]]. The film was shelved before production ended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/08-08-00/puththan.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103100703/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/08-08-00/puththan.htm |archive-date=3 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vadivudaiyan eventually made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Saamida]]'' (2008), after working as an assistant to director [[Shaji Kailas]]. The film was entirely shot at [[Varansi|Kasi]]. It had a mediocre box office run and critical reception.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAAMIDA - TOP TEN MOVIES TAMIL BOX OFFICE CHENNAI COLLECTIONS - Behindwoods.com VAARANAM AAYIRAM POO THENAVATTU MAHESH SARANYA MATTRUM PALAR AEGAN ELLAM AVAN SEYAL SAROJA SEVAL JAYAMKONDAAN KODAIKANAL hot picture gallery images |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-3/top-ten-movies-dec-08/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-saamida.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.behindwoods.com |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921033221/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-3/top-ten-movies-dec-08/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-saamida.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saamida MUSIC REVIEW - Behindwoods.com - Indrajit ET Vadivudaiyan Dhanushya Ravi Sembi Tamil Movies Latest News Bollywood News Kollywoods Latest News picture image gallery stills wallpapers |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/saamida.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.behindwoods.com |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316103338/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/saamida.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His next venture was drama film ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]'' (2011) starring [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] and [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]]. During the making of the film, local people protested against the use of the title and attacked the director on set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/oct/31/thambi-vettothi-sundaram-in-trouble-305473.html|title='Thambi Vettothi Sundaram' in trouble|publisher=Indian Express|date=31 October 2011|access-date=1 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132419/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/oct/31/thambi-vettothi-sundaram-in-trouble-305473.html|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews with a critic at Behindwoods.com noting the film "could have been much better, only if it had been packaged a bit more cleverly".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/nov-11-03/thambi-vettothi-sundaram-review.html|title=THAMBI VETTOTHI SUNDARAM REVIEW - THAMBI VETTOTHI SUNDARAM MOVIE REVIEW|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302093854/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/nov-11-03/thambi-vettothi-sundaram-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Vadivudaiyan opened production studio Singam Cinema and announced that he would make a trilingual film titled ''Chokkanathan''. He suggested that Karan would star in the Tamil version, while [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Vidya Balan]] would feature in the Hindi version. The film failed to materialise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/bollywood-gossip-kareena-kapoor-1408069|title=Bollywood Gossip: Kareena Kapoor - IOL Entertainment|publisher=|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063414/http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/bollywood-gossip-kareena-kapoor-1408069|url-status=live}}</ref> He then made ''Kanniyum Kaalaiyum Sema Kadhal'' starring Karan, [[Tarun Gopi]] and Tripta Parashar, but the film failed to have a theatrical release.

Unable to release his earlier film, Vadivudaiyan signed up [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] and [[Raai Laxmi]] to star in a horror film titled ''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' (2016). He worked on a further horror film, ''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' (2019), starring [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Ineya|Iniya]] and [[Namitha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ineya-takes-up-a-horror-thriller-again/articleshow/50772088.cms|title=Ineya takes up a horror thriller again|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318080918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ineya-takes-up-a-horror-thriller-again/articleshow/50772088.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 2017, Vadivudaiyan began work on ''Veeramadevi'', a period drama featuring [[Sunny Leone]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/27/sunny-leone-is-veeramadevi-1738406.html |title=Sunny Leone is Veeramadevi- the New Indian Express |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115012353/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/27/sunny-leone-is-veeramadevi-1738406.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The shoot of the film was completed throughout schedules conducted in 2018, and by early 2019, the director announced a further political drama film with Sunny Leone titled ''Delhi''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sunny-leone-to-play-tamil-nadu-politician-in-next-film-after-warrior-queen-in-veeramadevi-1481621-2019-03-19 |title=Sunny Leone to play Tamil Nadu politician in next film, after warrior queen in Veeramadevi |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115012353/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sunny-leone-to-play-tamil-nadu-politician-in-next-film-after-warrior-queen-in-veeramadevi-1481621-2019-03-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the latter did not develop into production, ''Veeramadevi'' became stalled and did not have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mallika-sherawat-is-back-in-tamil-with-jeevan-s-paambattam-1642501-2020-02-02 |title=Mallika Sherawat is back in Tamil with Jeevan's Paambattam - Movies News |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324125425/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mallika-sherawat-is-back-in-tamil-with-jeevan-s-paambattam-1642501-2020-02-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2020, Vadivudaiyan announced a project titled ''[[Pambattam]]'' featuring [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]] and [[Mallika Sherawat]] in the lead roles. Production on the film progressed slowly over the course of several years, though it had a low-key release in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jan/04/jeevans-comeback-film-titled-paambaattam-2084806.html |title=Jeevan's comeback film titled Paambaattam- the New Indian Express |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115012354/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jan/04/jeevans-comeback-film-titled-paambaattam-2084806.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/nov/29/location-diaries-a-walk-through-fire-2523083.html |title=Location Diaries: A walk through fire- the New Indian Express |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115012356/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/nov/29/location-diaries-a-walk-through-fire-2523083.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-2022, Vadivudaiyan revealed that he was working on a project titled ''Naga Bhairava'' with [[Zareen Khan]] in dual lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://time.news/naga-bhairava-starring-zerin-khan-in-dual-roles-actress-zareen-khan-to-play-dual-role-in-tamil-movie/ |title="Naga Bhairava" starring Zerin Khan in dual roles | Actress Zareen Khan to play dual role in Tamil movie - time.news - Time News |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806025916/https://time.news/naga-bhairava-starring-zerin-khan-in-dual-roles-actress-zareen-khan-to-play-dual-role-in-tamil-movie/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Saamida]]'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Pambattam]]'' || Also actor
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadivudaiyan, V. C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Zee Cine Awards Telugu

2025-11-14T11:03:37Z

Alphadelta:

{{Short description|Awards presented from Zee Telugu in Tollywood}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Zee Cine Awards Telugu
| image =
| presenter = [[Essel Group|Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| sponsor = Multiple
| established = 2017
| firstawarded = 2017
| lastawarded =
| country = [[India]]
| former name = Zee Golden Awards
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| related = [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| website = {{URL|https://zeetelugu.zee5.com/}}
}}

The '''Zee Cine Awards Telugu''' is an awards ceremony for the [[Telugu cinema]] and Telugu music.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-12|title=Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020: Samantha Akkineni, Chiranjeevi and Nani win top laurels|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> They were instituted in December 2017, under the name '''Zee Telugu Golden Awards''' to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]] and Telugu Music.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== History ==
[[Zee Telugu]], a Telugu cable television channel of [[Essel Group]]'s [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Entertainment Enterprise Limited]] (ZEEL) announced in 2017 an awards ceremony to honour the best in [[Tollywood]] film and Telugu music.<ref>{{Cite web|location=Mumbai |date=4 January 2018|title=Zee Telugu and Zee Cinemalu unveil new brand identity; launch HD channels|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2018/01/zee-telugu-and-zee-cinemalu-unveil-new-brand-identity-launch-hd-channels/|access-date=2020-09-23|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref>

The first Awards ceremony was held at [[Annapurna Studios]] in [[Hyderabad]], India on 17 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Golden Awards 2017 To Air on 31st Dec|url=https://www.adgully.com/zee-golden-awards-2017-to-air-on-31st-dec-75589.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=www.adgully.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-20|title=Zee Telugu to commemorate Tollywood's best with Zee Golden Awards 2017|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-telugu-commemorate-tollywoods-best-zee-golden-awards-2017/|access-date=2020-09-23|website=MediaNews4U|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Telugu cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]
* [[Cinema of South India]]
* [[Zee Telugu]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Film and Television Awards in India}}

[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu music]]
[[Category:Indian music awards]]
[[Category:2020 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2019 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2018 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2017 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Telugu film awards]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards]]

Politics of Mizoram

2025-11-13T12:16:35Z

Alphadelta:

{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}[[File:Mizoram Assembly House (front entrance).jpg|thumb|alt=Photo showing the entrance of a complex of tan colored buildings with dark red highlights, including large red letters reading "Assembly House" and "Mizoram, Aizawl". Near the front there's a rounded building covered in tinted windows, and farther back there's a rectangular high-rise building covered in similar windows|The Mizoram Assembly House in [[Aizawl]], seat of the state legislative assembly]]

'''Politics in [[Mizoram]]''' , a state in [[Northeast India|Northeast]] India had been dominated by the [[Mizo National Front]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=What is the Mizo National Front? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/mizo-national-front-mnf-mizoram-results-5488114/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Zoram People's Movement]]. As of 2024, the [[Zoram People's Movement]] is the ruling party in the states's [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]]. ZPM is a coalition of six regional parties that came together in 2018 and came to power in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Zoram People's Movement: All you need to know about Mizoram's ZPM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/zoram-peoples-movement-all-you-need-to-know-about-mizorams-zpm/articleshow/105716688.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]] are also major political parties in the state.

==Constituencies==
Mizoram sends one representatives to the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the [[parliament of India]]) and one representative to the [[Rajya Sabha]] (parliament's [[upper house]]).
==Election result==
The state has 40 assembly seats. The main political parties are the [[Mizo National Front]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] , [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Zoram People's Movement]]. The [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023 assembly election]] resulted in loss for the [[Mizo National Front]]. The [[Zoram People's Movement]] won an overall majority in the state. [[Zoram People's Movement]] won 27 out of 40 seats in the Assembly. It defeated the MNF, which won the elections in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-15 |title=Who is Zoramthanga, the newly elected CM of Mizoram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-elections-2018/who-is-zoramthanga-the-newly-elected-cm-of-mizoram/article25751510.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mizoram Secular Force]]

==References==
<references/>

{{commons category}}

{{Mizoram}}
{{Politics of India by state or territory}}

[[Category:Politics of Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram| ]]

Panchvadan Sthan

2025-11-12T06:40:34Z

Alphadelta: adding article

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bihar, India}}
[[File:Baba Panchvadan Sthan Shivlingam.jpg|alt=Panchvadan Sthan shiivling at Kusedhi|thumb|264x264px|Five-faced Shivling at Baba Panchvadan Sthan]]
'''Panchvadan Sthan''' ([[Help:IPA/English|/pˈant͡ʃvˈadən ˈɛsθˈan/]]; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: पञ्चवदन-स्थान, [[IAST]]: ''Pañcavadana-sthāna'' [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[pəɲt͡ʃəʋəd̪ən̪əs̪t̪ʰɑːn̪ə]]]), also called '''Panchbadan Sthan''' locally, is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]], located in Kusedhi village of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2023 |title=शेखपुरा के पंचबदन स्थान मंदिर में SP ने किया रुद्राभिषेक:पूरे परिवार संग पहुंचे, मंदिर कमिटी के पदाधिकारियों ने अंगवस्त्र देकर किया सम्मानित |trans-title=SP performed Rudrabhishek at Panchbadan Sthan Temple in Sheikhpura: Arrived with the entire family, and the temple committee officials honored him with an angavastra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/sp-performed-rudrabhishek-in-panchbadan-sthan-temple-of-sheikhpura-131685995.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817225226/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/sp-performed-rudrabhishek-in-panchbadan-sthan-temple-of-sheikhpura-131685995.html |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> The temple is notable for housing a ''[[Panchamukha|Panchamukhi]] [[Shivling]]'', a five-faced representation of Lord Shiva, which is rarely found anywhere else.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=कलश शोभा यात्रा से भक्तिमय हुआ कुसेढ़ी |trans-title=Kusedhi was filled with devotion by the Procession of Sacred Pots. |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/biharsharif/story-kusedhi-becomes-devotional-with-kalash-shobha-yatra-9205762.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126194122/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/biharsharif/story-kusedhi-becomes-devotional-with-kalash-shobha-yatra-9205762.html |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |place=[[Barbigha]]}}</ref> As of January 2024, The temple committee is headed by Karyanand Singh,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-11 |title=बाबा पंचबदन स्थान में विशेष पूजा की हो रही तैयारी..मंत्री अशोक चौधरी भी करेंगे रुद्राभिषेक |trans-title=Special preparations are being made for worship at Baba Panchbadan Sthan. Minister Ashok Chaudhary will also perform Rudrabhishek |url=https://sheikhpuralive.com/archives/13475/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111125002/https://sheikhpuralive.com/archives/13475/ |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Sheikhpura Live |language=hi}}</ref> who reports that the Shivling is made of [[granite]] and is considered invaluable.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chandan |date=5 July 2023 |title=आस्था:कामना लिंग के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है कुसेढ़ी का पंचमुखी शिवलिंग |trans-title=Faith: The Panchmukhi Shivling of Kusedhi is famous by the name of Kamana Ling. |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/kusedhis-panchmukhi-shivling-is-famous-by-the-name-of-kamna-linga-131475523.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712092957/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/kusedhis-panchmukhi-shivling-is-famous-by-the-name-of-kamna-linga-131475523.html |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |place=[[Sheikhpura]]}}</ref>
[[File:Baba Panchvadan Sthan Kusedhi.jpg|alt=Kusedhi temple|thumb|245x245px|Panchvadansthan temple]]
Panchvadan Sthan is situated in Kusedhi village of Pinjri [[Gram panchayat|panchayat]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Kuseri |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Kuseri-243859 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref> within the [[Barbigha]] block of [[Sheikhpura district]] within the distance of 7 [[Kilometre|km]] from block office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-15 |title=पंचबदन स्थान में प्राण प्रतिष्ठा का 3 दिवसीय अनुष्ठान शुरू: गाजे-बाजे के साथ निकली कलश शोभा यात्रा, हजारों की संख्या में पहुंचे श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/3-day-ritual-of-consecration-begins-at-panchbadan-place-132446174.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119143724/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/3-day-ritual-of-consecration-begins-at-panchbadan-place-132446174.html |archive-date=2024-01-19 |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi }}</ref> The temple is [[Public space|open to public]] and serves as a [[place of worship]] for local villagers and visiting [[Bhakti|devotees]].

== History ==
[[File:Shivlingam of Panchvadan Sthan.jpg|thumb|Five-faced Shivlingam at Kusedhi village]]
[[Historical evidence]]s of this [[Lingam|shivling]] are scarce.The Head of temple committee, Karyanand Singh, says that "the elders of the village have been recounting that in the [[Timeline of Indian history#14th century|14th century]], a person named Madho Tiwari used to visit [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Dham]], [[Deoghar]] every month to perform [[Abhisheka|abhishek]] for [[Bholenath|Bhole Baba]]. One day, [[Bholenath|Bhole Baba]] appeared in Madho Tiwari's [[dream]] and instructed him to excavate this site. Following this, a unique ''[[Panchamukha|Panchamukhi]] [[Shivling]]'' was discovered during the excavation. Subsequently, Chhattu Guruji (''छट्टू गुरूजी'') from the village constructed the temple."<ref name=":0" />

== Development ==
[[File:Parvati Idol at Panchvadan Sthan.jpg|thumb|359x359px|Parvati devi at Panchvadan Sthan[[File:Hanuman idol at Kusedhi.jpg|thumb|Hanuman Idol at Baba Panchvadan Sthan]]]]
In recent years, the temple complex has been developed by devotees with no known [[Government funding|government assistance]]. [[Ashok Choudhary|Ashok Chaudhary]] is reported to have personally donated silver snake statue and silver [[Chatra (umbrella)|chhatra]] for shivling and also contributed for the consecration of the statue of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] for the temple.

The complex features a [[Parvati]] shrine located in front of the main temple. Between the two structures lies a [[well]], which is commonly used for fetching water for [[abhisheka]]. While there are [[Tap (valve)|taps]] in the complex, they are primarily used for washing hands and feet. A [[water filter]] is installed by the devotees within the complex, which also houses a [[Hanuman]] temple. The area is characterized by significant greenery and is enclosed by large fortifying walls. A daily evening [[Arti (Hinduism)|Aarti]] is conducted at approximately 6 PM.

This Shiva temple experiences a surge in the number of devotees on [[Monday]]s, during [[Shravana (month)|the month of Shravana]], and especially on [[Maha Shivaratri]], as these times are considered particularly auspicious for worshiping [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-01 |title=जागरण के साथ श्रावणी महोत्सव का हुआ समापन..इस वर्ष पंचबदन स्थान में लगभग तीन लाख लोगों ने चढ़ाया जल |trans-title=The grand festival of Shravan concluded with a devotional night.This year, approximately three lakh people offered water at Panchbadan Sthan. |url=https://sheikhpuralive.com/archives/12187/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906052313/https://sheikhpuralive.com/archives/12187/ |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Sheikhpura Live |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=बाबा कामेश्वरनाथ-पंचबदन मंदिर में उमड़ी श्रद्धालुओं की भीड़ |trans-title=A crowd of devotees gathered at Baba Kameshwar Nath & Panchbadan Temple. |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/crowds-of-devotees-gathered-at-baba-kameshwarnath-panchbadan-temple-133361655.html |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724015043/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/crowds-of-devotees-gathered-at-baba-kameshwarnath-panchbadan-temple-133361655.html |archive-date=2024-07-24 |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi }}</ref> The ladies who observe the 16 [[Monday|Somavara]] [[vrata]] are seen to flock here in groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-10 |title=प्राचीन पंचमुखी शिवलिंग पर उमड़ेंगे श्रद्धालु |trans-title=Devotees will flock to the ancient Panchmukhi Shivling. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/shiekhpura/1019086- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126201707/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/shiekhpura/1019086- |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Bihar}}
{{Shiva temples|state=Bihar}}

{{coord|25.21424|85.80239|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sheikhpura district]]

Delhi Half Marathon

2025-11-06T14:43:55Z

Alphadelta:

{{short description|Annual half marathon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox athletics race
| bgcolour = darkred
| image = Vedanta Delhi Half Marathon 2024 logo.svg
| caption = The logo for Delhi Half Marathon
| date = late October or early November
| location = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]
| type = [[Road running|Road]]
| distance = [[Half marathon]]
| est = 2005
| participants =
| sponsor = [[Vedanta]]
| record = '''Men''': 58:536 {{flagicon|ETH}} [[Amedework Walelegn]] (2020) '''Women''': 1:04:46 {{flagicon|ETH}} [[Yalemzerf Yehualaw]] (2020)
| homepage = {{URL|https://delhihalfmarathon.procam.in/|Delhi Half Marathon}}
}}
'''Delhi Half Marathon''', currently branded as the '''Vedanta Delhi Half Marathon''' for sponsorship reasons, is an annual [[half marathon]] foot-race held in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. Established in 2005, it is both an elite runner and mass participation event. It is an [[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races|AIMS]]-certified course and is listed as a Gold Label Road Race<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-label-road-races/calendar/2016|title=IAAF: IAAF Label Road Races Archive of Past Events|website=iaaf.org|access-date=2016-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102619/https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-label-road-races/calendar/2016|archive-date=16 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> by the [[IAAF]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aims-association.org/Directory.htm#IND|title=AIMS Race Directory|publisher=[[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races]]|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804143712/http://www.aims-association.org/Directory.htm#IND|archive-date=4 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The race has seen the best of the athletes competing since the course is considered one of the fastest half marathon route.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hope to run in India again, says marathon legend Eliud Kipchoge |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/athletics/after-tryst-with-delhi-six-years-ago-marathon-legend-eliud-kipchoge-says-one-day-hell-run-on-the-soil-of-india-again-160645 |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=NEWS9LIVE |date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The event sees about 40,000 participants<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Delhi Half Marathon 2019: Andamlak Belihu, Tsehay Gemechu Defend Titles With Personal Best Timings |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-delhi-half-marathon-2019-andamlak-belihu-tsehay-gemechu-defend-titles-with-personal-best-timings/340806 |magazine=Outlook India |access-date=1 July 2022 |language=en |date=14 February 2022}}</ref> through the race categories of half marathon, the 7 km ''Great Delhi Run'', a 4.3 km run for senior citizens, and a 3.5 km wheelchair race<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/30-000-people-run-the-Airtel-Delhi-Half-Marathon/H1-Article1-471548.aspx|title=30,000 people run the Airtel Delhi Half Marathon|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2009-11-01|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123215003/http://www.hindustantimes.com/30-000-people-run-the-Airtel-Delhi-Half-Marathon/H1-Article1-471548.aspx|archive-date=2010-11-23}}</ref>

==Course==
[[File:ADHM-finish-2016.jpg|thumb|Finish line of Airtel Delhi Half Marathon 2016 at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Nehru Stadium]]]]
The course starts in the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Nehru Stadium]], although this was temporarily moved to the grounds of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] while the stadium was under renovation for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Krishnan, Ram. Murali|date=2007-10-28|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=2/newsId=42179.html|title=Disi, Alemu the winners in New Delhi Half-Marathon|publisher=[[IAAF]]|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113032343/http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=2/newsid=42179.html|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The race is largely flat and has delivered fast winning times in its short history, with men producing a number of sub-one hour times and women recording times under 1:08:00.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=48218.html|title=Delhi attracts high quality field and Jackie Joyner-Kersee's assistance|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=2008-11-07|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210190758/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=48218.html|archive-date=10 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=HMAR/detail.html|title=Half Marathon All Time – Women|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=2009-10-11|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023101449/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=HMAR/detail.html|archive-date=23 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=HMAR/detail.html|title=Half Marathon All Time – Men|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=2009-10-11|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027041508/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=HMAR/detail.html|archive-date=27 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sponsor==
The current title sponsor is Vedanta who signed up in 2022 for 5 years till 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=2022-09-01 |title=Vedanta comes in as title sponsor for Delhi Half Marathon |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vedanta-comes-in-as-title-sponsor-for-delhi-half-marathon/articleshow/93933100.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The race was sponsored [[Hutchison Essar]] for its first two races, and the company sponsored the event as Vodafone Essar in 2007 following a takeover. Rival communications company [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] held the sponsor role since 2008 to 2020.<ref name="India">{{cite web|title=Airtel looks at leveraging world's richest Delhi marathon|date=2009-10-29|publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref>

==Prize==
The half marathon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beebulletin.com/all-about-adhm-2017/|title=ADHM 2017|website=Bee Bulletin|date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114109/https://beebulletin.com/all-about-adhm-2017/|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> is the elite runner race, while the Great Delhi Run attracts the majority of participants overall. The inaugural edition in 2005 had total prize money of [[US$]]310,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/22/stories/2005072214002000.htm|title=Delhi marathon hits rough weather|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-07-22|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604183056/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/22/stories/2005072214002000.htm|archive-date=4 June 2008}}</ref> The prize for the winners of the men's and women's race was $25,000 in 2009 and $27,000 in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=54797.html|title=Defending champions return, but Mergia will have Keitany to contend with – Delhi Half Marathon preview|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=2009-10-30|access-date=2009-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101224923/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=54797.html|archive-date=1 November 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BS"/>

==Past winners==
'''Key:'''
{{legend2|#A9F5A9|'''Course record'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Edition
!Year
!Men's winner
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])
!Women's winner
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])
|-
|1st
|2005
|{{flagathlete|[[Philip Rugut]]|KEN}}
|1:01:55
|{{flagathlete|[[Irina Timofeyeva]]|RUS}}
|1:10:35
|-
|2nd
|2006
|{{flagathlete|[[Francis Kibiwott Larabal|Francis Kibiwott]]|KEN}}
|1:01:36
|{{flagathlete|[[Lineth Chepkurui ]]|KEN}}
|1:10:40
|-
|3rd
|2007
|{{flagathlete|[[Dieudonné Disi]]|RWA}}
|1:00:43
|{{flagathlete|[[Deriba Alemu]]|ETH|1996}}
|1:10:30
|-
|4th
|2008
|{{flagathlete|[[Deriba Merga]]|ETH|1996}}
|59:15
|{{flagathlete|[[Aselefech Mergia]]|ETH|1996}}
|1:08:17
|-
|5th
|2009
|{{flagathlete|[[Deriba Merga]]|ETH}}
|59:54
|{{flagathlete|[[Mary Jepkosgei Keitany|Mary Keitany]]|KEN}}
|1:06:54
|-
|6th
|2010
|{{flagathlete|[[Geoffrey Mutai]]|KEN}}
|59:38
|{{flagathlete|[[Aselefech Mergia]]|ETH}}
|1:08:35
|-
|7th
|2011<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR11/news/newsid=63005.html|title=In close races, Desisa and Kabuu prevail in New Delhi Half|publisher=[[IAAF]]|access-date=2011-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129162602/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR11/news/newsid=63005.html|archive-date=29 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Lelisa Desisa]]|ETH}}
|59:30
|{{flagathlete|[[Lucy Wangui Kabuu|Lucy Wangui]]|KEN}}
|1:07:04
|-
|8th
|2012<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://procamrunning.in/adhm/content.php?code=OFFICIAL_RACE_RESULTS#MyAnchor|title=Race result 2012|access-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004233931/http://procamrunning.in/adhm/content.php?code=OFFICIAL_RACE_RESULTS#MyAnchor|archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Edwin Kipyego]]|KEN}}
|1:00:55
|{{flagathlete|[[Wude Ayalew]]|ETH}}
|1:11:10
|-
|9th
|2013<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://procamrunning.in/adhm/content.php?code=OFFICIAL_RACE_RESULTS#MyAnchor|title=Race result 2013|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004233931/http://procamrunning.in/adhm/content.php?code=OFFICIAL_RACE_RESULTS#MyAnchor|archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Atsedu Tsegay]]|ETH}}
|59:12
|{{flagathlete|[[Florence Kiplagat]]|KEN}}
|1:08:02
|-
|10th
|2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://procamrunning.in/adhm/content.php?code=OFFICIAL_RACE_RESULTS#MyAnchor|title=Race result 2014|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004233931/http://procamrunning.in/adhm/content.php?code=OFFICIAL_RACE_RESULTS#MyAnchor|archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Guye Adola]]|ETH}}
|59:06
|{{flagathlete|[[Florence Kiplagat]]|KEN}}
|1:10:04
|-
|11th
|2015<ref name="BS">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/legese-limo-show-at-airtel-delhi-half-marathon-115112900095_1.html|title=Legese, Limo show at Airtel Delhi Half Marathon|date=29 November 2015|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Birhanu Legese]]|ETH}}
|59:20
|{{flagathlete|[[Cynthia Jerotich Limo|Cynthia Limo]]|KEN}}
|1:08:35
|-
|12th
|2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://adhm.procamrunning.in/race-results|title=Airtel Delhi Half Marathon (ADHM) {{!}} Race Results|website=adhm.procamrunning.in|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031248/http://adhm.procamrunning.in/race-results|archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>
|{{Flagathlete|[[Eliud Kipchoge]]|KEN}}
|59:44
|{{Flagathlete|[[Worknesh Degefa]]|ETH}}
|1:07:42
|-
|13th
|2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adhm.procamrunning.in/media-pr/press-release/berhanu-legese-and-almaz-ayana-win-2017-airtel-delhi-half-marathon|title=Berhanu Legese and Almaz Ayana win 2017 Airtel Delhi Half Marathon|website=adhm.procamrunning.in|access-date=2017-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042703/https://adhm.procamrunning.in/media-pr/press-release/berhanu-legese-and-almaz-ayana-win-2017-airtel-delhi-half-marathon|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{Flagathlete|[[Birhanu Legese]]|ETH}}
|59:46
|{{Flagathlete|[[Almaz Ayana]]|ETH}}
|1:07:12
|-
|14th
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adhm.procamrunning.in/race-results/2018|title=Results 2018|website=adhm.procamrunning.in|access-date=2018-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190232/https://adhm.procamrunning.in/race-results/2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{Flagathlete|[[Andamlak Belihu]]|ETH}}
|59:18
|{{Flagathlete|[[Tsehay Gemechu]]|ETH}}
|1:06:49
|-
|15th
|2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airteldelhihalfmarathon.procam.in/race-results/2019|access-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022132926/https://airteldelhihalfmarathon.procam.in/race-results/2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live|title=Race Results 2019 -Adhm}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Andamlak Belihu]]|ETH}}
|59:10
|{{flagathlete|[[Tsehay Gemechu]]|ETH}}
|1:06:00
|-
|16th
|2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEN FINISHERS|url=https://airteldelhihalfmarathon.procam.in/race-results/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129163752/https://airteldelhihalfmarathon.procam.in/race-results/2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-29|website=adhm.procamrunning.in}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Amedework Walelegn]]|ETH}}
|bgcolor=#A9F5A9|'''58:53'''
|{{flagathlete|[[Yalemzerf Yehualaw]]|ETH}}
|bgcolor=#A9F5A9|'''1:04:46'''
|-
! colspan="6" |''Virtual race due to COVID-19''
|-
|17th
|2022<ref name="MEN FINISHERS">{{Cite web|title=MEN FINISHERS|url=https://vedantadelhihalfmarathon.procam.in/results/race-results|access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Chala Regasa]]|ETH}}
|1:00:30
|{{flagathlete|[[Irine Cheptai]]|ETH}}
|1:06:42
|-
|18th
|2023<ref name="MEN FINISHERS"/>
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ebenyo]]|KEN}}
|59:27
|{{flagathlete|[[Alamz Ayana]]|ETH}}
|1:07:58
|-
|19th
|2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=VDHM {{!}} Race Results |url=https://vedantadelhihalfmarathon.procam.in/results/race-results |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=vedantadelhihalfmarathon.procam.in}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Joshua Cheptegei]]|UGA}}
|59:46
|{{flagathlete|[[Alemaddis Eyayu]]|ETH}}
|1:08:17
|-
|20th
|2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=VDHM {{!}} Race Results |url=https://vedantadelhihalfmarathon.procam.in/results/race-results |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=vedantadelhihalfmarathon.procam.in}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Alex Matata]]|KEN}}
|59:50
|{{flagathlete|[[Lilian Rengeruk]]|KEN}}
|1:07:20
|}

== Sponsors/partners ==
* Title sponsor: [[Vedanta]]
* Channel partner: [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]
* Driven by: [[Tata Nexon]]
* Ignited by: [[Puma SE|Puma]]
* Energy Drink partner: [[Fast&Up]]
* Snacking partner: [[Cadbury]] Fuse
* Hospitality partner: [[Le Méridien|Le Meridein]]
* Medical partner: [[Metro Hospitals]]
* Print partner: [[The Times of India]]
* Cooldown Companion: Bira 91
* Official Photographer: Glint
* Entrainment partner: [[Radio Mirchi]]
* Philanthropy partner: United Way, Delhi NCR
* Institution partner: Harmony for Silvers Foundation
* Supported by: [[Government of Delhi]]
* Supported by: [[Sports Authority of India]]
* Supported by: [[Delhi Metro]]
* Supported by: [[New Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
* Supported by: [[IPRS]]
* Under the aegis of: [[Athletics Federation of India]]
* Certified by: [[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races|AIMS]]
* Inclusion Ally: Adventures beyond
* Promoted by : [[Procam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://adhm.procamrunning.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827023825/http://adhm.procamrunning.in/ |date=27 August 2015 }}

{{Road running competitions in India}}
{{IAAF Gold Label}}

[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2005]]
[[Category:Half marathons in Asia]]
[[Category:Athletics in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Athletics competitions in India]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]
[[Category:Vodafone]]
[[Category:Bharti Airtel]]

Chau Zingnu Namchoom

2025-10-17T10:08:17Z

Alphadelta: made new post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Namsai Assembly constituency|Namsai]]
| predecessor = [[Chowna Mein]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Chau Zingnu Namchoom''' (b 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/namsai-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546680-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Namsai Assembly Election Results 2024: Namsai Arunachal Pradesh Elections Poll Result Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/namsai-assembly-election-results-2024-namsai-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639514.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers">{{cite news|title=Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|accessdate=17 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=19 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517085923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|archivedate=17 May 2025}}</ref> He serves as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from 47 [[Namsai, India|Namsai]] constituency in the [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]], (earlier [[Lohit district]]) of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Namsai (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Namsai (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/namsai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531080106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/namsai |archivedate=31 May 2025 |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Namsai">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Namsai |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0247.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520114821/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0247.htm |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Namsai Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Chau Zingnu Namchoom wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Namsai Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Chau Zingnu Namchoom wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/namsai-assembly-election-results-2024-namsai-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639514.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520114656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/namsai-assembly-election-results-2024-namsai-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639514.cms |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="19 Newcomers Win Arunachal Assembly Poll">{{cite news |date=17 May 2014 |title=19 Newcomers Win Arunachal Assembly Poll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/2014/May/17/19-newcomers-win-arunachal-assembly-poll-613969.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Political history==
He belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]] until 2016 when he joined the [[People's Party of Arunachal]] and has been a member of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] since 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=MyNeta Profile|url=http://myneta.info/arunachal2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=173|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal CM Pema Khandu appoints 26 MLAs as parliamentary secretary">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-appoints-26-mlas-as-parliamentary-secretary-3037483/|title=Arunachal CM Pema Khandu appoints 26 MLAs as parliamentary secretary|date=26 October 2016|access-date=22 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522120241/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-appoints-26-mlas-as-parliamentary-secretary-3037483/|archive-date=22 May 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khandu appoints 26 MLAs as parliamentary secretary">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Khandu-appoints-26-MLAs-as-parliamentary-secretary/article14987759.ece|title=Khandu appoints 26 MLAs as parliamentary secretary|date=18 September 2016|access-date=22 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522120506/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Khandu-appoints-26-MLAs-as-parliamentary-secretary/article14987759.ece|archive-date=22 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal CM appoints 26 MLAs as parliamentary secretary">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/arunachal-cm-appoints-26-mlas-as-parliamentary-secretary-689088-2016-09-18|title=Arunachal CM appoints 26 MLAs as parliamentary secretary|date=18 September 2016|access-date=22 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522120551/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/arunachal-cm-appoints-26-mlas-as-parliamentary-secretary-689088-2016-09-18|archive-date=22 May 2025|publisher=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Zingnu Namchoom was one of 6 MLAs along with Chief Minister [[Pema Khandu]] to be suspended by the PPA for anti-party activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-6-others-temporarily-suspended-from-ppa-4450972/|title = Arunachal CM Pema Khandu suspended from PPA along with 6 others|date = 30 December 2016}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from the [[University of Delhi]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chau Zingnu Namchoom(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NAMSAI(NAMSAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4647 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namchoom, Chau Zingnu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:People from Namsai district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Kishori Charan Das

2025-10-16T15:57:10Z

Alphadelta: starting some stub initial version

{{Short description|Odia writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kishori Charan Das
| image = Kishori Charan Das Odia Author.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year||1924}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2004|8|17|1924}}
| death_place =
| occupation = writer, poet
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] : 1976 [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]] : 1976
| signature =
}}

'''Kishori Charan Das''' (1924 – 17 August 2004), also known by his short name '''K.C. Das''', was an eminent Indian writer and translator of the [[Odia language|Odia]] and English language.<ref name="Library of Congress">{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/kishoricharandas.html |title=Kishori Charan Das, 1924- |website=[[Library of Congress]] |date=11 January 2016}}</ref> He was known for his master interpretation of choices, disillusionment, and insecurities of the Odia middle class. His stories showcase realities of everyday life and do not delve into preaching morals or convey messages. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1976 for his short story collection ''Thakura Ghara''. He was also awarded with the Sarala Puraskar in 1985 and Bishuva Puraskar in 1992. <ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA870 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |page=870}}</ref>

==Biography==
Das was born in 1924 in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]. He worked as additional deputy comptroller and auditor general of India and director of audit, Indian accounts, Washington, D.C., 1961–1964.<ref name="Library of Congress"/>

He died on 17 August 2004.<ref name="Indian Literature">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23345866 |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |author=Saudamini Bhuyan |title=Kishori Charan Das |volume=48 |issue=6 |year=2004 |pages=135–137|jstor=23345866 }}</ref>

==Writing style==
Das published several collections of short stories, novels, essays, poems.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbdjAAAAMAAJ |title=Beyond the Roots: An Anthology of Oriya Short Stories |year=1996 |publisher=National Book Trust India |isbn=978-81-237-2246-7 |page=300}}</ref> He was one of the exponents of modernism in Odia literature. The characters of his fictions come from urban setting, with disrupted dreams, inner-conflict and existential anguish.<ref name="telegraph india">{{Cite web|last=Patnaik|first=Lalmohan|date=3 March 2013|title=Odia literature's modern man|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/odia-literature-s-modern-man/cid/326850|access-date=23 March 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Writing about the Odia society and the challenges of modern day life in post independence India where the middle class is aspirational and sometimes impatient. Although his stories begin on a simple note, they eventually reach their culmination in unexpected and surprising ways. He maintained that writing 'expresses a writer's relationship with various emotions' and 'no writing can belong to any class or community', but 'it belongs to the whole world'.<ref name="Indian Literature"/> He has also translated writings by other Oriya authors.

==Books ==
===Short story===
* ''Bhanga Khelana'' (1961)
* ''Ghara Bahuda'' (1968)
* ''Laksha Vihanga'' (1968)
* ''Manihara'' (1970)
* ''Thakura Ghara'' (1975)
* ''Gaman'' (1980)
* ''Khelara nam ranga'' (1982)
* ''Bhinna Paunsha'' (1984)
* ''Death of an Indian'' (1984)
* ''Shita Lahara'' (1986)
* ''Trango Mryutu'' (1987)
* ''Nija Sanja'' (1992)
* ''The Midnight Moon and other Stories'' (1993)
===Poetry collection===
* ''Faces in the Dark'' (1980)
* ''Mana Kamana'' (1983)
===Novels===
* ''Satoti Dinara Sati'' (1993)
* ''Neta O Netramani'' (1997)

==Honours==
He was awarded the [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1976, Sarala Puraskar in 1985 and Bishuva Puraskar in 1992.<ref name="Library of Congress"/> He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1976 for his short story collection ''Thakura Ghara''.<ref name="telegraph india"/>

The Kishori Charan Smruti Sansad was established in his honour which gives an award named Kishori Charan Das Sahitya Purashkar to an Odia writer annually since 2007.<ref name="telegraph india"/>

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-05480-7_44 "Sarama’s Romance"] Short story by Kishori Charan Das

{{Odia literature}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Kishori Charan}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Novelists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Odia short story writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]

Ezhichur

2025-10-16T11:10:12Z

Alphadelta:

{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Ezhichur
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Ezhichur, Kanchipuram
|coordinates = {{coord|12.813200|N|79.913000|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 71
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 631605
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code =
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = Thollazhi, Chennakuppam, Ullavur, Devariyambakkam and Vadakkuppattu
|blank2_name_sec1 =
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[G. Selvam]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]]
|website = {{URL|https://kancheepuram.nic.in/}}
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ezhichur''' is a neighbourhood in [[Kanchipuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]]. It is located at an altitude of about 71 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|12.813200|N|79.913000|E}} (i.e., 12°48'47.5"N, 79°54'46.8"E). Thollazhi, Chennakuppam, Ullavur, Devariyambakkam and Vadakkuppattu are some of the important neighbourhoods of Ezhichur.

==Access==
Ezhichur is connected to [[Tambaram]] via road and there is only one bus plying between Tambaram and Ezhichur and people demand for more bus services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=எழிச்சூருக்கு கூடுதல் பேருந்து கோரிக்கை |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-kancheepuram/additional-bus-request-to-ezhichur/3225316 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref>

==Facilities==
A Shiva temple viz., Nallinakkeswarar Temple is situated in Ezhichur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Nallenakeeswarar Temple, Ezhichur - 603204, Kancheepuram District [TM003227]. |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=3227 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nallinakka Eswarar Temple : Nallinakka Eswarar Nallinakka Eswarar Temple Details |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=1538 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>

In July 2020, a treatment area for [[COVID-19]] was criticized for lack of infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/563430-ezhichur-corona-treatment-ward.html |title=எழிச்சூர் கரோனா சிகிச்சை மையத்தில் அடிப்படை வசதி இல்லையென நோயாளிகள் புகார் |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai | date=9 July 2020 | language=ta}}</ref>

==Politics==
Ezhichur area falls under the [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]]. It is part of [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[G. Selvam]] won the 2019 elections, as the member of its Lok Sabha constituency.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ezhichur&params=12.813200_N_79.913000_E_type:city_region:IN Geohack]

[[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]

{{Kanchipuram-geo-stub}}

Ettayapuram Princely estate

2025-10-15T08:50:46Z

Alphadelta: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ettayapuram#Ettayapuram estate]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Raj Parmar

2025-10-15T00:26:19Z

Alphadelta: creating a post

'''Raj Parmar''' (born 1 November 1981) is a British-Indian [[Bollywood dance]]r, choreographer, and television and radio personality. Best known for his work with [[Sunrise Radio]] as a presenter on the ''Urban Masti Show'', Raj began his career as a trained media professional. Raj is a professional dancer, establishing his own dance troupe and performing in [[mela]]s across the UK. In 2014 he appeared in [[Channel 4]]'s reality series ''[[Big Ballet]]''.

== Early life and presenting work ==

Parmar grew up in [[Hounslow]], [[West London]] before moving to [[Bradford]] at the age of 10. With connections to radio station Sunrise, Raj was offered unique exposure to the media world from an early age, training as a presenter and going on to host the ''Urban Masti Show''. In his work as a presenter for Sunrise Radio, Raj has interviewed several luminaries from the [[Bollywood]] and [[Lollywood]] industries, including [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Kajal]]{{dn|date=October 2025}}, [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Bipasha Basu]]. As well as celebrity interviews, Raj began managing and marketing the station, becoming one of the youngest directors in the broadcasting industry.

Alongside his presenting work with Sunrise, Raj has hosted a number of live stage events and is a mainstay at the Bradford [[mela]].

== Dance career ==
Raj has been involved in several melas as a dancer. His unique choreography has resulted in choreography jobs for several British Asian music videos, as well as an MTV show.

Raj opened his own Bollywood dance academy, Spice Entertainment, in 1999. Alongside hosting training courses at the academy, he regularly conducts many dance workshops at schools, community centres and arts organisations such as Kala Sangam.

== Acting work ==

In 2006, Raj landed acting roles in the films ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' and ''[[Mischief Night (2006 film)|Mischief Night]]''. In 2014 Raj performed a small role in the Indian drama serial ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''.

== Television appearances ==

=== ''Deal or No Deal'' ===

In 2006, Raj appeared as a contestant on the television game show ''[[Deal or No Deal (UK game show)|Deal or No Deal]]''. Taking part in the first season, Raj responded to an advert in the paper, and was selected from thousands of applicants to become one of the twenty-two contestants.

Raj won £1 on the show after declining a final offer of £10,000 from the Banker.

=== ''Big Ballet'' ===

In 2014, Raj displayed his dancing abilities in the British documentary ''[[Big Ballet]]'' broadcast on Channel 4. Competing against almost 500 other aspiring ballet contestants, Raj ultimately won a place in the 18-member dance troupe. Raj was the only Asian member of the troupe and one of two males.

The three-part documentary saw Raj train under dancer [[Wayne Sleep]] and eventually play the role of the villain Baron von Rothbart in the ballet ''[[Swan Lake]]''.

The series aired in the US and in France.

==External links==

*https://web.archive.org/web/20140329122526/http://www.sunriseradio.fm/NewsContent.aspx?cn=2482&cnt=News
*http://www.imdb.com/news/ni56795212/
*http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01rppk3
*{{imdb name|6063601|Raj Parmar}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20140414071105/http://www.sunriseradio.fm/TeamMember.aspx?profile=17

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Raj}}
[[Category:British male dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century British male actors]]

Vatsala Deshmukh

2025-07-14T16:49:28Z

Alphadelta: added a post and citations!

{{Short description|Indian actress (1930–2022)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Vatsala Deshmukh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1930
| birth_place = [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2022|03|12|92|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Parel]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =
| children = [[Ranjana Deshmukh]]
}}

'''Vatsala Deshmukh''' ({{langx|mr|वत्सला देशमुख}}; 1930 – 12 March 2022) was an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Hindi actress.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=ज्येष्ठ अभिनेत्री वत्सला देशमुख यांचे निधन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/veteran-actress-vatsala-deshmukh-passes-away-msr-87-2838957/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |publisher=Loksatta |date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Deshmukh started her career as a model and later joined the show business. She made her screen debut with the Hindi movie "Toofan and Deeya", directed by Prabhat Kumar.<ref name=Indiat>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-marathi-actress-vatsala-deshmukh-passes-away-1924911-2022-03-13 |title=Veteran Marathi actress Vatsala Deshmukh passes away |author=Anindita Mukherjee |date=14 March 2022 |magazine=India Today |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

Deshmukh's younger sister, Vijaya Deshmukh, was married to [[V. Shantaram]], and became known as an actress [[Sandhya Shantaram]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/mar/3/24773/remembering-ranjana-the-fiery-and-versatile-star-of-marathi-cinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201102440/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/mar/3/24773/remembering-ranjana-the-fiery-and-versatile-star-of-marathi-cinema |url-status=live |archive-date=1 December 2021 |title=Remembering Ranjana, the fiery and versatile star of Marathi cinema |first=Suyog |last=Zore |website=Cinestaan |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> Deshmukh was the mother of actress [[Ranjana Deshmukh]].<ref name=Indiat/>

==Selected filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Toofan Aur Deeya]]'' (1956) as Dancer
*''[[Navrang]]'' (1959) as Uma
*''Iye Marathi Che Nagri'' (1965)
*''[[Ladki Sahyadri Ki]]'' (1966)
*''Mai Mauli'' (1971)
*''Asheech Ek Ratra'' (1971)
*''Ajab Tuje Sarkar'' (1971)
*''[[Jal Bin Machhli Nritya Bin Bijli]]'' (1971) as Bhairavi
*''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]'' (1972) as Akka
*''Naag Panchami'' (1972) as Goddess Parvati
*''[[Jyotibacha Navas]]'' (1975)
*''Zunj'' (1975) as Godabai
*''Varat'' (1975)
*''Shoora Mi Vandile'' (1975)
*''Farrari'' (1976) as Shripat's Mother
*''[[Bala Gau Kashi Angai]]'' (1977) as Madhuri's mother
*''[[Hira Aur Patthar]]'' (1977)
*''Chandra Hota Sakshila'' (1978)
*''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1979) as Jamnabai
*''[[Kashino Dikro]]'' (1979)
*''Patalin'' (1981) as Kirti's Mother
{{Div col end}}

==Death==
Vatsala Deshmukh died due to age-related complications on 12 March 2022, at the age of 92.<ref name="obit"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/manasa/actress-vatsala-deshmukh-passes-away/articleshow/90191787.cms |title=घरंदाज अभिनेत्री |website=Maharashtra Times |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Marathi cinema]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1220574}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Vatsala}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-1930s-stub}}

Devakkoothu

2025-03-24T13:00:16Z

Alphadelta: made entry

{{short description|Indian folk dance}}
{{Redirect|Valliyamma|goddess known as Valliyamman|Valli}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Devakkoothu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = {{lang|ml|ദേവക്കൂത്ത്}}
| etymology =
| genre = Ritual dance
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Kerala]], India
}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image =
| caption =
| name = Valliyamma
| god_of =
| affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| mantra =
| weapon =
| consort =
| children =
| abode =
| mount =
| spouse =
| region = [[North Malabar]], [[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Devakkoothu''' also spelled as '''Devakoothu''' is a ritualistic dance performed in [[Kerala]], India. It is the only [[theyyam]] performed by a woman. This theyyam is performed in the temple Tekumpad Koolom Thayakav near [[Cherukunnu]] in [[Kannur district]]. The goddess associated with Devakkoothu is called '''Valliyamma''' because she stayed at a forest of creepers, according to myths. Devakkoothu is performed once in two years.

==Overview==
Devakkoothu is a theyyam performed in the temple Tekumpad Koolom Thayakav near [[Cherukunnu]] in [[Kannur district]] of Kerala.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Woman theyyam tells tale of a lost ‘devatha’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/woman-theyyam-tells-tale-of-a-lost-devatha/articleshow/67200644.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 December 2018 |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/woman-theyyam-tells-tale-of-a-lost-devatha/articleshow/67200644.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Even the Theyyams of female deities are generally performed by men, Devakkoothu is the only theyyam performed by a woman.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |last1=dhanesh |first1=asokan |title=പെണ്ണുടലിലാടുന്ന ദേവക്കൂത്ത്... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2023/01/08/devakooth-photo-story.html |work=ManoramaOnline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-04-12 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412050737/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2023/01/08/devakooth-photo-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="times"/> The entire performance is based on the narration of the myth related to the goddess who lost in the creepers. Devakkoothu is performed once in two years, on fifth day of [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] of [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]] (December).<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Myth==
One day, while traveling through the [[Devaloka]], a group of goddess saw a place on earth full of beautiful flowers among creepers.<ref name="keralasabdam">{{cite web |last1=pradeep |first1=ushas |title=ദേവക്കൂത്ത് തെയ്യ വേഷമണിയുന്ന ഏക മഹിള |url=https://www.keralasabdam.in/news/devkooth-ambhujakshi/ |website=www.keralasabdam.in |language=ml |access-date=2023-04-12 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412052214/https://www.keralasabdam.in/news/devkooth-ambhujakshi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They left the Devaloka to pick those flowers from that jungle-like place full of creepers and intoxicatingly fragrant flowers. They picked them all together and walked there merrily. Meanwhile, a goddess lost inside the creepers. Without knowing this, others returned to the Devaloka. The goddess was in a difficult situation, not knowing what to do. Then the villager who came there, rescued her from among the vines, and kept in a hut safely.<ref name="keralasabdam"/>

The goddess did not even have a change of clothes and cried and prayed to [[Narada]], and hearing this prayer, he came with [[kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]], a mirror and dress for her, and took the deity first to Tayakav and then to Koolom.<ref name="newswings">{{cite news |title=ദേവക്കൂത്ത്‌; സ്ത്രീകള്‍ കെട്ടിയാടുന്ന ഏക തെയ്യം - |url=https://www.newswings.online/2018/12/devakkooth-theyyam-story/ |date=18 December 2018 |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412074446/https://www.newswings.online/2018/12/devakkooth-theyyam-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is said that a temporary [[pandal]] was made in Koolom with coconut leaves and the deity changed her clothes from there, then crossed the Thekkumpad river in a canoe and reached the Ayiram theng Valluvan river shore, and from there went back to the Devaloka.<ref name="newswings"/>

But even after returning to the Deva world, those green land, humans and safe experiences of the earth remained in Valliyamma's memory.<ref name="Asianet">{{cite news |title=തെയ്യപ്രപഞ്ചത്തിലെ ഏക പെണ്ണുടല്‍, ഇതാ വള്ളിയമ്മയും ദേവക്കൂത്തും! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/culture-magazine/the-interesting-story-of-the-only-theyyam-performance-by-woman-named-devakoothu-ro0at7 |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-04-12 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412072705/https://www.asianetnews.com/culture-magazine/the-interesting-story-of-the-only-theyyam-performance-by-woman-named-devakoothu-ro0at7 |url-status=live }}</ref> So she decided to go down to the earth and meet the people every alternate year.<ref name="Asianet"/> Once in two years on the 5th of Dhanu month, Valliamma returns to the island to meet and bless people.<ref name="Asianet"/> This is the myth behind Devakkoothu.

==Theyyam==
The theyyam of goddess is called Valliyamma because she stayed at a forest of creepers (Valli in [[Malayalam]]).<ref name="newswings"/><ref name="Asianet"/> Another character in the theyyam performance is Narada. Only non-menstruating women have the right to perform the role of Valliyamma in Devakkoothu.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> After observing [[Vrata]] for 41 days, The woman who perform leaves her house to temple. The Vratas are as mentioned in the basic ritual text named 'Pallimala'.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> It include vegetarian food and staying in the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] room for 41 days chanting sacred books.<ref name="keralasabdam"/><ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

Though theyam is on Dhanu 5th, the woman who perform will leave home on Dhanu 3rd along with her female entourage.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> during this journey she carries Pallimala, the main text of the Devakkoothu, and a plate filled with rice and flowers.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> This journey is to Valluvan river shore. The temple authorities will be waiting there with a raft. The raft is made by tying two boats together and spreading planks.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> This journey is to the ancestral home of Valluvakurup. There flowers will be sprinkled on the way to home, to welcome her.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> At night she will be taken to the temple accompanied by [[thalappoli]] and musical instruments.<ref name="keralasabdam"/>

A 'koochil' (a [[pandal]]) is made of coconut leaves in the temple.<ref name="Asianet"/> In the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] room prepared inside that pandal, she should stay till the day of Devakoothu with prayers.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> On Dhanu fifth, she wakes up early in the morning at five o'clock and after the spiritual rituals, the facial makeup begins.<ref name="keralasabdam"/> After makeup and costumes, accompanied by a soft [[chenda]] rhythm, the Valliyamma performer arrives to performing area hiding herself behind a red curtain held by two women.<ref name="newswings"/>

Valliamma has all the amenities for normal theyyams. Valliamma's main costumes are a turban with 21 stones on the head, a cap, [[ghungroo]] and [[anklet|padasaram]].<ref name="newswings"/> There will be face art.

When the performer reaches the stage, she will first sing songs to praises of Lord [[Ganesha]]. Then she step with the rhythmic song. All stories from the myth, including picking flowers from the garden with the friends and lost inside the creepers will be beautifully acted.<ref name="Asianet"/> Finally, Narada will enter the arena with new clothes.<ref name="Asianet"/> After the Theyyam, rice is served as [[Prasada]] to the devotees.<ref name="Asianet"/>

==History==
The Devakkoothu is believed to be as old as the [[Chirakkal dynasty]].<ref name="newswings"/><ref name="Asianet"/> It was dormant for a long time but was revived in 1985–86.<ref name="newswings"/>

Before 2012, this Theyyam was performed for 14 years by Lakshmi Amma, wife of Matai Kelu Panikar and since 2012, it is performed by K.P. Ambujakshi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=sudhakaran |first1=p |title=This year, Devakoothu gets a new face |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/this-year-devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 December 2012 |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419153733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/this-year-devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{culture of Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Theyyam]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian maps

2025-01-13T16:38:02Z

Alphadelta: added initial page w/ refs

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{WikiProject status|Defunct|type=geo|parent=India|date=November 2020}}
:''The parent of this WikiProject are [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps|WikiProject Maps]]''
'''Aim''' – This project aims to draw hi-resolution, vector maps for India-related articles. It also aims to get hi-resolution raster (.png) topography images. mastan

'''Scope''' – NPOV maps related to India (post-1947) and historical pre-Independence India (includes the [[South Asia]]n nations of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan). The secondary goal would be to get NPOV maps for Pakistan, PRC, Afghanistan and Bhutan since they border disputed territories of India.
__TOC__
{{clear}}
==Members==
{| class="wikitable" align="left" font-size="55%" width="350px"
! Members
|-
|
* [[user:Nichalp|Nichalp]] [[User Talk:Nichalp|«Talk»]] 06:04, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
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* [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 15:32, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
*[[User:ImpuMozhi|Het666]] i m a geography lover , have read almost all countries' article
*[[User:ImpuMozhi|ImpuMozhi]] 22:07, 11 June 2006 (UTC). I lack skilled, but I wanna learn.
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*— [[User:Ambuj.Saxena|Ambuj Saxena]] ([[User talk:Ambuj.Saxena|talk]]) 14:44, 20 October 2006 (UTC) (I can help with most of the things)
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==Types==
The project is divided into locator maps, general maps and city maps.

===Locator===
Locator maps are used to show the location of a city, town, state or particular area within India. It is also used to show the location of a district, division or region in a map of a state

===General maps===
Non-locator maps. Maps of this type incude rivers, ancient kingdoms, crop-related etc.

===City maps===
Maps of cities. See the featured image of Manila alongside for reference:
rama nathapuram
[http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&tab=wl]

===Topographical maps===
These maps depict the topography of a region. See [[User:Captain Blood/GMT Example]] for an example.

These maps show demographic information using colors.

<gallery>
Image:Ph map manila.svg|City maps
Image:India physical map.svg|Topographical maps
Image:India_Telangana_locator_map.svg|Thematic maps
</gallery>

for more and updated information about indian census or maps

[http://censusindia.gov.in/]

==Using locator maps==
Locator maps for cities are automatically added when the [[Template:Infobox Indian Jurisdiction|Infobox Indian Jurisdiction]] is used and latitude and logitude parameters are provided. If a locator map needs to be added to a section in an article, then use [[Template:Location map|Location map]] template. Find below some examples.

===Usage===
{{[[Template:Location map|Location map]]|India
|label=''label''
|position=left ''or'' right - position of the label relative to the mark, defaults to right
|background=''color'' - background color for the label, defaults to none
|lat=''latitude in degrees''
|long=''longitude in degrees''
|mark=''image file name'' - a red dot by default
|caption=''caption'' - caption below the map
|float=left ''or'' right ''or'' none
|width=''width of the map''
}}

===Examples===
<nowiki>{{Location map|India|float=none|label=Mumbai|lat=18.96|long=72.82|position=left}}</nowiki>
{{Location map|India|float=none|label=Mumbai|lat=18.96|long=72.82|position=left}}
{{clear}}
----

<nowiki>{{Location map|India|float=left|width=100|label=Thiruvananthapuram|lat=8.5|long=76.9|caption=Thiruvananthapuram is the capital city of Kerala}}</nowiki>
{{Location map|India|float=left|width=100|label=Thiruvananthapuram|lat=8.5|long=76.9|caption=Thiruvananthapuram is the capital city of Kerala}}
{{clear}}
----

<nowiki>{{Location map|India|float=right|label=Chennai|lat=13.09|long=80.27|background=white}}</nowiki>
{{Location map|India|float=right|label=Chennai|lat=13.09|long=80.27|background=white}}
{{clear}}cvvcc
----
<pre>
{{location map+|India|float=none|width=270|caption=Metropolitan cities of India|places=
{{location map~|India|label=[[Mumbai]]|position=right|lat=18.96|long=72.82}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Chennai]]|position=right|lat=13.09|long=80.27}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Delhi]]|position=left|lat=28.35|long=77.13}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Kolkata]]|position=left|lat=22.33|long=88.20}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Bangalore]]|position=left|lat=12.58|long=77.35}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Hyderabad]]|position=bottom|lat=17.20|long=78.80}}
}}
</pre>

{{location map+|India|float=none|width=270|caption=Metropolitan cities of India|places=
{{location map~|India|label=[[Mumbai]]|position=right|lat=18.96|long=72.82}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Chennai]]|position=right|lat=13.09|long=80.27}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Delhi]]|position=left|lat=28.35|long=77.13}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Kolkata]]|position=left|lat=22.33|long=88.20}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Bangalore]]|position=left|lat=12.58|long=77.35}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Hyderabad]]|position=bottom|lat=17.20|long=78.80}}
}}
{{clear}}

==Graphic Conventions==
===Colours===
Please use the following colours recommended by [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps|WikiProject Maps]].
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps/Conventions/Locator maps (blank)}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps/Conventions/Areas maps}}

===Border styles===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="720px" align="center" cellpadding="3" style="background-color:#F7FCFF"
! Style !! Used for !! Comments
|-
| Thick line || Primary borders || Use a thick line for the primary (usually political) borders on a map. If the map primarily depicts a country, use a thick line for the country borders; if a state, the state borders.
|-
| Thin line || Secondary borders || Use a thin line (approximately 1/2 the thickness of the primary borders) for secondary boundaries. If a state map shows counties, use a thin line for county borders.
|-
| Italic font || Bodies of water || Use an italicized font for labelling bodies of water: oceans, lakes, rivers, etc.
|-
| All-caps font || Primary regions || Use a font in all-capital letters for labelling primary regions of interest: country names, state names, etc.
|-
| Mixed case font || Secondary regions || Use mixed case (capital followed by lowercase) for regions of secondary interest: provinces in a country map, counties in a state map, etc.
|}

==Words-relate Conventions==
===Typeface===
Use only [[Sans serif]]-type fonts in the maps.
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="720px" align="center" cellpadding="3" style="background-color:#F7FCFF"
|-
! Scheme !! Case !! Font !! Size !!Tracking !! Opacity !! Example
|-
|Union territory || Normal || Bold || 30/24 ||0 || 35 ||
|-
|National capital || UPPERCASE || Bold Italic || 24 ||-25 || 100||
|-
|Union territory capital || Normal || Italic || 24 || -25|| 100||
|-
|State || UPPERCASE|| Bold || 40/30||0 || 35 ||
|-
|State capital || Normal|| Regular || 24 ||-25 || 100||
|-
|Metro cities || UPPERCASE || Regular || 24 || -25 || 100||
|}

===Cartographic conventions===
*Names of coastal cities are written in the sea
*Names of rivers and mountain ranges follow the path of the river/range
*Capital cities are usually marked with a star

==Uploading==
===Format===
All maps should be drawn SVG format. SVG is a vector format that allows upscaling without pixellation. It also allows users to download and modify the map to make derivatives. Please do not use the following raster formats: .png, .gif and .jpg for maps. For topographical maps, use .png.

===Filenames===
TBD

===Upload location===
*If the map contains no text, upload it to [[commons:]]
*If text is needed to be added to the map, please make two versions: One, a blank map without text, and the other with text. Upload the blank map to commons, and the one with English text here on en wiki.

===Licensing===
Only images with a licence that allows commercial usage and allows derivatives to be made may be uploaded to wikipedia. The following licences qualify:
* '''PD''' (Public domain) – user releases all rights to the image
* '''GFDL''' – derivatives or commercial usage must be released only under the GFDL licence. User must be credited.
* '''CC-BY-''' (creative commons, attribution) – similar to GFDL, the user must be credited, but derivatives may be released under other licences.
* '''CC-BY-SA-''' (creative commons, attribution, share-alike) – same as CC-BY- but derivatives may be released only under the CC-BY-SA licence

You may use either one of the above. However to allow maximum compatibility across all wikimedia projects, it is suggested that we use either '''PD''', or a dual licence '''GDFL''' + '''CC-BY-SA''' (v1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0).
(dual licence).

===Summary===
Please add the following information to summary while uploading.
<nowiki>{{Information</nowiki>
<nowiki>|Description=</nowiki>
<nowiki>|Source=</nowiki>
<nowiki>|Date=</nowiki>
<nowiki>|Author=</nowiki>
<nowiki>|Permission=</nowiki>
<nowiki>|other_versions=</nowiki>
<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

=== Legend ===
Use the following template:
{| class="wikitable"
! Template syntax !! Produces
|-
| <nowiki>{{Legend|#0000FF|Area where live [[Blue wale]].}}</nowiki> || {{Legend|#0000FF|Area where live [[Blue whale]].}}
|}

==Software and tips==
Two popular SVG drawing software available are [[Inkscape]] and [[Adobe Illustrator]]. Inkscape is free and available for many platforms.

*Draw images in the highest resolution possible.
*For text please use a generic font such as Serif, Sans-serif. Sans is more suited for maps. The wikimedia renderer rasterises all fonts using Arial, so use Arial regular to maintain appearance of the map.
*In inkscape make sure that you ''unflow'' the text
*Ensure that no embedded raster images are present
*Always add metadata. In Inkscape, metadata can be added in the ''Document Preferences''.

==Map resources==
*[http://cza.nic.in/map.html India Political map]
*[http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/soi_geo.html Survey of India maps]
*[http://www.censusindia.net/results/2001maps/index.html 2001 Census state maps with districts]
*[http://www.demis.nl/home/pages/wms/demiswms.htm Demis map server for physical maps]
*[http://india.gov.in/maps/indiaindex.php India portal]
*[http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/ TN Maps online]

==Status / See [[Commons:Category:WikiProject India Maps]]==
'''All India Maps'''
# Base map of India with district boundaries, rivers and lakes {{tick}} [[:Image:India map blank.svg]] / [[:Image:India map en.svg]]
# Locator maps for all States {{tick}} [[:Image:India RegionName locator map.svg]]
# locator maps for all regions {{tick}} [[:Image:India StateName locator map.svg]]
# Disputed areas map {{tick}} [[:Image:India disputed areas map.svg]]
# Physical map {{tick}} [[:Image:India physical map.svg]]
# Roadway map {{tick}} [[:Image:India roadway map.svg]]
# Railway map (schematic) {{tick}} [[:Image:India railway schematic map.svg]]
# Precipitation map {{tick}} [[:Image:India annual rainfall map.svg]]
# Earthquake zone map {{tick}} [[:Image:India earthquake zone map.svg]]
# Wind zone map {{tick}} [[:Image:India wind zone map.svg]]
# Flood zone map {{tick}} [[:Image:India flood zone map.svg]]
# Population density map {{tick}} [[:Image:India population density map.svg]]
# Literacy rate map {{tick}} [[:Image:India literacy rate map.svg]]
# Sex ratio map {{tick}} [[:Image:India sex ratio map.svg]]
# Rivers and lakes map {{tick}} [[:Image:India rivers and lakes map.svg]]
# Decadal population growth map {{tick}} [[:Image:India decadal growth rate map en.svg]]
# Climatic zone map {{tick}} [[:Image:India climatic zone map en.svg]]
# Average annual temperature map {{tick}} [[:Image:India average annual temperature map en.svg]]
# Climatic disaster risk map {{tick}} [[:Image:India climatic disaster risk map en.svg]]
# Southwest summer monsoon onset map {{tick}} [[:Image:India southwest summer monsoon onset map en.svg]]
# Air connectivity map

===State Locator Maps===
# Andhra Pradesh {{tick}} [[:Image:Andhra Pradesh locator map.svg]]
# Arunachal Pradesh {{tick}} [[:Image:Arunachal Pradesh locator map.svg]]
# Assam {{tick}} [[:Image:Assam locator map.svg]]
# Bihar {{tick}} [[:Image:Bihar locator map.svg]]
# Chhattisgarh {{tick}} [[:Image:Chhattisgarh locator map.svg]]
# Goa {{tick}} [[:Image:Goa locator map.svg]]
# Gujarat {{tick}} [[:Image:Gujarat locator map.svg]]
# Haryana {{tick}} [[:Image:Haryana locator map.svg]]
# Himachal Pradesh {{tick}} [[:Image:Himachal Pradesh locator map.svg]]
# Jammu and Kashmir {{tick}} [[:Image:Jammu and Kashmir locator map.svg]]
# Jharkhand {{tick}} [[:Image:Jharkhand locator map.svg]]
# Karnataka {{tick}} [[:Image:Karnataka locator map.svg]]
# Kerala {{tick}} [[:Image:Kerala locator map.svg]]
# Madhya Pradesh{{tick}} [[:Image:Madhya Pradesh districts location map big.svg]]
# Maharashtra {{tick}} [[:Image:Maharashtra locator map.svg]]
# Manipur {{tick}} [[:Image:Manipur locator map.svg]]
# Meghalaya {{tick}} [[:Image:Meghalaya locator map.svg]]
# Mizoram {{tick}} [[:Image:India Mizoram locator map.svg]]
# Nagaland {{tick}} [[:Image:Nagaland locator map.svg]]
# Orissa {{tick}} [[:Image:Orissa locator map.svg]]
# Punjab {{tick}} [[:Image:Punjab locator map.svg]]
# Rajasthan {{tick}} [[:Image:Rajasthan locator map.svg]]
# Sikkim {{tick}} [[:Image:Sikkim locator map.svg]]
# Tamil Nadu {{tick}} [[:Image:Tamil Nadu locator map.svg]]
# Tripura {{tick}} [[:Image:India Tripura locator map.svg]]
# Uttar Pradesh{{tick}} [[:Image:Uttar Pradesh locator map.svg]]
# Uttarakhand {{tick}} [[:Image:Uttarakhand locator map.svg]]
# West Bengal {{tick}} [[:Image:West Bengal locator map.svg]]

===State political Maps===
# Andhra Pradesh
# Arunachal Pradesh
# Assam
# Bihar {{tick}} [[:Image:BiharDistricts.png]]
# Chhattisgarh
# Goa {{tick}} [[:Image:Goamap.png]]
# Gujarat
# Haryana
# Himachal Pradesh
# Jammu and Kashmir
# Jharkhand
# Karnataka
# Kerala
#*{{tick}} [[:File:Kerala-map-en.svg]]
#*{{tick}}[[:File:Kerala-administrative-divisions-map-en.svg]]
# Madhya Pradesh
# Maharashtra
# Manipur
# Meghalaya
# Mizoram
# Nagaland {{tick}} [[:Image:Nagalandmap.png]]
# Orissa
# Punjab {{tick}} [[:Image:Punjab district map.png]]
# Rajasthan
# Sikkim {{tick}} [[:Image:Sikkimdistricts.png]]
# Tamil Nadu
# Tripura {{tick}} [[:Image:Tripura map.png]]
# Uttar Pradesh
#*{{tick}} [[:Image:Uttar Pradesh Districts Detail.svg]]
#*{{tick}} [[:Image:Uttar Pradesh administrative divisions.svg]]
# Uttarakhand {{tick}} [[:Image:UttarakhandDistricts.png]]
# West Bengal

===City Maps===
# Map of New Delhi {{tick}} [[:Image:New Delhi map.svg]]
# Base map of Delhi with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:Image:Location map India New Delhi.png]]
# Base map of Mumbai with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:Image:Mumbai area locator map.svg]]
# Base map of Kolkata with city limits and water bodies
# Base map of Chennai with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:Image:Chennai area locator map.svg]]
# Base map of Bangalore with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:Image:Bangalore street Map.png]]
# Base map of Pune with city limits and water bodies
# Base map of Ahmedabad with city limits and water bodies
# Base map of Kochi with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:File:Kochi India area locator map.svg]]
# Base map of Hyderabad (India) with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:File:Hyderabad Outer Ring Road and its radial roads.png]]
# Base map of Patna with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:File:Patna area locator map.svg]]
# Base map of Bhopal with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:File:Location map India Bhopal.svg]]
# Base map of Trichy with city limits and water bodies {{tick}} [[:File:Tiruchirappalli city locator.png]]
# Base map of Lucknow with city limits and water bodies

===District Maps===
# Nagpur district map (locator) {{tick}} [[:File:Nagpur.png]]

==Requests==
*[[:Category:Wikipedia requested maps in India]]
* Request a map at [[User talk:Planemad]], please provide a link to a source map.

[[Category:Wikipedia maps|Indian maps]]
[[Category:WikiProject Indian maps]]