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Mamta Chandrakar

2026-05-05T06:58:01Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian Folk singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = [[Padma Shri|PS]]
| name = Mamta Chandrakar
| image = File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Mamta Chandrakar, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 12, 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = The President, Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the [[Padma Shri]] Award to Smt. Mamta Chandrakar, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in [[New Delhi]] on 12 April 2016.
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1958|12|03}}
| birth_place = [[Durg]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| other_names = Mokshada Chandrakar
| occupation = Kulpati, [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya|Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya, Khairagarh]]

Asst. Director [[All India Radio]] Akashvani in [[Raipur]],
[[Playback Singer]],
Chhattisgarhi Folk Singer
| years_active = 1968–present
| parents = Dau Mahasingh Chandrakar (father) Gayabai Chandrakar (mother)
| relatives = Dr. B.L.Chandrakar (Brother) Pramila Chandrakar (Sister)
| spouse(s) = Prem Chandrakar
| children = Purvi Chandrakar
| honours = {{plainlist|
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2023)
* Chhattisgarh Vibhuti Alankaran (2018)
* [[Padma Shri]] (2016)
* D.El.Ed Degree (2014) from [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]]
* Chhattisgarh Ratna (2013)
* Dau Dular Singh Mandraji Honours (2012) <ref>{{cite news |title=Mamta Chandrakar gets Honours from the Govt. Culture Dept. of Chhattisgarh |date=26 Jan 2016 |url=http://www.cgculture.in/SAMMAN/SammanDaumandiraji.html |access-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200244/http://www.cgculture.in/SAMMAN/SammanDaumandiraji.html |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Mamta Chandrakar''' (born 3 December 1958) is a [[Padma Shri]] Awarded [[folk singer]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mamta Chandrakar|url=http://www.cgkhabar.com/chhattisgarh-mamta-chandrakar-padmashree-award-20160126|date=26 Jan 2016|publisher=cgkhabar|access-date=2016-01-26|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223105011/https://cgkhabar.com/chhattisgarh-mamta-chandrakar-padmashree-award-20160126/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is referred to as the Nightingale of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ExDwAAQBAJ&q=nightingale+of+chhattisgarh+mamtha&pg=PA97|title=The PADMA ACHIEVERS 2016|access-date=2019-03-10|date=5 August 2017|isbn=9789385846649|last1=Experts|first1=Disha|publisher=Disha Publications }}</ref><ref name="veethi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/mamta_chandrakar-profile-13852-24.htm|title=Mamtha Chandrakar|access-date=2019-03-10|website=veethi.com}}</ref> Mamta Chandrakar has her post graduation degree in singing from [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wegotguru.com/post/top-female-folk-singers-of-india/b8495c2456f8d77f2cf541e54c66f5b3|title=TOP FEMALE FOLK SINGERS OF INDIA|access-date=2019-03-10|website=wegotguru.com|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925193304/https://wegotguru.com/post/top-female-folk-singers-of-india/b8495c2456f8d77f2cf541e54c66f5b3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mamta Chandrakar has started singing from the age of 10 years and professionally took it as folk singer in 1977 with Aakashvani Kendra Raipur. She is a Padmashree Awardee in 2016 for her work, she has bagged several other state-level awards. Her husband Prem Chandrakar is a producer and director in [[Chhollywood]].

==Early life==
Mamta Chandrakar was born in the year 1958 to Mr. Dau Maha Singh Chandrakar who himself had deep knowledge of folk music.<ref name=folk_singer_Chhattisgarh>{{cite news|publisher=CEO Chhattisgarh|title=Smt. Mamta Chandrakar – Folk Singer|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/sites/default/files/mamta-chandrakar.pdf|date=10 September 2012}}</ref> The time when [[Bollywood]] music was influencing the local folk music, he started a company called "Sonha-Bihan" in 1974. Sonha-Bihan was aimed to keep the soul of folk music alive in people's hearts and minds. With this thought Sonha-Bihan performed in front of forty to fifty thousand people in March 1974. Late Dau Maha Singh dedicated his whole life to promote the folk music. Mamta Chandrakar took her early lessons from her father himself. She then enrolled in Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya for further studies in music. In 1986, she married Prem Chandrakar, a director and producer of Chhattisgarhi Cinema. The couple had a daughter in 1988.<ref name="veethi"/>

==Awards==
* 2023 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=खैरागढ़-छुईखदान-गंडई: लोक गायिका ममता चंद्राकर को मिला संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार, राष्ट्रपति ने किया सम्मानित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/folk-singer-padma-shri-mamta-chandrakar-received-sangeet-natak-academi-award-2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Amarujala.com |language=hi}}</ref>
* 2019 Chhattisgarh Vibhuti Alankaran<ref name=folk_singer_of_Chhattisgarh>{{cite news|publisher=CG News|title=Chhattisgarh Vibhuti Alankaran|url=http://www.cgpadho.com/2017/11/2017_2.html|date=2018|archive-date=23 October 2018|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023090917/http://www.cgpadho.com/2017/11/2017_2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Padma Shri Award]]<ref name=Padma_Shri_Award_to_Mamta_Chandrakar>{{cite news|publisher=[[Jagran]]|title=Padma Shri Award to Mamta Chandrakar|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-padma-shri-award-to-mamta-chandrakar-644141|date=25 Jan 2016}}</ref>
* 2013 [[Chhattisgarh Ratna]]<ref name=Chhattisgarh_Ratna>{{cite news|publisher=[[Facebook]]|title=Chhattisgarh Ratna|url=https://hi-in.facebook.com/cgbhaskr/posts/504139983032070|date=20 Dec 2013}}</ref>
* 2012 Dau Dular Singh Mandraji Honours
* [https://chandrakarproduction.com.in/saurabh-chandrakar/ Saurabh Chandrakar]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrakar, Mamta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Raipur]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarhi-language singers]]

Tufanganj Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T04:01:39Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tufanganj
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Tufanganj.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tufanganj Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Malati Rava Roy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| constituency_no = 9
| established = 1951
| electors = 234,311
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Tufanganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 9 Tufanganj Assembly constituency covers [[Tufanganj]] municipality, [[Tufanganj II (Community development block)|Tufanganj II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Andaran Fulbari I, Balabhut, Dhalpal I, Nakkatigachh [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Tufanganj I (Community development block)|Tufanganj I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 20 June 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}</ref>

Tufanganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 2 [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan="2"|Jatindra Nath Singha Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jiban Krishna Dey
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Sankar Sen Ishore
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Akshay Kumar Barma
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Sisir Isore
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Manindra Nath Barma
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Debendranath Barman
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Puspa Chandra Das
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Alaka Barman
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Arghya Roy Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Fazal Karim Miah
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan="2"|Malati Rava Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tufanganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Malati Rava Roy
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 122525
|percentage = 53.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shib Shankar Paul
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 96068
|percentage = 41.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhananjay Rava
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = 4863
|percentage = 2.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Debendra Nath Barman
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1658
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maheswar Gayen
|party = Kamtapur People's Party
|votes = 497
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1421
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26457
|percentage = 11.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 230829
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Malati Rava Roy of BJP defeated her nearest rival Pranab Kumar Dey of TMC.
{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tufanganj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Malati Rava Roy
|votes = 1,14,503
|percentage = 54.69
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Pranab Kumar Dey
|votes = 83,305
|percentage = 39.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rabin Roy
|votes = 5,973
|percentage = 2.85
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Das
|votes = 1,461
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prahallad Layek
|votes = 601
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhananjay Barman
|votes = 552
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Bhola Saha
|votes = 491
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Jiban Kumar Saha
|votes = 423
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,069
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,09,378
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Fazal Karim Miah of TMC defeated his nearest rival Shyamal Chowdhury of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tufanganj constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Fazal Karim Miah]]
|votes = 85,052
|percentage = 44.21
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyamal Chowdhury
|votes = 69,782
|percentage = 36.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bivas Sen Ishore
|votes = 30,048
|percentage = 15.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Mandal
|votes = 1,958
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPP]]
|candidate = Nubash Barman
|votes = 1,744
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Santana Datta
|votes = 1,320
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,498
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,270
|percentage = 7.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,92,402
|percentage = 90.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Arghya Roy Pradhan of TMC defeated his nearest rival Dhananjoy Rava of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tufanganj constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Arghya Roy Pradhan
|votes = 73,721
|percentage = 45.02
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dhanonjoy Rava
|votes = 67,539
|percentage = 41.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bimal Kumar Sarkar
|votes = 17,220
|percentage = 10.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shiben Barman
|votes = 2,817
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ganesh Dakua
|votes = 2,463
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,182
|percentage = 3.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,760
|percentage = 89.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Alaka Barman of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 9 Tufanganj (SC) Assembly seat defeating her nearest rival Malati Rava (Ray) of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Puspa Chandra Das of CPI(M) defeated Sachindra Chandra Das representing [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001 and representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996. Debendranath Barman of CPI(M) defeated Mahesh Chandra Barman of Congress in 1991. Manindranath Barma of CPI(M) defeated Sisir Isore of Congress in 1987, Sankar Sen Ishore of Congress in 1982 and Surendra Narayan Roy Kungar of Congress in 1977.

===1957-1972===
During 1967 to 1972 Tufanganj was a reserved seat for SC. Sisir Isore of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Akshay Kumar Barma of Congress won in 1969. I.S.Sen of Congress won in 1967. In [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]] and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]], it was an open seat. Jiban Krishna Dey of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1962. Jatindra Nath Sinha Sarker of Congress won in 1957.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Pratibha Agrawal

2026-05-05T00:35:59Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: new first stub w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian theatre archivist, theatre artist and translator (born 1930)}}
{{Indian name|Pratibha|Agrawal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Pratibha Agrawal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1930|08|10}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[British India]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Shantiniketan]]
| occupation = theatre archivist, theatre actress, scriptwriter, director, writer and translator
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her overall contributions [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] Ratna Sadasya by [[Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi]] [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]] Award
| influences =
| signature =
| website = {{website|www.pratibhaagrawal.com}}
}}
'''Pratibha Agrawal''' (born 10 August 1930) is an Indian theatre archivist, theatre actress, scriptwriter, director, writer and translator from [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is the founder of Natya Shodh Sansthan, a theatre archive and research institute in [[Kolkata]]. She received many awards including [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her overall contributions, [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]], and awards from [[Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]], Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad, and the Bharatiya Anuvad Parishad.

==Biography==
Pratibha Agrawal was born on 10 August 1930 in Bharatendu Bhawan, [[Varanasi|Banaras]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Chitra |date=2024-01-04 |title=बात हिंदी साहित्य की शुरुआती महिला आत्मकथाकार |url=https://hindi.feminisminindia.com/2024/01/04/women-writers-autobiographies-hindi/#:~:text=%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&text=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%2010,%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%A4 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=फेमिनिज़म इन इंडिया |language=en-GB}}</ref> While studying in the fifth grade, her mother became bedridden due to [[tuberculosis]], and when she was only ten years old, her mother died.<ref name=":2" /> After her mother's death, she was brought up by her grandmother.<ref name=":2" />

Pratibha started dancing and singing while studying in Varanasi.<ref name="samay">{{cite web |last1=Chaube |first1=Kripashankar |title=कृपाशंकर चौबे बंगाल में रंगमंच का इतिहास और वर्तमान लेख |url=https://www.hindisamay.com/content/7316/1/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8.cspx |website=www.hindisamay.com}}</ref> Pratibha, who started reading at a young age, had memorized one hundred and fifty poems at an early age.<ref name="samay"/> Her father who was a drama artist, used to go to perform a play somewhere every day.<ref name="samay"/> Sometimes he would take his daughter to watch a play with him. After watching the play, she was inspired by drama and started participating in plays at the school's annual function.<ref name="samay"/> Then, at the age of thirteen, she made her stage debut by acting in her grandfather Radha Krishna Das's play 'Maharana Pratap' at the annual festival of the Mahila Mandalam in Kashi.<ref name="samay"/><ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=PRAllBHA AGRAWAL |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Pratibha_Agrawal.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> She secured first position in the matriculation examination.<ref name=":2" />

While she was in theatre field, Madan Mohan Agrawal met Pratibha.<ref name="samay"/> Impressed by her beauty, he proposed to her. On 15 February 1945, he married her without taking any dowry.<ref name="samay"/> At that time, Pratibha was 15 years old and Madan Mohan was 25 years old.<ref name="samay"/> Fifteen days after the wedding, Pratibha reached Kolkata with her husband.<ref name="samay"/> A year after her marriage, Pratibha was sent to [[Shantiniketan]] for intermediate studies.<ref name="samay"/> After three years, she returned to Kolkata from Shantiniketan.

Pratibha made her first stage acting debut in Kolkata with the play 'Do Athi'.<ref name="samay"/> Later, she continued her studies along with acting. After her M.A., she did D.Phil and D.Litt.<ref name="samay"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=रूढ़ियों, मिथकों को तोड़कर, इन महिलाओं ने थियेटर की दुनिया में पहचान बनाई है |url=https://www.ichowk.in/society/world-theatre-day-know-about-these-prominent-women-artists/story/1/9628.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.ichowk.in |language=en}}</ref> She also taught in Shikshayatan College in Calcutta during 1950-1970.<ref name="SNA"/>

==Career==
===Theatre===
At the age of 13, Pratibha entered the theatre acting by playing a leading role in her grandfather's play 'Maharana Pratap'. She gained further attention for her performance in the dance play based on the story 'Shataranj Ke Khiladi', directed by Acharya [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]].<ref name="abhivyakti">{{cite web |title=प्रतिभा अग्रवाल |url=https://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/lekhak/p/pratibha_agrawal.htm |website=www.abhivyakti-hindi.org}}</ref>

From the late 1940s to the early 1950s, she emerged as a leading heroine in [[Hindi theatre]].<ref name="abhivyakti"/> During this period, she performed plays under the banner 'Tarun Sangh' and later under the banner 'Anamika'.<ref name="abhivyakti"/> From the late 1950s to the late 1990s, she contributed as a Hindi theatre director and heroine.<ref name="abhivyakti"/> She played lead roles under the direction of prominent directors like [[Shyamanand Jalan]], [[Shivkumar Joshi]], Vimal Lath.<ref name="abhivyakti"/> Her contributions in translations of famous plays are also significant. Dube Sen's play "Janata Ka Shatru" was translated into Hindi in 1959.<ref name="abhivyakti"/>

In 1981, Pratibha Agrawal founded the Natya Shodh Sansthan, a theatre research institute in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Anirbhan |date=27 April 2023 |title=Natya Shodh Sansthan: A Specialized Museum in Dramaturgy |url=https://theatrestreetjournal.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/SS_1_-Anirban-G.pdf |journal=Theatre Street Journal |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=100}}</ref> The institute has compiled a historical archive of facts related to theatres, theatre artists and theatre institutions in all languages of India.<ref name="samay"/> The institute provides comprehensive information on the tradition and history of theatre in India. The institute has collected rare materials used for theatre, drama manuscripts, posters, theatre reviews, newspaper and magazine clippings, magazines, books, audio-video cassettes, film stage models, slides, gramophone recordings, photographs, costumes, jewellery and brochures.<ref name="samay"/>

The institute's library and museum have hundreds of books on theatre, rare manuscripts and interviews of four hundred people.<ref name="samay"/> For the convenience of researchers, the catalogue of Natya Shodh Sansthan has been published in three volumes. It is edited by Pratibha Agarwal.<ref name="samay"/> The institute has also been active in the field of publishing. The first book published by Pratibha Agarwal on [[Fida Hussain (actor)|Master Fida Hussain]] was published in 1986.<ref name="samay"/>

After the establishment of her institute, Pratibha gave up acting and directing, but she did important work through the institute, including the collection and preservation of theatre-related materials.<ref name="samay"/>

===Literary career===
Pratibha Agrawal is also a writer and translator. Her original works - ''Sajan Ka Sukh Dukh'' (meaning: Joys and Sorrows of Creation), ''Dastak Zindagi Ki '' (meaning: The Breakdown of Life) and ''Mod Zindagi Ka'' (meaning: The Turning Point of Life) in Hindi have been widely acclaimed.<ref name="samay"/> All three books are partially autobiographical. In these books, she has also presented the history of the Hindi theatre in Kolkata.<ref name="samay"/> In this series, her book ''Kahani Madan Babu Ki'' (meaning: story of Madan Babu) can also be mentioned.<ref name="samay"/>

Pratibha has also written poems. His poetry collection ''Khel Khel Mein'' is a collectible book for children.<ref name="samay"/> She has written a biographical novel titled ''Pyare Harichand ji''.<ref name="samay"/> Her research paper titled 'Hindi Language Styles: An Analytical Discussion' is also a valuable work.<ref name="samay"/> As a translator, she has translated notable works into Hindi including [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'' (1959),[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''Shesh Raksha'' (1963), [[Badal Sircar]]'s ''Ebang Indrajit'' (1969), [[Utpal Dutt]]'s ''Tin ki Talwar'' (1979), and Jayavant Dalvi's ''Hurry Up, Hari'' (1995).<ref name="SNA"/>

==Autobiography==
Pratibha Agrawal wrote her autobiography in two parts. The first part of the autobiography ''Dastak Zindagi Ki'', published in the year 1990, is about the struggles of her life from childhood to marriage.<ref name=":2" /> The second part ''Mod Zindagi Ka'' published in the year 1996, is about her life after marriage, and coming to Kolkata.<ref name=":2" /> In the autobiography, the she has mentioned every small but important thing of her life.<ref name=":2" />

==Awards and honors==
In 2005, Pratibha Agrawal was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her overall contribution to the performing arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-08 |title=Theatre writer, translator Pratibha Agrawal honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/theatre-writer-translator-pratibha-agrawal-honoured-with-the-sahitya-akademi-translation-prize-4918811.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2016 she received the 21st Aditya Vikram Birla Kalashikhar Award for Excellence in Indian Theatre by Sangit Kala Kendra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Three bag top Birla performing arts awards |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/three-bag-top-birla-performing-arts-awards/article9306280.ece |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murdeshwar |first=Sachin |date=2016-11-19 |title=Governor presents Aditya Vikram Birla Kala Shikhar Award to theatre personality Dr Pratibha Agrawal |url=https://globalprimenews.com/2016/11/19/governor-presents-aditya-vikram-birla-kala-shikhar-award-to-theatre-personality-dr-pratibha-agrawal/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Global Prime News |language=en-US}}</ref> She received Ratna Sadasya Award of the [[Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1975, award of the [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]] in 1989, Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad Award in 1993, and the Bharatiya Anuvad Parishad Award in 1997.<ref name="SNA"/> In 2018, the [[Sahitya Akademi]] awarded her [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for her Hindi translation of author [[Sombhu Mitra]]'s Bengali work ''Abhinay Natak Manch''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2018-08-07 |title=Pratibha Agrawal awarded the Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pratibha-agrawal-awarded-the-sahitya-akademi-translation-prize-118080701262_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201060315/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pratibha-agrawal-awarded-the-sahitya-akademi-translation-prize-118080701262_1.html |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2025-01-20 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Pratibha}}
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Translators to Hindi]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:People from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Uttar Pradesh]]

Paatal Lok

2026-05-04T20:32:21Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Paatal Lok poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Avinash Arun]] [[Prosit Roy]] (season one)
| producer = [[Anushka Sharma]] (season one) Karnesh Ssharma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/theres-lots-in-a-name-karnesh-ssharma-is-making-sure-his-name-adds-up-to-a-success-number/22862210|title=There's lots in a name! Karnesh Ssharma is making sure his name adds up to a success number|date=27 June 2020|website=mid-day}}</ref>
| company = [[Clean Slate Filmz]]
| creator = [[Sudip Sharma]]
| narrator =
| writer = [[Sudip Sharma]] Sagar Haveli [[Hardik Mehta]] Gunjit Chopra Tamal Sen Abhishek Banerjee Rahul Kanojia
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
*[[Ishwak Singh]]
*[[Gul Panag]]
}}
| composer = Naren Chandavarkar [[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]]
| cinematography = Avinash Arun Saurabh Goswami
| editor = [[Sanyukta Kaza]]
| location = India
| runtime = 43–53 Minutes
| genre = [[Neo noir]] [[Crime thriller]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = Haryanvi Hindi English
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 17
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2020|5|15}}{{mdash}}{{End date|df=y|2025|1|17}}
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
}}

'''''Paatal Lok''''' ({{Translation|Netherworld}}){{efn|[[Patala]] in [[Hindu cosmology]] denotes the subterranean realms of the universe. Sanskrit पाताल (IAST: pātāla) literally means 'that which is below the feet'}}
is an Indian [[crime thriller|neo-noir crime thriller]] television series on [[Amazon Prime Video]], created by [[Sudip Sharma]], who wrote the script along with Sagar Haveli, [[Hardik Mehta]] and Gunjit Chopra, and directed by [[Avinash Arun]] and [[Prosit Roy]]. The series was produced under the banner [[Clean Slate Filmz]],<ref>{{Cite web|title='Hell breaks loose' in Anushka Sharma production for Amazon Prime|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/apr/28/paatal-lok--teaser-out-hell-breaks-loose-in-anushka-sharma-production-for-amazon-2136108.html|date=28 April 2020|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> and stars [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Gul Panag]], [[Neeraj Kabi]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Ishwak Singh]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], Niharika Lyra Dutt, and Richa Chaturvedi. Loosely based on [[Tarun Tejpal]]'s 2010 novel ''The Story of My Assassins'', the first season is about a disillusioned cop who lands the case of an assassination attempt gone wrong.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/paatal-lok-based-on-his-book-but-nothing-to-do-with-tarun-tejpal/22780218|title=Paatal Lok: Based On His Book, But Nothing To Do With Tarun Tejpal|work=Mid Day|date=13 May 2020|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> Ahlawat, Singh, and Panag reprised their roles in the second season (set amidst political turmoil in [[Nagaland]]), and were joined by [[Tillotama Shome]], [[Jahnu Barua]], [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] and [[Prashant Tamang]].

Sudip Sharma wrote the script in January 2017, and took more than a year for writing and pre-production.<ref name=":5" /> It is filmed across more than 110 real locations,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Dhruv|date=16 May 2020|title=Where Was Patal Lok Filmed? Is Chitrakoot a Real Filming Location?|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/where-was-paatal-lok-filmed/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Cinemaholic|language=en-US}}</ref> with ''Paatal Lok'' being the first series to be shot at [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The intriguing mythology of 'Paatal Lok'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/may/28/the-intriguing-mythology-of-paatal-lok-2148830.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 May 2020 }}</ref> The cinematography for the series were handled by [[Avinash Arun]] and Saurabh Goswami, with editing done by [[Sanyukta Kaza]]. The background score was jointly composed by Naren Chandravarkar and [[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 June 2020|title=Paatal Lok proves that content is everything: Anushka Sharma|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/anushka-sharma-on-paatal-lok-amazon-prime-bollywood-actor-6448639/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The first season of ''Paatal Lok'' was premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 15 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Paatal Lok': See First Teaser for New Lawless Series|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/paatal-lok-see-first-teaser-for-amazons-new-gritty-lawless-series/|last=Xalxo|first=Jessica|date=27 April 2020|website=Rolling Stone India|language=en-US|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> The series received rave reviews from critics, praising the performances, storyline, writing and direction. The series were listed in the ''Top 10 Indian Web Series of 2020'', by ''[[The Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Top 10 Indian web series of 2020: Paatal Lok, Scam 1992, Special Ops and more|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/top-10-indian-web-series-of-2020-7097519/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] listed ''Paatal Lok'' as one of the best international TV shows of 2020.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Best International TV shows:The Best International TV Shows of 2020|url=https://variety.com/lists/best-international-tv-series-2020/|date=22 December 2020|website=Variety|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> In May 2020, the makers announced that the second season is to be conceptualized.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 May 2020|title=Anushka Sharma on Paatal Lok season 2: 'If Amazon is willing to do it, definitely there will be another season'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/anushka-sharma-on-paatal-lok-season-2-if-amazon-is-willing-to-do-it-definitely-there-will-be-another-season/story-qqXtYr5nfolGmUlfOgHG6J.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The second season was released on 17 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2022 |title=Mirzapur 3, Paatal Lok 2 to Made in Heaven 2, Amazon Prime Video announces 40 new titles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mirzapur-3-paatal-lok-2-to-made-in-heaven-3-amazon-prime-video-announces-40-new-titles-1943102-2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

''Paatal Lok'' received eight nominations at the inaugural [[Filmfare OTT Awards]], and won five awards – Best Actor ([[Jaideep Ahlawat]]), Best Series, Best Original Story, Best Screenplay and Best Direction ([[Avinash Arun]] and [[Prosit Roy]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paatal lok wins: Paatal Lok and Family man win top honours at filmfare ott awards|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2020-paatal-lok-the-family-man-aarya-win-top-honours-see-full-list-9129291.html/|date=20 December 2020|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The show revolves around Hathiram Chowdhary (Jaideep Ahlawat) a cynical police officer who gets assigned to investigate a high-profile case. As he gets caught in the investigation, he gets dragged into the darker realms of the underworld.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodi |first=Yusra |date=January 17, 2025 |title=Paatal Lok Season 1 Recap: Everything You Need To Remember Before Watching Season 2 |url=https://allabouteve.co.in/paatal-lok-season-1-recap/ |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=All About Eve}}</ref> Paatal Lok is inspired by traditional concepts of ''[[Svarga]]'', ''[[Earth|Dharti]]'' and ''[[Paatala loka|Paatal]]'' (heaven, earth and the Underworld), as metaphors for the different classes of India and the [[Estates of the realm|four estates]],<ref name=":0" /> with ''Paatal'' (Underworld) being served as the prime phase of the storyline, which takes place in [[East Delhi]], [[Delhi]].<ref name=":9" />

== Cast and characters ==
===Main===
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Inspector Hathiram Chaudhary<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaideep Ahlawat on playing the lead in Paatal Lok: It's a huge responsibility, you represent a team|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/jaideep-ahlawat-on-playing-the-lead-in-pataal-lok-it-s-a-huge-responsibility-you-represent-a-team-1677492-2020-05-13|last=Kanyal|first=Jyoti|date=14 May 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Gul Panag]] as Renu Chaudhary, Hathiram's wife
* [[Ishwak Singh]] as Imran Ansari, Hathiram's junior

====Season one====
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as Sanjeev Mehra, a reputable journalist and news anchor<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok: Anushka Sharma shares new teaser for her grimy and violent new Amazon series, trailer out May 5|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/paatal-lok-anushka-sharma-shares-new-teaser-for-her-grimy-and-violent-new-amazon-series-trailer-out-may-5/story-xu9Ncb18yWOSufgaJjhLlO.html|date=27 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
* Richa Chaturvedi as Media House receptionist
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Dolly Mehra, Sanjeev's wife<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=24 April 2020|title=Anushka Sharma's Amazon Prime series 'Paatal Lok' to premiere on May 15|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anushka-sharmas-amazon-prime-series-paatal-lok-to-premiere-on-may-15/article31424168.ece|access-date=4 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*Niharika Lyra Dutt as Sara Matthews, a young journalist at Sanjeev's station who begins an affair with him<ref name=":1" />
*[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Vishal "Hathoda" Tyagi, a notorious hitman and one of the four suspects arrested in the plot to murder Sanjeev Mehra<ref name=":1" />
*[[Jagjeet Sandhu]] as Tope Singh ("Chaaku"), one of the four suspects who ran away from his village after murdering people of other castes<ref name=":1" />
* [[Aasif Khan]] as Kabir M, one of the four suspects who hides his Muslim faith from the public<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Deeksha|date=2020-05-12|title='Paatal Lok' Represents the Society We Live in: Cast|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/amazon-prime-videos-paatal-lok-cast-interview|access-date=2021-03-08|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>
* Mairembam Ronaldo Singh as Mary Lyngdoh ("Cheeni"), a transgender Nepali woman who is arrested along with the other three suspects<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Northeast actors make a mark in much-talked-about 'Paatal Lok' on Amazon Prime Video|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/two-northeast-actors-make-a-mark-in-much-talked-about-paatal-lok-on-amazon-prime-video/cid/1775527|last=Gani|first=Abdul|date=25 May 2020|website=Telegraph India|language=en|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as DCP Bhagat, Hathiram's commanding officer
* Anurag Arora as SHO Virk, Hathiram's senior officer who previously trained under him<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anurag Arora: I've refused many cop characters|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/anurag-arora-ive-refused-many-cop-characters/1733205|website=Outlook India|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Singh Saab, owner of Mehra's news station
* [[Manish Choudhary]] as Vikram Kapoor, a former rival of Mehra's who becomes his business partner
* Sandeep Mahajan as Delhi Intelligence officer Dahiya
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Gwala Gujjar, a tycoon who runs an organized crime ring out of Chittrakoot
* Sanjeeva Vats (voice) and Akshay Sharma (physical performance) as Donullia Gujjar, the shadowy, reclusive leader of Chittrakoot's organized crime ring and Gwala's brother; referred to as "Masterji" by his subordinates<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Masterji in Paatal Lok?|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/who-is-masterji-in-paatal-lok/|last=Sharma|first=Dhruv|date=16 May 2020|website=The Cinemaholic|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>
* Bodhisattva Sharma as Siddharth Chaudhary, Hathiram's son<ref name=":1" />
* [[Anup Jalota]] as Balkishan Bajpayee, a prominent politician known for making inroads with Chittrakoot's [[Dalit]] community
* [[Anindita Bose]] as Chanda Mukherjee, Tope Singh's ex-girlfriend
* [[Asif Basra]] as Jai Malik
* [[V K Sharma]] as Old Sadhu
* Tushar Dutt as Raju Bhaiyya
* [[Azzy Bagria]] as Constable
* Amit Raj as journalist
* Manju Bahuguna as Hathoda Tyagi's mother
* Ajay Raju as Chaiwala
* Suvinder Vicky as Balbir Singh Sekhon (who rapes Chaku's mother)

==== Season two ====
* [[Jahnu ]] as Rangthong Ken (partially inspired by [[Thuingaleng Muivah]])
* [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] as Kapil Reddy
* Merenla Imsong as Rose Lizo
* [[Tillotama Shome]] as SP Meghna Barua
* Rokibul Hossain as Guddu
* [[Prashant Tamang]] as Daniel Acho
* Prateek Pachauri as Bittu Rahman
* Nikhil Angrish as Jr. Bajoria
* Bendang Walling as Issac
* Azzy Bagria as Constable
* LC Sekhose as Reuben Thom
* Pali Sandhu as Satbir Brar
* Shubro Bhattacharya as Praveen Sinha
* Ariensa Longchar as Silas
* Kaguirong Gonmei as Jonathan Thom
* Shailesh Kumar as Raghu Paswan
* Rozelle Mero as Asenla Thom
* Theyie Keditsu as Grace Reddy
* Viren Burman as Dhruv Malik
* Lovita Morang as Rose's Mother
* [[Kenny Basumatary]] as DIG Kohima<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Actor-Filmmaker Kenny Basumatary Talks About Northeast And Paatal Lok |url=https://newsdaily24.in/we-need-to-tell-our-storiesthey-matter-now-more-than-ever-kenny-basumatary-post-success-of-paatal-lok/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #251E35
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 9
| released1 = {{Start date|2020|05|15|df=y}}
| color2 = #F0D107
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2025|01|17|df=y}}
}}

===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=#251E35 |EpisodeNumber= |EpisodeNumber2= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Bridges
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = [[Avinash Arun]] & [[Prosit Roy]]
|WrittenBy = [[Sudip Sharma]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = In [[Delhi]], Deputy Commissioner of Police Vishram Bhagat arrests four youngsters, Vishal Tyagi, Tope Singh, Mary Lyngdoh, and Kabir M. after a dramatic chase through the streets and charges them with conspiracy to murder Sanjeev Mehra, a high-profile journalist who is editor-in-chief at his own national news channel. The investigation is handed to journeyman policeman Hathi Ram Chaudhary and his partner Imran Ansari. They believe Tope Singh is the ringleader and try to build links between the four arrested. Mehra is engaged in a power struggle with his bosses who attempt to force him out of the channel. He has a frayed relationship with his wife Dolly, who suffers from crippling anxiety. While running background checks on the arrested, the cops find that Tyagi is a notorious felon and murderer who has never been caught before. They bring this information to Mehra, but fail to find any link or motive explaining the planned attack.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Lost and Found
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta & Gunjit Chopra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = The investigation reveals that the four accused were contacted independently and brought together to execute the murder as part of a bigger plan. The cops find that Tyagi was desperate to talk to one "Master Ji" prior to getting arrested and may have been planning to call off the attack. Chaudhary's team tries to extract information from the suspects using a variety of methods, but gains little. Acting on a lead, Ansari tracks down Taariq, a mechanic who recruited Kabir for the job, but Taariq gives him the slip and escapes. Chaudhary is convinced that he must travel to [[Chitrakoot]], the village where Tyagi went to school, to uncover his past. Mehra starts an affair with Sara Mathews, an investigative journalist at the news channel. Later he is called into the police station to identify the suspects, but is unable to do so, though making eye contact with Tyagi has a profound effect on him. A search along the Yamuna river nets the phone that Tope Singh had tossed away prior to being arrested.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = A History of Violence
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta & Gunjit Chopra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = In the past, a school-going Tyagi murders three classmates with a hammer as revenge for them sexually assaulting his sisters. In the present, Ansari goes to rural [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to trace Tope Singh's origins and finds that he was embroiled in caste-based conflicts and forced to escape the village to save his life. In Chitrakoot, Chaudhary learns of Tyagi's history and the school incident, though Tyagi has not contacted his remaining family in years. Local journalist Amitosh offers Chaudhary cryptic information, which uncovers the name of local businessman and politician Gwala Gujjar. Meanwhile, Mehra runs his own investigation into Tyagi and has Sara obtain background information, which Mehra then broadcasts on primetime TV, causing an unwanted media frenzy for Delhi Police, who had intended to keep the names of the suspects under wraps.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Sleepless in Seelampur
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta & Gunjit Chopra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = Mehra blackmails his bosses to prevent them from removing him, and starts working with a former enemy to affect a takeover at the channel. Forensics teams are able to extract data from Tope Singh's recovered phone, revealing surveillance videos of Mehra and personal photos with a girl named Chanda. It is discovered that Mary is actually transgender, and her real name is Cheeni; she is moved to the men's cells. Chaudhary and Ansari visit Mukesh Talreja, the Delhi businessman who recruited Cheeni for the job, but come away empty-handed. Meanwhile, Taariq's body washes up at the docks; he's been strangled to death. Ansari passes the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] exam, but draws a frigid reaction from Chaudhary. The information from the Mary/Cheeni fiasco leaks out to the media and causes further embarrassment for the [[Delhi Police]], Chaudhary is suspended as a result and the investigation is handed off to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]].
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Of Fathers and Sons
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta & Gunjit Chopra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = Chaudhary implores Bhagat to investigate the greater conspiracy, but Bhagat gently reminds him that he is suspended and sends him home. Dolly discovers that Sanjeev is having an affair and is heartbroken. Chaudhary's rebellious son Siddharth pulls a gun he has stolen from a small-time goon on a classmate after being bullied, as a result Chaudhary is summoned to the school. Chaudhary is in a drunken stupor as he deals with his suspension, but Ansari covers for him; the two men reconcile afterwards. The CBI investigation uncovers a larger plot by the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] to eliminate prominent journalists and bring about political instability in India. They brief Mehra with this information, but he calls out the ISI on his primetime show, forcing the CBI's hand. At a press conference, the CBI claim that Kabir is a [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] operative and offer [[Jihad|Jihadi]] literature found at his residence as proof. Ansari is suspicious, as he knows that Kabir cannot read [[Urdu]]. Sara is also suspicious, she manages to get hold of Chaudhary's case notebook and starts digging.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = The Past is Prologue
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta & Gunjit Chopra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = Not buying into the CBI's terrorist theory, Chaudhary and Ansari begin an independent investigation, with aid from Sara. When they dig into Kabir's past, they find that his family was a victim of communal riots and his brother was killed by a mob; however, Kabir's father deny that he is radicalized or has any Jihadi links. Cheeni's childhood friend contacts Chaudhary and fills him in to her backstory: she is an orphaned vagrant who was molested as a child but was working hard to save enough money to escape the grind. Raju, the goon whose gun Siddharth stole, is under pressure from his boss and beats up Siddharth. When Chaudhary gets wind of this, he returns the gun to the gangster but savagely beats the entire gang, promising them that he'll kill them if they approach his son again. In prison, Kabir is attacked by another inmate, which Chaudhary suspects is an inside job. Sara posits that Bajpayee, a Chitrakoot politician with links to Gwala Gujjar is the ringleader behind the plot, and the CBI's terrorist theory is hogwash. While looking through old newspaper clippings, Chaudhary finds a photo that links Tyagi's high school coach to Bajpayee, information that the Coach withheld from Chaudhary when they last met.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Badlands
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sudip Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = Back in Chitrakoot, Chaudhary tracks down the high school coach, who reveals that Bajpayee and Gwala are part of a shadowy organization run by the fearsome, reclusive overlord Donullia, who controls the politics and economy of the area, and runs a parallel government from his jungle hideout. The coach had been a policeman, and later an informant for Donullia, and brought Tyagi to him after he had committed the school murders. Over time, Tyagi became a trusted hitman for Donullia, who is the "Master Ji' he was attempting to contact earlier. Donullia and Tyagi share a strong love for canines and the philosophy "If a man loves a dog, he's a good man." However, the coach has lost touch with both Donullia and Tyagi, and is clueless as to why they might target Mehra. Meanwhile, the newfound focus on Mehra has brought success to his news channel, and Sara begins to see that he's not an idealistic journalist but rather an egotistical man only interested in furthering himself and his channel. Bhagat calls Chaudhary to warn him that his continuing investigation will lead to a charge of insubordination, but Chaudhary is desperate to prove his worth to himself and his family, and ignores the warning.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Black Widow
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sudip Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = Chaudhary tracks down Chanda, Tope Singh's ex-girlfriend, who is now with involved with Shukla, who is the personal assistant to Bajpayee. She reveals she was accidentally caught up in Shukla's attempts to recruit Tope Singh for the job due to their shared history, though she is clueless about the motive behind the plot. Working on a new theory, Chaudhary requests Bhagat's phone records, though he tries to shield Ansari from this as it would kill his career prospects. Amitosh informs Chaudhary that there is a rift between Gwala and Bajpayee, and Gwala plans to contest the upcoming elections against Bajpayee. Chaudhary breaks into the archives to confirm another theory but he is kidnapped by Donullia's henchmen after finding the documents. Ansari receives Bhagat's phone records and is able to confirm another theory - the target was not Mehra, it was the four suspects in the car. Bhagat was to kill them in a fake police "encounter," but was prevented by the lucky arrival of a media van.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Swarg ka Dwaar
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun & Prosit Roy
|WrittenBy = Sudip Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|05|15}}
|ShortSummary = Chaudhary is taken to Donullia's jungle hideout, where he confronts Gwala with the truth: Donullia has been dead for a while but this has been kept secret. Gwala wants to enter politics against Bajpayee, who is aware of Donullia's death and who fears the wrath of Tyagi, Donullia's most feared hitman. Bajpayee engineered the plot to have Tyagi encountered by Bhagat, recruiting Kabir, Cheeni, and Tope Singh to add legitimacy and dissolve suspicion. The police and the CBI played their part in the cover up, cooking up the non-existent terrorist plot. Gwala debates eliminating Chaudhary as he knows too much, but sees another political opportunity and lets him go. With additional dirt on Bajpayee, Gwala gains himself a position of higher influence by joining hands with Bajpayee. Bhagat informs Chaudhary that his suspension is revoked as a reward for keeping the delicate Gwala-Bajpayee-Donullia system intact, as this is a system that works for the people of the area. As Tyagi is being taken to the court, Chaudhary informs him of Donullia's death, and a distraught Tyagi steals a gun from a policeman and commits suicide. When Chaudhary informs Mehra that he was not the intended target, but rather a random name used in a cover-up, it is a serious blow to Mehra's ego. He chooses to spin the story that Tyagi killed himself to avoid giving testimony, still propagating the terrorist theory.
|LineColor = 251E35
}}
}}

===Season 2===

{{Episode table |background=#F0D107 |EpisodeNumber= |EpisodeNumber2= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Head On
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = [[Avinash Arun]]
|WrittenBy = [[Sudip Sharma]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = The staff at Nagaland Sadan discover the decapitated body of Jonathan Thom, a Naga leader who was in Delhi for the Nagaland Business Summit. Hathiram is still an Inspector at Outer Jamuna Paar police station, and Renu is unhappy with their financial status. Her brother tries to convince him to take a private position with Bhalla, who is looking to hire former military or police personnel as "security" for a hawala business. Ansari, who has now been promoted to ACP, leads the investigation. Thom's security guard Daniel says that Thom had asked him to take the night off. The CCTV footage shows Rose Lizo, a club hostess, hurriedly leaving Nagaland Sadan at the time of the murder. Ansari sends out a lookout notice for her and questions Dhruv Mallik, the owner of the club. Kapil Reddy, special adviser to the Govt. of India, placates Uncle Ken and the rest of the Nagaland delegation. Hathiram takes on the case of Gita Paswan who reports that her husband Raghu is missing. His employer Jogi, a fruit wholesaler, says that Raghu made frequent trips to Nagaland to transport fruit back to Delhi. Paswan's wife is injured and subsequently dies in an accident. At the hospital, Hathi Ram notices her son being frightened by two suspicious men. He gives chase but they escape. CCTV footage from the train station shows Raghu and Rose leaving together on the train to Nagaland.

|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Kohima Calling
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun
|WrittenBy = Rahul Kanojia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = DCP Bhardwaj reviews the CCTV footage of Raghu Paswan and Rose Lizo with Ansari but refuses to let Hathiram join the investigation team. Going back to question Jogi, the police find the business closed. Hathiram breaks into Jogi's office and finds several invoices from a travel agency. The travel agent tells him that there are travelers coming back from Nagaland on the afternoon train. Hathiram tracks the travelers to a warehouse where he finds that Jogi is running a narcotics ring. Ansari sends ACP Virk and his narcotics team to raid the warehouse. Hathiram gets knocked out in the melee and wakes up to find that Virk has taken all the credit. Ansari uses this as leverage to get Hathiram on the investigation team.

Interrogating Jogi, Hathiram finds out that Paswan's wife was accidentally killed by his goons who were trying to scare her away and his connect in Nagaland was a drug dealer named Max Rizu. Dhruv Mallik, the owner of the club where Lizo worked and the one Jogi supplied with drugs shows up with an anticipatory bail order to stymie the police.

A video of three masked individuals claiming responsibility for Thom's murder stirs media frenzy. In Nagaland, a constable spots Rose Lizo.

Hathiram takes Paswan's motherless child home, much to his wife's chagrin. Hathiram and Ansari leave for Nagaland.

|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Four Murders and a Funeral
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun
|WrittenBy = [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = Hathiram and Ansari reach Nagaland. At the airport they meet a local fixer, Bittu Rehman. SP Meghna Barua picks them up and they go to Thom's funeral, where tensions rise at Thom's estranged son Reuben's arrival. Reuben's mom warns him to make sure that the police do not dig too deep.

Hathiram and Ansari learn of Thom's drug business and his connection with Max Rizu. Hathiram tries to trace Paswan but gets caught in a police raid and is held as he has no identification but Bittu manages to get him out. Ansari and Hathiram find that Rose used to work at Reddy's wife's hotel before she was fired.

Barua finds Rizu's body hanging in a barn. The three individuals who had claimed responsibility for Jonathan Thom's murder are shot dead by Daniel.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Missed Call
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun
|WrittenBy = Tamal Sen
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = Hathiram and Ansari investigate the murder of the three individuals, only to realise that the three were set up for this. Ansari notices that the three have a similar tattoo on their wrists which is a date on which the Langchoma massacre happened. Hathiram answers a call from Ansari's purported significant other, to hear a male voice on the phone. He expresses his acceptance to Ansari.

Hathiram discovers Raghu Paswan's link to Reddy's hotel when he interrogates the hotel accountant, who tells him that a figure of 1 lakh rupees was picked up by Paswan every month
.
Upon arriving in Delhi for his son's birthday as a surprise, Hathiram's son refuses to go out with his family, choosing to spend the day with his college friends instead.

Reuben threatens Reddy and tells him he wants his fathers money back. Grace Reddy negotiates a sale of her hotel properties but Reubens men scare the buyers off.

Meanwhile, Ansari receives an anonymous call with a lead on Rose Lizo and goes looking for her on his own as Barua does not respond to his call. Ansari finds Rose being attacked by Reuben and his men and when he tries to defend her, she flees on foot as he gives chase. Ansari and Rose manage to escape the attackers in Ansari's car but are shot on the drive by Daniel. Ansari is killed and Rose is shot in the back as she pulls herself out from the wreckage of the jeep.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Off Balance
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun
|WrittenBy = Rahul Kanojia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = The police look for Rose Lizo in the jungles she last disappeared in with Daniel looking for her too. Reuben is accused of killing Ansari and after shoot at sight orders are issued for him, he escapes in the jungle to join the rebels that are still in hiding.

In Delhi, Hathiram is pressured by the Home Ministry into going along with story that Reuben is the killer. But he is not okay with Ansari being made the scapegoat for all that transpired. Some records show that Dhruv was near Nagaland Sadan on the night of the murder and Hathiram finds video footage of him dropping of Rose and then waiting for her outside. Hathiram and Virk gatecrash Dhruv's pre wedding ceremony and interrogate him. Dhruv reveals that Rose had a child with Thom and they were going to blackmail him for 2 crores, which was supposed to be the money to be used to save Dhruv's failing business. But she never came back and managed to run away with the help of Raghu Paswan.

Reuben calls Reddy and threatens him. Reddy, sensing he has the upper hand, tries to convince him to surrender. Hathiram leaves for Nagaland to search for the real killers.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Of Mothers and Daughters
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun
|WrittenBy = Abhishek Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = The episode begins with a flashback of Thom's daughter committing suicide.

Hathiram lands in Nagaland and joins forces with Meghna. One of the investors interested in buying Reddys hotels is killed. Hathiram meets with the investor's brother who tells him that Kapil Reddy wants to sell all his holdings in Nagaland and move to Europe. Hathiram speaks with the cops who he knows are Reubens men and tells them that he wants to meet Reuben.

Daniel reveals Rose's hospital location on social media and a mob of Thom's supporters attack the hospital. Hathiram and Meghna manage to spirit Rose away from the hospital after battling some of the mob.

Hathiram learns that Esther, Rose's friend from rehab, has been raising Rose's daughter Jane and that Paswan was trying to arrange passage for Rose and Jane to cross the border. He also learns that the money picked up by Paswan from Reddy's hotel was sent by Thom's wife Asenla. Grace Reddy meets Asenla and asks her for help in convincing the investors to go ahead with the hotel deal. Reuben learns of this and asks his men to setup a meeting with Hathiram.

Hathiram finds that Thom's daughter and Rose were classmates at Muriel Convent.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Children of Men
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun
|WrittenBy = Tamal Sen
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = Hathiram is picked up by Reuben's men with Meghna and Daniel on his tail. On meeting Reuben, he figures out that his sister committed suicide when she learnt about Jonathan's affair with Rose. Hathiram also correctly deduces that Rose was fathered by Jonathan. Reuben tells him that money from Jonathan's drug business was being laundered through Reddy's hotels. Reuben also tells him that Jonathan was not interested in the development summit but something changed at the last minute which made him go to Delhi. Daniel shoots and kills Reuben, leaving Hathiram and Meghna to deal with Reuben's men.

Virk informs Hathiram that the narcotics file on Reddy was closed and disappeared by some orders from the top. Meghna and Hathiram conclude that Reddy tipped off the police leading to the big drug raid which caused a massive financial loss for Thom, forcing him to attend the summit.

Virk interrogates Daniel's girlfriend and finds out that he was not with her on the night of the murder. He also finds out that Daniel is connected to Langchoma.
Hathiram finds out that as an orphan, Daniel was adopted by Uncle Ken. He also realises that Bittu has been giving information to Daniel, enabling Daniel to kill Ansari and Reuben. Finding that Daniel owns the tours and travels jeep that Bittu was driving, Meghna decides to stop at the owners listed address only to be captured by Daniel. After forcing Meghna to call Hathiram to the town square, Daniel shoots her dead.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = The Good Samaritan
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Avinash Arun
|WrittenBy = Sudip Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17}}
|ShortSummary = The episode begins with a flashback showing how Rose and Raghu met.

Hathiram arrives at the town square and is almost shot by Daniel from the hotel window. He battles and kills Daniel in the hotel kitchen. He then visits Uncle Ken the next morning. Uncle Ken reveals that he slit Jonathan's throat after Jonathan found out that Reddy set him up and was about to leave the summit, which would lead the summit to collapse without his support. Daniel helped Ken decapitate the body and subsequently kill anyone who could damage the chances of the summit's success.

Seeing the impact of the summits success on the people, Hathiram chooses not to reveal the truth. On the way to the airport, Hathiram finds out that Rose has passed away in the hospital.

Raghu's parents and roommate come to pick up his son. After they leave, Hathiram recollects something he saw on the CCTV captured outside the Sadan. He sees the same rickshaw operated by Raghu's roommate pass by. On interrogation, he finds that Raghu borrowed the rickshaw to help Rose flee that night and on returning back, an altercation with his room mates led to his murder at their hands.

Hathiram tells Virk that he is leaving the force. When Virk uses a torn note, Hathiram recollects the night waiter's mention of a torn note in Thom's purse. He retrieves the note from evidence and with Bhalla's help, finds 2 crores sitting with another hawala operator. Leaving the rest, he takes only 5 lakhs from the stash, the money which Raghu was promised by Rose and manages to give it to his son, before his train departs. As the train leaves the station, Hathiram walks away with a smile on his face.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Paatal Lok'' is a police-based investigative thriller inspired by the traditional concepts of ''[[Svarga]]'', ''[[Earth|Dharti]]'' and ''[[Paatala loka|Paatal]]'' (heaven, earth and the hell), as metaphors for the different classes of India and the [[Estates of the realm|four estates]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Anushka Sharma's Shares Teaser Of Upcoming Web Series Paatal Lok|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/film-theatre/anushka-sharmas-shares-teaser-paatal-lok|last=Rawat|first=Divya|date=29 April 2020|website=SheThePeople TV|language=en-US|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> Vijay Subramanian, head of content for [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime Video India]], announced the series, along with six Indian originals, at the [[Television Critics Association]]'s press tour held at [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] in February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2019|title=Amazon Prime announces 20 new shows, including 6 Indian series from Anushka Sharma, Ali Abbas Zafar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amazon-prime-announces-20-new-shows-including-6-indian-shows-from-anushka-sharma-ali-abbas-zafar/story-y9n9oSstOePMCKaslL0UPM.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Writer Sudip Sharma eventually explained about the concept of the series, in a virtual meet stating "There are primarily three classes, the upper, middle and lower which I personally associated to Swarg Lok, Dharti Lok and Paatal Lok, essentially derived from heaven, earth and the netherworld. The thought behind the concept of the show was to explore these three classes that exist in our society in the form of an investigative thriller. "We wanted to explore the three layers from the eyes of the investigator; i.e. the protagonist of the show, who represents the earth, the victim represents the heaven, and the suspects come from Paatal Lok."<ref name=":10" /> The series marked Sudip's fourth collaboration with [[Anushka Sharma]]'s production house [[Clean Slate Filmz]] (''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'', ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]'' and ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''), and the latter's debut in digital platforms.<ref name=":5" /> Anushka stated in an interview with ''[[Press Trust of India]]'', that "I acknowledge that I have made a career and a name for myself, which is relevant. I want to be able to use the position that I've created with my hard work as an actor and be able to back the stories, people and talent."<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 3, 2020|title=Anushka Sharma on producing more shows like Paatal Lok: Want to use my position to back talent|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/anushka-sharma-on-producing-more-shows-like-paatal-lok-want-to-use-my-position-to-back-talent-1685093-2020-06-03|access-date=23 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
Sudip Sharma began writing ''Paatal Lok'' in the beginning of January 2017. For Sharma it was his maiden attempt at writing in long-form. The writing team also consisted of [[Hardik Mehta]], Gunjit Chopra, Sagar Haveli who were also beginners in writing a series.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok: How Sudip Sharma created the Amazon Prime series no one can stop talking about|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-amazon-prime-series-paatal-lok-how-sudip-sharma-created-a-show-no-one-can-stop-talking-about-8392361.html|last=Das|first=Poulomi|date=22 May 2020|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> Sharma wrote the first and last three episodes, while the remaining five were written by the other writers. All the writers did field research visiting places in [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in August 2017.<ref name=":5" /> The writing of the series took more than a year to complete, followed by research works and location scouting, and other process of pre-production.<ref name=":5" /> The show has two directors, [[Prosit Roy]] and [[Avinash Arun|Avinash Arun Dhaware]], both directing different portions of the series.<ref name=":5" /> On hiring the directors, Sudip Sharma eventually stated "The minute both Prosit and Avinash were hired, I locked myself in a room with them for two weeks. Everyday, from 9 am to 7 pm, we would come in and go over the script again and again. In the process, we discussed how we would approach each scene, rewrote some parts, and changed character graphs. What that did was that by the end, the script was as much theirs as it was the writers."<ref name=":5" />

=== Casting ===
Sudip eventually wrote the script with the protagonist [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] in mind, stating that "he had a phenomenal presence".<ref name=":10" /> He gave the script to Jaideep, who read two or three episodes of the script at night, and Jaideep eventually met Sudip and Karnesh Sharma, the following day to read the entire script. Jaideep eventually stated in an interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', that "What I found interesting was that the first impression you get of all the characters is in black and white — the criminals, the media and the cops. There's a clear segregation. But as the story progresses, all the characters merge into each other in such a way that you don't realise what's right and what's wrong."<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=21 May 2020|title=Jaideep Ahlawat on Paatal Lok success: We were shocked for initial two days|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jaideep-ahlawat-paatal-lok-success-character-hathi-ram-chaudhary-audience-review-amazon-6415430/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Jaideep did not take any projects, in the intermediate time, despite being approached for ''[[Khaali Peeli]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 13, 2020|first=Jyoti |last=Kanyal|title=Jaideep Ahlawat on playing the lead in Paatal Lok: It's a huge responsibility, you represent a team|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/jaideep-ahlawat-on-playing-the-lead-in-pataal-lok-it-s-a-huge-responsibility-you-represent-a-team-1677492-2020-05-13|access-date=23 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> While shooting for the series, he eventually increased his weight from 85 to 100 kilograms, as the show became physically demanding.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2020|title=Jaideep Ahlawat on Paatal Lok: 'My character was written with a lot of interest, was a very intriguing role with many shades'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jaideep-ahlawat-on-paatal-lok-my-character-was-written-with-a-lot-of-interest-was-a-very-intriguing-role-with-many-shades/story-QRXDTnRzViG5UaqnnTFB9M.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Jaideep stated that the temperature ranged around 45-46 degrees, which eventually became difficult to shoot.<ref name=":11" /> [[Ishwak Singh]], made his digital debut through the series, stated that "The shooting process in the digital world is quite different from that of the movie. While shooting for 'Paatal Lok', it was like shooting for three movies, as the makers had a bigger canvas to paint and a lot more to express and communicate."<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2020|title=Ishwak Singh: Shooting for 'Paatal Lok' was like doing 3 movies|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/ishwak-singh-shooting-for-paatal-lok-was-like-doing-3-movies-2287045.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> [[Gul Panag]] describes Renu Chaudhary, Hathiram's wife, as "the kind of middle-class wife whose aspirations are linked to her husbands".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|date=15 May 2020|title=Hell breaks out: Gul Panag and Jaideep Ahlawat on 'Paatal Lok', now out on Amazon Prime Video|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/gul-panag-and-jaideep-ahlawat-on-paatal-lok-now-out-on-amazon-prime-video/article31592260.ece|access-date=23 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] also served as the casting director of the series, apart from playing the role of Hathoda Tyagi, the main antagonist in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 May 2020|title=Paatal Lok actor Abhishek Banerjee: Never thought of Hathoda Tyagi as a dark character|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/abhishek-banerjee-paatal-lok-hathoda-tyagi-interview-6428038/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Swastika Mukherjee]], who played the role of Dolly Mehra, stated that he got a call from Banerjee, at October 2018, and sent her audition tape, which received a good feedback. She later came to Mumbai, for the audition process, which eventually worked well, although the actor joined the shoot, post completing her portions in ''[[Dil Bechara]]'' (2020).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=3 June 2020|title=Paatal Lok actor Swastika Mukherjee: Would be stupid to choose roles depending on length|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/swastika-mukherjee-paatal-lok-mental-illness-6440666/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Although her character was not a lengthy one, she stated "length is not a prerequisite for me, and it would be stupid to choose roles depending on its length or dialogues. What makes sense is to understand the quality and also what you can bring to the table."<ref name=":12" />

=== Filming ===
Sudip eventually stated about having two directors to shoot the web series, stating it had as much to do with logistics as it had to do with artistry, He added "It's physically very difficult for one director to shoot continuously for 100 days. In web-series, because of the format, directors come in late and then if you dump nine-ten episodes on one person, it's very difficult for them to process this new world, these new characters and do complete justice to it."<ref name=":5" /> The series has been shot in 110 cities in [[India]], with 70% of the shoot took place at actual locations, and the rest of the shoot was held at [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok: Anushka Sharma, Abhishek Banerjee, Jaideep Ahlawat hold a virtual celebration amid lockdown|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/paatal-lok-anushka-sharma-abhishek-banerjee-jaideep-ahlawat-hold-a-virtual-celebration-amid-lockdown/story-tl2aPhDXoTj6lCU9W9ksrN.html|date=16 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Shot mostly in major portions across North India, including [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]],

Sudip chose locations with which he was familiar and had researched for his previous work.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=13 May 2020|title='Paatal Lok': Showrunner Sudip Sharma reveals why he chose North India setting for upcoming web series|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-paatal-lok-showrunner-sudip-sharma-reveals-why-he-chose-north-india-setting-for-upcoming-web-series-2824615|access-date=23 January 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> He chose to set the plot in Delhi, as Sudip stated "Its the apex of the Indian political scene and where the power lies. Also, most media channels operate out of Delhi. Another reason to consider Delhi was because of its location: it has the feel of a frontier town bordering to certain parts of Uttar Pradesh, [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]]. These were aspects that we considered mainly because of what it is surrounded by and the representation in terms of power and national setting."<ref name=":13" />

But in order to make the show as authentic, the makers decided to shoot some portions in [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] for the landscape; with this ''Paatal Lok'' becoming the first web series to be shot at Chitrakoot. He stated "This is the first time any film, or series has been shot in Chitrakoot. When we had initially visited Chitrakoot for a scout, we weren't aware of the terrain and the lack of infrastructure. We had to build the entire shooting eco-system from scratch. Luckily for us, a hotel had recently opened there, and that helped us a lot. The town is almost like a quaint forgotten town, something like [[Varanasi|Banaras]] but without the hustle and bustle."<ref name=":13" />

=== Soundtrack ===
''Paatal Lok''<nowiki/>'s original score and soundtrack were jointly composed by Naren Chandravarkar and British violist [[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]]. The score received positive response from critics. In an article from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' titled ''Best of 2020 Music in Films and Web Series'', Devarsi Ghosh stated "The gloomy landscape created by background score stylists Benedict Taylor and Naren Chandavarkar neither calls for attention nor can be ignored. The ''Paatal Lok'' score snakes through the roughly 360-minute series as a character in itself, dipping in and out of the sound design, hiding in the shadows, appearing only when necessary."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title=2020 yearender: More originals and fewer remixes in films and web series|url=https://scroll.in/reel/980894/2020-yearender-more-originals-and-fewer-remixes-in-films-and-web-series|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=28 December 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A promotional single "Toofan Main", sung by [[Prabh Deep]] and produced by Sez on the Beat, was released through [[YouTube]] on 22 May 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 21, 2020|first=Vibha|last=Maru|title=Toofan Main: Anushka Sharma shares teaser of new song from Paatal Lok|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/toofan-main-anushka-sharma-shares-teaser-of-new-song-from-paatal-lok-1680425-2020-05-21|access-date=23 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> and received applause from audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok's original track by Prabh Deep and Sez On The Beat released by Amazon Prime Video|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/may/23/paatal-loks-original-track-by-prabh-deep-and-sez-on-the-beat-released-by-amazon-prime-video-25191.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=23 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The ending credits of the series features a reused rendition of the bhajan "Sakal Hans Mein Ram Viraje" by [[Prahlad Tipanya]], famous for singing Kabir in the [[Malvi language|Malwi]] folk tradition. Tipaniya is named in the credits for the song and composition, while the lyrics are attributed to [[Guru Nanak]]. However, the series misattributed the credits for the song, which is written by Nanak Das, a renowned poet from [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]. According to Niranjan Rajguru, a scholar and professor of [[Gujarati literature]] at [[Saurashtra University]], "Few of Nanak Das's compositions have been heard outside Gujarat, ''Sakal Hans'' is an exception as it was picked up by Prahlad Tipaniya who adapted it into Hindi."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bordia|first=Radhika|title=How an inadvertent error in the 'Paatal Lok' credits led me to a Dalit Bhakti poet in Gujarat|url=https://scroll.in/article/965221/how-an-inadvertent-error-in-the-paatal-lok-credits-led-me-to-a-dalit-bhakti-poet-in-gujarat|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=21 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Themes and analysis ==
=== Mythological tropes ===
{{See also|Yudhishthira#Retirement_and_Ascent_To_Heaven|label 1=Yudhishthira's Dog Test}}
Socio-economic divisions in India are metaphorically compared with the mythological Indian concepts of ''[[Svarga]]'', ''[[Earth|Dharti]]'' and ''[[Paatala loka|Paatal]]'' (heaven, earth, and hell). [[Delhi]] is used as the story-telling playground where [[Lutyens' Delhi|Lutyens Delhi]] is heaven, [[Vasant Vihar]] and [[Noida]] is the earth while ''Jamna Paar'' in [[East Delhi]] is hell.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caste, Class and Populist Political Anxieties in 'Paatal Lok'|url=https://thewire.in/film/caste-class-and-populist-political-anxieties-in-paatal-lok|last=Banerjee|first=Dyotana|date=23 May 2020|website=The Wire|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> The climax of the story is also based on the mythological fable of Yudhisthira's dog from the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok review: An intelligently written, engrossing series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/paatal-lok-review-an-engrossing-series-6410775/|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|date=17 May 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok Ending, Explained|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/paatal-lok-ending-explained/|last=Sharma|first=Dhruv|date=16 May 2020|website=The Cinemaholic|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> In the closing moments, on an outing with his family, Hathiram Chaudhary spots a stray dog at a distance and tosses his ice-cream to him. The ending simply suggests that even after being neck-deep in hell, Hathi has now somehow found his way to "heaven".<ref name=":7" /> The dog simply serves as an allegory for Hathi's lack of selfishness and righteousness in a world where it's very easy to fall prey to corruption.<ref name=":7" />

=== Didactic themes ===
The show gives an insight into various forms of discrimination in India, through the perspectives of the four main antagonists – Kabir M, Tope Singh, Vishal "Hathoda" Tyagi and Ronaldo Singh (Cheeni).<ref name=":6" /> Kabir's backstory serves as a metaphor for religious fanaticism.<ref name=":7" /> Tope Singh's past revolves all around the toxic conflicts between the upper and lower castes.<ref name=":7" /> Cheeni's story brings out the issues of child abuse and discrimination against transgenders.<ref name=":7" /> Hathoda Tyagi's background gives insight into the abysmal state of women safety in rural India.<ref name=":7" />

=== Politics ===
According to Tanul Thakur of [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']], "Paatal Lok begins with the excitement of a fantastic [[bildungsroman]]. Later, at the end of this traditional coming-of-age play, the protagonist comes to a critical realisation, discovering his True Self. However, because Hathi is about to dive into a macabre murky realm, that classic cliche is given a wonderful twist: what if you find the world but lose yourself?"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paatal Lok: A Descent Into Hell With Stories and Back Stories |url=https://thewire.in/culture/pataal-lok-amazon-prime-review |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=The Wire}}</ref> In addition to conveying a tight plot, the programme is astutely political. No matter how excellent an officer Ansari is, his last name follows him everywhere, subjecting him to harsh remarks — many of which are made by his colleagues. An extramarital romance between Sanjeev and his coworker Sara (Niharika Lyra Dutt), who is many years his junior, takes an unsettling turn, exposing his hidden hypocrisies. The petty power conflicts in the police station, particularly between Virk and Hathi, expose the Indian middle-innate class's cannibalism. And we witness a ruined India in the stories of Tope, Tyagi, Kabir, and Cheeni, where individuals are consumed and destroyed for no fault of their own, and where they in turn consume and destroy others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurjar |first=Nitin Pratap |date=2020-05-20 |title=Regressive Depiction of Caste & Bad Politics in 'Paatal Lok' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/regressive-depiction-of-caste-and-bad-politics-in-pataal-lok |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedika |title='Pataal Lok is political' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pataal-lok-is-political/20200520.htm |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[Anushka Sharma]] released an announcement poster of the series, through the production house's [[Twitter]] account on 24 April 2020,{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} and the teaser was unveiled the very same day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 24, 2020|title=Anushka Sharma's new series Paatal Lok to be out on May 15. Watch new teaser|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/anushka-sharma-s-new-seris-paatal-lok-to-be-out-on-may-15-watch-new-teaser-1670500-2020-04-24|access-date=23 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 April 2020|title=Paatal Lok teaser: Anushka Sharma's web series promises to be a gritty affair|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/paatal-lok-teaser-amazon-prime-video-anushka-sharma-production-6381050/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The first look poster was unveiled on 3 May 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 May 2020|title='Paatal Lok' new poster: Anushka Sharma's recent update gives more insights about upcoming web series|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-paatal-lok-new-poster-anushka-sharma-s-recent-update-gives-more-insights-about-upcoming-web-series-2823555|access-date=23 January 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> and motion poster featuring [[Neeraj Kabi]] and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] was released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 4, 2020|title=Paatal Lok motion posters introduce Neeraj Kabi and Jaideep Ahlawat's characters|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/paatal-lok-motion-posters-introduce-neeraj-kabi-and-jaideep-ahlawat-s-characters-1674199-2020-05-04|access-date=23 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The official trailer was unveiled through [[YouTube]] on 4 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 5, 2020|title=Paatal Lok trailer out: Jaideep Ahlawat and Neeraj Kabi's edgy crime thriller gets you hooked|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/paatal-lok-trailer-out-jaideep-ahlawat-and-neeraj-kabi-s-edgy-crime-thriller-gets-you-hooked-1674535-2020-05-05|access-date=23 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Paatal Lok' trailer: An attempted murder reveals a web of crime in Delhi|url=https://scroll.in/reel/961029/paatal-lok-trailer-an-attempted-murder-reveals-a-web-of-crime-in-delhi|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=5 May 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> The trailer received positive response from audiences, with ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated that it is a "gripping crime drama".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2020|title=Paatal Lok trailer: Jaideep Ahlawat, Neeraj Kabi promise a gripping crime drama|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/paatal-lok-trailer-jaideep-ahlawat-neeraj-kabi-abhishek-banerjee-6393828/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 8 May 2020, posters featuring the five lead characters, were unveiled through social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Paatal Lok': Take a look at intriguing character posters from Anushka Sharma's web series {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-paatal-lok-take-a-look-at-intriguing-character-posters-from-anushka-sharma-s-web-series-2824035|access-date=23 January 2021|website=DNA India|date=8 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The character trailer was unveiled on 9 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok पाताल लोक - Character Trailer {{!}} Amazon Original {{!}} 15 May 2020 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iCH_4vJmFs|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.youtube.com| date=9 May 2020 }}</ref> Paatal Lok was released through [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 15 May 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon Prime Video Sets May Release Date for Next Series, Paatal Lok|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/anushka-sharma-paatal-lok-amazon-prime-video-release-date-logo-tv-series-2217538|access-date=23 January 2021|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=24 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> with the first episode being released earlier, on 14 May.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=24 April 2020|title=Anushka Sharma's Amazon Prime series 'Paatal Lok' to premiere on May 15|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anushka-sharmas-amazon-prime-series-paatal-lok-to-premiere-on-may-15/article31424168.ece|access-date=23 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Paatal Lok Season 2 has received universal acclaim, with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 11 reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paatal Lok {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/paatal_lok |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> It is currently rated 8.2/10 on IMDB.<ref>{{Citation |title=Paatal Lok |date=2020-05-15 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9680440/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |publisher=Clean Slate Films, Clean Slate Productions}}</ref>

==== Season 1 ====
The first season has an 8.1 rating on IMDB. [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote that the show "forces you to keep bingeing."<ref>{{cite web|title=Paatal Lok Review: The Type Of Storytelling That Streaming Platforms Were Made For|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/amazon-prime/paatal-lok-review-the-type-of-storytelling-that-streaming-platforms-were-made-for/|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|date=15 May 2020|website=Film Companion|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Harish Wankhede of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', stated that "Paatal Lok rises as a much-needed suspense thriller that is likely to be classified as a 'classic' soon."<ref>Harish Wankhede https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/paatal-lok-the-saga-of-subaltern-world/story-WOTVszuEfYH5RmFKoIcXyH.html</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave it 4/5, and wrote "It plunges, unflinching, into an abyss and shines a light on the darkness at its heart."<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Paatal Lok Review: Is This Prime's Sacred Games? No, It Is More|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/paatal-lok-review-is-this-primes-sacred-games-no-it-is-more-4-stars-out-of-5-2229102|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|date=15 May 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 3.5/5 and commented on the show "managing to keep its hold on us."<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 May 2020|title=Paatal Lok review: An intelligently written, engrossing series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/paatal-lok-review-an-engrossing-series-6410775/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "There is a steady momentum, an unmistakable sense of force underlining the craft in ''Paatal Lok'': from the cinematography to the acting to the atmospherics."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|date=15 May 2020|title='Paatal Lok' review: Powerful performances in consonance with the pulse of the series, make this a gripping watch|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/paatal-lok-review-powerful-performances-in-consonance-with-the-pulse-of-the-series-make-this-a-gripping-watch/article31591175.ece|access-date=16 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Renuka Vyahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 4/5 and wrote "What essentially lies at the heart of Paatal Lok is a courageous screenplay that questions our society's nature of burying the truth."<ref>{{Citation|title=Paatal Lok Season 1 Review: Paatal Lok Season 1 Review {4.0/5}: Critic Review of Paatal Lok Season 1 by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/paatal-lok/seasonreview/75787340.cms|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> Ananya Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' reviewed "Paatal Lok leaves you asking for more."<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 15, 2020|first=Ananya|last=Bhattacharya|title=Paatal Lok Review: Neeraj Kabi and Jaideep Ahlawat hit it out of paatal to swarg lok|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/paatal-lok-review-amazon-prime-video-jaideep-ahlawat-neeraj-kabi-1678077-2020-05-15|access-date=23 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Priyanka Sinha Jha of News18 gave it 3.5/5, stating that the show "makes for a compelling watch."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Paatal Lok Review: A Riveting Hinterland Crime Series with a Sharp Sociological Edge |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/paatal-lok-review-a-riveting-hinterland-crime-series-with-a-sharp-sociological-edge-2621199.html |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Meehika Barua of ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated "The stars of ''Paatal Lok'' speak out on the backlash surrounding their gritty portrayal of crime, corruption and caste inequalities."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barua |first=Meehika |date=29 June 2020 |title=Paatal Lok: Bollywood's most controversial hit series |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/jun/29/paatal-lok-bollywoods-most-controversial-hit-series |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Tanul Thakur of ''[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]'' commented on the differences between the two halves of the season, and said that "It's this seamless blend that makes the series remarkable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paatal Lok: A Descent Into Hell With Stories and Back Stories |url=https://thewire.in/culture/pataal-lok-amazon-prime-review |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

Some reviews were more mixed. Swetha Ramakrishnan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave it 3/5 and stated "The primary problem with ''Paatal Lok'' is that it is trying too hard to be too many things: a thriller, a social commentary, an "edgy" take on new India and its fault lines."<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2020|title=Paatal Lok review: Anushka Sharma-produced Amazon Prime series is a slow burn with the ambition of a pacy thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/paatal-lok-review-anushka-sharma-produced-prime-video-series-is-a-slow-burn-with-the-ambition-of-a-thriller-8367971.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Nandini Ramanath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said "''Paatal Lok'' admirably resists the temptation to stretch into another season, but its denouement is hurried and unconvincing."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Paatal Lok' review: A halfway tour of hell on earth|url=https://scroll.in/reel/961787/paatal-lok-review-a-halfway-tour-of-hell-on-earth|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=15 May 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave it 3/5 and wrote "''Paatal Lok'' lands somewhere between ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' and ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' but doesn't quite get the urgency of the police investigation of the former or the grit and messiness of the latter."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|date=15 May 2020|title='Paatal Lok's Gritty Narrative Misses by a Whisker|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/anushka-sharma-paatal-lok-review-amazon-prime-video|access-date=23 January 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' commented "While both Tejpal's book and the David Fincher series obsess over their respective killers, Paatal Lok takes a more glancing approach."<ref>{{Cite web|title=' Paatal Lok' review: A striking glimpse of an orderly hell|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/may/16/-paatal-lok-review-a-striking-glimpse-of-an-orderly-hell-2143846.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2020 }}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
The second season has an 8.4 rating on IMDB, receiving even more acclaim than the first season. Hollywood Reporter called it "just as dense, indirect, and plotty as the first season".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Paatal Lok' Season 2 Series Review: A World-Class Sequel Well Worth the Wait |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/paatal-lok-season-2-series-review-a-world-class-sequel-well-worth-the-wait |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> NDTV said that "replicating the quality of the first season is itself a marvel, and the Times of India said that season 2 justified its long wait.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paatal Lok Season 2 Review: As Good As Season 1 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/paatal-lok-season-2-review-as-good-as-season-1-4-stars-7492584 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250725023747/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/paatal-lok-season-2-review-as-good-as-season-1-4-stars-7492584 |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-11-27 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/paatal-lok/paatal-lok-season-2/seasonreview/117250302.cms |title=Paatal Lok Season 2 Review: A dark, twisted thriller that balances brilliance with complexity |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |date=January 17, 2025 |access-date=2025-11-27 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> The Hindustan Times praised the season and said that the show "retained its character", while the Deccan Chronicle called it "one of the most compelling series on Indian OTT platforms".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-23 |title=Karmanye Vadhikaraste Now Streaming on Sun NXT OTT |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/karmanye-vadhikaraste-now-streaming-on-sun-nxt-ott-1919028 |access-date=2025-11-27 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The New Indian Express had a more mixed review, calling it "competent if not compelling."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |date=2025-01-18 |title='Pataal Lok - Season 2' movie review: Riveting mystery sans the bite |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/18/pataal-lok-season-2-movie-review-riveting-mystery-sans-the-bite |access-date=2025-11-27 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Audience reaction ===
''Paatal Lok'' opened to rave reviews, and has a 92% audience rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Many called it India's best Hindi-language series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=17 May 2020|title=Paatal Lok review and rating: This is what audience say about Amazon Prime Video's new web series|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pataal-lok-review-rating-this-what-audience-say-about-amazon-prime-videos-new-web-series-820112|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> The day the series was released, [[Anurag Kashyap]] tweeted that ''Paatal Lok'' is "the best crime thriller to come out of this country,"<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok review by Anurag Kashyap: The best crime thriller to come out of this country|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/paatal-lok-review-by-anurag-kashyap-the-best-crime-thriller-to-come-out-of-this-country-1678481-2020-05-15|last=Mukherjee|first=Nairita|date=15 May 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> adding that "It comes from the understanding of Real India. The dark heart of India, the communal and casteist India."<ref name=":3" /> Actors [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] both took to Twitter to praise the show and the acting.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Fan Girling Hard': Alia Bhatt Is All Praise for 'Paatal Lok'|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/alia-bhatt-is-all-praise-for-paatal-lok|date=24 May 2020|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Fan Girl" Alia Bhatt Said This After Watching Raazi Co-Star Jaideep Ahlawat's Performance In Paatal Lok|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fan-girl-alia-bhatt-said-this-after-watching-raazi-co-star-jaideep-ahlawats-performance-in-paatal-lok-2234205|last=Chaubey|first=Pranita|date=24 May 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> The ''[[HuffPost|HuffPost India]]'' and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' ranked ''Paatal Lok'' as the Best Hindi Series of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Top 10 Indian web series of 2020: Paatal Lok, Scam 1992, Special Ops and more|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/top-10-indian-web-series-of-2020-7097519/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] magazine listed ''Paatal Lok'' as one of the best international TV shows of 2020.<ref name=":8" />

=== Awards and nominations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) / nominee(s)
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|2020]]
| rowspan="11" | [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Series
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="11" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Big Night For Paatal Lok And The Family Man. Complete List Of Winners|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2020-paatal-lok-off-to-a-great-start-list-of-winners-2340941|access-date=20 December 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45407.html|access-date=20 December 2020|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director (Drama Series)
| Avinash Arun and Prosit Roy
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor (Drama Series)
| [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Original Story (Series)
|Sudip Sharma, Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta and Gunjit Chopra
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Sudip Sharma, Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta and Gunjit Chopra
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Dialogues
| Sudip Sharma, Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta and Gunjit Chopra
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|Best Supporting Actor (Female) (Drama Series)
| [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Gul Panag]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Merambam Ronaldo Singh
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actor (Male) (Drama Series)
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Ishwak Singh]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Award]]
| Landmark OTT
| [[Clean Slate Filmz]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
| {{won}}
|
|}

==Controversies==
The series garnered controversy over the use of the slur "''Nepali randi''" in the second episode.<ref>{{cite news|url =https://thenortheasttoday.com/patal-lok-controversy-sikkim-congress-chief-demands-apology-from-anushka-sharma/|title =Patal lok Controversy: Sikkim Congress chief demands apology from Anushka Sharma|publisher =The Northeast Today|location =[[Gangtok]]|date =20 May 2020|access-date =22 May 2020|archive-date =16 June 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200616051247/https://thenortheasttoday.com/patal-lok-controversy-sikkim-congress-chief-demands-apology-from-anushka-sharma/}}</ref> [[Indra Hang Subba]], a Member of Parliament from [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]], wrote to the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] about the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pataal Lok Webseries Case: Sikkim MP Writes To Ministry of IB for Action|url=http://voiceofsikkim.com/2020/05/25/pataal-lok-webseries-case-sikkim-mp-writes-to-ministry-of-ib-for-action/|date=24 May 2020|website=The Voice of Sikkim|language=en-US|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> A complaint was filed by "All Arunachal Pradesh Gorkha Youth Association (AAPGYA)" to the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] while a legal notice was also sent by the Lawyers Guild.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notice to Anushka Sharma for alleged racist slur in Paatal Lok|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/notice-to-anushka-sharma-for-alleged-racist-slur-in-paatal-lok/story-6xCyZ2U4SHC9Jhy7jkmflN.html|date=24 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complaint against Anushka Sharma over 'sexist slur' in Paatal Lok|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/complaint-against-anushka-sharma-over-sexist-slur-in-paatal-lok-89312|date=24 May 2020|website=Tribune India News Service|language=en|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] legislator [[Nand Kishor Gurjar|Nand Kishore Gurjar]] filed a complaint related to "unauthorised use of his likeness" in the show as well as accused the show of being "anti-national" in numerous ways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paatal Lok: BJP MLA files complaint against Anushka Sharma for using his image without permission, calls show 'anti-national'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/paatal-lok-bjp-mla-files-complaint-against-anushka-sharma-for-using-his-image-without-permission-calls-show-anti-national/story-Ki3HiNHaFveWzMFuKMsi4J.html|date=25 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> The youth wing of the Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh, Bharatiya Yuva Gorkha showed concern and demanded ban on the series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gorkha-group-files-nhrc-complaint-against-anushka-sharma-for-racial-stereotyping-in-paatal-lok/articleshow/75913529.cms|title=gorka group files nhrc complaint against Anushka Sharma for racial stereotyping in Patal lok|website=economic times|date=23 May 2020 }}</ref>

[[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]], former [[Akali Dal]] MLA and Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee president, called for a ban on the series for maligning Sikhs. He was referring to a scene where a Sikh man is shown raping a woman, as a few other men watch on.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Paatal Lok': Anushka Sharma slammed for showing 'Sikhs as rapists'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/05/23/paatal-lok-anushka-sharma-slammed-showing-sikhs-as-rapists.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> He tweeted that the series must be banned for maligning "religious harmony". Sirsa also appealed to information and broadcasting minister, [[Prakash Javadekar]] to ban the show and threatened legal action against [[Amazon Prime Video]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} A notice was filed against the makers at the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=Anushka Sharma, Amazon Prime Video served notice for allegedly defaming Sikh community in Paatal Lok |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anushka-sharma-amazon-prime-video-served-notice-for-allegedly-defaming-sikh-community-in-paatal-lok-8488581.html|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=9680440}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0G9IEOHCN8KMY6COD9ILGH7IY5 ''Paatal Lok''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in television]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in television]]
[[Category:Political controversies in television]]

Kesari Balakrishna Pillai

2026-05-04T19:16:32Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Short description|Indian writer (1889–1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kesari Balakrishna Pillai
| image = Kesari Balakrishnapilla statue @ Pulimoodu, Thiruvanthapuram 02 (crop).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Statue of Balakrishna Pillai at Pulimoodu junction, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1889|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Thampanoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|12|18|1889|4|23}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, literary critic, journalist
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{Unbulleted list|''Kesariyude Lokangal''|''Navalokam''|''Outlines of the Proto-Historic Chronology of Western Asia''|''Sankethika Nirupanangal Sahitya Nirupanangal''|''Rupamanjari''}}
| spouse = Madavanapparambil Gauri Amma
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = {{Unbulleted list|Akathoot Damodaran Kartha (father)|Parvathy Amma (mother)}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}
'''Akathoot Balakrishna Pillai''' (1889–1960), better known as '''Kesari Balakrishna Pillai''', was a [[Malayalam]] writer, art and literary critic and journalist, considered by many as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Kerala. He was the [[eponymous]] founder of the newspaper, ''[[Kesari (Malayalam newspaper)|Kesari]]'' and was one of the three major figures in modern Malayalam literary criticism, along with [[Joseph Mundassery]] and [[M. P. Paul]]. Besides works such as ''Kesariyude Lokangal'', ''Navalokam'', ''Sankethika Nirupanangal Sahitya Nirupanangal'', ''Rupamanjari'', he also wrote a text in English under the title, ''Outlines of the Proto-Historic Chronology of Western Asia''.

== Biography ==
[[File:The Maharajah's College, Trevandrum (p.103, 1891) - Copy.jpg|thumb|235px|The Maharajah's College, Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram) - Kesari's alma mater]]
A. Balakrishna Pillai was born on 13 April 1889 to Akathoot Damodaran Kartha of Pulickal Mele Veedu family of [[Thampanoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref name="The Hindu : Thampanoor tales">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/05/17/stories/2004051701970300.htm |title=Thampanoor tales |date=17 May 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2019-02-23}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and Parvathy Amma, in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KesariABPillai/Html/Kesarigraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-02-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> His early schooling was in Thiruvananthapuram and the neighbouring district of [[Kollam]] as his father, a scholar, divorced his mother.<ref name="Kesari Balakrishna Pillai - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/kesari_balakrishna_pillai-profile-3481-25.htm |title=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai - Veethi profile |date=2019-02-23 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> After [[matriculating]] from Maharaja's High School, Thiruvananthapuram in 1904, he graduated in History in 1908 from the Maharaja's College, Thiruvananthapuram (the present-day [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]) and started his career as a tutor at the [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]], then known as Maharaja's Women's College. Later, he also worked as a tutor at his alma mater, Maharaja's College. While working, he continued studies in law and graduated with first class in 1913 to pursue a legal career which, however, was short lived as he was not successful as a lawyer.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA335|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=335–}}</ref>

Balakrishna Pillai, by this time, had already started writing, primarily at the behest of a few publishers and this gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with Kalakkunnath Raman Menon, who ran a weekly, ''Samadharshi''.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> On Menon's invitation, he assumed the editorship of the weekly, which had a weekly circulation of 300,000, on 14 May 1922.<ref name="58th Death Anniversary">{{Cite web |url=https://falconpost.in/2018/12/18/the-death-anniversary-of-kesari-balakrishna-pillai/ |title=58th Death Anniversary |date=18 December 2018 |website=falconpost.in |access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> However, his stay at the weekly did not last long as Pillai's editorials were too strong-worded for the ownership of the weekly and he resigned the post on 19 June 1926. Subsequently, he started a press, Sharada Press, out of donations from the public and founded a newspaper, ''Prabhodhakan'', which had to be shut down after three months of operation as the authorities revoked the licence of the newspaper; Pillai was imposed a fine of {{INR}} 200 as fine for contempt of court.<ref name="58th Death Anniversary" />

After a week of the closure of ''Prabhodhakan'', Pillai started ''[[Kesari (Malayalam newspaper)|Kesari]]'' as a weekly.<ref name="58th Death Anniversary" />{{Refn|group=note|[[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]] also wrote under the pseudonym, ''Kesari''<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VengayilKunhiramanNayanar/Html/VengayilKNayanarpage.htm |title=Biography |date=2019-02-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref>}} He ran the publication for four years until it was discontinued due to mounting debts in April 1935; he had to sell Sharada Press to pay off the debts. The next seven years were spent in Thiruvananthapuram, pursuing a literary career and in 1942, he moved to [[North Paravur]] in [[Ernakulam]], the native place of his wife. Later, he moved to [[Kottayam]] in 1957 when he started having physical illnesses.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Balakrishna Pillai was married to Madavanapparambil Gauri Amma, whom he married in 1917. He died on 18 December 1960, at the age of 71.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Legacy ==
=== Contribution to literature, studies of art ===
Pillai, termed by [[K. Balakrishnan]] as the ''Socrates of Kerala'', was one of the most influential thinkers from Kerala and was credited with mentoring several writers of his time.<ref name="Kesari Balakrishna Pillai: Keralathile Socrates">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indulekha.com/kesari-balakrishna-pillai-keralathile-socrates-biography-k-balakrishnan |title=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai: Keralathile Socrates |date=2019-02-23 |website=indulekha.com |access-date=2019-02-23 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001747/http://www.indulekha.com/kesari-balakrishna-pillai-keralathile-socrates-biography-k-balakrishnan |url-status=dead }}</ref> He contributed to Malayalam literary criticism through his innovative, interdisciplinary approach, and his writings on art, particularly painting, are regarded as masterpieces.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121108111748/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/15/stories/2010111560240200.htm The Hindu : Kerala / Kochi News : C. J. Thomas remembered]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mattersofart.net/bookreview3.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203444/http://www.mattersofart.net/bookreview3.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was one of the first Malayalam literary critics to introduce some of the great works of world literature to Malayalam literature<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA250|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|pages=250–}}</ref><ref name="RADICALISING LITERATURE: THE ROLE OF TRANSLATION IN THE CREATION OF A LITERARY PUBLIC SPHERE IN KERALA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.openhumanitiesalliance.org/journals/eflj/article/download/50/47 |title=RADICALISING LITERATURE: THE ROLE OF TRANSLATION IN THE CREATION OF A LITERARY PUBLIC SPHERE IN KERALA |last=E. V. Ramakrishnan |date=2019-02-24 |website=openhumanitiesalliance.org |access-date=2019-02-24 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and was a source of inspiration for writers such as [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Vaikom Muhammed Bashir]], [[Kesava Dev]] and others.<ref name="Kesari Balakrishna Pillai - Veethi profile" /><ref name="History of ideas">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kesari-a-documentary-on-kesari-balakrishna-pillai-by-k-r-manoj/article8528109.ece |title=History of ideas |last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |date=2016-04-28 |newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> He wrote extensively on movements in contemporary European literature and advocated the use of other disciplines like sociology and psychology in literary criticism. He also translated the works of [[Guy de Maupassant]], [[Balzac]], [[Sigmund Freud]], and [[Charles Darwin]], among others.<ref name="George1989">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtgtAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> The editorials wrote by Pillai was later compiled as a book and published in 2010 under the title, ''Kesariyude Lokangal'' (The Editorials of Kesari).<ref name="Kesariyude Mukhaprasangangal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indulekha.com/malayalam-books/essays/kesariyude-mukhaprasangangal-essays-kesari-a-balakrishna-pillai?sort=p.model&order=ASC&limit=220 |title=Kesariyude Mukhaprasangangal |date=2010 |website=indulekha.com |access-date=2019-02-23 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224003448/http://www.indulekha.com/malayalam-books/essays/kesariyude-mukhaprasangangal-essays-kesari-a-balakrishna-pillai?sort=p.model&order=ASC&limit=220 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Progressive Arts and Letters Movement ===
By the 1930s the "Jeevat Sahitya Prasthanam" was inaugurated in Malayalam literature by a group of Marxist ideologists and some progressive writers including Pillai, Joseph Mundassery and M. P. Paul.<ref name="Statues of Trivandrum: EMS Namboodiripad">{{Cite web |url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/features/statues-of-trivandrum-ems-namboodiripad |title=Statues of Trivandrum: EMS Namboodiripad |date=2019-02-24 |website=yentha.com |access-date=2019-02-24 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512132617/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/features/statues-of-trivandrum-ems-namboodiripad |url-status=dead }}</ref> Progressive writers tried to give new direction to Malayalam literature. In an era of Western literary and cultural paradigms, they emphasized the importance of prose fiction in Malayalam and also advocated for realism in literature. Jeevat Sahitya Prasthanam was later known as "Purogamana Sahitya Prasthanam". (Progressive Association for Arts and Letters).<ref name="Raveendran2002">{{cite book|author=P. P. Raveendran|title=Joseph Mundasseri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mU7zHtik0ZoC&pg=PA24|year=2002|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1535-1|pages=24–}}</ref><ref name="EMS in the literary and cultural arena">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cpim.org/marxist/199801_marxist_ems_culture_pg.htm |title=EMS in the literary and cultural arena |website=www.cpim.org |access-date=2019-02-24 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921120338/https://www.cpim.org/marxist/199801_marxist_ems_culture_pg.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Alternative methods of history ===
Pillai helped to solve many puzzles of ancient history.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article561305.ece The Hindu : Arts / Books : Historical geography of western Asia]</ref> Though many of his theories were rejected during his times by academic intellectuals, his findings about the connection between the present day inhabitants of India with that of Western Asia are acknowledged by the modern history. Though the first Harappan excavations were done during the 1920s, only by the later part of the century did convincing evidence about Aryans migrating to India from Iran and nearby places emerge. However, with his penetrating analyzes, Kesari was able to present this theory decades earlier.<ref name="Outlines of the proto-historic chronology of Western Asia : with some historic chronology of ancient India appended to it">{{Cite book |title=Outlines of the proto-historic chronology of Western Asia : with some historic chronology of ancient India appended to it |last=Pillai |first=Kesari Balakrishna |date=2009 |publisher=Dept. of Publications, University of Kerala |isbn=978-8186397961 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |oclc=553376729}}</ref>

Notable personalities like [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] and Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai admitted later that they failed to fully understand Kesari's writing on history when he was alive and acknowledged that they could understand it only decades later. Many other notable personalities thought Kesari was "eccentric" partly because it was too incomprehensible for them to take,{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} and also because he used unconventional methods for understanding history. [[P. Govinda Pillai]] commented that Kesari, who otherwise traversed through the blistering spheres of modern thoughts, often aberrated into frivolous anarchism and childishly immature illusions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pgovindapillai.info/ArticleFiles/43dde5d2-77dc-1449-13d7-00005d55fb0cnv%20krishna%20varier.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 December 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231536/http://pgovindapillai.info/ArticleFiles/43dde5d2-77dc-1449-13d7-00005d55fb0cnv%20krishna%20varier.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Academic scholars often failed to take note that, when he actually tried to explore the pre-historical times, there were not enough archaeological evidences unearthed as it is the case today, which could help to throw light on the subject. Some of the modern historians{{who|date=December 2011}} points out today that, though one has to be careful while taking clues from myths, historians can not totally ignore the indications given by the myths and legends.

Pillai emphasized the importance of using alternative methods to understand pre-historic times and pointed out that comparable legends and myths obtaining in the regions concerned are more useful than archaeological, epigraphical, and literary sources.

Pillai said that 'Yudhishtira' in Hindu mythology was the same as the Sumerian 'Udultur' and identified the 'Prachinabarhis' of the Puranas with 'Erystheus' of the Greek legend; he was convinced that 'Cakshusha Manu' was the same as the Greek [[Danaus]] of Argos and the [[Gilgamesh flood myth|Utnapishtim]] of Babylon. For him, the "protohistoric Olympiad era can be identified with the Kali or Agasthya era" and "Hercules was the Narasimha incarnation of Vishnu." If the chronology of all civilisations in the Old World had the same basis, their historical geography, too, rested on the same foundations. So also, in speaking about the "protohistoric" states, the author believes that the ancestors of "the Greeks and the Romans, of the Indians and Persians, of the Chinese and Tibetans, and of the Malays and Polynesians" were the same. Dvaraka was the same as Athens, Kosala was Kish, Mithila was Corinth, and Magadha was Nineveh.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

===Journalism ===
Pillai first worked as an editor of ''Samadarshi'' and later started his own journal, ''Prabodhakan'', by collecting funds from within and outside of India. When ''Prabodhakan'' was banned, he founded and published ''Kesari'', an important weekly discussing politics and literature. Through the columns of ''Kesari'', he fought against the formidable autocracy of the Dewan of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of Travancore. ''Kesari'' was also banned by the government because of its unrelenting criticisms against the misdeeds of Government.<ref>Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature by K.M. George. Page 191, Sahitya Academi.</ref>

== E.M.S Namboodiripad and Kesari Balakrishna Pillai ==
Kesari was considered to be one of the visionaries of the Progressive Movement of Arts and Letters of Kerala.<ref name="Raveendran2002" /> However, later serious differences of opinion emerged between full-time Communist Party activists and other personalities, namely Kesari and Joseph Mundassery. In this context, E. M. S. Namboodiripad called Kesari a "Petit-Bourgeois intellectual", which later he corrected. It was [[T. P. Sukumaran]] who wrote letter to Namboodiripad requesting that he re-consider his views about Kesari and his intellectual positions. Namboodiripad replied back saying he had to once again read old writings before stating anything on that subject. Later Namboodiripad publicly acknowledged the failure of Communist Party leadership in Kerala in rightly understanding the greatness of Kesari.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Namboodiripad also acknowledged some of the earlier misconceptions of the Communist Party with respect to the Progressive Literature and Arts movement.

== Honours ==
The Government of Kerala commissioned a statue of Pillai in Thiruvananthapuram in connection with the 50th death anniversary of his death in 2010.<ref name="Kesari Balakrishna Pillai - Statue">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thex-outdoor.nl/albums/india/slides/IMG_0411.html |title=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai - Statue |date=2019-02-24 |website=thex-outdoor.nl |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> Two public halls, Kesari Memorial Municipal Town Hall in [[North Paravur]]<ref name="Kesari Memorial Municipal Town Hall">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHoItm0Ok4s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/NHoItm0Ok4s |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=Kesari Memorial Municipal Town Hall |last=Muzreesiloode Videos |date=2015-12-06 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-02-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and Kesari Memorial Hall at Pulimoodu in Thiruvananthapuram have been named after him.<ref name="Nambi Narayanan to sue sleuths, seek Rs 1 crore">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200918/nambi-narayanan-to-sue-sleuths-seek-rs-1-crore.html |title=Nambi Narayanan to sue sleuths, seek Rs 1 crore |date=2018-09-20 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref><ref name="Kesari Memorial Hall – Pulimood, Trivandrum">{{Cite web |url=http://entecity.com/places/business/kesari-memorial-hall-pulimood-trivandrum |title=Kesari Memorial Hall – Pulimood, Trivandrum |date=2019-02-24 |website=EnteCity Places |language=en |access-date=2019-02-24 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224124324/http://entecity.com/places/business/kesari-memorial-hall-pulimood-trivandrum |url-status=dead }}</ref> A museum has also been set up at his residence in North Paravur, named ''Kesari Balakrishna Pillai Memorial Museum''.<ref name="Documentary to Reclaim Kesari’s Genius Screened">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsexperts.in/documentary-to-reclaim-kesaris-genius-screened/ |title=Documentary to Reclaim Kesari's Genius Screened |date=2016-10-03 |website=News Experts |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> The 50th death anniversary function was marked by a seminar held at Kesari Memorial Hall, Pulimood when two books on Pillai, ''Kesari A Balakrishna Pillai - Karmaveeryathinte Sooryasobha'', and a collection of his writings, compiled by M. N. Vijayan.<ref>http://expressbuzz.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kesari-balakrishna-pillai-remembered/232527.html{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Modern Kerala owes much to Kesari: VS">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Modern-Kerala-owes-much-to-Kesari-VS/article15599288.ece |title=Modern Kerala owes much to Kesari: VS |date=2010-12-19 |newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> were published. Another seminar, entitled ''Kesariyude Lokam'', was organised by the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] in [[Thrissur]].<ref name="'Kesari gave new identity to Malayalam literature'">{{Cite web |url=https://article.wn.com/view/2010/12/19/Kesari_gave_new_identity_to_Malayalam_literature/ |title=Kesari gave new identity to Malayalam literature |date=2019-02-24 |website=article.wn.com |language=en |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> The life of Pillai was the subject of two documentaries, the first by [[Rajiv Vijay Raghavan]] and the other, titled ''Kesari'', by [[K. R. Manoj]];<ref name="History of ideas" /> the latter work is being exhibited on a permanent loop at Kesari Balakrishna Pillai Memorial Museum.<ref name="Documentary to Reclaim Kesari’s Genius Screened" />

== Bibliography ==
=== Essays and criticism ===
* ''Navalokam'' (The New World)<ref name="A local cosmopolitan: Kesari Balakrishna Pillai and the invention of Europe for colonial India">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/calendar/?id=2992 |title=A local cosmopolitan: "Kesari" Balakrishna Pillai and the invention of Europe for colonial India |date=2019-02-24 |website=Goldsmiths, University of London |language=en |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Outlines of the proto-historic chronology of Western Asia : with some historic chronology of ancient India appended to it |last=Pillai |first=Kesari Balakrishna |date=2009 |publisher=Dept. of Publications, University of Kerala |isbn=978-8186397961 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |oclc=553376729}}
* Sankethika Nirupanangal Sahitya Nirupanangal<ref name="Datta1987" />
* ''Rupamanjari''<ref name="Literary Criticism">{{Cite web |url=http://content.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/88/ET/72-88-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf |title=Literary Criticism |date=2019-02-24 |website=INFLIBNET |page=18 |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>
* ''Novel Prasthanangal''<ref name="Literary Criticism" />
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.indulekha.com/malayalam-books/essays/kesariyude-mukhaprasangangal-essays-kesari-a-balakrishna-pillai?sort=p.model&order=ASC&limit=220 |title=Kesariyude Mukhaprasangangal |publisher=DC Books |year=2010 |editor-last=Vijayan |editor-first=M. N. |page=236 |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224003448/http://www.indulekha.com/malayalam-books/essays/kesariyude-mukhaprasangangal-essays-kesari-a-balakrishna-pillai?sort=p.model&order=ASC&limit=220 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |title=Charitrathinte Adiverukal |last=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |year=1984 |isbn=9788176902496}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=59177&query_desc=au%253A%2522Kesari%2520A.%2520Balakrishnapilla%2522 |title=Charithra Padanangal |last=Kesari A. Balakrishnapilla |date=1992 |publisher=Bamsuri Books |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=47020&query_desc=au%253A%2522Kesari%2520A.%2520Balakrishnapilla%2522 |title=Kesariyude Sahityavimarshanangal |last=Kesari A. Balakrishnapilla |date=1986 |publisher=Sahithya Pravathaka Sahakarana |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=45258&query_desc=au%253A%2522Kesari%2520A.%2520Balakrishnapilla%2522 |title=Charithrathinte Adiverukal |last=Kesari A. Balakrishnapilla |date=1985 |publisher=Kerala Sahithya Accademi |edition=0 |language=Malayalam}}
* ''Kesariyude Lokangal'' - Edited by [[M. N. Vijayan]]<ref name="Kesari books">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KesariABPillai/Html/KesariABPillaiBooks.htm |title=Kesari books |date=2019-02-24 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
* ''Love'' by [[Guy de Maupassant]]
* [[Ghosts (play)|Ghosts]] by [[Henrik Ibsen]]

=== Works on Kesari ===
* {{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtgtAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.indulekha.com/kesari-balakrishna-pillai-keralathile-socrates-biography-k-balakrishnan |title=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai: Keralathile Socrates |last=K. Balakrishnan |publisher=Green Books |year=2014 |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001747/http://www.indulekha.com/kesari-balakrishna-pillai-keralathile-socrates-biography-k-balakrishnan |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |author=Multiple Authors |url=http://www.indulekha.com/kesari-balakrishna-pillai-karmaveeryathinte-sooryasobha-memoirs-many-authors |title=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai: Karmaveeryathinte Sooryasobha |publisher=Government of Kerala |year=2010 |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224063859/http://www.indulekha.com/kesari-balakrishna-pillai-karmaveeryathinte-sooryasobha-memoirs-many-authors |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=135973&query_desc=au%253A%2522Vijayan.m.n%2522 |title=Kesariyude Charithra Gaveshanangal (3 volumes) |last=M. N. Vijayan |date=2010 |publisher=State Institute of Languages, Kerala |edition=1 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78325&query_desc=au%253A%2522Kesari%2520A.%2520Balakrishnapilla%2522 |title=Nava Kerala Shilpikal: Kesari. A. Balakrishna Pillai - BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES |last=Kesari A Balakrishnapilla |date=1982 |publisher=Kerala History Association |language=Malayalam}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Further reading ==
* "Kesari Balakrishna Pillai" by [[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]], Sahitya Akademi,1990.
* "Kesari A Balakrishna Pillai - Karmaveeryathinte Sooryasobha" by Information and Public Relations Department
* {{Cite web |url=https://keralamediaacademy.org/history-of-media/ |title=History of Media in Kerala |date=2019-02-24 |website=Kerala Media Academy |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-24 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001724/https://keralamediaacademy.org/history-of-media/ |url-status=dead }}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJpC22hGSGU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/JJpC22hGSGU |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=kesari Balakrishna Pillai House in North Paravur |last=Muziris Heritage |date=2013-06-02 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-02-24}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KesariABPillai/Html/KesariPage.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-02-24 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-02-24}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Kesari Balakrishna}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1954

2026-05-04T14:49:55Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Punaura Dham

2026-04-25T05:35:24Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Sitamarhi district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name= Maa Janaki Janmabhoomi Temple or Punaura Dham
|country= [[India]]|
location= [[Mithila region]]
|functional_status= Active
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
|image= File:Punaura Sitamarhi.jpg
|caption=The ancient temple of Janaki Janmabhoomi at Punaura Dham in the Sitamarhi district of the Mithila region
|deity= [[Sita]]
|festivals=[[Janaki Navami]], [[Vivaha Panchami]], [[Ram Navami]]
|district=[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|state=[[Bihar]]
|founded_by=King [[Janaka]], [[Pundrik Ashram|Pundrik Rishi]]
|established=[[Treta Yuga]]
|footnotes= Birth place of Goddess Sita in [[Hinduism]]
|native_name=पुनौरा धाम
|native_name_lang=माई
}}
'''Punaura Dham''', entailing [[Janaki Janmasthali Mandir]] (lit. ''Janaki Birthplace Temple''), revered as the birth place of [[Mother goddess|Mata]] [[Sita]], the consort of Lord [[Rama]], in Punaura village 5 km southwest of [[Sitamarhi]] city<ref name=matasitad2/> of [[Sitamarhi district]] in north Bihar near [[India–Nepal border]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bihar tourism |first=Bihar tourism |date=30 Jan 2023 |title=Punaura Dham |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/sitamarhi/punaura-dham |access-date=30 Jan 2023 |website=Bihar tourism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Bihar to develop Sita's birthplace: An expert explains the history and mythology of Mithila |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/history-and-mythology-of-mithila-ramayana-sita-9076478/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Bihar to develop Sita’s birthplace: An expert explains the history and mythology of Mithila |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/history-and-mythology-of-mithila-ramayana-sita-9076478/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Since this temple has immense religious and spiritual significance for [[Hindus]], a large number of pilgrims from all over the world visit here every day.<ref name=matasitad2/> It has been included as a [[Cultural heritage|cultural heritage]] site by the [[Government of India]] under the scheme for protection of cultural heritage in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Parliamentary_Debates.html?id=2zrs-kkeYYUC#Punaura%20dham |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=2018 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref> The Punaura Dham is one of the major destination in the ambitious [[Ramayana circuit]] developed by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Union Minister Amit Shah & Bihar CM Nitish Kumar to lay foundation stone of temple dedicated to Goddess Sita at Punaura Dham, Bihar |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/union-minister-amit-shah-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-to-inaugurate-construction-work-of-temple-dedicated-to-goddess-sita-at-punaura-dham-bihar/ |work=All India Radio (Akashwani)}}</ref> A new city named [[Sitapuram]] around the legendary shrine Punaura Dham has been proposed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Elections 2025: NDA Vows Spiritual City in Sitamarhi{{!}} NDA manifesto Sitamarhi{{!}} Ayodhya |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-2025-nda-promises-spiritual-city-at-goddess-sitas-birthplace-in-sitamarhi-district-3781476 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In the Indian subcontinent, Goddess Sita is generally worshiped as the part of the divine couple with Lord Rama in Hinduism. But Punaura Dham is one of the few temples in the subcontinent dedicated to Goddess Sita, where she is worshipped independently.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Understanding_Hinduism.html?id=7GEfEQAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q=punaura%20dham&f=false |title=Understanding Hinduism: A Guide for Teachers |date=2024-09-05 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-40704-6 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Punaura.gif|thumb|Older view of Punaura Dham]]

== Etymology ==
According to legend, the term ''Punaura'' is derived from the name of the Vedic sage ''Pundrik''. It is believed that there was an ashram of the Vedic sage Pundrik, from which this place was named Pundrik village, which later became popular as ''Punaura'' or ''Punaranya'' and presently it is known as ''Punaura Dham''. It was the location of the ancient [[Pundrik Ashram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=पुंडरीक आश्रम व तालाब होगा विकसित - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-development-of-pundrik-aashram-20738336.html |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==

Punaura is in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region, also called the ''Tirhut'' or ''Tirabhukti'', with history dating back to the [[Vedic period]] (1500-500 BCE) when it was one of the 16 [[Mahajanapadas]] of India, covers surrounding areas of Bihar and Nepal.<ref name=drish1/>

According to [[Valmiki]]'s [[Ramayana]], once there was a severe famine of 12 years in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and then the King Janaka performed a great Yajna with the advice of his priest. As part of this ritual, the King Janaka and his queen Sunaina had to go and plough the barren and rocky land themselves. They had come to plough the barren land that was outside the boundary of the ashram of sage ''Pundarik''.<ref name=":1" /> The priest there advised the King of [[Videha]], [[Janaka]], to plow the field. When the King Janaka was ploughing the field, an earthen pot came out of the ground, in which Mother Sita was in an infant state. The Punaura Dham is believed to be the spot where that earthen pot came out, hence revered as the birthplace of Sita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitamarhi |title=Sitamarhi |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/hi/destinations/sitamarhi |website=Bihar Tourism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Prabhat Khabar Digital |date=2024-01-07 |title=पुनौरा धाम से पाहुन राम को भेजा जा रहा है 7101 दउरा सनेश भार, 5 ट्रक और 101 छोटे वाहनों पर निकलेगी यात्रा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sitamarhi/lord-ram-is-being-sent-7101-daura-sanesh-bhar-from-punaura-dham-sitamadhi-axs |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> Since she came out of a furrow when King Janaka was ploughing the land, he adopted her as his daughter and named her Sita, which means "furrow" in Sanskrit and he also gave her the name Janaki, meaning ''daughter of Janaka''.<ref name=drish1>[https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bihar-s-punaura-dham-project Bihar's Punaura Dham], drishtiias.com, accessed 2 Jul 2025.</ref>

Behind the Sita Mata temple in Punaura Dham, there is a lake by the name of [[Sita Kund|Janaki Kund]]. There is a belief about this lake that bathing in this lake gives birth to children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punaura Dham को अयोध्या की तर्ज पर करना था विकसित, फंड जारी होने के बाद भी काम नहीं होने से लोगों में मायूसी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/sitamarhi/people-demanded-development-work-of-punaura-dham-in-sitamarhi/bh20231024123153031031945 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Janaki kund, Sitamarhi, Bihar.jpg|thumb|Janaki Kund at Punaura Dham ]]

== Legend ==
According to legend, Punaura Dham is mentioned in the text [[Padma Purana]]. In the legend, the celestial sage [[Narada|Devashree Narada]] explained the divinity of the Punaura Dham to [[Rama|Lord Rama]].<ref name=":0" /> Similarly in other legend, it is said that Parashurama used to stay at the Pundrik Ashram situated at this place whenever he came to Mithila. In the epic period, this area was the outskirts of the King Janaka's Mithila Kingdom.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=सीतामड़ई, सीतामही, सीता मठी... सीतामढ़ी नाम कैसे पड़ा, क्या है महाराज जनक और जनकपुरी का इतिहास |url=https://www.aajtak.in/art-and-culture/folk-art/story/sitamarhi-or-janakpur-sita-birthplace-punaura-dham-legend-amit-shah-nitish-kumar-sita-mandir-bhumipujan-ntcpvp-dskc-2306319-2025-08-08 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

There is a legend that the Vedic sage Pundrik established a Surya Mandir at Punaura in devotion to Lord Suryanarayana. The Surya Mandir is presently located on the eastern bank of the Janaki Kund at the premises of the Punaura Dham.<ref>{{Cite news |title=तलाब के पूरब में सूर्य मंदिर स्थापित है:पुनाैरा का प्राचीन कालीन स्थापित सूर्य मंदिर बना आस्था का केंद्र |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/sitamarhi/news/sun-temple-established-in-the-ancient-era-of-punaira-became-the-center-of-faith-129100526.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

==Management==

'''Shree Janaki Janm Bhumi Punaura Dham Mandir Nyas Samiti''', a trust for managing the temple corridor, was formed in 2025.<ref name=hts1>[https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bihar-cabinet-okays-rs-88287cr-for-developing-sitas-birthplace/20250701.htm Bihar Cabinet okays Rs 882.87cr for developing Sita's birthplace], rediff.com, 1 Jun 2025.</ref>

==Upgrade==

In 2025, [[Government of Bihar]] announced Rs 882.87 crore plan to redevelop the Punaura Dham, including the construction of a grand Sita Mata temple and pilgrim corridor on the pattern of [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] (lit. 'Birthplace of Rama'). In 2024, 50 acre land around the temple was acquired for this purpose at the cost of Rs 120.58 crore.<ref name=matasitad1>[https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/punaura-dham-sita-mandir-foundation-stone-will-be-laid-in-august-nitish-cabinet-approves-rs-882-crore-201751360016162.html सीतामढ़ी जिले के पुनौरा धाम में मां जानकी जन्मस्थली पर मंदिर निर्माण का शिलान्यास अग्सत 2025 में होगा। नीतीश कैबिनेट की बैठक में इस योजना के लिए मंगलवार को 882 करोड़ रुपये की मंजूरी दी गई है।], livehindustan.com, 1 Jul 2025.</ref> From this budget, Rs 137 crore will be spent on the redeveloping the old '''Punaura Dham Janki Temple''' and remaining Rs 728 crore for the development of pilgrimage corridor and religious tourism facilities around the temple which will also entail upgrade of '''Sita-Vatika''', '''Luv-Kush Vatika''', new [[parikrama]] (circumambulation) path, kiosks, cafeteria and children's play areas.<ref name=matasitad2>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-bihar-govt-approves-rs-882-crore-for-punaura-dham-janki-mandir-revamp-ahead-of-assembly-elections-2025-07-01-996982 Bihar govt approves Rs 882 crore for 'Punaura Dham Janki Mandir' revamp ahead of Assembly elections], indiatvnews.com, 1 Jul 2025.</ref>

"Design Associates Inc", a design consultant which designed Ayodhya's Ram Janmabhoomi temple, has been appointed the design consultant for the Punaura Dham upgrade project.<ref name=hts1/>

== See also ==

* [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], Rama's birthplace
* [[Janakpur Dham]], Sita's birthplace in Nepal
* [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]], Krishna's birthplace
* [[Kundinapuri]], Rukmini's birthplace
* [[Kaundinyapur]], near Nagpur and associated with Rukmini's birthplace Kundinapuri
* [[Raval, Mathura]], Radha's birthplace 
* [[Parikrama]]
* [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]]
* [[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]]
* [[Yatra]]
* [[Ramjanaki Math]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|26.5865|85.4668|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Sita temples]]

Mamidi Govinda Rao

2026-04-25T03:59:27Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Done.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mamidi Govinda Rao
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Reddy Shanthi]]
| constituency = [[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Pathapatnam]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}

'''Mamidi Govinda Rao''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Pathapatnam Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pathapatnam-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916761.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Pathapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Mamidi Govinda Rao defeats YSRCP's Reddy Shanthi with 26527 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pathapatnam-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548186-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{TDP-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Govinda Rao, Mamidi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Kalyan Kumar Gogoi

2026-04-25T03:34:10Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made biography

{{Short description|Indian politician from Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 June 1996
| term_end = 19 May 2006
| constituency = [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
| predecessor = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| successor = [[Prasanta Phukan]]
| birth_date = {{circa}}1944
| birth_place = [[Naharkatiya]], [[Dibrugarh district]], [[Assam]]
| death_date = 30 September 2016 (aged 70)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1996-2016)
| father = Moheswar Gogoi
| death_place = ABC Colony, [[Guwahati]]
| alma_mater = [[Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College]]
| children = 3
| occupation = *[[Politician]]
}}

'''Kalyan Kumar Gogoi''' ({{Circa|1944}}- 30 September 2016) was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He was a former member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from 1996. He was a dentist before his entry to politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dibrugarh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/dibrugarh-assam-assembly-constituency#2006 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-10-01 |title=Former Congress legislators Kalyan Gogoi and Jaychandra gbanshi no more |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/former-congress-legislators-kalyan-gogoi-and-jaychandra-gbanshi-no-more/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Oct 1, 2016 |title=Congress: Two former Congress MLAs pass away {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/two-former-congress-mlas-pass-away/articleshow/54620889.cms |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gogoi was born in 1944 in [[Naharkatiya]] to the late Moheswar Gogoi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyan Kumar Gogoi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- DIBRUGARH(DIBRUGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/assam2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=251 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Gogoi was an [[alumnus]] of [[Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College]]. He obtained his degree in Dental Medicine from Dr R Ahmed Dental College, Kolkata.<ref name=":1" />

== Political career ==
Gogoi joined [[Indian National Congress]] in 1996. He was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] in the 1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election. He received 22523 votes, 40.72% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest opponent, an [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] candidate, by 5992 votes. He also defeated the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] and former [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] who came 4th in the election.<ref name=":0" />

In the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election, Gogoi sought reelection in [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. He received 40675 votes, 67.57% of the total vote, defeating his nearest opponent by 25961 votes.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Gogoi sought reelection in [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. He received 28249 votes, losing to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate and the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]], [[Prasanta Phukan]].<ref name=":0" />

In the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Gogoi was again the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. He received 26897 votes, 31.9% of the total vote, coming second to Prasanta Phukan by 19609 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life and death ==
Gogoi and his wife had 3 daughters. He continued his social activities until his death.<ref name=":1" />

Gogoi died at 12.45 AM on 30 September 2016, after suffering a massive [[heart attack]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He died at his residence in ABC Colony, [[Guwahati]] and was survived by his wife, 3 daughters, sons in law, grandchildren and admirers.<ref name=":1" /> He died the same day as former minister and former [[Moran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Moran]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Joy Chandra Nagbanshi. [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee]] President, [[Ripun Bora]], offered his condolences on twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ripun Bora condolences |url=https://twitter.com/ripunbora/status/781850618747031552 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> His body was carried to his residence in Seujpur, Dibrugarh for his last rites.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogoi, Kalyan Kumar}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

2024–25 I-League

2026-04-24T10:06:23Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[I-League]]
| image = [[File:2024–25 I-League.jpg|300px]]
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| dates = 22 November 2024 – 6 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League 2024-25 Fixture|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2024/10/I-League-2024-25-Fixture.pdf|date=24 October 2024|location=New Delhi|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team|access-date=24 October 2024|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109035355/https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2024/10/I-League-2024-25-Fixture.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| winners = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] (1st title)
| promoted = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| relegated = [[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| matches = 132
| total goals = 419
| league topscorer = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (17 goals)
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] 8–0 [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (8 December 2024)
| biggest away win = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] 0–5 [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (8 January 2025)
| highest scoring = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]] 5–5 Shillong Lajong (18 January 2025)
| longest wins = 4 matches [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| longest unbeaten = 9 matches Namdhari
| longest winless = 8 matches Delhi
| longest losses = 5 matches Delhi
| highest attendance = 10,738 Delhi 0–5 Gokulam Kerala (8 January 2025)
| lowest attendance = 115 [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] 3–1 Sreenidi Deccan (20 December 2024)
| attendance = 2,84,857
| average attendance = 2,158
| prevseason = [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Indian Football League|2025–26]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2024–25 I-League''' was the 18th season of the [[I-League]] and the third season as the second tier of the [[Indian football league system]]. [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] were the reigning champions, having won the [[2023–24 I-League]].

[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] were initially declared the provisional champions of I-League by AIFF,<ref>{{cite web|title=It's official: Churcill Brothers are I-League champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/its-official-churchill-brothers-are-i-league-champions/articleshow/120440853.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 July 2025 |language=en |date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Churchill Brothers declared I-League champion, Inter Kashi to challenge decision at CAS |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/churchill-brothers-declared-i-league-champion-inter-kashi-loses-aiff-appeals-committee-indian-football/article69469054.ece |website=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=18 July 2025 |language=en |date=19 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/churchill-i-league-title-isl-promotion-aiff-verdict-inter-kashi-9954001/|title=Churchill get I-League title & ISL promotion after AIFF panel verdict, Inter Kashi to approach CAS|work=The Indian Express|date=19 April 2025|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420144651/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/churchill-i-league-title-isl-promotion-aiff-verdict-inter-kashi-9954001/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/churchill-brothers-are-i-league-champs-earn-isl-promotion/20250419.htm|title=Churchill Brothers declared I-League champs, earn ISL promotion|first1=Norma|last1=Godinho|work=Rediff|date=19 April 2025|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420145056/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/churchill-brothers-are-i-league-champs-earn-isl-promotion/20250419.htm}}</ref> but the decision was later overturned by the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] (CAS) who declared [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] the champions, allowing them promotion to the [[2025–26 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-i-league-winner-cas-ruling-aiff-indian-football-news/article69827062.ece|title=Inter Kashi crowned I-League 2024-25 champion after CAS ruling|date=18 July 2025|work=Sportstar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CAS declare Inter Kashi I-League winner; AIFF & three clubs to pay fine |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-cas-declare-inter-kashi-i-league-winners-202507 |website=Khelnow |access-date=18 July 2025 |language=en |date=18 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Truth will always emerge victorious! |url=https://x.com/InterKashi/status/1946143027812311275 |website=X (Twitter) |access-date=18 July 2025 |language=en |date=18 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CAS reverses AIFF decision again, makes Inter Kashi I-League champions |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/cas-reverses-aiff-decision-again-makes-inter-kashi-i-league-champions-2878514 |website=www.news9live.com |access-date=18 July 2025 |language=en |date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

==Team changes==
The following teams have changed division since the [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24 season]]:{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-2}}

=== To I-League ===
'''Promoted from [[2023–24 I-League 2|I-League 2]]'''
* [[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
* [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]

{{col-2}}

=== From I-League ===
'''Promoted to [[2024–25 Indian Super League|ISL]]'''
* [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]

'''Relegated to [[2024–25 I-League 2|I-League 2]]'''
* [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
* [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]

{{col-end}}

Two years after disbanding [[Indian Arrows]], the AIFF planned to field the [[India national under-20 football team|India U-20]] team for game time and preparation for the [[2027 AFC Asian Cup|2027 Asian Cup]] and [[2026 Asian Games]], with exemption from promotion-relegation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Sayan |date=13 August 2024 |title=AIFF to field India's under-20 football team in the I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/aiff-to-field-indias-u-20-football-team-in-i-league-2654129 |access-date=13 August 2024 |work=News Nine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 September 2024 |title=AIFF ExCo: India U20 to feature in I-League |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-exco-india-u20-to-feature-in-i-league-national-teams-to-get-high-altitude-training-camps-at-arunachals-tawang |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=AIFF |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910170917/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-exco-india-u20-to-feature-in-i-league-national-teams-to-get-high-altitude-training-camps-at-arunachals-tawang |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the plan was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title=AIFF drops plan to field U-20 team in I-League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-drops-plan-to-field-u-20-team-in-i-league/articleshow/114327571.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{{Location map+
|India3
|float=right
|width=340
|caption=Locations of the I-League teams
|places=


{{Location map~|India3 |lat=23.73 |long=92.72 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.318889 |long=83.012778 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=30.88 |long=76.06 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nobreak|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.58 |long=91.89 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position">[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=26.90 |long=75.80 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |label= <div style="font-size:85%">{{nobreak|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=11.25 |long=75.77 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nobreak|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=34.07 |long=74.82 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=17.38 |long=78.49 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nobreak|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=12.96 |long=77.61 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.25 |long=73.95 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.52 |long=73.92 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]}}</div>|position=left}}
}}
<section end="map" />

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size"
|-
!Team
!State/UT
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Margao]]
|[[Raia, Goa|Raia]] Panchayat Ground<ref>{{cite web|title=Churchill Bros opt for Raia as their home ground for the I-League|date=8 December 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/churchill-bros-opt-for-raia-as-home-ground-for-i-league/articleshow/116087253.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2025|archive-date=6 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206170458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/churchill-bros-opt-for-raia-as-home-ground-for-i-league/articleshow/116087253.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|8,000
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]{{efn|The club is originally from [[Delhi]], but will play its home games in [[Mahilpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] for the 2024–25 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi FC to host I League matches at Mahilpur|date=12 November 2024|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/delhi-fc-to-host-i-league-matches-at-mahilpur/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>}}
|[[Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|Coach Ali Hasan Stadium, [[Mahilpur]]
|10,000
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Panaji]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League: Non-compliant academy ground forces Dempo to shift to Fatorda|date=7 January 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/i-league-non-compliant-academy-ground-prompts-dempo-to-shift-to-fatorda/articleshow/117002568.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 January 2025|archive-date=6 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106183358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/i-league-non-compliant-academy-ground-prompts-dempo-to-shift-to-fatorda/articleshow/117002568.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|19,000
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|50,000
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]{{efn|The club is based in [[Varanasi]] but will play its home games in [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]].<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League 2024-25: Habas loses first league match as Inter Kashi manager|date=14 December 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-2024-25-inter-kashi-vs-churchill-gokulam-kerala-vs-shillong-lajong-results-scores-stats-report/article68986322.ece|website=Sportstar|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>}}
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Varanasi]]
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Sri Bhaini Sahib|Bhaini Sahib]]
|[[Namdhari FC#Stadiums|Namdhari Stadium]]
|1,000
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Rajasthan United FC#Stadiums|Vidhyadhar Nagar Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web|title=RUFC home game moved to Jan|date=10 December 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-united-fcs-december-home-match-rescheduled-to-january-due-to-stadium-readiness-issues/articleshow/116184202.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
|3,000
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]]
|[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|10,000
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Meghalaya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shillong]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC#Home ground|SSA Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|30,000
|-
|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|8,400
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Deccan Arena]]
|1,500
|-
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Personnel and sponsorship ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Team
! scope="col" |Head coach
! scope="col" |Captain
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Kit manufacturer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Victor Lalbiakmawia
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalchhawnkima]]
|Vamos<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2024 |title=Unveiling our 40th Anniversary Edition Home Jersey for the 2024/2025 season. 🔴⚪️ |url=https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[X (Twitter)]] |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830145939/https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|NECS Limited<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=23 June 2024 |title=Unveiling our 40th Anniversary Edition Home Jersey for the 2024/2025 season. 🔴⚪️ |url=https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830145939/https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[X (Twitter)]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CYP}} [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Aubin Kouakou]]
|King Sports
|Churchill Brothers
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Yan Law]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Stephen Acquah
|King Sports
|PSSC
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Samir Naik]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]]
|Shiv Naresh
|[[Dempo]]
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[:es:Antonio Jesús Rueda Fernández|Antonio Rueda Fernández]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Sergio Llamas]]
|Vector X<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1693611439838380172 |title=It's official – GKFC and Do's India unite for a season of greatness! We're excited to have them on board as our kit partner |date=21 August 2023 |publisher=Gokulam Kerala FC |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025011128/https://twitter.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1693611439838380172 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[CSB Bank]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Zaidi |first=Waseem |date=21 January 2022 |title=I-LEAGUE: Introducing shirt sponsors of every I-league club for 2021-22 season |url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122125039/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=www.khelnow.com |publisher=Khel Now}}</ref>
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sumeet Passi]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2024 |title=Inter Kashi FC 🤝 Hummels Inter Kashi released their new jersey for the upcoming season. |url=https://x.com/athleticindia/status/1812393690041663923 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[X (Twitter)]] |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830145939/https://x.com/athleticindia/status/1812393690041663923 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[UCO Bank]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2024 |title=We are pleased to launch the Jersey for the upcoming season with UCO Bank as our primary sponsor. |url=https://x.com/InterKashi/status/1812383936976425185 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[X (Twitter)]] |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830145940/https://x.com/InterKashi/status/1812383936976425185 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} Fernando Capobianco
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Manvir Singh
|SPS Hospitals<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Rahul|last1=Saha|url=https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|title=I-league Commercial Guide: A Complete List of the 2023/24 I-League Team Sponsors|date=3 November 2023|access-date=26 September 2021|website=sportskhabri.com|publisher=Sports Khabri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103074811/https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|Namdharis
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} [[Walter Caprile]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Mohit Singh Verito
|King Sports
|Vertak Group
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Kamal Issah]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|Livpure
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[José Hevia]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
|King Sports
|Meghalaya Tourism
|-
|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Chinta Chandrashekar Rao]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Shankar Sampingiraj]]
|MS Sportswear
|Fortunas News
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ishant Singh ''(Assistant)''
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|Sreenidi Group
|}

=== Managerial changes ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size"
|-
! scope=col|Team
! scope=col|Outgoing manager
! scope=col|Manner of departure
! scope=col|Date of vacancy
! scope=col|Position in the table
! scope="col"|Incoming manager
! scope=col|Date of appointment
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Sareef Khan
| rowspan="2" |End of interim spell
|01 May 2024
| rowspan="6" align="center" |''Pre-season''
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[:es:Antonio Jesús Rueda Fernández|Antonio Rueda Fernández]]
|01 May 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Gokulam Kerala set to appoint Antonio Rueda as new head coach |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-gokulam-kerala-fc-antonio-rueda-202404}}</ref>
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|JPN}} [[Arata Izumi]]
|25 July 2024
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]]
|25 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=काशी, अब चारों ओर मचा दो शोर! 📢 |url=https://x.com/InterKashi/status/1816359126370324535 |website=X (Formerly Twitter) |access-date=2024-07-25 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219101414/https://x.com/InterKashi/status/1816359126370324535 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|POR}} [[Carlos Vaz Pinto]]
|Signed by [[C.D. Mafra|Mafra]]
|16 June 2024
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Domingo Oramas
|03 August 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Domingo Oramas joins us as Head Coach of the first team. Let's welcome our new mastermind! 🔥 |url=https://x.com/sreenidideccan/status/1819703378148020679 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Pushpender Kundu
|End of contract
|31 May 2024
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} [[Walter Caprile]]
|20 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new era begins! Welcome to the family, Coach! 🏆👊 |url=https://x.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1825904862938210640 |website=X (Formerly Twitter) |access-date=2024-08-28 |archive-date=2024-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828025609/https://x.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1825904862938210640 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Domingo Oramas
|Sacked
|24 September 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=🚨 ANNOUNCEMENT 🚨 |url=https://x.com/sreenidideccan/status/1838531332281971107?t=-RNVrFQorMXo66MeQKg28w&s=19 |website=X (Formerly Twitter) |access-date=2024-09-24 |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924161950/https://x.com/sreenidideccan/status/1838531332281971107?t=-RNVrFQorMXo66MeQKg28w&s=19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|POR}} [[Rui Amorim]]
|26 September 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League club Sreenidi Deccan set to appoint Rui Amorim as new head coach |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-sreenidi-deccan-reportedly-appoint-rui-amorim-head-coach-202409 |website=khelnow.com |access-date=2024-09-24 |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924165724/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-sreenidi-deccan-reportedly-appoint-rui-amorim-head-coach-202409 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]
|Visa issues
|25 October 2024
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CYP}} [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)| Dimitris Dimitriou]]
|25 October 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Churchill rope in Dimitriou as new coach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/churchill-rope-in-dimitriou-as-new-coach/articleshow/114558840.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|POR}} [[Rui Amorim]]
|Mutual consent
|26 January 2025<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=🚨 CLUB STATEMENT 🚨 |url=https://x.com/sreenidideccan/status/1883443552858050854?t=UcfVQFwzGMl_s5C0fLXchQ&s=19 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|8th
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ishant Singh ''(Assistant)''
|28 January 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/BAHLVl1NKa/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} [[Walter Caprile]]
|Mutual consent
|12 March 2025<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/_3azRgcvZ/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|8th
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Vikas Rawat ''(Interim)''
|12 March 2025<ref name=":1" />
|}

== Foreign players ==
'''Bold''' denotes the player was signed mid-season.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:85%"
|-
!scope=col style="width:160px;"| Team
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 1
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 2
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 3
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 4
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 5
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 6
!scope=col style="width:180px;"|Former player(s)
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|Colombia}} [[Luis Rodríguez (Colombian footballer)|Luis Rodriguez]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastian Gutierrez]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Aubin Kouakou]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Pape Gassama]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|RSA}} [[Wayde Lekay]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[José Luis Moreno]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Rafiq Aminu
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ENG}} [[Kurtis Guthrie]]'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BHU}} [[Dawa Kuenjung Tshering|Dawa Tshering]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} Junior Onguene
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Stephen Acquah
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|NGR}} Nelson Okwa
|
|
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} Stephane Dang'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Danilo Quipapá]]'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} Stephane Binong'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Laken Limbu]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} Damián Perez Roa
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|NGA}} [[Lukman Adefemi]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SYR}} [[Shaher Shaheen]]
| '''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]'''
| |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Didier Brossou]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|SRB}} Matija Babović''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|Lesotho}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|MLI}} [[Adama Niane (footballer)|Adama Niane]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|MNE}} Siniša Stanisavić
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Sergio Llamas]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]]
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Wander Luiz (footballer, born 1992)|Wander Luiz]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} Domi Berlanga
| '''{{#invoke:flag|icon|SRB}} Matija Babović'''
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SRB}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[David Bollo|David Humanes]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Julen Pérez''
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Vicente (footballer, born 1996)|Vicente]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Francis Addo
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Joseph Gordon
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} David Mills
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Adrián Montoro]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} Mateo Caprile
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ECU}} Ronaldo Johnson Mina
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|KGZ}} [[Bektur Amangeldiyev]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Alain Oyarzun]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} [[Maicol Cabrera]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} Lucas Rodríguez
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} Ronny Rodríguez'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Gerard Artigas]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Paulo Cézar
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
| '''{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Gnohere Krizo]]'''
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Idan Ocran
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Kamal Issah]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|COD}} Ramazani Tshimanga''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Daniel Gonçalves
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Marcos Rudwere Silva
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Renan Paulino]]
|
|
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Imanol Arana''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|JAP}} [[Yuya Kuriyama]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|POR}} [[:lt:Carlos Lomba|Carlos Lomba]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|UGA}} [[Henry Kisekka]]
| '''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]'''
| '''{{#invoke:flag|icon|SRB}} [[Slavko Lukić]]'''
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|AFG|2013}} [[Faysal Shayesteh]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CUW}} [[Roly Bonevacia]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|PAN}} [[Ángel Orelien]]
|
|}

== League table ==
Sources:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ileague-2024-25-finale-points-table-win-i-league-churchill-brothers-vs-inter-kashi-scenarios-isl-promotion/article69419562.ece |title=I-League 2024–25 final points table: Which team getting ISL promotion, which teams are relegated? |location=Chennai |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=Sportstar |date=6 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407102125/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ileague-2024-25-finale-points-table-win-i-league-churchill-brothers-vs-inter-kashi-scenarios-isl-promotion/article69419562.ece}}</ref>

<onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=League table
|update=complete
|source=[https://i-league.org/points-table/i-league/ I-League]
|show_groups=no

|team_order=IKA, CHB, REK, GOK, RAJ, DEM, NAM, SHL, SRD, AIZ, SCB, DEL


|win_IKA=12|draw_IKA=6 |loss_IKA=4 |gf_IKA=42|ga_IKA=31
|win_CHB=11|draw_CHB=7 |loss_CHB=4 |gf_CHB=45|ga_CHB=25
|win_REK=10|draw_REK=7 |loss_REK=5 |gf_REK=31|ga_REK=25
|win_GOK=11|draw_GOK=4 |loss_GOK=7 |gf_GOK=45|ga_GOK=29
|win_RAJ=9 |draw_RAJ=6 |loss_RAJ=7 |gf_RAJ=34|ga_RAJ=33
|win_DEM=8 |draw_DEM=5 |loss_DEM=9 |gf_DEM=35|ga_DEM=33
|win_NAM=8 |draw_NAM=5 |loss_NAM=9 |gf_NAM=28|ga_NAM=30
|win_SHL=7 |draw_SHL=7 |loss_SHL=8 |gf_SHL=46|ga_SHL=45
|win_SRD=7 |draw_SRD=7 |loss_SRD=8 |gf_SRD=34|ga_SRD=37
|win_AIZ=6 |draw_AIZ=5 |loss_AIZ=11|gf_AIZ=35|ga_AIZ=46
|win_SCB=5 |draw_SCB=6 |loss_SCB=11|gf_SCB=24|ga_SCB=42
|win_DEL=3 |draw_DEL=5 |loss_DEL=14|gf_DEL=21|ga_DEL=44


|name_IKA=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|name_CHB=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_SCB=[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
|name_DEL=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]


|hth_IKA=Inter Kashi was awarded and then stripped of points in multiple rulings. The [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] ultimately ruled in their favor, restoring four deducted points.<ref name="NamdhariPoints">{{cite news |title=AIFF Disciplinary Committee Decision |url=https://x.com/ILeague_aiff/status/1894062481909178570 |publisher=I-League |date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>

|hth_NAM=Namdhari was deducted three points for fielding an ineligible player, then awarded three in another ruling, which was also later overturned.<ref name="NamdhariPoints"/>

|hth_CHB=Churchill Brothers were deducted one point and awarded two, which were later revoked by the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]]. Churchill Brothers challenged this decision in [[Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland]], which was dismissed, preventing further changes in points table.<ref name="ChurchillPoints">{{cite news |title=AIFF Disciplinary Committee Decision |url=https://x.com/ILeague_aiff/status/1894982219430559845 |publisher=I-League |date=24 February 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>

|hth_AIZ=Aizawl was awarded two points after Churchill Brothers fielded an ineligible player.<ref name="ChurchillPoints"/>

|hth_GOK=Head-to-head: Real Kashmir 4, Gokulam Kerala 1
|hth_DEM=Head-to-head: Dempo 4, Namdhari 1
|hth_REK=The forfeit win originally awarded to Real Kashmir was revoked by CAS in favor of Inter Kashi.<ref name="ChurchillPoints"/>


|status_IKA=CP
|status_DEL=R
|status_SCB=R


|class_rules=1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Total goal difference; 5) Total goals scored; 6) Drawing of lots (Note: Head-to-head applies only after all relevant matches are played)


|res_col_header=PR
|col_ISL=green1 |text_ISL={{nowrap|Promotion to [[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL]] and qualification for [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|Super Cup (April)]] and [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|(October)]]}}
|col_SC=blue1 |text_SC=Qualification for [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|Super Cup (April)]] and [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|(October)]]<ref name="supercup-note">Gokulam Kerala qualified as Churchill Brothers and Real Kashmir withdrew.</ref>
|col_SC1=yellow1 |text_SC1=Qualification for [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup (October)]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2024–25 I-League 2|I-League 2]]

|result1=ISL
|result4=SC
|result5=SC1
|result6=SC1
|result11=R
|result12=R

|show_limit=5
}}</onlyinclude>

== Results ==
=== Fixtures and results ===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/i-league/ I-League]
|update = complete
|matches_style = FBR


|team1=AIZ |team2=CHB |team3=DEL |team4=DEM |team5=GOK |team6=IKA |team7=NAM |team8=RAJ |team9=REK |team10=SHL |team11=SCB |team12=SRD



|name_AIZ = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_CHB = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_DEL = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_DEM = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|name_GOK = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_IKA = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|name_NAM = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_RAJ = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_REK = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_SHL = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_SCB = [[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
|name_SRD = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]




|match_AIZ_CHB=3-0{{efn|Churchill Brothers were deducted one point and three points given to Aizawl for fielding an ineligible player. Initially the match was drawn 1–1.}}
|match_AIZ_DEL=4–2
|match_AIZ_DEM=0-0
|match_AIZ_GOK=1-2
|match_AIZ_IKA=0-3
|match_AIZ_NAM=3-0
|match_AIZ_RAJ=1-2
|match_AIZ_REK=1-1
|match_AIZ_SHL=1-3
|match_AIZ_SCB=2-0
|match_AIZ_SRD=3–4


|match_CHB_AIZ=6-0
|match_CHB_DEL=2–2
|match_CHB_DEM=2–0
|match_CHB_GOK=2-1
|match_CHB_IKA=2-2{{efn|Inter Kashi were deducted one point and two points were given to Churchill Brothers, after Inter Kashi fielded an ineligible player. Initially the match was drawn by 2–2. On 18 July 2025, the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] revoked the two points previously awarded to Churchill Brothers from Inter Kashi match.}}
|match_CHB_NAM=0-1
|match_CHB_RAJ=3-1
|match_CHB_REK=3-1
|match_CHB_SHL=6-1
|match_CHB_SCB=1-1
|match_CHB_SRD=1-1


|match_DEL_AIZ= 0-2
|match_DEL_CHB=1-2
|match_DEL_DEM= 2-1
|match_DEL_GOK=0-5
|match_DEL_IKA=0-1
|match_DEL_NAM=0-2
|match_DEL_RAJ=1-1
|match_DEL_REK=1-2
|match_DEL_SHL=3-1
|match_DEL_SCB=0-1
|match_DEL_SRD= 0-1

|match_DEM_AIZ=5-2
|match_DEM_CHB=1-3
|match_DEM_DEL=1-0
|match_DEM_GOK=0-1
|match_DEM_IKA=0–1
|match_DEM_NAM=2-2
|match_DEM_RAJ=0–4
|match_DEM_REK=1-1
|match_DEM_SHL=2-2
|match_DEM_SCB=8-1
|match_DEM_SRD=2-3


|match_GOK_AIZ=1–1
|match_GOK_CHB=0-1
|match_GOK_DEL=6-3
|match_GOK_DEM=3-4
|match_GOK_IKA=6-2
|match_GOK_NAM=0-2
|match_GOK_RAJ=0-0
|match_GOK_REK=0-1
|match_GOK_SHL=3-4
|match_GOK_SCB=2-0
|match_GOK_SRD= 1-0

|match_IKA_AIZ=4-3
|match_IKA_CHB=1-3
|match_IKA_DEL=5-1
|match_IKA_DEM=0-2
|match_IKA_GOK=3-2
|match_IKA_NAM=3-2{{efn|Inter Kashi were deducted three points and given to Namdhari for fielding an ineligible player. Initially Inter Kashi won the match by 3-2. On 18 July 2025, the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] ruled in favour of Inter Kashi, revoked the three points previously awarded to Namdhari in the return leg.}}
|match_IKA_RAJ=3-1
|match_IKA_REK=1-3{{efn|The match was forfeited in favour of Real Kashmir as Inter Kashi fielded an ineligible player. Initially Real Kashmir already won the match by 1-3. On 18 July 2025, the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] ruled in favour of Inter Kashi, revoked the forfeiture previously awarded to Real Kashmir.}}
|match_IKA_SHL=2–1
|match_IKA_SCB=1–0
|match_IKA_SRD=3-1


|match_NAM_AIZ=3–1
|match_NAM_CHB=1–1
|match_NAM_DEL=0-0
|match_NAM_DEM=0–1
|match_NAM_GOK=1-3
|match_NAM_IKA=0-3{{efn|Namdhari were deducted three points and given to Inter Kashi for fielding an ineligible player in Match 45. Initially Namdhari won the match by 2–0. However, later AIFF Appeal Committee reverted the decision later that was again reverted back in favour of Inter Kashi by an appeal to [[Court of Arbitration of Sports]].<ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF Disciplinary Committee Decision|url=https://x.com/ILeague_aiff/status/1894062481909178570|publisher=I-League|date=24 February 2025|access-date=24 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226110747/https://x.com/ILeague_aiff/status/1894062481909178570|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|match_NAM_RAJ=1-3
|match_NAM_REK=1–0
|match_NAM_SHL=5-2
|match_NAM_SCB=2–1
|match_NAM_SRD=1-1


|match_RAJ_AIZ=0-0
|match_RAJ_CHB=1-0
|match_RAJ_DEL=3-1
|match_RAJ_DEM=1-1
|match_RAJ_GOK= 0-3
|match_RAJ_IKA=1-1
|match_RAJ_NAM= 2-1
|match_RAJ_REK=4-0
|match_RAJ_SHL=4-0
|match_RAJ_SCB=2-1
|match_RAJ_SRD=1-2


|match_REK_AIZ=2-1
|match_REK_CHB=1-1
|match_REK_DEL=2-1
|match_REK_DEM=2-0
|match_REK_GOK=1-1
|match_REK_IKA=1-1
|match_REK_NAM=1-0
|match_REK_RAJ=2-0
|match_REK_SHL=2-0
|match_REK_SCB=3-1
|match_REK_SRD=2-2


|match_SHL_AIZ=4-4
|match_SHL_CHB=2-2
|match_SHL_DEL=0-0
|match_SHL_DEM=0-2
|match_SHL_GOK=0-0
|match_SHL_IKA=0–0
|match_SHL_NAM=3-2
|match_SHL_RAJ=8–0
|match_SHL_REK=1–0
|match_SHL_SCB=5-0
|match_SHL_SRD=4–0


|match_SCB_AIZ=1-2
|match_SCB_CHB=1-3
|match_SCB_DEL=2-2
|match_SCB_DEM=3-1
|match_SCB_GOK= 1-2
|match_SCB_IKA=0-0
|match_SCB_NAM=0-0
|match_SCB_RAJ=2-2
|match_SCB_REK=3–2
|match_SCB_SHL=2-0
|match_SCB_SRD=1-0


|match_SRD_AIZ=3–0
|match_SRD_CHB=2–1
|match_SRD_DEL=0-1
|match_SRD_DEM=0-1
|match_SRD_GOK=2–3
|match_SRD_IKA=2-2
|match_SRD_NAM=0-1
|match_SRD_RAJ=2–1
|match_SRD_REK=1-1
|match_SRD_SHL=5-5
|match_SRD_SCB=2-2
}}
{{notelist}}

=== Results by games ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b

|team1=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|team3=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|team4=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|team5=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|team6=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|team7=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|team8=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|team9=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|team10=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|team11=[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
|team12=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]


| pos1= D/W/D/L/L/D/L/L/L/W/L/L/D/L/W/L/W/L/W/L/D/W 
| pos2= D/L/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/L/W/D/W/D/L/D/W/W/W/D/D/D 
| pos3= D/L/L/W/D/W/L/D/L/L/L/L/L/D/L/L/W/L/L/L/L/D 
| pos4= D/W/W/L/W/L/L/L/D/L/W/L/W/D/D/L/L/W/L/W/D/D 
| pos5= W/D/D/L/D/D/W/W/L/W/W/L/L/L/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/D 
| pos6= W/W/D/D/L/W/W/W/W/L/D/W/L/W/D/W/L/W/D/W/D/W 
| pos7= D/L/L/W/W/D/W/L/W/W/D/W/L/D/L/D/W/L/L/L/W/L 
| pos8= L/W/L/L/W/D/W/D/D/W/D/W/D/D/L/W/L/L/W/W/W/L 
| pos9= W/D/W/D/L/D/L/D/W/W/L/W/D/W/W/L/W/W/L/W/D/D 
| pos10= D/L/D/W/D/L/W/W/D/L/W/L/W/W/D/L/W/L/L/L/D/D 
| pos11= L/L/L/W/D/D/L/L/L/W/L/D/W/D/D/W/L/L/W/L/L/D 
| pos12= L/W/W/L/L/L/W/D/D/L/D/W/D/L/W/W/L/W/D/D/L/D 

|color_W = green2| text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2| text_L =Lose
|source = [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/i-league/ I-League]
|update = complete
}}

=== Positions by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=br|header=Round|sortable=yes
|team1=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|team3=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|team4=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|team5=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|team6=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|team7=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|team8=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|team9=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|team10=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|team11=[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
|team12=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]

| pos1= 8/4/5/8/10/10/11/11/11/10/10/10/11/12/11/11/11/11/11/11/10/10 

| pos2= 4/8/7/3/1/1/2/1/1/2/1/2/1/1/1/2/1/1/1/1/1/2 

| pos3= 7/11/11/10/11/6/10/10/10/11/11/12/12/11/12/12/12/12/12/12/12/12 

| pos4= 6/3/3/4/2/3/5/9/9/8/8/9/8/8/9/9/9/9/9/9/9/7 

| pos5= 2/5/6/7/7/7/4/4/5/4/3/4/7/7/6/4/6/4/4/4/2/3 

| pos6= 3/1/1/1/3/2/1/2/2/3/4/3/3/3/4/1/2/2/2/2/4/1 

| pos7= 9/10/10/9/5/5/3/3/3/1/2/1/2/2/3/7/5/6/7/7/6/6 

| pos8= 12/7/8/12/9/8/6/6/7/6/7/6/5/6/7/5/7/8/5/5/5/5 

| pos9= 1/2/2/2/4/4/8/7/6/5/6/5/4/4/2/3/3/3/3/3/3/4 

| pos10= 5/9/9/6/6/9/7/5/4/7/5/7/6/5/5/6/4/5/6/8/7/8 

| pos11= 11/12/12/11/12/12/12/12/12/12/12/11/10/10/10/10/10/10/10/10/11/11 

| pos12= 10/6/4/5/8/11/9/8/8/9/9/8/9/9/8/8/8/7/8/6/8/9 

|color_1 = green1| text_1 = Promotion to '''[[2025–26 Indian Super League]]''' and Qualification for '''[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup]]'''
|color_2 = blue1| text_2 = Qualification for '''[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup]]'''
|color_4 = blue1
|color_11 = red2| text_11 =Relegation to '''[[2025–26 I-League 2]]'''
|color_12 = red2
|source = [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/i-league/ I-League]
}}

== Season statistics ==
{{updated|6 April 2025}}
=== Top scorers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| 1
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| align="left" | Sreenidi Deccan
| 17
|-
| 2
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]]
| align="left" | Shillong Lajong
| 13
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]]
| align="left" | Namdhari
| rowspan="2" | 12
|-
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
| align="left" | Aizawl
|-
| 5
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|LES}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
| 11
|}

=== Hat-tricks ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! For
! Against
! style="text-align:center" | Result
! Date
! Ref
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} Domi Berlanga
| Inter Kashi
| Delhi
| align="center" | 5–1 (H)
| {{dts|2024|12|01|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/12/01/india/i-league/inter-kashi/delhi-fc/4550034/|title=Inter Kashi 5 – 1 Delhi|date=1 December 2024|access-date=8 December 2024|website=Soccerway|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208113930/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/12/01/india/i-league/inter-kashi/delhi-fc/4550034/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]]
| Namdhari
| Aizawl
| align="center" | 3–1 (H)
| {{dts|2024|12|08|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/12/08/india/i-league/namdhari/aizawl-fc/4550044/|title=Namdhari 3 – 1 Aizawl|date=8 December 2024|access-date=8 December 2024|website=Soccerway|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208113328/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2024/12/08/india/i-league/namdhari/aizawl-fc/4550044/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| Sreenidi Deccan
| Aizawl
| align="center" | 4–3 (A)
| {{dts|2025|01|09|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/01/09/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/sreenidi-deccan/4550062/|title=Aizawl 3 – 4 Sreenidi Deccan|date=9 January 2025|access-date=9 January 2025|website=Soccerway}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]]
| Shillong Lajong
| SC Bengaluru
| align="center" | 5–0 (H)
| {{dts|2025|01|13|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/01/13/india/i-league/lajong-sc/sc-bengaluru/4550068/|title=Shillong Lajong 5 – 0 SC Bengaluru|date=13 January 2025|access-date=13 January 2025|website=Soccerway|url-status=live|archive-date=13 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113134740/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/01/13/india/i-league/lajong-sc/sc-bengaluru/4550068/}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]]
| Shillong Lajong
| Sreenidi Deccan
| align="center" | 5–5 (A)
| {{dts|2025|01|18|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/01/18/india/i-league/sreenidi-deccan/lajong-sc/4550073/|title=Sreenidi Deccan 5 – 5 Shillong Lajong|date=18 January 2025|access-date=18 January 2025|website=Soccerway}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
| Aizawl
| Delhi
| align="center" | 4–2 (H)
| {{dts|2025|01|22|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/01/22/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/delhi-fc/4550082/|title=Aizawl 4 – 2 Delhi|date=22 January 2025|access-date=22 January 2025|website=Soccerway|url-status=live|archive-date=19 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119021902/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/01/22/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/delhi-fc/4550082/}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|MNE}} Siniša Stanisavić
| Gokulam Kerala
| Inter Kashi
| align="center" | 6–2 (H)
| {{dts|2025|01|24|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/01/24/india/i-league/gokulam/inter-kashi/4550078/|title=Gokulam Kerala 6 – 2 Inter Kashi|date=24 January 2025|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Soccerway}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastián Gutiérrez]]
| Churchill Brothers
| Shillong Lajong
| align="center" | 6–1 (H)
| {{dts|2025|03|07|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/03/07/india/i-league/churchill-brothers-sc/lajong-sc/4550127/|title=Churchill Brothers 6 – 1 Shillong Lajong|date=7 March 2025|access-date=9 March 2025|website=Soccerway}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
| Dempo
| SC Bengaluru
| align="center" | 8–1 (H)
| {{dts|2025|03|08|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/03/08/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/sc-bengaluru/4550128/|title=Dempo 8 – 1 SC Bengaluru|date=8 March 2025|access-date=9 March 2025|website=Soccerway|url-status=live|archive-date=13 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313025035/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/03/08/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/sc-bengaluru/4550128/}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
| Dempo
| Aizawl
| align="center" | 5–2 (H)
| {{dts|2025|03|24|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/03/24/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/aizawl-fc/4550141/|title=Dempo 5 – 2 Aizawl|date=24 March 2025|access-date=30 March 2025|website=Soccerway|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325215620/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2025/03/24/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/aizawl-fc/4550141/|archive-date=25 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|Lesotho}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
| Gokulam Kerala
| Dempo
| align="center" | 3–4 (H)
| {{dts|2025|04|06|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2025/04/06/india/i-league/gokulam/dempo-sports-club/4550151/|title= Gokulam Kerala 3 – 4 Dempo|date=6 April 2025|access-date=9 April 2025|website=Soccerway}}</ref>
|}

=== Top assists ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Assists<ref name="SummaryILeague">{{cite web|title=2024-25 - I League Summary|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20242025/regular-season/r81224/|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=2025-01-28|archive-date=2025-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128132647/https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20242025/regular-season/r81224/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastián Gutiérrez]]
| align="left" | Churchill Brothers
| 9
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="2" | 8
|-
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Alain Oyarzun]]
| align="left" | Rajasthan United
|-
| 4
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|PAN}} [[Ángel Orelien]]
| align="left" | Sreenidi Deccan
| 7
|-
| rowspan="3" | 5
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| align="left" | Inter Kashi
| rowspan="3" | 6
|-
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalbiakdika Vanlalvunga
| align="left" | Aizawl
|-
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} Damián Perez Roa
| align="left" | Dempo
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Clean sheets
|-
| 1
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jaspreet Singh
| align="left" | Namdhari
| 8
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ashish Sibi
| align="left" | Dempo
| rowspan="2" | 6
|-
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
| align="left" | Inter Kashi
|-
| 4
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
| 5
|-
| rowspan="3" | 5
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
| align="left" | Rajasthan United
| rowspan="3" | 4
|-
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|JAP}} [[Yuya Kuriyama]]
| align="left" | SC Bengaluru
|-
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ranit Sarkar
| align="left" | Shillong Lajong
|}

== Attendance ==
=== Overall ===
{{fb a header}}
{{fb a2 team|p=1|t=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]] |s=82782 |h=10738 |l=4850 |a=7525|pr=581}}
{{fb a2 team|p=2|t=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] |s=50823 |h=8430 |l=2940 |a=4620 |pr=3499}}
{{fb a2 team|p=3|t=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] |s=37153 |h=5865 |l=1864 |a=3377 |pr=6316}}
{{fb a2 team|p=4|t=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] |s=29538 |h=6243 |l=200 |a=2685 |pr=5112}}
{{fb a2 team|p=5|t=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] |s=18505 |h=7692 |l=400 |a=1682 |pr=1819}}
{{fb a2 team|p=6|t=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] |s=17378 |h=8257 |l=500 |a=1579 |pr=1170}}
{{fb a2 team|p=7|t=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] |s=8723 |h=2450 |l=200 |a=793 |pr=183}}
{{fb a2 team|p=8|t=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] |s=8399 |h=1500 |l=250 |a=763 |pr=512}}
{{fb a2 team|p=9|t=[[Inter Kashi]] |s=7605 |h=1051 |l=115 |a=691 |pr=524}}
{{fb a2 team|p=10|t=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]] |s=5688 |h=1578 |l=100 |a=517 |pr=170 |nt=†}}
{{fb a2 team|p=11|t=[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] |s=5527 |h=800 |l=248 |a=502 |pr=487 |nt=†}}
{{fb a2 team|p=12|t=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]] |s=5180 |h=800 |l=206 |a=470 |pr=408}}
{{fb a footer|s=277301 |h=10738 |l=100 |a=2100 |pr=1933 |source=I-League|date=6 April 2025|notes=† Teams played previous season in [[I-League 2]].
}}

==== Attendances by home matches ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:76px;"|Team \ Match played
! align=center|1 !! align=center|2 !! align=center|3 !! align=center|4 !! align=center|5 !! align=center|6 !! align=center|7 !! align=center|8 !! align=center|9 !! align=center|10 !! align=center|11 !! Total
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}} ||7,131||style="background:#CCF9CC" |10,738||8,130||style="background:#FFCCCC" |4,850||10,175||7,321||8,650||6,445||6,785|| 6,417||6,140||82,782
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]}} ||5,132||6,420||5,202||4,000||style="background:#FFCCCC" |2,940||3,497||4,220||3,450||3,971||3,561||style="background:#CCF9CC"|8,430||50,823
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]}} ||style="background:#CCF9CC" |5,865||4,715||3,922||4,381||3,665||3,233||2,914||2,217||2,164||2,213||style="background:#FFCCCC"|1,864||37,153
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]}} ||style="background:#CCF9CC" |6,243||3,250||3,220||3,840||3,210||2,125||1,200||400||style="background:#FFCCCC"|200||400||5,450||29,538
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]}} ||1,233||1,833||483||519||500||1,663||2,432||1,150 ||600||style="background:#FFCCCC" |400||style="background:#CCF9CC" |7,692||18,505
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]}} ||style="background:#FFCCCC" |500|||1,750||800||600||700||1,000||1,021||700|| 800||1,250||style="background:#CCF9CC|8,257||17,378
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]}} ||400||500||style="background:#CCF9CC" |2,450||700||1,528||650||1,218||254||300||style="background:#FFCCCC"|200||523||8,723
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]}} ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|1,500||600|| style="background:#FFCCCC"|250||875||1,000||500||750||1,012||912||500||500||8,399
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]}} ||style="background:#CCF9CC" |1,051||1,033||797||style="background:#FFCCCC"|115||650||279||800||300||923||657||1,000||7,605
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]}} ||500||350||500||200||860||400||300||style="background:#FFCCCC"|100||style="background:#CCF9CC"|1,578||450||450 ||5,688
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]}}||450||style="background:#CCF9CC" |800||400||450||700||625||354||style="background:#FFCCCC" |248||600||600||300||5,527
|- align=center
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]}} ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|800||675||400|| style="background:#FFCCCC"|206||600||400||400||350|| 425||450||474||5,180
|}
{{notelist}}
'''Legend:''' {{legend inline|#CCF9CC|Highest}}
{{Legend inline|#FFCCCC|Lowest}}

 
Updated to game(s) played on 6 April 2025 
'''Source:''' [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/i-league/ I-League]

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align: left; font-size:80%"
|-
! colspan="9" |Player of the match
|-
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
|-
!1
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!2
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!3
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Gursimrat Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!4
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Augustine Lalrochana
| align="left" |Aizawl
!5
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohammad Inam]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!6
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Renan Paulino]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!7
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
!8
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalchhawnkima]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
!9
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Alain Oyarzun]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!10
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} Damián Peréz Roa
| align="left" |Dempo
!11
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|PAN}} [[Ángel Orelien]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!12
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} Domi Berlanga
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!13
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SRB}} Matija Babovic
| align="left" |Dempo
!14
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Rishad P. P.|Rishad PP]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!15
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!16
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastián Gutiérrez]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!17
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|PAN}} [[Ángel Orelien]] (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!18
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!19
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Salam Johnson Singh
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!20
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lamgoulen Hangshing]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!21
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]]
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!22
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!23
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} Domi Berlanga (2)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!24
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} Stéphane Binong
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
!25
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} Stéphane Binong (2)
| align="left" |Delhi
!26
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} Damián Peréz Roa (2)
| align="left" |Dempo
!27
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Alain Oyarzun]] (2)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!28
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]] (2)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!29
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastián Gutiérrez]] (2)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!30
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Gursimrat Singh (2)
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!31
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalliansanga Renthlei]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!32
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Joel Lalramchhana
| align="left" |Aizawl
!33
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} Stéphane Binong (3)
| align="left" |Delhi
|-
!34
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Sergio Llamas]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!35
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Thomyo Shimray
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!36
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!37
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Sergio Llamas]] (2)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!38
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jaspreet Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
!39
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Asif OM
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
|-
!40
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!41
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!42
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Aman Ahlawat
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!43
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalmuansanga
| align="left" |Delhi
!44
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Trijoy Dias
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!45
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Bhupinder Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!46
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]] (2)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!47
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Kamal Issah]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!48
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Abhijith K
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!49
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Nishchal Chandan]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!50
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Gursimrat Singh (3)
| align="left" |Namdhari
!51
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]] (3)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!52
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SER}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!53
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Paulo Cézar
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!54
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SYR}} [[Shaher Shaheen]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
!55
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
!56
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|JAP}} [[Yuya Kuriyama]]
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!57
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]] (3)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!58
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Peter Seiminthang Haokip
| align="left" |Namdhari
!59
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Gerard Artigas]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!60
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalramsanga Tlaichhun
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!61
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!62
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Martand Raina
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!63
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Nestor Dias
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
!64
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]] (4)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!65
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Trijoy Dias (2)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!66
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!67
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Pangambam Naoba Meitei
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!68
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} Domi Berlanga (3)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!69
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jaspreet Singh (2)
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!70
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]] (2)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!71
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Clarence Fernandes
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!72
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Gurmukh Singh (footballer)|Gurmukh Singh]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!73
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!74
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!75
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalremruata Ralte
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
!76
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} Damián Peréz Roa (3)
| align="left" |Dempo
!77
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|JAP}} [[Yuya Kuriyama]] (2)
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!78
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ronnie Kharbudon
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!79
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalmuansanga (2)
| align="left" |Delhi
!80
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SER}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] (2)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!81
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohammad Inam]] (2)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!82
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jibin Devassy
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!83
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|Trinidad}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
| align="left" |Dempo
!84
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Marcos Rudwere
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!85
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Luis Rodríguez (Colombian footballer)|Luis Rodríguez]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
!86
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]] (5)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!87
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Paulo Cézar (2)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
|-
!88
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Clarence Fernandes (2)
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!89
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|PAN}} [[Ángel Orelien]] (3)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!90
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
!91
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Sayad Kadir
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!92
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ECU}} Ronaldo Johnson
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!93
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (3)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!94
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]
| align="left" |Aizawl
!95
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SER}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] (3)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!96
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
|-
!97
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Trijoy Dias (3)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!98
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Debnath Mondal
| align="left" |Delhi
!99
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]] (2)
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!100
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!101
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]] (2)
| align="left" |Aizawl
!102
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]] (2)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!103
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SER}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] (4)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
!104
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastian Gutierrez]] (3)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!105
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|AFG|2013}} [[Faysal Shayesteh]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!106
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|Trinidad}} [[Marcus Joseph]] (2)
| align="left" |Dempo
!107
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalramsanga Tlaichhun (2)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!108
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|Lesotho}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!109
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalbiakdika Vanlalvunga
| align="left" |Aizawl
!110
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Martand Raina (2)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!111
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Nishan Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
|-
!112
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Faslurahman Methukayil
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
!113
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Aubin Kouakou]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!114
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
| align="left" |Sreeenidi Deccan
|-
!115
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|MLI}} [[Adama Niane (footballer)|Adama Niane]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!116
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Basit Ahmed Bhat]]
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!117
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Seiminmang Manchong]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!118
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Pape Gassama]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!119
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|Trinidad}} [[Marcus Joseph]] (3)
| align="left" |Dempo
!120
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]] (2)
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|-
!121
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Alain Oyarzun]] (3)
| align="left" |Rajasthan
!122
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ashish Sibi
| align="left" |Dempo
!123
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]] (4)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!124
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon]]
| align="left" |Namdhari
!125
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalremruata Ralte (2)
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
!126
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|Lesotho}} [[Thabiso Brown]] (2)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
!127
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalmuansanga
| align="left" |Delhi
!128
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]] (3)
| align="left" |Aizawl
!129
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalmuansanga
| align="left" |SC Bengaluru
|-
!130
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalramsanga Tlaichhun (3)
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!131
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|Lesotho}} [[Thabiso Brown]] (3)
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!132
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[David Bollo|David Humanes]]
| align="left" |Inter Kashi
|}

===Annual awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Winner
|-
|Best Player
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
|-
|Best Goalkeeper
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jaspreet Singh (Namdhari)
|-
|Jarnail Singh Award (Best Defender)
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Daniel Gonçalves (Shillong Lajong)
|-
|Best Midfielder
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Pape Gassama]] (Churchill Brothers)
|-
|Highest Scorer
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
|-
|Best Emerging Player
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Hridaya Jain (Delhi)
|-
|Syed Abdul Rahim Award (Best Coach)
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CYP}} [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]] (Churchill Brothers)
|-
|Fair Play Award
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|Best Match Organisation
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
|Best Media Activities
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Source: [https://i-league.org/iwl-and-i-league-2024-25-season-awards-declared/ I-League]
|}

== See also ==
*[[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
*[[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
*[[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
*[[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
*[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup (April)]]
*[[2024 Durand Cup]]

== References ==
<references />

{{I-League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 I-League}}
[[Category:2024–25 I-League]]
[[Category:I-League seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Asian second-tier association football leagues|India]]

Amar Naik

2026-04-19T16:26:34Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Starting New Details W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian gangster}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

'''Amar Naik''' was an Indian gangster.<ref name="h559">{{cite book | last1=McGuire | first1=John | last2=Copland | first2=Ian | title=Hindu Nationalism and Governance | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2007 | isbn=978-0-19-567922-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzOKAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=72}}</ref>

==Life==
Naik started his criminal career in 1980.<ref name="z946">{{cite book | title=Resource Material Series | publisher=UNAFEI | date=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4K8EAQAAIAAJ | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=96}}</ref> There were around 200 criminals in his gang.<ref name="c802">{{cite book | last1=Heinzelmann | first1=Claudia | last2=Marks | first2=Erich | title=International Perspectives of Crime Prevention 12: Contributions from the 13th Annual International Forum 2019 and 14th Annual International Forum 2021 within the German Prevention Congress | date=2023-06-08 | isbn=978-3-96410-032-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ_EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=136 | publisher=BoD – Books on Demand }}</ref>

He had assassinated industrialist [[Sunit Khatau]].<ref name="k116">{{cite book | title=India Today International | publisher=Living Media India Limited | date=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdsVAQAAMAAJ | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=35}}</ref> A personal diary of Naik contained the names and telephone numbers of a number of police officers. Some of these reported instances of a nexus between leading politicians and the underworld were provided in newspapers.<ref name="t657">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Nirmal Kumar | title=The Politics of Crime and Corruption: A Former CBI Officer Speaks | publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India | date=1999 | isbn=978-81-7223-344-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BRuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=50}}</ref>

Investigators found Naik had visited the US, Canada, Australia and other countries. His bank accounts having more than Rs. 5 lakh were frozen. After 8 months on 10 August, 1996, he was killed in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] by [[Vijay Salaskar]].<ref name="f517">{{cite book | last=Dey | first=J. | title=Khallaas - an A to Z Guide to the Underworld | publisher=Jaico Publishing House | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-81-7992-850-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EhtJUvOInsC&pg=PT14 | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=14}}</ref><ref name="b385">{{cite book | last1=Sarat | first1=Austin | last2=Boulanger | first2=Christian | title=The Cultural Lives of Capital Punishment: Comparative Perspectives | publisher=Stanford University Press | date=2005-05-27 | isbn=978-0-8047-5234-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STRDug6vtJAC&pg=PA216 | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=216}}</ref><ref name="r791">{{cite web | last=Parmar | first=Baljeet | title=Don's daughter is all set for takeoff today | website=DNA India | date=2007-12-17 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-don-s-daughter-is-all-set-for-takeoff-today-1139814 | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

Patronized by [[Shiv Sena]], his encounter was condemned by Shiv Sena's newspaper ''[[Saamana]]'' as "selective killing of Hindu and Marathi mafia dons".<ref name="f518">{{cite book | last1=Sekher | first1=Madhushree | last2=Parasuraman | first2=S. | last3=Kattumuri | first3=Ruth | title=Governance and Governed: Multi-Country Perspectives on State, Society and Development | publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]| date=2018-01-08 | isbn=978-981-10-5963-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wdGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 | access-date=2025-11-26 | page=242}}</ref> After his death, his gang was overtaken by his brother Ashwin Naik.<ref name="g825">{{cite book | last=Zaidi | first=S. Hussain | title=The Dangerous Dozen: Hitmen of the Mumbai Underworld | publisher=Simon and Schuster | date=2024-07-26 | isbn=978-81-972789-2-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrIUEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 | access-date=2025-11-26 | page=131}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

In 2021, Bollywood movie ''[[Mumbai Saga]]'' based on Naik's life was released.<ref name="y634">{{cite web | last=Entertainment | first=Quint | title=Bombay HC Refuses to Stay Release of John Abraham's 'Mumbai Saga' | website=TheQuint | date=2021-03-19 | url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/bombay-hc-refuses-to-stay-release-of-john-abrahams-mumbai-saga | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Amar}}
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters killed in encounters]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{crime-bio-stub}}

Delhi Cantonment Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:32Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Created New Post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Delhi Cantt
| mla = [[Virender Singh Kadian]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[New Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 38
}}
'''Delhi Cantt Assembly constituency''', sometimes referred to as '''Delhi Cantonment''' is one of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Delhi Cantt Assembly constituency is a part of [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) will be used along with EVMs in Delhi Cantt assembly constituency in [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/25-days-enough-to-hold-polls-says-delhi-ceo/article1-1306160.aspx|title=25 days enough to hold polls, says Delhi CEO|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126184828/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/25-days-enough-to-hold-polls-says-delhi-ceo/article1-1306160.aspx|archive-date=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/in-a-first-brush-to-mark-voters/article6863135.ece|title=In a first, brush to mark voters|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 February 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> 26/11 hero{{Vague|reason=should be spelled out why he is a 26/11 hero|date=September 2025}} [[Surinder Singh (commando)|Surinder Singh]] won this seat in 2013 by 355 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/delhi-assembly-elections/26/11-hero-wins-on-aap-ticket-defeats-3-time-bjp-mla/articleshow/27093822.cms|title=Surender Singh: 26/11 hero wins on AAP ticket, defeats 3-time BJP MLA - Times of India|website=The Times of India |date=8 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Karan Singh Tanwar|Karan Tanwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Kiran Choudhry|Kiran Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Karan Singh Tanwar|Karan Tanwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Surinder Singh (commando)|Surinder Singh Dalal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan=2|[[Virender Singh Kadian]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Delhi Cantonment|Delhi Cantt]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Delhi Cantonment">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Delhi Cantonment |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0538.htm |accessdate=8 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208073733/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0538.htm |archivedate=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Virender Singh Kadian
| votes = 22191
| percentage = 46.76
| change = -2.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Bhuvan Karan Singh Tanwar
| votes = 20162
| percentage = 42.48
| change = +11.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Pradeep Kumar Upmanyu
| votes = 4252
| percentage = 8.96
| change = -4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = NOTA
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 330
| percentage = 0.7
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 2029
| percentage = 4.28
| change = -13.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 47458
| percentage = 59.30
| change = +13.82
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Delhi Cantonment|Delhi Cantt]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Virender Singh Kadian
| votes = 28,971
| percentage = 49.17
| change = -2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Manish Singh
| votes = 18,381
| percentage = 31.19
| change = -6.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sandeep Tanwar
| votes = 7,954
| percentage = 13.15
| change = +4.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nand Kishore Beniwal
| votes = 1,823
| percentage = 3.09
| change = +2.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Surender Singh
| votes = 908
| percentage = 1.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 10,590
| percentage = 18.04
| change = +3.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 58,994
| percentage = 45.48
| change = -13.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -2.65
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Delhi Cantonment|Delhi Cantt]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Surinder Singh (commando)|Surinder Singh]]
| votes = 40,133
| percentage = 51.82
| change = +12.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karan Singh Tanwar
| votes = 28,935
| percentage = 37.36
| change = -1.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sandeep Tanwar
| votes = 7,087
| percentage = 9.15
| change = -9.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Gyan Chand
| votes = 467
| percentage = 0.60
| change = -0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 326
| percentage = 0.42
| change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 11,198
| percentage = 14.46
| change = +13.92
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 77,470
| percentage = 58.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +12.15
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Delhi Cantt <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=38 |title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103213553/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=38 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Surinder Singh (commando)|Surinder Singh]]
| votes = 26,124
| percentage = 39.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karan Singh Tanwar
| votes = 25,769
| percentage = 39.13
| change = -16.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ashok Kumar Jain
| votes = 11,988
| percentage = 18.20
| change = -20.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rajesh Pihal
| votes = 745
| percentage =1.13
| change = -2.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 478
| percentage = 0.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 355
| percentage = 0.54
| change = -16.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 65,891
| percentage = 60.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Delhi Cantt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf|title=2008 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karan Singh Tanwar
| votes = 23,696
| percentage = 55.58
| change = +3.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ashok Ahuja
| votes = 16,435
| percentage = 38.55
| change = -4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Shrichand Chauhan
| votes = 1,492
| percentage = 3.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,261
| percentage = 17.03
| change = +7.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 42,633
| percentage = 56.6
| change = +2.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +3.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Delhi Cantt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf|title=2003 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karan Singh Tanwar
| votes = 21,638
| percentage = 52.52
| change = +6.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kiran Choudhary
| votes = 17,872
| percentage = 43.38
| change = -8.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Amit Mittar
| votes = 695
| percentage = 1.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,766
| percentage = 9.14
| change = +3.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 41,200
| percentage = 53.68
| change = -9.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +6.40
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Delhi Cantt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf|title=1998 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kiran Choudhary
| votes = 23,445
| percentage = 51.94
| change = +14.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karan Singh Tanwar
| votes = 20,819
| percentage = 46.12
| change = -13.73
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,626
| percentage = 5.82
| change = -17.00
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 45,137
| percentage = 44.39
| change = -8.02
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +14.91
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Delhi Cantt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf|title=1993 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karan Singh Tanwar
| votes = 23,260
| percentage = 59.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kiran Chaudhary
| votes = 14,391
| percentage = 37.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Emanuel Massey
| votes = 428
| percentage = 1.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Jawahar Singh
| votes = 373
| percentage = 0.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,869
| percentage = 22.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 38,862
| percentage = 52.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.594|77.128|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

M. Srinivas (politician, born 1942)

2026-04-18T13:53:11Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1942–2025)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Srinivas|Muniswamappa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = M. Srinivas
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|9|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Uttarahalli]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|1|17|1942|9|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3933.htm Biographical Sketch, SHRI-M.SRINIVAS</ref>
| constituency = [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] in [[Karnataka]]
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 1999
| predecessor = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| successor = [[M. V. Chandrashekara Murthy]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1994
| term_end2 = 1998
| predecessor2 = [[S. Ramesh]]
| successor2 = [[R. Ashoka]]
| constituency2 = [[Uttarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uttarahalli]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Uttarahalli Karnataka Assembly Election 1994 – Latest News & Results|url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm|accessdate=19 July 2019|work=KLA|date=13 July 2019}}</ref>
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2013
| predecessor1 = ''Seat established''
| successor1 = [[Munirathna]]
| constituency1 = [[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|title=List of Successful Candidates in Karnataka Assembly Election in 2008|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/2008|title=Assembly Election Results in 2008, Karnataka|website=traceall.in|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103081428/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1983
| term_end3 = 1989
| predecessor3 = [[M.V. Rajasekharan]]
| successor3 = [[S. Ramesh]]
| constituency3 = [[Uttarahalli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uttarahalli]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Uttarahalli Karnataka Assembly Election 1985 – Latest News & Results|url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Uttarahalli-in-Karnataka|accessdate=19 July 2019|work=traceall|date=13 July 2019|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713163805/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Uttarahalli-in-Karnataka|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (from 2018)
| other_party = *[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1993–2004, 2007–2018)
*[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (2004–2007)
*[[Janata Dal]] (1988–1993)
*[[Janata Party]] (till 1988)
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Muniswamappa Srinivas''' (30 September 1942 – 17 January 2025) was an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Sabha2003">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=25 May 2018|year=2003|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=582}}</ref><ref name="Agnihotri1999">{{cite book|author=Ram Awatar Agnihotri|title=Twelfth parliamentary (Lok Sabha) general elections, 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9-NAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 May 2018|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=978-81-7169-555-3|page=296}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S10/partycomp11.htm | title=KANAKAPURA Parliamentary Constituency | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> Srinivas died on 17 January 2025, at the age of 82.<ref>[https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/bjp-leader-and-former-mp-of-kanakapura-m-srinivas-demise/articleshow/117303472.cms ಮಾಜಿ ಸಂಸದ ಎಂ. ಶ್ರೀನಿವಾಸ್ ನಿಧನ]{{in lang|kn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3933.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, M.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]

Domkal (community development block)

2026-03-24T12:36:16Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: rework formatting also and improved wording

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Domkal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File:Domkal in Murshidabad.svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.1411927|N|88.5286903|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 304.27
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 22
| population_total = 363,976
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]] (2011)
| demographics2_info2 = 55.89%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742303 (Domkal)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03471
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mushidabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Domkal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Domkal]], [[Raninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raninagar]]
| website = {{URL|murshidabad.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Domkal''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Domkol subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Domkal is located at {{coord|24.1411927|N|88.5286903|E|format=dms|}}

Domkal CD block lies in the Raninagar plain at the north-eastern corner of the Bagri region in Murshidabad district. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. The [[Padma River]] separates Murshidabad district from [[Malda district]] and [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]] and [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] districts of Bangladesh in the north. The Raninagar plain lies between the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]] and [[Bhairab River|Bhairab]] rivers. It is a low-lying area and is characterized by the nature of inundation along with many swamps<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref>

Domkal CD block is bounded by [[Raninagar I]] and [[Raninagar II]] CD blocks in the north, [[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]] CD block in the east, [[Karimpur I]] CD block, in Nadia district, in the south and [[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title = Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 6 August 2017}}</ref>

The Bagri or the eastern part of the district is a low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plain with the shape of an [[isosceles triangle]]. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]] forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is liable to flooding by the Bhagirathi and other rivers. The main rivers of this region are Bhairab, Jalangi, Chhoto Bhairab, Sialmari and Gobra Nala. All these rivers are distributaries of the main branch of the Ganges. The rivers are in their decaying stages.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

A major problem is [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|river bank erosion]]. As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district.<ref name=river/>

Domkal CD block has an area of 305.19 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 249 gram sansads (village councils), 87 [[mouza]]s and 77 inhabited villages. [[Domkal#Police station|Domkal]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Domkal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Domkal block/ panchayat samiti are: Azimganjgola, [[Bhagirathpur]], Dhulauri, Garaimari, [[Ghoramara]], Goribpur, Jitpur, Juginda, Juranpur, Madhurkul, Raipur and Sarangpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Domkal CD block had a total population of 363,976, all of which were rural. There were 186,182 (51%) males and 177,794 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years numbered 45,641. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 9,515 (2.61%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,219 (0.33%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Domkal block has a total population of 311,683, out of which 160,562 were males and 151,121 were females. Domkal block registered a population growth of 23.03 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

The decadal growth of population in Domkal CD block in 2001-2011 was 16.78%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in Murshidabad district was as follows: 33.5% in 1951–61, 28.6% in 1961–71, 25.5% in 1971–81, 28.2% in 1981–91, 23.8% in 1991-2001 and 21.1% in 2001–11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/census2011/decadal-growth-rate.html | title = Decadal Growth Rate | publisher = Mps of India | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] entering Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html|title = Bangladeshi Infiltration: The Reality Check |publisher= The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 5, 2005 |title = Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |publisher= The Telegraph, 23 August 2005 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

===Villages===
Large villages in the Domkal CD block were (2011 population figure in brackets): Gokulpur Gobindapur (8,270), Bagharpur Ramna (7,525), Jitpur (11,016), Radhakantapur (4,041), Dhulauri (6.959), Jot Kamal (6,170), Par Raghunathpur (5,802), Taraf Rasulpurpatnipara (19,958), Raypur (13,285), Bhatsala (5,720), [[Ramna Etbarnagar Basantapur]] (8,409), Lakshminathpur (10,122), [[Bhagirathpur]] (10,125), Sibnagar Laskarpur (15,887), Sabdalpur (4,948), Garibpur (12,788), Chandpur (4,879), Pardiar (5,097), Juranpur (5,743), Kusbaria (5,153), Juginda (13,891), Aminabad (10,496), Mamenpur (10,187), Garaimari (29,260), Kuchemora (6,917), Sahadiar (5,275) and Kupila (8,922).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Domkal CD block was 203,429 (63.90% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 105,034 (64.47% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 98,395 (63.31% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 1.16%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Domkal CD block (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|Green|89.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|10.16}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.15}}
}}
In the 2011 census, in Domkal CD block, Muslims numbered 326,459 and formed 89.69% of the population, Hindus numbered 36,972 and formed 10.16% of the population. Others numbered 545 and formed 0.15% of the population. In Domkal CD block while the proportion of Muslims increased from 87.24% in 1991 to 88.58% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 12.72% in 1991 to 11.31% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018}}</ref>

Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title = Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate|publisher= The Times of India, 26 August 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

Murshidabad was the only Muslim majority district in West Bengal at the time of [[partition of India]] in 1947. The proportion of Muslims in the population of Murshidabad district in 1951 was 55.24%.<ref name=telegraph/> The [[Radcliffe Line]] had placed Muslim majority Murshidabad in India and the Hindu majority [[Khulna District|Khulna]] in Pakistan, in order to maintain the integrity of the Ganges river system In India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&q=murshidabad+khulna&pg=PA45|title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|work=pages 42-60|date=15 November 2007|publisher= University of Cambridge, first published 2007|isbn= 978-0-521-87536-3|access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.89% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the [[rural poverty]] ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf|title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 | work= Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district |publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In the Domkal CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 29,015 and formed 22.62%, agricultural labourers numbered 54,090 and formed 42.16%, household industry workers numbered 8,900 and formed 6.94% and other workers numbered 36,293 and formed 28.29%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use| publisher= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 77 inhabited villages in the Domkal CD block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 12 villages (15.58%) have post offices. 72 villages (94.51%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 42 villages (54.55%) have a pucca approach road and 37 villages (48.05%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 22 villages (28.57%) have agricultural credit societies and 17 villages (22.08%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Domkal CD block'''
|value1 = 7.04
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 10.08
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.63
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 30.66
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 47.59
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Domkal CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 8,005 (7.04%), patta (document) holders 11,453 (10.08%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 5,262 (4.63%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 34,855 (30.66%) and agricultural labourers 54,090 (47.59%).<ref name=handbook2014/>

Domkal CD block had 107 fertiliser depots, 2 seed stores and 70 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Domkal CD block produced 2,511 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 1,081 hectares, 9,948 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,029 hectares, 39,749 tonnes of wheat from 14,146 hectares, 313,768 tonnes of jute from 20,548 hectares, 11,079 tonnes of potatoes from 381 hectares and 3,295 tonnes of sugar cane from 59 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Domkal CD block was 17.427 hectares, out of which 2,193 hectares were irrigated with tank water, 1,734 hectares by deep tube well and 13,500 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Silk and handicrafts===
Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.<ref name=handicrafts>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 22-23: Industry | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur. [[Beedi]] making has flourished in the Jangipur subdivision.<ref name=handicrafts/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district | work = Handicrafts and Silk Industry | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | access-date = 17 August 2017}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Domkal CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 7 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 26 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Domkal CD block has 9 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 20 km from the CD block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Baharampur-Lalgola Road and Rabindra Sarani-Siraj-ud-daulah Road pass through this block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

[[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|State Highway 11]] running from Mohammad Bazar (in Birbhum district) to Ranaghat (in Nadia district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Domkal CD block had 144 primary schools with 18,155 students, 10 middle schools with 2,374 students, 9 high schools with 7,249 students and 18 higher secondary schools with 31,247 students. Domkal CD block had 1 general college with 1,755 students, 6 technical/ professional institutions with 1,929 students and 500 institutions for special and non-formal education with 21,424 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Dumkal College]] was established in 1999 at [[Domkal]]. Affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, history, political science, philosophy, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science and B Com.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dumkalcollege.org/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110630180532/http://dumkalcollege.org/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = June 30, 2011 | title = Dumkal College | publisher =DC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/DumkalCollege/Dumkal_College.shtml | title = Dumkal College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

[[Domkal Girl's College|Domkal Girls’ College]] was established in 2011 at [[Domkal]], Affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, history, education and political science.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://domkalgirlscollege.org/index.html | title = Domkal Girls' College | publisher = DGC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

In Domkal CD block, amongst the 77 inhabited villages, 4 villages do not have a school, 49 villages have more than 1 primary school, 40 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 28 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Domkal CD block had 1 hospital, 1 block primary health centre, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 14 private nursing homes with total 116 beds and 28 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 46 family welfare subcentres. 23,377 patients were treated indoor and 315,029 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Domkal CD block has Domkal Subdivisional Hospital at [[Domkal]] (with 68 beds), Bhagirathpur Block Primary Health Centre at [[Bhagirathpur]] (with 10 beds), Garaimari [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 4 beds) and Jitpur PHC (with 10 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Domkal CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300 mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Domkal CD Block is 1,300 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline|Murshidabad}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]

Purnia Airport

2026-03-11T20:34:22Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: new some info w/ refs!

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Purnea, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = [[File:Airports authority of India Logo.png|50px]] Purnea Airport
| image = Seemanchal PXN_Purnea Airport.png
| caption =
| image-width =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r = {{small|''Chunapur Hawai Adda''}}
| IATA = PXN
| ICAO = VEPU
| type = Military/Public
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Purnia]], [[Katihar]]
| location = Goasi ([[Chunapur]]), [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|15 September 2025|||df=yes}}
| elevation-f = 129
| elevation-m = 39
| coordinates = {{coord|25|45|35|N|087|24|36|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| metric-elev = H
| metric-rwy =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label = '''PXN'''/VEPU
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-f = 11000
| r1-length-m = 3352
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
}}

'''Purnea Airport''' ({{Airport codes|PXN|VEPU|p=n}}) is a [[domestic airport]] and an [[Indian Air Force]] station serving [[Purnia]] and [[Seemanchal]] subregion in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located on the western outskirts of Purnia, in Goasi ([[Chunapur]]) and is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]].

== History ==
The airfield was built in 1963, after the [[1962 Sino-Indian War]], as a launching base for the [[Siliguri Corridor]] by the [[Indian Air Force]] to support military logistics and to support operations in the areas of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bihar-government-yet-to-respond-to-aai-s-request-for-additional-land-for-civil-enclave-at-purnia-airport-union-minister-101680541794285.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com#google_vignette|title=Centre blames Bihar for delay in Purnia airport work|work=hindustantimes|accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
It was originally known as Chunapur Air force Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/north-south-feud-holds-up-purnia-airport-construction-101675771430912.html|title=North-south feud holds up Purnia airport construction|work=hindustantimes|accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref>
The base was maintained by the '5 Care & Maintenance Unit' (C&MU) of the IAF till 1974. In the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], the airfield was used as a secondary diversion airfield. The '14 Forward Base Support Unit' (FBSU) was formed on 1 Jan 1981. During the 1980s, the airbase saw active flying by [[Folland Gnat]] / [[HAL Ajeet]] aircraft. [[Hawker Hunter]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21FL Type-77]] aircraft. Night-time operations began in 1987. Some [[MiG-27]]s based at [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station]] were temporarily operated from this Base from 2003 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/14fbsu|title=14 Forward Base Support Unit – Chunapur|work=Bharat Rakshak|accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref> It has remained under the control of the [[Indian Air Force]] for decades with passenger operations scheduled to start in September, 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Purnea Airport to open Sept 15; IndiGo, Star Air to launch flights to two cities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/purnea-airport-to-open-sept-15-indigo-star-air-to-launch-flights-to-two-cities-101757417044507.html |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patnapress.com/state-news/aai-approved-rs-33-99-crore-interim-terminal-purnia-airport-flights-soon/104962/|title=AAI approves ₹33.99 crore interim terminal for Purnia Airport|work=PatnaPress|accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref>
Balurghat Airways and Jam Airways used to operate Purnia-Kolkata flights during 1956-58 and 1976–78, respectively. They, however, withdrew their services for want of adequate infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17124130.cms|title=Purnia back on air map|work=[[The Times of India]]| date=7 November 2012|accessdate=7 August 2025}}</ref>

==Civil enclave==
Initial talks about converting a small area of the airport into a [[civil enclave]] began in the early 2000s. This was done considering the need for better air connectivity in the [[Kosi-Seemanchal]] subregion of [[Bihar]]. Commercial flight operations were launched in 2012 for a brief period, but were short lived due to inadequate infrastructure and low demand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pqals.nic.in/annex/180/AU4014.pdf|title=Answer to Lok Sabha Question No. 4014 on Purnea Airport|work=Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India|accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref>
In June 2022 [[Government of Bihar]] completed the acquisition of around 52.5 acres of land right next to the existing Air Force base to start construction on the civil [[Airport terminal|terminal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2022 |title=Key hurdle cleared for civil airport at Purnia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/key-hurdle-cleared-for-civil-airport-at-purnia-101646930989031.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208095031/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/key-hurdle-cleared-for-civil-airport-at-purnia-101646930989031.html |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A VIP lounge, cargo facilities and other supporting infrastructure is also planned to be built. Purnia airport was selected as part of [[Government of India]]'s [[UDAN]] regional connectivity scheme to boost air access in underserved regions of [[North Bihar]]. In early 2025, the [[Airport Authority of India]] approved a contract to construct an interim passenger terminal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/550110|title=Construction of Interim Terminal Building at Purnea airport|work=AAI|accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref> The contract was worth {{INRConvert|33.99|c}} with construction to complete within three to four months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biharsay.com/2025/04/05/bihar-udan-scheme-update-%E2%82%B9190-cr-sanctioned-for-7-airports/|title=Bihar UDAN Scheme Update: ₹190 Cr Sanctioned for 7 Airports|work=Bihar Say|date=5 April 2025 |accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref> Small protests have occurred over alleged compensation delays in [[Eminent domain|land acquisition]], however local officials stated payments were processed send to respective land owners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mangalorean.com/purnea-airport-land-acquisition-sparks-protest-by-villagers/|title=Purnea Airport land acquisition sparks protest by villagers|work=Mangalorean|date=13 March 2025 |accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref> The terminal and airport was expected to be operational by the end of 2025, and scheduled flights beginning afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patnapress.com/state-set-to-open-fourth-operational-airport-in-purnia/|title=State Set to Open Fourth Operational Airport in Purnia|work=PatnaPress|date=15 March 2025 |accessdate=25 June 2025}}</ref> This airport was opened for the public on 15 September By PM [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2025-08-26 |title=PM Modi , he visited Purnia on September 15, to Inaugurate New Airport |url=https://patnapress.com/pm-modi-purnia-airport-bihar-election/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Patna Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Initial routes were proposed to connect Purnia to [[Patna]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] enhancing air connectivity for residents in [[North Bihar]] and nearby areas of [[West Bengal]] and [[Nepal]].

[[IndiGo]] and [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] have started direct flights from [[Purnia]] to [[Kolkata]] and [[Ahmedabad]] from September 15.<ref name=":0" /> [[Indigo]] additionally commenced direct flight services to Delhi starting October 26.

With steadily increasing passenger traffic and growing demand for better air connectivity, there is a pressing need to develop a permanent terminal building at [[Purnea Airport]]. The current temporary facility is inadequate to support expanding operations and the rising expectations of travelers. Additionally, passengers have expressed strong demand for more airlines such as [[Air India]], [[Akasa Air]], [[Air India Express]] and new routes, particularly to major hubs such as [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Patna]] and [[Delhi]]. Establishing a permanent terminal and expanding route networks will significantly enhance travel accessibility, support regional economic growth, and ensure that [[Purnea Airport]] can operate efficiently and sustainably in the long term.

==Airlines and destinations ==
===Passenger ===



{{Airport destination list

| [[IndiGo]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport| Hyderabad]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<ref name="Business League">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessleague.in/flight-booking-started-from-purnia-airport-indigo-and-star-air-have-got-permission-to-fly/|title=Flight booking started from Purnia Airport, Indigo and Star Air have got permission to fly|work=Business League|accessdate=4 September 2025}}</ref>

| [[Star Air (India) | Star Air]] | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<ref name="Business League">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessleague.in/flight-booking-started-from-purnia-airport-indigo-and-star-air-have-got-permission-to-fly/|title=Flight booking started from Purnia Airport, Indigo and Star Air have got permission to fly|work=Business League|accessdate=4 September 2025}}</ref>|Indigo=New Delhi (Starts 26 October)}}


==See also==
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India]]
* [[List of airports in Bihar]]
* [[Darbhanga Airport]]
* [[Gaya Airport]]
* [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Bihar]]
[[Category:Proposed airports in Bihar]]
[[Category:Purnia]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Bommalattam (1968 film)

2026-03-04T05:10:22Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: slightly expanded content for accuracy also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1968 film by Muktha Srinivasan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bommalattam
| image = Bommalattam 1968 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| screenplay = [[Cho Ramaswamy]]
| story = Madurai Thirumaran
| producer = [[Muktha Ramaswamy|V. Ramaswamy]]
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)| Jaishankar]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = T. M. Sundarababu B. A.
| editing = L. Balu
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Muktha Films
| released = {{film date|1968|5|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5U3AAAAIAAJ&q=bommalattam+puppetry |title=World Filmography |publisher=Tantivy Press |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-904208-36-8 |editor-last=Cowie |editor-first=Peter |editor-link=Peter Cowie |pages=266}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bommalattam''''' ({{translation|[[Bommalattam|Puppet Show]]}}) is 1968 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]], directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]] and produced by [[Muktha Ramaswamy|V. Ramaswamy]]. The screenplay was written by [[Cho Ramaswamy]] from a story by Madurai Thirumaran. It stars [[Jaishankar (actor)| Jaishankar]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[Nagesh]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Cho Ramaswamy]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]. [[V. S. Raghavan]], [[Sachu]] and [[O. A. K. Thevar]] play key roles. The film was released on 31 May 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/ஜெயலலிதா-நடித்த-திரைப்படங்களின்-பட்டியல்-2610816.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624160449/https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=24 June 2020 |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)| Jaishankar]] as Sukumar<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=7 December 2016 |title=Timeless...cho |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/dec/07/timelesscho-1546656.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921005439/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/dec/07/timelesscho-1546656.html |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Malathi<ref name="newindianexpress" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Durai
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Chinna Ponnu<ref name="newindianexpress" />
* [[Cho Ramaswamy]] as Jaambazaar Jaggu<ref name="newindianexpress" />
* [[Sachu]] as Geetha
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Sukumar's father
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Rathnam/Bal Raj
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Dr. Dhamodharan
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Chithambaram
* [[K. K. Soundar]] as Rathnam's henchman
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by [[V. Kumar]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], Alangudi Somu, Na. Pandurangan and Avinasi Mani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bommalaattam |url=https://gaana.com/album/bommalaattam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512022801/http://gaana.com/album/bommalaattam |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> For the song "Vaa Vathiyare", Srinivasan wanted the usage of [[Madras Bashai]], but Vaali felt it was hard for him, so M. L. Govind was hired to "provide the apt words to go with it", leading to the birth of lines like "Jambajar Jakku, Na Saidapetta Kokku" in the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=28 August 2016 |title=The vathyaar dialect |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-vathyaar-dialect/article14594724.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031075700/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-vathyaar-dialect/article14594724.ece |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> That also became Tamil cinema's first [[gaana]] song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=Sindhu |date=15 May 2017 |title=Gana is the voice and language of people who are outcasts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gana-is-the-voice-and-language-of-people-who-are-outcasts/articleshow/58670293.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225053213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gana-is-the-voice-and-language-of-people-who-are-outcasts/articleshow/58670293.cms |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=20 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Vaa Vathiyare", written by Vaali and sung by Manorama became popular, and in 1991 [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] released a compilation album under the same title, featuring songs sung by Manorama.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=30 June 2008 |title=50 years of Manorama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/50-years-of-Manorama/article15384181.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725165612/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/50-years-of-Manorama/article15384181.ece |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! lyrics || Length
|-
| "Mayakkathai" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Alangudi Somu]] || 3:55
|-
| "Nee Aada Aada Azhagu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 3:20
|-
| "Nalla Naal Parkkavo" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:11
|-
| "Va Vathyare" (Jambajar Jakku) || [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||3:51
|-
| "Poonai Kannai Kattinal" || Tharapuram Sundararajan & S. Sarala || Na.Pandurangan || 3:10
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the animated opening titles, but criticised the film's title for lacking relevance to the story.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 June 1968 |title=பொம்மலாட்டம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1968/jun/23-06-1968/p41.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725110544/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1968/jun/23-06-1968/p41.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=41 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1968 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1968 comedy films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Cho Ramaswamy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-03T02:07:43Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Created New Post.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandrapur Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| constituency_no =
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Chandrapur.map}}
| map_caption = Chandrapur Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]] [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]] [[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]] [[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] [[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]] [[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Pratibha Dhanorkar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = 18,37,906 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| preceded_by = [[Suresh Dhanorkar]] (Balu Dhanorkar)
}}

'''Chandrapur''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is spread over [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] and [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
At present, Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments constituency number and reservation (if any) are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|70
|[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|[[Deorao Vithoba Bhongle|Deorao Bhogare]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 71
|[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] (SC)
|[[Kishor Jorgewar]]
|-
|72
|[[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|-
|75
|[[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]
|[[Karan Sanjay Deotale]]
|-
|76
|[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|[[Sanjay Derkar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS(UBT)]]
|-
|80
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]] (ST)
|[[Raju Narayan Todsam]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Mulla Abdullabhai Taherali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|V.N. Swami
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Lal Shyamshah Lal Bhagwanshah
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1964^
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar|G.M.(Tai) Kannamwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[K. M. Koushik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Abdul Shafee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Raje Vishveshvar Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Shantaram Potdukhe]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Hansraj Ahir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia|Nareshkumar Puglia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Hansraj Ahir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Suresh Dhanorkar]] †
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Pratibha Dhanorkar]]
|}

^ by-poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratibha Dhanorkar|Pratibha Suresh Dhanorkar]]
|votes = 7,18,410
|percentage = 57.88
|change = {{up}}12.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|votes = 4,58,004
|percentage = 36.90
|change = {{down}}4.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Rajesh Warluji Bele
|votes = 21,980
|percentage = 1.77
|change = {{down}}7.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 10,843
|percentage = 0.87
|change = {{down}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,60,406
|percentage = 20.98
|change = {{up}}17.36
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,41,304
|percentage = 67.54
|change = {{up}}2.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Suresh Narayan Dhanorkar]]
|votes = 5,59,507
|percentage = 45.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
|votes = 5,14,744
|percentage = 41.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Rajendra Shriram Mahadole
|votes = 1,12,079
|percentage = 9.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushil Wasnik
|votes = 11,810
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 11,377
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,763
|percentage = 3.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,39,486
|percentage = 64.89
|change = +1.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
|votes = 5,08,049
|percentage = 45.77
|change = +12.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale
|votes = 2,71,780
|percentage = 24.49
|change = -5.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Wamanrao Chatap|Wamanrao Sadashiv Chatap]]
|votes = 2,04,413
|percentage = 18.42
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hansraj Gulab Kumbhare
|votes = 49,229
|percentage = 4.44
|change = -1.96
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Pramod Mangaruji Sorte
|votes = 10,930
|percentage = 0.98
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,257
|percentage = 0.74
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,36,269
|percentage = 21.28
|change = +17.67
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,09,888
|percentage = 63.29
|change = +4.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +12.22
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir|Hansraj Ahir]]
|votes = 3,01,467
|percentage = 33.55
|change = {{decrease}}10.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Naresh Kumar Puglia]]
|votes = 2,68,972
|percentage = 29.93
|change = {{decrease}}6.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = [[Wamanrao Chatap]] |votes = 1,69,112
|percentage = 18.82
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dattabhau Hazare
|votes = 57,519
|percentage = 6.40
|change = {{decrease}}6.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,495
|percentage = 3.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,98,515
|percentage = 58.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Yavatmal district]]
* [[Yavatmal district|Chandrapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/chandrapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Chandrapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.0|79.3|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]

Basant Narain Singh

2026-02-25T06:40:06Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Revised and enhanced article content

{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Basant Narain Singh
|title = Maharaj Kumar of [[Ramgarh Raj]]
|image =
|succession = [[Ramgarh Raj]]
|reign = 1918 – 3 February 1984
|reign-type = Period
|predecessor = Maharaj Kumar Rameshwar Narain Singh
|successor = Maharaj Kumar M. Narain Singh Gazi Sarkar Sahib
|suc-type =
|birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1918|04|09}}
|birth_place = Padhma Palace, [[Ramgarh Raj]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1984|02|03|1918|04|09}}
|death_place = [[Hazaribagh]], [[Bihar]]
|burial_place =
|spouse = Kunwarani [[Vijaya Raje]]
|issue = Maharaj Kumar M. Narain Singh Gazi Sarkar Sahib and Kunwarani Bhavna Raje
|father = Maharaja Lakshmi Narain Singh Bahadur
|mother = Maharajmata Shashank Manjiri
Devi
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
Maharaj Kumar Dr. '''Basant Narain Singh''' (b. at Padma Lakshmi Nivas Palace, Hazaribagh District, April 9, 1918) was an Indian politician and a member of the [[7th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of Bihar State.

==Education and career==
Singh was educated at Rajkumar College, Raipur and at Mayo College, Ajmer.

He was also elected as a member of the 3rd, 4th, and 6th Lok Sabha of the Indian Parliament. He was a member of the Bihar State Legislative Assembly during 1952-62 and 1967–74 and Cabinet Minister in Bihar from 1967-72 holding various portfolios such as forest, excise, jail, revenue, public works, and irrigation. He was the general secretary of the Janta Party which was formed by Maharaja of Ramgarh Raj.

==Personal life and family==
He belonged to the royal family of [[Ramgarh Raj]]. He married Kuwarani [[Vijaya Raje]], the daughter of H.R.H. Maharaja Sir [[Udaji Rao II Parmar]] (Honorary A.D.C. to King of England) of [[Dhar State]]. They had two children, Maharaj Kumar Mayurdhwaja Narain Singh Gaji Sarkar Sahib and Kuwarani Bhawna Raje. Their residence was at Raja Kothi in Hazaribagh.

He was the younger brother of Maharaja [[Kamakhya Narain Singh]] Bahadur of [[Ramgarh Raj]], son of the late Raja [[Lakshmi Narain Singh]] Bahadur and maternal great-grandson of Maharaja [[Raja Arjun Singh]] (freedom fighter) of Porahat Raj (Kolhan Estate).<ref name="ls">{{cite web|title=8th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1646.htm |publisher= Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |accessdate= 21 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Basant Narain}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Ramgarh district]]

P. Bhanumathi filmography

2026-02-24T09:00:14Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}

[[P. Bhanumathi]] (1925–2005) was an actress in Telugu, Tamil and Hindi cinema. She appeared in over 100 films. The following is a complete list of her films as an actress:

==Filmography==
===As an actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
|-
| rowspan=1| 1939 || ''[[Vara Vikrayam (film)|Vara Vikrayam]]'' || Kalindi || Telugu
|-
| 1940 || ''[[Malathi Madhavam]]'' || Malathi || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1941 || ''[[Bhaktimala]]'' || Radha || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Dharmapatni]]''|| Uma
| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1943
| ''[[Garuda Garvabhangam]]''
|
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Krishna Prema]]''|| Chandravali || Telugu
|-
| 1944
| ''[[Tahsildaar]]''
| Kamala
| Telugu
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Swarga Seema]]'' || Subbi/Sujatha Devi || Telugu
|-
| 1946
| ''[[Gruha Pravesam (film 1946)|Gruha Pravesam]]''
| Janaki
| Telugu
|-
| 1947 || ''[[Ratnamala (film)|Ratnamala]]'' || Ratnamala || Telugu
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Raja Mukthi]]''|| Kannika || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1949 || ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''|| Kanchana || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Nishaan]]''|| Ranchana || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Devamanohari]]<ref>{{cite web | title=தேவமனோகரி | url=https://ta.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/தேவமனோகரி }}</ref> ''|| || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]''|| Laila || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Nallathambi (1949 film)|Nallathambi]]''|| Pushpa || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Raksha Rekha]]''|| Princess Kalavathi || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Rathnakumar]]''|| Malathi || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="1" |1950
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Apoorva Sahodaralu]]'' || kanchana || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1951 || ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malleeswari]]''|| Malleeswari || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Mangala (film)]]''|| Mangala || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Mangala (film)]]''|| Mangala || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1952 || ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]''|| Mothi || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal (1952 film)|Kaadhal]]''|| Mothi || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Rani (1952 film)|Rani]]''<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article434342.ece|title=Rani (1952) review by Randor Guy in The Hindu.|author=Randor Guy|work=The Hindu}}</ref>|| Rani/Ranjani || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Rani (1952 film)|Rani]]''<ref name="thehindu" />|| Rani/Ranjani || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1953 || ''[[Chandirani]]''|| Champa & Chandi (dual role)|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Chandirani]]''
| Champa & Chandi (dual role)
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Chandirani]]''
| Champa & Chandi (dual role)
| Hindi
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Samsheer]]''
| Rupam
| Hindi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1954 || ''[[Aggi Ramudu (1954 film)|Aggi Ramudu]]'' || Saradha|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Malaikkallan]]''|| Poonkothai|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Chakrapani (film)|Chakrapani]]''|| Malati || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Vipranarayana]]''|| Devadevi || Telugu
|-
|1955
| ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (1955 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'' || Kalyani || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1956 || ''[[Alibabavum Narpadhu Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum Narpadhu Thirudargalum]]''|| Marziyana || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Chintamani (1956 film)|Chintamani]]''
| Chintamani
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]''
| Princess Bommi
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Rangoon Radha]]''
| Rangam
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]''
| Rangasaani
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Raman]]''
| Krishnasani
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sadhaaram]]''
| Sadharam
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]]''
| Sivakami
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Rambaiyin Kaadhal (1956 film)|Rambaiyin Kaadhal]]''
| Ramba
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1957
| ''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]''
| Rangamma
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]''|| Bhanumathi/Chandramathi || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Manamagan Thevai|Varudu Kavali]]''|| Bhanumathi/Chandramathi || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Rani Lalithangi]]''|| Lalithangi || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|Ambikapathy]]''
| Princess Amaravati
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Nala Damayanthi (1957 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
| Dhamayanthi
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Nala Damayanthi (1957 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
| Dhamayanthi
| Kannada
|-
| ''[[Sarangadhara (1957 film)|Sarangadhara]]''
| Chitrangi Devi
| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1958
| ''[[Sarangadhara (1958 film)|Sarangadhara]]''
| Chitrangi Devi
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]''
| Madhana
| Tamil
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Manimekalai (1959 film)|Manimekalai]]''
| Manimekalai
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1960
| ''[[Raja Bakthi]]''
| Madharasai
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Raja Desingu]]''
| Ranibhai
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" Rowspa="2" | 1961
| ''[[Batasari]]''
| Madhavi
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Batasari|Kaanal Neer]]''
| Madhavi
| Tamil
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]'' || Savithri || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1963
| ''[[Kalai Arasi]]''
| Vani & Valli (dual role)
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Anuragam (1963 film)|Anuragam]]''|| Durga||Telugu
|-
| ''[[Arivaali]]''
| Manorama
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]''|| Chola Kumari || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1964 || ''[[Bobbili Yudham]]'' || Mallamma || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Vivaha Bandham]]''|| Bharati || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1965 || ''[[Antastulu]]'' || Rani || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Thodu Needa]]''|| Lakshmi || Telugu
|-
|''[[Sarasa B.A.]]''
|Sarasa
|Tamil
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]''|| Nagamma || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1967 || ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1967 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]''|| Laxmi|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Pattathu Rani]]''|| Rani|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Nai Roshni (1967)|Nai Roshni]]''|| Padma Kumar || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Punyavathi]]''|| Padmavathi || Telugu
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Poovum Pottum (1968 film)|Poovum Pottum]]''|| Padmavathi || Tamil
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]''|| Lalitha || Telugu
|-
| 1972
| ''[[Anta Mana Manchike]]''
| Savitri
| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 || ''[[Kattila Thottila]]''|| Dr. Meenakshi || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Vichitra Vivaham]]''
|
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1974 || ''[[Ammayi Pelli]]''|| Dr. Meenakshi || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Tatamma Kala]]''|| Ravamma || Telugu
|-
|''[[Mangalya bhagyam|Mangalya Bhagyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalya Bhagyam (1974) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QJH |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Kalyani
|Telugu
|-
| ''[[Pathu Madha Bandham]]''|| Kalyani|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Swathi Nakshathram]]''|| Mother Superior|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Thai Pirandhal]]''|| || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975 || ''[[Ippadiyum Oru Penn]]''|| Savitri|| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Eduppar Kai Pillai]] ''|| Indira|| Tamil
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Manamaara Vazhthungal]]''
| || Tamil
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Manavadi Kosam]]''
| || Telugu
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Rachayethri]]''|| Gayathri Devi|| Telugu
|-
|1981
|[[Gadasari Atta Sogasari Kodalu|''Gadasari Atta Sogasari Kodalu'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadasari Atha Sogasari Kodalu (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/VPR/info |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Tripurasundari aka Sundaramma
|Telugu
|-
|1984 || ''[[Mangamma Gari Manavadu]]''|| Mangamma || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986
| ''[[Muddula Manavaraalu]]'' || Shanthamma|| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Kannukku Mai Ezhuthu]]''|| || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''[[Attagaru Zindabad]]''|| Rajeshwari || Telugu
|-
|''[[Mandaladeesudu]]''
|
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988
| ''[[Attagaru Swagatham]]''|| Mallamma|| Telugu
|-
|''Annapurnamma Gari Alludu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|''[[Atha Mechina Alludu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atha Mechina Alludu (1989) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADMQ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Lalithamma
|Telugu
|-
| ''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]''|| Rajyalakshmamma || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="1" |1990||''[[Abhisarika]]''|| Rajarajeshwari|| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992 || ''[[Peddarikam]]''|| Adusumilli Basavapunnamma || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Samrat Ashok]]''
|
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Chembaruthi]] ''|| Bhuvaneswari || Tamil
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Asadhyuralu]]'' / ''Periyamma'' || Bharathi|| Telugu / Tamil
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Pelli Kanuka (1998 film)|Pelli Kanuka]]''|| Savithramma || Telugu
|}

===Dubbing for films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Nala Damayanthi (1959 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Eduppar Kai Pillai|Lawyer Indira Devi]]'' || Telugu
|}

===Playback singer===
{{Main|List of songs recorded by P. Bhanumathi}}
Bhanumathi gave her voice for herself and sang many songs.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Songs
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Dharma Patni]]'' || ''Anuraagam Leka Anandamunda'' ''Nilu Niluma Neelavarnaa''
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Swarga Seema]]'' || ''Oho Ho Pavurama'', ''Oho Tapodhana''
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || ''Preme Neramouna Maapai Ee Pagela''
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' || ''Manasuna Mallera Maalaloogene'' ''Parugulu Teeyali O Gittalu Urakalu Veyali'' (with [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]) ''Pilachina Biguvatara Auraura'' ''Eda Thanunnado Baava'' (with Ghantasala)
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]'' || ''Divya Premaku Satiaune'' (with Ghantasala)
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Chandirani]]'' || ''Eeroju Bhale Roju Ide Prema Idena'' ''Enduko Teliyani Ennadu Anukoni Ee Sambaraalemiti'' ''Evaraalakinturu Naamora Enaleni Vedana'' ''Kilaa Kilaa Navvulaa Kurisene Vennelaa'' ''O Taraka'' (with Ghantasala)
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Chakrapani (film)|Chakrapani]]'' || ''Pakkala Nilabadi Kolichemu'' ''Uyyala Jampalaloogaravaya'' O Malathi Lata Mella Mellaga
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Vipra Narayana]]'' || ''Raa Raa Naa Swamy''
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (1956 film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]'' || ''Kannulu Ninde Kannela Vinna Mannanaleera Raja'' ''Teerani Naa Korikale Teerenu Ee Roju''
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Tenali Raman]]'' || ''Kangalil Adidum Penmaiyin Naadagam'' ''Kannamirandum Minnidum Annam'' ''Pirandha Naal Mannan Pirandha Naal'' ''Vinnulagil Minni Varum Thaaragaiye Po Po''
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Batasari]]'' || ''Oh Baatasaari Nanu Maruvakoyi''
|-
| 1963 || ''Anuragam'' || ''Sannajaji Teeveloi Sampenga Poovuloi''
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Bobbili Yuddham]]'' || ''Srikara Karunalavala Venugopala''
|-
| 1964 || ''Vivaha Bandham'' || ''Vinnava Vinnava Manasulona Dagivunna Madhurageeti''
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Antastulu]]'' || ''Dulapara Bulloda Dummu Dulapara Bulloda'' ''Vinara Vissanna Ne Vedam Cheputa Vinaranna''
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Thodu Needa]]'' || ''Enno Ratrulu Vastayi Kaani Idiye Toli Reyi'' ''When I was just a little girl — I asked my mother what will I be''
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1967 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]'' || ''Laali Laali Gopala Bala Laali Laali'' ''Melukovayya Kaveti Ranga Sriranga''
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]'' || ''Saranam Nee Divya Charanam''
|-
| 1973 || ''Vichitra Vivaham'' || ''Ammayilu Abbayilu Naa Matalo Nijam Vintara Meeru''
|-
| 1974 || ''Ammayi Pelli'' || ''Vandanamu Raghunandana Sethu Bandhana Bhakta Chandana''
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Mangamma Gari Manavadu]]'' || ''Sree Suryanarayana Meluko'' (with [[Vani Jayaram]])
|-
| 1986 || ''Kannukku Mai Ezhuthu'' || ''Vaadaa Malliye Naan Sooda Mullaiye''<ref name="rakkamma.com">{{cite web |title=Vaada malliyey — Kannukku mai ezhuthu — Music by Maestro Ilaiyaraaja |url=http://www.rakkamma.com/filmsongdetails.phtml?filmid=648&songid=2530 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808064622/http://www.rakkamma.com/filmsongdetails.phtml?filmid=648&songid=2530 |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]'' || ''Dilli Ki Raja Aina Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata''
|-
|}

===Producer===
{{Main|Bharani Pictures}}
She produced films under Bharani Pictures.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film
|-
| 1949
!''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
|-
| 1952
! ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]''
|-
| rowspan=2| 1954
! ''[[Chakrapani (film)|Chakrapani]]''
|-
! ''[[Vipra Narayana]]''
|-
| 1961
! ''[[Batasari]]''
|-
| 1948
! ''[[Ratnamala (film)|Ratnamala]]''
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language
|-
| 1953
! [[Chandirani]] || Telugu, Tamil, Hindi
|-
| 1975
! [[Ippadiyum Oru Penn]] || Tamil
|-
| 1982
! [[Bhaktha Dhruva Markandeya]] || Telugu
|-
| 1993
! ''Asadhyuralu'' / ''Periyamma'' || Telugu, Tamil
|}

===Music director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language
|-
| 1954
! ''[[Chakrapani (film)|Chakrapani]]''
| Telugu
|-
| 1975
! ''[[Ippadiyum Oru Penn]]''
| Tamil
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm0707951}}

[[Category:Actress filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-23T03:41:34Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made new page

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|10|23|N|77|48|E|display=inline,title}}
| image = File:Nilgiri pipit from Perumalmalai peak, Kodaikanal Wildlife Sactuary.jpg
| image_caption = [[Nilgiri pipit]] in Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nearest_city = [[Kodaikanal]]
| area = {{cvt|608.95|km2}}
| established = 20 September 2013
| governing_body = [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]
| website =
}}

'''Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located near [[Kodaikanal]] in [[Dindigul district]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The sanctuary was created in 2013 to preserve the biodiversity and various species endemic to the [[Western Ghats]] region, which is recognised as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots.

== Geography ==
The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|608.95|km2}} in the [[Palani Hills]] of the [[Western Ghats]] and is located in [[Dindigul district]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It was declared as a protected area in 2013 and spans across a diverse landscape with forests, grasslands, and various riverine ecosystems.<ref name="FL">{{cite web|title=A Sanctuary and Many Challenges|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/conservation/a-sanctuary-and-many-challenges/article7809257.ece/|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=23 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/tamilnadu|title=Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Flora and Fauna ==
The sanctuary was created to preserve the biodiversity and various species endemic to the Western Ghats region, which is recognised as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Boost for Wildlife |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-boost-for-wildlife/article5176592.ece/|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 September 2013|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 October 2013|title=Kodai Sanctuary, a safe haven for animals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/kodai-sanctuary-a-safe-haven-for-animals/articleshow/23479739.cms|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The vegetation consists of a mix of [[dry deciduous forest|dry deciduous]], [[evergreen forests]], [[grasslands]] interspersed with [[shola]]s. The sanctuary is home to a wide variety of plant species, including many species endemic to this region such as ''Ceropegia thwaitesii'', ''Sonerila pulneyensis'', ''Hoya wightii'', ''Plectanthus bourneate'', and ''Aeschnanthus perrottetii''.<ref name="Compendium"/>

The sanctuary provides habitat to a range of animal species such as [[Indian bison]], [[leopard]], [[sloth bear]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[grizzled giant squirrel]], and various species of deer, wild boar and reptiles.<ref name="Compendium"/><ref name="Gaur">{{cite news|title=Indian Gaur Flourishing in Kodaikanal Sanctuary|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/100317/indian-gaur-flourishing-in-kodaikanal-sanctuary.html|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=10 March 2017|access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> Avifauna include [[Nilgiri marten]], [[blue-faced malkoha]], [[stork-billed kingfisher]], [[black-rumped flameback]], [[white-browed bulbul]], [[tawny-bellied babbler]], [[pale-billed flowerpecker]], [[crested honey buzzard|honey buzzard]], [[Indian eagle-owl]], [[Malabar trogon]], and [[Nilgiri flycatcher]].<ref name="Compendium"/>

== Tourism and conservation ==
[[File:Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary- Pillar Rocks-WUS05114.jpg|thumb|Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary]]
The sanctuary is managed by the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]], with the primary goals of protecting the unique ecosystem, ensuring sustainable practices, and managing the natural resources. Conservation efforts include anti-poaching measures, awareness programs, and habitat restoration projects.<ref name="FL"/> The sanctuary offers limited access to tourism activities such as trekking, guided safaris, and bird watching. Some of the popular spots in and around the sanctuary include [[Berijam Lake]], silent valley view, and the [[pine]] forests.<ref name="Gaur"/> In 2017, a tree walk facility was proposed at the sanctuary to promote environmental education and allow visitors to learn about the sanctuary's flora in a guided setting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tree Walk Facility Proposed at Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/221117/tree-walk-facility-proposed-at-kodaikanal-wildlife-sanctuary.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=22 November 2017|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Western Ghats}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2013]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yanam

2026-02-22T04:15:05Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: minor expand lead based on references also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|School in Yanam district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yanam
| native_name = JNV Mettakur
| image_size = 100px
| alt = Logo of Navodaya schools
| caption = Pragyanam Brahma
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|16.7491227|N|82.215693|E}} 
| float = center
| zoom = 12
| width = 240 
| height = 200
| caption = {{center|Location of JNV Yanam}}
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|16.7491227|N|82.215693|E}} 
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = JNV Yanam
| label-size1 = 12
| label-color1 = black
| label-pos1 = top
| mark-title1 =
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = JNV Yanam
}}
| motto = Pragyanam Brahma
| motto_translation = Consciousness is [[Brahman]]
| location = [[Mettacur|Mettakur]], [[Yanam district|Yanam]]
| city =
| state = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] [[Union territory|U.T.]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|16.7491|82.2158|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| postal_code = 533464
| type = Public
| established = 1987
| opened =
| closed =
| district =
| superintendent =
| principal = T. V. S. Prakasa Rao<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Yanam/en/administration/Successive-Principals|title=Successive Principals|access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
| principal_label =
| principal1 = Vacant
| principal_label1 = Vice Principal
| faculty = 26
| staff = 17
| grades = VI - XII
| enrollment = 329
| campus_size = {{convert|25|acre|sqm}}
| campus_type = Rural
| colors =
| feeder_schools =
| affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Yanam/en/home/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yanam''' or locally known as '''JNV Mettakur''' is a [[Boarding school|boarding]], [[co-educational]] school in [[Yanam district]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] [[Union territory|U.T.]] in [[India]]. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Human Resources Development]] and administered by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry. Navodaya Vidyalayas provide free education to talented children from Class VI to XII.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1/|title=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|website=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417144104/http://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yanam district is a coastal [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] within [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, located about 815 km from union territory headquarter [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].

== History ==
The school was established in 1987, and is a part of [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] schools. This school is administered and monitored by [[Hyderabad]] regional office of [[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti|Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navodayahyd.gov.in/ut.html|title=NVS RO Hyderabad - JNVs in Union territories|website=NVS RO Hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180737/http://navodayahyd.gov.in/ut.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|access-date=25 Feb 2019}}</ref>

== Admission ==
Admission to JNV Yanam at class VI level is made through selection test (JNVST) conducted by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti. The information about test is disseminated and advertised in district by the office of Yanam [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] (Collector), who is also the chairperson of Vidyalya Management Committee of JNV Yanam.

== Affiliations ==
JNV Yanam is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] with affiliation number 130014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=130014|title=CBSE affiliation details of JNV Yanam|website=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] - Online School Affiliation & Monitoring System|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121060759/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=130014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Schools}}
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Puducherry]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karaikal]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahe]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya#List of schools|List of JNV schools]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Yanam/en/home/ Official Website of JNV Yanam]

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Puducherry|Yanam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Yanam district]]

{{Puducherry-school-stub}}

List of sultans of Delhi

2026-02-21T04:58:29Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made new data.

{{Short description|Five dynasties of Delhi Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = Sultan
| realm = Delhi
| native_name = ''Sulṯan-i-Dihlī''
| coatofarms = Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg
| coatofarmscaption = Flag
| coatofarmssize =
| style = *[[Sultan]]
*[[Sultan of Sultans]]
*[[Shah]]
*[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]
*[[Khan (title)|Khan]]
*[[Iskandar (name)|Sikander]]
*[[Malik]]
| first_monarch = [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]
| last_monarch = [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]
|residence = * [[Lahore]] (1206–1210)
* [[Badayun]] (1210–1214)
* [[Delhi]] (1214–1327)
* [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] (1327–1334)
* [[Delhi]] (1334–1506)
* [[Agra]] (1506–1526)
| appointer = Hereditary
| began = 25 June 1206
| ended = 21 April 1526 {{small|(Total 319 years)}}
| image = Painting depicting the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq.jpg
| caption = [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] 1 February 1325 – 20 March 1351
}}
The '''Sultan of Delhi''' was the [[absolute monarch]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] which stretched over large parts of the [[the subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]] during the period of [[Medieval India|medieval era]], for 320 years (1206–1526).<ref name=brt>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156530/Delhi-sultanate Delhi Sultanate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503182050/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156530/Delhi-sultanate |date=3 May 2015 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica</ref><ref>A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980</ref> Following the [[Ghurid campaigns in India|conquest of India]] by the Ghurids, five unrelated heterogeneous dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1206–1290), the [[Khalji dynasty]] (1290–1320), the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1414),<ref name="sen2">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title = A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=68–102 }}</ref> the [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–1451), and the [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526). It covered large swaths of territory of modern-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106-134.</ref>

This list contains the rulers of [[Delhi Sultanate]] in chronological order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=سلاطین دہلی - وجود |url=https://www.wujood.com/87202/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.wujood.com |language=ur |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113030759/https://www.wujood.com/87202/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290) ==
{{See|Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name of ruler
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth Date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death Date
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
!End of reign
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]
|1150
|14 November 1210
|25 June 1206
|14 November 1210
|
|-
|2
|[[Aram Shah]]
|1176
|June 1211
|December 1210
|June 1211
|
|-
|3
|[[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]]
|1192
|30 April 1236
|June 1211
|30 April 1236
|Son-in-law of Aibak
|-
|4
|[[Ruknuddin Firuz|Rukn ud-Din Firuz I]]
|1211
|19 November 1236
|30 April 1236
|19 November 1236
|Son of Iltutmish
|-
|5
|[[Razia Sultan|Jalalat ud-Din Razia]]
|1205<ref>{{Cite book |title=Smithsonian "TIMELINES OF EVERYONE" |publisher=DK |year=2020 |isbn=9781465499967 |edition=1st |location=U.S. U.K. |publication-date=2020 |pages=63 |language=English}}</ref>
|15 October 1240
|November 1236
|20 April 1240
|Daughter of Iltutmish
|-
|6
|[[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz ud-Din Bahram]]
|9 July 1212
|15 May 1242
|20 April 1240
|15 May 1242
|Son of Iltutmish
|-
|7
|[[Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah|Ala ud-Din Masud]]
|1227 or 1232
|10 June 1246
|May 1242
|10 June 1246
|Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
|-
|8
|[[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasir ud-Din Mahmud I]]
|1229 or 1230
|18 February 1266
|10 June 1246
|18 February 1266
|Grandson of Iltutmish
|-
|9
|[[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]]
|1216
|13 January 1287
|18 February 1266
|13 January 1287
|Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
|-
|10
|[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]]
|1269
|1 February 1290
|13 January 1287
|1 February 1290
|Grandson of Balban
|-
|11
|[[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Shams ud-Din Kayumars]]
|1285/1287
|13 June 1290
|1 February 1290
|13 June 1290
|Son of Qaiqabad
|}

== Khalji/Khilji dynasty (1290–1320) ==
{{See|Khalji dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|12
|[[Jalal-ud-din Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Khalji]]
|1220
|19 July 1296
|13 June 1290
|19 July 1296
|
|-
| –
|[[Ruknuddin Ibrahim|Rukn ud-Din Ibrahim]] (titular)
|''unknown''
|1297
|19 July 1296
|November 1296
|Son of Jalal-ud-din Khalji. He ruled for a short time, not always indicating his names on the lists.
|-
|13
|[[Alauddin Khalji|Ala ud-Din Khalji]]
|1266
|4 January 1316
|19 July 1296
|4 January 1316
|Nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khalji
|-
|14
|[[Shihabuddin Omar|Shihab ud-Din Omar]]
|1310 or 1311
|14 April 1316
|5 January 1316
|14 April 1316
|Son of Alauddin Khalji
|-
|15
|[[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Qutb ud-Din Mubarak I]]
|1299
|9 July 1320
|14 April 1316
|1 May 1320
|Son of Alauddin Khalji
|}

=== Outside of the dynasties (1320) ===

{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|16
|[[Khusrau Khan|Nasir ud-Din Khusrau]]
|''unknown''
|1320
|10 July 1320
|5 September 1320
|He ruled for a short time and did not establish a dynasty.
|}

== Tughluq dynasty (1320–1414) ==
{{See|Tughluq dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" |Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|17
|[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq I]]
|''unknown''
|1 February 1325
|8 September 1320
|1 February 1325
|
|-
|18
|[[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad II bin Tughluq]]
|c. 1290
|20 March 1351
|1 February 1325
|20 March 1351
|Son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
|-
|19
|[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz III Shah Tughluq]]
|1309
|20 September 1388
|23 March 1351
|20 September 1388
|Son-in-law of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
|-
|20
|[[Tughluq Khan|Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq II]]
|''unknown''
|14 March 1389
|20 September 1388
|14 March 1389
|Great-grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|21
|[[Abu Bakr Shah]]
|''unknown''
|after 1390
|15 March 1389
|31 August 1390
|Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|22
|[[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III|Nasir ud-Din Muhammad III]]
|17 June 1352<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |url=https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization/page/n353/mode/1up |title=the Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |date=April 1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | page=332}}</ref>
|20 January 1394
|31 August 1390
|20 January 1394
|Son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|23
|[[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah|Ala ud-Din Sikandar I]]
|''unknown''
|8 March 1394
|22 January 1394
|8 March 1394
|Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
|-
|24
|[[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq|Nasir ud-Din Mahmud II]]
|''unknown''
|February 1413
|8 March 1394
|February 1413
|Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
|-
| –
|[[Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq|Nasir ud-Din Nusrat]]
|''unknown''
|1398 or 1399
|January 1395
|1398 or 1399
|Brother of Tughluq Khan. Mahmud Shah's anti-king, claimant to the throne, sub-ruler.
|}

== Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451) ==
{{see|Sayyid dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|25
|[[Khizr Khan]]
|''unknown''
|20 May 1421
|28 May 1414
|20 May 1421
|
|-
|26
|[[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muiz ud-Din Mubarak II]]
|''unknown''
|19 February 1434
|21 May 1421
|19 February 1434
|Son of Khizr Khan
|-
|27
|[[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah IV]]
|''unknown''
|1 January 1445
|February 1434
|1 January 1445
|Grandson of Khizr Khan
|-
|28
|[[Alam Shah|Ala ud-Din Alam]]
|''unknown''
|July 1478
|1 January 1445
|19 April 1451
|Son of Muhammad Shah
|}

== Lodi dynasty (1451–1526) ==
{{See|Lodi dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width=55555555"13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|29
|[[Bahlul Khan Lodi]]
|1420
|12 July 1489
|19 April 1451
|12 July 1489
|
|-
|30
|[[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar II Khan Lodi]]
|17 July 1458
|21 November 1517
|17 July 1489
|21 November 1517
|Son of Bahlul Lodi
|-
|31
|[[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]
|1480
|21 April 1526
|November 1517
|21 April 1526
|Son of Sikandar Lodi
|}

== Family trees ==
=== Mamluk dynasty (1206-1290) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Mamluk dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]''' (1) r. 1206-1210|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Aram Shah]]''' (2) r. 1210-1211|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]]''' (3) r. 1211-1236|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ruknuddin Firuz|Rukn ud-Din Firuz]]''' (4) r. 1236|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultana]]''' (5) r. 1236-1240|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz ud-Din Bahram]]''' (6) r. 1240-1242|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700|
A04='''[[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasir ud-Din Mahmud]]''' (8) r. 1246-1266|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah|Ala ud-Din Masud]]''' (7) r. 1242-1246|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyath ud-Din Balban]]''' (9) r. 1266-1286|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]]''' (10) r. 1287-1290|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Shams ud-Din Kayumars]]''' (11) r. 1290|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Khalji/Khilji dynasty (1290-1320) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Khalji dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Yughrush}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Jalal-ud-din Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Khalji]]''' (12) r. 1290-1296|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Shihab ud-Din Mas'ud}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Alauddin Khalji|Ala ud-Din Khalji]]''' (13) r. 1296-1316|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Shihabuddin Omar|Shihab ud-Din Omar]]''' (14) r. 1316|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Qutb ud-Din Mubarak]]''' (15) r. 1316-1320|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Khusrau Khan|Khusrau Khan]]''' (16) r. 1320|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Tughluq dynasty (1320-1414) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Tughluq dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

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A01='''[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq I]]''' (17) r. 1320-1325|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Malik Rajab}}

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A01='''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]''' (18) r. 1325-1351|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]''' (19) r. 1351-1388|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

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A02=Zafar Khan|
A03='''[[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III|Nasir ud-Din Muhammad]]''' (22) r. 1390-1394|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

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A01='''[[Tughluq Khan|Ghiyath ud-Din Tughluq II]]''' (20) r. 1388-1389|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Abu Bakr Shah|Abu Bakr Shah]]''' (21) r. 1389-1390|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah|Ala ud-Din Sikandar]]''' (23) r. 1394|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700|
A04='''[[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq|Nasir ud-Din Mahmud]]''' (24) r. 1394-1414|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700}}

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=== Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451) ===

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A01='''[[Khizr Khan]]''' (25) r. 1414-1421|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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A01='''[[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]]''' (26) r. 1421-1434|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Farid Khan}}

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A01='''[[Alam Shah|Ala ud-Din Alam Shah]]''' (28) r. 1445-1451|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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=== Lodi dynasty (1451-1526) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Lodi dynasty}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Bahlul Khan Lodi]]''' (29) r. 1451-1489|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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A01='''[[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Khan Lodi]]''' (30) r. 1489-1517|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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A01='''[[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi]]''' (31) r. 1517-1526|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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== Sources ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif Dynastic Chart], [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_404.gif] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 2, ''p. 368.''
* {{cite web|title=Sayyid dynasty|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sayyid-dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|ref={{harvid|EB}}|language=en}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345985/Lodi-dynasty#ref222519 Lodī dynasty] - [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* [https://www.thedelhiwalla.com/2014/06/15/city-list-32-rulers-delhi-sultanate/ City List – Delhi Sultanate Rulers, First to Last]
* [https://www.takshilalearning.com/the-delhi-sultanate-how-many-lists-of-dynasties-and-rulers-delhi-sultanate/ The Delhi Sultanate : How Many Lists of Dynasties and Rulers Delhi Sultanate?]
=== References ===
{{reflist}}

== Other literature ==
* Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.

[[Category:Sultans of Delhi| ]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Haridwar hate speech controversy

2026-02-02T09:29:25Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made a details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}{{Short description|Dharm Sansad event for establishment of Hindu Rashtra in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

{{Islamophobia}}

In December 2021, a ''dharma sansad'' (religious assembly) of [[Sadhu|Hindu ascetics]] was held at [[Haridwar]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], where [[Hate speech|hate speeches]] were delivered in which the speakers [[Incitement to genocide|called for]] a [[genocide]] against [[Islam in India|Muslims]] in the name of protecting [[Hinduism]].<ref name="NDTV hate speech">
[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/viral-hate-speech-videos-haridwar-meet-spark-outrage-2667081 Hate Speech-Givers In Haridwar Tell NDTV "Neither Regrets Nor Fear"], NDTV, 23 December 2021.
</ref><ref name="Wire genocide">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/hindutva-leaders-dharma-sansad-muslim-genocide Hindutva Leaders at Haridwar Event Call for Muslim Genocide], The Wire, 22 December 2021.
</ref><ref name=Grover>
{{Cite news |last=Grover |first=Samarth |date=2021-12-22 |title=Narsinghanand Organises 3-Day Hate Speech Conclave in Haridwar |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/haridwar-yati-narsinghanand-organises-hate-speech-conclave |website=TheQuint}}
</ref> The government's apathy in the face of the hate event has been condemned by a wide cross section of Indian society, including retired military leaders, civil society activists, students, academics, and retired judges.<ref>{{cite news |title='Condemn Calls for Genocide': Ex Service Chiefs, Veterans, Prominent Citizens Write to Modi, Kovind |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24172537 |access-date=2022-09-02 |work=The Wire |date=2022-01-01}}</ref>

== Event ==
The Haridwar ''dharma sansad'' (religious assembly) was organised by Yati Narasighanand, the priest of the Dasna Devi temple in [[Ghaziabad]] and the chief of the Juna Akhara.<ref name=Grover/> The gathering was held over three days during 17–19 December 2021.<ref name=Grover/>

The theme of the conference was ''Islamic Bharat mein Sanatan ka Bhavishya'' ("The Future of the Sanatan (Dharma) in Islamic India"). It was described as a "strange topic" by ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', because nobody other than this gathering believed that India was "Islamic".<ref name=Asthana>[https://thewire.in/communalism/haridwar-anti-muslim-hate-speech-laws-broken "A Hate-Filled Call to Arms and Violence at Haridwar"], The Wire, 24 December 2021.</ref>

Almost all of the speakers were [[saffron (color)#Religion|saffron]]-robed Hindu ascetics (called ''sadhu'' if they are male, and ''sadhvi'' if they are female). Many of them were also heads of ''[[akhara]]s'' (physical training institutions which are usually run by members of ascetic orders).

Since at least the seventh century, militant ascetics have been a fixture of Hindu civilisation.{{efn|{{citation |first=William |last=Harman |chapter=The militant ascetic traditions of India and Sri Lanka |editor=P. Pratap Kumar |title=Contemporary Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781315729589 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |pages=245–}}
* (p.248) "We know that armed ascetics are mentioned in the seventh-century Sanskrit drama ''Harṣacaritra'', and in the eleventh-century Sanskrit comedy ''Prabhodhacandrodaya'' ... "
* (p.249) "The first historically verifiable account of militant ascetic violence seems to have occurred in 1567 when the Emperor Akbar accidentally became embroiled in an impending skirmish between two Hindu ascetic groups armed to the teeth."}} They were brought under control by the British in the 18–19th centuries.{{efn|
{{citation |last=van der Veer |first=Peter |title=''Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires'' by William R. Pinch (book review) |journal=American Historical Review |date=February 2007}}: "Gradually, however, with the expansion of British control, the ascetics became marginalized. An important element of their marginalization was the application of British-Indian civil law to the inheritances of ascetics who had both celibate descendants and natural offspring."
}} The [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and its religious wing [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) started building links with the ascetic orders in the 1960s. In the 1980s a hundred members of the VHP got initiated into ascetic orders in Haridwar in the name of "protecting culture".{{efn|{{citation |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra K. |title=An Unholy Quest: The RSS's attempts to engulf the sadhu class |newspaper=The Caravan |date=1 April 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/rss-attempt-engulf-sadhu-class}}: "A report published in ''Organiser'', on 1 August 1982, indicates that at least part of the phenomenon was planned. Titled "Haridwar Makes History," the report talked of the VHP getting a hundred of its men initiated as "sanyasins" by "seven local historic akharas" of Haridwar, as part of its newly launched project called the ''Sanskriti Raksha Yojna''—"culture-protection plan".}}

== Speeches ==
At the assembly, numerous speakers called for the killing of minorities and attacks against their religious spaces.<ref name=Grover/>

[[Prabodhanand Giri]], a former RSS [[pracharak]] who turned ascetic and runs an organisation called ''Hindu Raksha Sena'' in Haridwar,<ref name=Jha>
{{citation |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra K. |title=An Unholy Quest: The RSS's attempts to engulf the sadhu class |newspaper=The Caravan |date=1 April 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/rss-attempt-engulf-sadhu-class}}
</ref> asked Hindus to emulate what was done in [[Myanmar]], referring to the [[Rohingya genocide|violence against]] [[Rohingya Muslims]].<ref name=BBC/> He called it ''safai abhiyan'' ("cleanliness drive"), apparently implying [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="NDTV hate speech"/><ref>
Barkha Dutt, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/dont-normalise-hate-speeches-mob-violence-101640343324412.html Don't normalise hate speeches, mob violence], Hindustan Times, 24 December 2021. {{ProQuest|2613240166}}
</ref> [[Prabodhanand Giri]] associates himself with the Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], whose picture is featured on his [[Facebook]] page.<ref name="Wire genocide"/> Speaking to the NDTV News the following day, he said that he stood by what he said, and asserted that he was not afraid of the police.<ref name="NDTV hate speech"/>

Sadhvi Annapurna, formerly Pooja Shakun Pandey, the head of the Niranjani Akhara and a general secretary of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], openly called for the killing of Muslims. "If 100 of us are ready to kill two million of them, then we will win and make India a Hindu nation," she said, asking Hindus to be ready to kill and be willing to go to jail.<ref name=NYT>
Sameer Yasir, [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/24/world/asia/hindu-extremists-india-muslims.html As Hindu Extremists Call for Killing of Muslims, India's Leaders Keep Silent], The New York Times, 24 December 2021.
</ref> Talking to NDTV News, she too said that she was not afraid of the police.<ref name="NDTV hate speech"/>

Another speaker named Swami Anandswaroop, who heads the ''Sambhavi Dhaam'', told people not to celebrate [[Christmas]] in Haridwar.<ref name=Newslaundry>
[https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/12/24/haridwar-hate-speeches-abp-republic-skip-issue-in-prime-time-debates Haridwar hate speeches: ABP, Republic skip issue in prime time debates], Newslaundry, 24 December 2021.
</ref> He also called for the banning of Muslim vendors from Haridwar.<ref name="Wire genocide"/> He stated that the government would have to comply with the ruling of the Dharm Sansad because it was the "word of God." Otherwise, it would wage a war like the one which was waged in 1857, a reference to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against the British Indian government.<ref name="Wire genocide"/>

== Oath-taking ==
Around the same time as the Haridwar meeting, members of [[Hindu Yuva Vahini]], a [[Hindutva]] youth militia which was founded by [[Yogi Adityanath]], met in Delhi in order to take an oath. Raising their hands in a [[Nazi salute|Nazi-style salute]], the hundreds of members who were in attendance chanted, "We make a resolution until our last breath: We will make India a Hindu nation, and keep it a Hindu-only nation. We will fight and die if required, we will kill as well." The oath was administered by [[Suresh Chavhanke]], the editor-in-chief of the right-wing news channel, [[Sudarshan News]]. He then tweeted a video of the oath to his half a million followers.<ref name=NYT/><ref name="Wire Chavhanke">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/suresh-chavhanke-hindu-rashtra Suresh Chavhanke Gives Call to 'Fight, Die, Kill' to Make India a 'Hindu Rashtra'], The Wire, 23 December 2021.</ref><ref>
Piyush Srivastava, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/uttarakhand-sadhus-urge-killing-of-muslims-to-establish-hindu-rashtra/cid/1844602 Conclave of sadhus urges 'killing' of Muslims to establish Hindu Rashtra], The Telegraph (India), 24 December 2021.
</ref>

== Raipur ''dharma sansad'' ==
It later transpired that a similar event was conducted at [[Raipur]] during 25-26 December 2021, organised to discuss the creation of a ''[[Hindutva|Hindu Rashtra]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Putul |first1=Alok Prakash |date=27 December 2021 |title=हरिद्वार के बाद अब रायपुर की 'धर्म संसद' की क्यों हो रही है चर्चा |trans-title=After Haridwar, why the Raipur Dharma Sansad is being debated |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59798693 |work=[[BBC]] Hindi |language=hi |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> One speaker, a self-styled godman called Kalicharan Maharaj, declared [[Mahatma Gandhi]] a "traitor who destroyed the nation" and praised Gandhi's assassin [[Nathuram Godse]], for which he was later arrested.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ravish Pal |date=30 December 2021 |title='Godman' Kalicharan who made derogatory remarks against Mahatma Gandhi arrested by Raipur police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kalicharan-maharaj-arrested-raipur-police-mahatma-gandhi-dharm-sansad-1893943-2021-12-30 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> Others urged participants to arm themselves if they desired to make India a ''Hindu Rashtra'', claimed that tribals in the region were "being lured" into [[Christianity]] and that Muslims were "entrapping Hindu women" through what conspiracy theorists call "[[Love jihad conspiracy theory|Love jihad]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aswani |first1=Tarushi |date=30 December 2021 |title=At Raipur Dharma Sansad, Hindutva Leaders Raise Call to Take Up Arms for Hindu Rashtra |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/raipur-dharma-sansad-call-for-violence-hindu-rashtra-christian-muslim |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
=== Domestic ===
Video clips of the speeches which were made at the ''dharma sansad'' meeting went viral on social media. Admiral [[Arun Prakash]], the former Chief of Naval Staff, described it as a clear threat to India's national security; former Army chief General [[Ved Prakash Malik]] agreed and urged urgent action.<ref name="Wire national security">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/national-security-2-ex-service-chiefs-others-demand-action-against-communal-haridwar-event 'National Security': 2 Ex-Service Chiefs, Others Demand Action Against Communal Haridwar Event], The Wire, 23 December 2021.
</ref> [[Trinamool Congress]] spokesperson [[Saket Gokhale]] lodged a police complaint; [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson Shama Mohammed followed a similar course.<ref name="Rediff">
PTI, [https://www.rediff.com/news/report/is-india-still-a-democracy-oppn-on-haridwar-hate-speeches/20211223.htm Is India still a democracy? Oppn on Haridwar hate speeches], Rediff, 23 December 2021.
</ref>

Members of BJP and its supporters shared a clipped video of Muslim leader [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] to allege that he called for a genocide of Hindus, in an effort to divert attention from the Haridwar hate speeches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clipped video shared to falsely claim Asaduddin Owaisi threatened Hindus |url=https://www.altnews.in/clipped-video-shared-to-falsely-claim-asaduddin-owaisi-threatened-hindus/ |website=Alt News |date=2021-12-24}}</ref>

A group of 183 students and academics at the [[Indian Institutes of Management]], Ahmedabad and Bangalore, wrote to the Prime Minister urging action. "Your silence, Honourable Prime Minister, emboldens the hate-filled voices and threatens the unity and integrity of our country," they wrote.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/iim-ahmedabad-bangalore-letter-modi-silence-hate 'Your Silence on Hate-Filled Voices Threatens Unity of Nation': IIM Students, Faculty to PM], The Wire, 8 January 2022.
</ref>

More than 100 veterans, bureaucrats and other prominent citizens including five former chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces wrote an open letter to the President, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India and others, seeking immediate action against those who made open calls for genocide of Indian Muslims in Haridwar and New Delhi. The letter also mentioned targeting of other minorities of India like Christians, Dalits and Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/veterans-letter-to-president-kovind-pm-modi-on-haridwar-hate-speeches-full-text-2682041|title=Veterans' letter to President and PM Modi on Haridwar hate speeches: Full text|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Senior Advocate [[Fali Nariman]] has criticised the ruling party for keeping silent and almost endorsing the hate speeches.<ref>
[https://www.theleaflet.in/eternal-vigilance-necessary-to-defend-liberty-enforced-by-courts-says-former-sc-judge-justice-rohinton-fali-nariman/ Eternal vigilance necessary to defend liberty enforced by courts, says former SC Judge, Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman], The Leaflet, 18 January 2022.
</ref>

=== International ===
Twitter from around the world created a 'twitter storm' on 8 January with the hashtag #StopIndianMuslimGenocide. A press statement issued by global Indian diaspora said, "[they] will not merely stand and watch the denial of the humanity of our fellow Indians". As many as 28 diaspora groups from across the globe participated in the protest.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/brink-of-an-impending-genocide-indian-diaspora-demands-arrest-of-haridwar-dharma-sansad-speakers 'Brink of an Impending Genocide': Indian Diaspora Demands Arrest of Haridwar Dharma Sansad Speakers], The Wire, 9 January 2022.</ref>

The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] which has 57 Muslim majority nations as its member states called upon the international community including the [[United Nations]] to take necessary measures and asked India to ensure the safety of Muslims in response to Haridwar hate speech and [[2022 Karnataka hijab row|hijab controversy]] in India. India condemned OIC for its remarks saying it has communal mindset and is "hijacked by vested interests to further their nefarious propaganda against India.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/communal-mindset-india-skewers-oic-over-statement-on-muslims-in-india-101644940905895.html|title='Communal mindset': India skewers OIC over statement on Muslims in India|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[Gregory Stanton]], founder of [[Genocide Watch]], who predicted [[Rwandan genocide]] 5 years before it happened in 1994, condemned the hate speech and said that a genocide against Muslims is impending in India. He said that the idea of India as a Hindu nation, "which is the Hindutva movement, is contrary to the history of India and the Indian Constitution". Alluding to Indian Prime Minister Modi's silence over the hate speech, Stanton said: "What we have now though, an actual member of the RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) – this extremist, Hindutva-oriented group – Mr Modi as prime minister of India. So, what we have here is an extremist who has taken over the government." He asked the US Congress to pass a resolution to warn India against a possible Muslim genocide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/understanding-the-haridwar-conclave/article65055751.ece|title=Understanding the Haridwar conclave|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/expert-who-foresaw-rwandan-genocide-sounds-alarm-for-india-cites-haridwar-event-gregory-stanton-genocide-watch-muslim-community-hate-speech|title=Expert who foresaw Rwandan genocide sounds alarm for India, cites Haridwar event|website=The Quint}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
On 23 December, the Uttarakhand Police have registered an [[First Information Report|FIR]] against [[Jitendra Narayan Tyagi]] and unnamed "others" for "promoting hatred between religious groups". Tyagi, formerly Wasim Rizvi, is a recent convert to Hinduism initiated by Yati Narsinghanand. People on social media have questioned why the police did not register case against any of the speakers but named only Tyagi.<ref name=BBC>
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-59778426 Haridwar: Police case after outrage in India over anti-Muslim hate speech], BBC News, 24 December 2021.
</ref><ref name="Wire 10 Jan">
[https://thewire.in/law/sc-agrees-to-hear-pil-on-alleged-hate-speeches-at-haridwar-dharma-sansad SC Agrees to Hear PIL on Hate Speeches at Haridwar Dharma Sansad], The Wire, 10 January 2022.
</ref>

Ten days later, on 2 January 2022, a second FIR was filed naming ten organisers of the ''dharma sansad'', including Yati Narasinganand.<ref name name="Wire 10 Jan"/> In Delhi, a complaint was filed on 27 December against Suresh Chavhanke of Sudarshan News for his hate speech at the Hindu Yuva Vahini gathering.<ref name="Wire 10 Jan"/>

Seventy-six top lawyers and judges wrote to the [[Chief Justice of India]] requesting him to take a ''[[suo moto]]'' notice and urgent judicial intervention. They noted that it was a "grave threat not just to the unity and integrity of our country but also endanger the lives of millions of Muslim citizens".<ref>
[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/haridwar-dharma-sansad-76-top-lawyers-write-to-chief-justice-on-genocide-call-grave-threat-2672722 "Grave Threat": 76 Top Lawyers Write To Chief Justice On Genocide Call], NDTV News, 26 December 2021.
</ref>

Yati Narsinganand was seen to be defiant in videos circulated on social media. He predicted that the police would be "on our side".<ref>
[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yati-narsinghanand-hate-speech-cops-biased-haridwar-1893682-2021-12-29 Accused seers laugh as Yati Narsinghanand says cop probing hate speech 'on our side'], India Today, 29 December 2021.
</ref>

On 10 January 2022, the Supreme Court has agreed to hear a [[public interest litigation]] (PIL) petition from senior advocate [[Kapil Sibal]] on behalf of journalist Qurban Ali and former judge of Patna High Court Anjana Prakash. Sibal noted that, despite the registration of FIRs, no arrests have been made, and said that, "without the attention of your lordships, no action will be taken".<ref name="Wire 10 Jan"/> The Supreme Court issued notices to the Uttarakhand Police and the Delhi Police, seeking their response to the petition.<ref>
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hate-speech-sc-issues-notice-to-uttarakhand-delhi-police/articleshow/88848725.cms 'Hate' speech: Supreme Court issues notice to Uttarakhand Police, Delhi Police], The Times of India, 12 January 2022.
</ref>

On 14 January, the Uttarakhand Police arrested Waseem Rizvi alias Jitendra Narayan Tyagi. Yati Narsinganand condemned the arrest and defied the police, saying he himself was with Tyagi during the events. In a video circulated on social media, the police were seen being apologetic.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/haridwar-hate-speech-uttarakhand-police-make-first-arrest-jitendra-narayan-tyagi 'You Will All Die,' Yati Narsinghanand Tells Police as They Arrest Dharma Sansad Speaker], The Wire, 14 January 2022.
</ref>

Narsinganand was later arrested on 16 January 2022, initially for a former case of misogyny pending from September 2021 (insulting the modesty of a woman).<ref>
[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/religious-leader-yati-narsinghanand-arrested-for-misogyny-not-haridwar-hate-speech-sources-2710818 Hatemonger Arrested For Misogyny, Not Haridwar Event Speech: Police], NDTV, 16 January 2022.
</ref> The next day, they said the arrest would cover the Haridwar ''dharma sansad'' case as well.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/militant-hindutva-leader-yati-narsinghanand-arrested-at-haridwar Militant Hindutva Leader Yati Narsinghanand Arrested in 2 Cases, Sent to 14-Day Judicial Custody], The Wire, 17 January 2022. 'The arrest on Saturday was primarily in connection with that FIR. However, when we presented him in court on Sunday, we showed his arrest in both the objectionable remarks case as well as the Haridwar dharma sansad case,” Haridwar City Circle Officer (CO) Shekhar Suyal told the Indian Express.'
</ref>
The police said Narsinganand was served notice to join investigations at police request. As he did not honour the notice, he was arrested and taken into judicial custody for 14 days.<ref name="Wire arrest">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/militant-hindutva-leader-yati-narsinghanand-arrested-at-haridwar Militant Hindutva Leader Yati Narsinghanand Arrested in 2 Cases, Sent to 14-Day Judicial Custody], The Wire, 17 January 2022.
</ref><ref name="Hindu arrest">
[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/yati-narsinghanand-arrested-in-two-cases/article38280086.ece Yati Narsinghanand arrested in two cases], The Hindu, 17 January 2022.
</ref>{{efn|A government official also explained that there were Supreme Court orders that bar the police from making arrests for crimes that need imprisonment of seven years or less.<ref name="Hindu arrest"/>}}

After his arrest, Narsinganand delivered further hate speech extending to the Supreme Court, the constitution and "the system", including the police, politicians and the Army. "Those who believe in [the constitution] will be killed", he declared.<ref name="Wire arrest"/>

On 19 April 2025, Tyagi was acquitted in the hate speech case.<ref name="p806">{{cite web | title=Wasim Rizvi acquitted in Haridwar dharam sansad hate speech case | website=The Times of India | date=2025-04-20 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/wasim-rizvi-acquitted-in-haridwar-dharam-sansad-hate-speech-case/articleshow/120459641.cms | access-date=2025-05-30}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
A day before the ''dharma sansad'' on 27 April 2022, the Supreme Court told the Uttarakhand government to ensure no hate speech at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |date=2022-04-27 |title=Check hate speech at Dharma Sansad: Supreme Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/check-hate-speech-at-dharma-sansad-sc-101650998087311.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |date=2022-04-26 |editor-last=Bhasin |editor-first=Swati |title=Top court pulls up Uttarakhand, says 'ensure no hate speech' at event tomorrow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-pulls-up-uttarakhand-on-hate-speech-ahead-of-dharma-sansad-event-101650953461790.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Uttarakhand Police]] denied permission to hold the event and filed an FIR. Heavy police presence was present to ensure order.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-27 |title=Uttarakhand Police deny permission to organise Dharma Sansad in Roorkee, files FIR against organisers |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/uttarakhand-police-deny-permission-to-organise-dharma-sansad-in-roorkee-files-fir-against-organisers |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Eliminationism]]
* [[Hate speech in India]]
** [[Hate speech laws in India]]
* [[Hindutva]]
* [[Violence against Muslims in independent India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=William |last=Harman |chapter=The militant ascetic traditions of India and Sri Lanka |editor=P. Pratap Kumar |title=Contemporary Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781315729589 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |pages=245–}}
* {{citation |first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Roots of Hindu Militancy |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=72 |number=2 |date=Summer 1994 |pages=587–602 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.587 |jstor=1465279}}
* {{citation |first=David N. |last=Lorenzen |title=Warrior Ascetics in Indian History |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |year=1978 |volume=98 |number=1 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.2307/600151 |jstor=600151}}

== Further reading ==
* Krishnadas Rajagopal, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hate-speech-attacks-individual-dignity-threatens-national-unity-sc-judgments/article38278231.ece Hate speech attacks individual dignity, threatens national unity: Supreme Court judgments], The Hindu, 16 January 2022.
{{Hindu nationalism}}

[[Category:Incitement to genocide by the Hindutva movement]]
[[Category:2021 speeches]]
[[Category:Hate speech]]
[[Category:2021 in religion]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:2021 controversies]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]
[[Category:History of Haridwar]]
[[Category:December 2021 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Incitement to genocide of Muslims]]

Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet

2026-01-27T16:17:26Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made a article - done

{{Short description|De facto state song for Sikkim (India)}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet
|transcription =
|english_title = Where Teesta and Rangeet Flow
|type = song
|image = Seal of Sikkim.svg
|image_size = 150px
|caption = [[Emblem of Sikkim]]
|prefix = ''[[de facto]]'' State
|country = [[Sikkim]]
|author = Sanu Lama
|lyrics_date = 1970
|composer = Dushyant Lama
|music_date = 1970
|adopted =
|until =
|sound =
|sound_title =
}}

'''Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet''' (Where Teesta and Rangeet Flow) is a song that serves as the ''de facto'' [[List of Indian state songs|state song]] for [[Sikkim]], [[India]].

==History==
The [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] became a British protectorate in 1860 and following Indian independence in 1947, became a protectorate of India in 1950. During this period, Sikkim was an [[absolute monarchy]] ruled by a monarch known as the [[Chogyal]]. The national anthem of the Kingdom of Sikkim was ''Denjong Silé Yang Chagpa Chilo'' (Why is Sikkim Blooming So Fresh and Beautiful?), in the [[Sikkimese language]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hiltz |first=Jackie |date=November 2003 |title=Constructing Sikkimese National Identity in the 1960s and 1970s |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=67–83 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/243140/bot_2003_02_04.pdf?sequence=1 |issn=0525-1516 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeeling-unlimited.com/anthem.html|title=Darjeeling Unlimited :: National Anthem of Sikkim|website=www.darjeeling-unlimited.com}}</ref>

The [[Nepali language]] song Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet was released 4 April 1970 to mark the birthday of the then Chogyal [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]]. The song became very popular and was sometimes erroneously cited as the Sikkimese national anthem.<ref name="auto"/> Following a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]] in 1975, Sikkim became a state of India and the monarchy was abolished. The song was initially prohibited by the Indian authorities as it contained a reference to the Sikkemese monarchy. It was later reinstated with slightly altered lyrics which replaced the words "Raja Rani" ("king and queen") with "Janmahbhumi" ("motherland").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikkim-historyhunter.blogspot.com/2011/09/national-song-of-independent-sikkim.html|title=National Song of Independent Sikkim|first=Dr Rajen|last=Upadhyay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sikhim.blogspot.com/2009/04/janha-bagcha-teesta-rangit.html|title=Proud to be a Sikkimese - Sikkim State: JANHA BAGCHA TEESTA RANGIT|date=April 22, 2009}}</ref> Nowadays, the song is used as the ''de facto'' state song for Sikkim, played at state government functions and social gatherings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/media/news-announcement/news-info?name=The+123rd+Raising+Day+Celebration+of+Sikkim+Police+was+held+at+SAP+ground+Pangthang |title=News Detail |publisher=Sikkim.gov.in |date=2019-11-27 |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikkim.com:3000/news-documentary/Jaha-bagcha-Teesta-Rangit-Performance-by-Sikkim-Police/66929923681306226916291822140958155598|title=Jaha bagcha Teesta-Rangit Performance by Sikkim Police|website=sikkim.com|access-date=2022-08-04|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419103028/http://sikkim.com:3000/news-documentary/Jaha-bagcha-Teesta-Rangit-Performance-by-Sikkim-Police/66929923681306226916291822140958155598|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scstsenvis.nic.in/arcindex3.aspx?sslid=1220&subsublinkid=746&langid=1&mid=4 |title=Celebration of Sikkimese culture in Chandigarh college |publisher=Scstsenvis.nic.in |date=2013-11-22 |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/thevoiceofsikkim/videos/jaha-bagcha-teesta-rangit-will-be-recognized-as-state-song-education-minister-ku/2895946704016931/|title=The Voice of Sikkim - 'Jaha Bagcha Teesta Rangit' will be recognized as state song; Education Minister Kunga Nima. He announced during a book release programme of Padma Shree Sanu Lama, at Minister theater, Manan Kendra, Jiwan Theeng Marg, Gangtok. | Facebook | By The Voice of Sikkim | 'Jaha Bagcha Teesta Rangit' will be recognized as state song; Education Minister Kunga Nima. He has announced during a book release programme of Padma...|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

==Lyrics==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
![[Romanization]]
![[English language|English]] translation
|- style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|ne-latn|italic=no|Janha bagcha Teesta rangit,
Jahan Khanchendzonga aseem
Yehi ho hamro dhana ko desh,
Tapawan ho pyaro sikkim

Phulchan yeha aanganai maa,
Chaap, guras, sunakhari
Swargasari sundar desh ko
Hamro pyaro pyaro janmah bhumi

Janha bagcha Teesta rangit,
Jahan Khanchendzonga seer

Batashle bokchaa yaha,
Tathagat ko aamar waani shradha,
Bhakti garchau sadha,
Yehi matokaa phool rahau hami.

Janha bagcha Teesta rangit,
Jahan Khanchendzonga seer

Buddham saranam gacchami,
Dharmam saranam gacchami,
Sangam saranam gacchami. }}</poem>
|<poem>
Where [[Teesta]] and [[Rangeet]] flow ahead
Where [[Kangchenjunga]] is placed as the head
This is our country of rice,
The pious Sikkim is our land so nice

Here the beautiful flowers blooming
at our courtyard look so genuine
It's almost like a celestial abode
by dint of our motherland.

Where Teesta and Rangeet flow ahead
Where Kangchenjunga is placed as the head

The air carries here immortal preaching words of [[Buddha]],
who did the ultimate toil,
We adore and worship it always as we pine
to remain as the flowers of this soil

Where Teesta and Rangeet flow ahead
Where Kangchenjunga is placed as the head

I will take retreat to Buddha
I will take retreat to Dhamma
I will take retreat to Sangha
</poem>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian state songs]]
*[[Emblem of Sikkim]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|fyBzykHO8-Y|Sikkim Police Pipe-Band Playing 'Jahan Bagcha Teesta Ra Rangeet'}}
* {{YouTube|1r5Ujguc2gA|Sikkim State Anthem - Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet - Vocal version}}

{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}
{{Sikkim}}

[[Category:Indian state songs|J]]
[[Category:Songs in Nepali]]

Krishnamurti

2026-01-22T00:30:01Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: add structure additionally and added references

{{for|the philosopher often referred to solely by this name|Jiddu Krishnamurti}}
{{infobox name
|name = Krishnamurti
|pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|k|r|ɪ|ʃ|n|ə|ˈ|m|uːr|t|i}}{{br}}{{respell||KRISH|nə|MOOR|tee}}
|meaning = ''in the image of Krishna''
|region = [[South India]]
|language = South Indian [[South India#Languages|regional languages]]
|languageorigin = [[Sanskrit]]
|alternative spelling = see {{slink||Variants}}
|variant forms = Krishna Murti
|derivation= [[Krishna]]{{br}}[[Murti]]
|footnotes= May be either a [[given name]] or a [[family name]]
}}
{{wtp|Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti|Krishnamurthy}}
{{strong|Krishnamurti}} ({{IPAc-en|k|r|ɪ|ʃ|n|ə|ˈ|m|uːr|t|i}} {{respell||KRISH|nə|MOOR|tee}}) is a [[South India]]n name. It has several variants.

==Variants==
Some forms separate the name elements {{xref|text=(see {{slink||Etymology and usage}})|printworthy=y}}, e.g. {{strong|Krishna Murti}}.{{br}} English language renditions generally follow corresponding variations of the name in [[South India#Languages|regional Indian languages]].
The following is a non-exhaustive list.
{{flatlist|style=font-weight:bold|
* Krishnamoorthi
* Krishnamoorthy
* Krishnamoorti
* Krishnamoorty
* Krishnamurthi
* Krishnamurthy
* Krishnamurty
}}

==Etymology and usage==
It is a compound of [[Sanskrit]] origin, derived from the [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] '''Krishna''' and the term '''[[murti]]''' (form), meaning "in the form (or image) of [[Krishna]]". In regional [[Indian name|Indian naming]] conventions it is usually a [[given name]], but it may also be a [[family name]]. In other cases it may be [[Western world|westernized]] as a [[surname]].

==People==
[[Indian nationality law|Non-Indian nationality]] is {{em|noted}} when known.
{{box|{{Compact TOC|name=Listed by other name(s)|c=|d=|f=|i=|o=|q=|w=|x=|y=|z=|custom1=No other name|custom1name={{center|(No other name)}}}}}}
{{clear}}

===A===
* [[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]] ({{born-in|1959}}){{spaced en dash}} politician
* [[Anand Krishnamoorthi]] ({{born-in|1990}}){{spaced en dash}} film sound designer, editor, and mixer
* [[Anuradha Krishnamoorthy]] ({{fl.|{{decade|2010}}}}){{spaced en dash}} social entrepreneur and cheesemaker
* [[Ashok Krishnamoorthy]] ({{fl.|{{decade|2010}}}}){{spaced en dash}} electrical engineer and IEEE Fellow

===B===
* [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]] {{lifespan|b=1928|d=2012}}{{spaced en dash}} Dravidian linguist
* Bhavani Narayanrao Krishnamurti Sharma or [[B. N. K. Sharma]] {{lifespan|b=1909|d=2005}}{{spaced en dash}} writer and scholar

===E===
* [[Ennapadam Srinivas Krishnamoorthy]] ({{born-in|1966}}){{spaced en dash}} neuropsychiatrist

===G===
* [[Krishnamurthy Gobinathan]] ({{born-in|1978}}){{spaced en dash}} Malaysian field hockey player and field hockey coach ({{em|Malaysia national}})

===H===
* [[H.M. Krishna Murthy]] ({{fl.|{{decade|1981}}|{{decade|2009}}}}){{spaced en dash}} former university researcher

===J===
* [[Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy]] or J. R. Krishnamoorthy ({{fl.|{{decade|1950}}|{{decade|2010}}}}){{spaced en dash}} medical doctor
* [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] {{lifespan|b=1895|d=1986}}{{spaced en dash}} philosopher

===K===
* [[K. Krishnamurthy]] {{lifespan|b=1915|d=2011}}{{spaced en dash}} writer, publisher and political activist
* K. Jana Krishnamurthi or [[Jana Krishnamurthi]] {{lifespan|b=1928|d=2007}}{{spaced en dash}} politician
* Kambalapadu Ediga Krishnamurthy or [[K. E. Krishnamurthy]] ({{born-in|1938}}){{spaced en dash}} politician
* [[Karanam Balaram Krishna Murthy]] ({{born-in|1946}}){{spaced en dash}} politician
* Kaviraz Krishna Murthy Sastry or [[Sripada Krishnamurty Sastry]] {{lifespan|b=1866|d=1960}}{{spaced en dash}} Telugu-language poet
* Krishnasamy Krishnamoorthy or [[K. Krishnamoorthy]] {{lifespan|b=1944|d=2019}}{{spaced en dash}} politician

===L===
* [[Lakshmi Krishnamurti]] {{lifespan|b=1925|d=2009}}{{spaced en dash}} author and politician
* [[Lekshmi Krishnamoorthy]] {{lifespan|b=1927|or=born|pfx=tt|b2=1928|d=2018}}{{spaced en dash}} actress

===M===
* [[Malathi Krishnamurthy Holla]] ({{born-in|1958}}){{spaced en dash}} international parasports athlete
* [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]] ({{born-in|1949}}){{spaced en dash}} Telugu-language writer
* Mukkamala Krishna Murthy or [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] {{lifespan|b=1920|d=1987}}{{spaced en dash}} actor and film director
* Mungara Yamini Krishnamurthy or [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]] {{lifespan|b=1940|d=2024}}{{spaced en dash}} traditional and folk dancer

===N===
* N. Krishnamurthi Muniandy or [[Krishnamurthi Muniandy]] ({{born-in|1980}}){{spaced en dash}} Malaysian cricketer ({{em|Malaysia national}})
* Nandalal Krishnamoorthy or [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] ({{born-in|1965}}){{spaced en dash}} Malayalam-language actor
* [[Nedunuri Krishnamurthy]] {{lifespan|b=1927|d=2014}}{{spaced en dash}} classical Indian vocalist and art educator

===P===
* [[P. Krishnamoorthy]] {{lifespan|b=1943|d=2020}}{{spaced en dash}} film art director, production and costume designer
* Pallemoni Krishnamurthy or [[Pochiah Krishnamurthy]] {{lifespan|b=1947|d=1999}}{{spaced en dash}} cricketer
* Panchapakesa Krishnamurti or [[P. Krishnamurti]] {{lifespan|b=1903|d=1966}}{{spaced en dash}} scientist and industrialist
* [[Krishnamurthy Perumal]] ({{born-in|1943}}){{spaced en dash}} athlete, field hockey player, coach and manager
* [[Krishnamoorthy Puranik]] {{lifespan|b=1911|d=1985}}{{spaced en dash}} educator and writer
* Purniah Narasinga Rao Krishnamurti or [[P. N. Krishnamurti]] {{lifespan|b=1849|d=1911}}{{spaced en dash}} lawyer and civil administrator

===R===
* [[R. Krishnamoorthy]] ({{fl.|{{decade|1980}}}}){{spaced en dash}} film director
* Raja Krishnamoorthy or [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] ({{born-in|1952}}){{spaced en dash}} actor and film director
* Krishnamurthy Rajagopalan Iyer or [[Krishnamurthy Rajagopalan]] ({{born-in|1967}}){{spaced en dash}} cricketer
* [[Krishnamoorthy Rajannaidu]] ({{fl.|{{decade|2015}}}}){{spaced en dash}} Malaysian politician ({{em|Malaysia national}})
* Ramaswamy Krishnamurthy or [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] {{lifespan|b=1899|d=1954}}{{spaced en dash}} writer, journalist and Indian independence activist

===S===
* [[S. Krishnamoorthy]] ({{fl.|{{decade|1980}}}}){{spaced en dash}} politician
* S. Krishnamoorthy or [[Madhan Bob]] ({{born-in|1953}}){{spaced en dash}} comedian and actor
* [[S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao]] {{lifespan|b=1902|d=1968}}{{spaced en dash}} politician
* [[Krishnamurthy Santhanam]] ({{died-in|2021}}){{spaced en dash}} nuclear scientist
* Sharada Krishnamurthy or [[Kavita Krishnamurti]] ({{born-in|1958}}){{spaced en dash}} film playback singer
* [[Soorya Krishnamoorthy]] ({{born-in|1952}}){{spaced en dash}} artist, arts administrator and scientist
* [[Srinath Krishnamoorthy]] ({{born-in|1986}}){{spaced en dash}} novelist
* [[Subramanian Krishnamoorthy]] {{lifespan|b=1929|d=2014}}{{spaced en dash}} writer
* Subramanian Raja Krishnamoorthi or [[Raja Krishnamoorthi]] ({{born-in|1973}}){{spaced en dash}} Illinois (US) businessman, lawyer, civil servant, and US Representative ({{em|US national}})
* [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]] ({{born-in|1975}}){{spaced en dash}} actor, writer, painter and singer

===T===
* [[Tammareddy Krishna Murthy]] {{lifespan|b=1920|d=2013}}{{spaced en dash}} film producer
* Taruvai Subayya Krishnamurthy or [[T. S. Krishnamurthy]] ({{born-in|1941}}){{spaced en dash}} former Indian civil servant, including Chief Election Commissioner
* Thiru Krishnamoorthy or [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]] ({{born-in|1979}}){{spaced en dash}} film director and screenwriter
* Tiruvalam Natarajan Krishnamurti or [[T. N. Krishnamurti]] {{lifespan|b=1932|ca=born|d=2018}}{{spaced en dash}} meteorologist and academic

===U===
* Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti or [[U. G. Krishnamurti]] {{lifespan|b=1918|d=2007}}{{spaced en dash}} philosopher

===V===
* [[V. Krishnamurthy Gounder]] ({{fl.|{{decade|1962}}|{{decade|1980}}}}){{spaced en dash}} politician
* Vaidyanathan Krishnamurthy or [[V. Krishnamurthy (veterinarian)|V. Krishnamurthy]] {{lifespan|b=1929|d=2002}}{{spaced en dash}} veterinarian and conservationist
* Venkataraman Krishnamurthy or [[V. Krishnamurthy]] {{lifespan|b=1925|d=2022}}{{spaced en dash}} Indian civil servant and government advisor
* Krishnamurti Villanueva or [[Cris Villanueva]] ({{born-in|1971}}){{spaced en dash}} Filipino film and television actor ({{em|Philippines national}})

===No other name===
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] {{lifespan|b=1963|or=born|pfx=tt|b2=1964|d=2019}}{{spaced en dash}} comedic actor in Tamil cinema

==See also==
* [[Murthy]]{{spaced en dash}} a related South Indian name

{{given name|type=both}}

[[Category:Indian given names]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Mohan Estate metro station

2026-01-18T22:16:03Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: cleanup page and improved wording

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Mohan Estate
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Violet}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Mohan Estate metro station (Delhi).jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Block B, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Estate, Badarpur, New Delhi, 110076
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Parking_Details.aspx|title=Parking_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2011|1|14|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 6,454/day 200,059/ Month average <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf|title=Ridership_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| pass_year = 2015
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Violet|left=Sarita Vihar|right=Tughlakabad Station}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Violet Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Violet}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Mohan Estate''' is an elevated station on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. It is located between [[Sarita Vihar metro station|Sarita Vihar]] and [[Tughlakabad metro station|Tughlakabad]] stations and close to the financial and industrial region of Mohan Estate in South Delhi.

==History==
The station finally received safety clearance and opened as part of [[Sarita Vihar (Delhi Metro)|Sarita Vihar]]–[[Badarpur (Delhi Metro)|Badarpur]] section on 14 January 2011.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-13/delhi/28357082_1_mohan-estate-central-secretariat-badarpur-corridor-metro-stations| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-13/delhi/28357082_1_mohan-estate-central-secretariat-badarpur-corridor-metro-stations| url-status=dead| archive-date=4 November 2012| title=Sarita Vihar-Badarpur Metro from tomorrow| date=13 January 2011| work=[[The Times of India]]| author=PTI}}</ref>

==The station==
=== Station layout ===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Tughlakabad}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarita Vihar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

===Facilities===
The station also houses several ATMs, food kiosks and a book store run by [[WHSmith]].
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Mohan Estate metro station are Canara Bank <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="68%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Violet}};"| Mohan Estate metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
|-
| Gautam Puri Awas, Badarpur|| Mohan Corporative industrial area
|-
| Aali Vihar|| Madanpur Khadar
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Sarita Vihar]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South East Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archivedate=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Mohan+Estate+Metro+Station/@28.5196268,77.2936456,343m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ce6b6e48769f9:0x3e748b2194254ec6!8m2!3d28.5197352!4d77.2947185|title= Mohan Estate metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|violet line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

Pratik Waikar

2026-01-16T14:19:42Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: new a data v1!

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Pratik Kiran Waikar''' (born 27 March 1992)<ref name=":4">https://mkka.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/50_senior_national_campionship_2016-17.pdf Page 7 player list with DoB</ref> is an Indian kho kho player from [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as a wazir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> He captained the Indian men’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Two good at kho-kho World Cup: Pune's Waikar leads men's kho kho team to glory, his kin coach of winning women's squad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/punes-waikar-leads-mens-kho-kho-team-to-glory-his-kin-coach-of-winning-womens-squad-9789706/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He plays for [[Telugu Yoddhas]] in [[Ultimate Kho Kho]], a franchise based league tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratik Kiran Waikar Profile 294 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/pratik-kiran-waikar-profile-294 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Waikar is from Sadhashiv Peth, Pune, Maharashtra.<ref name=":4" /> He works as a senior technician with the [[Maharashtra State Electricity Board]]. He started playing kho kho when he was eight.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> He completed his BSc and later did MBA in finance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Player Name {{!}} Telugu Yoddhas {{!}} Ultimate Kho Kho team |url=https://www.gmrsports.in/telugu-yoddhas/players/pratik-kiran-waikar-profile-294 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.gmrsports.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Waikar made his India debut and has been representing the Indian team since 2016, when the Indian team won the [[South Asian Games]] gold medal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalwala |first=Ali Asgar |date=12 January 2025 |title=Kho Kho World Cup 2025: Historic edition to unfold in New Delhi - India squads, where to watch live |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-india-team-squad-where-watch-live-streaming-telecast |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref>

In January 2025, he captained the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]], [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] in the semifinals.<ref name=":3" /> In the finals, India defeated Nepal 54-36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Domestic career ===
In 2003, he played for Maharashtra in the under-13 Nationals. As part of the Maharashtra team, he won two bronze medals in the sub-junior national and a gold medal in the Junior Nationals. He won three gold and seven silver medals in the Senior National Kho Kho Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=khokhochampions |date=2024-08-27 |title=MEET CAPTAIN COOL OF KHO KHO - Mr. PRATIK WAIKAR |url=https://khokhochampions.com/meet-captain-cool-of-kho-kho-mr-pratik-waikar/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=KHO KHO CHAMPIONS |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Awards ===

* Waikar received the Ekalavya Award in 2019.<ref name=":2" />
* He received Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje award in Maharashtra in 2021.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waikar, Pratik}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]

Indian Constitution: A Conversation with Power

2026-01-13T06:51:32Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made new page

{{Short description|Non-fiction book (2025)}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Indian Constitution: A Conversation with Power
| image = Indian Constitution A Conversation with Power.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Gautam Bhatia (lawyer)|Gautam Bhatia]]
| country = India
| language = English
| subject = [[Indian Constitution]], [[constitutional law]], [[political theory]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| publisher = [[HarperCollins India]]
| pub_date = 2025
}}
'''''Indian Constitution: A Conversation with Power''''' is a [[non-fiction]] book authored by Indian constitutional lawyer and scholar [[Gautam Bhatia (lawyer)|Gautam Bhatia]], published in February 2025 by [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Extract {{!}} The Indian Constitutional: A Conversation in Power by Gautam Bhatia |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/books/book-extract-the-indian-constitution-a-conversation-in-power-by-gautam-bhatia-article-12992174.html#google_vignette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Gyanvi |date=2023-09-17 |title=Public Conversations About Judicial Ideology Necessary: Gautam Bhatia |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/gautam-bhatia-book-unsealed-covers-judicial-ideology-237986 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Sudipta |date=2020-03-14 |title=In conversation with Gautam Bhatia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-constitution-was-meant-to-interrogate-relationships-of-power-gautam-bhatia/article31058570.ece |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The book examines the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] through the conceptual lens of power—its formation, distribution, and contestation within India's constitutional framework.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-24 |title=Gautam Bhatia: The terrain of the Constitution is not exhaustive of the question of power |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/rights-law-judiciary-people-constitution-nation-government/article69126670.ece |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Content and themes ==
The book analyzes the Indian constitutional structure by exploring six major themes: federalism, parliamentarianism, pluralism, institutions, rights, and the people. Bhatia presents the Constitution as a framework that, despite a formally balanced design, has historically enabled the centralization of authority, particularly within the Union executive. The book also discusses how judicial interpretations have contributed to this trend in various contexts.

One chapter, titled ''Interlude: Yesterday’s Tomorrow'', considers constitutional alternatives and historical developments that did not materialize. It reflects on documents such as the Mysore Constitution of 1920 and constitutional reform efforts in the aftermath of the Emergency in the late 1970s.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
''Indian Constitution: A Conversation with Power'' received favorable reviews from Indian academic and media publications.

''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' praised the book for its combination of historical case studies and constitutional analysis, noting Bhatia’s argument that both the constitutional text and judicial interpretations have contributed to a longstanding trend of centralization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The complex Constitution-power interplay in 'The Indian Constitution' by Gautam Bhatia |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/the-complex-constitution-power-interplay-in-the-indian-constitution-by-gautam-bhatia/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

''The [[Hindustan Times]]'' highlighted the book’s ability to explain complex legal concepts in an accessible manner and noted its discussion of executive dominance and unwritten constitutional conventions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-28 |title=Review: The Indian Constitution; A Conversation with Power by Gautam Bhatia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-indian-constitution-a-conversation-with-power-bygautam-bhatia-101743180650412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425192743/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-indian-constitution-a-conversation-with-power-bygautam-bhatia-101743180650412.html |archive-date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' described the book as a "bold critique of power and democracy," and emphasized its comparative approach and capacity to provoke reflection on the future of Indian constitutionalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Indian Constitution: Conversations with Power' review: A bold critique of power and democracy |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/books/2025/04/19/the-indian-constitution-conversations-with-power-review-a-bold-critique-of-power-and-democracy.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:English-language books]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]

Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi

2026-01-06T14:59:47Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Improved readability and structure

{{Short description|Indian film director and film producer (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi
| image = Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi at Award Function.jpg
| caption = Kiruthiga in 2017
| birth_name = Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|07|03}},
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[film producer]]}}
| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes
| title = Magazine editor of ''Inbox 1305'' Executive of [[Red Giant Movies]]
| years_active = 2011–present}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]|2002}}
| relatives = See ''[[Karunanidhi family]]''
| children = 2
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2018 |title=I am more confident as a director now: Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/20/i-am-more-confident-as-a-director-now-kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-1789536.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902232408/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/20/i-am-more-confident-as-a-director-now-kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-1789536.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi''' (born 3 July 1978) is an Indian film director working in [[Tamil cinema]]. She is also the spouse of the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2010 |title=Not one to rest on family laurels |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Causes/306/on-her-own.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=The Weekendleader |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902234218/https://www.theweekendleader.com/Causes/306/on-her-own.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollywood Director Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi |website=nettv4u |access-date=2 September 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902235114/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inbox 1305 celebrates its first anniversary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/aug/11/inbox-1305-celebrates-its-first-anniversary-76502.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=2 September 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902235112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/aug/11/inbox-1305-celebrates-its-first-anniversary-76502.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kiruthiga started her career with the directorial debut ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanakkam Chennai Movie Review Vanakkam Chennai, வணக்கம் சென்னை விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vanakkam-chennai/vanakkam-chennai-review.html |website=behindwoods.com |access-date=2 September 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902235114/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vanakkam-chennai/vanakkam-chennai-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi's Kaali: What Works, What Doesn't |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/kaali-kiruthiga-review-udhayanidhi-vijay-anthony/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902235113/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/kaali-kiruthiga-review-udhayanidhi-vijay-anthony/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Antony and Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi team up for Kaali |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-antony-and-kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-team-up-for-kaali/story-SLssUqKArCzgJFVMVKa7BJ.html |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |date=April 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173905/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-antony-and-kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-team-up-for-kaali/story-SLssUqKArCzgJFVMVKa7BJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie, produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin, starred Shiva and Priya Anand. In February 2017, she directed the music video "Sadhayai Meeri",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi Santhosh Narayanan VIvek Sadhayai meeri song about transgenders review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-santhosh-narayanan-vivek-sadhayai-meeri-song-about-transgenders-review-tamil-news-179117 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029174503/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-santhosh-narayanan-vivek-sadhayai-meeri-song-about-transgenders-review-tamil-news-179117 |url-status=live }}</ref> composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], which portrays the pains of transgender people. She later directed ''[[Kaali (2018 film)|Kaali]]'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2021 |title=Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi to announce her next project soon; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-to-announce-her-next-project-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/82402994.cms |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902232421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-to-announce-her-next-project-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/82402994.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi announces new film starring Kalidas Jayaram and Tanya Ravichandran |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-announces-new-film-starring-kalidas-jayaram-and-tanya-ravichandran |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=The NewsMinute |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902232421/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-announces-new-film-starring-kalidas-jayaram-and-tanya-ravichandran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishal Menon |date=21 February 2021 |title=Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi is back with 'Kaali' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-speaks-about-kaali-and-vijay-antony/article22816598.ece |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902232408/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-speaks-about-kaali-and-vijay-antony/article22816598.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2021 |title=Successful female directors of Tamil cinema |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-to-sudha-kongara-successful-female-directors-of-tamil-cinema/750480 |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Times Now |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902232408/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/kiruthiga-udhayanidhi-to-sudha-kongara-successful-female-directors-of-tamil-cinema/750480 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=25 March 2018 |title=Life as a woman director is tough: Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250318/life-as-a-woman-director-is-tough-kiruthiga-udhayanidhi.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902233027/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250318/life-as-a-woman-director-is-tough-kiruthiga-udhayanidhi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and made the web series ''[[Paper Rocket]]'' for [[Zee5]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/jayam-ravis-kadhalikka-neramillai-gets-a-release-date/ar-AA1wNTvj?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|title = Jayam Ravi's Kadhalikka Neramillai gets a release date | website=[[MSN]] }}</ref> The next was the romantic comedy, ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (2025 film)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'', released on 14 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/01/jayam-ravis-kadhalikka-neramillai-gets-a-release-date|title = Jayam Ravi and Nithya Menen's Kadhalikka Neramillai gets a release date | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=January 2025 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kiruthiga married Udhayanidhi Stalin in 2002. The couple have a son named Inban who was born in 2004 and a daughter named Tanmaya was born in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin shares a cute picture with his son Inbanidhi! - Viral photo - News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/udhayanidhi-stalin-shares-wife-son-inbanidhi-cute-latestviral-photo-maamannan-update--news-319045 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204200741/https://www.indiaglitz.com/udhayanidhi-stalin-shares-wife-son-inbanidhi-cute-latestviral-photo-maamannan-update--news-319045 |url-status=live }}</ref> Inban has signed for [[NEROCA FC]] football club which plays in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Popular Indian football club signs Tamil Nadu CM Stalin's grandson Inban Udhayanidhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/aug/28/popular-indian-football-club-signs-tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-grandson-inban-udhayanidhi-2351047.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903001428/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/aug/28/popular-indian-football-club-signs-tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-grandson-inban-udhayanidhi-2351047.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=A goal away from politics for Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin's grandson Inban Udhayanidhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-goal-away-from-politics-for-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalins-grandson-inban/articleshow/85677033.cms |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903001428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-goal-away-from-politics-for-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalins-grandson-inban/articleshow/85677033.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' ||Directorial debut
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kaali (2018 film)|Kaali]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Paper Rocket]]'' ||[[Zee5]] web series
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (2025 film)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhayanidhi, Kiruthiga}}
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kabrai

2026-01-03T19:35:47Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kabrai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.42|N|80.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 157
| population_total = 28,564
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]Bundeli, Bundelkhandi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 210424
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kabrai''' is a city, a [[nagar Panchayat]], and a combination of 5 villages in [[Mahoba district]], Bundelkhand region, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.
Kabrai is a City where stone mining is leading business. There are around 350 stone crushers in and around the town. Most of city's revenue comes from mining. Kabrai is situated between [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] and [[Mahoba]] and well connected by NH 86 and NH 76 Kanpur Kabrai Road. Kabrai is well also by rail. One can board trains from Kabrai Railway Station.


==Geography==
Kabrai is located at {{Coord|25.42|N|80.02|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 157 metres (515 feet).

==Demographics==
Kabrai Nagar Panchayat has population of 28,564 of which 15,215 are males while 13,349 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

The population of children aged 0-6 is 4535 which is 15.88% of total population of Kabrai (NP). In Kabrai Nagar Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 877 against state average of 912. Moreover the child sex ratio in Kabrai is around 914 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The literacy rate of Kabrai city is 68.93% higher than the state average of 67.68%. In Kabrai, male literacy is around 78.44% while the female literacy rate is 58.01%.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mahoba district}}

[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mahoba district]]

Lahore Declaration

2025-12-10T04:19:49Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: updated page

{{Short description|1999 bilateral agreement and governance treaty between India and Pakistan}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Lahore Resolution]] and [[Treaty of Lahore]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name = Lahore Declaration
|long_name =
|image = Taking down the flags, Wagah Border.jpg
|image_width = 290px
|caption = Official flags of India and Pakistan at the Wagha border. In 1999, Indian Prime minister and the high-profile delegation came to Pakistan from Wagha Border and received by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
|type = [[Strategic nuclear weapon|Strategic]] [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]] [[Nuclear weapon#Governance, control, and law|governance, control, and law]]
|date_drafted=19 December 1998 – 19 January 1999 (1 month)
|date_signed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1999|02|21}}
|location_signed = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
|date_sealed=
|date_effective = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|02|21}}
|condition_effective = Ratification of both parties
|date_expiration = ''none'' (in effect)
|signatories =
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] ([[Prime Minister of India]])
*[[Nawaz Sharif]] ([[Prime Minister of Pakistan]])
|negotiators = *[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs of India]]
*[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan]]
|parties = {{flag|India}} {{flag|Pakistan}}
|ratifiers = [[Parliament of India]] [[Parliament of Pakistan]]
|languages = [[English language|English]]
|wikisource=
}}

The '''Lahore Declaration''' was a [[bilateral agreement]] and governance treaty signed between [[Republic of India|India]] and [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]] on 21 February 1999 in [[Lahore]], the capital of [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. The signing of the declaration took place at the conclusion of a historic summit in Lahore, and was ratified by the parliaments of both countries the same year.<ref name="LD">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090716064953/http://www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/ip_lahore19990221.pdf The Lahore Declaration]</ref>

Under the terms of the treaty, a mutual understanding was reached towards the development of atomic arsenals and to avoid accidental and unauthorised operational use of nuclear weapons. The Lahore Declaration brought added responsibility to both nations' leadership towards avoiding [[nuclear race]], as well as both non-conventional and conventional conflicts. This event was significant in the history of Pakistan and it provided both countries an environment of mutual [[Confidence-building|confidence]]. In a much-covered televised press conference in both countries, Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] and Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] signed the treaty. It was the second nuclear control treaty signed by both countries and pledged to continue the use of the first treaty, [[Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement|NNAA]], was signed in 1988. The Lahore treaty was quickly ratified by the parliaments of [[Indian Parliament|India]] and [[Pakistan Parliament|Pakistan]] and came into force the same year.

The Lahore Declaration signalled a major breakthrough in overcoming the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|historically strained]] [[History of India and Pakistan|bilateral relations]] between the [[India and Pakistan|two nations]] in the aftermath of the publicly performed [[atomic test]]s carried out by both nations in May 1998. Widely popular in the public circles in Pakistan and hailed by the [[United Nations|international community]], the relations would very soon lose impetus after infiltration of Pakistan forces into Kargil, which led to the outbreak of the [[Kargil War|1999 Indo-Pakistan War]] in May 1999.

==Overview==

The Lahore treaty was one of the most important and historical treaties of India and Pakistan to normalise the relations to ease up the military tensions in South Asia. In 1972, the [[Simla Agreement|Simla Treaty]] was acceded to establish peaceful relations in the aftermath of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war in 1971]] and committed both nations to resolving bilateral disputes by peaceful dialogue and co-operation. In 1978, Pakistan made a proposal to limit the [[nuclear race]] between two countries and to establish South Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (SANWFZ), for which negotiations were never concluded.

In 1988, Pakistan and India reached an important understanding towards controlling the nuclear weapons, and signed the [[Non-Nuclear agression agreement|NNAA treaty]]. Despite many proposals, the nuclear race continued and the cold war had been heightened over the issue of [[Kashmir]]. The domestic pressure and the increasingly political momentum made India conduct nuclear tests (see: [[Pokhran-II|Operation Shakti]]) in May 1998, in spite of international pressure. Responding to India's test, Pakistan equalised the nuclear magnitude in South Asia after performing its own series of atomic tests, (see: [[Chagai-I]]), all at the end of the month of May 1998.<ref name="CV">[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html Shakti tests]</ref> The tests invited condemnation and economic sanctions on both countries and many in the international community fear that in wake of intensified conflict, it could lead to a [[nuclear war]].

===Negotiations===

In 1998, the Foreign ministries of both countries had been initiating peace process to ease up the tension in the region. On 23 September 1998 both governments signed an agreement recognising the principle of building an environment of peace and security and resolving all bilateral conflicts, which became the basis of the Lahore Declaration.<ref name="LD"/> On 11 February 1999, the Pakistan [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] announced the state visit of Indian Prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] aboard the maiden bus service between the two countries.<ref name="Dawn Wire Services, 13 1999">{{cite news|last=Hasan Akhtar|title=Nawaz-Vajpayee agenda includes Kashmir, N-issue|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/13Feb99.html#nawa|access-date=15 February 2013|newspaper=Dawn Wire Services, 13 1999|date=13 February 1999|archive-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215131541/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/13Feb99.html#nawa|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Before the arrival of Indian Prime Minister, a warm welcome awaited Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee when he arrived at Wagah by the inaugural bus service between New Delhi and Lahore.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service 1999">{{cite news|last=Ashraf Mumtaz|title=Vajpayee arrives today: Open-ended agenda for summit|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/20Feb99.html#vajp|access-date=15 February 2013|newspaper=Dawn Wire Service 1999|date=19 February 1999|archive-date=15 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015161213/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/20Feb99.html#vajp|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was received by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the units of [[Pakistan Army]] gave the Indian Prime minister a [[guard of honour]].<ref name="Dawn Wire Service 1999"/> It embarked on a historic visit to Pakistan, travelling on the [[Delhi-Lahore Bus|inaugural bus service]] connecting the Indian capital of New Delhi with the major Pakistani city of [[Lahore]], establishing a major transport link for the peoples of both nations.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service 1999"/> The inaugural bus also carried Indian celebrities and dignitaries such as [[Dev Anand]], [[Satish Gujral]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Kuldip Nayar]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Mallika Sarabhai]].<ref name="VQ">[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/20bus1.htm Vajpayee drives across the border into Pakistan and history]</ref> He was received amidst great fanfare and media attention at the Pakistani border post of [[Wagah]] by Pakistan Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, with whom he had been at loggerheads a year before over the nuclear tests controversy. The summit was hailed worldwide as a major breakthrough and milestone in bilateral relations and a historic step towards ending conflict and tensions in the region.<ref name="VQ"/>

===Drafting and Signatures===

The Lahore declaration is one notable treaty after the 1988 [[Non-Nuclear agression agreement|NNAA treaty]] and the 1972 [[Simla agreement|Shimla Treaty]].<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text">{{cite web|last=Lahore Declaration|title=Lahore Declaration|url=http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/lahore-declaration/|work=Governments of India and Pakistan|publisher=Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text|access-date=15 February 2013}}</ref> After the two Prime ministers signed the agreement, the foreign secretaries of [[Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)|Pakistan]] [[Shamshad Ahmad]] and [[Indian Foreign Secretary|India]] K. Raghunath signed an [[Memorandum of Understanding|MoU]] on 21 February 1999, identifying measures aimed at promoting an environment of peace and security between the two countries.<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text"/> The MOU reaffirmed the continued commitment of their respective governments to the principles and purposes of the [[United Nations|UN Charter]].<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text"/>

The MoU reiterated the determination of both countries to implementing the Simla Agreement in letter and spirit; and that an environment of peace and security is in the national interest of both countries and that resolution of all outstanding issues, including Jammu and Kashmir, is essential for this purpose.<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text"/> The parliaments of both countries quickly ratified and acceded the treaties following the signatures.<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text"/>

==Content==
The Lahore Declaration was signed on 21 February along with a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) after three rounds of talks between the Indian and Pakistani leaders.<ref name="LD"/><ref name="RN">[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/21bus.htm Vajpayee, Sharief sign Lahore Declaration]</ref> In its content, both governments asserted their commitment to the vision of peace, stability and mutual progress and their full commitment to the [[Simla Agreement]] and the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]]. Both governments recognised through the Lahore Declaration that the development of nuclear weapons brought added responsibility to both nations towards avoiding conflict and promoted the importance of [[Confidence-building measures]], especially to avoid accidental and unauthorised use of nuclear weapons.<ref name="LD"/><ref name="RN"/> India and Pakistan also decided to give each other advance notification of [[ballistic missile]] flight tests and accidental or unexplained use of nuclear weapons to avoid the outbreak of a nuclear conflict.<ref name="RN"/> Its important ''inter alia'' stated:

*Recognizes that the nuclear dimension of the security environment of the two countries adds to their responsibility for avoidance of conflict between them.<ref name="Thanks much to CNS">{{cite web|last=Press|title=Lahore Declaration Text|url=http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/aptlahore.pdf|work=Governments of India and Pakistan|publisher=Thanks much to CNS|access-date=15 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025003245/http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/aptlahore.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*Commits both to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, and the universally accepted principles of [[peaceful co-existence]].<ref name="Thanks much to CNS"/>
*Commits both countries to the objectives of universal nuclear disarmament and [[Nuclear Proliferation Treaty|nonproliferation]].<ref name="Thanks much to CNS"/>

The Lahore Declaration and the MoU incorporated a joint commitment to intensify efforts to resolve the [[Kashmir conflict]] and other dispute, to enhance bilateral dialogue and to implement nuclear safeguards and measures to prevent conflict. Both governments condemned terrorism and committed to non-interference in each other's internal affairs and the objectives of the [[South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation]] and promote human rights.<ref name="LD"/>

In the joint statement issued after the conclusion of the summit, both governments said that their [[foreign minister]]s would meet periodically and consult each other on issues pertaining to the [[World Trade Organization]] and information technology.<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text" /> A two-member ministerial committee was to be established to investigate human rights issues, civilian detainees and missing [[prisoners of war]]. The Indian Prime Minister thanked his Pakistani counterpart and issued an invitation for a future summit in India.<ref name="LD"/>

==Public debates and Reactions==

===Pakistan public and media opinion===

{{Main|News channels in Pakistan}}
The Lahore treaty was very popular in Pakistan's [[Pakistani society|civil society]] sphere.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service 1999"/><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ateam Developments)"/> The general population polls widely welcomed this move by the Nawaz Sharif Government to normalise relations with India.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ateam Developments)">{{cite web|last=Staff|title=The Lahore Declaration|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-lahore-declaration/|publisher=Story of Pakistan (Ateam Developments)|access-date=15 February 2013|date=1 June 2003}}</ref> The news channels, television outlets, and print media widely hailed this move by the Government of Nawaz Sharif to normalise relations with India. Except [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|''JI'']], the far-right [[Right-wing populism|party]] was critical of this treaty; all major political forces in Pakistan, including [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]], hailed and congratulated Nawaz Sharif for successfully reaching the Lahore treaty.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service 1999"/><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ateam Developments)"/>

However, it was speculated in the Indian news media that many in [[Pakistan military]] did not approve of the treaty and consequently worked to subvert it and escalate tensions between the two nations.<ref name="ITA">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr04/j&k.htm#1 Tribune India]</ref> The reception for Vajpayee, described as the leader of an "enemy-combatant nation," was boycotted by the chiefs of Pakistan military, and those included the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] and [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] General [[Pervez Musharaff]], [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|air chief]] [[Air Chief Marshal|ACM]] [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi|PQ Mehdi]] and [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]].<ref name="BV">[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/20bus2.htm Pakistani military chiefs boycott welcome]</ref>

===Indian public and media opinion===

{{Main|News channels in india}}
The Lahore Declaration was hailed warmly in India and in the global media and by governments of other nations, forging optimism after the global tensions over the 1998 nuclear tests.<ref name="VQ"/> The initiative bolstered the popularity of the Vajpayee government in India, cementing his standing as a statesman.<ref name="VQ"/>

==Aftermath and status==

The relations between the two nations were completely transformed at the outbreak of the [[Kargil War]] in May 1999, following the sudden revelation that Pakistani soldiers had infiltrated into Kashmir;<ref name="IT">[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/07061999/cover.html Kargil War; Blasting Peace] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122083042/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/07061999/cover.html |date= 22 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name="PR">[http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 Musharraf Vs. Sharif: Who's Lying?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135734/http://weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 |date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> the [[Indian Army]] was deployed to evict the Pakistan army soldiers and re-capture the disputed territory.<ref name="IT"/> The two-month-long conflict claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers on both sides and brought both nations close to full-scale war and possible nuclear conflict.<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text" /><ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ateam Developments)"/> After this conflict, the "Lahore Treaty" was stalled and no further discussions took place between the two countries on promoting the dialogue and CBMs initiated at Lahore in February 1999.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Ateam Developments)"/>

The conflict was followed by an [[Atlantique incident]] in which the [[Indian Air Force]] intercepted and shot down the [[Pakistan Navy]]'s reconnaissance aircraft; a total of eleven naval personnel were killed. After months of contentious relations with the military and judiciary, a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup d'état]] was staged by [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] that overthrew the Government of Nawaz Sharif and brought the chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf, believed to be responsible for the Kargil incursion,<ref name="PR"/> to power, thus exacerbating doubts over the future of the relations between the two nations.<ref name="PR"/> Despite many political difficulties, India reiterated the necessity of implementing the Simla and Lahore treaties and said India would support the Simla Agreement, Lahore Declaration, and the issue of cross-border terrorism.<ref name="Much Thanks to NTI for providing the text" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-Pakistan relations}}
{{LahoreTopics}}
{{Pakistan topics}}

[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:1999 in politics]]
[[Category:1999 in India]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1999]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Arms control treaties]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons governance]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th century in Lahore]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan treaties]]
[[Category:1999 in international relations]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1999]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology treaties]]

Hazrat Babajan

2025-12-01T15:16:42Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made new post

{{Short description|Indian Sufi}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = India
| era = 20th century
| image = Babajan.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Pune, India
| signature =
| name = Hazrat Babajan
| birth_place = [[Balochistan, Afghanistan]]
| death_date = 21 September 1931
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| school_tradition = [[Sufism]]
| main_interests =
}}

'''Hazrat Babajaan''' ({{langx|bal|حضرت باباجان}}) (various dates claimed – September 21, 1931<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/2-000-kg-biryani-for-20-000-people-marks-death-anniversary-of-sufi-saint-babajan-in-pune/story-Ff9LWBFa7KEVe8u2mSFfsN.html|title=2,000 kg biryani for 20,000 people marks death anniversary of Sufi saint Babajan in Pune|date=3 February 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-babajan-dargah-rests-the-legacy-of-an-old-saint/articleshow/56286345.cms|title=At Babajan Dargah rests the legacy of an old saint | Pune News|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 January 2017 }}</ref>) was a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] [[Muslim]] [[saint]] considered by her followers to be a [[satguru|Sadguru]] or [[Qutb|Qutub]]. Born in [[Balochistan, Afghanistan]], she lived the final 25 years of her life in [[Pune]], India. She was the original master of [[Meher Baba]], an [[India]]n spiritual master.

==Early life and realization==

The earliest recorded account of Hazrat Babajan, who was named at birth ''Gulrukh'' ("Face like a Rose") states that she "is the daughter of one of the ministers of the [[Emir|Amir]] of Afghanistan".<ref>Purdom, Charles B: ''The Perfect Master'', London: Williams & Northgate, 1937, p. 115, and referring to Meher Baba’s 1927 public discourse on Babajan, which had been recorded in a diary at the time</ref> Later accounts report that Babajan "hails from Afghanistan … and was the daughter of a well-to-do Afghan of noble lineage";<ref>Munsiff, Dr Abdul Ghani: "Hazrat Babajan of Poona", ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, February 1939, No. 4, p. 31</ref> "born to a royal Muslim family of Baluchistan."<ref name="Kalchuri">Kalchuri, Bhau: ''Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, The Biography of the Avatar of the Age Volume One'', Myrtle Beach, South Carolina: Manifestation, Inc., 1986, p. 5</ref><ref>Regarding Babajan’s early life, Ghani says, "the information gleaned from different sources is meagre, since Babajan herself was never communicative to anyone with regard to her early life" (Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 31). Another version of Babajan’s early life says: "According to some people [her] original name is Razia Sultana. She is said to be the daughter of one Bahadur Shah Zaffar and had come from Afghanistan" (Burman, J J Roy: ''Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities'', New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2002, p. 237)</ref> The precise date of Babajan’s birth is unclear. Biography variants range from 1790<ref>Purdom, Charles B: ''The God-Man: The Life, Journeys & Work of Meher Baba with an Interpretation of His Silence & Spiritual Teaching'', London: George Allen & Unwin, 1962, p. 18, who wrote, "her actual date of birth is not known; it is supposed to have been about 1790." Kalchuri states Babajan to have been born "between 1790 and 1800" (''Meher Prabhu: Vol One'', p. 5), and Ghani considered the date to have been 1806, estimating she was "125 years" when she died (''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 38)</ref> to ''c''. 1820.<ref>Paul Brunton (Raphael Hirsch, or Hurst), quoting "former Judge Khandalawalla" in 1930, wrote: "her age is really about ninety-five", providing a later birth date of around 1835 (''A Search in Secret India'', London: Rider & Co., 1934, p. 62)</ref> Her education was in keeping with her family's social status of that time. Well-educated, she was fluent in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]], in addition to her native [[Pashto language|Pashtu]]. She was also a ''[[Hafiz (Qur'an)|hāfiżah]]'', one who learns the [[Quran]] by heart. An introspective child and spiritually inclined, from "early life she developed mystical tendencies, and unlike girls of her age, she used to pass a good deal of her time in prayers, meditation and solitude."<ref name="auto1">Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 31</ref><ref name="Kalchuri"/>

Following the conventions of Afghan nobility, Babajan was reared under the strict [[purdah]] tradition, in which women were secluded from the outside world, and also subject to a custom of arranged marriages. She opposed an unwelcome marriage planned for her, and ran away from home on her wedding day at the age of eighteen. Disguised in her [[burqa]], she journeyed to [[Peshawar]], the frontier city at the foot of the [[Khyber Pass]]. It was in or near [[Peshawar]] that she eventually came into contact with a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[satguru|sadguru]]. Following instruction from the guru, "she went into seclusion in a nearby mountain outside [[Rawalpindi]] and underwent very severe [''riyazat''] (spiritual austerities) for nearly seventeen months.<ref>Kalchuri confirms, "Under this Sadguru’s guidance she climbed a mountain in the wilderness and lived in a secluded cave. For a year and a half she remained in the mountainous regions of what is now Pakistan, undergoing rigorous spiritual austerity" (''Meher Prabhu: Vol One'', p. 7)</ref> Thereafter she came down to [the] [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and stayed a few months in [[Multan]]. It was in Multan, while [Babajan] was 37 years of age, she contacted a Muslim saint … who put end to her spiritual struggle by giving her God-realisation."<ref>Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vo. 1, No. 4, p. 32. Ghani does not name the Muslim saint, but Kalchuri states he was known as [[Maula Shah]]. This intense spiritual experience does not appear to have been an ultimate achievement.

According to Meher Baba, she "became God Realized at the age of about sixty-five" at the hands of another (unnamed) Master. Purdom confirms this earliest version: "After years in search of God she found a Master, who many years afterwards (at the age of sixty-five, it is said) made her perfect" (''The God-Man'', p. 18)</ref> After that experience she returned to Rawalpindi to reconnect with the Hindu guru who, after several years, helped her return to normal consciousness.<ref>Tradition attributes Shaykh Abu Sa’id Ahamd al-Kharraz of Baghdad (d. 899) as "the first Sufi to explain and elaborate the theories of ‘'fana'', or the soul’s annihilation in God, and ‘'baqa'', or the soul’s subsistence in God. According to this school of thought, soul’s annihilation means the mystic’s obliteration from every kind of knowledge of his phenomenal existence and individual qualities. Subsistence of the soul denotes knowledge of eternal existence and the seeker’s abiding in God" (see Bhatnagar, R S: ''Dimensions of Classical Sufi Thought'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd., 1992, pp. 186–187); see also Meher Baba, ''God Speaks: The Theme of Creation and Its Purpose'', Walnut Creek, CA: Sufism Reoriented, 1973, pp. 131ff., pp. 240–241, who clearly recognized that there are various stages in the ''fana-baqa'' process, and who provided a comprehensive description of the stages involved, not to be found in more traditional accounts.</ref>

==Travels and pilgrimages==
After a second stay in Rawalpindi with her earlier Hindu master, Babajan embarked on several long journeys through the Middle Eastern countries [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Iraq]]. "It is said that she traveled to [[Mecca]] disguised as a man [apparently to avoid detection] by way of Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey and doubling back into [[Arabia]]."<ref name="mpv1p8" /> At the [[Kaaba]], she offered [[salat]] (prayers) five times a day, always sitting at one selected spot. While in Mecca, Babajan often gathered food for the poor and personally nursed [[pilgrim]]s who had fallen ill.<ref name="mpv1p8">Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', p. 8</ref>

From Mecca, Babajan made pilgrimage to the tomb of the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] in [[Medina]], where she adopted the same routine of offering prayers and caring for fellow pilgrims. Leaving Arabia, she passed through [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] and back to the Punjab. She then traveled south to [[Nashik|Nasik]] and established herself in [[Panchavati]]. From Nasik, Babajan travelled to Bombay, where she stayed for some time and her fame grew.

In April 1903, she made a second pilgrimage to Mecca, this time sailing from Bombay on the SS ''Haidari''. About 1904, Babajan returned to Bombay and soon afterward proceeded to [[Ajmer]] in northern India to pay homage at the tomb of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Moinuddin Chishti]] who established the [[Chishti Order]] of [[Islam]] in India. From Ajmer she again returned to Bombay and then soon after traveled east to Pune.<ref>Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', pp. 8–11</ref>

==Residence in Pune==

[[File:Hazrat Babajan.jpg|thumb|Babajan under her neem tree in Char Bavadi, Poona]]

By 1905 Babajan arrived in Pune, where she established her final residence. Now an old woman, her back slightly bent, shoulders rounded, with white matted hair, and shabbily dressed, she "was seen sitting or resting at odd places, in different parts of the City."<ref>Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 33</ref> Babajan finally located to a slum area called Char Bawdi (Four Wells) on Malcolm Tank Road, part of a British Army [[cantonment]].<ref>Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', p. 12</ref>

The Char Bawdi area at that time has been described as "a picture of dirt, desolation and ugliness, a breeding spot of plague and pestilence and a regular haunt of dangerous riff-raffs by night."<ref>Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vo.1, No. 4, p. 33; see also Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', p. 12, who states "… there was just a dirt road infested with hordes of mosquitoes; plague germs were even suspected there. During the day the area was desolate and deserted, but at night it sprang to life with thieves and the city’s most dangerous criminals who met there."</ref> After several months’ exposure to the natural elements, Babajan grudgingly allowed her devotees to build a basic shelter of gunny sacks above her. Children were in the habit of throwing stones at her.<ref>Purdom, ''The God-Man'', p. 19, who relates: "I have met people who in their childhood used to throw stones at her, thinking her to be mad."</ref> She was a homeless ''[[fakir|faqir]]''; she knew how they lived. The gifts from her devotees were shared among the poor and destitute, and in some instances stolen from her by thieves.<ref>"She maintained a habit of sharing her meals with the needy. Devotees would frequently gift her with clothing and other items, but these she would share with the poor … not content with this charity, however, some would even dare to steal gifts from her" (See Helminski, Camille Adams: ''Women of Sufism: A Hidden Treasure'', Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 2003, p. 81)</ref> She remained indifferent to the material offerings or the loss. Gradually, out of devotion, or mere curiosity, increasing numbers of people from Pune and elsewhere sought her out. Several alleged [[miracle]]s have been attributed to Babajan.{{citation needed |date=March 2016}}

According to one observer, within a decade of Babajan taking residence "the [Char Bawdi] locality underwent a metamorphosis surpassing all expectations. What with the featural changes in the buildings all around, electrified tea-shops ringing with the clatter of cups and saucers, a concourse of peoples consisting of all ranks and creeds waiting for Babajan’s ''[[Darśana|darshana]]'', a street bard entertaining the crowd with his music, the beggars clamouring for alms, easy-going idlers standing indiscriminately hampering vehicular traffic and the whole atmosphere heavily laden with sweet burning incense perpetually kept burning near Babajan, presented a scene typically Eastern, leaving an indelible impression on one’s memory."<ref>Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 34</ref>

== Master to Meher Baba ==
In May 1913, [[Meher Baba|Merwan Sheriar Irani]], then nineteen years old, was riding his bicycle on the way to class at [[Deccan College (Pune)|Deccan College]], when he looked up and saw an old woman sitting under a neem tree surrounded by a crowd. He had cycled past on previous occasions but had never paid much attention to her, though he was aware that she was regarded by some as a Muslim saint; yet others thought her "a mad woman or a witch or sorceress."<ref>Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', p. 195</ref> His father, [[Sheriar Irani]], held Babajan in high regard.<ref>Shepherd, Kevin R.D. ''From Oppression to Freedom: A Study of the Kaivani Gnostics'', Cambridge: Anthropographia Publications, 1988, p. 71</ref> Born into a [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] family, Sheriar Irani had been an itinerant ''[[dervish]]'' for a number of years<ref>Kalchuri, Bhau, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', pp. 117–131;</ref> before finally settling in Pune and marrying. Babajan beckoned Merwan, who in turn was drawn towards her. For several months thereafter Merwan Irani would visit the saint; they would sit together yet seldom spoke. One night during January 1914, he was about to leave, and before doing so kissed Babajan’s hands, and she in turn held his face in her hands. She then kissed him on the forehead,<ref>Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', p. 197</ref> during which he received her spiritual grace (''[[barakah]]'').<ref>"Many have testified that the love emanating from Babajan was so intense that visitors felt pained at leaving her presence, departure involving the sensation of a powerful … current being suddenly switched off" (Helminski, ''Women of Sufism'', p. 81)</ref> The event subsequently left Merwan Irani in an enraptured state in which he remained abstracted from his normal surroundings for nearly nine months.<ref>According to Purdom, when Merwan Irani left Babajan he returned home and went to bed. "In ten minutes he began to experience extraordinary thrills, as though he were receiving electric shocks; joy mingled with pain, and he lost his body consciousness." On the fourth day he "was slightly conscious of his body. So he remained for nearly nine months … totally unconscious of the world" (''The God-Man'', p. 20). Kalchuri’s version adds: Merwan Irani experienced a "total loss of his personal identity … He found himself to be the Infinite Self – the Ocean of God" (''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', p. 199)</ref> The young man would later become known as [[Meher Baba]].

==Final years==

In 1930, several months before Babajan died, then journalist [[Paul Brunton]] visited her. He wrote, "She lies, in full view of passers-by, upon a low divan. . . Her head is propped by pillows. The lustrous whiteness of her silky hair offers sad contrast to the heavily wrinkled face and seamed brow."<ref>Brunton, ''A Search in Secret India'', p. 63</ref> The meeting was brief. Yet Brunton was clearly emotionally affected, and afterwards, in his hotel room, he reflected: "That some deep psychological attainment really resides in the depths of her being, I am certain."<ref>Brunton, ''A Search in Secret India'', p. 64</ref>

On 18 September 1931, one of Babajan’s fingers was operated on at [[Sassoon Hospital]], but afterwards she did not appear to be recovering.<ref name="auto">Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', p. 19</ref> According to one version, a few days before she died, Babajan muttered, "It is time … time for me to leave now. The work is over … I must close the shop." One of the devotees pleaded, "Do not say such things Babajan, we need you with us." But she cryptically replied, "Nobody, nobody wants my wares. Nobody can afford the price. I have turned my goods over to the Proprietor."<ref name="auto"/>

== Shrine in Pune ==
[[File:Babajaan Shrine at Camp, Pune.jpg|thumb|Babajaan Shrine at Camp, Pune]]
Hazrat Babajan died in the Char Bawdi section of Pune on 21 September 1931. On Wednesday, 23 September, ''The Evening News of India'' reported her death. The newspaper article informed that the "Muslim community in [Pune] has been greatly moved by the death of the famous saint…. Her funeral yesterday … was very largely attended with thousands of people both Muslims and Hindus taking part in the procession."<ref>Reproduced in Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. Four'', pp. 1426–7; see also Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 38, who observed: "Her funeral procession was a tremendous affair, never accorded to any dignitary or royalty in the annals of [Pune]."</ref> The white marble ''[[dargah]]'' (shrine) of Babajan was built alongside the neem tree under which she had sat for so many years, by the roadside which is now a busy thoroughfare. "It is a small one roomed ''dargah'' with the ''turbat'' [grave] placed under a tree. The trunk of the tree emerges through the rooftop."<ref>See Burman, ''Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities'', p. 237. Only the stump of the tree now remains.</ref> Her ''dargah'' is frequented by people of all religions.

==Biographical discrepancies==

There are a few discrepancies to be found in the current biographies of Hazrat Babajan which require due mention.

Firstly, much of the accepted information about Babajan appears to have been established solely on the authority of Meher Baba, a fact acknowledged by Dr Abdul Ghani Munsiff, who in 1939 wrote the first life-sketch of Babajan. According to Ghani, "the information gleaned from different sources is meagre, since Babajan herself was never communicative to anyone with regard to her life history. The facts of her early life and those relating to her spiritual career have all been confirmed by Hazrat Meher Baba, her chief disciple and spiritual Chargeman (''Khalifa'')".<ref name="auto1"/> Yet Meher Baba appears to have provided/endorsed two different versions of Babajan’s life.

===Earliest records===

Over a decade before Dr Ghani’s life-sketch of Babajan appeared, in 1927 Meher Baba gave a public talk on Babajan, which a devotee had recorded in a diary at that time. This is currently the earliest account of Babajan’s life. The people being addressed were predominantly women, and the story was told to provide a moral. To summarize the essentials of that brief talk:

Hazrat Babajan is the daughter of one of the then responsible and chief ministers of the Amir of Afghanistan at [[Kabul]]. From early childhood she had a natural inclination toward spirituality and the realization of Truth. When Babajan was fifteen years of age her guardians began to arrange for her marriage … at this juncture she made bold to leave the family home. For fifty years thereafter she led a life of complete resignation and renunciation. After wandering from place to place for fifty long years she at last came across her Master, and became God-Realized at the age of about sixty-five. After being God-Realized Babajan lived for some time … in the Punjab. During this stay many people began to respect her as a saint. Her occasional remarks, declaring herself to be God [''Ana'l-Haqq'', I am the Truth] upset the Muslim population, and fanatical Muslim Baluchi soldiers (''sepoys'') of a local military regiment buried Babajan alive. After a lapse of many years, during the [[World War I|First World War]] the Baluchi regiment was transferred to Pune, and in that city the same soldiers came face-to-face with Babajan sitting under her neem tree at Char Bawdi. Fanaticism was transformed into devotion, and as long as the regiment remained stationed at Pune, the soldiers came to pay their respects to Babajan.

Ghani’s later, and extended, version of Babajan’s life, published in 1939, provides a different account: She left home at the age of eighteen on her wedding day. Eventually came into contact with a Hindu ''sadguru'' at Rawalpindi. Later went down to the Punjab, and when she was thirty-seven met a Muslim saint in Multan who gave her God-Realization. After the Baluchi soldiers encountered her again in Pune, "her saintly fame spread far and wide, and she came to be universally known as Hazrat Babajan".<ref>Ghani, ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 31–33</ref>

===Babajan’s age===

Babajan’s alleged age when she died continues to be a controversial issue. Biography variants for her date of birth range from 1790 to ''c''. 1820. The earliest birth dates are provided by Charles B Purdom and Bhau Kalchuri. Purdom was merely reporting the opinion of devotees, and so he qualified what he wrote: "her actual date of birth is not known; it is supposed to have been about 1790".<ref>Purdom, ''The God-Man'', p. 18</ref> Kalchuri is more dogmatic, and states Babajan was born "between 1790 and 1800", and her "physical presence on earth lasted between 130 to 141 years".<ref>Kalchuri, ''Meher Prabhu: Vol. One'', pp. 5, 19</ref> At the other end of the scale, in his colourful spiritual travel book, ''A Search in Secret India'' (1934), the then freelance journalist, Paul Brunton, recounts that he learnt "from former Judge Khandalawalla, who had known [Hazrat Babajan] for fifty years, that her age is really about ninety-five".<ref>Brunton, ''A Search in Secret India'', p. 62</ref> Brunton had arrived in India, November 1930, and had left several months before Babajan’s death in September 1931.<ref>Shepherd, Kevin R D: ''Meher Baba, an Iranian Liberal'', Cambridge: Anthropographia Publications, 1988, pp. 146–176</ref>

Regarding Brunton’s report, Kevin R D Shepherd observed: "That Khandalawalla had known Babajan for as long as fifty years is questionable; though it need not be doubted that he had encountered her by the time of her second visit to Bombay ''c''. 1900".<ref>Shepherd, Kevin R D: ''A Sufi Matriarch: Hazrat Babajan'', Cambridge: Anthropographia Publications, 1986, n. 51, p. 77</ref> Shepherd concluded, "The general computation of her age was about 120 years, though some maintained that it was in excess of this. Purdom cited an approximate date of 1790 for her birth, though Ghani was of the view that she was born later than this. Ghani’s estimate of her age was 125, based on general reminiscences and his own contact with her. In deference to critical tendencies which find the higher estimates indigestible, there seems every ground to believe that the subject was over a hundred by the time of her death".<ref>Shepherd, Kevin R D: ''A Sufi Matriarch: Hazrat Babajan'', Cambridge: Anthropographia Publications, 1986, n. 54, pp. 77–78</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Brunton, Paul: ''A Search in Secret India'', first published in 1934 by Rider & Co, London. Reprinted American paperback edition, New York, Maine: Samuel Weiser, Inc., 1970, pp. 62–65, {{ISBN|0-87728-602-7}}
* Kalchuri, Bhau: ''Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, the Biography of the Avatar of the Age Volume One'', Myrtle Beach, SC: Manifestation, Inc., 1986, pp. 5–19, TX 2094928
* Munsiff, Dr Abdul Ghani: "Hazrat Babajan of Poona", ''Meher Baba Journal'', Vol. 1, February 1939, No. 4, pp. 29–39
* Purdom, C B: ''The God-Man: The Life, Journeys & Work of Meher Baba with an Interpretation of His Silence & Spiritual Teaching'', Myrtle Beach, SC: Sheriar Foundation, second printing 2010, pp. 18–21.
* Shepherd, Kevin R D: ''Hazrat Babajan: A Pathan Sufi of Poona'', New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2014, {{ISBN|978-81-207-8698-1}}

{{Commons category}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shreeswami.org/hazrat-babajan.htm Shree Swami]
* [http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm Photo and video of Babajan's shrine in Pune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105643/http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm |date=17 July 2011 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babajan, Hazrat}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Pashtun Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Female Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]

Indian famine of 1896–1897

2025-12-01T08:03:05Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Short description|Famine in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox famine
| name = Indian famine of 1896–1897
| country = [[British Raj|India]], the [[princely states]] of [[Rajputana]], [[Central India Agency]], and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]
| period = 1896–1897
| total_deaths = 3–5 million (famine and disease combined)<ref>B. M. Bhatia, ''Famines in India'' (Delhi: Konark, 1991 [1967]), pp. 103–108.</ref><ref>Arup Maharatna, ''The Demography of Famines'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 141–147.</ref><ref>Mike Davis, ''Late Victorian Holocausts'' (London: Verso, 2001), pp. 196–198.</ref>
| death_rate =
| preceded =[[Orissa famine of 1866]]
| succeeded =[[Indian famine of 1899–1900]]
|causes=[[drought]], failure of the southwest [[monsoon]]; colonial economic policy (grain export, taxation)<ref>David Hall-Matthews, "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India," ''Modern Asian Studies'' 42, no. 6 (2008): 1189–1212.</ref>|native_name=|image=|caption=|location=[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Berar Province|Berar]], [[Central Provinces (India)|Central Provinces]], parts of [[Madras Presidency]] and princely states of central and southern India|from_disease=Contemporary observers reported cholera and malaria epidemics accounting for additional mortality<ref>Mike Davis, ''Late Victorian Holocausts'' (London: Verso, 2001), pp. 196–198.</ref>|relief=|net_food_imports=Significant imports from Burma reported|demographics=Population decline in affected districts by up to 10%<ref>Arup Maharatna, ''The Demography of Famines'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 147.</ref>|consequences=Intensified debate on famine codes; major criticism of colonial relief policy}}
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the [[British Indian Empire]] (1909), showing the different [[provinces of British India]] and the [[princely states]]. The [[Central Provinces and Berar]] were especially hard-hit by the famine]]

[[File:ChicagoTribuneIndiaFamine1897withDateHeader.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map from ''Chicago Sunday Tribune'', January 31, 1897, showing the areas in India affected by the famine.]]
The '''Indian famine of 1896–1897''' was a [[famine]] that began in [[Bundelkhand]], [[British Raj|India]], early in 1896 and spread to many parts of the country, including the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], the [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[Bihar]], parts of the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] presidencies, and parts of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]; in addition, the [[princely states]] of [[Rajputana]], [[Central India Agency]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] were affected.<ref name="igi-III-490b">{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=490}}</ref><ref name=hisarrevset1>C.A.H. Townsend, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf Final repor of thirds revised revenue settlement of Hisar district from 1905-1910], Gazetteer of [[Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana]], point 22, page 11.</ref> During the two years, the famine affected an area of {{convert|307000|sqmi|km2}} and a population of 69.5 million.<ref name="igi-III-490b"/> Although some relief was offered throughout the famine-stricken regions in accordance with the Provisional Famine Code of 1883, the mortality, both from starvation and accompanying epidemics, was very high. Contemporary colonial estimates placed the death toll at around one million,<ref>Government of India, ''Report of the Famine Commission of 1898'' (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1898), p. 8.</ref> but later demographic research suggests that between 4.5 and 5 million people may have died as a result of famine and disease.<ref>Arup Maharatna, ''The Demography of Famines: An Indian Historical Perspective'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 141–147.</ref><ref>B. M. Bhatia, ''Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990'' (Delhi: Konark, 1991 [1967]), pp. 85–90.</ref> Historians have linked the severity of the famine not only to rainfall failure but also to colonial economic policies, particularly grain export practices and restrictions on relief under the prevailing famine codes.<ref>Mike Davis, ''Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World'' (London: Verso, 2001), pp. 25–30.</ref><ref>David Hall-Matthews, "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India," ''Modern Asian Studies'' 42, no. 6 (2008): 1189–1212.</ref>

==Course==
[[File:GraphicFamineNativesBuyingGrain1897.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Drawing, titled "Famine in India," from ''The Graphic'', February 27, 1897, showing a bazaar scene in India with shoppers, many of whom are emaciated, buying grain from a merchant's shop.]]
The [[Bundelkhand]] district of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Agra Province]] experienced drought in the autumn of 1895 as a result of poor summer [[monsoon]] rains.<ref name="igi-III-490b"/> When the winter monsoon failed as well, the provincial government declared a famine early in 1896 and began to organise relief.<ref name="igi-III-490b"/> However, the summer monsoon of 1896 brought only scanty rains, and soon the famine had spread to the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], portions of the presidencies of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], and of the provinces of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and even [[Upper Burma]].<ref name="igi-III-490b"/> The [[native states]] affected were [[Rajputana]], [[Central India Agency]], and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].<ref name="igi-III-490b"/> The famine affected mostly [[British India]]: of the total area of {{convert|307000|sqmi|km2}} affected, {{convert|225000|sqmi|km2}} lay in British territory; similarly, of the total famine-afflicted population of 67.5 million, 62.5 million lived in British territory.<ref name="igi-III-490b"/>

The summer monsoon rains of 1897, however, were abundant, as was the following harvest which ended the famine in autumn 1897.<ref name="igi-III-491c">{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=491}}</ref> However, the rains, which were particularly heavy in some regions, set off a [[malaria]] epidemic which killed many people; soon thereafter, an epidemic of the [[bubonic plague]] began in the [[Bombay Presidency]], which although not very lethal during the famine year, would, in the next decade, become more virulent and spread to the rest of India.<ref name="igi-III-491c"/>

==Famine relief==
[[File:TheGraphicFamineReliefDeoriPanagar1897.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Famine relief at the Zenana Mission at Deori Panagar, near Jabalpur, India, March 1897]]
A decade earlier, in 1883, the Provisional Famine Code had been promulgated soon after the report of the first Indian Famine Commission was submitted in 1880.<ref name="igi-III-490b"/> Now, guided by the Code, relief was organised for 821 million units<ref>1 unit = relief for one individual for one day</ref> at a cost of [[Rs.]] 72.5 million (then approx. [[Pound sterling|£]]4,833,500).<ref name = igi-III-490b/> Revenue (tax) was remitted to the tune of Rs. 12.5 million (£833,350) and credit totalling Rs. 17.5 million (£1,166,500) was given.<ref name = igi-III-490b/> A charitable relief fund collected a total of Rs. 17.5 million (£1,166,500) of which Rs. 1.25 were collected in Great Britain.<ref name = igi-III-490b/>

Even so, the mortality resulting from the famine was great; it is thought that in the British territory alone, between 750,000 and 1 million people died of starvation.<ref name="igi-III-491c"/> Pravin Visaria and Arup Maharatna, using census back-projections, estimate that 4.5 to 5 million deaths occurred during the famine years once famine-related epidemics are included.<ref>Arup Maharatna, ''The Demography of Famines: An Indian Historical Perspective'' (Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 141–147.</ref> Mike Davis similarly stresses that mortality was far higher than official figures suggest, describing the famine as part of the wider wave of "Late Victorian famines" in which colonial trade policies and limited relief intensified vulnerability.<ref>Mike Davis, ''Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World'' (Verso, 2001), pp. 25–30.</ref> Although the famine relief was reasonably effective in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], it failed in the [[Central Provinces]], especially among tribal groups, who were reluctant to perform labour in public works to earn food rations, and who, according to Famine Code guidelines, did not qualify for "charitable relief."<ref name="igi-III-491c"/>

==Weavers in the Bombay Presidency==
The Famine Commission of 1880 had made special provisions for the relief of weavers, who practised the only trade other than agriculture that employed rural Indians.<ref name=muller-1897-285-86>{{Harvnb|Muller|1897|pp=285–286}}</ref> The commission had recommended that weavers be given relief by offering them monetary advances for weaving coarse cloth or wool that could then be used in poor-houses or hospitals.<ref name=muller-1897-285-86/> This was preferable, it was felt, to having them produce the finer cloth of their trade, such as silk, for which there was no demand during a famine.<ref name=muller-1897-285-86/>

However, by 1896, the rural weavers in the [[Bombay Presidency]], who were now having to compete with the increasing number of local cotton mills, were already in dire economic straits.<ref name=muller-1897-287-88>{{Harvnb|Muller|1897|pp=287–288}}</ref> Consequently, when the famine began, not only were they the first to apply for relief, but also did so in numbers that were much larger than had been anticipated.<ref name=muller-1897-287-88/>
Since the government could now offer only limited relief to them in their own trade because of the large capital required, the majority of weavers—either of their own accord or as a result of official dictate—sought the conventional "relief works," which included earth-works and the breaking of rock and metal for building roads.<ref name=muller-1897-287-88/>

==Tribal groups in Chota Nagpur==
In [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]], [[East India]], awareness of the famine came late in 1896 when it was discovered that the rice crop in the highlands of [[Manbhum]] district had failed entirely on account of very little rain the previous summer.<ref name=damodaran-169>{{Harvnb|Damodaran|2007|p=169}}</ref> The rice, grown on small terraces cut into the hillsides and forming staggered step-like patterns, was completely dependent on the monsoon: the only means of irrigation being water from the summer rains which flooded these terraces and which was then allowed to stand until mid-autumn when the crop ripened.<ref name=damodaran-169/> The region also had a large proportion of [[adivasi|tribal groups]] including [[Santal]]s and [[Munda people|Mundas]] who had traditionally relied on [[forest produce]] for some of their food intake.<ref name=damodaran-169/>

As the local government began to plan relief measures for the famine, they included, in the list of food resources available, forest produce for the tribal groups; the planned government-sponsored relief for these groups was accordingly reduced.<ref name=damodaran-169/> The previous decades, however, had seen large-scale deforestation in the area, and what forest that remained was either in private hands or in reserves.<ref name=damodaran-170>{{Harvnb|Damodaran|2007|p=170}}</ref> The tribal groups, whose accessible forests were now few and far between, consequently, first endured malnutrition and later, in their weakened state, fell prey to a cholera epidemic which killed 21 people per thousand.<ref name=damodaran-170/>

==Food exports in Madras Presidency==
Although the famine in the [[Madras Presidency]] was preceded by a natural calamity in the form of a drought, it was made more acute by the government's policy of ''[[laissez faire]]'' in the trade of grain.<ref name=ghose-380>{{Harvnb|Ghose|1982|p=380}}</ref> For example, two of the worst famine-afflicted areas in the Madras Presidency, the districts of [[Ganjam]] and [[Vizagapatam]], continued to export grains throughout the famine.<ref name=ghose-380/> The table below shows exports and imports for the two districts during a five-year period beginning in 1892.<ref name=ghose-380/>

{| cellspacing="4"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="3" border="1" class="wikitable"
! bgcolor="#DDDDDD" colspan="4" | Foodgrain export from districts in [[Madras Presidency]] affected by Indian famine of 1896–97<ref name=ghose-380/>
|-
! !! colspan="2" | Sea-borne Trade !! Rail-borne Trade
|-
! Year !! [[Ganjam]] !! [[Vizag]] !! Ganjam & Vizagapatam
|-
| align="center" | 1892–93 || align="center" | 13,508 tons exported || align="center" | 7,585 tons imported ||
|-
| align="center" | 1893–94 || align="center" | 17,817 tons exported || align="center" | 742 tons imported || align="center" | 79 tons imported into V.
|-
| align="center" | 1894–95 || align="center" | 12,334 tons exported || align="center" | 89 tons exported || align="center" | 7,683 tons imported into V.
|-
| align="center" | 1895–96 || align="center" | 31,559 tons exported || align="center" | 4 tons exported || align="center" | 5,751 tons exported
|-
| align="center" | 1896–97 || align="center" | 34,371 tons exported || align="center" | 414 tons exported || align="center" | 7,997 tons exported
|}
|}

==Cattle in the Deccan==
Farming in the dry [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of the [[Bombay Presidency]] required more farm animals—typically [[Cattle|bullocks]] to pull the heavier ploughs—than were needed in other, wetter, regions of India; often, up to six bullocks were needed for ploughing.<ref name=tomlinson-82-83>{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1993|pp=82–83}}</ref> For most of the first half of the 19th century, farmers in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] did not own enough bullocks to farm effectively.<ref name=tomlinson-82-83/> Consequently, many plots were ploughed only once every three or four years.<ref name=tomlinson-82-83/>

In the second half of the 19th century, cattle numbers per farmer did increase; however, the cattle remained vulnerable to famines.<ref name=tomlinson-82-83/> When the crops failed, people were driven to change their diets and eat seeds and fodder.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=363}}</ref> Consequently, many farm animals, especially bullocks, slowly starved.<ref name=tomlinson-82-83/> The famine of 1896–97 proved particularly devastating for bullocks; in some areas of the Bombay Presidency, their numbers had not recovered some 30 years later.<ref name=tomlinson-82-83/>

==Epidemics==
Epidemics of many diseases, especially [[cholera]] and [[malaria]], usually accompanied famines.<ref name=dyson-1991a-15>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1991a|p=15}}</ref> In 1897, an epidemic of the [[bubonic plague]] broke out as well in the [[Bombay Presidency]] and, in the next decade, would spread to many parts of the country.<ref name=dyson-1991a-16>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1991a|p=16}}</ref> However, other diseases took a bigger toll during the famine of 1896–97.<ref name=dyson-1991a-16/>

Typically, deaths from cholera and dysentery and diarrhoea peaked ''before'' the rains as large groups of people collected on a daily basis to receive famine relief.<ref name=dyson-1991a-15/> Malaria epidemics, on the other hand, usually began ''after'' the first rains when the famine-afflicted population left the relief-camps for their villages; there, new pools of standing water attracted the mosquito-borne virus to which their already enfeebled condition offered little resistance.<ref name=dyson-1991a-15/> The following table compares the number of deaths due to different diseases occurring in the famine year with the average number occurring in the five years preceding the famine in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name=dyson-1991a-16/> In each case, the mortality had increased during the famine year; this included the small number of officially registered suicides included in the "injuries" category below.<ref name=dyson-1991a-16/>
{| cellspacing="4"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="3" border="1" class="wikitable"
! bgcolor="#DDDDDD" colspan="5" | Death rates (per thousand) from different causes during the Indian famine of 1896–97<ref name="ghose-380"/>
|-
! !! colspan="2" | [[Central Provinces and Berar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
! Cause of death!! 1891–95 Pre-famine years (average) !! 1897 Famine year !! 1891–95 Pre-famine years (average) !! 1897 Famine year
|-
| align="center" | [[Cholera]] || align="center" | 1.79 || align="center" | 6.01 || align="center" | 1.30 || align="center" | 3.03
|-
| align="center" | [[Smallpox]] || align="center" | 0.24 || align="center" | 0.38 || align="center" | 0.14 || align="center" | 0.20
|-
| align="center" | [[Fevers#Causes|Fevers]] (especially [[Malaria]]) || align="center" | 21.28 || align="center" | 40.98 || align="center" | 21.12 || align="center" | 24.59
|-
| align="center" | [[Dysentery]]/[[Diarrhea]] || align="center" | 1.85 || align="center" | 8.53 || align="center" | 1.87 || align="center" | 4.57
|-
| align="center" | Injuries || align="center" | 0.56 || align="center" | 0.79 || align="center" | 0.31 || align="center" | 0.37
|-
| align="center" | All others and unknown|| align="center" | 8.14 || align="center" | 12.64 || align="center" | 4.84 || align="center" | 7.08
|-
| align="center" | Combined Death Rate|| align="center" | 33.86 || align="center" | 69.34 || align="center" | 29.58 || align="center" | 39.84
|}
|}

==Mortality==
Estimates of the total famine related deaths during this period vary. The following table gives the varying estimates of total famine related deaths between 1896 and 1902 (including both the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900|1899–1900]] famine and the famine of 1896–1897).<ref>{{Harvnb|Davis|2001|p=7}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Estimate (in millions)
! Done by
! Publication
|-
| align="center"|8.4
| Arup Maharatna Ronald E. Seavoy
| The Demography of Famines: An Indian Historical Perspective, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996 Famine in Peasant Societies (Contributions in Economics and Economic History), New York: Greenwood Press, 1986
|-
| align="center"|6.1
| Cambridge Economic History of India
| The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1983
|}

==Aftermath==
Both the famine and the relief efforts were painstakingly analysed by the Famine Commission of 1898 presided by Sir [[James Broadwood Lyall]], the former Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab. The Commission affirmed the broad principles of famine relief enunciated by the first Famine Commission of 1880, but made a number of changes in implementation. They recommended increasing the minimum wage in the "relief works," and extending gratuitous (or charitable) relief during the rainy season. They also defined new rules for relief of "[[Adivasi|aboriginal and hill tribes]]" who had been found difficult to reach in 1896–97; in addition, they stressed generous remissions of land revenue. The recommendations were soon to be tested in the Indian famine of 1899–1900.<ref name="igi-III-491c"/>

==See also==
*[[Tamil Nadu famine (1891)]]
*[[Indian famine of 1899–1900]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule]]
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[Drought in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{Citation | last = Damodaran | first = Vinita | title = Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur | year = 2007 | journal = The Medieval History Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 1&2 | pages = 143–181 | doi = 10.1177/097194580701000206}}
*{{Citation | last = Davis| first = Mike | title = Late Victorian Holocausts|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar) | year = 2001|publisher=Verso Books. Pp. 400| isbn = 978-1-85984-739-8|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3IrKEzgkQkMC&pg=PA7}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991a | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | jstor = 2174991 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145056 }}
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389| doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 | pmid = 11620403 }}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III | title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502) | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. | year = 1907}}
*{{Citation | last = Muller | first = W. | title = Notes on the Distress Amongst the Hand-Weavers in the Bombay Presidency During the Famine of 1896–97 | year = 1897 | journal = The Economic Journal | volume = 7 | issue = 26 | pages = 285–288 | jstor = 2957261 | doi=10.2307/2957261| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1449669 }}
*{{Citation | last = Roy | first = Tirthankar | title = The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition | year = 2006 | publisher = New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi, 385 | isbn = 0-19-568430-3}}
*{{Citation | last1=Tomlinson | first1=B. R. | year=1993| title=The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 (The New Cambridge History of India, III.3)| publisher=Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. | isbn= 0-521-58939-8}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{Citation | last = Ambirajan | first = S. | title = Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century | year = 1976 | journal = Population Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–14 | doi=10.2307/2173660| jstor = 2173660 | pmid = 11630514 }}
*{{Citation | last1 = Arnold | first1 = David | last2 = Moore | first2 = R. I. | title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) | year = 1991 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 | isbn = 0-631-15119-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Bhatia | first = B. M. | title = Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990 | year = 1991 | publisher = Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. Pp. 383 | isbn = 81-220-0211-0}}
*{{Citation | last = Chakrabarti | first = Malabika | title = The Famine of 1896–1897 in Bengal: Availability Or Entitlement | year = 2004 | publisher = New Delhi: Orient Longmans. Pp. 541 | isbn = 81-250-2389-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hQtC3e2gPugC&dq}}
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year = 1900| year = 2005 | publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) | isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991b | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–297 | jstor = 2174784 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145446 | pmid = 11622922}}
*{{Citation | last = Famine Commission | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | year = 2008 | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–24 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X07002892}}
*{{Citation | last = Klein | first = Ira | title = Death in India, 1871–1921 | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | year = 1973 | pages = 639–659 | jstor = 2052814 | doi=10.2307/2052814}}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India | year = 1983 | journal = Journal of Interdisciplinary History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–366 | doi=10.2307/203709| jstor = 203709 }}
*{{Citation | last = Washbrook | first = David | title = The Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonial India: Production, Subsistence and Reproduction in the 'Dry South', c. 1870–1930 | year = 1994 | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 129–164 | jstor = 312924 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00011720}}
{{Refend}}

{{Famine in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Famine Of 1896-1897}}
[[Category:1896 in British India]]
[[Category:1897 in British India]]
[[Category:1896 disasters]]
[[Category:1897 disasters]]
[[Category:1890s famines]]
[[Category:1890s disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]
[[Category:Famines in British India]]

Next Sikkim Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-28T20:43:08Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Short description|Elections for the 12th Legislative assembly of Sikkim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Next Sikkim Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2024
| next_election =
| next_year = 2034
| election_date = By April 2029
| seats_for_election = All 32 seats in the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 17
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Sikkim.svg|300px]]
| map2_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Sikkim
| turnout =
| outgoing_members = 11th Sikkim Assembly
| elected_members =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PawanKumarChamling.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=}}
| leader2 = [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 = TBD
| last_election2 = 27.37%, 1 seat
| party2 = Sikkim Democratic Front
| alliance2 =
| seats2 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prem Singh Tamang, Chief Minister of Sikkim.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=|oTop=5}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| leader_since1 =
| party1 = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
| last_election1 = 58.38%, 31 seats
| seats1 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Sikkim|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| before_party = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 32
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| seats_before2 = 0
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 17
}}

The '''Next Sikkim legislative assembly election''' is expected to be held in April 2029 to elect all 32 members of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. [[Prem Singh Tamang]] is the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Sikkim|Chief Minister]] of [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victory confirmed this election, SKM preparing for 2029 polls: Golay|url=https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/victory-confirmed-this-election-skm-preparing-for-2029-polls-golay |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Sikkim Express}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| '''TBD'''
|}

== Parties and Alliances ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|[[File:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Symbol SKM.png|50px]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|[[File:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Umberlla.png|50px]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Citizen Action Party – Sikkim}}
|[[Citizen Action Party – Sikkim]]
|[[File:No flag.svg|50px]]
||[[File:Indian Election Symbol Nagrik.png|50px]]
|[[Ganesh Kumar Rai]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Dilli Ram Thapa]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
|Gopal Chettri
|TBD
|}

== See also ==
* [[2029 elections in India]]
* [[Elections in Sikkim]]
* [[Politics of Sikkim]]
* [[Government of Sikkim]]
* [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Sikkim]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Sikkim]]
* [[Politics of Sikkim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Sikkim elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly

2025-11-25T06:39:55Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: refined content for accuracy

{{Short description|Presiding officer of Uttarakhand vidhan sabha}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox political post
|post = [[Speaker (India)|Speaker]]
|native_name =
|body = the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|insignia = Seal of Uttarakhand.svg
|insigniasize =
|insigniacaption =
|incumbent = [[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]
|image =Ritu Khanduri Bhushan.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption =
|incumbentsince = 26 March 2022
|department = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|style = [[The Honourable]]
|nominator = Members of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|appointer = [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
|termlength = During the life of the Assembly (five years maximum)
| termlength_qualified = Renewable
|inaugural = [[Prakash Pant]] {{small|(2000–2002)}}
|formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|2000|11|9}}
|deputy = ''Vacant''
|salary =|precursor = [[List of speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|website = [http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/ Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]
}}
{{Politics of Uttarakhand}}

The '''Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly''' is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand, the main law-making body for the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]]. The Speaker is elected in the first meeting of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] after the general elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the assembly. The Speaker must be a member of the assembly. The Speaker can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the assembly by an effective majority of its members. In the absence of Speaker, the meeting of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly is presided by the Deputy Speaker.

==Eligibility==
The Speaker of the Assembly must:

# be a citizen of India;
# be at least 25 years of age; and
# not hold any office of profit under the [[Government of Uttarakhand]].

==Powers and Functions of the Speaker==
The speaker of the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]] conducts the business in house, and decides whether a bill is a [[money bill]] or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a [[motion of no confidence]], [[Adjournment debate|motion of adjournment]], [[motion of censure]] and calling attention notice as per the rules. The speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members. ==List of the Speakers of Uttar Pradesh==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! No
! Portrait
! Name
! [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/speaker/present_speaker_en_.aspx#/formerspeakers/3 |access-date= |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in}}</ref>
! Assembly
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1
| [[File:Purushottam Das Tandon 1982 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|[[Purushottam Das Tandon]]
|
| 31 July 1937
| 10 August 1950
|{{Ayd|31 july 1937|10 august 1950}}
|
|rowspan=8| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=8 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| 2
|
|[[Nafisul Hasan]]
|
| 21 December 1950
| 19 May 1952
|{{Ayd|21 december 1950|19 may 1952}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 3
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |[[Atmaram Govind Kher]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Garautha (Assembly constituency)|Garautha]]
| 20 May 1952
| 4 April 1957
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|20 may 1952|26 march 1962}}
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1st]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 4 April 1957
| 26 March 1962
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]
|-
| 4
|
|[[Madan Mohan Verma]]
|Faizabad
| 26 March 1962
| 16 March 1967
|{{Ayd|26 march 1962|16 march 1967}}
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]
|-
| 5
|
|[[Jagdish Saran Agarwal]]
|Bareilly City
| 17 March 1967
| 16 March 1969
|{{Ayd|17 march 1967|16 march 1969}}
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|4th]]
|-
| (3)
|
|[[Atmaram Govind Kher]]
|[[Garautha (Assembly constituency)|Garautha]]
| 17 March 1969
| 18 March 1974
|{{Ayd|17 march 1969|18 march 1974}}
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|5th]]
|-
| 6
|
|[[Vasudev Singh]]
|Gadwara
| 18 March 1974
| 12 July 1977
|{{Ayd|18 march 1974|12 july 1977}}
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
|-
| 7
|[[File:Banarasi Das 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Banarasi Das]]
|[[Hapur (Assembly constituency)|Hapur]]
| 12 July 1977
| 26 February 1979
|{{Ayd|12 july 1977|26 february 1979}}
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|7th]]
| [[Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 8
|
|[[Sripati Mishra]]
|[[Isauli (Assembly constituency)|Isauli]]
| 7 July 1980
| 18 July 1982
|{{Ayd|7 july 1980|18 july 1982}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|8th]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| 9
|
|[[Dharam Singh (INC politician)]]
|
| 25 August 1982
| 15 March 1985
|{{Ayd|25 august 1982|15 march 1985}}
|-
| 10
|
|[[Niyaz Hasan Khan]]
|[[Kunda (Assembly constituency)|Kunda]]
| 15 March 1985
| 9 January 1990
|{{Ayd|15 march 1985|9 january 1990}}
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
|-
| 11
|
|[[Harikishan Srivastava]]
|[[Chaubepur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaubepur]]
| 9 January 1990
| 30 July 1991
|{{Ayd|9 january 1990|30 july 1991}}
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|10th]]
| [[Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|-
| 12
| [[File:Keshari Nath Tripathi - Kolkata 2016-07-01 5591.JPG|75px]]
|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
|[[Allahabad South (Assembly constituency)|Allahabad South]]
| 30 July 1991
| 15 December 1993
|{{Ayd|30 july 1991|15 december 1993}}
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 13
|
|[[Dhaniram Verma]]
|[[Bidhuna (Assembly constituency)|Bidhuna]]
| 15 December 1993
| 20 June 1995
|{{Ayd|15 december 1993|20 june 1995}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
| 14
|
|[[Barkhu Ram Verma]]
|[[Sagri (Assembly constituency)|Sagri]]
| 18 July 1995
| 26 March 1997
|{{Ayd|18 july 1995|26 march 1997}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| rowspan="2" | (12)
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Keshari Nath Tripathi - Kolkata 2016-07-01 5591.JPG|75px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Allahabad South (Assembly constituency)|Allahabad South]]
| 27 March 1997
| 14 May 2002
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|27 march 1997|19 may 2004}}
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 14 May 2002
| 19 May 2004
| rowspan="2" |[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
|-
| 15
|
|[[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
|[[Itwa (Assembly constituency)|Itwa]]
| 26 July 2004
| 18 May 2007
|{{Ayd|26 july 2004|18 may 2007}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
| 16
|
|[[Sukhdev Rajbhar]]
|[[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lalganj]]
| 18 May 2007
| 13 April 2012
|{{Ayd|18 may 2007|13 april 2012}}
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|-
| (15)
|
|[[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
|[[Itwa (Assembly constituency)|Itwa]]
| 13 April 2012
| 30 March 2017
|{{Ayd|13 april 2012|30 march 2017}}
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|-
| 17
|
|[[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]
|[[Bhagwantnagar (Assembly constituency)|Bhagwantnagar]]
| 30 March 2017
| 29 March 2022
|{{Ayd|30 march 2017|29 march 2022}}
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|18
|
|[[Satish Mahana]]
|[[Maharajpur (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Maharajpur]]
|29 March 2022
|Incumbent
|{{Ayd|29 march 2022}}
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th]]
|}

==List of the Speakers of Uttarakhand==
<section begin="List of speakers"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| No.
!scope=col| Name
!scope=col| Portrait
!scope=col| Constituency
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Term<ref>[http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/158-archives]. [[Government of Uttarakhand]]. Retrieved on 30 July 2014.</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!scope=col| Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 1
! [[Prakash Pant]]
|
| [[List of members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]] for [[Kumaon Local Authorities constituency|Kumaon Local Authorities]]
| 12 March 2001
| 14 March 2002
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Interim Uttarakhand Assembly|Interim Assembly]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 2
! [[Yashpal Arya]]
| [[File:Yashpal Arya LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75px|]]
| [[Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Mukteshwar]]
| 15 March 2002
| 11 March 2007
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Assembly]] {{small|[[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2002)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 3
! [[Harbans Kapoor]]
| [[File:Harbans Kapoor Ex Speaker Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dehradun (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun]]
| 12 March 2007
| 13 March 2012
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Assembly]] {{small|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2007)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 4
! [[Govind Singh Kunjwal]]
|
| [[Jageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jageshwar]]
| 26 March 2012
| 20 March 2017
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd Assembly]] {{small|[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2012)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 5
! [[Premchand Aggarwal]]
|
| [[Rishikesh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rishikesh]]
| 23 March 2017
| 21 March 2022
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"; width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th Assembly]] {{small|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2017)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 6
! [[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]
|[[File:Ritu Khanduri Bhushan.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar]]
| 26 March 2022
| ''Incumbent''
| [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Assembly]] {{small|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2022)]]}}
|}<section end="List of speakers"/>

==Deputy Speaker==
The '''Deputy Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly''' is the vice-presiding officer of the legislative assembly. Acts as the presiding officer in case of leave or absence caused by death or illness of the Speaker.

==List of the Deputy Speakers of Uttarakhand==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| No.
!scope=col| Name
!scope=col| Portrait
!scope=col| Constituency
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Term<ref>[http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/158-archives]. [[Government of Uttarakhand]]. Retrieved on 30 July 2014.</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!scope=col| Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| rowspan="3" | –
| rowspan="3"; colspan="3" | ''Vacant''
| 9 November 2000
| 14 March 2002
| rowspan="3" | N/A
| rowspan="3"; width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|''Vacant''}}" |
| [[Interim Uttarakhand Assembly|Interim Assembly]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 15 March 2002
| 11 March 2007
| [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Assembly]] {{small|[[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2002)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 12 March 2007
| 20 December 2008
| rowspan="3" | [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Assembly]] {{small|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2007)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 1
! [[Vijaya Barthwal]]
|
| [[Yamkeshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Yamkeshwar]]
| 20 December 2008
| 27 June 2009
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| –
| colspan="3" | ''Vacant''
| 27 June 2009
| 4 December 2012
| N/A
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|''Vacant''}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 2
! [[Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]]
|
| [[Karnaprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Karnaprayag]]
| 4 December 2012<ref>{{Cite web | title=Maikhuri elected as deputy speaker of Uttarakhand Assembly | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1761505.html | access-date=2025-09-24 | website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>
| 20 March 2017
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd Assembly]] {{small|[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2012)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 3
! [[Raghunath Singh Chauhan]]
|
| [[Almora (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Almora]]
| 28 March 2017
| 10 March 2022
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th Assembly]] {{small|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2017)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| –
| colspan="3" | ''Vacant''
| colspan="2" | Since 26 March 2022
| N/A
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|''Vacant''}}" |
|[[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Assembly]] {{small|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2022)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|}

==Pro tem Speaker==
After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior members of the legislative assembly prepared by the legislative section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs of Uttarakhand, who selects a Pro tem speaker who hold the office of speaker until a full-time speaker is elected. The appointment has to be approved by the Governor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lok-sabha-pro-tem-speaker-kamal-nath-parliament-195667-2014-06-04|title=Pro tem Speaker: All you need to know about this parliamentary post|last=Ashok|first=Akash Deep|date=4 June 2014|work=India Today|access-date=21 September 2014}}</ref>

The first meeting after the election when the speaker and the deputy speaker are elected by members of the legislative assembly, is held under the pro-tem speaker. In absence of the speaker, the deputy speaker acts as speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six members selected by the speaker will act as speaker according to their seniority.

==List of the Pro tem Speakers of Uttarakhand==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| No.
!scope=col| Name
!scope=col| Portrait
!scope=col| Constituency
!scope=col| Term<ref>[http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/158-archives]. [[Government of Uttarakhand]]. Retrieved on 30 July 2014.</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!scope=col| Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 1
! [[Muhammad Muhiuddin]]
|
| [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
| 2000
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Interim Uttarakhand Assembly|Interim Assembly]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| rowspan="2"| 2
! rowspan="2"| [[Harbans Kapoor]]
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Harbans Kapoor Ex Speaker Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Dehradun (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun]]
| 2002
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"; width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Assembly]] {{small|[[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2002)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 2007
| [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Assembly]] {{small|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2007)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 3
! [[Shailendra Mohan Singhal]]
|
| [[Jaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jaspur]]
| 2012
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd Assembly]] {{small|[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2012)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| (2)
! [[Harbans Kapoor]]
| [[File:Harbans Kapoor Ex Speaker Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dehradun Cantonment (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun Cantonment]]
| 2017
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"; width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th Assembly]] {{small|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2017)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 4
! [[Banshidhar Bhagat]]
|
| [[Kaladhungi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kaladhungi]]
| 2022
| [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Assembly]] {{small|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2022)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|}

==See also==
* [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Cabinet of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha]]
* [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly}}
{{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|U]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly| ]]

Maddale

2025-11-12T11:41:18Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: corrected references for consistency

{{Short description|Unpitched percussion instrument}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:maddale.jpg|right|thumb|Yakshagana Maddale.]]

The '''Maddale''' ({{langx|kn|ಮದ್ದಲೆ}}), also known as '''Mrudanga''' (ಮೃದಂಗ) in [[Uttara Kannada|North Canara]], is a [[percussion instrument]] from [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It serves as the primary rhythmic accompaniment in a [[Yakshagana]] ensemble, along with [[Chande]]. The maddale produces a perfectly harmonic tonic (shruti swara) when struck anywhere on its surface. This is in contrast to other instruments such as the [[Mridangam|Mrudangam]], [[Pakhavaj|Pakawaj]], or [[Tabla]], which cannot produce the tonic (shruti) on all parts of their surfaces. Its drum head is similar to that of the tabla and its body is similar to that of the pakhavaj.

The traditional Maddale was 30 cm long and had an 8-inch drum head on the right side that produced a louder sound. Nowadays, a 6-6.5 inch wide right side Maddale is typically used, while a few using a 7-inch wide one. The left bass side is about one inch bigger than the right. The Maddale is available in more than three variants.<ref>''Dr. Shivarama Karantha, Yakshagana Bayalaata'', Harsha Publications, 1963, Puttur, South Canara.</ref> The Maddale used in Yakshagana looks similar to the mridangam, but differs significantly in structure, acoustics, playing techniques, and rhythm system ([[Yakshagana Tala]]).<ref>''Prof. Sridhara Uppura, Yakshagana and Nataka'', Diganta Sahitya Publications, 1998, Managalore.</ref>

Its body is constructed from [[jackfruit]] tree wood among other woods such as kakke, baine, and hunaalu.

==History==
The Maddale belongs to the mridangam family and shares a similar history. Over time, the Maddale evolved to be made of different kinds of wood for higher octaves.

It evolved with the development of Yakshagana and Yakshaganic fingering and hand techniques. The use of palm produces a sound that is somewhat a mixture of pakhawaj and mridangam.

==Construction==
[[File:Karne paste on a drumhead.jpg|right|thumb|Yakshagana Maddale Bala Muchchige.]]
[[File:maddalebona.jpg|right|thumb|Yakshagana Maddale left drum head (bass). Left side is slightly larger]]
The maddale is a double-sided drum whose body is usually made using a hollowed piece of [[jackfruit]] wood about .5 cm thick (thinner than mrudangam). This body is called ''goodu'' (or housing). The two open ends of the drum are covered with goat skin leather and laced to each other with leather straps around the circumference of the drum. These straps are stretched to tightly hold the drum heads, allowing them to resonate when struck. The drum head on the left is slightly larger (bass side) (.9 inches). One side produces [[Bass (sound)|bass]], the other [[Clef#Treble clef|treble]]. The drum head is known as ''muchchige''.

The bass drum head is known as the ''eda muchchige'' and the other head is known as the ''bala muchchige''. The higher drum head is similar to tabla drum head but creates a major tonal difference. The maddale produces tonic when playing on the rim and on ink. The higher drum head has a circular disk in the centre called ''karne'' (the ink) causing it to produce harmonic tones. The base drum is smeared with a [[tuning paste]] made from ash and rice called ''bona'', before performances to dampen the tone and to produce bass sound.

== Methods of use==
[[File:Kalamandalam sreejith.jpg|thumb|A maddale player]]
Maddale is tuned to the tonic of the Yakshagana singer before the performance (lower shadja). A wooden peg is sometimes used to tighten the straps. The two major strokes are ''gumpu'' and c''hapu''. Chapu involves playing on the rim and is used for tuning. Gumpu involves playing on the ink to produce a more resonating sound. The Kapala stroke is a cross finger stroke above the ink. It is a unique stroke that produces a harmonic mix of gumpu and chapu (Kapala is more musical than chapu of mrudangam).

==See also==
* [[Tabla]]
* [[Thavil]]
* [[Karatalas]]
* [[Chande]]
* [[Tala-Maddale]]
* [[Mridanga]]
{{Portal|India|Music}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yakshagana]]
[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Pitched percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]

Mathadi

2025-10-07T01:15:16Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Stub

{{Orphan|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Coolies (KEAGLE 0014).jpg|thumb|Mathadis]]
'''Mathadi''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language term to denote a [[head-carrying|head-loader]].<ref name="Shah2002">{{cite book|author=Ghanshyam Shah|title=Dalits And The State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1gnfSo29mAC&pg=PA175|accessdate=27 June 2013|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-922-3|pages=175–176}}</ref><ref name="Atal2009">{{cite book|author=Yogesh Atal|title=Sociology And Social Anthropology In India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z2E1q1JLVsC&pg=PA289|accessdate=27 June 2013|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2034-9|page=289}}</ref> In [[Maharashtra]], India, the mathadis are organised under a welfare board, set up in compliance to the Maharashtra Hamal, Mathadi and other unprotected workers (Regulation of [[Employment]] and Welfare) Act 1969.<ref name="Wu2007">Fulong Wu. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1XMKxEkmkdIC&pg=PA113 China's Emerging Cities: The Making of New Urbanism]''. Routledge; 13 November 2007 [cited 27 June 2013]. {{ISBN|978-1-134-11771-0}}. p. 113.</ref> There are 36 Mathadi boards in Maharashtra.<ref name="GoM-20130627">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahashramm.gov.in/lc/mathadi_boards.html#|title=Act/Rules|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref>

According to the Act, "Mathadi means a person carrying a load of material either on his head (Matha) or on his back to stack at the appropriate place. These operations include loading unloading stacking, carrying, weighing, measuring or such other works including work preparatory or incidental to such operations."<ref name="GoM-20130627" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian labour law]]

Satlok Ashram

2025-10-04T12:05:35Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made new data...

{{Short description|Religious organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
'''Satlok Ashram''' is an organisation founded by Bhakti Mukti Trust in June 1, 1999 in [[Karontha]] village of [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]. The first spiritual program took place from 1 June to 7 June 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/satlok-ashram-saint-rampal-disloyality-hisar-court-decision-on-29-august-1-949270.html|title=सतलोक आश्रम के प्रमुख संत रामपाल बरी, लोगों को बंधक बनाने का था आरोप|date=2017-08-28|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1994, [[Swami]] Ramdevanand (a Hindu saint from [[Garib Das|Garib Das Panth]]) selected [[Rampal (Spritual Leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] as his successor. [[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] started delivering discourses and giving initiation to the devotees

Earlier [[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] used to impart [[Satsang]] by going to the house of the devotees. As the number of devotees increased there arose a need to establish an [[ashram]]. Satlok Ashram, Karontha was, hence, established by Bandi Chhod Bhakti Mukti Trust in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagatgururampalji.org/en/sant-rampal-ji-maharaj/life-history-sant-rampal-ji/|title=Saint Rampal Ji - Biography: {{!}} Jagat Guru Rampal Ji|website=www.jagatgururampalji.org|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>

=== Karontha incident 2006 ===
In 2006, [[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] raised objections to certain parts of ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'', the central text of the [[Arya Samaj]] religious sect. He termed these parts as "impractical and anti-social". This angered the followers of Arya Samaj, who surrounded his ashram, eventually resulting in a clash between the followers of two sects on 12 July 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rohtak-clash-Sant-Rampal-triggered-it/articleshow/20021686.cms |title=Rohtak clash: Sant Rampal triggered it|newspaper= The Times of India |author=Deepender Deswal |date=13 May 2013 }}</ref> During the clash, one person was shot dead and 59 more were injured.<ref name="BS-things-2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/5-things-you-should-know-about-godman-rampal-114111801411_1.html|title=5 things you should know about godman Rampal|date=18 November 2014|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="ToI-cases-2014">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cases-against-Haryana-godman-Rampal/articleshow/45192010.cms |title=Cases against Haryana godman Rampal |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haryanamail.in/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%B8/ |title=रामपाल को पेशी से छूट मिलने की समीक्षा, Haryana Mail, 17 September 2013 |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129144136/http://www.haryanamail.in/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%B8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] was charged with murder and attempted murder, and jailed for 21 months. His followers claim that he was falsely implicated in the case and demanded a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigation. [[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] was forced to vacate the Karontha ashram.<ref name="BS-things-2014"/>
He was convicted of murder in this case relating to the death of a woman supporter.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sant-rampal-guilty-murder-1360465-2018-10-11 |title=Godman Rampal convicted in two murder cases, punishment next week|newspaper= India Today |author= Munish Chandra Pandey |date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Barwala incident 2014 ===
In 2014, the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him after his followers were accused of disrupting court's proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/court-issues-fresh-warrants-against-sect-leader-rampal-1.1413760|title=Court issues fresh warrants against sect leader Rampal|website=gulfnews.com|date=17 November 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> Police went to detain him on 12 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141113/haryana.htm#1|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>

By 18 November, his Satlok ashram in Hisar was protected by thousands of his followers who were holding flags reading 'Satsaheb'. More than 20,000 security personnel and police forced their way into the ashram, but they could not find [[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] for arrest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sant-rampal-satlok-ashram-hisar-haryana-self-styled-godman-227630-2014-11-18|title=Deadline over, crackdown begins at Rampal's Hisar ashram|date=18 November 2014|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> The police used earth movers to break wall on the rear side of ashram to find him but were opposed by a large number of followers who allegedly injured some police personnel in an effort to halt their entry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/godman-rampalharyana-government-standoff/article6610935.ece|title=Rampal followers, police clash|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=2014-11-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bodies of five women and 18-month-old child were found in his ashram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/six-dead-in-rampals-ashram-in-hisar-not-even-a-single-one-hurt-by-police-bullets-says-haryana-dgp/513673-3-240.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121194215/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/six-dead-in-rampals-ashram-in-hisar-not-even-a-single-one-hurt-by-police-bullets-says-haryana-dgp/513673-3-240.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-21|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>

[[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] was arrested on the night of 19 November 2014, along with more than 900 of his followers, on charges including [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|sedition]], murder, attempt to murder, conspiracy, hoarding illegal weapons and aiding and abetting suicide-mongers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rampal-arrested-by-Haryana-police-from-his-ashram-in-Hisar/articleshow/45208066.cms|title=Rampal arrested by Haryana police from his ashram in Hisar|date=19 November 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> Rampal was acquitted of the charges of wrongful confinement in court on 29 August.<ref name="hindu_Aquit">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/self-styled-godman-rampal-acquitted-in-two-criminal-cases/article19580543.ece|title=Sant Rampal acquitted in two criminal cases|last=Vasudeva|first=Vikas|date=29 August 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 May 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 11 October 2018, [[Rampal (spiritual leader)|Sant Rampal Das Ji]] was found guilty of murder in two cases with FIR no. 429 and 430 relating to the 2014 incident. Both cases pertain to the death of five women and an eighteen-month-old infant at his Satlok Ashram in [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]], [[Hisar district]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Shylaja |title=Godman Rampal convicted in two murder cases, punishment next week |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/self-styled-godman-rampal-convicted-in-two-cases-of-murder-by-court-in-haryana-1930325 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[9]]

== References ==
__FORCETOC__
<references />

[[Category:Ashrams]]

Mallikarjunar Temple, Dharmapuri

2025-09-30T10:55:37Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: slightly enhance citations to improve readability additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Mallikarjunar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at [[Dharmapuri]] in [[Dharmapuri district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="bmj"> பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009</ref><ref name=shaivam>[https://shaivam.org/hindu-hub/temples/place/377/thagattur-mallikarjunar-temple மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, தகடூர் (தர்மபுரி) Dhakadur (Dharmapuri), 7-12-1]</ref><ref name=dinamalar>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=98903 சுவாமியைவிட உயரமான இடம், தினமலர் கோயில்கள், 9 அக்டோபர் 2019]</ref>

==Vaippu Sthalam==
It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Sundarar]]. The Fort which was known as [[Athiyamān]] Fort later became Athaman Fort.<ref name=shaivam/> This temple is also known as Fort Temple, Kottai (Kottai means Fort) Easwaran Temple, Thakadur Kamatchi Temple and Kottai Sivan Temple.<ref name="bmj"/>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity in the [[garbhagriha]] is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' known as Mallikarjunar . The Goddess is known as Kamatchi Ammai.<ref name=shaivam/>

==Specialities==
In this temple the samadhi of Siddhalingesvarar is found. The first worship is done to this shrine. In inscriptions the deity is known as ''Rajarajesvaramudayar''. The shrine of the Goddess is found as carried by 18 elephants. She is known as Thakadur (referring to present Dharmapuri) Kamatchi.<ref name=shaivam/> In other temples, the goddess could be seen in all days. But in this temple should could be found only one day in full form. On other days only her face could be found for worship. She is known as Sulini Raja Durga.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Structure==
Shiva is found in dancing posture in mahamandapa. Astathikbalakas are found there. The sculptures of the [[mandapa]] of the presiding deity is beautiful to look at. Yoga [[Narasimha]] is found here. At the left of the entrance [[Virabhadra]] is found. [[Bhairava]], [[Surya]], [[Surya]] are found in this temple.<ref name=shaivam/> Shrines of Valampuri [[Vinayaka|Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Subramania]] with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena|Deivanai]] are also found here. In the [[Kosta (architectural feature)|kosta]] Vinayaka, [[Dakshinamurthy]], [[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]] and [[Durga]] are found.<ref name="bmj"/>

==Location==
Thakadur is known as present Dharmapuri. Some scholars refer the Thakaddur near [[Vedaranyam]], as Thakadur. Temple is located in Dharmapuri Bus stand-Tiruppatur road, next to Milk depot, in left side.<ref name=shaivam/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vaippu sthalam}}

{{coord|12.14292|78.16642|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Dharmapuri district]]

Vera Alexandrovna Tiscenko Calder

2025-07-30T16:52:40Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made a data...

{{Short description|Russian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
'''Vera Alexandrovna Tiscenko''' (28 August 1902 – 13 October 1983) was a [[Russians|Russian]] actress of [[Polish people|Polish]] descent and member of the [[Moscow Art Theatre]] who lived through four revolutions: the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], the [[Russian Revolution (1917)]], the [[Spanish Civil War]], the [[Direct Action Day]] & [[Indian Independence Movement]], and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] (also known as the First Kashmir War). In India, her divorce from her first husband, Eugene Tiscenko, has achieved the status of a constitutional precedent that has been deployed repeatedly by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=2Husbands>{{cite journal | first=Rohit | last=De | date=2010 | title=The Two Husbands of Vera Tiscenko: Apostasy, Conversion and Divorce in Late Colonial India | publisher=Cambridge Journals | journal=Law & History Review | volume=28 | issue=4 | pages=1011–1041 | doi=10.1017/S0738248010000751 | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7910949 | accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> She was the second wife of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] who was the last [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] until the [[Partition of India]] (April 1946- August 1947) and subsequently became the fifth [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (1956–1957). They had a son [[Robert Ashby]], born as Rashid Suhrawardy, who worked in the British and American film industry.

==Life==
The second of three sisters, she pursued acting as a child against her parents wishes and when she was 19 caught the attention of [[Olga Knipper]] (widow of [[Anton Chekov]]) who brought her to meet [[Constantin Stanislavski]] at the [[Moscow Art Theatre]].
She acted at the Moscow Art Theatre and in [[Prague]]. Always dynamic on stage she went on a European tour with [[Moscow Art Theatre]] actress [[Vera Baranovskaya]], where she met the Russian émigré medical student Eugene Tiscenko who was then living in [[Berlin]]. They were married on 20 May 1931, and later settled in [[Madrid]]. After the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]] the couple moved to [[Rome]] via [[Vienna]] where on 27 January 1937, she gave birth to a son, Oleg. In 1938 her husband went to [[Edinburgh, Scotland]] to qualify for a British medical degree. Vera's marriage to Eugene had not been not a happy one and left alone with her son in [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini's Rome]] she became increasingly worried about the surrounding [[Europe]]an unrest. She decided to accept an invitation from [[Hassan Suhrawardy|Sir Hassan Suhrawardy]], an eminent surgeon and uncle of her [[English language|English]] professor and former director from the Moscow Art Theatre, [[Hasan Shahid Suhrawardy]], to leave [[Europe]] with her son and stay with him in [[Calcutta]], India.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

==The Tiscenko decision==
On 1 September 1938, they arrived in Calcutta and [[Hassan Suhrawardy|Hassan]], a widower for a good many years, began to put the make on her. Vera promptly sought out his nephew, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn]], to put a stop to his advances and in Huseyn she found a colorful, brilliant and witty man; an [[Oxford]] graduate and prominent lawyer ([[Gray's Inn]]), and also a widower (his first wife Begum Niaz Fatima had died in 1922) who had recently been elected to the new [[Bengal]] Assembly in 1937.<ref>''The Times'' obituary 6 December 1963</ref> Vera, living in Calcutta with her son on her own earnings and without any support from her husband, found "relief and solace" in the teachings of [[Islam]]. She cabled her husband with the news of her conversion to Islam and requested that he accept the Islamic faith. Eugene, a [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] replied that his religious convictions were unshakable and "refused absolutely" to change his faith and insisted that their son remain Greek Orthodox. Vera, who had changed her name to '''Begum Noor Jehan''' at her conversion on 27 June 1940, applied to the [[Calcutta High Court|High Court of Calcutta]] on 5 August 1940, for a suit declaring dissolution of her marriage to Eugene Tiscenko.<ref>Noor Jehan Begum vs Eugene Tiscenko on 19 December 1941 http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/358792/</ref><ref>Lexis Nexis https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=28+Law+%26+Hist.+Rev.+1011&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=bca521f9c4feb97d30614b909e02e905 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713203103/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=28%20Law%20&%20Hist.%20Rev.%201011&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=bca521f9c4feb97d30614b909e02e905 |date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> The [[Calcutta High Court]] originally declared that her marriage to Eugene was dissolved. Despite a subsequent appeal that left the case unresolved, she married [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] later in 1940 and they had one son, Rashid (aka Robert Ashby). One year later, on 19 December 1941, the Calcutta High Court overturned the dissolution of marriage. The "Tiscenko" decision came to affect the lives of women all over [[South Asia]]. A [[Polish people|Polish]] woman who was married to a Russian man in Germany trying to dissolve her marriage before a court in Calcutta.<ref name=2Husbands />

==Vera Vlasova==
Following her divorce in 1951 from Suhrawardy, Vera, went to live in the [[New York City]]. Her younger sister, Lydia, was living in a [[Manhattan]] apartment building at [[130 West 57th Street]] that her husband, Dr. David Jedwabnik had inherited from his brother, Abram, in 1949.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=2000-06-11|title=Streetscapes/130 West 57th Street; A Building and a Family With Intertwined Histories|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/realestate/streetscapes-130-west-57th-street-building-family-with-intertwined-histories.html|access-date=2020-11-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Vera spent the rest of her life teaching acting lessons based on the [[Stanislavski's system]] under the pseudonym ''Vera Vlasova'' at her studio in her flat on Orchid Avenue in Hollywood.<ref>''The Hollywood Reporter'', 9 March 1983, p.24</ref> Her professional name, "Vlasova", was the name of Vera Baranovskaya's character in [[Mother (1926 film)|Mother]], a film based on the novel by [[Maxim Gorky]] and directed by [[Vsevolod Pudovkin]] in 1926. For over twenty years she went on lecture tours around the world lecturing as the "Foremost authority on the [[Stanislavski's system|Stanislavski Method]]". On 7 October 1983, Vera was at [[Los Angeles International Airport]] about to board a flight to [[New York City]] to visit her sister, Lydia, en route to give a lecture at the [[Moscow Art Theatre]] when she suffered a sudden stroke as she was arguing with the [[baggage handler]] about the treatment of her luggage. She died on 13 October 1983, in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>''Variety'', 14 October 1983, p.8</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiscenko, Vera Alexandrovna}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Russian people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Moscow Art Theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses from Odesa]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian actresses]]
[[Category:Spouses of prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Pakistan]]

Wanaparthy Samsthanam

2025-05-05T03:08:38Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Short description|Vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Wanaparthy palace.JPG|thumb|Wanaparthy Samsthanam's Palace]]
'''Wanaparthy Samsthanam''' or '''Raja of Wanaparthy''' was a [[vassal]] of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. He controlled the feudatory of [[Wanaparthy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-can-speak-good-hyderabadi-hindi-Aditi-Rao-Hydari/articleshow/11567863.cms|title=I can speak good hyderabadi hindi: Aditi Rao Hydari|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|title=Archive News|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 January 2019}} {{full citation needed|date=May 2021}}</ref> It was one of the three important [[Zamindar|samsthanams]] in [[Telangana]], the other two being [[Gadwal Samsthanam]] and Jatprole Samsthanam.

Wanaparthy Samsthanam was founded around 1512 CE under Bahmani suzerainty, supported by Turkic dynasties that empowered local Hindu Reddy chieftains as semi-autonomous rulers in the Deccan region.

==History==
Wanaparthy Samsthanam was founded by Veera Venkata Krishna Reddy who hails from Present day Kadapa Dist and belong to Motati Clan, Wanaparthy Samasthanam traces its history back to the 14th century after the [[Kakatiya kingdom]] declined. The successive Turkic Muslim dynasties, who invaded and settled in Deccan, found it ideal for Samsthanam to prevail. It was surrounded by three other Samsthanams.

Wanaparthy was one of the 14 major Zamindari segments in Telangana in Post-Independent India.

For administrative purposes the Samsthan was divided into two ''talukas'' namely "sugar" and "Kesampet" under to Tahsildars.

1512 - 1540 AD : Raja Veera Krishna Reddy

1540 - 1566 AD : Raja Venkata Reddy

1566 - 1592 AD : Raja Rama Krishna Reddy

1592 - 1625 AD : Raja Pedda Venkata Reddy

1625 - 1648 AD : Raja Inunidi Venkata Reddy

1648 - 1676 AD : Raja Gopal Rao

1676 - 1691 AD : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao

1691 - 1719 AD : Raja Venkata Reddy

1719 - 1746 AD : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao

1746 - 1763 AD : Raja Sawai Venkata Rao

1763 - : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao

1781 AD : Rani Janamma

1781 - 1807 AD : Rani B. Janamma

1807 - 1822 AD : Raja Ramkrishna Rao I

1822 - 1866 AD : Raja Rameshwar Rao I,
on 17 March 1843, the title of "Balwant" was conferred on the Raja as a mark of honour by 3rd Nizam [[Sikander Jah]]. To build an armed force, Raja imported Siddis from Somalia and Abyssinia and organized them into 2 regiments African Bodyguard and Wanaparthy Lancers.

On account of skirmishes and conflicts between Rajas forces and Nizams the British residency intervened and arranged a treaty by which the Raja presented his regiments to Nizam and was appointed as inspector general of Nizams forces and Nizam accepted Rajas autonomy.

The [[Hyderabadi battalion]] of the Bison Division was formed on 5 November 1853. The Nizam had appointed the Raja as inspector of his army and after the Raja's death in 1866, the battalion was absorbed into the Nizam's Army and became its nucleus.

1866 - 1880 AD : Raja Ramkrishna Rao II

1880 - 1922 AD : Raja Rameshwar Rao III, he was adopted from a family in Rangapuram that traditionally supplied adoptive heirs to the royal family; married and had issue. He died on 22 November 1922, being survived by two sons.

1922 - 1944 AD : Raja Krishna Deva Rao
As his successor, Krishna Dev, was a minor, his estate was managed as a Ward of the Court. Krishna Dev himself died before attaining majority and the crown passed on to his son Rameshwar Rao III.

1944 - 1998 AD : [[J. Rameshwar Rao|Janumpalli Rameshwar Rao]] III
Thereafter India abolished all regal titles

He was born on 23 February 1923 in Madras to Raja Krishnadeva Rao and Rani Sarala Devi.

He studied at Nizam College, Hyderabad, Madras University and Bombay University.

1944 : He was granted full administrative powers in 1944.

1950 - 1957 : Joined the Foreign Service and served in various capacities till 1957, including a posting as First Secretary, India's Commission in Nairobi.

1957 –1977 : Member of Parliament from Mahabhubnagar Constituency Member of the United Nations Conciliation Commission on the Congo 1960/1961; Chairman of Orient Longman 1964/1968

He died at the age of 75 years in Hyderabad on 15 September 1998. He is survived by wife Shanta, one son and three daughters.

==The Vassal Family==
{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2019}}
[[Raja Rameshwar Rao II]], who was a vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad, died on 22 November 1922. As his successor, Krishna Dev, was a minor, his estate was managed as a Ward of the Court. Krishna Dev himself died before attaining majority and the crown passed on to his son Rameshwar Rao III, later to become simply [[J. Rameshwar Rao]].

With the surname 'Janampalli', Ramdev Rao was the youngest son of the Raja of Wanaparthy. He had an older sister, Janamma, and elder brother Krishna Dev. The family roots have spread around [[Mahbubnagar district]], [[Jadcherla]] and nearby talukas.
Kingdom of Hyderabad first Hindu Kotwal [[Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy]] was a Grand Nephew of the Raja of Wanaparthy.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Raja Ramdev Rao has said that he didn't have much interaction with his father – it was quite a formal relationship – and he only replied to him when spoken to.

== Contributions to architecture ==
Raja Rameshwar Rao left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. 1885 constructed Wanaparthy Palace, Sarala Sagar Project is the second biggest dam in Asia with [[Siphon|siphon technology]]. It is the oldest project in India after independence [[Raja of Wanaparthy]] Raja Rameshwara Rao founded by the Sarala Sagar Dam Project that has incorporated siphon technology from [[California]], United States.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A dam with unique Siphon Technology|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151018/hyderabad-a-dam-with-unique-siphon-technology.html#:~:text=Saralasagar%20holds%20its%20own%20against%20nature%2060%20yrs%20down%20the%20line.&text=Hyderabad%3A%20The%20Saralasagar%20project%20is,kind%20in%20India%20and%20Asia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarala Sagar Project {{!}} An Engineering Wonder {{!}} with Auto Siphon System - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrXicvjZPrY|access-date=2020-08-17|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==Armed forces==
The early Rajas maintained an army numbering 2000 infantry and 2000 cavalry. The time the kingdom fell into the ambit of the powerful [[Hyderabad State]], until Wanaparthy's armed forces were absorbed into the Hyderabad Army as the Bison battalion on the orders of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. The ruler was relegated from commander to the honorary post of Inspector of the Bison battalion. Subsequent to the [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Hyderabad State's merger]] with the Indian Union in 1948, all units of the [[Hyderabad State Forces]] were disbanded and volunteers absorbed into the [[Indian Army]]. These units, colloquially known as the "Hyderabadis" had, for that time, a unique mixed class composition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/06/stories/2003110606390400.htm|title=`Hyderabadis' celebrate Raising Day|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-11-06|access-date=15 January 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Gadwal Samsthanam]]
*[[Papannapet Samsthanam]]
*[[Samasthans of Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Wanaparthy district]]

S. Gandhirajan

2024-10-23T21:03:34Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: small changes

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Gandhirajan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| 1blankname = [[Political Party]]
| 1namedata = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| predecessor = [[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]
| successor = [[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]
| term_start1 = June 1991
| term_end1 = May 1996
| constituency1 = [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Political Party]]
| 1namedata1 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| predecessor1 = [[P. Muthusamy]]
| successor1 = [[S. V. Krishnan]]
| office2 = [[Deputy Speaker]] of [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]
| termstart2 =1993
| termend2 = 1996
| predecessor2 = [[K. Ponnuswamy]]
| successor2 = [[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]]
| constituency2 = [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| otherparty =
}}
'''S. Gandhirajan''' is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Vedasandur (state assembly constituency)|Vedansandur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] during the [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly]] (2021-2026).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055552/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC133.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC133.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vedasandur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a133|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref> He was elected to represent the constituency [[Vedasandur]], then a constituency of Dindigul district (Earlier under the "Palani Lok Sabha constituency", currently under the "Karur Lok Sabha constituency"), in the election of [[1991 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|1991]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp150.htm |title=Tamil Nadu – 150 – Vedasandur Assembly Constituency |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref> During his period as MLA, he also held the position as the chairman of the "Tamilnadu Water and drainage Board department" (1992–1993) and also as the deputy speaker of the legislative assembly from 1993 to 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm |title=Details of terms of successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of India|work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Gandhirajan's "[[sidelining]]" by the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] was considered to have weakened their position in Vedasandur, as Gandhirajan loyalists were less willing to work for the candidate nominated in his place. This led to his decision to join the opposition party [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] led by [[Karunanidhi|Dr. M. Karunanidhi]] (also cited as Kalaingar).
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050618310300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061227/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050618310300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2011|title=Will Congress beat AIADMK? |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 May 2006|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election]]||[[Vedasandur (state assembly constituency)|Vedasandur]]||[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam-Jayalalitha|ADMK(JL)]]||Lost||29.02||[[P. Muthusmay]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||29.72||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3333-tamil-nadu-1989/|title=1989 TN Legislative Assembly Election Results|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election]]||[[Vedasandur (state assembly constituency)|Vedasandur]]||[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]||Won||76.47||[[P. Muthusmay]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||22.43||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/10th_1991/10threview_91_96.pdf#page=315|title=1991 TN Legislative Assembly Members|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3335-tamil-nadu-1991/|title=1991 TN Legislative Assembly Election Result|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election]]||[[Vedasandur (state assembly constituency)|Vedasandur]]||[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]||Lost||28.92||[[S.V.Krishnan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||43.98||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3336-tamil-nadu-1996/|title=1996 TN Legislative Assembly Election Result|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||50.45% || [[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]|| [[ADMK]] || 42.13%|| <ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhirajan, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Vokkaliga politicians]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Udhna–Banaras Express

2024-10-19T15:49:53Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Udhna–Banaras Superfast Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| image =
| caption =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|09|14}}
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}} (UDN)
| stops = 13
| end = {{stnlnk|Banaras}} (BSBS)
| distance = {{convert|1401|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 24 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 20929 / 20930
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| sharing = Rake sharing with 20933/20934 [[Udhna–Danapur Express]]
| baggage = Available
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 20929 / 20930 '''Udhna–Banaras Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of [[Indian Railways]] connecting {{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Banaras}}. The train was introduced in rail budget 2012–13.

It operates as train number 20929 from Udhna Junction to Banaras and as train number 20930 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Coaches==

The 19057 / 58 Udhna–Banaras Express has 1 AC 2 tier, 1 AC 3 tier, 8 Sleeper class, 6 General Unreserved & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

19057 Udhna–Banaras Express covers the distance of 1402 km in 26 hours 50 mins (52 km/h) and in 28 hours 10 mins as 19058 Banaras–Udhna Express. (51 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare doesn't include a Superfast surcharge.

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Nandurbar}}
* {{stnlnk|Amalner}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval}}
* {{stnlnk|Khandwa}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna}}
* {{stnlnk|Manikpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki}}
* {{stnlnk|Varanasi}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Banaras}}'''

==Traction==

The entire route is now fully electrified. Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Udhna Junction to Banaras and vice versa.

==Timings==

19057 Udhna–Banaras Express leaves Udhna Junction every Friday at 22:50 PM IST and reaches Banaras at 01:40 AM IST on Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/udhna-manduadih-bholenagari-express-19057/20050/215/1450 |title=19057/Udhna–Banaras Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

19058 Banaras–Udhna Express leaves Banaras every Sunday at 04:50 AM IST and reaches Udhna Junction at 09:00 AM IST the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/manduadih-udhna-bholenagari-express-19058/20051/1450/215 |title=19058/Banaras–Udhna Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 20933/20934 [[Udhna–Danapur Express]].

==See also==

* [[Tapti Ganga Express]]
* [[Surat–Muzaffarpur Express]]
* [[Surat–Bhagalpur Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhna-Varanasi Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]

Kawai Thermal Power Station

2024-05-07T01:21:20Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made article - done

{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Kawai Thermal Power Station''' is a coal-based thermal power plant located in [[Kawai, Rajasthan|Kawai village]] in [[Baran district]] Rajasthan. The power plant is operated by the [[Adani Power]].

==Capacity==
This is located at NH 90 Kawai Atru main road district Baran. Kawai, Rajasthan
1320 MW (2 X 660 MW)

Kawai has a total installed capacity of 1320 MW and has the capability to expand in future. Kawai consists of 2x660 MW units.
For immediate connectivity, Kawai has a 1500m long air strip and is using state of the art technology for environment management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adanipower.com/Power%20Thermal |title=Power generation thermal |website=www.adanipower.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423232041/http://www.adanipower.com/Power%20Thermal |archive-date=23 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| 1 || 1 || 660 || 2013 January || Running

|-
| 1 || 2 || 660 || 2014 January|| Running <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/adani-power-fully-commissions-1320mw-kawai-project-in-rajasthan/443500-3-239.html |title=Adani Power fully commissions 1,320-MW Kawai project in Rajasthan |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105204704/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/adani-power-fully-commissions-1320mw-kawai-project-in-rajasthan/443500-3-239.html |archive-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

Adani Power Limited (APL), executed a MoU with the
Government of Rajasthan (GoR) in March 2008, to set up a thermal power generation
project of 1200 MW (±10%) and sell at least 50% power in the State of Rajasthan
which later on, implemented long term PPA (21.01.2010) thru’ competitive bidding
process for supply of 1200 MW power to Rajasthan Discoms.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Adani Group}}
{{Portalbar|India|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|display=title}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Baran district]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2013]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]

Kesava Deo Temple

2024-02-18T04:52:38Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]]
{{R from merge}}

Bhandaria State

2024-02-10T06:52:31Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bhandaria, Bhavnagar#History]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R with possibilities}}
{{R to section}}
}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

Algur

2024-02-03T10:51:49Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Starting First Entry V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Algur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,110
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/599423-algur-karnataka.html|title=Census 2011, Algur village Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Algur''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Sindgi]] [[taluk]] of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]].

==Demography==
In the 2011 census, Algur had 800 families with a population of 4,110, consisting of 2,069 males and 2,041 females.<ref name=census2011/> The population of children aged 0–6 was 638, making up 15.52% of the total population of the village.<ref name=census2011/> The average sex ratio was 986 out of 1000, which is higher than the state average of 973 out of 1000.<ref name=census2011/> The child sex ratio in the village was 973 out of 1000, which is higher than the average of 948 out of 1000 in the state of Karnataka.<ref name=census2011/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Bijapur district}}

{{coord|16|42|N|76|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Bijapur district, Karnataka]]

{{BijapurKarnataka-geo-stub}}

Direct Taxes Code

2024-01-26T21:35:30Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Income tax in India]]

Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal (soundtrack)

2024-01-20T08:24:30Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal#Music]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Mirzampet

2024-01-12T13:48:43Z

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mirzampet
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mirjampet
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Peddapalli dist, Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.4370|N|79.5589|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Mandal]]
| parts = [[Kalva Srirampur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 505153
| registration_plate = TS
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Mirzampet''' is a village in [[Kalva Srirampur]] mandal of [[Peddapalli district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/karimnagar.pdf|title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Peddapalli district|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219005745/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Peddapalli.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref> Mirzampet has a population of 1,972 within its village limits, according to 2011 census. It has an average elevation of 155 meters (511 feet)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Mirzapet.html|title=Mirzampet, India Page|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

The village is connected by road. Daily there are four trips of government Bus which connects it to nearby village [[Jammikunta]] and [[Kalva Srirampur|kalva srirampur]]. Pothkapalli railway station in 19 km away and [[Jammikunta]] Railway station is 23 km away from Mirzempet

People of this village are mostly farmers, mainly cultivating paddy, corn and cotton.{{fact|date=February 2020}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Peddapalli district}}
[[Category:Villages in Peddapalli district]]