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List of current governing and opposition parties in India

2026-05-11T05:23:51Z

AlmedaCheyne:

{{Short description|List of governing political parties in Indian states and union-territories}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}

Presented below is the list of the current governing and opposition parties in the [[States and union territories of India|States and Union Territories of India]].

== State Legislative Assembly ==
{{Switcher|[[File:Current governing parties in Indian states and union territories 2026.png|550px]]|State Legislatures by Parties|[[File:Current governing alliances in Indian states and union territories 2026.png|550px]]|State Legislatures by Alliance}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!State / Union Territory
!colspan="2"|Governing Party
!colspan="2"|Governing Alliance
!colspan="2"|Official Opposition
!colspan="2"|Opposition Alliance
!colspan="2"|Other Opposition
!Latest election
|-
|1
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=8}}
|rowspan=2 colspan=4|Vacant{{efn|name=10%|No party secured 10% of seats to form official opposition.}}
|{{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|2
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|3
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|4
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|5
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|6
|[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|7
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|colspan=4|Vacant{{efn|name=10%}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|8
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|9
|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|colspan=2|'''N/A'''
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|10
|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|11
|[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|colspan=2|'''N/A'''
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|12
|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]
|{{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ([[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]])
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|13
|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|14
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|rowspan=2 colspan=4|Vacant{{efn|name=10%}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|15
|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|16
|[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|colspan=2|'''N/A'''
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|rowspan=2|17
|rowspan=2|[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]
|{{Party name with color|Zoram People's Movement|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|''None''
|{{Party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|''None''
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|18
|[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|colspan=6|'''Vacant'''{{efn|There is no opposition in Nagaland as all parties are part of [[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|PDA]].}}
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|19
|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|colspan=2|''None''
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
| rowspan=2|20
|rowspan=2|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|''None''
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|21
|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|colspan=2|'''N/A'''
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|22
|[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|colspan=6|'''Vacant'''{{efn|All seats belong to the governing [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]].}}
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|rowspan=5|23
|rowspan=5|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|rowspan=7 colspan=2|''None''
|-
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=4|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|24
|rowspan=2|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan="2" |[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
|25
|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=9}}
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|colspan=2|'''N/A'''
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|26
|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
| rowspan=2|27
|rowspan=2|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|shortname=JD(L)}}
|rowspan=2|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|rowspan=3|28
|rowspan=3|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=3|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
| bgcolor=#8AB800|
|align=left|[[Aam Janata Unnayan Party|AJUP]]
|-
| bgcolor=red|
|align=left|[[Left Front-led Alliance|LF+]]
|-
|29
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|colspan=2 |''None''
|colspan=2 rowspan=2|'''N/A'''
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|30
|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|{{Party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|31
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|{{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== State Legislative Council ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No 01
!State
!Governing Party / Governing Alliance
!Opposition Party / Opposition Alliance
!Other Parties
|-
|1
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]+[[Jana Sena Party|JSP]]+[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]+[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]+[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]]+[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|RLJP]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]+[[Indian National Congress|INC]]+[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] ([[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]])
|
|-
|3
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]+[[Janta Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|
|-
|4
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] + [[Shiv Sena|SHS]] + [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] +[[Republican Party of India|RPI]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS (UBT)]] + [[Indian national congress|INC]] + [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP (SP)]] [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|(MVA)]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|6
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]+[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|
|-
|}

* As 2 February 2024 [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] have power in 4 state legislative council out of 6, whereas [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA Alliance]] bloc have power in 2 state legislative council.

== Notes ==

{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:India politics-related lists|Governing and opposition parties]]
[[Category:India-related lists]]

Manu Parekh

2026-05-07T10:25:06Z

AlmedaCheyne: stub - done

{{short description|Indian painter (born 1939)}}
{{distinguish|Manu Munsi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manu Parekh
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1939}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Painter
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse = [[Madhvi Parekh]]
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] Award Birla Academy of Art and Culture Award [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] Award Silver Plaque - [[President of India]]
}}
'''Manu Parekh''' is an Indian painter, known for his several paintings on the city of [[Varanasi]]. Reported to be influenced by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Ram Kinker Baij]], Parekh is a recipient of the 1982 [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] Award.<ref name="Saffronart profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/manu-parekh | title=Saffronart profile | publisher=Saffronart | date=2015 | access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]], in 1991.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Parekh was born in 1939 in Ahmedabad, in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]<ref name="Saffronart profile" /> and graduated in arts from the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]], Mumbai in 1962<ref name="Tao Art Gallery profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.taoartgallery.com/manu-parekh/ | title=Tao Art Gallery profile | publisher=Tao Art Gallery | date=2015 | access-date=10 October 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141827/http://www.taoartgallery.com/manu-parekh/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> where he had the opportunity to train under Mukund Shroff.<ref name="Contemporary Indian Art profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/manu_parekh.htm | title=Contemporary Indian Art profile | publisher=Contemporary Indian Art | date=2015 | access-date=10 October 2015 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042504/http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/manu_parekh.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later he also had a short stint at the [[National School of Drama]].<ref name="Encapsulating Manu Parekh’s life and art">{{cite web | url=http://www.theartstrust.com/Magazine_article.aspx?articleid=355 | title=Encapsulating Manu Parekh’s life and art | publisher=he Arts Trust | date=2015 | access-date=10 October 2015 | archive-date=3 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051128/http://www.theartstrust.com/Magazine_article.aspx?articleid=355 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Starting his career in the theatre, he worked as an actor and stage designer for one year and joined ''Weavers' Service Centre'', [[Mumbai]] of [[Pupul Jayakar]] as art designer in 1963 where he stayed for two years. He shifted his base to [[Kolkata]] in 1965 and, in 1974, moved to [[New Delhi]], joining [[Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India]] as a Design Consultant. He left the corporation later to pursue his career as a freelance artist.<ref name="Contemporary Indian Art profile" />

Parekh has had several group exhibitions and the ''Modern Painting'' exhibition at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] in 1982, ''Hirschhom Muse'' exhibition at the [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington DC the same year and the travelling exhibition, ''Seven Artists'' are some of the notable ones.<ref name="Archer Art Gallery profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.archerindia.com/manu-parekh | title=Archer Art Gallery profile | publisher=Archer Art Gallery | date=2015 | access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> Apart from the solo shows at Bose Pacia Modern in New York and at ARKS Gallery in London, ''Small Drawings'' at Sophia Duchesne Art Gallery, Mumbai in 1991, ''Ritual Oblations'' at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi in 1999, ''Portraits of Flower and Landscapes of River'' at Jehangir Art Gallery and Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai, in 2003, ''Banaras'' at Vadehra Art Gallery, in 2004 and ''Banaras – Eternity Watches Time'' at Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, in 2007 were the notable among his exhibitions.<ref name="Saffronart profile" /> He has participated in two Triennales in India in 1975 and 1978 and [[HelpAge India]] has utilised his works for mobilising funds by presenting them at auctions at Sotheby's, Bombay in 1989 and Andasprey (U.K.) in 1991.<ref name="Professional Artists">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaart.com/Artists/Manu-Parekh/Profile-of-Manu-Parekh.asp | title=Professional Artists | publisher=India Art | date=2015 | access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref>

Parekh has served as the Exhibition Commissioner for ''[[Madhubani Painting]]'' show in Italy and Denmark and ''Contemporary Indian Painting'' at the Festival of India at Stockholm in 1987.<ref name="Professional Artists" /> After the Birla Academy of Art and Culture award of 1971, he received the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] (AIFACS) award and the Silver Plaque of the President of India in 1972.<ref name="Indian Art Circle profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianartcircle.com/manuparekh/manu_profile.shtml | title=Indian Art Circle profile | publisher=Indian Art Circle | date=2015 | access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> AIFACS award came his way once more in 1974 and in 1982, he received the National Art Award from the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].<ref name="Contemporary Indian Art profile" /> Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Calcutta honoured him again in 1991<ref name="Indian Art Circle profile" /> and the Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list, the same year, for the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" />

Parekh is married to well known contemporary artist [[Madhvi Parekh|Madhvi]]. The couple has been living in New Delhi ever since1974.<ref name="Contemporary Indian Art profile" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]]
* [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Arts}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQNdAo3gioM | title=Manu Parekh and Madhvi Parekh | publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi, Chandigarh | work=Audio Visual Presentation - [[YouTube]] video | date=3 April 2015 | access-date=10 October 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh, Manu}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Painters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Badli, Belagavi

2026-05-05T22:44:26Z

AlmedaCheyne: Starting Info

{{One source|date=February 2026}}
'''Badli''' is a village in [[Belagavi district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]], with a population of 1,583.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badli Village (Pincode: 591111), Savadatti, Belagavi {{!}} Karnataka {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/598230 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belagavi district}}

{{coord|15|50|14|N|75|03|28|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belagavi-geo-stub}}

Foreign Medical Graduate Examination

2026-04-26T01:43:57Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added Basic Entry V1.

{{Short description|Doctors' qualifying examination}}
The '''Foreign Medical Graduate Examination''' ('''FMGE'''), is a licensure examination conducted by the [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]] (NBEMS) in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NBE to conduct screening test for medical graduates|url=http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/20020331/hospinews11.shtml|accessdate=24 July 2010|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=31 March 2002|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102234354/http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/20020331/hospinews11.shtml|archivedate=2 January 2011}}</ref> The test is one of the mandatory requirements for an Indian citizen who has a medical degree from a college outside India to practice medicine in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=No foreign degrees, says MCI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/No-foreign-degrees-says-MCI/articleshow/2234403.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-26/bangalore/27991787_1_foreign-universities-screening-test-indian-students|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|access-date=24 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2007}}</ref> The screening test was introduced in 2002 as a qualifying examination for Indian students obtaining their medical degrees from countries other than India,<ref>{{cite news|title= MCI's response on screening test sought |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/25/stories/2004022501831300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622232638/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/25/stories/2004022501831300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2004|accessdate=24 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 February 2004|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> such as Eastern European countries, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippines, and Caribbean countries. Indian doctors holding basic medical degrees from the above countries have to take the MCI screening test. The Medical School should have been listed in the [[World Directory of Medical Schools|WHO international directory of Medical Schools]] (Now The ''World Directory of Medical Schools''). Candidates who qualify the Screening Test may apply to the [[National Medical Commission]] of India or to any Indian State Medical Council for provisional registration or permanent registration.<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-abroad
|title=HomeInformation For Students To Study Abroad
|publisher=National Medical Commission
|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

The legality of the test was challenged in the Indian courts<ref>{{cite news|title=Have foreign degree? Clear screening test first|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Have-foreign-degree-Clear-screening-test-first/articleshow/924520.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090717/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-16/delhi/27165233_1_screening-test-foreign-degree-medical-council|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|access-date=24 July 2010|date=16 November 2004|first1=Rakesh|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Bhatnagar}}</ref> and was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign degree won't do to be a doc in India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Foreign-degree-wont-do-to-be-a-doc-in-India/articleshow/5039453.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-22/india/28067669_1_medical-council-medical-qualifications-screening-test-regulations |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=24 July 2010 |date=22 September 2009 |first1=Dhananjay |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Mahapatra}}</ref> This test has generated controversy with accusations that it is unfair and lacks transparency—for example, not allowing examinees to retain their question paper after examination, or not showing the exact marks or answer sheet upon appeal for failure. An appeal petition filed under [[RTI India]] to reveal the marks of an appealing student was not granted.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Central Information Commission, Government of India|url=http://cic.gov.in/CIC-Orders/AD-27112008-06.pdf|access-date=2010-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160102/http://cic.gov.in/CIC-Orders/AD-27112008-06.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This examination is held twice in year in June and December on the third Monday and Tuesday of the month.

The [[National Medical Commission]] (which replaced the Medical Council of India in 2020) released draft regulations in 2021 on foreign medical graduates (FMGs) that amends the requirement for the Screening Test. Starting in 2022, overseas graduates will be required to qualify the new [[National Exit Test]] (NExT) in place of the Foreign Medical Graduate Exam (FMGE). Candidates intending to practice in India will have to clear NExT, within two years of completing their medical studies abroad. The draft regulation is expected to become official when published in the next gazette.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Evaluating foreign medical graduates based on clinical questions is unfair
|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/careers/evaluating-foreign-medical-graduates-based-on-clinical-questions-is-unfair/ar-BB1gsu5T?
|website= msn.com
|publisher= [[MSN]]
|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/evaluating-foreign-medical-graduates-based-on-clinical-questions-is-unfair/articleshow/82452770.cms
|title= Evaluating Foreign Medical Graduates based on Clinical Questions is Unfair
|website=timesofindia.com
|date=7 May 2021
|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship]]
*[[National Medical Commission]]
*[[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]
*[[The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India]]
*[[Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://natboard.edu.in/viewnbeexam?exam=fmge Medical Council of India Screening Test FMGE Exam]

*[https://www.wdoms.org/ The ''World Directory of Medical Schools'']

{{Standardized tests in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medical Council Of India Screening Test}}
[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in India]]

Bobby Jindal

2026-04-24T23:34:17Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added Basic Entry With Sources.

{{Short description|American politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Gov. Bobby Jindal in Oklahoma 2015.jpg
| caption = Jindal in 2015
| order = 55th [[List of governors of Louisiana|Governor of Louisiana]]
| lieutenant = [[Mitch Landrieu]] [[Scott Angelle]] [[Jay Dardenne]]
| term_start = January 14, 2008
| term_end = January 11, 2016
| predecessor = [[Kathleen Blanco]]
| successor = [[John Bel Edwards]]
| state1 = [[Louisiana]]
| district1 = {{ushr|LA|1|1st}}
| term_start1 = January 3, 2005
| term_end1 = January 14, 2008
| predecessor1 = [[David Vitter]]
| successor1 = [[Steve Scalise]]
| office2 = [[Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation]]
| president2 = [[George W. Bush]]
| term_start2 = July 9, 2001
| term_end2 = February 21, 2003
| predecessor2 = [[Margaret Hamburg]]
| successor2 = Michael O'Grady
| birth_name = Piyush Jindal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|10}}
| birth_place = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Supriya Jolly|1997}}
| children = 3
| signature = Bobby Jindal signature.svg
| education = [[Brown University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[New College, Oxford]]
([[Master of Letters|MLitt]])
| website = {{URL|bobbyjindal.com|Official website}}
}}
'''Bobby Jindal''', (born '''Piyush Jindal'''; June 10, 1971<ref name="nola">{{cite news|author=JonathanTilove|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/05/gov_bobby_jindal_releases_his.html|title=Gov. Bobby Jindal releases his birth certificate|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|date=May 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509073052/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/05/gov_bobby_jindal_releases_his.html|archive-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wire |first=A. B. |date=2013-03-13 |title=Jindal jokes about his name change |url=https://americanbazaaronline.com/2013/03/12/jindal-jokes-about-his-name-change/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref>) is an American politician who served as the 55th [[governor of Louisiana]] from 2008 to 2016. A member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Jindal previously served as a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from Louisiana from 2005 to 2008, and served as chair of the [[Republican Governors Association]] from 2012 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hamby|first=Peter|title=How Chris Christie took over the Republican Governors Association|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/21/politics/christie-rga-chairman/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=November 22, 2013|date=November 22, 2013}}</ref>

In 1995, Jindal was appointed secretary of the [[Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals]]. In 1999, he was appointed president of the [[University of Louisiana System]]. At 28, Jindal became the youngest person to hold the position. In 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] appointed Jindal as principal adviser to the [[U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services]].<ref name=Taylor>{{cite web|title=5 Things You Should Know About Bobby Jindal|first=Jessica|last=Taylor|newspaper=[[NPR]]|date=June 24, 2015|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/24/416990332/5-things-you-should-know-about-bobby-jindal|access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>

Jindal first ran for governor of Louisiana in [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 2003|2003]], but lost in the [[runoff election]] to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Kathleen Blanco]]. In 2004, he was elected to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], becoming the second [[Indian American]] in Congress, and he was reelected in 2006. To date, he is the only Indian American Republican to have ever served in Congress. Jindal ran for governor again in the [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 2007|2007 election]] and won. Jindal was re-elected in [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 2011|2011]] in a landslide, winning more than 65 percent of the vote.<ref name=Taylor/><ref name="First IA gov"/> He was the first [[Indian American]] governor in U.S. history, and was the only Indian American governor in U.S. history until [[Nikki Haley]] became [[Governor of South Carolina]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/Section3Who/WhoUSA/NikkiRandhawa/110204_Elected.htm|title=Untitled Document|website=nriinternet.com}}</ref>

On June 24, 2015, Jindal announced [[Bobby Jindal 2016 presidential campaign|his candidacy]] for the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016|Republican nomination]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/25/us/politics/bobby-jindal-announces-bid-for-president.html|title=Bobby Jindal Enters Presidential Race, Saying 'It Is Time for a Doer'|first=Manny|last=Fernandez|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 24, 2015}}</ref> He suspended his campaign in November 2015,<ref name="tomlobiancoandjeffzeleny" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/republican-bobby-jindal-drops-presidential-race/story?id=35263609|title=Republican Bobby Jindal Drops Out of Presidential Race|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref> subsequently announcing his support for [[Marco Rubio]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/4210519/bobby-jindal-marco-rubio-republican/ |title=Bobby Jindal Endorses Marco Rubio for President |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref> He finished his term as governor in January 2016.

==Early life and education==
Jindal was born on June 10, 1971, in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]], to immigrant [[Indian Americans|Indian]] [[Punjabi Americans|Punjabi]] [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]] parents.<ref name="nola" /><ref name="GowenBridges2015">{{cite news |last1=Gowen |first1=Annie |last2=Bridges |first2=Tyler |author-link2=Tyler Bridges |title=From Piyush to Bobby: How does Jindal feel about his family's past? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/from-piyush-to-bobby-how-does-jindal-feel-about-his-familys-past/2015/06/22/7d45a3da-18ec-11e5-ab92-c75ae6ab94b5_story.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629225227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/from-piyush-to-bobby-how-does-jindal-feel-about-his-familys-past/2015/06/22/7d45a3da-18ec-11e5-ab92-c75ae6ab94b5_story.html |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |date=23 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He is the first of two sons of Raj (née Gupta) and Amar Jindal, from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. His father is a [[Civil engineering|civil engineer]] and graduate of [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031118/punjab1.htm#6|title=Bobby Jindal down but not out, say kin|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|location=Chandigarh, India|date=November 18, 2003|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="esquire.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.esquire.com/features/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008-2?src=del|title=Bobby Jindal Biography – Who Is Republican Governor Bobby Jindal?|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=February 24, 2009|access-date=August 7, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711050142/http://www.esquire.com/features/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008-2?src=del|archive-date=July 11, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Michael|url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a4952/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008|title=Bobby Jindal Biography - Who Is Republican Governor Bobby Jindal?|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=June 25, 2015|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> His mother is a graduate of [[Rajasthan University]] and worked in nuclear physics at the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] in [[Chandigarh]]. Both worked as lecturers at an engineering college.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |date=February 24, 2009 |title=Bobby Jindal Biography – Who Is Republican Governor Bobby Jindal? |url=http://www.esquire.com/features/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008 |access-date=August 7, 2012 |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref> Jindal's paternal grandfather was a merchant from [[Khanpur, Ludhiana West|Khanpur]], [[Samrala]] and his maternal grandfather was a [[Ferozepur]] banker.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 29, 2007 |title=A Passage from India |url=http://blog.nola.com/updates/2007/12/a_passage_from_india.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909203607/http://blog.nola.com/updates/2007/12/a_passage_from_india.html |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=September 22, 2015 |work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]}}</ref>

In January 1971,<ref name="IHT_Nossiter_20071022">{{cite news |last=Nossiter |first=Adam |date=October 22, 2007 |title=In a Southern U.S. state, immigrants' son takes over |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/world/americas/22iht-22louisiana.7991675.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822031600/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/world/americas/22iht-22louisiana.7991675.html |archive-date=August 22, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the family left [[Malerkotla]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Why a Malerkotla village is looking forward to greet 'President' Bobby Jindal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/why-a-malerkotla-village-is-looking-forwards-to-greeting-president-bobby-jindal/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Bobby Jindal's only connection to Punjab — an electricity bill! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-achievers/Bobby-Jindals-only-connection-to-Punjab-an-electricity-bill/articleshow/47857668.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> for Baton Rouge. They settled near [[Louisiana State University]], where his mother was to begin graduate studies in nuclear physics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tbridges@theadvocate.com |first=tyler bridges {{!}} |date=2015-12-03 |title=Inside look at what Bobby Jindal was like as a high school student |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/inside-look-at-what-bobby-jindal-was-like-as-a-high-school-student/article_4cc08c3b-ccfd-5d6e-a59e-aade6e796466.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=The Advocate |language=en}}</ref>

Jindal attended [[Baton Rouge Magnet High School]], where he competed in math tournaments as a member of [[Mu Alpha Theta]].<ref name=":0" /> Outside of high school, he played tennis at the local community center; started various enterprises such as a computer newsletter, retail candy business, and a mail-order software company; and worked in the concession stands at [[LSU Tigers football|LSU football]] games.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He graduated in 1988.

Jindal then enrolled in [[Brown University]] where he was admitted to the [[Program in Liberal Medical Education]] (PLME), an eight-year combined baccalaureate-M.D. medical program. While at Brown, he led the [[College Republicans]] student group<ref>{{cite news |last=Sager |first=Mike |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Bobby Jindal, All American |url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a4952/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref> and was named a ''[[USA Today]]'' Academic All-Star.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A look at Bobby Jindal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/politics/2015/01/06/a-look-at-bobby-jindal/21343521/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> After graduating in 1992 with dual [[academic honors|honors]] in [[biology]] and [[public policy]],<ref name="ReferenceA">Sager, Mike (February 24, 2009), [http://www.esquire.com/features/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008-3 "Bobby Jindal, All American"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414215516/http://www.esquire.com/features/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008-3 |date=April 14, 2009 }}, Esquire.com; accessed July 27, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bobbyjindal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88&Itemid=92|title=Governor Bobby Jindal|access-date=September 26, 2014}}</ref> he chose not to continue the program. He applied to and was accepted by both [[Harvard Medical School]] and [[Yale Law School]], but instead attended [[New College, Oxford]] as a [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]]. In 1994, he received an [[Master of Letters|MLitt]] in [[political science]] with an emphasis in [[health policy]]. The subject of his [[thesis]] was "A needs-based approach to health care".<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==Career==
After completing his studies at Oxford, Jindal turned down an offer to study for a [[D.Phil.]] in politics, instead joining the consulting firm [[McKinsey & Company]].<ref name="10things">{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/campaign-2008/2008/05/22/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-bobby-jindal.html|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Bobby Jindal|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|first=Jill|last=Konieczko|date=May 22, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623072857/http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/campaign-2008/2008/05/22/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-bobby-jindal.html|archive-date=June 23, 2010}}</ref> He then [[Internship#United States|interned]] in the office of Rep. [[Jim McCrery]] of Louisiana, where McCrery assigned him to work on healthcare policy; Jindal spent two weeks studying [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] to compile an extensive report on possible solutions to Medicare's financial problems, which he presented to McCrery.<ref name="NJbio">{{cite web|last=Harder|first=Amy|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/bobby-jindal-la|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120615/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/bobby-jindal-la/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 11, 2012|title=Gov. Bobby Jindal (R)|work=Nationaljournal.com|access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>

==Early political career (1996–2003)==
===Foster administration===
In 1993, McCrery introduced Jindal to Governor [[Mike Foster (American politician)|Mike Foster]]. In 1996, Foster appointed Jindal as Secretary of the [[Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals]], an agency that represented about 40 percent of the state [[budget]] and employed over 12,000 people. Foster called Jindal a genius who had a great deal of medical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AD&p_theme=ad&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB47801EBF0A17C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=NewsLibrary Search Results|access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> Jindal was 24 at the time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bobby Jindal|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/j/bobby_jindal/index.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 23, 2012|first=Shaila|last=Dewan}}</ref>

During his tenure, Louisiana's [[Medicaid]] program went from [[bankruptcy]] with a $400 million [[Government budget deficit|deficit]] into three years of [[Economic surplus|surpluses]] totaling $220 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Congressman+Bobby+Jindal/articles/15/Rush+Limbaugh+defends+Bobby+Jindal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707231810/http://www.zimbio.com/Congressman%2BBobby%2BJindal/articles/15/Rush%2BLimbaugh%2Bdefends%2BBobby%2BJindal|url-status=dead|title=Rush Limbaugh defends Bobby Jindal – Congressman Bobby Jindal – Zimbio|archive-date=July 7, 2010}}</ref>

Jindal was criticized during the 2007 campaign by the Louisiana [[AFL–CIO]] for closing some local clinics to reach that surplus.<ref name=TownTalk_Hasten_20070919>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetowntalk.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070919/NEWS01/709190323/1002/NEWS17|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104222609/http://www.thetowntalk.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070919/NEWS01/709190323/1002/NEWS17|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2013|title=Governor's race becomes a labor vs. business battle|author=Hasten, Mike|date=September 19, 2007|work=[[The Town Talk (Alexandria)|The Town Talk]]|location=Alexandria, LA}}</ref> Under Jindal's term, Louisiana nationally rose to third place in child healthcare screenings, with child immunizations rising, and introduced new and expanded services for the elderly and the disabled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.state.la.us/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder&tmp=home&navID=38&cpID=1&catID=0|title=Governor Bobby Jindal | State of Louisiana|publisher=Gov.state.la.us|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref>

In 1998, Jindal was appointed executive director of the [[National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare]], a 17-member panel charged with devising plans to reform [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]. In 1999, at the request of the Louisiana governor's office and the [[Louisiana State Legislature]], Jindal examined how Louisiana might use its $4.4 billion share of the [[Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement|tobacco settlement]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

In 1998, Jindal received the Samuel S. Beard Award for greatest public service by an individual 35 years old or under, an award given annually by [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National Winners | public service awards|publisher=Jefferson Awards.org|access-date=August 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At 28 years of age in 1999, Jindal was appointed to become the youngest-ever president of the [[University of Louisiana System]], the nation's 16th largest system of higher education with over 80,000 students.<ref name="esquire.comPage4">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.esquire.com/features/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008-4|title=Bobby Jindal Biography – Who Is Republican Governor Bobby Jindal?|magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=February 24, 2009|access-date=August 7, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021075142/http://www.esquire.com/features/bobby-jindal-all-american-1008-4|archive-date=October 21, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Bobby Jindal at Department of Health and Human Services.jpg|thumbnail|right|Jindal while working for the Department of Health and Human Services]]

===Bush administration===
In March 2001, he was nominated by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] to be [[Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation|Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation]].<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/aspe.hhs.gov/jindal.htm |date=* |title=Biography of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation }}, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, c. 2001. Retrieved October 25, 2007.</ref> He was later unanimously confirmed by a vote of the [[United States Senate]] and began serving on July 9, 2001. In that position, he served as the principal policy adviser to the [[Secretary of Health and Human Services]].<ref name="BJ.com_Experience">{{cite web|url=http://www.bobbyjindal.com/bobby/bobby_experience.aspx|title=Bobby's Experience|work=About Bobby|publisher=bobbyjindal.com|year=2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122190622/http://www.bobbyjindal.com/bobby/bobby_experience.aspx|archive-date=November 22, 2007}}</ref> He resigned from that post on February 21, 2003, to return to Louisiana and run for governor.<ref name=HHS_PressRelease_20030213>{{cite press release|access-date=October 25, 2007 |url=https://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2003pres/20030213b.html |title=Bobby Jindal announces he is stepping down as HHS Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation|date=February 13, 2003|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927145658/http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2003pres/20030213b.html|archive-date=September 27, 2006}}</ref> He was assigned to help fight the [[Nursing in the United States|nurse shortage]] by examining steps to improve [[nursing education]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hRtOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4994,6382114&dq=bobby+jindal&hl=en|title=The Deseret News|access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>

===2003 election for governor===
Jindal came to national prominence during the [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 2003|2003 election]] for governor of Louisiana. In what Louisianans call an "[[open primary]]" (but which is technically a [[nonpartisan blanket primary]]), Jindal finished first with 33 percent of the vote. He received endorsements from the largest paper in Louisiana, the ''[[Times-Picayune]]''; the newly elected Democratic [[mayor of New Orleans]], [[Ray Nagin]]; and the outgoing Republican governor, [[Mike Foster (American politician)|Mike Foster]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cowan, McGuire|first1=Walter Greaves, Jack B.|title=Louisiana Governors: Rulers, Rascals, and Reformers|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|page=293|isbn=9781604733204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-0-kmu4vk0C&q=mike+foster+endorse+jindal+2003&pg=PA293|access-date=September 21, 2015}}</ref>

In the second balloting, Jindal faced the outgoing lieutenant governor, [[Kathleen Babineaux Blanco]] of [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]], a Democrat. Despite winning in Blanco's hometown, he lost many normally [[conservative]] parishes in north Louisiana, and Blanco prevailed with 52 percent of the popular vote.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

Some political analysts blamed Jindal's loss for his refusal to answer questions targeted at his religion and ethnic background brought up in several Democratic advertisements,<ref name=TimePicayune_Moller_20070816>{{cite news|title=Jindal counters Demo attacks; Rapid response to ads reflects shift in tactics|date=August 16, 2007 |author=Moller, Jan |work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|location=New Orleans, LA|url=http://www.nola.com/timespic/stories/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1187248123127760.xml&coll=1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104110125/http://www.nola.com/timespic/stories/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1187248123127760.xml&coll=1|archive-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=53061|title=News Features|publisher=Catholic Culture|date=August 22, 2007|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> which the Jindal campaign called "negative attack ads." Despite losing the election in 2003, the run for governor made Jindal a well-known figure on the state's political scene and a rising star within the Republican Party.

==U.S. House of Representatives (2005–2008)==
===Elections===
====2004====
{{See also|2004 United States House of Representatives elections#Louisiana }}
A few weeks after the 2003 gubernatorial runoff, Jindal decided to run for [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district]]. The incumbent, [[David Vitter]], was running for the [[United States Senate|Senate]] seat being vacated by [[John Breaux]]. The Louisiana Republican Party endorsed him in the primary although Mike Rogers, also a Republican, was running for the same seat. The 1st District has been in Republican hands since a 1977 [[special election]] and is widely considered to be staunchly conservative.<ref name=FoxNews_20080405>{{cite news|access-date=October 18, 2008|url=http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/04/06/two-louisiana-congressional-districts-primed-for-may-3-general-election|title=Two Louisiana Congressional Districts Primed for May 3 General Election|agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 6, 2008|publisher=[[Fox News]]|quote=In the 1st Congressional District....the staunchly conservative district....}}</ref> Jindal's campaign was able to raise over $1 million very early in the campaign, making it harder for other candidates to effectively raise funds to oppose him. He won the 2004 election with 78 percent of the vote.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

Jindal was only the second [[Indian-American]] to be elected to the United States Congress, after [[Dalip Singh Saund]] was elected in November 1955.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hindu-American Tulsi Gabbard wins Democratic primary in Hawaii|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/hindu-american-tulsi-gabbard-wins-democratic-primary-in-hawaii/articleshow/15461834.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref>

====2006====
{{See also|2006 United States House of Representatives elections#Louisiana}}
Jindal won re-election to a second term with 88% of the vote.

===Congressional tenure===
[[File:BobbyJindalHouseClerkBioguideTrees.jpg|thumbnail|right|Jindal served as congressman for a term-and-a-half until his election as governor.]]

He was the second [[Indian American]] elected to Congress.<ref>Gerard Shields, "New La. congressmen catching up fast", ''The Advocate'' (Baton Rouge, La.), December 19, 2004. The first Indian-American elected to Congress was [[Dalip Singh Saund]], a [[California]] [[Democratic party (United States)|Democrat]], serving from 1957 to 1963.</ref> He has reportedly lived in [[Kenner, Louisiana|Kenner]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AD&p_theme=ad&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10975FCE31AFBCAC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=NewsLibrary Search Results |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> [[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]], and [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=NSRB&d_place=NSRB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10FF47963192F2D0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=NewsLibrary.com – newspaper archive, clipping service – newspapers and other news sources |publisher=Nl.newsbank.com |date=February 22, 2006 |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref>

In 2005, Jindal criticized Bush's budget for not calling for enough spending cuts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AD&p_theme=ad&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=108245AFC09C9165&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=NewsLibrary Search Results |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> He warned of the growth of [[Medicaid]] saying "Congress may act without them...there seems to be growing momentum that the status quo is not defensible."<ref>{{cite web|last=Young |first=Jeffrey |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/2318-congress-governors-look-for-medicaid-reforms-of-their-own/ |title=Congress, governors look for Medicaid reforms of their own – The Hill – covering Congress, Politics, Political Campaigns and Capitol Hill |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=May 31, 2005 |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> Jindal praised Bush's leadership on social security reform, saying "The administration has a lot more work to do to continue educating the American people about the very serious challenges facing Social Security."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6902061|title=Curry: Bush charts course, with rocks ahead – politics – Tom Curry – NBC News.com |work=[[NBC News]]|date=February 3, 2005|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref>

In response to [[Hurricane Katrina]], Jindal stated "If we had been investing resources in restoring our coast, it wouldn't have prevented the storm, but the barrier islands would have absorbed some of the tidal surge."<ref>[https://www.politico.com/gallery/2012/07/bobby-jindals-career/000279-003589.html Bobby Jindal's Career], politico.com, November 13, 2012.</ref>

===Committee assignments===
* [[United States House Committee on Homeland Security|House Committee on Homeland Security]]
* [[United States House Committee on Resources|House Committee on Resources]]
* [[United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce|House Committee on Education and the Workforce]]

He was made vice-chairman of the House Subcommittee on the Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attacks. Jindal served as president of the incoming freshman class of congressmen in 2004. He was elected to the position of House assistant majority whip, a senior leadership role. He served in this capacity from 2004 to 2006.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==2007 gubernatorial election==
{{See also|2007 Louisiana gubernatorial election}}
On January 22, 2007, Jindal announced his candidacy for governor.<ref name=TimesPicayune_Moller_20070123>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/capital/index.ssf?/base/news-4/116953841215500.xml&coll=1|title=Jindal quietly begins his run|author=Moller, Jan|date=January 23, 2007|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|location=New Orleans, LA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154939/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/capital/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-4%2F116953841215500.xml&coll=1|archive-date=September 30, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Polling data showed him with an early lead in the race, and he remained the favorite throughout the campaign. He defeated eleven opponents in the [[nonpartisan blanket primary]] held on October 20, including two prominent Democrats, [[Louisiana State Legislature|State Senator]] [[Walter Boasso]] of [[Chalmette, Louisiana|Chalmette]] and [[Louisiana Public Service Commission]]er [[Foster Campbell]] of [[Bossier City, Louisiana|Bossier City]], and an [[Independent (politician)|independent]], New Orleans [[business]]man [[John Georges]].

Jindal finished with 699,672 votes (54 percent). Boasso ran second with 226,364 votes (17 percent). Georges finished with 186,800 (14 percent), and Campbell, who is also a former state senator, ran fourth with 161,425 (12 percent). The remaining candidates collectively polled three percent of the vote.<ref name=Election20071020>{{cite web|url=http://www400.sos.louisiana.gov:8090/cgibin/?rqstyp=elcms2&rqsdta=102007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919002801/http://www400.sos.louisiana.gov:8090/cgibin/?rqstyp=elcms2&rqsdta=102007|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-19|title=Official Election Results for Election Date October 20, 2007|publisher=Louisiana Secretary of State}}</ref> This marked the first time that a non-incumbent candidate for governor was elected without a runoff under the Louisiana election system.<ref>[http://www.bobbyjindal.com/index.php/meet-bobby/leadership Governor Bobby Jindal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708084001/http://www.bobbyjindal.com/index.php/meet-bobby/leadership|date=July 8, 2011}}</ref>

==Governor of Louisiana (2008–2016)==
===First term===
As governor-elect, Jindal named a new ethics team, with Democratic [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] businesswoman [[Virginia Shehee|Virginia Kilpatrick Shehee]], the first woman to have served in the state senate, as the vice-chairman of the panel. Jindal assumed the position of governor when he took the [[oath of office]] on January 14, 2008. At thirty-six, he became the youngest sitting governor in the United States. He is also Louisiana's first non-white governor since [[P. B. S. Pinchback]] served for thirty-five days during [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], and the first non-white governor to be elected (Pinchback succeeded to the position of lieutenant governor on the death of [[Oscar Dunn]], then to governor upon the impeachment of [[Henry Clay Warmoth]]).<ref name="WashingtonPost_Whoriskey_20071021">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/20/AR2007102000528.html|title=Jindal Wins Louisiana Race, Becomes First Indian American Governor|first=Peter|last=Whoriskey|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 21, 2007|page=A8|access-date=October 21, 2007}}</ref> Additionally, Jindal became the first [[Indian American]] to be elected governor of any state in the United States.<ref name="First IA gov">{{cite news|title=1st Indian-American governor in U.S. vows 'fresh start' for La|author=Jan Moller|url=http://www.nola.com/elections/index.ssf/2007/10/1st_indianamerican_governor_in.html|newspaper=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|date=October 21, 2007|access-date=March 24, 2012}} {{cite book|title=Asian American chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic|last=Zhao|first=Xiaojian|year=2009|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9780313348754|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQPRCA9S9WAC&q=Fourth+Asian+American+governor+jindal&pg=PA124|access-date=March 24, 2012}}</ref> In a salute to the [[2007 LSU Tigers football team|2007 LSU Tigers football]] national championship team during his January 14, 2008, inauguration speech, Jindal stated in part "...They revere our athletes. Geaux Tigers...."<ref name=WWLTV_speechtxt_20080114>{{cite web
|access-date=
|url=http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl011408jbspeech.20d0352a.html
|title=Text of Gov. Jindal Inauguration speech (includes video)
|date=January 14, 2008
|work=[[WWL-TV]]
|location=New Orleans, LA
|archive-date=March 9, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309183210/http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl011408jbspeech.20d0352a.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In 2008, Jindal was ranked one of the nation's most popular governors with an approval rating of 77%.<ref>[http://www.jenningsdailynews.net/arch_news.php?id=1137] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301131643/http://www.jenningsdailynews.net/arch_news.php?id=1137|date=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_20082/2008_senate_elections/louisiana/election_2008_louisiana_senate|title=Election 2008: Louisiana Senate|publisher=Rasmussen Reports|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="lpb">{{cite web|url=http://beta.lpb.org/index.php/publicsquare/lps_bio/edmonson_colonel_michael|title=Colonel Michael Edmonson|publisher=[[Louisiana Public Broadcasting]]|access-date=September 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114922/http://beta.lpb.org/index.php/publicsquare/lps_bio/edmonson_colonel_michael|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Bobby Jindal Christmas 3.jpg|thumb|left|Governor Jindal greets children of deployed Louisiana National Guard Soldiers at the lighting of the State Capitol Christmas tree.]]
On June 27, 2008, Louisiana's Secretary of State confirmed that a [[Recall election|recall petition]] had been filed against Jindal in response to Jindal's refusal to [[veto]] a bill that would have more than doubled the current state legislative pay. During his gubernatorial campaign, Jindal had pledged to prevent legislative pay raises that would take effect during the current term.<ref name=TimesPicayune_Scott_20080627>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/06/recall_petition_filed_against.html|title=Recall petition filed against JindalRecall petition filed against Jindal|author=Scott, Robert Travis|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|date=June 27, 2008|quote=Ryan and Kourtney Fournier of Jefferson submitted paperwork to the Secretary of State's office that allows them to attempt to collect the nearly 1 million signatures needed over the next 180 days to force a recall election of the governor... He had pledged during his campaign last year to prohibit an immediate legislative pay raise.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wjbo.com/cc-common/mlib/1178/06/1178_1213729996.pdf|title=Jindal Action Plan|publisher=available from [[WJBO|WJBO-AM]]|access-date=June 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908003422/http://www.wjbo.com/cc-common/mlib/1178/06/1178_1213729996.pdf|archive-date=September 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Jindal responded by saying that he is opposed to the pay increase, but that he had pledged to let the legislature govern themselves.<ref name=DailyAdvertiser_20080618>{{cite news|url=http://www.theadvertiser.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080618/NEWS01/806180328/1001/NEWS|title=Gov. Jindal's veto refusal contradicts candidate Jindal's campaign pledge|work=The Daily Advertiser|date=June 18, 2008|quote='I am very sorry to see the Legislature do this,' he said. 'More than doubling legislative pay is not reasonable and the public has been clear on that... I will keep my pledge to let [the legislature] govern themselves and make their own decisions as a separate branch of government. I will not let anything, even this clearly excessive pay raise, stop us from moving forward with a clear plan of reform.'}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

On June 30, 2008, Jindal reversed his earlier position by vetoing the pay raise legislation, stating that he made a mistake by staying out of the pay raise issue. In response, the petitioners dropped their recall effort.<ref name=TimesPicayune_Anderson_20080630>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/06/jindal_vetoes_legislative_rais.html|title=Jindal vetoes legislative raise |date=June 30, 2008|author=Anderson, Ed|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|quote=Gov. Bobby Jindal announced today that he has vetoed the legislative pay raise. After days of saying he would not reject the unpopular measure, Jindal said this morning that he had changed his mind. 'I thank the people for their voice and their attention,' Jindal said of the public outcry against the raise. 'I am going to need your help to move this state forward. ... The voters have demanded change... I made a mistake by staying out if it'.}}</ref>

[[Standard and Poor's]] raised Louisiana's bond rating and credit outlook from stable to positive in 2009. In announcing this change, the organization gave credit to the state's strong management and "commitment to streamlining its government functions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/63908172.html|title=State's bond rating upgraded again|publisher=2theadvocate.com|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> Jindal met with President [[Barack Obama]] in October 2009 where the governor pushed for increased federal dollars to cover rising Medicaid costs, speeding the construction of hurricane-protection barriers, and financing the proposed Louisiana State University teaching hospital. During a town hall meeting, Obama praised Jindal as a "hard working man who is doing a good job" for the State, and expressed support for the governor's overhaul of the State's educational system in the area of increased charter schools.<ref name="content.usatoday.com">{{cite news| url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2009/10/68501045/1 | work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=April 26, 2010|title=Obama, live from New Orleans|date=October 15, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.americanpress.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QW1QLzIwMDkvMDEvMTEjQXIwMDUwMQ==&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227160905/http://epaper.americanpress.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QW1QLzIwMDkvMDEvMTEjQXIwMDUwMQ%3D%3D&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2009|title=Jindal Becomes Mileage Champion|publisher=[[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles American Press]]|access-date=January 23, 2009}}</ref>

Jindal negotiated an agreement whereby Foster Farms, a private chicken processor, would receive $50 million in taxpayer funds to purchase a chicken processing plant owned by bankrupt [[Pilgrim's Pride]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

Some claimed there is a conflict of interest in that Pilgrim's Pride founder [[Lonnie "Bo" Pilgrim]] contributed $2500 to Jindal's campaign in 2007.<ref name="best">{{cite web|url=http://www.bestofneworleans.com/gambit/deep-pockets/Content?oid=1255831|title=Deep Pockets – Gov. Bobby Jindal's top donors have access to power – and millions of dollars in state work.|work=Gambit|access-date=September 26, 2014|archive-date=July 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723053848/http://www.bestofneworleans.com/gambit/deep-pockets/Content?oid=1255831|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other contributors to Jindal's campaign who benefited from economic development spending include Albemarle and [[Edison Chouest Offshore]].<ref name="best"/> Jindal however released a statement saying that this legislation saved over 1,000 jobs, serves as a stimulus to Louisiana's economy, and had wide bipartisan support.<ref>{{cite web|author=Highest Ranking – EVER|url=http://www.bobbyjindal.com/index.php/blog/Creating-and-Protecting-Jobs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708083946/http://www.bobbyjindal.com/index.php/blog/Creating-and-Protecting-Jobs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 8, 2011|title=Governor Bobby Jindal|publisher=Bobbyjindal.com|date=July 30, 2012|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:FEMA - 37939 - President Bush at the EOC in Louisiana.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Then [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and Jindal greeting EOC employees, during disaster recovery efforts for [[Hurricane Gustav]], September 2008]]

====Hurricane Gustav====
Jindal oversaw one of the largest evacuations in U.S. history (nearly two million people) in late August 2008 prior to the Louisiana landfall of [[Hurricane Gustav]].<ref name=Newsday_20080904>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/thursday/nation/ny-usgust045828625sep04,0,1879653.story|title=Jindal and Nagin praised for response to Gustav |agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=September 4, 2008|work=Newsday }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He issued mandatory evacuation orders for the state's coastal areas and activated 3,000 National Guardsman to aid in the exodus. He also ordered the state to purchase generators to provide needed power to hospitals and nursing homes without power. Government officials vacated hospitals and nursing homes and put the poor, the ill, and the elderly on buses and trains out of town. The evacuation was credited as one reason that Gustav resulted in only 16 deaths in the U.S. The state's successful response to [[Hurricane Gustav]] was in stark contrast to the failed [[hurricane response]] system for [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005. Jindal received bipartisan praise for his leadership during Gustav.<ref name=Cleveland20080903>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2008/09/gustav_political_report_card_j.html|title=Gustav political report card: Jindal, Nagin lauded|first=Robert|last=Tanner|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=September 3, 2008|work=The Plain Dealer}}</ref> Jindal had been scheduled to address the Republican National Convention, but cancelled his plans in order to focus on Louisiana's needs during the storm.<ref name=WashingtonPost_Whoriskey_20080902>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/02/AR2008090203049.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Jindal Presents A Face of Calm During the Storm; La. Governor Hailed for Recovery Efforts|first=Peter|last=Whoriskey|date=September 3, 2008|page=A06}}</ref>

===2011 re-election campaign===
{{See also|2011 Louisiana gubernatorial election}}
[[File:ObamaAllenJindalMay2010.jpg|right|thumb|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] talks with Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal and [[Commandant of the Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard Commandant]] Admiral [[Thad Allen]] in May 2010.]]
Jindal announced his intention to seek reelection in 2011. In the face of Jindal's high [[approval rating]]s and big amounts of [[Campaign finance in the United States|campaign funds]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-10-23/bobby-jindal-reelected/50875244/1|title=La. Gov. Bobby Jindal wins re-election|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Democrats struggled to land a recruit of any substance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/louisiana-gov-bobby-jindal-wins-reelection/2011/10/21/gIQArmP77L_blog.html|title=Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal wins reelection|author=Aaron Blake|date=October 22, 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Running against four Democrats, a Libertarian and four independents in the [[jungle primary]], Jindal received 66% of the vote in the blanket primary, thereby winning election in the first round.<ref>{{cite news |title=Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal Re-Elected in a Landslide |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/louisiana-gov-bobby-jindal-re-elected-in-a-landslide/ |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=October 22, 2011 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

===Second term===
In August 2011, the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC) awarded Jindal the Thomas Jefferson Freedom Award for "outstanding public service".<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALEC Award Winners - SourceWatch|url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/ALEC_Award_Winners#cite_ref-13|access-date=2021-11-05|website=www.sourcewatch.org}}</ref>

On October 25, 2011, in preparing for his second term, Jindal tapped Republican state representative Chuck Kleckley of [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwl.com/pages/10215886.php?poll103281ViewResults=1|title=Jindal to support Kleckley in speaker race|publisher=wwl.com|access-date=October 26, 2011}}</ref> and State Senator [[John Alario]] of [[Westwego, Louisiana|Westwego]] as his choices for [[Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives]] and [[Louisiana State Legislature|Louisiana Senate President]], respectively. Both were confirmed by legislators. Alario is a long-term Democrat who switched parties prior to the 2011 elections.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/10/gov_b0obby_jindal_endorses_wes.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027172438/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/10/gov_b0obby_jindal_endorses_wes.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= October 27, 2011|author=Ed Anderson|title=Gov. Bobby Jindal endorses Sen. John Alario as his choice for Senate president|date=October 25, 2011|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|location=New Orleans|access-date=October 26, 2011}}</ref> In January 2012, Jindal elevated [[John White (Louisiana politician)|John C. White]], the short-term superintendent at the Recovery School District in New Orleans, to the position of state superintendent of education.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/opinions/index.ssf/2012/01/john_whites_appointment_as_lou.html|title=John White's appointment as Louisiana education superintendent assures continuity for reforms: An editorial, January 13, 2012|newspaper=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2012, Jindal declared a statewide [[state of emergency]] due to the threat of subsidence and subsurface instability that threatens the lives and property of the citizens of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation No. 82 BJ 2012: State of Emergency – Threat of subsidence and subsurface instability|url=http://www.gov.state.la.us/assets/docs/82%20BJ%202012%20State%20of%20Emergency%20-%20Subsidence%20and%20Subsurface%20Instability.pdf|access-date=July 23, 2013}}</ref>

By the end of Jindal's second term, he saw a marked drop in his state popularity and problems such as a budget deficit and cuts to public expenditure.<ref>{{cite news|author1=V.V.B.|title=Bobby Jindal bows out|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2015/11/and-then-there-were-fourteen|access-date=November 19, 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=November 18, 2015}}</ref> He could not stand for a third term because the governor of Louisiana is subject to term limits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://senate.legis.state.la.us/documents/constitution/constitution.pdf|title=Louisiana Constitution of 1974|at=Article IV, section 3, paragraph B|quote=A person who has served as governor for more than one and one-half terms in two consecutive terms shall not be elected governor for the succeeding term.}}</ref>

====Tax system proposals====
In January 2013, Jindal released a plan that would eliminate the Louisiana [[state income tax]], which he felt would expand business investment in the state, and then raise [[sales taxes]] in order to keep the plan revenue-neutral.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/01/gov_bobby_jindal_calls_for_eli.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616081752/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/01/gov_bobby_jindal_calls_for_eli.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2013|first=Jeff|last=Adelson|title=Gov. Bobby Jindal calls for elimination of all Louisiana income and corporate taxes|work=[[The Times-Picayune]]|date=January 10, 2013|access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref> Self-styled taxpayer watchdog and former legislative aide C.B. Forgotston correctly predicted that Jindal's plan would fail to clear the legislature because of the higher sales taxes, the lack of needed support from Democrats, and the likelihood that the plan would not increase overall state revenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/louisianas-jindal-details-plan-end-states-income-tax-173706480.html |title=Louisiana's Jindal details plan to end state income tax", March 14, 2013 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=April 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318175415/http://news.yahoo.com/louisianas-jindal-details-plan-end-states-income-tax-173706480.html |archive-date=March 18, 2013 }}</ref>

On April 8, 2013, the first day of the legislative session, Jindal dropped the plan after acknowledging some negative response to the plan from legislators and the public, but said he would still like the legislature to formulate its own plan that could end the state income tax.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/09/us/gov-bobby-jindal-shelves-tax-plan-in-louisiana.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20130409&_r=0|first=Campbell|last=Robertson|title=A Governor Retrenches on a Big Idea|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 8, 2013|access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref>

====Energy plan====
Jindal announced, in September 2014, a six-point energy platform that would, among other things, open up energy production on federal land and eliminated proposed carbon restrictions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-jindal-energy-idUSKBN0HB28720140916|title=Louisiana Governor Jindal, likely White House contender, touts energy plan|date=September 16, 2014|newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

[[File:U.S. Governor of Louisiana Bobby Jindal and local officials discuss the operations in response to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill.jpg|thumb|Governor Jindal and local officials discuss the operations in response to the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill]].|235x235px]]

==Business career==
In 2017, Jindal took a position as an operating adviser for [[Ares Management]], a global investment firm based in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>[https://www.businessreport.com/article/jindal-takes-new-role-ares-management Where’s Bobby Jindal now? In global investments] Greater Baton Rouge Business Report. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</ref>

In September 2022, telehealth company [[LifeMD]] (NASDAQ:LFMD) named Jindal to its board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Noah |title=LifeMD adds former governor Bobby Jindal to board of directors |url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/telehealth/lifemd-adds-former-governor-bobby-jindal-to-board-of-directors.html |website=Becker's Hospital Review|date=September 20, 2022 }}</ref>

==National politics==
===Speculation about 2008 vice presidential nomination===
[[File:BobbyJindalKennerMcCain2008.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Jindal in June 2008, at a [[John McCain]] campaign event in [[Kenner, Louisiana|Kenner]], Louisiana]]
On February 8, 2008, conservative radio host [[Rush Limbaugh]] mentioned on his syndicated show that Jindal could be a possible choice for the Republican [[Vice President of the United States|vice presidential]] nomination in 2008. He said that Jindal might be perceived as an asset to [[John McCain]]'s campaign because he has wide support in the conservative and moderate wings of the Republican Party. If McCain had won the presidency, he would have been the oldest president ever inaugurated to a first term.<ref name=WashingtonTimes_Curl_20080212>{{cite news |url=http://washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080212/NATION/504804903/1001 |work=[[The Washington Times]] |title=Running mate guessing game begins |first=Joseph |last=Curl |date=February 12, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2008}}</ref>

Heightening the speculation, McCain invited Jindal, Governor [[Charlie Crist]] of [[Florida]], Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]] of [[Minnesota]] and his former rivals [[Mitt Romney]] and [[Mike Huckabee]] to meet at his home in [[Arizona]] on May 23, 2008, according to a Republican familiar with the decision; Romney, Huckabee, and Pawlenty, all of whom were already well acquainted with McCain, declined because of prior commitments.<ref name=NYT_Nagourney_20080521>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24762893|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512041220/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24762893/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 12, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]] |title=McCain to Meet 3 Possible Running Mates|first=Adam |last=Nagourney |date=May 21, 2008|access-date=May 21, 2008}}</ref> The meeting may have served a different purpose, such as consideration of Jindal for the opportunity to speak at the [[2008 Republican National Convention]], in a similar fashion to [[Barack Obama]] at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]], cementing a place for him in the party and opening the gate for a future run for the presidency.<ref name=Dvorak_20080522>{{cite web|url=http://time-blog.com/real_clear_politics/2008/05/what_about_jindal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526205604/http://time-blog.com/real_clear_politics/2008/05/what_about_jindal.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 26, 2008 |publisher=Real Clear Politics |title=What About Jindal? |first=Blake |last=Dvorak |date=May 22, 2008|access-date=May 22, 2008}}</ref> Speculation was fueled by simultaneous July 21, 2008, reports that McCain was making a sudden visit to Louisiana to confer again with Jindal and that McCain was readying to name his running mate within a week. However, on July 23, 2008, Jindal said that he would not be the Republican vice presidential nominee in 2008.<ref name=foxnews_20080723>{{cite news|url=http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/07/23/jindal-says-hes-not-interested-in-no-2-spot-with-mccain/|title=Jindal Says He's Not Interested in No. 2 Spot With McCain|work=[[Fox News]]|date=July 23, 2008|access-date=July 23, 2008|archive-date=July 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725020730/http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/07/23/jindal-says-hes-not-interested-in-no-2-spot-with-mccain/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jindal added that he "never talked to the senator [McCain] about the vice presidency or his thoughts on selecting the vice president."<ref name=foxnews_20080723/> Ultimately, on August 29, 2008, McCain chose then-[[Governor of Alaska|Gov.]] [[Sarah Palin]] of [[Alaska]] as his running mate. While Jindal was given a prime-time speech slot at the party convention, he was not offered the [[keynote speech]]. During the presidential campaign, Jindal expressed admiration for both Senators McCain and Obama, and maintained that both have made positive contributions to the nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/03/bobby_jindal_obama_greatest_sp.html |title=Bobby Jindal: Obama 'greatest' speaker: The Swamp |publisher=Swamppolitics.com |date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=August 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507171959/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/03/bobby_jindal_obama_greatest_sp.html |archive-date=May 7, 2012 }}</ref>

===Republican response to President Obama's address to Congress===
On February 24, 2009, Jindal delivered the official Republican response to President Obama's [[February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress|address to a joint session of Congress]]. Jindal called the president's economic stimulus plan "irresponsible" and argued against government intervention.<ref name="bjspeech">{{cite news|access-date=February 25, 2009|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/24/AR2009022404300.html|title=In GOP Response, Jindal Blasts Stimulus | first=Perry Jr. |last=Bacon |date=February 25, 2009 |page=A08|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> He used [[Hurricane Katrina]] to warn against government solutions to the economic crisis. "Today in Washington, some are promising that government will rescue us from the economic storms raging all around us," Jindal said. "Those of us who lived through Hurricane Katrina, we have our doubts." He praised the late sheriff [[Harry Lee (sheriff)|Harry Lee]] for standing up to the government during Katrina.<ref name=NYT_Transcript_20090224>{{cite news|access-date=February 25, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/us/politics/24jindal-text.html?pagewanted=all|title=Transcript – The Republican Response by Gov. Bobby Jindal|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 24, 2009}}</ref><ref name="cnnvolc0225">{{cite news |access-date=February 25, 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/25/jindal.volcanoes/?iref=mpstoryview|title=Gov. Bobby Jindal's volcano remark has some fuming|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=February 25, 2009}}</ref>

The speech met with biting reviews from some members of both the Democratic and the Republican parties. Referring to Jindal as "devoid of substantive ideas for governing the country", political commentator [[Rachel Maddow]] summarized Jindal's Katrina remark as follows: "[Jindal states that] since government failed during Hurricane Katrina, we should understand, not that government should not be allowed to fail again, but that government...never works. That government can't work, and therefore we should stop seeking a functioning government."<ref>The Rachel Maddow Show on msnbc.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090526094755/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/ns/msnbc_tv-rachel_maddow_show#29379686 "Rachel Re:Sponse"].</ref> David Johnson, a Republican political strategist criticized Jindal's mention of Hurricane Katrina, stating "The one thing Republicans want to forget is Katrina."<ref name=Fouhy>{{cite news |access-date=February 26, 2009 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6959091 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626102055/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6959091 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |title=Republicans, Democrats criticize Jindal's speech |first=Beth |last=Fouhy |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=February 25, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> While Jindal's speech was poorly received by several Democratic and Republican critics, others argued that the speech should be judged on substance rather than delivery style.<ref name="Bloomberg L.P._Brzybyla_20090225">{{cite news|access-date=February 25, 2009|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aKyeCP.LGe5s&refer=home|title=Jindal's Response to Obama Address Panned by Fellow Republicans|first=Heidi |last=Przybyla|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |date=February 25, 2009}}</ref><ref name="cnn0225">{{cite news|access-date=February 25, 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/25/jindal.reaction/?iref=mpstoryview|title=Jindal earns bad reviews in national debut|publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 25, 2009 |first=Alexander |last=Mooney}}</ref>

Jindal's story of meeting Lee in the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina was questioned following the speech, as Jindal was not in New Orleans at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/02/27/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry4834777.shtml|work=[[CBS News]]|title=Was Jindal's Katrina Story Accurate?|first=Brian|last=Montopoli|date=February 27, 2009}}</ref> On February 27, 2009, a spokesman for Jindal clarified the timing of the meeting, stating that the story took place days after the storm.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Ben|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2009/02/jindal-aides-clarify-katrina-story-016414?showall|title=Jindal aides clarify Katrina story – Ben Smith|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=February 27, 2009|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> The opportunity to give the response to President Obama's speech was compared by some commentators to winning "second prize in a beauty contest", a reference to the board game [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2009/0211/one-night-only-barack-obama-vs-bobby-jindal|title=One night only Barack Obama vs. Bobby Jindal|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=February 11, 2009}}</ref>

===2012 presidential election===
[[File:U.S. Governor of Louisiana Bobby Jindal speaking at the 2011 Values Voter Summit in Washington, D.C.jpg|thumb|Governor Jindal speaking at the 2011 Values Voter Summit in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
Jindal had been mentioned as a potential candidate for the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]]. On December 10, 2008, Jindal indicated that he would likely not run for president in 2012, saying he will focus on his [[Louisiana gubernatorial election, 2011|re-election in 2011]] and that this would make transitioning to a national campaign difficult, though he did not rule out a possible 2012 presidential bid.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben Smith |date=December 10, 2008 |title=Jindal says no |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2008/12/jindal-says-no-014714?showall |access-date=2023-03-31 |publisher=[[Politico]]}}</ref>
Speculation increased when Republicans chose Jindal to deliver the response to President Obama's first address to a joint session of Congress.<ref name=Reuters_Baltimore_20090219>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/usPoliticsNews/idUKTRE51I42K20090219|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104215849/http://uk.reuters.com/article/usPoliticsNews/idUKTRE51I42K20090219|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2013|title=Republicans tap Louisiana governor for big speech|date=February 19, 2009|first=Chris|last=Baltimore|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

The Jindal for President Draft Council Inc. [[Political action committee|PAC]] was formed in 2009 to raise funds for a future presidential run. Jindal has stated that he has no involvement with the PAC.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} In April 2010, while speaking at the [[Southern Republican Leadership Conference]], Jindal ruled out running for the Republican nomination for president in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35621_Page3.html|title=For GOP, no frontrunner and no worries|access-date=September 24, 2015|last1=Martin|first1=Jonathan|last2=Smith|first2=Ben|date=April 11, 2010|publisher=[[Politico]]}}</ref>

In [[U.S. presidential election, 2012|2012]], Jindal traveled across the country in support of the [[Mitt Romney]]-[[Paul Ryan]] ticket. Because Louisiana and other [[Deep South]] states voted heavily for the GOP, Jindal could hence devote his campaign time elsewhere. In August 2012, ''[[Politico]]'' reported that "Bobby Jindal would be considered [for] and would likely take" appointment as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] in a potential [[Mitt Romney|Romney]] [[United States Cabinet|cabinet]].<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2012/08/whos-on-the-inside-track-for-a-romney-cabinet-080233 "Who's on the inside track for a Romney Cabinet"], politico.com, August 28, 2012.</ref>

After the defeat of Romney-Ryan, Jindal called for his party to return to "the basics... If we want people to like us, we have to like them first," he said on the interview program ''[[Fox News Sunday]]''.<ref name=gopleader>"Governor: Liking people key to enlarging GOP base", ''[[Laredo Morning Times]]'', November 19, 2012, p. 6A</ref> As the incoming president of the [[Republican Governors Association]], which had thirty members in 2013, Jindal questioned Romney for having criticized President Obama as having provided "extraordinary financial gifts from the government".<ref name=gopleader/> In reply to Romney, Jindal said, "You don't start to like people by insulting them and saying their votes were bought."<ref name=gopleader/> Jindal said that his party must convince a majority of voters that it supports the middle class and the principle of [[upward mobility]]. He also criticized what he termed "stupid" remarks regarding rape and conception made in 2012 by defeated Republican U.S. Senate nominees [[Todd Akin]] in [[Missouri]] and [[Richard Mourdock]] in [[Indiana]].<ref name=gopleader/>

===2016 presidential candidacy===
{{Main|Bobby Jindal 2016 presidential campaign}}

[[File:U.S. Governor of Louisiana Bobby Jindal at 2015 Southern Republican Leadership Conference, Oklahoma City, OK.jpg|thumb|Governor Jindal at 2015 Southern Republican Leadership Conference, [[Oklahoma City, OK]]]]
In November 2012, after the election, Jindal was featured in a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article titled "2016: Let's Get The Party Started", where he was listed as a possible Republican candidate for the presidency in 2016. The article cited his fiscal and social conservative policies and his Indian American background, which would bring diversity to the GOP.<ref>{{citation|title=2016: Let's Get The Party Started|pages=118–31|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=November 19, 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, with polls showing Jindal's approval ratings in Louisiana falling significantly,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/bobby-jindal-approval-rating-89559.html|title=Poll: Bobby Jindal approval rating plummets – Breanna Edwards|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 3, 2013|access-date=August 20, 2014}}</ref> some analysts wrote off Jindal as a serious national contender,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/opinions/index.ssf/2013/07/gov_jindal_was_never_going_to.html|title=Bobby Jindal doesn't have a shot at becoming president: Robert Mann|newspaper=NOLA.com|date=July 14, 2013|access-date=August 20, 2014}}</ref> though others pointed to Romney as an example of someone who still won the Presidential nomination despite poor approval ratings from his home state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/09/with-popularity-fading-at-home-is-jindal-the-new-romney|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Nate|last=Silver|title=With Popularity Fading at Home, Is Jindal the New Romney?|date=April 9, 2013}}</ref> In October 2013, Jindal told ''[[Fox News Sunday]]'' that he was still mulling a 2016 presidential run.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jindal: 'I don't know' about 2016 |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-now/2013/10/jindal-i-dont-know-about-2016-176001|first=Caitlin|last=Emma|work=[[Politico]]|date=October 27, 2013|access-date=October 28, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030064416/http://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2013/10/jindal-i-dont-know-about-176001.html|archive-date=October 30, 2013}}</ref>

On May 18, 2015, Jindal formed a presidential exploratory committee to determine whether he would run as a candidate in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]],<ref name=Hunt>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/governor-bobby-jindal-forms-2016-exploratory-committee-n360696|title=Governor Bobby Jindal Forms 2016 Exploratory Committee|work=[[NBC News]]|date=May 18, 2015|access-date=May 20, 2015|author=Hunt, Kasie}}</ref> and he announced his candidacy on June 24.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bobbyjindal.com/announcement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110206/http://www.bobbyjindal.com/announcement|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 26, 2015|title=A Special Announcement From Bobby Jindal|publisher=BobbyJindal.com|access-date=June 25, 2015}}</ref>

As of early September, Jindal was polling at 1 percent among the Republican primary electorate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/bobby-jindal-calls-trump-unstable-narcissist-n425071|title=Bobby Jindal Calls Trump An Unstable Narcissist|first=Andrew|last=Rafferty|work=[[NBC News]]|date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> On November 17, 2015, Jindal appeared on ''[[Special Report with Bret Baier]]'' on the Fox News Channel, announcing that he was ending his run for president, saying "I've come to the realization that this is not my time."<ref name="tomlobiancoandjeffzeleny">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/17/politics/bobby-jindal-announces-he-is-ending-presidential-campaign/index.html |title=Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign |author1=Tom LoBianco |author2=Jeff Zeleny |date=November 17, 2015 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

During his campaign, Jindal called [[Donald Trump]] a "narcissist" and an "egomaniacal madman", but afterward said that he would support Trump because "electing Donald Trump would be the second-worst thing we could do this November, better only than electing Hillary Clinton to serve as the third term for the Obama administration's radical policies."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/where-republicans-stand-on-donald-trump-a-cheat-sheet/481449|title=Where Republicans Stand on Donald Trump: A Cheat Sheet|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=August 5, 2016}}</ref>

==Political positions==
[[File:Bobby Jindal by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg|right|thumb|Bobby Jindal speaking at the 2015 [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC) in National Harbor, Maryland on February 26, 2015]]

===Abortion and embryonic stem cell research===
Jindal has a strongly [[United States anti-abortion movement|anti-abortion]] voting record according to the [[National Right to Life Committee]].<ref name=OntheIssues_20080916>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/House/Bobby_Jindal_Abortion.htm|title=Bobby Jindal on Abortion|publisher=On the Issues|date=September 16, 2008}}</ref> He opposes [[abortion]] in general, but does not condemn medical procedures aimed at saving the life of the mother that indirectly result in the loss of the unborn child, such as [[salpingectomy]] for an ectopic pregnancy.<ref name=Advocate_Sentell_2003111>{{cite news|author1=Sentell, Will |author2=Dyer, Scott |name-list-style=amp|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AD&p_theme=ad&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FEC6C97E8FB05E0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Abortion flier offends Jindal |work=The Advocate|location=Baton Rouge, LA|date=November 11, 2003|quote=He said he does not condemn medical procedures aimed at saving the life of the mother that result indirectly in the loss of the unborn child as a secondary effect.}}</ref><ref name=CapitolWatch_Hill_20031112>{{cite web|url=http://capitolwatch.reallouisiana.com/html/BC4983D2-AC99-421E-83DC-00FD0707A94D.shtml |work=Capitol Watch: Your Guide to Louisiana State Government |title=Gubernatorial candidates to meet today in final TV debate |author=John Hill |date=November 12, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630063526/http://capitolwatch.reallouisiana.com/html/BC4983D2-AC99-421E-83DC-00FD0707A94D.shtml |archive-date=June 30, 2008 }}</ref><ref>Walls, Seth Colter, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/05/22/who-is-bobby-jindal-the-g_n_103045.html "Who Is Bobby Jindal? The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly"], ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', May 30, 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/29/AR2008112901777.html|title=GOP Looks to Louisiana's Governor|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=September 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>Romano, Andrew, [http://www.newsweek.com/id/174518 "Their Own Obama"], ''[[Newsweek]]'', December 22, 2008.</ref>

In 2003, Jindal stated that he did not object to the use of [[emergency contraception]] in the case of [[rape]] if the victim requests it.<ref name=CapitolWatch_Hill_20031112/> While in the House of Representatives, he supported two bills to prohibit transporting minors across state lines to obtain an abortion; the bills aimed to prevent doctors and others from helping a minor avoid parental notification laws in their home state by procuring an abortion in another state.<ref name=OntheIssues_20080916/> He opposed and voted against expanding public funding of [[embryonic stem cell research]].<ref name=OntheIssues_20080916/><ref name=TimesPicayne_Alpert_20080521>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/report_mccain_to_meet_with_jin.html|author1=Alpert, Bruce|author2=Jan Moller|name-list-style=amp|title=Jindal to meet Friday with McCain|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|date=May 21, 2008|quote=Jindal is seen as solid on conservative social issues such as opposition to abortion and embryonic stem cell research.}}</ref>

===Same-sex marriage===
Jindal opposed the legalization of both [[same-sex marriage]] and [[civil union]]s. In Congress, he voted for the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]] to restrict marriage to a union between one man and one woman. He also voted against the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act|Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007]].<ref name=OnTheIssues_CivilRights>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/House/Bobby_Jindal_Civil_Rights.htm|title=Bobby Jindal on Civil Rights|publisher=OntheIssues.org}}</ref> In December 2008, Jindal announced the formation of the Louisiana Commission on Marriage and Family.<ref>[http://www.bayoubuzz.com/News/Louisiana/Government/Louisiana_Gov._Jindal_Picks_Louisiana_Commission_on_Marriage_and_Family__7840.asp Louisiana Gov. Jindal picks Louisiana Commission on Marriage and Family] on BayouBuzz.com. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307190004/http://www.bayoubuzz.com/News/Louisiana/Government/Louisiana_Gov._Jindal_Picks_Louisiana_Commission_on_Marriage_and_Family__7840.asp|date=March 7, 2009}}</ref>

Following the 2013 Supreme Court's rulings on [[United States v. Windsor|DOMA]] and [[Hollingsworth v. Perry|Proposition 8]], he said: "I believe every child deserves a mom and a dad. This opinion leaves the matter of marriage to the states where people can decide. In Louisiana, we will opt for traditional marriage. How about we let the people decide for themselves, via their representatives and via referendum?".<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://news.yahoo.com/gop-hopefuls-immigration-gay-marriage-080637140.html|title=GOP hopefuls on immigration, gay marriage|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=July 2, 2013|access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>

====Marriage and Conscience Act====
In May 2015, the legislature killed the measure{{clarify|what measure?|date=January 2026}}. Four Republican members, [[Mike "Pete" Huval|Pete Huval]] of [[Breaux Bridge, Louisiana|Breaux Bridge]], [[Gregory A. Miller]] of [[Norco, Louisiana|Norco]], [[Clay Schexnayder]] of [[Gonzales, Louisiana|Gonzales]], and [[Nancy Landry]] of [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]], joined Democrats in killing the bill. Jindal responded by issuing [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] BJ-2015-8, (the "Marriage and Conscience Order"), which attempted to achieve the goals of the failed legislation.<ref name=Epps>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/bobby-jindal-hb-707-and-the-2016-presidential-race/393833|title=What Will Bobby Jindal's 'Marriage and Conscience Order' Actually Do?|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=May 21, 2015|author=Epps, Garrett|date=May 21, 2015}}</ref> Johnson said he intended to re-introduce the measure in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/05/louisianas_religious_freedom_b.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521175816/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/05/louisianas_religious_freedom_b.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 21, 2015|title=Louisiana's religious freedom bill effectively defeated in committee|author=Emily Lane|newspaper=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite web |title=Bobby Jindal gives his take on gay marriage in New York Times editorial |url=http://theadvocate.com/features/realestate/12184896-70/bobby-jindal-im-holding-firm |access-date=April 23, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=May 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521081035/http://theadvocate.com/features/realestate/12184896-70/bobby-jindal-im-holding-firm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Government ethics===
He vetoed state legislation to increase pay for state legislators.<ref>{{cite news|author=Morris, Tim|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]] |url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/06/jindal_vetoes_legislative_rais.html |title=Jindal vetoes legislative raise |date=June 30, 2008|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="ontheissues.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/House/Bobby_Jindal.htm |title=Bobby Jindal on the Issues |publisher=Ontheissues.org |date=March 14, 2012 |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> However, the Louisiana governor's office was ranked last for transparency in the United States both prior, and subsequent, to Jindal's election, as reported by the WDSU I-Team. At least two legislators, state representatives [[Walker Hines (Louisiana politician)|Walker Hines]] and [[Neil Abramson (politician)|Neil Abramson]], argued that this may be attributed to legislation that removed the governor's records from the public domain; they argued that the legislation was surreptitiously inserted as a last-minute amendment into an education bill by Jindal's office on the last day of the 2008 session, providing no time to properly review it before it passed the legislature and was signed into law by Jindal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wdsu.com/news/16828329/detail.html |title=I-Team: Governor's Office Ranks Last In Transparency |publisher=WDSU |location=New Orleans |date=July 9, 2008 |access-date=August 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224083924/http://www.wdsu.com/news/16828329/detail.html |archive-date=February 24, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/05/bobby_jindal_makes_ethics_exce.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150422190129/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/05/bobby_jindal_makes_ethics_exce.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2015|title=Bobby Jindal allows state ethics exception for former Louisiana legislator|date=May 31, 2014|newspaper=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|access-date=April 22, 2015}}</ref>

===Gun rights and gun control===
Jindal is a fervent supporter of the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] and generally opposes [[gun control]]. He has been endorsed by the [[National Rifle Association|NRA]] [[Political Victory Fund]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NRA-PVF Endorses Congressman Bobby Jindal For Governor of Louisiana |url=https://www.nrapvf.org/articles/20070720/nra-pvf-endorses-congressman-bobby-jindal-for-governor-of-louisiana |website=nrapvf.org |publisher=NRA-PVF |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202140/https://www.nrapvf.org/articles/20070720/nra-pvf-endorses-congressman-bobby-jindal-for-governor-of-louisiana |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |language=en-US |date=July 20, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mixx.com/stories/6467968/louisiana_governor_bobby_jindal_speaks_at_the_nra_annual_meetings |title=Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal Speaks at the NRA Annual Meetings |publisher=Mixx |access-date=August 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803000714/http://www.mixx.com/stories/6467968/louisiana_governor_bobby_jindal_speaks_at_the_nra_annual_meetings |archive-date=August 3, 2009 }}</ref> and received an A grade from [[Gun Owners of America]] while he was in Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunowners.org/109hrat.htm|archive-date=January 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040555/http://www.gunowners.org/109hrat.htm|title=GOA House Ratings for the 109th Congress |publisher=GunOwners.org|date=October 2006}}</ref>

As a Congressman, he sponsored the [[Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act of 2006]] with Senator [[David Vitter]].

In July 2015, during an interview with CBS, Jindal stated that he supported stricter background checks, and that every state should begin to enact tougher background checks on gun buyers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/bobby-jindal-gun-control/399683/ |title=Bobby Jindal Calls for Better Mental-Health Reporting to National Background Check System |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=July 27, 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/us/politics/bobby-jindal-calls-for-states-to-follow-louisianas-example-in-toughening-gun-laws.html|title=Bobby Jindal Calls for States to Follow Louisiana's Example in Toughening Gun Laws|first=Ashley|last=Southall|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 26, 2015}}</ref>

===Tax policy===
As a private citizen, Jindal voted in 2002 for the Louisiana constitutional amendment known as the Stelly Plan<ref name=Weekly_Tidmore_20040524>{{cite web|title=The Weekly's inside political track....|author=Tidmore, Christopher |date=May 24, 2004|url=http://www.louisianaweekly.com/weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20040524p|work=Louisiana Weekly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017040235/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20040524p|archive-date=October 17, 2006}}</ref> which lowered some [[sales tax]]es in exchange for higher [[income tax]]es. After taking office, Jindal cut taxes a total of six times, including the largest income tax cut in Louisiana's history – a cut of $1.1 billion over five years, along with accelerating the elimination of the tax on business investments.<ref name=WAFB_Moses_20080618>{{cite news|url=http://www.wafb.com/Global/story.asp?S=8521558&nav=menu57_1|publisher=WAFB Channel 9|location=Baton Rouge, LA|title=Stelly tax ad causing controversy|author=Moses, Caroline|date=June 18, 2008|access-date=July 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623051904/http://www.wafb.com/Global/story.asp?S=8521558&nav=menu57_1|archive-date=June 23, 2008|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In January 2013, Jindal said he wanted to eliminate all Louisiana corporate and personal income taxes, without giving details for his proposal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Louisiana Governor Jindal proposes ending state income tax |author=Kathy Finn |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE90A02K20130111?irpc=932 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref>

As U.S. Representative from Louisiana, Jindal received grades of B in 2005, B− in 2006, and C in 2007 from the [[National Taxpayers Union]], a [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] [[Taxpayer groups|taxpayers advocacy organization]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.ntu.org/state/legislator/bobby-jindal|title=National Taxpayers Union - Bobby Jindal|publisher=[[National Taxpayers Union]]|access-date=September 3, 2015}}</ref> As Governor of Louisiana, Jindal received grades of A in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Chris|work=Policy Analysis No. 668|publisher=[[Cato Institute]]|url=http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/PA668.pdf|title=Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2010|date=September 30, 2010|access-date=September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Chris|publisher=[[Cato Institute]]|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/fiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2010|title=Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2010|date=September 30, 2010|access-date=September 3, 2015}}</ref> B in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Chris|publisher=[[Cato Institute]]|url=http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/GRC2012.pdf|title=Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors 2012|date=October 9, 2012|access-date=September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Chris|publisher=[[Cato Institute]]|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/fiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2012|title=Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2012|date=October 9, 2012|access-date=September 3, 2015}}</ref> and B in 2014<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaeding|first1=Nicole|last2=Edwards|first2=Chris|publisher=[[Cato Institute]]|url=http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/fprc-on-americas-governors_1.pdf|title=Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors 2014|date=October 2, 2014|access-date=September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaeding|first1=Nicole|last2=Edwards|first2=Chris|publisher=[[Cato Institute]]|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/fiscal-policy-report-card-americas-governors-2014|title=Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors 2014|date=October 2, 2014|access-date=September 3, 2015}}</ref> from the [[Cato Institute]], a [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors.

===Education===
In 2008, Jindal came out in favour of the [[Common Core State Standards Initiative]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shreveporttimes.com/article/20130930/NEWS0401/309300002|title=Bobby Jindal questions Common Core while John White holds strong|last1=Nash-Wood|first1=Mary|date=September 29, 2013|publisher=shreveporttimes.com|access-date=October 26, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001144640/http://www.shreveporttimes.com/article/20130930/NEWS0401/309300002/|archive-date=October 1, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> which Louisiana adopted in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louisianabelieves.com/newsroom/news-releases/2013/10/16/bese-passes-policies-to-support-local-curriculum-control-and-student-privacy-in-common-core-transition|title=BESE Passes Policies to Support Local Curriculum Control and Student Privacy in Common Core Transition|date=October 16, 2013|publisher=louisianabelieves.com|access-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, Jindal wrote that "It has become fashionable in the news media to believe there is a right-wing conspiracy against Common Core."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/04/23/common-core-louisiana-gov-bobby-jindal-editorials-debates/8071863|title=Gov. Jindal: Leave education to local control|last1=Jindal|first1=Bobby|date=April 23, 2014|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=July 7, 2014}}</ref>

Jindal proposed budgets that impose cuts on higher education funding in Louisiana, leading to protests from students and education advocates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2theadvocate.com/blogs/politicsblog/107123234.html|title=Hundreds rally against higher education cuts|access-date=September 26, 2014|archive-date=November 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113235926/http://www.2theadvocate.com/blogs/politicsblog/107123234.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jindal proposed several controversial education reforms, including vouchers for low income students in public schools to attend private institutions using [[Minimum Foundation Program]] funds.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Ted Jackson|author2=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/03/bobby_jindal_education_bills_w.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906123247/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/03/bobby_jindal_education_bills_w.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 6, 2012|title=Bobby Jindal education bills whisk through Louisiana Senate panel|newspaper=NOLA.com|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref>

The legislation also included controversial changes in teacher evaluations, tenure and pensions. Hundreds of teachers, administrators and public education supporters protested against the legislation at the capital of Louisiana,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|url=http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/14/10685511-teacher-protest-closes-schools-in-louisiana|title=Teacher protest closes schools in Louisiana|access-date=August 7, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519025916/http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/14/10685511-teacher-protest-closes-schools-in-louisiana|archive-date=May 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> some of whom cancelled classes to attend demonstrations. Many participants circulated petitions to recall Jindal and Republican House Speaker Chuck Kleckley.<ref>Wolfgang, Ben (April 3, 2012). [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/3/some-louisiana-teachers-look-to-expel-governor "Some Louisiana teachers look to expel governor"], ''The Washington Times''; accessed July 27, 2017.</ref> In April 2012, a Louisiana Public Broadcasting program examined possible conflicts between aspects of the Jindal education reform plan and the federal desegregation orders still in place in many parts of Louisiana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JdpQli0NPk/| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211111/5JdpQli0NPk| archive-date=2021-11-11 | url-status=live|title=School Choice and Desegregation| date=April 26, 2012|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=September 26, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====Evolution====
Jindal signed a law that permitted teachers at [[Public school (government funded)|public schools]] to supplement standard evolutionary curricula with analysis and critiques that may include [[intelligent design]].<ref name="second">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1668433,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012055911/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1668433,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2007|title=The Second Coming of Bobby Jindal|first=Russell|last=McCulley|date=October 4, 2007|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The law provides that "[c]lassroom instruction and materials shall not promote any religious doctrine", but Louisiana [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]] Director Marjorie Esman said that that provision "is vague at best",<ref>"The evidence at trial demonstrates that ID is nothing less than the progeny of creationism" (page 31) in "[http://www.pamd.uscourts.gov/kitzmiller/kitzmiller_342.pdf Judgement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221144316/http://www.pamd.uscourts.gov/kitzmiller/kitzmiller_342.pdf|date=December 21, 2005}}" of [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]]</ref> and stated that the Act is "susceptible to a constitutional challenge."<ref>Esman, Marjorie.[https://www.laaclu.org/PDF_documents/BESE_comments_060809.pdf "ACLU Comments on Bulletin 741, § 2304"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101165753/https://www.laaclu.org/PDF_documents/BESE_comments_060809.pdf |date=January 1, 2011 }}, June 8, 2009 letter.</ref> Despite calls for a [[veto]] from [[John Derbyshire]] and some genetics professors at [[Brown University]],<ref name=TimesPicayune_Barrow_20080626>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/06/science_law_could_set_tone_for.html|title=Science law could set tone for Jindal|date=June 26, 2008|first=Bill|last=Barrow|work=[[The Times-Picayune]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731030454/http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/06/science_law_could_set_tone_for.html|archive-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> Jindal signed the [[Louisiana Academic Freedom Act]] which passed the voting in the State House and the State Senate in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-23 |title=Louisiana the Only State to Promote Academic Freedom (So Far) |url=https://www.icr.org/article/louisiana-only-state-promote-academic-freedom-so-f/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.icr.org |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology]] rejected New Orleans as a site for their 2010 meeting and the [[American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]] will not conduct future meetings in Louisiana.<ref name="SICB1">{{cite web|access-date=February 27, 2009|url=http://www.sicb.org/resources/LouisianaLetterJindal.pdf|first=Robert|last=Satterlie|title=Letter to Bobby Jindal|publisher=Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology|date=February 5, 2009|archive-date=February 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225033422/http://www.sicb.org/resources/LouisianaLetterJindal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ASBMB">{{cite news|access-date=February 27, 2009|url=http://www.nola.com/timespic/stories/index.ssf?/base/news-0/1234938291272770.xml&coll=1|first=James|last=Gill|title=Mad scientists|date=February 18, 2009|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303173505/http://www.nola.com/timespic/stories/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-0%2F1234938291272770.xml&coll=1|archive-date=March 3, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Civil liberties===
[[File:Bobby Jindal Camp Beauregard 3.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Gov. Bobby Jindal signs a Five-Star Statement of Support for Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve at [[Camp Beauregard]] on October 14, 2008. The document signing was an opportunity to join employers from across the country in supporting Soldiers.]]

Jindal voted to extend the [[Patriot Act]], voted in favor of the [[Military Commissions Act of 2006]], supported a [[Flag Desecration Amendment|constitutional amendment]] banning [[flag burning]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll296.xml|title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 296 |date=June 22, 2005|publisher=U.S. House of Representatives|quote=H J RES 10     2/3 YEA-AND-NAY .....QUESTION: On Passage ...BILL TITLE: Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States authorizing the Congress to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States.}}</ref> and voted for the [[Real ID Act]] of 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.votesmart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?cs_id=8224&can_id=35481|title=Key Votes: HR 418: Real ID Act of 2005 (Immigration)|date=February 10, 2005|publisher=VoteSmart.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.natchezdemocrat.com/news/2009/jun/11/senate-panel-rejects-cycle-helmet-repeal/|title=Senate Panel Rejects Cycle Helmet Repeal|publisher=Natchez Democrat|access-date=July 14, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211175925/http://www.natchezdemocrat.com/news/2009/jun/11/senate-panel-rejects-cycle-helmet-repeal|archive-date=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

===Immigration laws===
He criticized [[illegal immigration]] as a drain on the economy, as well as being unfair to those who entered the country by legal means. He voted to build a fence along the Mexican border and opposed granting amnesty for illegal immigrants.<ref name="ontheissues.org" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/us/politics/24jindal-text.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=The Republican Response by Gov. Bobby Jindal|date=February 24, 2009|access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2015/07/04/bobby-jindal-the-son-of-immigrants-and-new-champion-of-the-tough-on-immigrants-crowd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706171511/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2015/07/04/bobby-jindal-the-son-of-immigrants-and-new-champion-of-the-tough-on-immigrants-crowd/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 6, 2015|title=Bobby Jindal: The son of immigrants and new champion of the tough-on-immigrants crowd|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 4, 2015}}</ref>

===Health care===
Jindal refused to accept federal funds to expand Medicaid after the passage of the [[Affordable Care Act]]. The [[Commonwealth Fund]] released a study saying that this decision cost Louisiana $1.65 billion in federal health care assistance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/12/louisiana_residents_paying_for.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206174334/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/12/louisiana_residents_paying_for.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2013|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|title=Louisiana residents paying for health care they won't receive because state rejected Medicaid expansion, says new study | date=December 5, 2013}}</ref> He supported increased health insurance portability; laws promoting coverage of pre-existing medical conditions; a cap on malpractice lawsuits; an easing of restrictions on importation of prescription medications; the implementation of a streamlined [[electronic medical records]] system; an emphasis on preventative care rather than emergency room care; and tax benefits aimed at making health insurance more affordable for the uninsured and targeted to promote universal access. He opposed a federal government-run, single-payer system, but supported state efforts to reduce the uninsured population.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/governor-bobby-jindal-discusses-health-care-reform-he-wants-to-see | publisher=[[Fox News]] | title=Governor Bobby Jindal Discusses Health Care Reform He Wants to See | date=September 29, 2009 | access-date=October 26, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003000656/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,557283,00.html | archive-date=October 3, 2009 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> He has also supported expanding services for [[autistic]] children, and promoted a national childhood cancer database.<ref name="ontheissues.org"/> Due to a congressional reduction in federal Medicaid financing rates, the Jindal administration chose to levy the largest slice of cuts on the network of [[LSU]] charity hospitals and clinics, requiring some facilities to close.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 13, 2012 |title=LSU health care system takes brunt of Medicaid cut |publisher=WWTV |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.wwltv.com/news/LSU-health-care-system-takes-brunt-of-Medicaid-cut-162399466.html |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111223847/http://www.wwltv.com/news/LSU-health-care-system-takes-brunt-of-Medicaid-cut-162399466.html |archive-date=November 11, 2013 }}</ref>

===Environmental issues and offshore drilling===
[[File:Krotz-Springs-Jindal.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Jindal talks to residents of [[Krotz Springs, Louisiana]], during the 2011 flooding of the Mississippi River.]]

Jindal issued an executive order increasing office recycling programs, reducing solid waste and promoting paperless practices, offering tax credit for hybrid fuel vehicles, increasing average fuel economy goals by 2010, as well as increasing energy efficiency goals and standards for the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=newsroom&tmp=home&navID=12&cpID=0&cfmID=0&catID=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131060933/http://www.gov.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=newsroom&tmp=home&navID=12&cpID=0&cfmID=0&catID=2|title=News > Press Releases|publisher=Office of the [[Governor of Louisiana]]|archive-date=2008-01-31|access-date=2022-12-10}} - Link to "[http://www.gov.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=newsroom&tmp=detail&catID=2&articleID=49 Governor Bobby Jindal Announces Executive Order on Environmentally Friendly Government]" dead, but there is a record of the executive order.</ref> He has stated his opposition to and voted for the criminalization of oil cartels such as [[OPEC]]. As a representative in the House, he supported a $300-million bill to fund Louisiana coastal restoration. In addition, he was the chief sponsor of successful legislation to expand the [[Jean Lafitte National Historical Park]] by over {{convert|3000|acre|km2}}.<ref name="ontheissues.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1229502721.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403184856/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1229502721.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |title=House Committee Unanimously Approves Rep. Jindal Legislation To Expand Jean Lafitte Barataria Preserve – Us Fed News Service, Including Us State News |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> Jindal signed bill SB 469 that would limit actions aimed at oil and gas companies operating along the coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/06/bobby-jindal-signs-bill-to-block-lawsuits-against-oil-and-gas-companies |title=Bobby Jindal Signs Bill to Block Lawsuits Against Oil and Gas Companies - US News |author=Alan Neuhauser |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=June 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132009/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/06/bobby-jindal-signs-bill-to-block-lawsuits-against-oil-and-gas-companies |archive-date=June 26, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/06/bobby_jindal_signs_bill_to_kil.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141124231959/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/06/bobby_jindal_signs_bill_to_kil.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 24, 2014|title=Bobby Jindal signs bill to kill lawsuit against oil, gas companies|newspaper=NOLA.com|access-date=June 25, 2015}}</ref> Jindal pledged state support for the development of economically friendly cars in northeastern Louisiana in conjunction with alternative energy advocate [[T. Boone Pickens]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Michelle Krebs |url=http://www.autoobserver.com/2009/06/miata-designer-matano-t-boone-pickens-part-of-start-up-car-company.html |title=Miata Designer Matano, T. Boone Pickens Part of Start-Up Car Company |work=Auto Observer |date=June 17, 2009 |access-date=August 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525065911/http://www.autoobserver.com/2009/06/miata-designer-matano-t-boone-pickens-part-of-start-up-car-company.html |archive-date=May 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In September 2014, Jindal stated that [[global warming]] was more about increasing government regulation, and released an energy plan that was critical of the Obama Administration's policies.<ref>{{cite news|author=Alan Neuhauser |author2=Lauren Fox |title=Jindal Declares Climate Change a 'Trojan Horse' |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/09/16/louisianas-bobby-jindal-declares-climate-change-a-trojan-horse |newspaper=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=September 16, 2014 |access-date=December 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219132424/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/09/16/louisianas-bobby-jindal-declares-climate-change-a-trojan-horse |archive-date=December 19, 2014 }}</ref>

===Earmarks===
As governor, in 2008, Jindal used his [[line item veto]] to strike $16 million in earmarks from the state budget but declined to veto $30 million in legislator-added spending. Jindal vetoed over 250 earmarks in the 2008 state budget, twice the total number of such vetoes by previous governors in the preceding 12 years.<ref name=TimesPicayune_Moller_20080715>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-11/121609935236570.xml&coll=1&thispage=2|title=Jindal hacks budget earmarks|author=Moller, Jan|date=July 15, 2008|work=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106140949/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-11%2F121609935236570.xml&coll=1&thispage=2|archive-date=January 6, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Opposition to Recovery Act===
[[File:U.S. Governor of Louisiana Bobby Jindal at the 2015 Defending the American Dream Summit at the Greater Columbus Convention Center in Ohio.jpg|thumb|Governor Jindal at the 2015 Defending the American Dream Summit]]
Jindal has been an opponent of the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]. Citing concerns that the augmentation of [[unemployment insurance]] may obligate the state to raise taxes on businesses, Jindal had indicated his intention to forgo federal stimulus plan funds ($98 million) aimed at increasing unemployment insurance for Louisiana.<ref name=Newser_20090220>{{cite news|url=http://www.newser.com/story/51405/jindal-to-turn-down-stimulus-for-jobless.html|title=Jindal to Turn Down Stimulus $$$ for Jobless|date=February 20, 2009 |publisher=Newser.com}}</ref> Louisiana has since been obligated to raise taxes on businesses because the unemployment trust fund had dropped below the prescribed threshold.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2009/09/unemployment_taxes_to_rise_ben.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208161350/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2009/09/unemployment_taxes_to_rise_ben.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 8, 2013|title= Unemployment taxes to rise, benefits shrink in 2010|date=September 23, 2009 |publisher=nola.com}}</ref> Louisiana was set to receive about $3.8 billion overall. Jindal intended to accept at least $2.4 billion from the stimulus package.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wwltv.com/topstories/stories/wwl030409cbstimulus.29c0d8c.html |title=Jindal to use $2.4 billion from stimulus package |publisher=WWL-TV |date=March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505223706/http://www.wwltv.com/topstories/stories/wwl030409cbstimulus.29c0d8c.html |archive-date=May 5, 2009 }}</ref> He called parts of the plan "irresponsible", saying that "the way to lead is not to raise taxes and put more money and power in hands of Washington politicians."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/24/AR2009022402914_pf.html|first=Ben |last=Pershing|title=Obama Emphasizes Reform, Offers Hope Amid Economic Crisis|newspaper= [[The Washington Post]]|date= February 24, 2009 |access-date=July 14, 2009}}</ref>

===No-go zones===
In 2015, Jindal traveled to the UK to speak at an event hosted by the [[Henry Jackson Society]].<ref name=salon/> According to ''[[Salon.com]]'', in his speech Jindal alleged the existence of "[[No-go area|no-go zones]]", areas established by Muslims in London and other western cities. London mayor [[Boris Johnson]] called Jindal's remarks "complete nonsense"<ref name=salon>{{cite news|title="Complete nonsense": London mayor slams Bobby Jindal's Islamophobic "no-go zones" claim|url=https://www.salon.com/2015/02/13/complete_nonsense_london_mayor_slams_bobby_jindals_islamophobic_no_go_zones_claim/|work=[[Salon.com]]|date=2015-02-13}}</ref> and former British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] said there were not any no-go zones in the UK. Jindal later said "I knew that by speaking the truth we were going to make people upset."<ref name=TelegraphNogo>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11356188/US-governor-denounces-so-called-Muslim-no-go-zones-in-London-speech.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11356188/US-governor-denounces-so-called-Muslim-no-go-zones-in-London-speech.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=US governor denounces so-called Muslim 'no-go zones' in London speech |last1=Sherwell |first1=Philip |date=January 19, 2015 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=January 19, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=csmap>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Philip|title=In London, Gov. Bobby Jindal slams Muslim 'no-go zones'|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2015/0120/In-London-Gov.-Bobby-Jindal-slams-Muslim-no-go-zones|access-date=January 20, 2015|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=The Christian Science Monitor|date=January 20, 2015}}</ref> When later asked by [[CNN]] to provide specific examples, Jindal declined.<ref name=TelegraphNogo /> He later added that some Muslim immigrants are trying to "colonize" cities in Europe and "overtake the culture", and that it could happen next in the U.S.<ref name=Diamond>{{cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/21/politics/bobby-jindal-no-go-zones-fox/ | title=Jindal: Some Muslims trying to 'colonize' West | publisher=[[CNN]]| date=January 21, 2015 | access-date=January 25, 2015 | author=Diamond, Jeremy}}</ref><ref name=Kharel>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/2016-us-presidential-hopeful-bobby-jindal-says-muslims-colonising-europe-621195 | title=2016 US Presidential Hopeful Bobby Jindal Says Muslims 'Colonising' Europe | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=January 25, 2015 | access-date=January 25, 2015 | author=Kharel, Gopi Chandra}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jindal was raised in a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] household. He is of Indian descent and is a U.S. citizen by [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright]]. He converted to [[Christianity]] while in [[Baton Rouge Magnet High School]]. During his first year at [[Brown University]], he was baptized into the [[Catholic Church]] as an adult under the [[Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults]] (RCIA).{{r|WashingtonPost_Whoriskey_20071021}}

[[File:JindalsBushShakeApril2008.jpg|thumb|right|Bobby and Supriya Jolly Jindal meet with then-President [[George W. Bush]].]]
Before Jindal was born, his father Amar Jindal was assistant professor of engineering at [[Punjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]]. After settling into Louisiana, Jindal's father went on to work with a Louisiana railroad company, and his mother transitioned into [[Information Technology]] (IT). As of 2008, Jindal's mother, Raj Jindal,<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> was [[information technology]] director for the [[Louisiana Workforce Commission]] (formerly the Louisiana Department of Labor) and served as Assistant Secretary to former State Labor Secretary Garey Forster during the administration of Governor [[Mike Foster (American politician)|Mike Foster]].<ref name=2theadvocate_Millhollon_200>{{cite news|url=http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/16805881.html|work=[[The Advocate (Baton Rouge)|The Advocate]]|date=March 19, 2008 |page=10A|title=Jindal's mother still with state|author=Millhollon, Michelle |location= Baton Rouge, Louisiana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321002513/http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/16805881.html|archive-date=March 21, 2008}}</ref> Jindal has a younger brother, Nikesh, who is a registered Republican and supported his brother's campaign for governor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/nikesh-jindal.asp?cycle=04|title=Nikesh Jindal – Political Contributions for 2004 |publisher=Campaignmoney.com|access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> Nikesh went to [[Dartmouth College]], where he graduated with honors, and then [[Yale Law School]]. Nikesh is now a lawyer in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="esquire.com"/>

Jindal's [[nickname]] dates to his childhood identification with [[Bobby Brady]], a character from the 1970s sitcom ''[[The Brady Bunch]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bobby-jindal-the-gops-rising-star/|title=Bobby Jindal: The GOP's Rising Star?|work=[[60 Minutes]]| publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 1, 2009|access-date=March 2, 2009}}</ref> He has been known by his nickname ever since, although his legal name remains Piyush Jindal.<ref name=Rediff_Haniffa_20031116>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/16jindal1.htm|title=He is Piyush, not Bobby|work=[[India Abroad]]|date=November 16, 2003|author=Haniffa, Ariz|location=Baton Rouge, LA}}</ref>

In 1997, Jindal married Supriya Jolly, who was born in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]], and moved to Baton Rouge when she was 4 years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/24/meghan-mccain-interviews_n_178458.html|work=[[HuffPost]]|first=Rachel|last=Weiner|title=Meghan McCain Interviews Supriya Jindal, First Lady of Louisiana|date=March 24, 2009}}</ref> The two attended the same high school, but Supriya's family moved from Baton Rouge to [[New Orleans]] after her freshman year. Supriya Jindal earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering and an M.B.A. degree from [[Tulane University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nola.com/living/index.ssf/2008/01/suddenly_supriya_louisianas_ne.html|title=Suddenly Supriya: Louisiana's new first lady is mom and MBA|publisher=Nola.com|date=January 13, 2008|access-date=August 7, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015214736/http://www.nola.com/living/index.ssf/2008/01/suddenly_supriya_louisianas_ne.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She created The Supriya Jindal Foundation for Louisiana's Children, a non-profit organization aimed at improving math and science education in grade schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jindalfoundation.org|title=Jindal Foundation homepage|publisher=Jindalfoundation.org|access-date=August 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809115319/http://jindalfoundation.org/|archive-date=August 9, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Jindals have three children: Selia Elizabeth, Shaan Robert, and Slade Ryan. Shaan was born with a [[congenital heart defect]] and had surgery as an infant. The Jindals have been outspoken advocates for children with congenital defects, particularly those without insurance. In 2006, he assisted as his wife delivered their third child at home, with him receiving medical coaching by phone to deliver their boy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Konieczko|first=Jill|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/campaign-2008/2008/05/22/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-bobby-jindal.html|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Bobby Jindal|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=May 22, 2008 |access-date=August 7, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623072857/http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/campaign-2008/2008/05/22/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-bobby-jindal.html|archive-date=June 23, 2010}}</ref>

Jindal enjoys hunting in Louisiana.<ref name="GowenBridges2015"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress]]
* [[List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States]]
* [[Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|s=author:Bobby Jindal|wikt=no|n=no|v=no|b=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111011140437/http://www.bobbyjindal.com/ Bobby Jindal for governor] (archived)
* {{C-SPAN|46629}}
* {{IMDb name|2010733}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150626085927/http://btr360.com/2015/06/24/bobby-jindal-i-am-running-for-president-full-transcript/ Bobby Jindal: "I Am Running for President" (Full Transcript)]
* {{CongLinks | congbio=J000287 | votesmart= | fec=H4LA00016 | congress= }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mike Foster (American politician)|Mike Foster]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[List of governors of Louisiana|Governor of Louisiana]]|years=[[2003 Louisiana gubernatorial election|2003]], [[2007 Louisiana gubernatorial election|2007]], [[2011 Louisiana gubernatorial election|2011]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Vitter]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Kathleen Sebelius]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Response to the State of the Union address]]|years=[[February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress|2009]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=Bob McDonnell}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Republican Governors Association]]|years=2012–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chris Christie]]}}
|-
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David Vitter]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from Louisiana|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district]]|years=2005–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Steve Scalise]] }}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kathleen Blanco]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Louisiana|Governor of Louisiana]]|years=2008–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Bel Edwards]]}}
|-
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Martha McSally]]|as=Former U.S. Senator}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of precedence of the United States]]|years=Within Louisiana}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[John Bel Edwards]]|as=Former Governor}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John Kasich]]|as=Former Governor}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of precedence of the United States]]|years=Outside Louisiana}}
{{s-end}}

{{United States presidential election, 2016}}
{{Governors of Louisiana}}
{{LARepresentatives}}
{{USCongRep-start |congresses=109th–110th [[United States Congress]]es |state=[[Louisiana's congressional delegations|Louisiana]]}}
{{USCongRep/LA/109}}
{{USCongRep/LA/110}}
{{USCongRep-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Bobby}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:American Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American management consultants]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:American state governors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Asian-American people in Louisiana politics]]
[[Category:Asian conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Baton Rouge Magnet High School alumni]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2003 United States elections]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Catholic politicians from Louisiana]]
[[Category:College Republicans]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration personnel]]
[[Category:Governors of Louisiana]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Louisiana Republicans]]
[[Category:Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]]
[[Category:McKinsey & Company people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States Congress of Indian descent]]
[[Category:United States representatives of Asian descent]]
[[Category:People associated with renewable energy]]
[[Category:People from Jefferson Parish, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Politicians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Republican Party governors of Louisiana]]
[[Category:Republican Party United States representatives from Louisiana]]
[[Category:State cabinet secretaries of Louisiana]]
[[Category:United States Department of Health and Human Services officials]]
[[Category:Writers from Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]

Attar Kaur

2026-04-14T04:42:29Z

AlmedaCheyne: Starting New Article!

'''Attar Kaur''' (c.1895 - 31 January 1964), was an eye witness to the aftermath of the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] on 13 April 1919, when she became the pregnant widow of Bhag Mal Bhatia at the age of 25 years. She later declined [[Indian Rupee sign|₹]] 25,000 compensation.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=68-69}}{{sfn|Ram|1978|p=96}}{{sfn|Devi|Pruthi|1998|p=125}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Cited sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=V. N. |last2=Datta |first2=Nonica |author1-link=Vishwa Nath Datta|title=Jallianwala Bagh: A Groundbreaking History of the 1919 Massacre |date=2021 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-143450337 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnEhEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Devi |first1=Rameshwari |last2=Pruthi |first2=Romila |title=Women and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Madame Bhikhaji Cama |date=1998 |publisher=Pointer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7132-163-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syduAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ram |first1=Raja |title=The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: A Premeditated Plan |date=1978 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSduAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |last1=Kochhar |first1=Aashish |title=Jallianwala’s Widows: Standing Tall |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/people/jallianwalas-widows-standing-tall |website=PeepulTree Live History India |language=en |date=13 April 2020}}

{{India-bio-stub}}

[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]

Dhanurjaya Sidu

2026-04-09T03:00:38Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added Initial Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhanurjay Sidu
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| profession = Politician
| image =
| caption = Portrait of Dhanurjaya Sidu
}}

'''Dhanurjay Sidu''' is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]] and was a member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 2004 to 2009, representing the [[Champua]] assembly constituency of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Champua-in-Orissa |title=Champua Vidhan sabha assembly election results in Orissa |website=elections.traceall.in |language=en |access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Politicians from Odisha]]

Third Tarun Gogoi ministry

2026-04-05T13:44:11Z

AlmedaCheyne: added new post

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India from 2011 to 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 20th
|image = The Governor of Assam, Shri J.B. Patnaik administering the oath as Chief Minister to Shri Tarun Gogoi, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, in Guwahati on May 18, 2011.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption = Tarun Gogoi, being administered the oath of office as Chief Minister of Assam by Governor [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] in [[Guwahati]] on 18 May 2011
|date_formed = 30 May 2011
|date_dissolved = 24 May 2016
|government_head = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
|state_head = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] {{small|(until 10 Dec. 2014)}} [[Padmanabha Acharya]] {{small|(from 10 Dec. 2014)}}
|opposition_party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|opposition_leader = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]
* {{Color box|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bodoland People's Front]] {{small|(until 2014)}}
|election = [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|last_election = [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|legislature_term = 5 years
|previous = [[Second Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun Gogoi II]]
|successor = [[Sonowal ministry|Sonowal]]
}}
[[File:The Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Tarun Gogoi calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on December 16, 2015.jpg|thumb|Gogoi with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in [[New Delhi]] on 16 December 2015]]

The '''Third Tarun Gogoi ministry''' is the third consecutive council of ministers of the [[Government of Assam]] headed by Chief Minister [[Tarun Gogoi]] between 2011 and 2016. The ministry was constituted on 30 May 2011 after Tarun Gogoi was sworn-in as the chief minister of the state for the third consecutive term after leading the [[Indian National Congress]] into victory in the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|assembly election]]. The ministry remained into force until 24 May 2016.

==Background==
{{main|2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}

The 2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election which took place in two phases on 4 and 11 April 2011 resulted in the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] under the leadership of Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi winning the majority of seats by increasing its seat tally from 53 (in the outgoing assembly) to 78, while its coalition partner, the [[Bodoland People's Front]] won 12 seats. The [[All India United Democratic Front]] emerged as the single largest party after the Congress winning 18 seats in the assembly. The principal opposition party, the [[Asom Gana Parishad]] won only 10 seats and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 5 seats. One seat was won by the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] while two independent candidates were also victorious.

After leading his party to an overwhelming victory, Gogoi was elected as the chief minister of the state for the third term by the Congress leadership and was sworn-in into office on 18 May 2021 by Governor [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]. The cabinet was expanded on 30 May 2021 when 18 ministers were inducted.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Assam: Eight new faces in Gogoi Cabinet - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/assam-eight-new-faces-in-gogoi-cabinet/796113/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Swearing-in ceremony==
Tarun Gogoi was sworn-in as the chief minister of the state on 18 May 2011 by Governor Janaki Ballabh Patnaik at the [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati|Raj Bhavan complex]]. The ceremony was attended by a host of dignitaries including Union DoNER and Mines Minister [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]], Chief Justice of the [[Gauhati High Court]] [[Madan Lokur|Madan Bhimarao Lokur]], Meghalaya Chief Minister [[Mukul Sangma]], Assam Pradesh Congress President [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]], Bodoland People's Front President and BTC Chief Executive Member [[Hagrama Mohilary]], the newly-elected members of the legislative assembly, among prominent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Talukdar |first=Sushanta |date=2011-05-18 |title=Tarun Gogoi sworn in for third time |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states//article60495551.ece |access-date=2022-04-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Composition==
Gogoi dropped 8 ministers from his [[Second Tarun Gogoi Ministry|previous ministry]] including former chief minister [[Bhumidhar Barman]].<ref name=":4" /> Gogoi retained [[Prithibi Majhi]], [[Gautam Roy]], [[Ajanta Neog]], [[Akon Bora]], [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], [[Khorsing Engti]], [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]], [[Pradyut Bordoloi]] and [[Rakibul Hussain]] along with BPF representative [[Chandan Brahma]].<ref name=":4" /> On 27 May 2011, the ministers of the council of ministers were inducted in a solemn ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam: 18 ministers sworn in |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-18-ministers-sworn-in-456962 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2011-05-27 |title=Tarun Gogoi ministry expanded, 18 ministers sworn in {{!}} India News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/tarun-gogoi-ministry-expanded-18-ministers-sworn-in_708985.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> 18 ministers were appointed among whom 13 were of cabinet rank, namely [[Prithibi Majhi]] and [[Tanka Bahadur Rai]] (former Speakers), [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]], [[Gautam Roy]], [[Ajanta Neog]], [[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]], [[Akon Bora]], [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], [[Khorsing Engti]], [[Rakibul Hussain]], [[Nilamani Sen Deka]], [[Pradyut Bordoloi]], [[Pranati Phukan]] and [[Chandan Brahma]], while four appointees were ministers of state with independent charge which included [[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]], [[Basanta Das]], [[Rajib Lochan Pegu]] and [[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]]. All the ministers except for Chandan Brahma were Congress legislators while Brahma belong to the Bodoland People's Front. The portfolios were assigned among the ministers on 30 May 2011<ref name=":5" /> He allocated the portfolios to his ministers on 30 May 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2010-09-15 |title=Gogoi allocates portfolios to ministers |url=https://assamtribune.com/gogoi-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

Transport minister Chandan Brahma resigned from the cabinet after the Bodoland People's Front withdrew from the Congress alliance on 27 June 2014. This was followed by resignation of disgruntled Congress minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] in July 2014 who later joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and became chief minister in 2021. Senior cabinet minister Ardhendu Kumar Dey and minister of state Siddique Ahmed were dropped from the cabinet on 23 July 2014 for accompanying Sarma to submit this resignation to the cabinet.

On 22 January 2015, all the ministers of the government submitted their resignation to the chief minister to pave way for a reshuffle which took place on 26 January 2015. Among those ministers who were re-appointed were Ajanta Neog, Nazrul Islam, Khorsing Engti and Rakibul Islam, while the newly appointed ministers included former caretaker chief minister [[Bhumidhar Barman]], [[Sarat Barkotoky]], Sukur Ali Ahmed, [[Chandan Kumar Sarkar]] and [[Atuwa Munda]]. Ajit Singh and Basanta Das were promoted to cabinet rank while [[Sumitra Patir]], [[Girindra Mallik]] and [[Bismita Gogoi]] were inducted as ministers of state with independent charge.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=Tarun Gogoi reshuffles Assam ministry, 11 cabinet ministers join |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tarun-gogoi-reshuffles-assam-ministry-11-cabinet-ministers-join-2061027.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 September 2015, former ministers [[Gautam Roy]] and [[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]] were appointed as cabinet ministers in the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/top-headlines/gautam-siddique-take-oath/|title=Gautam, Siddique take oath|date=22 September 2015|website=Sentinel Assam}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Home Department of Political Department of Personnel Department of Finance General Administration Department Secretariat Administration Department Department of Election Department of Passport Department of Information Technology Department of Science and Technology, and All other departments not allocated to any other Minister.
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Administrative Reforms and Training
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Guwahati Development Department
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 20 June 2012
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| minister2_termstart = 20 June 2012
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue and Disaster Management
| minister1 = [[Prithibi Majhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation Minister of Labour and Employment
| minister1 = [[Prithibi Majhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tea Tribes Welfare
| minister1 = [[Prithibi Majhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Atuwa Munda]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Planning and Development Minister of Judicial, Legislative and Law
| minister1 = [[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Pension and Public Grievance
| minister1 = [[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Sarat Barkotoky]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food Minister of Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs
| minister1 = [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Welfare of Minorities Minister of Haj
| minister1 = [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Sukur Ali Ahmed]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Health Engineering
| minister1 = [[Gautam Roy]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Sukur Ali Ahmed]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works (Roads and Buildings, National Highways)
| minister1 = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development Minister of Housing
| minister1 = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Sumitra Patir]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation Minister of Soil Conservation
| minister1 = [[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2014
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Nilamani Sen Deka]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 July 2014
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Chandan Kumar Sarkar]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare
| minister1 = [[Akon Bora]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 22 September 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Gautam Roy]]
| minister3_termstart = 22 September 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Jails
| minister1 = [[Akon Bora]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Girindra Mallik]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = [[Chandan Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 27 June 2014
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 June 2014
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tourism
| minister1 = [[Chandan Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 27 June 2014
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 June 2014
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Sumitra Patir]], MoS (I/C)
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2014
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 July 2014
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2014
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 July 2014
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Sarat Barkotoky]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Implementation of Assam Accord
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2014
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 July 2014
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Minister of Hill Areas Development
| minister1 = [[Khorsing Engti]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Mines and Minerals
| minister1 = [[Khorsing Engti]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Girindra Mallik]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Panchayat and Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)#Ministers|Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Processing]] Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Nilamani Sen Deka]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industries and Commerce Minister of Power Minister of Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 22 September 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]]
| minister3_termstart = 22 September 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Handloom, Textiles and Sericulture Minister of Cultural Affairs
| minister1 = [[Pranati Phukan]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Bismita Gogoi]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment and Forest
| minister1 = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Atuwa Munda]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = [[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2014
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 23 July 2014
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Khorsing Engti]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Excise Minister of Sports and Youth Welfare
| minister1 = [[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Fisheries
| minister1 = [[Basanta Das]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Basanta Das]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Information and Public Relations Minister of Printing and Stationery
| minister1 = [[Basanta Das]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Water Resources
| minister1 = [[Rajib Lochan Pegu]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Basanta Das]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Welfare of Plain Tribes and Backward Classes
| minister1 = [[Chandan Brahma]] (only BTAD areas)
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 27 June 2014
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
| minister2 = [[Rajib Lochan Pegu]], MoS (I/C) (non-BTAD areas)
| minister2_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Scheduled Castes Welfare
| minister1 = [[Basanta Das]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tribal Welfare
| minister1 = [[Sumitra Patir]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Backward Castes Welfare
| minister1 = [[Bismita Gogoi]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Border Areas Development
| minister1 = [[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2014
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 July 2014
| minister2_termend = 26 January 2015
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Girindra Mallik]], MoS (I/C)
| minister3_termstart = 26 January 2015
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2016
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Tarun Gogoi III]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam|Tarun Gogoi III]]
[[Category:Bodoland People's Front]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2011|Gogoi III]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2016|Gogoi III]]

Detective Charulata

2026-04-03T01:23:45Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added The Entry More To Come

{{short description|Indian Bengali language crime and thriller web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Detective Charulata Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Joydip Banerjee
| producer = Aakash Bhowmick
| writer =
| story = Soumit Deb
| genre = Detective, [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| screenplay = Soumit Deb
| starring = [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]], Debmalya Gupta, [[Chaiti Ghoshal]], Anujoy Chattopadhyay, Pooja Sarkar, Manas Mukherjee
| music = Pranjal Das
| cinematography = Anir
| company =
| released = {{Start date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}
'''Detective Charulata''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Crime fiction|crime]] and [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[web series]] directed by Joydip Banerjee and produced by Aakash Bhowmick.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dharitri |title=Joydip Banerjee spills beans on what made him cast Surangana Bandopadhyay as Detective Charulata |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Apr/19/joydip-banerjee-spills-beans-on-what-made-him-cast-surangana-bandopadhyay-as-detective-charulata |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=19 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Detective Charulata |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/makers-have-revealed-the-first-look-of-the-web-series-detective-charulata-as-a-tribute-to-feluda-starring-surangana-bandyopadhyay-dgtl/cid/1587461 |website=anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=Detective Charulata: ফেলুদাকে শ্রদ্ধার্ঘ্য, সুরঙ্গনা যখন 'ডিটেক্টিভ চারুলতা'! রহস্য সমাধানে সঙ্গী কারা? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/surangana-bandyopadhyay-as-detective-charulata-upcoming-web-series-first-look-revealed-as-a-tribute-to-feluda-8846372 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}</ref>

The series starring [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]], Debmalya Gupta, [[Chaiti Ghoshal]], Anujoy Chattopadhyay, Pooja Sarkar, and Manas Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite web |title=ফেলুদা-শার্লকের জুতোয় পা সুরঙ্গনার; আসছে 'ডিটেক্টিভ চারুলতা' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/surangana-bandyopadhyay-talks-about-detective-charulata-new-bengali-series-west-bengal-news-wbs25031102878 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn |date=11 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Detective Charulata: ফেলুদার প্রতি শ্রদ্ধা জানাতে আসছেন 'ডিটেক্টিভ চারুলতা', প্রথমবার গোয়েন্দা চরিত্রে সুরঙ্গনা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়; সামনে এল প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/detective-charulata-first-look-upcoming-detective-thriller-series-in-klikk-ott-ss-2088818-page-8.html |website=bengali.news18.com |publisher=[[News18 India]] |language=bn |date=11 March 2025}}</ref>

Anir is the cinematographer while music is scored by Pranjal Das.<ref>{{cite web |title=Detective Charulata: রহস্য ভেদ করতে হাজির সুরঙ্গনা! প্রকাশ্যে 'ডিটেক্টিভ চারুলতা'র ফার্স্ট লুক... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/the-first-look-of-the-upcoming-klikk-series-detective-charulata_571970.html |website=Zee24Ghanta.com |publisher=[[Zee News]] |language=bn |date=11 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dharitri |title=Makers reveal first look of Surangana Bandopadhyay in and as Detective Charulata |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Mar/12/makers-reveal-first-look-of-surangana-bandopadhyay-in-and-as-detective-charulata |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=12 March 2025}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Private investigator Charulata Mitra and her cousin Topu typically handle conventional cases; nevertheless, when an unsettling prophecy by a self-styled witch materializes, Charu initiates an investigation into a series of enigmatic fatalities linked to a pivotal event from thirty years prior.<ref>{{cite web |title=রহস্যে কাঁপানো কলকাতা শহরের সিরিয়াল খুন, এবার 'ডিটেকটিভ চারুলতা' |url=https://kolkatatv.org/entertainment/upcoming-klikk-series-detective-charulata-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |website=kolkatatv.org |date=16 April 2025 |publisher=[[Kolkata TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Detective Charulata Trailer: মরা মানুষ ফিরে এসে চালাচ্ছে হত্যালীলা, মগজাস্ত্র কি পারবে খুনি ধরতে? অতিপ্রাকৃত আর বাস্তবের মিশেলে পর্দায় এল 'ডিটেকটিভ চারুলতা'-র মন ছুঁয়ে যাওয়া ট্রেলার |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/detective-charulata-trailer-surangama-debmalya-starrer-murder-mystery-and-mind-games-ss-2110753.html |website=bengali.news18.com |publisher=[[News18 India]] |language=bn |date=28 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]]
*Debmalya Gupta
*[[Chaiti Ghoshal]]
*Anujoy Chattopadhyay
*Pooja Sarkar
*Manas Mukherjee
*Pamela Kanjilal
*Mallika Majumdar
*Sanmitra Bhaumik

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#E1A371 |overall= Detective Charulata |title=Detective Charulata |director= Joydip Banerjee|airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Charudir Goyendagiri
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Detective Charulata Mitra often investigates ordinary crimes till she encounters her significant opportunity, the intriguing case of Mrs. Sen.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Sen Barite Khunkharapi
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Charu suspects malfeasance in Mrs. Sen's demise, as the inquiry uncovers a sinister secret within the Sen family.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Kolkata-e Kelenkari
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Charu associates the murder with a series of disparate homicides in the city. The police are currently collaborating with Charu to capture the perpetrator. Charu confronts an alternative peril.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Joto Kando Katwate
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Charu's inquiry directed the crew to Katwa in pursuit of the elusive murderer, who has been deceased for over 25 years.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Khel Khotom
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Charu devises a trap to capture the murderer, but events do not unfold as anticipated.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt36502506}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Crime drama web series]]

{{2020s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Mehsana

2026-03-28T17:38:18Z

AlmedaCheyne:

{{For|its namesake district|Mehsana district}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahesana
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Rajmahal Mehsana Gujarat India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Rajmahal, Mehsana|Rajmahal]], a palace built in 1904 by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]
{{Photomontage|photo3a = Mehsana 01.jpg
}}

| pushpin_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|36|0|N|72|24|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North Gujarat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1319 or 1358 AD
| founder = Mehsaji Chavda
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Mehsana Municipal Corporation]]

| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = Ravindra Khatale
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="MSNNP">{{cite web|title=Mehsana Nagarpalika, Mehsana|url=http://mehsananagarpalika.com/mehsana.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104173054/http://mehsananagarpalika.com/mehsana.html|archive-date=4 November 2016|access-date=1 February 2017|website=Mehsana Nagarpalika|language=gu}}</ref>
| elevation_ft = 375
| population_total = 184991<ref name="2011census1" />
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 18th (Gujarat)
| area_total_km2 = 116.77
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 190189
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=UA1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=13 November 2011 }}</ref>
| population_demonym = Mehoni, Mehsani
| population_footnotes = <ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 384001, 384002,384003
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 2762
| registration_plate = GJ-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.12<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove /> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = https://mahesanacity.in/
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Mehsana''' ({{audio|Mehsana.ogg|pronunciation}}), also spelled '''Mahesana''', is a city and the headquarters of [[Mehsana district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. Established in 14th century, the city was under [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]] of [[Baroda State]] from 18th century to the independence of India in 1947. Dairy, oil and natural gas are major industries in the city.

==History==
[[File:Toranwali Mata temple gate Mehsana.jpg|thumb|Gate of Toranwali Mata Temple|left]]

=== History and legends ===
Jaisinh Brahmabhatt describes the following legend in his poems from 1932 AD:<ref name="dp" /><ref name="MSNNP" /> Mehsana was established by Mehsaji Chavda, [[Rajput]] heir of the [[Chavda dynasty]]. He constructed the ''[[Torana]]'' (arc gate) of the city and a temple dedicated to Goddess Toran on Bhadrapad Sud 10 in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1414 (1358 AD).<ref name="nri">{{cite web | url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-mehsana-2.htm | title=Mehsana - History | publisher=Government of Gujarat | work=NRI Division | year=2009 | access-date=March 17, 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214307/http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-mehsana-2.htm | archive-date=October 21, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="GG1975" /> The legend is corroborated in ''Pragat Prabhavi Parshwanath athva Parshwanathna Chamatkaro'' published in Vikram Samvat 1909 (1823 AD) by Manilal Nyalchand Shah who also mentioned in it that Mehsaji built a temple dedicated to [[Chamunda]]. Another legend says that Mehsaji established the town in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1375 (1319 AD). Both legends describes that the town is named after Mehsaji. These legends also inconclusively establish that the town was founded during the Rajput period.<ref name="GG1975">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JycbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Mehsana District |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, [[Government of Gujarat]] |year=1975 |editor=S. B. Rajyagor |series=Gujarat State Gazetteers |volume=5 |pages=1, 108, 805–806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216021852/https://books.google.com/books?id=JycbAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=2017-02-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=Manilal Nyalchand|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.516741/page/n1/mode/2up|title=Pragat Prabhavi Parshwanth athwa Parshwanathna Chamatkaro|publisher=Manilal Nyalchand Shah|year=1823|location=Ahmedabad|pages=118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-17|title=વિ.સં.૧૪૧૪, ભાદરવા સુદ ૧૦ના દિવસે શ્રી મેસાણાનું તોરણ બંધાયું|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/UGUJ-MEH-mahesana-history-prachin-arvachin-part-2-4715525-PHO.html|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu}}</ref> According to another story, [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] had gifted 284 villages to Punjaji Chavda, a descendant of [[Vanaraja Chavda|Vanraja Chavda]], who had established [[Ambasan]] as his capital. His son Mesaji Chavda later established Mehsana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/uguj-meh-omc-happy-birthday-mehsana-660th-foundation-day-know-about-city-gujarati-news-5683196-pho.html|title=આજે બર્થ-ડે: મહેસાણાને વર્ષો પહેલાં લોકો કયા નામે ઓળખાતાં હતાં? જાણો|publisher=Divya Bhaskar|date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=મહેસાણાનો આજે 661મો સ્થાપના દિવસ, જાણો શું છે તેનો ઇતિહાસ|url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/establishment-of-mehsana-before-661-year-18965|access-date=2024-03-17|website=Zee News}}</ref>

=== Gaekwad maratha rule in north Gujarat ===
[[Gaekwad]]s conquered [[Vadodara|Baroda]] and established [[Baroda State]] in 1721.<ref name=":0" /> Following the [[third Battle of Panipat]], [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] removed [[Babi dynasty]] from [[Visnagar]] and conquered [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] in 1766.<ref name="GG1975" /> He expanded their rule in north Gujarat uniting the regions of Visnagar, [[Vadnagar]], [[Kheralu]], Mehsana, Vijapur, Patan and Harij.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/Ebook/GujaratMarchingAhead/GujaratMarchingAheadVolume4Feb2018.pdf |title=Gujarat Marching Ahead |publisher=Government of Gujarat |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Ashwini |volume=4 |location=Gandhinagar |publication-date=February 2018 |pages=20–23 |chapter=District Profile: Mehsana: Gujarat's cultural and political axis |issue=2}}</ref> He established [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] as its administrative headquarters. Later the headquarters was moved to [[Kadi, Gujarat|Kadi]] and subsequently to Mehsana in 1902 when the city was connected by the [[Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway]] which was opened on 21 March 1887. [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] built [[Rajmahal, Mehsana|Rajmahal]], a palace in 1904.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276073|title=The Ruler Of Baroda: An Account of the Life and Work of the Maharaja Gaekwar|last=Sergeant|first=Philip W.|publisher=John Murray|year=1928|location=Albemarle Street, London|pages=226–229}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-independence administrative changes ===
Baroda State merged with the Union of India after independence in 1947. It was merged into [[Bombay State]] as Mehsana district in 1949. Later it became part of [[Gujarat]] in 1960 after the division of Bombay state into Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]]. The city of Mehsana is the headquarters of Mehsana district in north Gujarat.<ref name="dp">{{cite web | url=https://mehsanadp.gujarat.gov.in/Mehasana/jilavishe/etihas.htm | title=History | language=gu | publisher=Mehsana District Panchayat | work=Government of Gujarat | date=17 July 2012 | access-date=March 17, 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508063032/http://mehsanadp.gujarat.gov.in/Mehasana/jilavishe/etihas.htm | archive-date=8 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="GG1975" />

=== Formation of the Municipal Corporation ===
Following the merger of Baroda state with [[Bombay State]] on 1 August 1949, the city was governed by Bombay District Municipal Act, 1902. From 1 January 1956 to 2024, it was governed under Gujarat Nagar Palika Act, 1963.<ref name="MSNNP" /> The formation of the Mehsana Municipal Corporation was approved on 1 January 2025. Total nine adjoining village [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]]: Fatepura, Ramosana, Ramosana NA area, Dediyasan, Palavasna, Heduva Rajgar, Heduva Hanumant, Taleti and Lakhwad; as well as the parts of five village panchayats: Palodar, Panchot, Gilosan, Nugar and Sakhpurda; were merged with Mehsana Nagarpalika to form the Mehsana Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=રાજ્યની 9 મહા નગરપાલિકાને મહા પાલિકાનો દરજ્જો અપાયો, હવે કુલ મનપા 17 થઈ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/gujarat-govt-officially-declared-new-nine-municipal-corporations |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref> More 10 panchayats were also merged later in September 2025: Ucharpi, Detrojpura, Tavadiya, Dela, Kukas, Rupal (Kukas), Rampura, Virampura, Hebuva and Shobhasan. Following the formation of the Mehsana Municipal Corporation, the total area under the city administration expanded from {{convert|32|sqkm}} to {{convert|120|sqkm}} with total population of 4.53 [[lakh]].<ref name="GujJag">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Mehsana: મહેસાણા મનપામાં વધુ 10 ગામોનો સમાવેશ, 120 કિ.મી.ના વિસ્તારમાં વિસ્તરણ, 4.53 લાખની વસ્તી |url=https://www.gujaratijagran.com/gujarat/mehsana/mehsana-news-10-more-villages-included-in-mehsana-municipality-expansion-to-an-area-of-120-km-population-of-4-53-lakh-609810 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Gujarati Jagran |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=મહેસાણામાં હવે મકાનના ભાવ આસમાન આંબશે! મહાનગરપાલિકા જાહેર કરાતા કઈ સુવિધાઓમાં થશે વધારો? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/development-works-in-mehsana-will-get-a-booster-dose-what-facilities-will-be-available-after-being-declared-a-municipality-322586 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Khari River Mehsana.jpg|thumb|Khari River near Mehsana|left]]
Mehsana has an average elevation of {{convert|375|ft|m|abbr=}} above sea level.<ref name="MSNNP" /> By Ahmedabad-Palanpur Railway line, the town is divided in two: the east and western parts are known as Mehsana-1 and Mehsana-2 respectively.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-05 |title=મહેસાણામાં બગીચાની અસમતુલા પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં 7, પૂર્વમાં માત્ર 2 બગીચા |language=gu |work=[[NavGujarat Samay]] |url=https://www.navgujaratsamay.com/garden-asymmetry-in-mehsana-7-in-the-western-part-only-2-gardens-in-the-east/200557.html |access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehsananagarpalika.com/population.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228151901/http://mehsananagarpalika.com/population.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=28 February 2017 |title = Welcome to Mehsana Nagarpalika, Mehsana, Gujarat, INDIA}}</ref>
| 1901 | 9393
| 1911 | 10141
| 1921 | 11888
| 1931 | 14762
| 1941 | 16986
| 1951 | 22804
| 1961 | 32577
| 1971 | 51598
| 1981 | 72872
| 1991 | 88201
| 2001 | 98987
| 2011 | 184991
}}
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} India [[census]], the population of Mehsana was 184,991, of which male and female were 97,440 and 87,551, respectively.<ref name="2011census1">{{Cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=571696 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190820053153/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=571696 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2019-08-20 |title = Census of India: Search Details}}</ref> Its urban-metropolitan population was 190,753 of which 100,558 were males and 90,195 were females.<ref name="2011census2">{{Cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=571695 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190820053309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=571695 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2019-08-20 |title = Census of India: Search Details}}</ref>

Following the formation of the Mehsana Municipal Corporation, the estimated population living in the city as of 2024 will increase from 3,15,619 to 4,26,997.<ref name=":4" />

The sex ratio was 894 females to 1,000 males.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove /> Mehsana had an average literacy rate of 84.26%, higher than the national average. Male literacy was 91.88%, and female literacy was 76.12%.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove /> 9.4% of Mehsana's population was under 6 years of age.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove />

At 762,<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove /> Mehsana had the lowest child sex-ratio among the urban centres in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mehsana, shame of India!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-13/ahmedabad/30623606_1_girl-child-mehsana-town-mehsana-district-collector|access-date=23 January 2012|author=Radha Sharma & Bharat Yagnik|date=13 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211951/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/12/52|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Mehsana City
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|City & outgrowths
|190,753
|100,558
|90,195
|-
|Literates
|148,851
|81,647
|67,204
|-
|Children (0–6)
|18,946
|10,751
|8,195
|-
|Literacy
|89.64%
|94.18%
|84.69%
|-
|[[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| colspan="3" |899
|-
|[[Child sex ratio]]
| colspan="3" |762
|}

===Religion===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}
[[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in Mehsana with 88.18% of the population being followers. Islam is the second-most-popular religion in the city at 9.26%, followed by [[Jainism]] at 1.62%, [[Sikhism]] 0.28%, [[Buddhism]] 0.28%,{{clarify|date=March 2018|does not match with table below}} and Christianity at 0.27%. Around 0.01% identified with other religions and approximately 0.36% were of no particular religion.
{| class="wikitable"
!Religion
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|'''Hindu'''
|168,205
|88.18%
|-
|'''Muslims'''
|17,673
|9.26%
|-
|'''Jain'''
|3,099
|1.62%
|-
|'''Not stated'''
|688
|0.36%
|-
|'''Sikh'''
|525
|0.28%
|-
|'''Christian'''
|508
|0.27%
|-
|'''Buddhist'''
|27
|0.01%
|-
|'''Others'''
|28
|0.01%
|}

== Places of interest==
[[File:Boter Kotha ni Vav Mehsana Stepwell 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Boter Kothani Vav]]]]
[[Rajmahal, Mehsana|Rajmahal]] is a palace built in 1904 by Sayajirao Gaekwad III.<ref name=":0"/> [[Boter Kothani Vav]] was constructed during the reign of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. An inscription dated 1674 AD in Persian and Devnagari scripts states that it was commissioned by Shah Gokaldas of [[Shrimali Brahmin|Shrimali]] caste, Laghu Shakha, and his mother Manabai for public welfare.<ref name="Bhatt2014">{{cite book|author=Purnima Mehta Bhatt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWmiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|title=Her Space, Her Story: Exploring the Stepwells of Gujarat|date=16 December 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-84757-08-3|pages=57–58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824131900/https://books.google.com/books?id=tWmiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There is another stepwell known as Bodashiyani Vav in [[Biladi Baug]]. It was constructed by Shah Virchandji Jadavji.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhojak |first=Kanaiyalal Amthalal |title=Mehsana: Prachin Arvachin |publisher=Mehsana Municipality |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Mehsana |pages=84–85 |language=gu |script-title=gu:મહેસાણા: પ્રાચીન અર્વાચીન |trans-title=Mehsana: Ancient and Modern}}</ref><ref name="MSNNP" />

Other historical monuments include Shrimad Yashovijayji Jain Sanskrit Pathshala building, T. J. High School, Kesharbai School and Mehsana district local board office.<ref name="MSNNP" /> [[Dudhsagar Dairy plant]] is a [[Postmodern architecture|postmodernist]] building designed by [[Achyut Kanvinde]].<ref name=":1" />

==={{anchor|Places of Worship}}Places of worship===
[[File:Manoranjan Parshwanath Jaim Temple, Mehsana 2023 4.jpg|thumb|Glass-studded ceiling of Manoranjan Parshwanath Jain temple]]
Major Hindu temples include: Pushtimarg temples of Madanmohanlalji temple and Dwarkadhishji temple, Toranvali Mata temple, Brahmani Mata temple, [[Hinglaj]] Mata temple, Bahuchar Mata temple, Kalupur Gadi Swaminarayan temple, BAPS Swaminarayan temple, Gayatri temple, Ambika Mata temple and Somnath Mahadev temple.<ref name="GG1975"/> Bhimnath Mahadev Temple was renovated in 1982.<ref>{{Cite news |title=મહેસાણાનું અતિ પ્રાચીન ભીમનાથ મહાદેવ મંદિર |language=gu |work=Divya Bhaskar |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/UGUJ-mehsana-ancient-bhimnath-mahadev-temple-1243429.html}}</ref>

Simandhar Swami Jain Derasar is a temple located near Modhera crossroads. It is {{convert|161|ft|m|order=flip}} long, {{convert|97|ft|m|order=flip}} broad and {{convert|107|ft|m|order=flip}} high. The central deity (''moolnayak'') of the temple is a {{convert|12|ft}} white idol of [[Simandhar Swami]] in [[lotus position]] (''padmasana''). The temple was established in 1971 under guidance of Jain monk Kailassagarsuri.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Mehsana|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/12/52|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211951/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/12/52|archive-date=2017-02-23|access-date=2017-02-23|website=Gujarat Tourism}}</ref>

There is a temple dedicated to Ayyappa established by the South Indian community and a Gurdwara Sahib established by the Sikh community near the Radhanpur crossroads on State Highway 41.

Christian churches include Mar Gregorios Orthodox Syrian Church.

== Amenities and infrastructure ==
[[File:Atal Sports Centre Mehsana 5.jpg|thumb|Atal Sports Centre]]
[[File:Vanikar Club Mehsana.jpg|thumb|Vanikar Club]]
[[Para Lake]], officially Swami Vivekanand Lake, was excavated during the [[Baroda State|Gaekwad rule]]. It was redeveloped and opened in 2019.<ref name="DB1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/gift-of-para-lake-to-mehsanas-after-13-years-today-inaugurated-by-nitin-patel-1564894655.html|title=13 વર્ષ બાદ મહેસાણાવાસીઓને પરા તળાવની ભેટ, આજે નીતિન પટેલના હસ્તે લોકાર્પણ|last=Bhati|first=Deepak|date=2019-08-04|website=divyabhaskar|language=gu|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> [[Nagalpur Lake]] is being development as a public space.<ref name="db1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/uttar-gujarat/latest-news/mehsana/news/redevelopment-of-nagalpur-lake-in-mehsana-1563159254.html|title=બાવળોની ઝાંડીઓથી ઘેરાયેલુ નાગલપુર તળાવ 11.99 કરોડના ખર્ચે રમણીય બનાવાશે|last=Shukla|first=Rakeshkumar|date=2019-07-15|website=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=2020-01-24|language=gu}}</ref> Sai Talav, a lake near Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev temple on Radhanpur Road is being developed at a cost of {{INRconvert|3.94|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=રહીશોમાં આનંદ: શહેરના કાશી વિશ્વનાથ મહાદેવ તળાવનું રૂ.3.94 કરોડના ખર્ચે બ્યુટિફિકેશન કરાશે |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/the-citys-kashi-vishwanath-mahadev-lake-will-be-beautified-at-a-cost-of-rs-394-crore-135746051.html |work=Divya Bhaskar}}</ref>

There are nine gardens in the city including Parashuram Play Ground, Maharshi Arvind Baug and [[Biladi Baug]] (Mahatma Gandhi garden).<ref name=":2" /> [[Mehsana Cricket Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]] is a multi-purpose stadium with capacity of 3000 people.<ref name=":0b">{{Cite news|date=2019-02-24 |title=ગુજરાતનું નવું નજરાણું: કરોડો રૂપિયાના ખર્ચે મહેસાણામાં બનશે અદ્યતન ક્રિકેટ સ્ટેડિયમ, જાણો વિગત |url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/gujarat/modern-cricket-stadium-will-be-ready-in-mehsana-at-uttar-gujarat-376846 |access-date=2022-03-15 |publisher=ABP Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref> Atal Sports Centre was constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|6.65|c}} and opened in April 2022. It houses sports facilities, including a gymnasium and a swimming pool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=અટલ સ્પોર્ટ્સ સેન્ટરનું એક દિવસ પહેલાં કોંગ્રેસે ઉદ્ધાટન કરી નાખતાં વિવાદ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/mehsana/controversy-over-atal-sports-center-being-inaugurated-by-congress-a-day-ago |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref> Vanikar Club was established in 1904.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhojak|first=Kanaiyalal Amthalal|title=Mehsana: Prachin Arvachin|publisher=Mehsana Municipality|year=1957|isbn=|location=Mehsana|pages=120|language=gu|script-title=gu:મહેસાણા: પ્રાચીન અર્વાચીન|trans-title=Mehsana: Ancient and Modern}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baroda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-6sAAAAMAAJ&q=vanikar+club |title=Administration Report |date=1928 |publisher=Printed at the Times Press |language=en}}</ref>

Sardar Patel Underpass at Modhera Circle on the state highway was built at the cost of {{INRconvert|147|c}} and was opened in July 2022. It is {{convert|927|m}}-long, the longest [[Tunnel|underpass]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guj CM dedicates the Sardar Patel Underpass constructed at a cost of Rs. 147 crore in Mehsana {{!}} CMO Gujarat |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/guj-cm-dedicates-sardar-patel-underpass-constructed-cost-rs-147-crore-mehsana |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=cmogujarat.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-20 |title=ટ્રાફિક સમસ્યાનો અંત:ગુજરાતના સૌથી મોટા અંડરપાસની મહેસાણાને ભેટ, મોઢેરા ચોકડી પર રૂ.147 કરોડના ખર્ચે નિર્મિત એક કિમી લાંબા સરદાર પટેલ અંડરપાસનું મુખ્યમંત્રીના હસ્તે લોકાર્પણ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/gift-of-gujarats-largest-underpass-to-mehsana-inauguration-of-one-km-long-sardar-patel-underpass-at-modhera-chowkdi-at-a-cost-of-147-crores-by-chief-minister-130082582.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref>

As a railway line passes through the middle of the city, the city is divided in the old city (Mehsana-1) and the Highway area (Mehsana-2). These two divisions are connected by two railway underpasses; Gopi Nala and Bhammaria Nala; and a railway overbridge at Visnagar Link Road. The third underpass was approved in 2025 connecting Prajapati Vadi on T B Road and Brahmaninagar which will cost {{INRconvert|36.25|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-10 |title=મંજૂરી:મહેસાણામાં બ્રહ્માણીનગર, પ્રજાપતિ વાડી પાસે રેલવે અંડરપાસ બનાવવા રૂ. 36.25 કરોડ મંજૂર |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/rs-3625-crore-approved-for-construction-of-railway-underpass-near-brahmani-nagar-prajapati-wadi-in-mehsana-134267877.html |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=મહેસાણા 1-2ને જોડતો વધુ એક માર્ગ મળશે |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/one-more-route-connecting-mehsana-1-2-will-be-found/217083.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=en}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Post Office Headquarters Mehsana India Post Payments Bank .jpg|thumb|Head Post Office, Mehsana]]

===Industries===
Mehsana has dairy, agriculture and road-equipment based industry. It also has oil and natural gas production fields and various small- and medium-size industries. The banking and finance sectors have nationalised, cooperative, and private sector banks. Many large and small road-equipment industries are established in Mehsana-Dediyasan [[Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation]] (GIDC).{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===Dairy===
The city is known for its local [[Mehsana buffalo|Mehsani breed]] of [[Bubalus|buffaloes]].

The Mehsana District Cooperative Milk Producer's Union, popularly known as [[Dudhsagar Dairy]], is a member of the state-level [[Amul|Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation]] and the largest dairy in Asia, processing on average 1.41 million kilograms of milk each day. It has established a network for procuring milk from 4,500,000 milk producers through 1,150 village milk cooperatives.<ref name="GG1975"/>

===Oil and natural gas===
Established in November 1967, the Mehsana fields are one of the largest onshore-producing assets of the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), covering an area of {{convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} with 28 fields in 2007–08. Mehsana also has 1,311 oil wells, and 16 gas wells producing 6,000 tonnes per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ONGC EMPLOYEES CO-OP.CREDIT AND THRIFT SOCIETY LTD.MEHSANA |url=http://cntmehsana.com/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=cntmehsana.com}}</ref><ref name="GG1975"/>{{update inline|date=March 2018}}

===Entertainment===
Wide-Angle Multiplex and Gopi Cinema provide entertainment facilities. Shanku's Water Park, Tirupati Nature Park and Bliss Water Park are located nearby.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Mehsana has three radio stations: Top FM (92.7 MHz),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sambhaavnews.com/mehsana-own-radio-station-top-fm-927-starts-from-today/ |title=મહેસાણાના પોતાના રેડિયો સ્ટેશન TOP FM 92.7નો આજથી પ્રારંભ | Mehsana own radio station TOP FM 92.7 starts from today - Sambhaav News |access-date=25 December 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225125121/https://sambhaavnews.com/mehsana-own-radio-station-top-fm-927-starts-from-today/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Radio Mirchi]] (91.9 MHz)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://udaipurkiran.com/enil-commences-broadcast-from-its-radio-station-in-mehsana/ | title=ENIL commences broadcast from its radio station in Mehsana | Udaipur News | Udaipur Latest News | udaipur local news| date=5 November 2018}}</ref> and relay station of [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] (100.1 MHz).

==Education==
[[File:T. J. Highschool Mehsana established 1889.jpg|thumb|T. J. Highschool, established in 1889|left]]
Mehsana has several facilities offering education to graduation and post-graduation. The Municipal Arts and Urban Bank Science College is affiliated by [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://masc.co.in/|title=MAUBS college Homepage|website=Municipal Arts And Urban Bank Science College, Mehsana|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> [[Ganpat University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/mehsana-bridges-education-gap-of-terror-hit-valley/articleshow/66199469.cms|title=Mehsana bridges education gap of terror-hit Valley {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India|date=October 14, 2018|first=Prashant|last=Rupera|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> located in [[Kherva]] village which is {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from the city. Gujarat Power Engineering and Research Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gperi.ac.in/|title=Gujarat Power Engineering and Research Institute|website=www.gperi.ac.in|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> and Saffrony Institute of Technology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saffrony.ac.in/|title=Saffrony Institute|website=www.saffrony.ac.in|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> offer courses in engineering and management. B. S. Patel College of Pharmacy offers courses in pharmacy, and is affiliated with [[Gujarat Technological University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/gtu-student-to-represent-team-india-in-world-roller-sports/articleshow/69587463.cms|title=GTU student to represent team India in World Roller Sports - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> Sarvajanik Kelvani Mandal Trust offers education in the fields of pharmacy, nursing, and homeopathy.

There are many primary and higher-secondary schools affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) or Gujarat Board including: [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], ONGC, Mehsana, [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] (JNV), Vadnagar, Shanku's Divine Child School and N.G. International School. K. V. Mehsana made a beginning in the year 1980 with classes 1 to 10 with two sections each and one section science stream and one commerce stream in Class XI and XII. It is a Hindi, English Medium school. In 2021, 966 students were enrolled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KVS merit list 2020 for class 1 admissions released @ kvsonlineadmission.kvs.gov.in - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/kvs-merit-list-2020-for-class-1-admission-to-be-released-soon-kvsonlineadmission-kvs-gov-in/articleshow/77476529.cms|access-date=2021-01-31|website=The Times of India}}</ref> T. J. Highschool operated by Nagrik Kelvani Mandal was established in 1889 and Urban Bank Vidhalaya, Mehsana Gurukul English Medium School started in 2012. Sarvajanik Kelvani Mandal Trust also runs many schools in north Gujarat. Other schools include Sabari Vidya Vihar, run by Dharma Sastha Seva Trust, and Bethany Mission School.

==Transport==
[[File:Mehsana GSRTC central bus port.jpg|thumb|GSRTC central bus station in Mehsana]]
[[File:Mahesana MSN railway station.jpg|thumb|Railway Station (MSH)]]
=== Local ===
The Mehsana Municipal City Bus Service is operated on eight routes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-05 |title=Mahesana gets city bus service; free ride for women and handicapped persons |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/09/05/mahesana-gets-city-bus-service/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Local}}Road===
[[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC) buses also connect Mehsana to other cities and villages. [[Auto rickshaw]]s and taxis are available.

Mehsana is approximately {{convert|75|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Ahmedabad]]. It is connected to [[Gandhinagar]], [[Himmatnagar]], [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], [[Unjha]] and [[Palanpur]], [[Visnagar]] via state highways.

===Rail===
[[Mahesana railway station]] is a [[junction station]] on the [[Jaipur–Ahmedabad line]] with daily trains to and from Delhi and Mumbai, and direct weekly or bi-weekly trains connecting major cities in north and south India, including [[Bangalore]].

===Air===
The nearest passenger airport is [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] at Ahmedabad. Prepaid taxis and GSRTC bus are available to Mehsana from the airport.

[[Mehsana Airport]] is currently used for non-scheduled operation and as a civil aviation training centre, operated by Ahmedabad Aviation and Aeronautics Ltd. It has an area covering {{convert|64|acre|m2|order=flip}}.<ref name="ie09">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aviation-infrastructure-to-get-a-facelift-by-next-year/421481/0|title=Aviation infrastructure to get a facelift by next year|date=10 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="oneindia07">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/14/modi-dedicates-mehsana-airport-for-civil-aviation-training-1187088074.html|title=Modi dedicates Mehsana airport for civil aviation training|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=23 January 2012|date=14 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="toi10">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/rajkot/28223238_1_airfield-mehsana-aaa|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103223410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/rajkot/28223238_1_airfield-mehsana-aaa|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Mehsana civic body opens airfield seal after HC orders|date=28 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/mehsana-airport.htm|title=Mehsana Airport {{!}} Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited|website=gujsail.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage}}
{{clear}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Gujarat}}
{{Mehasana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mehsana| ]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mehsana district]]

Deccan Traps

2026-03-24T01:44:00Z

AlmedaCheyne: improved structure further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Large igneous province in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:India Geology Zones.jpg|thumb|Geologic map of India, showing the Deccan Traps in blue-purple]]
[[File:Western-Ghats-Matheran.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Western Ghats]] at [[Matheran]] in Maharashtra]]
[[File:Deccan Traps Maharashtra India 22Mar2018 SkySat.jpg|thumb|Oblique satellite view of the Deccan Traps]]
[[File:Deccan traps.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Map of the Deccan Traps<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Götze |first1=Jens |last2=Hofmann |first2=Beda |last3=Machałowski |first3=Tomasz |last4=Tsurkan |first4=Mikhail V. |last5=Jesionowski |first5=Teofil |last6=Ehrlich |first6=Hermann |last7=Kleeberg |first7=Reinhard |last8=Ottens |first8=Berthold |title=Biosignatures in Subsurface Filamentous Fabrics (SFF) from the Deccan Volcanic Province, India |journal=Minerals |date=16 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |page=540 |doi=10.3390/min10060540|bibcode=2020Mine...10..540G |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

The '''Deccan Traps''' are a [[large igneous province]] of west-central India (17–24°N, 73–74°E). They are one of the largest [[Volcano|volcanic]] features on Earth, with lava erupted from multiple volcanic centres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Gautam|date=2001-12-01|title=Generation of Deccan Trap magmas|journal=Journal of Earth System Science|language=en|volume=110|issue=4|pages=409–431|doi=10.1007/BF02702904|bibcode=2001InEPS.110..409S|s2cid=52107268|issn=0973-774X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Traps consist of many layers of solidified [[flood basalt]] that together are more than about {{convert|2|km||sigfig=2}} thick, cover an area of about {{Convert|500000|km2|sigfig=1}},<ref name="Singh_and_Gupta94">{{cite journal |title=Workshop yields new insight into volcanism at Deccan Traps, India |first1=R. N. |last1=Singh |first2=K. R. |last2=Gupta |journal=Eos |year=1994 |volume=75 |issue= 31 |page=356 |doi=10.1029/94EO01005 |bibcode=1994EOSTr..75..356S}}</ref> and have a volume of about {{Convert|1000000|km3|sigfig=1}}.<ref name="Dessert2001">{{cite journal |title=Erosion of Deccan Traps determined by river geochemistry: impact on the global climate and the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of seawater |first1=Céline |last1=Dessert |first2=Bernard |last2=Dupréa |first3=Louis M. |last3=Françoisa |first4=Jacques |last4=Schotta |first5=Jérôme |last5=Gaillardet |first6=Govind |last6=Chakrapani |first7=Sujit |last7=Bajpai |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2001 |volume=188 |issue=3–4 |pages=459–474 |doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00317-X |bibcode=2001E&PSL.188..459D}}</ref> Originally, the Deccan Traps may have covered about {{Convert|1500000|km2|sigfig=1}},<ref name="MIT-Chu2014">[https://news.mit.edu/2014/volcanic-eruption-dinosaur-extinction-1211 "What really killed the dinosaurs?"] Jennifer Chu, MIT News Office, 11 December 2014</ref> with a correspondingly larger original volume. This volume overlies the [[Archean]] age [[Indian Shield]], which is likely the [[lithology]] the province passed through during eruption. The province is commonly divided into four subprovinces: the main Deccan, the [[Malwa|Malwa Plateau]], the Mandla Lobe, and the Saurashtran Plateau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Macdougall|first=J. D.|title=Continental Flood Basalts|date=1988|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-015-7805-9|location=Dordrecht|oclc=851375252}}</ref>

The eruptions occurred over a 600–800,000 year time period between around 66.3 to 65.6 million years ago, spanning the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]]. While some authors initially suggested the eruptions were a major cause of the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction event]] at roughly the same time,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schoene |first1=Blair |last2=Eddy |first2=Michael P. |last3=Keller |first3=C. Brenhin |last4=Samperton |first4=Kyle M. |date=2021-04-16 |title=An evaluation of Deccan Traps eruption rates using geochronologic data |url=https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/3/181/2021/ |journal=Geochronology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=181–198 |doi=10.5194/gchron-3-181-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GeChr...3..181S |issn=2628-3719}}</ref> this theory has been rejected as a result of research into the [[Chicxulub impact]], now thought to be the primary cause of the extinction.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=Joanna V. |last2=Bralower |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Brugger |first3=Julia |last4=Wünnemann |first4=Kai |date=2022-04-12 |title=The Chicxulub impact and its environmental consequences |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-022-00283-y |journal=Nature Reviews Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=338–354 |doi=10.1038/s43017-022-00283-y |bibcode=2022NRvEE...3..338M |issn=2662-138X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Smit |first=J. |title=The KPg boundary Chicxulub impact-extinction hypothesis: The winding road towards a solid theory |date=2022-06-21 |work=From the Guajira Desert to the Apennines, and from Mediterranean Microplates to the Mexican Killer Asteroid: Honoring the Career of Walter Alvarez |pages=391–414 |editor-last=Koeberl |editor-first=Christian |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/222623549/The_KPg_boundary_Chicxulub_impact_extinction_hypothesis.pdf |access-date=2024-08-13 |publisher=Geological Society of America |language=en |doi=10.1130/2022.2557(19) |isbn=978-0-8137-2557-4 |editor2-last=Claeys |editor2-first=Philippe |editor3-last=Montanari |editor3-first=Alessandro}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Chiarenza |first1=Alfio Alessandro |last2=Farnsworth |first2=Alexander |last3=Mannion |first3=Philip D. |last4=Lunt |first4=Daniel J. |last5=Valdes |first5=Paul J. |last6=Morgan |first6=Joanna V. |last7=Allison |first7=Peter A. |date=2020-07-21 |title=Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=117 |issue=29 |pages=17084–17093 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2006087117 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=7382232 |pmid=32601204}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=O'Connor |first1=Lauren K. |last2=Jerrett |first2=Rhodri M. |last3=Price |first3=Gregory D. |last4=Lyson |first4=Tyler R. |last5=Lengger |first5=Sabine K. |last6=Peterse |first6=Francien |last7=van Dongen |first7=Bart E. |date=2024-12-20 |title=Terrestrial evidence for volcanogenic sulfate-driven cooling event ~30 kyr before the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=10 |issue=51 |article-number=eado5478 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.ado5478 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=11654674 |pmid=39693422}}</ref> While some scholars continue to argue the eruptions may have contributed, it is now generally accepted that the Deccan eruptions played a minor role at most or may have even partially negated the effects of the impact.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

The Deccan Traps are thought to have been produced in major part by the still active [[Réunion hotspot]], responsible for the creation of the modern [[Mascarene Islands]] in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Glišović |first1=Petar |last2=Forte |first2=Alessandro M. |date=2017-02-10 |title=On the deep-mantle origin of the Deccan Traps |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aah4390 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=355 |issue=6325 |pages=613–616 |doi=10.1126/science.aah4390 |pmid=28183974 |bibcode=2017Sci...355..613G |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''[[Trap rock|trap]]'' has been used in [[geology]] since 1785–1795 for such [[rock formation]]s. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs ({{lang|sv|trapp}}) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.<ref name=":3">[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/trap Trap] at dictionary.reference.com</ref> The name ''Deccan'' has Sanskrit origins meaning "southern".<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[File:Ajanta caves 1.JPG|thumb|upright|Deccan Traps at [[Ajanta Caves]]]]
{{see also | Gondwana#Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean | l1= Gondwana and opening of western Indian Ocean | Geology of India}}

The Deccan Traps began forming 66.25 [[Geologic time scale|million years ago]],<ref name="MIT-Chu2014"/> at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period, although it is possible that some of the oldest material may underlie younger material.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The bulk of the volcanic eruption occurred at the [[Western Ghats]] between 66 and 65 million years ago when lava began to extrude in [[Fissure vent|fissure eruptions]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishnan|first=M.S. |title=Geology of India and Burma|date=2006|publisher=CBS Publishers and Distributors|isbn=81-239-0012-0|edition=6th |location=New Delhi|oclc=778055464}}</ref> Determining the exact age for Deccan rock is difficult due to a number of limitations, one being that the transition between eruption events may have lasted only a few thousand years and the resolution of dating methods is not sufficient to pinpoint these events. In this way, determining the rate of magma emplacement is also difficult to constrain.<ref name=":0" /> This series of eruptions may have lasted for less than 30,000 years.<ref>"[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/08/050810130729.htm India's Smoking Gun: Dino-killing Eruptions]." ''ScienceDaily,'' 10 August 2005.</ref>

The original area covered by the [[lava flow]]s is estimated to have been as large as {{convert|1.5|e6km2||abbr=unit||}}, approximately half the size of modern [[India]]. The Deccan Traps region was reduced to its current size by [[erosion]] and plate tectonics; the present area of directly observable lava flows is around {{convert|500000|km2|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}.

The Deccan Traps are segmented into three stratigraphic units: the Upper, Middle, and Lower traps. While it was previously interpreted that these groups represented their own key points in the sequence of events in Deccan extrusion, it is now more widely accepted that these horizons relate more closely to paleotopography and distance from the eruption site.<ref name=":1" />

==Effect on mass extinctions and climate==
The release of [[volcanic gas]]es, particularly [[sulfur dioxide]], during the formation of the traps may have contributed to [[Climate variability and change|climate change]]. An average drop in temperature of about {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}} was recorded during this period.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Royer, D. L.|author2=Berner, R. A.|author3=Montañez, I. P.|author4=Tabor, N. J.|author5=Beerling, D. J. |author5-link=David Beerling |year=2004 |title=CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate|journal=GSA Today|volume=14|issue=3|pages=4–10|issn=1052-5173|doi=10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:CAAPDO>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free|bibcode=2004GSAT...14c...4R }}</ref>

Because of its magnitude, some scientists (notably [[Gerta Keller]]) have speculated that the gases released during the formation of the Deccan Traps played a major role in the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event]] (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary or K–T extinction).<ref>{{cite journal|title= A Volcanic Eruption|last= Courtillot|first= Vincent|date= 1990|journal= Scientific American|doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1090-85|pmid= 11536474|issue= 4|volume= 263|pages= 85–92|bibcode= 1990SciAm.263d..85C}}</ref> It has been theorized that sudden cooling due to sulfurous volcanic gases released by the formation of the traps and toxic gas emissions may have contributed significantly to the K–Pg mass extinction.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Star-Struck?|last= Beardsley|first= Tim|date= 1988|journal= Scientific American|doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0488-37b|volume= 258|issue= 4|pages= 37–40|bibcode= 1988SciAm.258d..37B}}</ref> However, the current consensus among the scientific community is that the extinction was primarily triggered by the [[Chicxulub crater|Chicxulub impact event]] in North America, which would have produced a sunlight-blocking dust cloud that killed much of the plant life and reduced global temperature (this cooling is called an [[impact winter]]).<ref name="science">{{cite journal|last=Schulte|first=Peter|date=5 March 2010|title=The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary|journal=Science|volume=327|issue=5970|pages=1214–1218|issn=1095-9203 |doi=10.1126/science.1177265|pmid=20203042|bibcode=2010Sci...327.1214S|s2cid=2659741|display-authors=etal|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/210367/files/PAL_E4389.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921215225/http://doc.rero.ch/record/210367/files/PAL_E4389.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2014 study suggested the extinction may have been caused by both the volcanism and the impact event.<ref>Keller, G., ''Deccan volcanism, the Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect?,'' in ''Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects,'' GSA Special Paper 505, pp. 29–55, 2014 [http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/early/2014/06/10/2014.2505_03.1.abstract abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618024315/http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/early/2014/06/10/2014.2505_03.1.abstract |date=18 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schoene |first1=B. |last2=Samperton |first2=K. M. |last3=Eddy |first3=M. P. |last4=Keller |first4=G. |last5=Adatte |first5=T. |last6=Bowring |first6=S. A. |last7=Khadri |first7=S. F. R. |last8=Gertsch |first8=B. |title=U-Pb geochronology of the Deccan Traps and relation to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction |journal=Science |date=11 December 2014 |volume=347 |issue=6218 |pages=182–184 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa0118 |bibcode=2015Sci...347..182S |pmid=25502315|s2cid=206632431 }}</ref> This was followed by a similar study in 2015, both of which consider the hypothesis that the impact exacerbated or induced the Deccan volcanism, since the events occurred approximately at [[antipodes]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact |date=2 October 2015 |journal=Science |volume=350 |issue=6256 |pages=76–78 |doi=10.1126/science.aac7549 |pmid=26430116 |last1=Renne |first1=P. R. |last2=Sprain |first2=C. J. |last3=Richards |first3=M. A. |last4=Self |first4=S. |last5=Vanderkluysen |first5=L. |last6=Pande |first6=K. |bibcode=2015Sci...350...76R|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asteroid that killed dinosaurs also intensified volcanic eruptions - study |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/oct/01/asteroid-that-killed-dinosaurs-also-intensified-volcanic-eruptions-study |date=2 October 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> A 2020 study questioned the idea that the Deccan Traps were a contributory factor at all, suggesting that the Deccan Traps eruptions may have even partially negated the climatic change induced by the impact.<ref name=":5" />

A major criticism of the Deccan Traps as the primary cause of the extinctions is that the extinction event appears to be globally geologically instantaneous and simultaneous in both marine and terrestrial environments, as would be expected from an impact cause, rather than staggered as would be expected from an LIP cause.<ref name=":5" />

A more recent discovery appears to demonstrate the scope of the destruction from the impact alone, however. In a March 2019 article in the [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]], an international team of twelve scientists revealed the contents of the [[Tanis (fossil site)|Tanis fossil site]] discovered near [[Bowman, North Dakota]], that appeared to show a devastating mass destruction of an ancient lake and its inhabitants at the time of the Chicxulub impact. In the paper, the group reports that the geology of the site is strewn with [[fossil]]ized trees and remains of fish and other animals. The lead researcher, Robert A. DePalma of the [[University of Kansas]], was quoted in the New York Times as stating that "You would be blind to miss the carcasses sticking out... It is impossible to miss when you see the outcrop". Evidence correlating this find to the Chicxulub impact included [[tektite]]s bearing "the unique chemical signature of other tektites associated with the Chicxulub event" found in the gills of fish fossils and embedded in [[amber]], an [[iridium]]-rich top layer that is considered another signature of the event, and an atypical lack of evidence for scavenging, perhaps suggesting that there were few survivors. The exact mechanism of the site's destruction has been debated as either an impact-caused [[tsunami]] or lake and river [[seiche]] activity triggered by post-impact earthquakes, though there has yet been no firm conclusion upon which researchers have settled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ku.edu/2019/03/29/stunning-discovery-offers-glimpse-minutes-following-%E2%80%98dinosaur-killer%E2%80%99-chicxulub-impact|title=Stunning discovery offers glimpse of minutes following 'dinosaur-killer' Chicxulub impact|date=29 March 2019|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410034107/https://news.ku.edu/2019/03/29/stunning-discovery-offers-glimpse-minutes-following-%E2%80%98dinosaur-killer%E2%80%99-chicxulub-impact}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/science/dinosaurs-extinction-asteroid.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/science/dinosaurs-extinction-asteroid.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=Fossil Site Reveals Day That Meteor Hit Earth and, Maybe, Wiped Out Dinosaurs|date=29 March 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Broad|first1=William J.|last2=Chang|first2=Kenneth}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A 2024 study of [[glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether]] levels in fossilized peat found that the Deccan Traps caused long-term warming of around 3°C over the course of the final 100,000 years of the [[Maastrichtian]], as well as about 5°C drop in temperature for less than 10,000 years around 30,000 years prior to the K-Pg boundary (coinciding with the peak of the Poladpur eruptive phase), but by the time of the K-Pg boundary, global temperatures had returned to previous levels. This suggests that the Deccan Traps were not the primary cause of extinction.<ref name=":7" />

==Petrology==
[[File:Tholeiitic basalt (GeoDIL number - 459).jpg|thumb|Sample of tholeiitic basalt from the Deccan Traps]]
[[File:Epistilbite-Calcite-170550.jpg|thumb|Crystals of [[epistilbite]] and [[calcite]] in a [[vug]] in Deccan Traps basalt lava from Jalgaon District, Maharashtra]]Within the Deccan Traps, at least 95% of the lavas are [[tholeiitic basalt]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aramaki|first1=S.|last2=Fukuoka|first2=T.|last3=Deshmukh|first3=S. S.|last4=Fujii|first4=T.|last5=Sano|first5=T.|date=2001-12-01|title=Differentiation Processes of Deccan Trap Basalts: Contribution from Geochemistry and Experimental Petrology|journal=Journal of Petrology|language=en|volume=42|issue=12|pages=2175–2195|doi=10.1093/petrology/42.12.2175|issn=0022-3530|doi-access=}}</ref> Major mineral constituents are [[olivine]], [[pyroxene]]s, and [[plagioclase]], as well as certain [[Iron|Fe]]-[[Titanium|Ti]]-rich oxides. These magmas are <7% [[Magnesium oxide|MgO]]. However, many of these minerals are observed as highly altered forms.<ref name=":0" /> Other rock types present include [[alkali basalt]], [[nephelinite]], [[lamprophyre]], and [[carbonatite]].

Mantle [[xenolith]]s have been described from [[Kachchh]] (northwestern India) and elsewhere in the western Deccan and contain spinel [[lherzolite]] and [[pyroxenite]] constituents.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dessai|first1=A.G.|last2=Vaselli|first2=O.|date=October 1999|title=Petrology and geochemistry of xenoliths in lamprophyres from the Deccan Traps: implications for the nature of the deep crust boundary in western India|url=https://rruff.info/doclib/MinMag/Volume_63/63-5-703.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215200622/http://rruff.info/doclib/MinMag/Volume_63/63-5-703.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-15 |url-status=live|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=63|issue=5|pages=703–722|doi=10.1180/minmag.1999.063.5.08|bibcode=1999MinM...63..703D}}</ref>

While the Deccan traps have been categorized in many different ways including the three different [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] groups, geochemically the province can be split into as many as eleven different formations. Many of the petrologic differences in these units are a product of varying degrees of crustal contamination.<ref name=":0" />

==Fossils==
[[File:Rajasaurus en las traps del decán.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|[[Paleoart]] of the Deccan trap during the Late Cretaceous]]

The Deccan Traps are famous for the beds of fossils that have been found between layers of lava. Particularly well-known species include the frog ''[[Oxyglossus]] pusillus'' (Owen) of the [[Eocene]] of [[India]] and the toothed frog ''[[Indobatrachus]]'', an early lineage of modern frogs, which is now placed in the Australian family [[Myobatrachidae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Noble |first1= Gladwyn Kingsley |author-link= Gladwyn Kingsley Noble |year= 1930 |title= The Fossil Frogs of the Intertrappean Beds of Bombay, India |journal= American Museum of Natural History |volume= 401 |page= 1930 |hdl= 2246/3061}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Myobatrachinae/16946 |title=Myobatrachinae |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922052151/http://tolweb.org/Myobatrachinae/16946 }}</ref> The [[Infratrappean Beds]] (Lameta Formation) and [[Intertrappean Beds]] also contain fossil freshwater [[molluscs]].<ref>Hartman, J.H., Mohabey, D.M., Bingle, M., Scholz, H., Bajpai, S., and Sharma, R., 2006, Initial survivorship of nonmarine molluscan faunas in end-Cretaceous Deccan intertrappean strata, India: Geological Society of America (annual meeting, Philadelphia) Abstracts with Programs, v. 38, no. 7, p. 143.</ref>

==Theories of formation==
It is postulated that the Deccan Traps eruption was associated with a deep [[mantle plume]]. High [[Helium-3|3He]]/[[Helium-4|4He]] ratios of the main pulse of the eruption are often seen in magmas with mantle plume origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Asish R.|last2=Renne|first2=Paul R.|last3=DasGupta|first3=Deb K.|last4=Teichmann|first4=Friedrich|last5=Poreda|first5=Robert J.|date=1993-08-13|title=Early and Late Alkali Igneous Pulses and a High-3He Plume Origin for the Deccan Flood Basalts|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.261.5123.902|journal=Science|volume=261|issue=5123|pages=902–906|doi=10.1126/science.261.5123.902|pmid=17783739|bibcode=1993Sci...261..902B|s2cid=23709446|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The area of long-term eruption (the [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot]]), known as the [[Réunion hotspot]], is suspected of both causing the Deccan Traps eruption and opening the [[rift]] that separated the [[Mascarene Plateau]] from India. Regional [[crustal thinning]] supports the theory of this rifting event and likely encouraged the rise of the plume in this area.<ref name=":1" /> [[Seafloor spreading]] at the boundary between the Indian and [[African Plate]]s subsequently pushed India north over the plume, which now lies under [[Réunion]] island in the [[Indian Ocean]], southwest of India. The mantle plume model has, however, been challenged.<ref name="mantleplumes">Sheth, Hetu C. "[http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html The Deccan Beyond the Plume Hypothesis]." ''MantlePlumes.org,'' 2006.</ref>

Data continues to emerge that supports the plume model. The motion of the Indian tectonic plate and the eruptive history of the Deccan traps show strong correlations. Based on data from marine magnetic profiles, a pulse of unusually rapid plate motion began at the same time as the first pulse of Deccan flood basalts, which is dated at 67 million years ago. The spreading rate rapidly increased and reached a maximum at the same time as the peak basaltic eruptions. The spreading rate then dropped off, with the decrease occurring around 63 million years ago, by which time the main phase of Deccan volcanism ended. This correlation is seen as driven by plume dynamics.<ref name=Cande>{{cite journal | last1 = Cande | first1 = S.C. | last2 = Stegman | first2 = D.R. | year = 2011| title = Indian and African plate motions driven by the push force of the Réunion plume head | journal = Nature | volume = 475 | issue = 7354| pages = 47–52 | doi = 10.1038/nature10174 | pmid = 21734702 | bibcode = 2011Natur.475...47C | s2cid = 205225348 }}</ref>

The motions of the Indian and [[African Plate|African plates]] have also been shown to be coupled, the common element being the position of these plates relative to the location of the Réunion plume head. The onset of accelerated motion of India coincides with a large slowing of the rate of counterclockwise rotation of Africa. The close correlations between the plate motions suggest that they were both driven by the force of the Réunion plume.<ref name="Cande" />

When comparing the Na8, Fe8, and Si8 contents of the Deccan to other major igneous provinces, the Deccan appears to have undergone the greatest degree of melting suggesting a deep plume origin. [[Olivine]] appears to have fractionated at near-[[Mohorovičić discontinuity|Moho]] depths with additional fractionation of [[gabbro]] ~6 km below the surface.<ref name=":0" /> Features such as widespread [[faulting]], frequent [[dike (geology)|diking]] events, high heat flux, and positive [[Gravity anomaly|gravity anomalies]] suggest that the extrusive phase of the Deccan Traps is associated with the existence of a triple junction which may have existed during the Late Cretaceous, having been caused by a deep mantle plume. Not all of these diking events are attributed to large-scale contributions to the overall flow volume. It can be difficult, however, to locate the largest dikes as they are often located towards the west coast and are therefore believed to currently reside under water.<ref name=":1" />

==Suggested link to impact events==
[[File:Deccan Traps volcano.jpg|The illustration of the Deccan Trap eruption that may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs|thumb]]

===Chicxulub crater===
Although the Deccan Traps began erupting well before [[Chicxulub crater|the impact]], in a 2015 study it was proposed based on [[argon–argon dating]] that the impact may have caused an increase in permeability that allowed magma to reach the surface and produced the most voluminous flows, accounting for around 70% of the volume.<ref name=Richards2015>{{cite journal |last1=Richards|first1=Mark A. |last2=Alvarez|first2=Walter |last3=Self|first3=Stephen |last4=Karlstrom|first4=Leif |last5=Renne|first5=Paul R. |last6=Manga|first6=Michael |last7=Sprain|first7=Courtney J. |last8=Smit|first8=Jan |last9=Vanderkluysen|first9=Loÿc |last10=Gibson|first10=Sally A. |author-link2=Walter Alvarez |author-link5=Paul Renne |author-link6=Michael Manga |title=Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=127|issue=11–12|pages=1507–1520 |doi=10.1130/B31167.1 |year=2015|bibcode=2015GSAB..127.1507R |s2cid=3463018 |url= http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/3289/1/Gibson%20bul%20gsa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219045415/http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/3289/1/Gibson%20bul%20gsa.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> The combination of the asteroid impact and the resulting increase in eruptive volume may have been responsible for the mass extinctions that occurred at the time that separates the Cretaceous and [[Paleogene]] periods, known as the [[K–Pg boundary]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact |last1=Renne |first1=P. R. |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aac7549 |pmid= 26430116|volume=350 |issue=6256 |pages=76–78|bibcode=2015Sci...350...76R|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sprain |first1=Courtney J. |last2=Renne |first2=Paul R. |last3=Vanderkluysen |first3=Loÿc |last4=Pande |first4=Kanchan |last5=Self |first5=Stephen |last6=Mittal |first6=Tushar |title=The eruptive tempo of Deccan volcanism in relation to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary |journal=Science |date=21 February 2019 |volume=363 |issue=6429 |pages=866–870 |doi=10.1126/science.aav1446 |pmid=30792301 |bibcode=2019Sci...363..866S|s2cid=67876911 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However this proposal has been questioned by other authors, who describe the suggestion as being "convenient interpretations based on superficial and cursory observations."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dole |first1=Gauri |last2=Patil Pillai |first2=Shilpa |last3=Upasani |first3=Devdutt |last4=Kale |first4=Vivek S. |date=January 2017 |title=Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact: Comment |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article/129/1-2/253-255/185478 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |language=en |volume=129 |issue=1–2 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1130/B31520.1 |bibcode=2017GSAB..129..253D |issn=0016-7606|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Shiva crater===
A geological structure that exists in the sea floor off the west coast of India has been suggested as a possible impact crater, in this context called the [[Shiva crater]]. It was also dated approximately 66 million years ago, potentially matching the Deccan traps. The researchers claiming that this feature is an impact crater suggest that the impact may have been the triggering event for the Deccan Traps as well as contributing to the acceleration of the Indian plate in the early [[Paleogene]].<ref>[[Sankar Chatterjee|Chatterjee, Sankar]]. "[https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_58126.htm The Shiva Crater: Implications for Deccan Volcanism, India-Seychelles Rifting, Dinosaur Extinction, and Petroleum Entrapment at the KT Boundary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202220808/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_58126.htm |date=2 December 2016 }}." Paper No. 60-8, Seattle Annual Meeting, November 2003.</ref> However, the current consensus in the Earth science community is that this feature is unlikely to be an actual impact crater.<ref name="Leslie2008a">{{cite web|author=Mullen, Leslie|date=2 November 2004|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/deepimpact-04r.html|title=Shiva: Another K–Pg Impact?|work=Spacedaily.com|access-date=20 February 2008}} - original article at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110804221725/http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/1281/shiva-another-k-t-impact source]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/091018-dinosaur-crater.html |title=New Dino-destroying Theory Fuels Hot Debate |first=Clara |last=Moskowitz |publisher=space.com |date=18 October 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Geology}}
*[[Columbia River Basalt Group]]
*[[Emeishan Traps]]
*[[Geology of India]]
*[[Krishna Godavari Basin]]
*[[Lameta Formation]]
*[[List of flood basalt provinces]]
*[[List of volcanoes in India]]
*[[Siberian Traps]]
*[[Verneshot]]
*[[Late Devonian extinction#Magmatism|Viluy Traps]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.geodynamics.no/indexOld.htm |title=Animated simulation by the Geodynamics group at the Geological Survey of Norway illustrating the Indian plate moving through the Indian Ocean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723122146/http://www.geodynamics.no/indexOld.htm |archive-date=23 July 2011}}
*{{YouTube|id=pjoQdz0nxf4|title=How The Dinosaurs Actually Died}} by [[Kurzgesagt]]
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna50119631 Scientist argues that volcanoes, not meteorite, killed dinosaurs]
*[https://hoopermuseum.carleton.ca/saleem/volcanism.htm The Deccan Traps/Volcanism Theory]

{{coord|18|51|N|73|43|E|region:IN_type:landmark_scale:2500000|display=title}}
{{Large igneous provinces}}

[[Category:Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia]]
[[Category:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]]
[[Category:Cretaceous volcanism]]
[[Category:Events that forced the climate]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Geology of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Large igneous provinces]]
[[Category:Paleocene volcanism]]
[[Category:Plate tectonics]]
[[Category:Volcanism of India]]

Premi No.1

2026-03-23T08:24:35Z

AlmedaCheyne: small expand lead for clarity further and fixed typos after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premi No.1
| image = Premi No.1.jpg
| caption = Premi No.1 Movie Poster (Bengali version)
| director = [[Debu Pattnaik]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Anubhav Mohanty|Anubhav]] [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] [[Rahul Dev]]
| producer = [[Nispal Singh]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| studio = [[Surinder Films]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|2009|||Odia }}
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 120 minutes
| language = Odia
| music = T Shouree
}}
'''''Premi No.1''''' is a 2009 [[Odia language|Odia-language]] film directed by [[Debu Pattnaik]]. The film stars [[Anubhav Mohanty|Anubhav]], [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] and [[Rahul Dev]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/entertainment/story_10610499.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203125247/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090302/jsp/entertainment/story_10610499.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Comedy of errors|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=2 March 2009|last=Das|first=Mohua|location=Calcutta, India|date=2 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-01/bengali/28053878_1_anubhav-preeti-rohit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928161115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-01/bengali/28053878_1_anubhav-preeti-rohit|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2011|title=Premi No.1 -Bengali-Movie Reviews|accessdate=2 March 2009|first1=Roshni|last1=Mukherjee|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 March 2009}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2003 Telugu film ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' starring [[Nitin Kumar Reddy|Nithiin]].

==Plot==
The story of ''Premi No. 1'' revolves around Rohit. He was sent to town by his father for higher studies but in college, he falls in love with Preeti, the sister of the town's famous goon, Ranjit. She was so beautiful. There were many intimate moments between Rohit and Preeti. A rivalry grows between Rohit and Ranjit – after several incidents ultimately Ranjit allows his sister Priti to marry Rohit.
This is how Rohit and Preeti got married.

==Cast==
* [[Anubhav Mohanty|Anubhav]] as Rohit
* [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] as Preeti
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Ranjit

==Soundtrack==
* "E Sara Duniare Khiojile Paiba Nahin Mo Pari Premi" — Kumar Bapi and Tapu
* "Emiti Jhia Ku Mun Karichi Mo Priya" — Kumar Bapi
* "To Naan Re Mun Gote Geeta Lekhichi" — T. Souri and Tapu Mishra
* "Tu Nahin Kichi Mate Bhala Lagu Nahin O My Love" — [[Udit Narayan]] and Ira Mohanty

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1399074|title=Premi No.1}}

{{Kodlu Ramakrishna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premi No.1}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2000s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]

Malayalam calendar

2026-03-22T02:30:48Z

AlmedaCheyne: slightly expanded intro after review further and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Sidereal solar calendar used by the Malayali people}}
{{redirect|Midhunam|the Malayalam film|Mithunam (1993 film)|the Telugu film|Mithunam (2012 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Mampalli_copper_plate_(10th_century_AD).jpg|thumb|372x372px|[[Mampalli copper plate]] (10th century CE), the earliest record to mention the Kollam Era]]
The '''Malayalam Calendar''', or the '''Kollam Era''' ({{langx|ml|കൊല്ലവർഷം|Kollavaṟṣaṁ}}), is a [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] [[Solar calendar|solar]] calendar used in [[Kerala]]. The origin of the calendar has been dated to 825 CE, commemorating the establishment of [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

There are many theories regarding the origin of the era, but according to recent scholarship, it commemorated the foundation of [[Kollam]] by Maruwan Sapir Iso, who was the leader of Persian Christian Settlers and trading guilds like [[Anjuvannam]] following the liberation of the Kingdom of [[Venad]] from the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] rule by or with the assistance of the [[Chera Perumal|Chera emperor]] at [[Kodungallur]].<ref>Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 89.</ref><ref> Land, 'Brief History of the Syrians of Malabar'. Anedocta Syriaca, I, pp. 27.</ref> The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Kollam Syrian copper plates]] were grants and privileges given to the trading guilds involved in the establishment of Kollam by [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]].<ref>Sthanu Ravi Varma
Cereti, C. G. (2009). "The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates". In Sundermann, W.; Hintze, A.; de Blois, F. (eds.). Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05937-4.</ref>

Kollam was the capital of Venadu and an important port town of the Chera Kingdom in that period. Kollam Aandu was adapted in the entire Chera Kingdom (the contemporary states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala), the majority of which is now in Kerala. In [[Malayalam]]-speaking Kerala, it is now called the Malayalam Era or 'Kollavarsham’ (Kollam Thontri Aandu). The earliest available record mentioning the Kollam Era is a royal decree by Sri Vallavan Goda, the King of Venadu, dated to {{Circa|973 CE}} (Kollam Era 149). In the inscription, the phrase "Kollam Thontri Aandu" is employed.<ref name=":0" /> Another era, referred to as "Kollam Aḻintha Aandu", counting from 1097 CE, was reckoned by the Cholas for some time. It is tentatively calculated that the Chola overlords captured the [[Port of Quilon|port of Kollam]] in 1097 CE.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first= M. G. S.|title= Perumāḷs of Kerala|location= Thrissur (Kerala)|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|pages=74–76, 143}}</ref>

== History ==
The origin of the Kollam Era has been dated to 825 CE, when the great convention in Kollam was held at the behest of King Kulashekharan. Kollam was an important town in that period, and the Malayalam Era is called 'Kollavarsham'.

There are multiple conflicting accounts regarding the origins of the Malayalam calendar, some of which are mentioned below:

*According to legend, Kollam era is attributed to the legend of the hero [[Parashurama|Paraśurāma]], an avatar (incarnation) of the god [[Vishnu]]. It is sometimes divided into cycles of 1,000 years reckoned from 1176 BCE. Thus, 825 CE would have been the first year of the era's third millennium.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/chronology#ref523199}}</ref>
*The news of the physical disappearance of Sri [[Adi Shankaracharya]] in 820 CE at Kedarnath reached Kerala only a few years later. It is believed that Kerala began the Malayalam era, also called the Kollam era, in 825 CE in his memory.<ref>[https://www.sringeri.net/2010/05/31/publication/dvd/kalady-the-triumph-of-faith-over-time.htm Kalady: The Triumph of Faith Over Time]. Dir. Rajesh Krishnan, K. Anand, and S. Thyagarajan. Sri Shankara Advaita Research Center, Sringeri, 31 May 2010. DVD.</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/HaYfoghV-n8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120428125734/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaYfoghV-n8&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaYfoghV-n8|title=Kalady: The Triumph of Faith Over Time (Rediscovery of Sri Adi Shankaracharya's Birth Place)|last=sharadapeetham|date=25 April 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>K. V. Sarma, [https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol31_1_6_KVSarma.pdf Kollam Era], Indian Journal of History of Science, 31(1), 1996, pp. 93-100</ref>
*According to [[Hermann Gundert]], Kollavarsham started as part of erecting a new Shiva Temple in Kollam and because of the strictly local and religious background, the other regions did not follow this system at first. Once Kollam port emerged as an important trade center, however, the other countries also started to follow the new system of calendar. This theory backs the remarks of [[Ibn Battuta]] as well.<ref name='ASurveyOfKeralaHistory-104'>{{cite book|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|orig-year=1967|year=2007|publisher=DC Books, Kottayam|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=104–110|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=Nestorian+kollam+era&pg=PA104|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon|access-date=7 August 2013|chapter=CHAPTER VIII - THE KOLLAM ERA}}</ref><ref name="kerala.gov.in-ക">{{cite web|title=Kollam - Short History|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm|work=Statistical Data|publisher=kerala.gov.in|access-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm|archive-date=2007-11-21  |format=Short History}}</ref>
*It is also believed that the era started as part of erection of the [[Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple]], family temple of [[Venad]] located at [[Keezhperoor]] or Kil-perur. [[Keezhperoor]] is a place located near [[Kilimanoor]], which is used as prefix along with name of [[Venad]] and [[Travancore]] monarchs and is believed to be the maternal home of [[Kulasekhara Alvar]].

==Months==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Comparative table showing corresponding months of other calendars
!style="background:lightgreen"| No.
!style="background:lightgreen"| Months in Malayalam Era
!style="background:lightgreen"| In [[Malayalam]]
!style="background:lightgreen"| [[Tamil calendar]]
!style="background:lightgreen"| Sanskrit solar month
!style="background:lightgreen"| [[Saka era]]
!style="background:lightgreen"| [[Tulu calendar]]
!style="background:lightgreen"| [[Astrological sign#Western zodiac signs|Sign of zodiac]]
!style="background:lightgreen"| [[Gregorian Calendar]]
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''1.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''ciṅṅam''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|ചിങ്ങം}}
!style="background:yellow"| ''Aavani''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Siṃha]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Śravana''–''Bhādrapada''
!style="background:yellow"| Sona
!style="background:yellow"| Leo
!style="background:yellow"| August–September
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''2.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''kaṉṉi''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|കന്നി}}
!style="background:yellow"| ''Purattasi''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Kanyā]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Bhādrapada''–''Aśvina''
!style="background:yellow"| Nirnaala
!style="background:yellow"| Virgo
!style="background:yellow"| September–October
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''3.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''tulām''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|തുലാം}}
!style="background:yellow"| ''Aippasi ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Tulā]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Aśvina''–''Kārtika''
!style="background:yellow"| Bonthyel
!style="background:yellow"| Libra
!style="background:yellow"| October–November
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''4.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''vr̥ścikam''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|വൃശ്ചികം}}
!style="background:yellow"|''Karthigai''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Vṛścika]]m
!style="background:yellow"| ''Kārtika''–''Mārgaśīrṣa''
!style="background:yellow"| Jaarde
!style="background:yellow"| Scorpio
!style="background:yellow"| November–December
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''5.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''dhaṉu''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|ധനു}}
!style="background:yellow"|''Margazhi ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Mārgaśīrṣa''–''Pauṣa ''
!style="background:yellow"| Peraarde
!style="background:yellow"| Sagittarius
!style="background:yellow"| December–January
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''6.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''makaram''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|മകരം}}
!style="background:yellow"|''Thai ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Makara (month)|Makara]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Pauṣa''/''Taiṣya''-''Māgha''
!style="background:yellow"| Ponny
!style="background:yellow"| Capricorn
!style="background:yellow"| January–February
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''7.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''kumbham''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|കുംഭം}}
!style="background:yellow"|''Maasi''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Kumbha (month)|Kumbha]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Māgha''–''Phālguna ''
!style="background:yellow"| Maayi
!style="background:yellow"| Aquarius
!style="background:yellow"| February–March
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''8.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''mīṉam''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|മീനം}}
!style="background:yellow"|''Panguni ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Mīna]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Phālguna''–''Chaitra ''
!style="background:yellow"| Suggy
!style="background:yellow"| Pisces
!style="background:yellow"| March–April
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''9.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''mēṭam''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|മേടം}}
!style="background:yellow"|''Chithirai ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Meṣa]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Chaitra''– ''Vaiśākha''
!style="background:yellow"| Paggu
!style="background:yellow"| Aries
!style="background:yellow"| April–May
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''10.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''iṭavam''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|ഇടവം}}
!style="background:yellow"|''Vaikasi ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Vṛṣabha]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Vaiśākha''–''Jyaiṣṭha''
!style="background:yellow"| Besa
!style="background:yellow"| Taurus
!style="background:yellow"| May–June
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''11.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''mithuṉam''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|മിഥുനം}}
!style="background:yellow"|'' Aani ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Mithuna (month)|Mithuna]]
!style="background:yellow"| ''Jyaiṣṭha''–''Āṣāḍha''
!style="background:yellow"| Kaarthel
!style="background:yellow"| Gemini
!style="background:yellow"| June–July
|-
!style="background:yellow"| '''12.'''
!style="background:yellow"|''kaṟkkaṭakam''
!style="background:yellow"| {{lang|ml|കർക്കടകം}}
!style="background:yellow"|'' Aadi ''
!style="background:yellow"| [[Karkaṭa]]ka
!style="background:yellow"| ''Āṣāḍha''–Ś''rāvaṇa''
!style="background:yellow"| Aaty
!style="background:yellow"| Cancer
!style="background:yellow"| July–August
|-
|}

== Days ==
The days of the week in the Malayalam calendar are suffixed with ''Aazhcha'' ({{lang|ml|ആഴ്ച}}), meaning week.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Comparative table showing corresponding weekdays
!style="background:gold"| No.
!style="background:gold"| Romanised
!style="background:gold"| മലയാളം
!style="background:gold"| Sanskrit
!style="background:gold"| English
!style="background:gold"| Kannada
!style="background:gold"| Tamil
!style="background:gold"| Hindi
!style="background:gold"| Arabic
!style="background:gold"| Punjabi
|-
!style="background:cyan"| '''1.'''
!style="background:cyan"|''ñāyaṟ''
!style="background:cyan"| {{lang|ml|ഞായർ}}
!style="background:cyan"| Bhānu vāsara
!style="background:cyan"| Sunday
!style="background:cyan"| Bhānu vāra
!style="background:cyan"| Nyaayiru (ஞாயிறு)
!style="background:cyan"| Ravivaar/Itvaar
(रविवार/इतवार)
!style="background:cyan"| al-aḥad
!style="background:cyan"| Ravivaar/Aitvaar (ਰਵਿਵਾਰ/ਐਤਵਾਰ)
|-
!style="background:cyan"| '''2.'''
!style="background:cyan"|''tiṅgaḷ''
!style="background:cyan"| {{lang|ml|തിങ്കൾ}}
!style="background:cyan"| Sōma vāsara
!style="background:cyan"| Monday
!style="background:cyan"| Sōma vāra
!style="background:cyan"| Thingal (திங்கள்)
!style="background:cyan"| Somvaar
(सोमवार)
!style="background:cyan"| al-ithnayn
!style="background:cyan"| Somvaar
(ਸੋਮਵਾਰ)
|-
!style="background:cyan"| '''3.'''
!style="background:cyan"|''čovva''
!style="background:cyan"| {{lang|ml|ചൊവ്വ}}
!style="background:cyan"| Maṅgal̥a vāsara
!style="background:cyan"| Tuesday
!style="background:cyan"| Maṅgal̥a vāra
!style="background:cyan"| Chevvai (செவ்வாய்)
!style="background:cyan"| Mangalvaar
(मङ्गलवार)
!style="background:cyan"| al-thalāthāʾ
!style="background:cyan"| Mangalvaar (ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ)
|-
!style="background:cyan"| '''4.'''
!style="background:cyan"|''budhaṉ''
!style="background:cyan"| {{lang|ml|ബുധൻ}}
!style="background:cyan"| Budha vāsara
!style="background:cyan"| Wednesday
!style="background:cyan"| Budha vāra
!style="background:cyan"| Budhan (புதன்)
!style="background:cyan"| Budhvaar
(बुधवार)
!style="background:cyan"| al-arbaʿā
!style="background:cyan"| Budhvaar
(ਬੁਧਵਾਰ)
|-
!style="background:cyan"| '''5.'''
!style="background:cyan"|''vyāḻam''
!style="background:cyan"| {{lang|ml|വ്യാഴം}}
!style="background:cyan"| Guru vāsara
!style="background:cyan"| Thursday
!style="background:cyan"| Guru vāra
!style="background:cyan"| Vyazhan (வியாழன்)
!style="background:cyan"| Guruvaar/Brihaspativaar
(गुरूवार/बृहस्पतिवार)
!style="background:cyan"| al-khamīs
!style="background:cyan"| Guruvaar/Veervaar
(ਗੁਰੂਵਾਰ/ਵੀਰਵਾਰ)
|-
!style="background:cyan"| '''6.'''
!style="background:cyan"|''veḷḷi''
!style="background:cyan"| {{lang|ml|വെള്ളി}}
!style="background:cyan"| Śukra vāsara
!style="background:cyan"| Friday
!style="background:cyan"| Śukra vāra
!style="background:cyan"| Velli (வெள்ளி)
!style="background:cyan"| Shukravaar
(शुक्रवार)
!style="background:cyan"| al-jumuʿah
!style="background:cyan"| Shukarvaar
(ਸ਼ੁਕਰਵਾਰ)
|-
!style="background:cyan"| '''7.'''
!style="background:cyan"|''śaṉi''
!style="background:cyan"| {{lang|ml|ശനി}}
!style="background:cyan"| Śani vāsara
!style="background:cyan"| Saturday
!style="background:cyan"| Śani vāra
!style="background:cyan"| Sani (சனி)
!style="background:cyan"| Shanivaar
(शनिवार)
!style="background:cyan"| al-sabt
!style="background:cyan"| Shanivaar
(ਸ਼ਨੀਵਾਰ)
|}

Like the months above, there are twenty seven [[nakshatra|stars]] starting from Aswati ([[Ashvini|Ashvinī]] in Sanskrit) and ending in [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revatī]]. The 365 days of the year are divided into groups of fourteen days called ''Ñattuvela'' ({{lang|ml|ഞാറ്റുവേല}}), each one bearing the name of a star.

== Significant dates ==
*[[Vishu]] (1st day of ''Medam'' month): Malayali New Year (traditional)
*[[Vishu|Pathamudayam]] (10th day of ''Medam'' month)
*Ramayana Masam (whole month of ''Karkidakam'')
*[[Karkidaka vavu|Karkidaka Vavu]] (month of ''Karkidakam''): Rituals performed to honour ancestors
*[[Kerala New Year (Kollam era)|''Chingam'' Onnu]]: Malayali New Year (as per the Kollam Era calendar)
*[[Onam]] (month of ''Chingam''): Annual Harvest and Cultural Festival
*[[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chaturthi]] (month of ''Chingam''): Birth of Lord Ganesha
*[[Krishna Janmashtami|Sri Krishna Janmashtami]] (month of ''Chingam''): Birth of Lord Krishna
*[[Navaratri]] (month of ''Kanya''): Saraswati Puja and Vidyarambham
*[[Deepavali]] (month of ''Thulam''): Festival of Lights
*[[Guruvayur Ekadasi|Guruvayur Ekadashi]] (month of ''Vrishchikam''): Festival related to Guruvayur Temple
*[[Karthika Deepam|Thrikarthika]] (month of ''Vrishchikam''): Festival of Lights
*[[Thiruvathira]] (month of ''Dhanu''): Nakshatra (Star) of Lord Shiva
*[[Makaravilakku]] (1st day of ''Makaram'' month): Festival related to Sabarimala Temple
*Makara Bharani (month of ''Makaram''): Festival related to Devi
*[[Thaipusam|Thaipooyam]] (month of ''Makaram''): Festival related to Lord Murugan
*[[Maha Shivaratri]] (month of Kumbham): Festival related to Lord Shiva

[[Vishu]] ({{lang|ml|വിഷു}}), celebrated on the first day of ''Medam'', ''[[Onam]]'' ({{lang|ml|ഓണം}}), celebrated on the star Thiruvonam {{IPA|ml|t̪iruʋoːɳəm|}} on the first day of ''Chingam'', and [[Deepavali]] ({{lang|ml|ദീപാവലി}}), celebrated on the first day of ''Thulam'', are three of the major festivals. The first day of ''Chingam'' is celebrated as the [[Kerala New Year (Kollam era)|Kerala New Year]], replacing Vishu ({{lang|ml|വിഷു}}), which was considered the beginning of a year until 825 CE. Vishu is still celebrated as the traditional Malayali New Year, as it is astronomically significant, 'Medam' being the first among the 12 rashis (the [[zodiac]] signs corresponding to the 12 months of a solar year).{{fact|date=July 2022}}. Deepavali is traditionally celebrated during Thulam which is the months of October and November.

The [[Makaravilakku]] festival is celebrated in the [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]] Temple at [[Sabarimala]] on the first day of ''Makaram'' month. This marks the grand finale of the two-month period to the Sabarimala pilgrimage. The 1st of ''Makaram'' marks the winter Solstice (Uttarayanam) and the 1st of ''Karkaṭakam'' marks the summer solstice (Dakshinayanam) according to the Malayalam calendar (according to the astronomical calendar, the summer solstice is on 21 June, and the winter solstice on 21 December).{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Chaitram 1 (usually coinciding with 20 March) or Medam 1 (mostly coinciding with 14 April, for 2019 it was on 15 April), both in the proximity of the date of the vernal equinox (21 March), mark the beginning of the new year in many traditional Indian calendars such as the [[Indian national calendar]] and the [[Tamil calendar]]. When the [[Government of Kerala]] adopted Kolla Varsham as the regional calendar, the first of ''Chingam'', the month of the festival of Onam, was accepted as the Malayalam New Year instead.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Derived names==
Many events in Kerala are related to the dates in the Malayalam calendar.

The agricultural activities of Kerala are centred on the seasons. The southwest [[monsoon]] which starts around 1 June is known as ''Edavappathi'', meaning mid of month ''Edavam''. The northeast monsoon which starts during mid October is called ''thulavarsham'' (rain in the month of ''thulam''). The two harvests of paddy are called ''Kannikkoythu'' and ''Makarakkoythu'' (harvests in the months ''kanni'' and ''makaram,'' respectively).{{fact|date=July 2022}}

== See also ==
* [[Bengali calendar]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Meitei calendar|Manipuri calendar]]
* [[Tamil calendar]]
* [[Vākyapañcāṅga]]
* [[Great flood of 99]], in Kerala in 1924 CE, or 1099 ME

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Malayalam calendar}}
* [https://www.obidostech.com/malayalam-calendar/ Free Malayalam Calendar for Android and iPhone without download]
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.panchang.malayalamcalender Malayalam calendar with panchangam]
* [http://hindupanchangam.org/malayalam/ Malayalam Panchang Calendars with Tithi, Nakshtra etc]
* [https://www.jathakaporutham.com/malayalam-panchangam Malayalam Daily Panchangam]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219142002/http://hindupanchangam.org/malayalam/ |date=19 December 2013 }}
* [https://kollavarsham.org/ Open Source software libraries for Malayalam Calendar]
{{Portal bar|India}}{{calendars}}
{{Kollam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Calendar}}
[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Calendar eras]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]
[[Category:Specific calendars]]
[[Category:Time in India]]
[[Category:Solar calendars]]
[[Category:Onam]]

Ellora Caves

2026-03-12T06:52:25Z

AlmedaCheyne: small edit

{{short description|Ancient cave temples in Maharashtra, India}}
{{redirect|Ellora}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Ellora Caves
| type = Monolithic caves
| coordinates = {{coord|20.0268|75.1771|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India#Maharashtra
| map_relief = yes
| location = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]], India
| area = Indian
| built =
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#1983 (12th session)|1983]] (12th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243 243]
| designation1_criteria = i, iii, vi
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region UNESCO Region]
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Asia-Pacific]]
}}
The '''Ellora Caves''' are a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Sambhaji Nagar]], [[India]]. It is one of the largest rock-cut cave complexes in the world, with artwork dating from AD 600–1000, including [[Hindu]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], and [[Jainism|Jain]] caves.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=1–2}}<ref name= unescoellora>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243 |title=Ellora Caves |publisher= UNESCO World Heritage Centre | website= whc.unesco.org |date= 6 March 2008 |access-date=12 August 2010| quote= These 34 monasteries and temples, extending over more than 2 km, were dug side by side in the wall of a high basalt cliff, not far from Aurangabad, in Maharashtra. Ellora, with its uninterrupted sequence of monuments dating from AD 600 to 1000.... a unique artistic creation and a technological exploit but, with its sanctuaries devoted to Hinduism....}}</ref> The complex is a leading example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]], and several are not strictly "caves" in that they have no roof. Cave 16 features the largest single monolithic rock excavation in the world, the [[Kailasa temple, Ellora|Kailash temple]], a chariot-shaped monument dedicated to the god [[Shiva]]. The Kailash temple excavation also features sculptures depicting various Hindu deities as well as relief panels summarizing the two major [[Hindu Epics|Hindu epics]].

There are over 100 caves at the site, all excavated from the [[basalt]] cliffs in the Charanandri Hills, 34 of which are open to public.<ref name= "asiintro" /> These consist of 17 Hindu (caves 13–29), 12 Buddhist (caves 1–12) and 5 Jain (caves 30–34) caves,<ref name="Owen2012p10">{{cite book| author= Lisa Owen |title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC |year=2012|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn= 978-9004206298| pages=1–10}}</ref><ref name="Brockman2011p155"/> each group representing deities and mythologies prevalent in the 1st millennium CE, as well as monasteries of each respective religion.<ref name="Owen2012p10"/> They were built close to one another and illustrate the religious harmony that existed in ancient India.<ref name=unescoellora/><ref>{{cite book| publisher= [[Time Life]] | series= Lost Civilizations| title= Ancient India: Land Of Mystery |year= 1994}}</ref> All of the Ellora monuments were built during the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] (r. 753-982 AD), which constructed part of the Hindu and Buddhist caves, and the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]] (c. 1187–1317), which constructed a number of the Jain caves. Funding for the construction of the monuments was provided by royals, traders and the wealthy of the region.<ref name=asiintro/><ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India| via= archive.org| access-date= }}</ref>

Although the caves served as temples and a rest stop for pilgrims,<ref name="Brockman2011p155">{{cite book|author=Norbert C. Brockman|title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNZ15Oow8XcC |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-655-3|pages=155–156}}</ref> the site's location on an ancient South Asian trade route also made it an important commercial centre in the Deccan region.{{Sfn|Pandit|2013}} It is {{cvt|29|km|mi}} northwest of Aurangabad and about {{cvt|300|km}} east-northeast of [[Mumbai]]. Today, the Ellora Caves, along with the nearby [[Ajanta Caves]], are a major tourist attraction in the [[Marathwada]] region of [[Maharashtra]] and a protected monument under the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maharashtra.asp|title= Ellora Caves|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Ellora, also called Verul or Elura, is the short form of the ancient name '''Elloorpuram'''.<ref>World Heritage Series Ellora, [[Archaeological Survey of India]], Government of India, p. 6. {{ISBN|81-87780-43-6}}. Printed by GoodEarth Publications, Eicher GoodEarth Limited @ Thomson Press, New Delhi</ref> The older form of the name has been found in ancient references, such as the Baroda inscription of 812 AD, which mentions "the greatness of this edifice" and that "this great edifice was built on a hill by Krishnaraja at Elapura, the edifice in the inscription being the Kailasa temple.<ref name=asiintro/> In the Indian tradition, each cave is named and has a suffix ''Guha'' (Sanskrit), ''Lena'', or ''Leni'' (Marathi), meaning cave.<ref name=asiintro/>{{Sfn|Pia Brancaccio|2013|p=2}}

It is also thought to be derived from Ilvalapuram, named after the asura [[Ilvala]] who ruled this region who was vanquished by Sage [[Agastya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PrabhupadaBooks.com Srila Prabhupada's Original Books |url=https://prabhupadabooks.com/ |website= prabhupadabooks.com |access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:ElloraWik.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ellora Caves, general map (the rock is depicted as dark green)]]
The Ellora caves are situated in state of Maharashtra about {{cvt|29|km}} northwest of the city of Aurangabad, {{cvt|300|km}} east-northeast of [[Mumbai]], {{cvt|235|km}} from [[Pune]] and about {{cvt|100|km}} west of the [[Ajanta Caves]] another UNESCO World Heritage Site and {{cvt|2.3|km}} from [[Grishneshwar Temple]] (India).

Ellora occupies a relatively flat rocky region of the [[Western Ghats]], where ancient volcanic activity had created multilayered [[basalt]] formations, known as the [[Deccan Traps]]. The volcanic activity that formed the west-facing cliff that houses the Ellora caves occurred during the [[Cretaceous]] period. The resulting vertical face made access to many layers of rock formations easier, enabling architects to pick basalt with finer grains for more detailed sculpting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellora.ind.in/geology-of-ellora |title=Geology of Ellora |publisher= | website= ellora.ind.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209150020/http://ellora.ind.in/geology-of-ellora |archive-date=9 December 2010 |access-date= 2025-06-17}}</ref>

==Chronology==
The construction at Ellora has been studied since British colonial rule. However, the overlapping styles between the Buddhist, Hindu and Jain caves has made it difficult to establish agreement concerning the chronology of their construction.<ref name="Spink1967">{{cite book|author=Walter M. Spink| title= Ajanta to Ellora| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwsNAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Marg Publications|pages=3–4, 35–40 | oclc= 648366740}}</ref> The disputes generally concern: one, whether the Buddhist or Hindu caves were carved first and, two, the relative dating of caves within a particular tradition. The broad consensus that has emerged is based on comparing the carving styles at Ellora to other cave temples in the Deccan region that have been dated, textual records of various dynasties, and epigraphical evidence found at various archaeological sites near Ellora and elsewhere in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=5–7}}{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=109–110}} Geri Hockfield Malandra and other scholars{{who|date=November 2017}} have stated that the Ellora caves had three important building periods: an early Hindu period (~550 to 600 CE), a Buddhist phase (~600 to 730 CE) and a later Hindu and Jain phase (~730 to 950 CE).{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=5–7}}{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=7–9}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Geri Malandra|title=The Mandala at Ellora / Ellora in the Mandala|journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |year=1996 |volume=19 | number = 2 |page=193}}</ref><ref name="Ray366">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |last2=Kulshreshtha |first2=Salila |last3=Suvrathan |first3=Uthara |title=The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples: Materiality, Social History and Practice |date=13 October 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78581-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H5eSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT470 366] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5eSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT470 |language=en |quote=Excavation of rock-cut caves at Ellora began in the late 6th century with a few Shaiva monuments and continued until the 10th with renewed activity in the 13th and 14th centuries. In the 9th century excavations focused on both Hindu and Jain caves. The 12 Buddhist caves are dated from 600 to 730 CE, while the Jain caves were the last to be carved in the 9th and 10th centuries. Lisa Owen emphasizes the fact that the caves to the three different religious affiliations were not carved in separate phases, but the work often crossed religious boundaries and was carried out simultaneously. It is also not often appreciated that the earliest caves at Ellora were affiliated to Hinduism and were carved into a large outcrop of basalt strategically located at the center of the site near the Vale Ganga waterfall.}}</ref>

The earliest caves may have been built during the [[Traikutakas]] and [[Vakataka]] dynasties, the latter being known for sponsoring the Ajanta caves. However, it is considered likely that some of the earliest caves, such as Cave 29 (Hindu), were built by the [[Shiva]]-inspired [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]] dynasty, while the Buddhist caves were built by the [[Chalukya]] dynasty.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=5–7}} The later Hindu caves and early Jain caves were built by the [[Rashtrakuta]] dynasty, while the last Jain caves were built by the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] dynasty, which had also sponsored other Jain cave temples.{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|pp=21, 24}}{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=200–202}}<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/other/019pho000000040u00120000.html|title=Close view of base of pillars in the upper floor of the Jain Cave XXXIII (Jaganatha Sabha), Ellora| website= bl.uk| publisher= [[British Library]] |access-date=2 September 2013|archive-date=25 April 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425160916/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/other/019pho000000040u00120000.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==The Hindu monuments: Caves 13–29==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Parvati at Ellora Caves.jpg
| total_width=335
| caption1 =
| image2 = 1 Dancing Shiva, Cave 21 at Ellora.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = Parvati and Dancing Shiva (right) in an Ellora cave
}}
The Hindu caves were constructed during the Kalachuri period, from the mid-6th century to the end of the 8th century in two phases. Nine cave temples were excavated early in the 6th century,{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=7}}{{Sfn|Walter M. Spink|1967b}} followed by a further four caves (caves 17–29). Work first started
, in order, on Caves 28, 27 and 19 then Caves 29 and 21, which were excavated concurrently with Caves 20 and 26. Caves 17 and 28 were the last ones to be started.<ref name=d3>{{harvnb|Dhavalikar|2003|page=33}}</ref>{{Sfn|Walter M. Spink|1967a}}

The later caves, 14, 15 and 16, were constructed during the [[Rashtrakuta]] period, some being dated to between the 8th to 10th centuries.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=8–9}} Work first began in Caves 14 and 15 with Cave 16, the "world's largest single monolith", that is located in the Kailash temple in Maharashtra, India, being the last of the three to be constructed.<ref name=d3/> These caves were completed in the 8th century with the support of king [[Krishna I]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|title=Masterpieces of Rashtrakuta Art: The Kailasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUMNAQAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Stosius|isbn=978-0865902336|page=3}}</ref>{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=28–35}}

===Early Hindu temples: Dhumar Lena, Cave 29===
Construction in the early Hindu caves commenced before any of the Buddhist or Jain caves.<ref name="Ray366"/> These early caves were generally dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], although the iconography suggests that the artisans gave other gods and goddesses of Hinduism prominent and equal reverence. A common feature of these cave temples was a rock-cut linga-yoni within the core of the shrine with each being surrounded by a space for circumambulation (''parikrama'').

Cave 29, also called ''Dhumar Lena'', is one of earliest excavations in Ellora and among the largest.{{Sfn|Dhavalikar|2003|pp=81–84}} Early Hindu temple building in the cave centred around the "Vale Ganga", a natural waterfall that was integrated into the monument.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=7–8}}{{Sfn|Walter M. Spink|1967a}} The waterfall is visible from a rock carved balcony to the south and has been described as "falling over great Shiva's brow", particularly during monsoon season.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=7–8}} The carvings in this cave are larger than life size but, according to author Dhavalikar, they are "corpulent, stumpy with disproportionate limbs" compared to those found in other Ellora caves.{{Sfn|Dhavalikar|2003|pp=83–84}}

===Rameshwar temple, Cave 21===
[[File:Goddess Ganga at Cave 21 entrance, Ellora.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Goddess Ganga at the entrance of Cave 21]]
Cave 21, also called ''Rameshwar Lena'', is another early excavation{{Sfn|Dhavalikar|2003|pp=73–79, 84}}{{Sfn|P. R. Srinivasan|2007|p=23}} whose construction has been credited to the local dynasty of the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati]]. The cave was completed prior to the ascension of [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakuta dynasty]] which went on to expand the caves at Ellora.<ref name=asiintro/>

Although the cave features similar works to those in other Ellora caves, it also has a number of unique pieces, such as those depicting the story of goddess [[Parvati]]'s pursuit of [[Shiva]]. Carvings depicting Parvati and Shiva at leisure, [[Parvati|Parvati's]] wedding to Shiva, [[Shiva]] dancing and [[Kartikeya]] (Skanda) have been found in other caves.{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|pp=86–87, 134–135}} The cave also features a large display of the [[Matrikas|Sapta Matrika]], the seven mother goddesses of the [[Shaktism|Shakti]] tradition of Hinduism, flanked on either side by [[Ganesha]] and Shiva.{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|pp=86–87, 134–135}} Inside the temple are other goddesses important to [[Shakti|Shakti tradition]], for example, the [[Durga]]. The entrance to Cave 21 is flanked by large sculptures of the goddesses [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] representing the two major Himalayan rivers and their significance to the Indian culture.{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|p=124}}

The cave is laid out symmetrically according to the mandapa square principle and has embedded geometric patterns repeated throughout the cave.{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|pp=145–147}} The Shiva linga at the sanctum sanctorum of the temple is equidistant from the major statues of goddesses [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna (goddess)|Yamuna]], with all three set in an equilateral triangle.{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|p=126}} According to Carmel Berkson, this layout likely symbolizes the [[Brahman]]–[[Prakriti]] relationship, the interdependence of the masculine and the feminine energies, that is central to [[Hindu theology]].{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|p=124}}

===The Kailasha temple: Cave 16===
{{Main|Kailasa temple, Ellora}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 340
| image1 = Ellora, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.jpg
| alt1 = top view
| width1 = 1200
| height1 = 885
| image2 = Ellora. Kylas, lithograph by James Fergusson and Thomas Dibdin, 1839.jpg
| alt2 = Fergusson painting
| width2 = 976
| height2 = 691
| footer = Kailash temple at Ellora. Right: James Fergusson's 19th-century drawing of the temple
}}
Cave 16, known as the Kailas(h)a temple, is a particularly notable cave temple in India as a result of its size, architecture and having been entirely carved out of a single rock.<ref name="UNESCO_SecII_2003">{{cite web |url= https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/apa/cycle01/section2/243.pdf |title=Section II: Periodic Report on the State of Conservation of Ellora Caves, India| year= 2003 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=lochtefeld331>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA331 |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=331 | via= Google Books}}</ref>

The Kailasha temple, inspired by [[Mount Kailash|Mount Kailasha]], is dedicated to [[Shiva]].<ref name=higham105>{{cite book|author=Charles Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA105 |year=2014|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |page=105 }}</ref> It is modeled along similar lines to other [[Hindu temple]]s with a gateway, an assembly hall, a multi-storey main temple surrounded by numerous shrines laid out according to the square principle,<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Tadgell|title=The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaTbCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-75384-8|pages=114–117, see figure 1.55a for the three-storey sectional detail}}</ref> an integrated space for circumambulation, a ''[[Garbhagriha|garbha-griha]]'' (sanctum sanctorum) wherein resides the [[Lingam|linga]]-[[yoni]], and a spire-shaped like Mount Kailash – all carved from one rock.<ref name=lochtefeld331/><ref name=goetz84/> Other shrines carved from the same rock are dedicated to [[Ganges in Hinduism|Ganga]], [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]], [[Saraswati]], the ten [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]], Vedic divinities including [[Indra]], [[Agni]], [[Vayu]], [[Surya]] and [[Ushas|Usha]], as well as non-Vedic deities like [[Ganesha]], [[Ardhanarishvara]] (half Shiva, half Parvati), [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu), [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]] and [[Durga]].<ref name="UNESCO_SecII_2003"/><ref name=lochtefeld331/>{{Sfn| Dhavalikar|2003|pp=37–38}} The basement level of the temple features numerous [[Shaivism|Shaiva]], [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] and [[Shaktism|Shakti]] works; a notable set of carvings include the twelve episodes from the childhood of [[Krishna]], an important element of Vaishnavism.<ref>John Stratton Hawley (1981), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111118 Scenes from the Childhood of Kṛṣṇa on the Kailāsanātha Temple, Ellora], Archives of Asian Art, University of Hawaii Press, Vol. 34 (1981), pp. 74–90</ref>

{{multiple image
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The structure is a freestanding, multi-level temple complex covering an area twice the size of the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]].<ref name=lonelyplanet>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access=registration|title=India| isbn=978-1-74104-308-2| page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/810 810]|author=Sarina Singh |year=2007 |publisher=Lonely Planet| display-authors= 3| location= Footscray, Vic. |author2=Joe Bindloss |author3=James Bainbridge |author4=Lindsay Brown |author5=Mark Elliott |author6=Stuart Butler| via= archive.org}}</ref> It is estimated that the artists removed {{cvt|3,000,000|cuft}} of stone, weighing approximately {{cvt|200,000|tonne}},<ref name=higham105/> to excavate the temple.<ref name=lochtefeld331/>

The construction of the temple has been attributed to the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] king [[Krishna I]] (r. 756–773 CE),{{sfn|Owen|2012|pp=135–136}} but elements of [[Pallava dynasty#Pallava architecture|Pallava]] architecture have also been noted.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA120 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |page=120 }}</ref> The dimensions of the courtyard are 82 meters by 46 meters at the base, and 30 meters high (280 × 160 × 106 feet).<ref name=goetz84>{{cite journal | last=Goetz | first=H. | title=The Kailasa of Ellora and the Chronology of Rashtrakuta Art | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=15 | issue=1/2 | year=1952 | pages=84–107 | doi=10.2307/3248615 | jstor=3248615 }}</ref> The entrance features a low [[gopuram]]. The central shrine housing the [[lingam]] features a flat-roofed [[mandapa]] supported by 16 pillars, and a [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] [[shikhara]]. An image of Shiva's mount [[Nandi bull|Nandi]] (the sacred bull) stands on a porch in front of the temple.<ref name="UNESCO_SecII_2003"/> Two of the walls in the main temple house rows of carvings depicting the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', along the north side, and the ''[[Ramayana]]'', on the south side.{{Sfn| Dhavalikar|2003|p=56}}

The Kailasha temple is considered a highly notable example of temple construction from 1st millennium Indian history,{{Sfn|Susan L. Huntington| John C.. Huntington |2014|p=338}}<ref name="dhavalikar1982p33">M. K. Dhavalikar (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931407 "Kailasa – The Stylistic Development and Chronology"], ''Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute'', Vol. 41, pp. 33–45</ref><ref name=higham105/> and was called, by Carmel Berkson, "a wonder of the world" among rock-cut monuments.{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|p=30}}

===The Dashavatara: Cave 15===
[[File:The Dashavatara, Ellora cave no. 15.jpg|thumb|180px|Vishnu at the Dashavatara Ellora temple]]
The ''Dashavatara temple'', or Cave 15, is another significant excavation that was completed sometime after Cave 14 (Ravan ki Khai, Hindu). Cave 15 has cells and a layout plan that are similar to Buddhist Caves 11 and 12, which suggests this cave was intended to be a Buddhist cave; however, the presence of non-Buddhist features, such as a ''Nrtya Mandapa'' (an [[Indian classical dance]] pavilion) at its entrance, indicated otherwise. According to James Harle, Hindu images have been found in Buddhist Cave 11, while many Hindu deities have been incorporated in Buddhist caves of the region. This overlap in disparate designs between Buddhist and Hindu caves may be due to the sites being worked on by the same architects and workers, or perhaps a planned Buddhist cave was adapted into a Hindu monument.<ref>{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |url= https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/131 131–134]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=135}}

According to Geri Malandra, all the Buddhist caves at Ellora were an intrusion in a place that was already an established Brahmanical [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] (Hindu pilgrimage site), and not the other way around. Furthermore, given that both the Hindu and Buddhist caves were predominantly anonymous, with no donative inscriptions having been discovered for the Buddhist Ellora caves other than those of Hindu dynasties that built them, the original intent and nature of these cave temples is speculative.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Geri Malandra|title=The Mandala at Ellora / Ellora in the Mandala |journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |year=1996 |volume=19 | number = 2 |pages=192–194}}</ref>

[[File:Das Avatara, by Thomas Daniell and James Wales, 1803.jpeg|thumb|left|An early 19th-century painting of Cave 15]]
The Hindu temple housed in Cave 15 has an open court with a free-standing monolithic ''mandapa'' at the middle and a two-storeyed excavated temple at the rear. Large sculptural panels between the wall columns on the upper floor illustrate a wide range of themes, including the ten [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]]. An inscription of [[Dantidurga]], critical to establishing the age of the temple, is on the back wall of the front ''mandapa''. According to Coomaraswamy, the finest relief of this cave is the one depicting the death of [[Hiranyakashipu]], where Vishnu in man-lion ([[Narasimha]]) form, emerges from a pillar to lay a fatal hand upon his shoulder. It is a Rastrakoot dynasty sculpture.<ref>Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1999). ''Introduction to Indian Art'', New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, {{ISBN|81-215-0389-2}}, p. 5</ref> Other reliefs in Cave 15 include the Gangadhara, [[Kalyanasundara|marriage of Shiva and Parvati]], [[Tripurantaka|Tripurantika]] of Shakti tradition, [[Markandeya|Markendeya]], [[Garuda]], aspects of life, Nandi in mandapa, [[Nataraja|dancing Shiva]], [[Andhaka|Andhakasura]], [[Govardhanadhari]] and [[Gajendra Moksha|Gajendravarada]].{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|pp=86–87, 231–232}} The panels are arranged in dyads, which states Carmel Berkson, reinforce each other by displaying "cooperative but also antagonistic energy" with a mutuality of power transference.{{Sfn|Berkson|1992|pp=231–232}}

===Other Hindu caves===
Other notable Hindu caves are the ''Ravan ki Khai'' (Cave 14) and the ''Nilkantha'' (Cave 22), both of which house numerous sculptures, Cave 25 in particular features a carving of Surya in its ceiling.
==The Buddhist monuments: Caves 1–12==
[[File:Ellora Cave No. 10.jpg|right|thumb|Ellora Cave No. 10]]
[[File:Ellora Caves, India, Facade of ancient Buddhist temple, Cave 11.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Caves 11 (above) and 12 are three-storey monasteries cut out of a rock, with Vajrayana iconography inside.{{Sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=65–82}}]]
These caves are located on the southern side and were built either between 630 and 700 CE,<ref name=d1>{{harvnb|Dhavalikar|2003|p=12}}</ref> or 600–730 CE.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=8}} It was initially thought that the Buddhist caves were the earliest structures that were created between the fifth and eighth centuries, with caves 1–5 in the first phase (400–600) and 6–12 in the later phase (650–750), but modern scholars now consider the construction of Hindu caves to have been before the Buddhist caves.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=8}}{{Sfn|Dhavalikar|2003|pp=9–12, 33}} The earliest Buddhist cave is Cave 6, then 5, 2, 3, 5 (right wing), 4, 7, 8, 10 and 9,<ref name=d1/> with caves 11 and 12, also known as Do Thal and Tin Thal respectively, being the last.<ref>{{cite book |author= James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access= registration |year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/132 132]}}</ref>

Eleven out of the twelve Buddhist caves consist of ''[[vihara]]s'',{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=8}} or monasteries with prayer halls: large, multi-storeyed buildings carved into the mountain face, including living quarters, sleeping quarters, kitchens, and other rooms. The monastery caves have shrines including carvings of [[Gautama Buddha]], [[bodhisattva]]s and saints. In some of these caves, sculptors have endeavoured to give the stone the look of wood.

[[File:Ellora Cave 12 si0241.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Numerous tantric Buddhist goddesses are carved in Cave 12.]]Caves 5, 10, 11 and 12 are architecturally important Buddhist caves. Cave 5 is unique among the Ellora caves as it was designed as a hall with a pair of parallel refectory benches in the centre and a Buddha statue in the rear.{{Sfn|James Burgess|1880|pp=373–374}} This cave, and Cave 11 of the [[Kanheri Caves]], are the only two Buddhist caves in India arranged in such a way.{{Sfn|Pandit|2013}} Caves 1 through 9 are all monasteries while Cave 10, the Vīśvakarmā Cave, is a major Buddhist prayer hall.{{Sfn|Pandit|2013}}

Caves 11 and 12 are three-storied [[Mahayana]] monastery caves with idols, [[mandala]]s carved into the walls, and numerous goddesses, and Bodhisattva-related iconography, belonging to [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism. These are compelling evidence to suggest that Vajrayana and [[Tantra]] ideas of Buddhism were well established in South Asia by the 8th-century CE.{{Sfn|Pandit|2013}}{{Sfn|Damien Keown|Charles S. Prebish|2013|p=23}}

=== The Vishvakarma Cave ===
Notable among the Buddhist caves is Cave 10, a [[chaitya]] worship hall called the 'Vishvakarma cave', built around 650 CE.{{Sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=51}}{{Sfn|James Burgess|1880|pp=377–380}} It is also known as the "Carpenter's Cave", because the rock has been given a finish that has the appearance of wooden beams. Beyond its multi-storeyed entry is a cathedral-like stupa hall also known as ''chaitya-griha'' (prayer house). At the heart of this cave is a 15-foot statue of Buddha seated in a preaching pose.

[[File:Ellora Caves, India, The Vishvakarma Buddhist Cave.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Carpenter's cave (Buddhist Cave 10)]]
[[File:*The Sutar-ki-Jhonpri -Visvakarma- Cave, Ellora; a photo by Lala Deen Dayal, 1880's* (BL).1880.jpg|thumb|left|Facade outside Vishvakarma cave, Cave 10, 1890]]
Cave 10 combines a ''vihara'' with a chapel-like worship hall that has eight subsidiary cells, four in the back wall and four in the right,<ref name="Tadgell2015p78">{{cite book|author=Christopher Tadgell|title=The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaTbCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-75384-8|pages=78–82}}</ref> as well as a portico in the front.<ref name=d1/> It is the only dedicated [[chaitya|chaitya griha]] amongst the Buddhist caves and is constructed along similar lines to Caves 19 and 26 of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]]. Cave 10 also features a [[gavaksha]], or chandrashala, arched window and a side connection to Cave 9 of Ellora.{{Sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=51}}

The main hall of the Visvakarma cave is [[apsidal]] in plan and is divided into a central nave and side aisles by 28 octagonal columns with plain bracket capitals. In the apsidal end of the chaitya hall is a stupa on the face of which a colossal high seated Buddha in ''vyakhyana mudra'' (teaching posture). A large [[Sacred fig|Bodhi tree]] is carved at his back. The hall has a vaulted roof in which ribs (known as triforium) have been carved in the rock [[skeuomorphism|imitating the wooden ones]].<ref name=d2>{{harvnb|Dhavalikar|2003|pages=20–3}}</ref> The friezes above the pillars are Naga queens, and the extensive relief artwork shows characters such as entertainers, dancers and musicians.

The front of the prayer hall is a rock-cut court entered via a flight of steps. The entrance of the Cave has a carved facade decorated with numerous Indian motifs including [[apsaras]] and meditating monks.<ref name="Tadgell2015p78"/> On either side of the upper level are pillared porticos with small rooms in their back walls. The pillared ''verandah'' of the ''chaitya'' has a small shrine at either end and a single cell in the far end of the back wall. The corridor columns have massive squared shafts and ''ghata-pallava'' (vase and foliage) capitals. The various levels of Cave 10 also feature idols of male and female deities, such as Maitreya, Tara, Avalokitesvara (Vajradhamma), Manjusri, Bhrkuti, and Mahamayuri, carved in the Pala dynasty style found in eastern regions of India.{{Sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=53–60, 64–65}} Some southern Indian influences can also be found in various works in this cave.{{Sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=61–62}}

==The Jain monuments: Caves 30–34==
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At the north end of Ellora are the five Jain caves belonging to the [[Digambar]]a sect, which were excavated in the ninth and early tenth centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Dhavalikar|2003|p=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Geri Malandra|title=The Mandala at Ellora / Ellora in the Mandala|journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |year=1996 |volume=19 | number = 2 |page=192}}</ref> These caves are smaller than the Buddhist and Hindu caves but nonetheless feature highly detailed carvings. They, and the later-era Hindu caves, were built at a similar time and both share architectural and devotional ideas such as a pillared veranda, symmetric mandapa and ''puja'' (worship).{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=2–3, 179–185}} However, unlike the Hindu temples, emphasis is placed on the depiction of the twenty-four [[Tirthankara|tirthankaras]] (spiritual conquerors who have gained liberation from the endless cycle of rebirths).{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=2–3}} In addition to these Jinas, the works at the Jain temples include carvings of gods and goddesses, ''[[yaksha]]'' (male nature deity), ''[[Yakshini|yakshi]]'' (female nature deity) and human devotees prevalent in Jain mythology of 1st millennium CE.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=9–12, 81–103, 119–129}}

[[File:Indra Sabha Ellora Temple Maharashtra India.jpg|left|thumb|Shikhar of Indra Sabha]]
According to [[José Pereira (scholar)|José Pereira]], the five caves were actually 23 distinct excavations, over different periods. Thirteen of these are in Indra Sabha, 6 in Jagannatha Sabha, and rest in the Chhota Kailash.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=2–3}} Pereira used numerous sources to conclude that the creation of the Jain caves at Ellora likely began in the late 8th century,{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|pp=25–28, 48–49}} with construction and excavation activity extending beyond the 10th century and into the 13th century before coming to a halt with the invasion of the region by the Delhi Sultanate.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=13–14, 189–199}} This is evidenced by votive inscriptions dated to 1235 CE, where the donor states to have "converted Charanadri into a holy ''tirtha''" for Jains by gifting the excavation of lordly Jinas.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Geri Malandra|title=The Mandala at Ellora / Ellora in the Mandala|journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |year=1996 |volume=19 | number = 2 |pages=193–194 with footnote 33}}</ref>

Particularly important Jain shrines are the ''Chhota Kailash'' (cave 30, 4 excavations), the ''Indra Sabha'' (cave 32, 13 excavations) and the ''Jagannath Sabha'' (cave 33, 4 excavations);{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=2–3}} cave 31 is an unfinished four-pillared hall and shrine.<ref>{{harvnb|Dhavalikar|2003|p=88}}</ref> Cave 34 is a small cave, which can be accessed through an opening in the left side of Cave 33.<ref>{{harvnb|Dhavalikar|2003|p=96}}</ref>

The Jain caves contain some of the earliest ''[[Samavasarana]]'' images among its devotional carvings. The Samavasarana is of particular importance to Jains being the hall where the [[Tirthankara]] preaches after attaining ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (liberating omniscience).<ref>{{harvnb|Owen|2012|pp=15–16}}</ref> Another interesting feature found in these caves is the pairing of sacred figures in Jainism, specifically [[Parsvanatha]] and [[Bahubali]], which appear 19 times.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=6–7}} Other artworks of significance include those of deities [[Saraswati#In Jainism|Sarasvati]], [[Lakshmi#Jainism|Sri]], [[Indra#Jainism|Saudharmendra]] (Indra), [[Kubera#Jainism|Sarvanubhuti]], [[Gomukha]], [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], [[Chakreshvari]], [[Padmāvatī|Padmavati]], [[Kshetrapala|Ksetrapala]] and [[Hanuman]].{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|p=30}}

===Chhota Kailasha: Cave 30===
[[File:Ellora Cave - 30 (1).jpg|thumb|Chhota Kailasha]]
The Chhota Kailasha, or the little Kailasha, is so named due to the similarity of the carvings to those in the Kailasha temple. This temple was likely built in the early 9th century, concurrent with the construction of the lower level of the Indra Sabha, some decades after the completion of the Kailasha Temple.{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|p=28}} It features two larger-than-life size reliefs of dancing Indra, one with eight arms and another with twelve, both adorned with ornaments and a crown; Indra's arms are shown in various mudra reminiscent of the dancing Shiva artworks found in nearby Hindu caves.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=28–29}} However, the iconography has several differences that indicate this cave shows a dancing Indra and not a dancing Shiva. The Indra panels at the entrance also feature other deities, celestials, musicians and dancers.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=28–32}}

Art historian Lisa Owen has raised questions concerning whether music and dance were part of 9th-century Jainism, given that Jain theology focuses on meditative [[asceticism]]. Rajan, for example, has proposed that Cave 30 May have originally been a Hindu monument that was later converted into a Jain temple. However, Owen suggests that the celebration-filled artwork in this temple is better understood as part of the ''Samavasarana'' doctrine in Jainism.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=28–32}}

The overlap between Jain and Hindu mythologies has caused confusion, given Book Three of the Hindu ''Mahabharata'' describes Indra's abode as one filled with a variety of heroes, courtesans, and artisans, within a paradise-like setting.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=32–35}} This imagery is repeated throughout Cave 30, similar to the Hindu caves, setting the context of the temple.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=32–35}} However, the symbolism closer to the centre of the temple is more aligned with the core ideas of Jainism: a greater prevalence of meditating images and Jinas, the place where the Jain devotee would perform his or her ritual ''abhisheka'' (worship).{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=168–169, 184–195}}

===Cave 31===
[[File:Ellora Caves 86.jpg|thumb|left|Mahavira with yaksha Matanga and yakshi Siddhaiki]]
Cave 31, consisting of four pillars, a small shrine a number of carvings, was not completed. Carvings of [[Parshvanatha]], guarded by [[yaksha]] [[Dharanendra]] with his 7 hoods, and Bahubali were made into the left and right walls of the hall, respectively, while within the shrine resides an idol of Mahavira. The idol is seated in a [[lotus position|padmasan position]] on a lion-throne and a chakra is seen in the middle panel of the throne. The figure of yaksha [[Kubera#Jainism|Matanga]] on an elephant is on the left side of shrine while one of yakshi Siddhaiki, seated in savya-[[lalitasana]] on a lion with a child on her lap, is on the right.<ref name="aurangabadcircle">{{cite web|title=Ellora Caves – Verul Ellora |url= http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Ellora_Caves-_Verul__Ellora_.pdf|website=Aurangabad Circle ASI|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad Circle, Sambhaji Nagar, Maharashtra, Government of India|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220531040207/http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Ellora_Caves-_Verul__Ellora_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC| title= World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India| volume= 1 |first= Alī |last= Jāvīd |year= 2008 |publisher=Algora Publishing New York|page=164|isbn=978-0-87586-483-9}}</ref>

===The Indra Sabha: Cave 32===
[[File:Inner sanctum with Mahavira statue, Ellora Cave 32.jpg|thumb|Indra Sabha is the largest of the Jain series and dates from the 9th century, Rashtrakuta patronage. A simple gateway leads to a courtyard in which there is a monolithic shrine with a pyramidal roof. The double-storey temple is excavated in the rear of the courtyard. The interior of the cave has a columned mandapa or hall with niches on the three sides and the sanctuary in the middle of the back wall. Carved figures of the Jain Tirthankharas decorate the walls.]]

The ''Indra Sabha'' (Cave 32), excavated in the 9th century, is a two-storey cave with a monolithic shrine in its court. 19th-century historians confused the Jain yakshas for alternate images of Indra that were found in Buddhist and Hindu artworks, thus leading to the temple being given the misnomer "Indra Sabha".{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=2 with footnote 2}} [[Indra]] is an important deity in all three major religions, but is of particular importance in Jainism as not only is he one of 64 deities who reign over the heavens, but he is also, specifically, the king of the first Jain heaven, ''Saudharmakalpa'', and the chief architect of the celestial assembly hall according to the ''Adipurana'', a Jain holy text.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=25–29}}

The Indra Sabha Jain temple is historically significant as it contains evidence, in the form of layered deposits and textual records, of active worship inside by the Jain community. In particular, rituals were known to have been held in the upper level, where the artwork may have played a central role.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=13}}

As with many caves in Ellora, numerous carvings adorn the temple, such as those of the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] flower on the ceiling. On the upper level of the shrine, excavated at the rear of the court, is an image of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], the yakshi of [[Neminath]], seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruit. The centre of the shrine presents ''Sarvatobhadra'', where four [[Tirthankara|tirthankaras]] of [[Jainism]] – [[Rishabhanatha]] (1st), [[Kumbharia Jain temples|Neminatha]] (22nd), [[Pārśvanātha|Parshvanatha]] (23rd) and [[Mahavira]] (24th) are aligned to the cardinal directions, forming a place of worship for devotees.<ref>{{cite web| publisher= Archaeological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India | title= World Heritage Sites: Ellora Caves: Jaina Group of Caves| url-status= dead| website= asi.nic.in| url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora_jaina.asp | year= 2011 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160712222307/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora_jaina.asp | archivedate= 2016-07-12 | access-date= 2025-06-17}}</ref>

===The Jagannatha Sabha: Cave 33===
[[File:Ellora Cave - 33 (14).jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Seated ''Jinas'']]

The ''Jagannatha Sabha'' (Cave 33) is the second-largest Jain cave at Ellora and dates to the 9th century according to the inscriptions on the pillars. It is a two-storeyed cave with twelve massive pillars and elephant heads projecting towards a porch, all carved from a single rock. The hall has two heavy square pillars in front, four in the middle area, and a pillared interior square principal hall with fluted shafts, all intricately carved with capitals, ridges and brackets. Inside the major idols are of [[Pārśvanātha|Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]], the last two [[Tirthankara|tirthankaras]] in [[Jainism|Jainism.]]<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/j/019pho000000040u00139000.html |title= Jagannath Sabha: Façade of Jain Cave XXXIII (Jaganatha Sabha), Ellora |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20210918113552/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/j/019pho000000040u00139000.html |archivedate=18 September 2021| website= bl.uk| publisher= British Library| author= Henry Cousens | year= 1875| access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002885u00000000.html |title= Pillared interior of Jagannath Sabha: Ellora| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20221010131837/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002885u00000000.html |archivedate= 2022-10-10| author= Anonymous |format= sketch| website= bl.uk| publisher= British Library | year= 1875| access-date= }}</ref>

===Cave 34===
[[File:Ellora cave34 001.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] sitting on a lion, Cave 34]]

Certain inscriptions in Cave 34, or J26 according to historian [[José Pereira (scholar)|José Pereira]],{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|p=90}} are not deciphered as yet but were likely to have been executed between 800 and 850 CE. Other inscriptions, such as the one by Sri Nagavarma, are thought to date from the 9th or 10th century.{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|pp=25, 90}}

This cave features a large seated Parshvanatha with four ''camara'' attendants, two of whom hold fly-whisks and seemingly emerge from the back of the Jina's throne.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=70}} As with many other Jain excavations, a large pair of ''yaksha-yakshi'' are also found in this cave near the Jina.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=82 with footnote 2}} In the back of the cave is a bearded figure with a bowl containing round sacrificial offerings, which have shapes reminiscent of ''[[pindas]]'' (rice balls) or ''laddus'' (sweetmeat). This suggests the scene may be related to Jain devotional worship, possibly a ''shraddha'' ceremony.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|pp=90–92, 143–144}} The Parshvanatha in the cave is paired with a standing Bahubali,{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=167 with footnote 5}} and accompanied by other carvings showing musicians playing a variety of instruments such as horns, drums, conchs, trumpets, and cymbals.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=76}} A particularly notable feature of the cave is a giant, open lotus carving on its ceiling and rooftop, which is found in only one other Jain excavation and one Hindu Cave 25 in all of Ellora. The placement of the lotus on the cave rather than a sculpture symbolizes that the temple is a divine place.{{Sfn|Owen|2012|p=25}}

===Rock carved image of Parshvanatha===
[[File:Ellora Jain temple (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|{{cvt|16|ft|order=flip}} rock-carved image of Lord Parshvanatha]]

On the hill to the northeast of the main complex of caves is a Jain temple containing a {{cvt|16|ft|order=flip}} rock-carved image of Parshvanatha from the Rashtrakuta period with an inscription dated AD 1234. The well-preserved image is flanked by Dharaıendra and Padmavati. The inscription mentions the site as Charana Hill, a holy site.<ref name= Owen-thesis />{{rp|255}} It is still in active worship and thus not protected by the ASI. Six hundred steps must be climbed to reach it. It is managed by a Jain Gurukul in the village.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.ahimsaiyatrai.com/2017/09/ellora-2-3.html| title= Ellora Jain Gurukul| website= ahimsaiyatrai.com| publisher= | date= September 2017| access-date= }}</ref>

==Visitors, desecration and damage==
There have been several records written in the centuries following their completion indicating that these caves were visited regularly, particularly as it was within sight of a trade route.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=3}} For example, Ellora was known to have been frequented by Buddhist monks in the 9th and 10th centuries.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=110|ps=: "Although the art historical record of Buddhist activity here [Ellora] essentially ends in the sixth century, epigraphic material documents renewed use of the site in the ninth and tenth centuries."}} It is mistakenly referred to by the 10th-century Baghdad resident [[Al-Masudi]] as Aladra, site of a great temple, a place of Indian pilgrimage and one with thousands of cells where devotees live;{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=1–4}} in 1352 CE, the records of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] mention him camping at the site. Other records were written by [[Firishta]], Thevenot (1633–67), Niccolao Manucci (1653–1708), Charles Warre Malet (1794), and Seely (1824).<ref name="asiintro">{{cite web| publisher= Archaeological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India| title= World Heritage Sites: Ellora Caves| url-status= dead| website= asi.nic.in| url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora.asp| date= 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410194545/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora.asp| archivedate= 10 April 2018| access-date= 2025-06-17}}</ref> Some accounts acknowledge the importance of Ellora but make inaccurate statements regarding its construction; for example, a description of the caves by Venetian traveller Niccolao Manucci, whose Mughal history was well received in France, wrote that the Ellora caves "...were executed by the ancient Chinese" based on his assessment of the workmanship and what he had been told.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=4|ps=: "In the next century, Ellora's attraction to travelers did not diminish; neither did understanding increase. The Venetian Niccolao Manucci, whose history of the Mughals reaches Paris in 1701 or 1702, attributed the excavations to the Chinese (...) As they are so cleverly done, and their appearance somewhat Chinese, many say that they were executed by the ancient Chinese."}} Ellora was a well-known site in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] times: the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] used to picnic there with his family, as did other Mughal nobles. Mustaid Khan, a courtier of Aurangzeb, stated that people visited the area in all seasons but especially during the monsoon. He also spoke of "many kinds of images with lifelike forms" carved on all the ceilings and walls, but noted that the monuments themselves were in a state of "desolation in spite of its strong foundations."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Abraham Eraly|author-link1=Abraham Eraly|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age| url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India| isbn=978-0143102625 | via= archive.org |pages= [https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/n20 6–7]}}</ref> Contrary to later oral histories, there is no historical record of Aurangzeb attempting to destroy the Kailashanatha temple at Ellora.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ellora: A Wonder of the World|url=https://travelsofsamwise.substack.com/p/the-absolute-insanity-of-ellora|website=Travels of Samwise|date=2025-02-22|access-date=2025-12-01|first=Sam|last=Dalrymple}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Elura6.JPG
| width1 = 143
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Indra deity at Buddhist caves, Ellora.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Typical damage to idols centres around the face, nose, breasts, and limbs. Desecrated statues in a Hindu Cave (left) and a Buddhist Cave.
}}

The ''Lilacharitra'', a Marathi text dated to the late 13th century CE, is the first report stating that active use of Ellora ceased in the 13th century.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=3}} Islamic court records indicated that Deogiri, the capital of the Yadava dynasty, and about 10 kilometres from Ellora, had come under sustained attack during this period and subsequently fell to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1294 CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew Bennett|title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04S4YdDarD0C|year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-57958-116-9|pages=97–98}}</ref> According to José Pereira, there is evidence that work in the Jain caves at Ellora had flourished under Singhana, who ruled the Yadava dynasty between ~1200 and 1247 CE, and these caves were in use by Jain visitors and worshippers into the 13th century. However, Jain religious activity ceased after the region came under Islamic rule in the late 13th century.{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|pp=24–25}}

The Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain monuments at Ellora show substantial damage, particularly to the idols, whereas intricate carvings on the pillars, and of natural objects on the walls, remain intact. The desecration of idols and images was traced to the 15th to 17th centuries when this region of the Deccan peninsula was subjected to [[iconoclasm]] by Muslim armies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA256 |year= 2012 |publisher= Routledge| isbn= 978-1-136-63979-1|page=256| quote= Some had been desecrated by zealous Muslims during their occupation of Maharashtra in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.}}</ref> According to Geri Malandra, such devastation by Muslims stemmed from the perceived offense caused by "the graphic, anthropomorphic imagery of Hindu and Buddhist shrines".{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|pp=1–4}} Muslim historians of the Islamic Sultanate period mention Ellora in their descriptions of the widespread damage and fanatical destruction of idols and artwork of the region, with some Muslims of this era being known to have expressed concern regarding the wanton damage and "deplored it as a violation of beauty", according to Carl Ernst.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author= Carl Ernst| editor1=David Gilmartin|editor2=Bruce B. Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9|pages=106–110}}</ref>

==Ellora inscriptions==

Several inscriptions at Ellora{{sfn|José Pereira|1977|p=87}} date from the 6th century onwards, the best known of which is an inscription by [[Rashtrakuta]] [[Dantidurga]] (c. 753–757 CE) on the back wall of the front mandapa of Cave 15 stating that he had offered prayers at that temple. Jagannatha Sabha, Jain cave 33, has 3 inscriptions that give the names of monks and donors, while a Parshvanath temple on the hill has a 1247 CE inscription that gives the name of a donor from Vardhanapura.<ref name= Owen-thesis>{{cite thesis| title= Beyond Buddhist and Brahmanical Activity: The Place of the Jain Rock-Cut Excavations at Ellora| author= Lisa Nadine Owen| degree= PhD Dissertation| publisher= University of Texas at Austin| date= May 2006}}</ref>{{rp|254–57}}

The Great Kailasa temple (Cave 16) is attributed to [[Krishna I]] (c. 757–783 CE), the successor and uncle of Dantidurga. A copper plate inscription from 812 CE, found in Baroda, Gujarat, states that a great edifice was built on a hill by Krishnaraja at Ellora: "The architect builder of which (...) was himself suddenly struck with astonishment, saying 'Oh, how was it that I built it!'"{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=10}}

==Painted carvings and paintings==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Brahma at Kailasha temple of Ellora.jpg
| total_width = 500
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Brahma at Kailasha temple of Ellora, with painted decorations
| image2 = ELLORA CAVE NO. 16 (6).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Cave 16 (6), surviving plaster and painted artwork
| image3 = 4 Painting Jain Ellora Caves.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Painting Jain Ellora Caves
| image4 = Ellora cave32 002.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Cave 32
| footer =
}}

The carvings at Ellora were at one time profusely painted. The rock was covered with a lime plaster which was painted. The plaster and the paint has survived in places.

{{Gallery
|title=A digital restoration of an Ellora mural
|align=center
|File:Digitally restored Ellora mural.png
|Digitally restored Ellora mural of the Rashtrakuta period
|File:Rashtrakuta mural at Ellora.jpg
|Ellora mural of the Rashtrakuta period
}}

==In popular culture==
The famous Bengali filmmaker (and author) [[Satyajit Ray]] wrote the crime thriller novel ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]'' in 1974, featuring fictional detective [[Feluda]]. In the novel, Feluda travels to the Ellora caves to uncover a smuggling racket involving illegal trade of historical artifacts from Indian temples, including the largest cave at Ellora, the [[Kailasa temple, Ellora|Kailasa Temple]]. Satyajit's son [[Sandip Ray]] adapted the novel into a [[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|movie of the same name]] in 2007.

==In art and literature==
Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832 contains a plate of 'Skeletal Group in the Ramedwur, Caves of Ellora, supposed to represent the nuptials of Siva and Parvati' by [[George Cattermole]], engraved by W. Kelsall, accompanied by a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] paraphrased from a translation from the [[Shiva Purana|Siva-Pooraun]].<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP126|section=poetical illustration|page=32|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP128|section=picture|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> This is from cave 21.
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Skeletal Group in the Rameswur, Caves of Ellora|Skeletal Group in the Rameswur, Caves of Ellora, a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=48em}}
* {{annotated link|Ajanta Caves}}
* {{annotated link|Badami cave temples}}
* {{annotated link|Barabar Caves}}
* {{annotated link|Elephanta Caves}}
* {{annotated link|Indian rock-cut architecture}}
* {{annotated link|List of colossal sculpture in situ}}
* {{annotated link|Pitalkhora|Pitalkhora Caves}}
* {{annotated link|List of rock-cut temples in India}}
* {{annotated link|Tourism in India}}
* {{annotated link|Tourism in Marathwada}}
* {{annotated link|Udayagiri Caves}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Hinduism}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author=Pia Brancaccio|editor=Helaine Selin|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_9848-1 |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-017-1416-7}}
* {{cite book|author=James Burgess|title=The Cave Temples of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVXa9JyxOw4C |year=1880 |publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprinted 2013) |isbn=978-1-108-05552-9}}
* {{cite book|author=José Pereira|title=Monolithic Jinas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMTgiygj4-oC&pg=PA28|year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2397-6}}
* {{Cite book | last = Dhavalikar | first = Madhukar Keshav | year = 2003 | title = Ellora | publisher = Oxford University Press, New Delhi | isbn = 0-19-565458-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9MYAAAAYAAJ | oclc= 47901386 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Berkson | first = Carmel | year = 1992 | title = Ellora, Concept and Style | publisher = Abhinav Publications | isbn = 0-19-565458-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH7KRNqIin4C }}
* {{cite book|author1=Susan L. Huntington|author2=John C.. Huntington|title=The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpywoAEACAAJ |year=2014|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3617-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Damien Keown|author2=Charles S. Prebish|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ |date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-98588-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Geri Hockfield Malandra|title=Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora|url=https://archive.org/details/unfoldingmandala0000mala |url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1355-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Lisa|last= Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC |year=2012|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-9004206298}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pandit|first1=Suraj|year=2013|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0118|title=Ellora Caves|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|author=P. R. Srinivasan|title=Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8UOAQAAMAAJ| year=2007| publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-87780-43-4|oclc = 420558130}}
* {{cite book|author=Walter M. Spink|title=Ajanta to Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwsNAQAAIAAJ|year=1967a|publisher=Marg Publications|oclc= 648366740}}
* {{cite book|author=Walter M. Spink|title=Ellora's Earliest Phase|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBbqAAAAMAAJ| year=1967b| publisher=American Academy |oclc = 54831981}}
{{refend}}

==External links==



{{Wikivoyage|Ellora}}
{{commons category|Ellora Caves}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ellora}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/ Ellora Caves] on UNESCO List
* [http://elloracaves.org/caves.php Layout, floor plan and description of each Ellora cave], Deepanjana and Arno Klein
* [http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/ellora?excludenudity=false&mediatype=photography&page=1&phrase=ellora&sort=mostpopular Photographs of Ellora], Getty Images
* Paintings of the caves as illustrations to {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Zenana|The Zenana]]}}, a poem by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]:
**''Dus Awtar'', by [[George Cattermole]], engraved by [[William Woolnoth]]
**''Dher Warra'', also by George Cattermole, engraved by William Woolnoth
**''Excavated Temple of Kylas'', by [[Samuel Prout]], engraved by E Challis

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}
{{Jain temples}}
{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}
{{Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lost ancient cities and towns]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Buddhist caves in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
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[[sa:अजिण्ठा-वेरूळ]]

G. V. Sudhakar Naidu

2026-03-09T20:17:44Z

AlmedaCheyne: rework intro and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. V. Sudhakar Naidu
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, director
| years_active = 1998{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''G. V. Sudhakar Naidu''' is an Indian [[actor]] who played roles in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]s. He became a [[Film director|director]] in 2008 and has directed two Telugu films. His first film was ''Hero'' released in 2008 with Nitin Reddy and Bhavana. His second film as a director got chance to work with [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] was ''[[Ranga The Donga]]'' released in 2010. He also contested for Gajuwaka constituency from congress in 2014 general elections.

He is more well known in the Telugu film industry as G. V. rather than Sudhakar Naidu.

==Career==
G. V. Sudhakar Naidu, known for his work on ''Hero'' and ''Ranga The Donga'', has drawn the attention of Nana Patekar and Anil Kapoor.His entry into Bollywood reflects a broader trend of Telugu films and filmmakers gaining traction in the Hindi film industry. The project is also set to feature Hema Malini and Rekha in significant roles, further highlighting the growing exchange between Telugu and Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/gv-sudhakar-naidu-to-direct-bolly-multistarrer-telugu-news-82306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172204/http://www.indiaglitz.com/gv-sudhakar-naidu-to-direct-bolly-multistarrer-telugu-news-82306|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=GV Sudhakar Naidu to direct Bolly multistarrer|publisher=}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director===
* ''[[Hero (2008 film)|Hero]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Ranga The Donga]]'' (2010)

===As actor===
====Telugu====
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Anthapuram (1998 film)|Anthapuram]]'' (1998)
*''Balaram'' (2000)
*''Ayodhya Ramayya'' (2000)
*''[[Suri (2000 film)|Suri]]'' (2000)
*''[[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]]'' (2001)
*''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]'' (2001)
*''[[Seema Simham]]'' (2002)
*''[[Chandravamsam]]'' (2002)
*''[[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]'' (2002)
*''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002)
*''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003)
*''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]'' (2003)
*''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' (2004)
*''[[Andhrawala]]'' (2004)
*''[[Athanokkade]]'' (2005)
*''[[Narasimhudu]]'' (2005)
*''[[Nayakudu (film)|Nayakudu]]'' (2005)
*''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]'' (2006)
*''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]'' (2006)
*''[[Asadhyudu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Pokiri]]'' (2006)
*''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]'' (2006) as Pournami's stalker
*''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]'' (2006)
*''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' (2007)
*''[[Chirutha]]'' (2007)
*''[[Kantri]]'' (2008)
*''[[Ranga The Donga]]'' (2010)
*''[[Brahmi Gadi Katha]]'' (2011)
*''[[Oosaravelli]]'' (2011)
*''[[Sudigadu]]'' (2012)
*''[[Okkadine]]'' (2013)
*''[[Chandee]]'' (2013)
*''[[Yevadu]]'' (2014)
*''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' (2014)
*''Poga'' (2014)
*''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]'' (2016)
*''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016)
*''Jakkana'' (2016)
*''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' (2016)
*''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' (2016)
*''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' (2017)
*''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019)
{{colend}}

====Tamil====
*''[[Thavasi]]'' (2001)
*''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' (2004)
*''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]'' (2006)
*''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007)
*''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008)

====Hindi====
* ''[[Durga (2002 film)|Durga]]'' (2002)
*''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' (2009)
*''[[R... Rajkumar]]'' (2013)

====Kannada====
*''[[Durgi (film)|Durgi]]'' (2004)
*''[[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]'' (2004)
*''[[Mandya (film)|Mandya]]'' (2006)...Bhadrayya's aide
*''[[Police Story 2 (2007 film)|Police Story 2]]'' (2007)

====Bhojpuri====
*''Nirahua No. 1'' (2009)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, G.V. Sudhakar}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Rajeeva

2026-03-03T12:14:31Z

AlmedaCheyne: made some data w/ infobox

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajeeva
| image = Rajeeva poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Flying King Manju
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = B M Ramesh
| based_on = 
| producer = B M Ramesh Kiran K
| starring = [[Mayur Patel]] Akshatha Sreedhar Shastry
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anand Ilayaraja
| editing = Vijay Sower
| music = Rohit Sower
| studio = RK Cine Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|1|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rajeeva IAS''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Flying King Manju and starring [[Mayur Patel]] in dual roles and Akshatha Sreedhar Shastry. The film was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
*[[Mayur Patel]] as Rajeeva and Bheemanna
*Akshatha Sreedhar Shastry as Rajeeva's wife
*Shankar Ashwath
*Niharika
*Vardhan
*[[Madan Patel]] as Chief Minister (guest appearance)

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Mayur Patel, who makes his comeback with this film, shines as the passionate Rajeeva, but that isn't enough to salvage the rest. Watch it if movies revolving around agriculture fascinate you.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rajeeva-ias/movie-review/73083632.cms|title=Rajeeva IAS Movie Review: Mayur Patel shines in a lacklustre tale|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "''Rajeeva'' is yet another film that attempts to shine the spotlight on the farmers. However, this film is not very convincing, and the audience will do better to watch Rajkumar’s performance in the evergreen film, ''[[Bangarada Manushya]]''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2020/Jan/03/rajeeva-movie-review-preachy-retelling-of-an-age-old-story-16357.html|title=Rajeeva Movie Review: Preachy retelling of an age-old story|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=3 January 2020|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "''Rajeeva'' is yet another film that attempts to put farmers in the limelight but fails in the execution because the makers were too involved in the imitation game. Here's hoping that the makers realise there can only be one ''Bangarada Manushya'', and try out other genres in their next film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/rajeeva-review-pale-imitation-classic-fails-excite-115297|title='Rajeeva' review: This pale imitation of a classic fails to excite|first=Aravind|last=Shwetha|date=3 January 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10152582}}

[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Jainism in Gujarat

2026-02-28T17:02:07Z

AlmedaCheyne: small changes

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Palitana.jpg|thumb|[[Palitana temples]] ]]
{{Jainism}}
[[Jainism]] has had a notable following in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&q=jainism+in+gujarat&pg=PA55|title=Jainism|isbn=9788120813762|access-date=21 January 2016|last1=Glasenapp|first1=Helmuth von|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref> According to the 2011 Census of India, around 0.959% of the population of Gujarat is Jain.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-27|title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827210435/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=27 August 2015}}</ref> There are several old Jain temples that draw pilgrims from Jains around the world in places such as [[Palitana temples|Palitana]], [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]], [[Shankheshwar Jain Temple|Sankheshwar]], [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]].

==History==
Jains believe that their 22nd [[Tirthankara]] (propagators of the Jain religion) [[Neminath]] attained [[Moksha]]/ [[Nirvana]] on [[Girnar]] in Gujarat. Many other holy Kalyanak places are present in Gujarat like Palitana(Shatrunjaya), Girnar, etc. Many other monks have also got attained Moksha in Gujarat; especially on the holy mountains of Girnar and [[Shatrunjaya]]. The [[Jain councils]] were held in [[Vallabhi]] c. 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Natubhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC&q=jainism+in+gujarat&pg=PA59 |title=Jainism |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=9788120819382 |access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> Their canonical scriptures were written down during this council. King [[Vanaraja Chavda]] (c. 720-780 CE) of the [[Chavda dynasty]] was brought up by a Jain monk named Shilaguna Suri.

[[Jain temples]] are found in Gujarat from as early as the 6th and 7th centuries CE. It was patronized by the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]] and [[Chavda dynasty|Chavada]]s.{{sfn|Wink|1991|p=355}} [[Dhank Caves]] (3rd-7th century CE) in Rajkot district has Jain Tirthankara carvings. Northern Gujarat became a principle center of Jainism in the 13th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC&q=jainism+in+gujarat&pg=PA111|title=Cultural History of India|isbn=9788122415872|access-date=21 January 2016|last1=Prakash|first1=Om|year=2005|publisher=New Age International }}</ref>

The earliest known [[Old Gujarati]] text ''Bharat-Bahubali Ras'', was written by a Jain monk Shalibhadra Suri.{{sfn|Datta|1987|p=454}} Of the most important people in Gujarat's Jain history were the Acharya [[Hemachandra]] Suri and his pupil, the [[Chaulukya]] ruler [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]].

==Major Centers==
Major ancient Jain centers include:
*[[Palitana temples|Palitana]]
*[[Girnar Jain temples|Girnar]]
*[[Bhadreshwar Jain Temple|Bhadreshwar]]
*[[Mahudi]]
*[[Shankheshwar Jain Temple|Shankheshwar]]
*[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
*[[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]]
*[[Radhanpur|Radhanpur Jain Tirth]]
*[[Ahmedabad]]
*[[Surat]]
*[[Khambhat]]


==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sheth Hutheesinh Temple.jpg|[[Hutheesing Jain Temple]] in [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|[[Vasai Jain Temple]], [[Bhadreshwar]]
File:Samovsaran Mandir Palitana 02.jpg|Samovsaran Mandir, Palitana Teerth
File:Girnar Jain temple - Neminath temple.jpg|[[Girnar Jain temples|Girnar]]
File:Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg|[[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]]
File:Vanki - Patri Jain Mandir.jpg|Vanki - Patri Jain Mandir, [[Kutch]]
File:Mahudi Temple.jpg|[[Mahudi Jain Temple]]
File:Shri Shantinath Jain Derasar, Kothara, Kutch.JPG|[[Shantinath Jain temple, Kothara|Shri Shantinath Jain Derasar]], [[Kothara, Kutch|Kothara]]
File:Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg|[[Shri Pavagadh Tirth]], part of [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park|Champaner-Pavagadh]] a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]
File:Polo Monument and Vijaynagar Forest- Jain Temples (cropped).jpg|[[Jain temples, Abhapur]]
File:Kumbhariya Jain Derasar complex, Ambaji Gujarat 240.jpg|[[Kumbharia Jain temples]]
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|Religion|India}}
*[[Kanji Swami]]
*[[Palitana temples]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last=Datta|first=Amaresh|author-link=Amaresh Datta|url={{Google books|ObFCT5_taSgC|page=454|plainurl=yes}} |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|date=1987|isbn=9788126018031}}
* {{cite book |last=Glasenapp |first=Helmuth Von | author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |date=1999 |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |url={{Google books|WzEzXDk0v6sC|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=81-208-1376-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|author-link=André Wink|url={{Google books|75FlxDhZWpwC|page=355|plainurl=yes}} |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World|isbn=9004102361|access-date=21 January 2016|year=1991 |publisher=BRILL }}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Religion in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]

{{reli-hist-stub}}
{{Jainism-stub}}

United Socialist Organisation of India

2026-02-27T02:37:35Z

AlmedaCheyne: fix

{{onesource|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''United Socialist Organisation''' was a left-wing alliance in [[India]]. The USOI was launched by [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], the elder brother of [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]], after his resignation from the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1947. Bose wanted to assemble all the leftist groups in a common front. Most notably, the [[All India Forward Bloc]] under [[Sheel Bhadra Yagee]] joined USOI. However, a minority led by Forward Bloc chairman [[K.M. Joglekar]] disagreed with AIFB joining USOI. They broke away and formed the [[Forward Communist Party]].

Ahead of the 1952 [[India]]n general elections, USO comprised [[All India Forward Bloc]], [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]'s [[Socialist Republican Party (India)|Socialist Republican Party]], [[Bolshevik Party of India]], [[Indian National Army]], [[People's Movement (India)|People's Movement]] and others and independents. USOI came to an understanding with [[Communist Party of India]] to form an anti-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] front in [[West Bengal]]. Attempts were made to involve [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] in this front, but the negotiations ahead of the elections failed. Attempts were also made to reach agreements with [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]] and [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party of India]], but no agreement was possible.

In total, USO fielded 72 candidates in the [[West Bengal]] assembly and CPI 71. For the [[Lok Sabha]] USOI fielded 8 candidates and CPI 9. In two constituencies the front supported RSP candidates. In other constituencies the front and RSP were in contest. In constituencies where there was no front candidate, the front appealed to voters to cast their vote for KMPP or the Socialist Party.

After the election, RSP joined the front.

==Results==
The election was won by the [[Indian National Congress]], who got a majority of its own in the assembly. The communists became the largest opposition party.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 236
| 150
| 2889994
| 38.82%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 86
| 28
| 800951
| 10.76%
|-
| [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
| 129
| 15
| 667446
| 8.97%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 85
| 9
| 415458
| 5.58%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)]]
| 48
| 11
| 393591
| 5.29%
|-
| [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
| 63
| 0
| 215382
| 2.89%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
| 33
| 4
| 176762
| 2.37%
|-
| [[Forward Bloc (Ruikar)]]
| 32
| 2
| 107905
| 1.45%
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 16
| 0
| 63173
| 0.85%
|-
| [[Bolshevik Party of India]]
| 8
| 0
| 20117
| 0.27%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]
| 14
| 0
| 7100
| 0.10%
|-
| Independents
| 614
| 19
| 1653165
| 22.21%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 1374
| 238
| 7443903
|
|}
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=2008-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930062737/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct left-wing political party alliances]]
[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1947]]
[[Category:Socialist organisations in India]]

Neha Kirpal

2026-02-09T04:53:36Z

AlmedaCheyne: adding

{{Short description|Indian social and cultural entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neha Kirpal
| image = Neha Kirpal YGL Alumni Annual Summit 2018.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = Founding [[India Art Fair]], Co-founding Amaha Health
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]] [[University of the Arts London]]
| employer =
| occupation = Social entrepreneur
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| awards = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] by [[Government of India]] (2015), [[Young Global Leaders|Young Global Leader]] by [[World Economic Forum]] (2015)
}}
'''Neha Kirpal''' is an Indian social entrepreneur. She is known for her work in the arts and mental health. She founded the [[India Art Fair]] in 2008,<ref name=BT/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Shailaja |title=A fair share |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/a-fair-share/article4199996.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131209103737/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/a-fair-share/article4199996.ece#selection-561.0-566.0 |archive-date=December 9, 2013}}</ref> and she is a co-founder of Amaha, a [[mental health]] organization.<ref name=entrackr/> She was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], an annual award by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] of the [[Government of India]] to individual women or institutions for work towards women empowerment.<ref name="Businessworld" />

== Early life and education ==
Neha Kirpal was born in [[New Delhi]], India, where she spent her childhood. She attended [[Sardar Patel Vidyalaya]] school<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Sunil |title=Lunch with BS: Neha Kirpal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-neha-kirpal-116012201583_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=January 22, 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529155837/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-neha-kirpal-116012201583_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and later studied [[Political science]] at [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name=TheWeek/> She was involved with [[SPIC MACAY]] during her school and university years.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Parul |title=Bringing art home |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110124-snapshots-745532-2011-01-13 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=January 21, 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529155845/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110124-snapshots-745532-2011-01-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has a master's degree in marketing from the [[University of the Arts London]].<ref name="TheWeek">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shalini |title=Empress of art |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/neha-kirpal.html |publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=December 25, 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529155837/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/neha-kirpal.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wow">{{Cite web |title=Neha Kirpal |url=https://asia.wowawards.com/archives/jurymembers/neha-kirpal |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=asia.wowawards.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703145327/https://asia.wowawards.com/archives/jurymembers/neha-kirpal |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kirpal founded the [[India Art Fair]] (formerly [[India Art Summit]]) in 2008. The fair is known for its focus on contemporary art.<ref>{{cite news |last1=East |first1=Ben |title=The India Art Fair attracts 1,000 artists from around the world |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/the-india-art-fair-attracts-1000-artists-from-around-the-world-1.256176 |publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] |date=January 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Punj |first1=Shweta |title=Neha Kirpal is riding high on the success of India Art Fair |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/story/neha-kirpal-most-powerful-women-in-business-32151-2012-09-27 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=October 14, 2012 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529160710/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/story/neha-kirpal-most-powerful-women-in-business-32151-2012-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was credited with reviving the art market in India.<ref name=BT>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Arunima |title=Neha Kirpal is behind the revival of Indian art market |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/indian-art-market-neha-kirpal-united-art-fair-136919-2014-08-23 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=August 31, 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130141909/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/indian-art-market-neha-kirpal-united-art-fair-136919-2014-08-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2017, she resigned retaining a 10% stake in the company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaw |first1=Anny |title=India Art Fair gets new director for tenth edition |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2017/08/17/india-art-fair-gets-new-director-for-tenth-edition |publisher=[[The Art Newspaper]] |date=August 18, 2017 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529161151/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2017/08/17/india-art-fair-gets-new-director-for-tenth-edition |url-status=live }}</ref> After a decade, she sold her art business to [[Switzerland]] based [[MCH Group]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuruvilla |first1=Elizabeth |title=Art Basel parent company co-owns India Art Fair |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/iif1FLz950ml3lTrjfH67N/Art-Basel-India-Art-Fair-tieup-augurs-well-for-South-Asia.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=September 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Indianexpress">{{cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Vandana |title=As India Art Fair returns, a brief history of art fairs and their significance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-india-art-fair-history-significance-7884786/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=April 24, 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529162014/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-india-art-fair-history-significance-7884786/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

She served on the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]]'s (FICCI) National Advisory Committee for Art.<ref name=conf>{{Cite web |title=Neha Kirpal {{!}} Art Business Conference |url=https://www.theartbusinessconference.com/speaker/neha-kirpal/ |access-date=2020-07-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718092855/https://www.theartbusinessconference.com/speaker/neha-kirpal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2019, Kirpal joined Amaha Health (formerly InnerHour) with Amit Malik. Amaha Health is a mental health organization providing therapy across India.<ref name=entrackr>{{cite news |last1=Ashrafi |first1=Md Salman |title=Mental health startup Amaha raises $4.4 Mn in Series A |url=https://entrackr.com/2024/01/exclusive-mental-health-startup-amaha-raises-4-4-mn-in-series-a/ |publisher=Entrackr |date=January 9, 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529161843/https://entrackr.com/2024/01/exclusive-mental-health-startup-amaha-raises-4-4-mn-in-series-a/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mind over art |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/hello-123-testing/articleshow/75001406.cms |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=April 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='There is mental illness in every home today,' says co-founder of a mental health startup |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/news/there-is-mental-illness-in-every-home-today-says-co-founder-of-a-mental-health-startup-19024391.htm |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=February 10, 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529161843/https://www.cnbctv18.com/news/there-is-mental-illness-in-every-home-today-says-co-founder-of-a-mental-health-startup-19024391.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024 she was the co-author of "Mental Health: Lived Experiences of Resilience and Hope" with Dr [[Nandini Murali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Westland Books Acquires Neha Kirpal And Dr Nandini Murali's Latest Book On Mental Health |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/westland-books-acquires-neha-kirpal-and-dr-nandini-murali-s-latest-book-mental-health-3839759.html |access-date=16 Nov 2024 |work=OneIndia |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903133516/https://www.oneindia.com/india/westland-books-acquires-neha-kirpal-and-dr-nandini-murali-s-latest-book-mental-health-3839759.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2012, Kirpal was included in ''[[India Today]]'''s list of 25 Power Women.<ref>{{cite news |title=25 power women and their inspiring stories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20120319-25-most-influential-women-vidya-balan-kareena-kapoor-757654-2012-03-08 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=March 31, 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530150236/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20120319-25-most-influential-women-vidya-balan-kareena-kapoor-757654-2012-03-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014 and 2015, ''[[Fortune India]]'' listed her in its [[40 Under 40]] list.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 women make it to Fortune India's 40 under 40 list |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-7-women-make-it-to-fortune-indias-40-under-40-list/20140311.htm |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=March 11, 2014 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530141910/https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-7-women-make-it-to-fortune-indias-40-under-40-list/20140311.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Seven women in Fortune India's 40 under 40 list |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/seven-women-in-fortune-india-s-40-under-40-list-114031000578_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=March 17, 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530141906/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/seven-women-in-fortune-india-s-40-under-40-list-114031000578_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=40 Under 40: 2015 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/neha-kirpal?year=2015 |publisher=[[Fortune India]] |date=2015}}</ref> In 2014, she received the Most Powerful Women Award from ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghunawat |first1=Virendrasingh |title=Business Today awards Ekta Kapoor, other leaders for corporate excellence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/business-today-awards-ekta-kapoor-other-women-for-corporate-excellence-203976-2014-08-13 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=August 14, 2014 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530151944/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/business-today-awards-ekta-kapoor-other-women-for-corporate-excellence-203976-2014-08-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'' magazine named her a "Most Powerful Woman in Business" for 2012-14.<ref>{{cite news |title=Most Powerful Women in Business 2012 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/in-the-news/photo/25-powerful-women-in-india-4576-2012-09-20-8 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=September 20, 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530142754/https://www.businesstoday.in/in-the-news/photo/25-powerful-women-in-india-4576-2012-09-20-8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Most Powerful Women in Business 2013 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/in-the-news/photo/most-powerful-women-in-business-in-india-2013-4655-2013-08-2-25 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=August 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Most Powerful Women in Business 2014 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-businesswomen-2014/video/most-powerful-women-in-indian-business-neha-kirpal-8302-2014-08-11 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=August 11, 2014 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530141252/https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-businesswomen-2014/video/most-powerful-women-in-indian-business-neha-kirpal-8302-2014-08-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Kirpal was Art Entrepreneur of the Year at ''[[Forbes]]'' India Art Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners For 2014 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/awards/artawards/winners.html |publisher=[[Forbes India]] |date=2014 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301042839/https://www.forbesindia.com/awards/artawards/winners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, she was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]. The award was presented by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], [[Government of India]], and it was conferred upon her by India's president, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on [[International Women's Day]].<ref name=Businessworld>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Shantanu |title=Neha Kirpal, Director, India Art Fair receives Nari Shakti Award from the President |url=https://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Neha-Kirpal-Director-India-Art-Fair-receives-Nari-Shakti-Award-from-the-President/10-03-2015-102792/ |publisher=[[Business World]] |date=March 10, 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529162456/https://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Neha-Kirpal-Director-India-Art-Fair-receives-Nari-Shakti-Award-from-the-President/10-03-2015-102792/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year she was named a [[Young Global Leaders|Young Global Leader]] from India by the [[World Economic Forum]] and<ref name=WEForum>{{cite news |title=World Economic Forum names Smriti Irani as Young Global Leader from India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/world-economic-forum-names-smriti-irani-as-young-global-leader-from-india/articleshow/46596921.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=March 17, 2015 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409134142/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/world-economic-forum-names-smriti-irani-as-young-global-leader-from-india/articleshow/46596921.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> she was awarded the 2015 Indian of the Year award by ''[[NDTV]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Art Isn't Just For the Elite, Says Neha Kirpal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/indian-of-the-year/art-isn-t-just-for-the-elite-says-neha-kirpal-401929 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=February 2, 2016 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515144741/https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/indian-of-the-year/art-isn-t-just-for-the-elite-says-neha-kirpal-401929 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Kirpal was in ''[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]]'' magazine's "40 Under 40 Global".<ref>{{cite news |title=40 Under 40 Global |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/neha-kirpal-apollo-40-under-40-global-the-business/ |publisher=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]] |date=September 7, 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422135620/https://www.apollo-magazine.com/neha-kirpal-apollo-40-under-40-global-the-business/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

She is a fellow of [[Aspen Institute|Ananta Aspen Centre]]'s Kamalnayan Bajaj Fellowship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamalnayan Bajaj Fellows |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/directory/india |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529221728/https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/directory/india |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she was selected as an [[Eisenhower Fellowships|Eisenhower Innovation Fellow]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eisenhower Fellowships Welcomes 21 Innovators from Around the World |url=https://www.efworld.org/eisenhower-fellowships-welcomes-21-innovators-from-around-the-world/ |publisher=[[Eisenhower Fellowships]] |date=September 24, 2018 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712171755/https://www.efworld.org/eisenhower-fellowships-welcomes-21-innovators-from-around-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[CNBC TV18]]'' mentioned her in 2024 at the second season of 'Future Female Forward' for promoting gender equality.<ref>{{cite news |title=A list of all the women felicitated at the launch event |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/india/future-female-forward-season-2-a-list-of-all-the-women-felicitated-at-the-launch-event-19024501.htm |publisher=[[CNBC-TV18]] |date=February 10, 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530150234/https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/india/future-female-forward-season-2-a-list-of-all-the-women-felicitated-at-the-launch-event-19024501.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirpal, Neha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Indian art directors]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:World Economic Forum Young Global Leaders]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of the Arts London]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Kiran Seth

2026-02-07T23:37:04Z

AlmedaCheyne: Made

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kiran Seth
| image = Kiran Seth, Founder of Spic Macay.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Seth in March 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|04|27}}
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[SPIC MACAY]]
| mother = Bhagawathi Seth
| father = [[Bhoj Raj Seth]]
| occupation = Professor Emeritus
| education = BTech (1970) [[IIT Kharagpur]], PhD (1974) [[Columbia University]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[Columbia University]]
| employer = [[IIT Delhi]]
| years_active =
}}

'''Kiran Seth''' (born 1949) is Ex Professor and Professor Emeritus at [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] who has done teaching and research in the field of Operations Research there since 1976. He is most known as the founder of [[SPIC MACAY]] (1977), a non-profit organisation which promotes Indian classical music, Indian classical dance, folk forms, yoga and meditation, traditional handlooms and handicrafts, cinema classics, and other aspects of Indian culture, amongst youth over the world; doing about 5000 events yearly in about 500 towns in India and about 50 abroad through conventions, baithaks, lecture demonstrations and musical fests.<ref name=min>{{cite web |last=Quraishi |first=Humra |title=Kiran Seth: Without playing a note, he makes music touch the lives of many |url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/11/27000636/Kiran-Seth--Without-playing-a.html |date=12 December 2007 |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 December 2003 |title=Keeping our virasat alive |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031207/spectrum/main2.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028062415/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031207/spectrum/main2.htm |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mala |date=30 October 2003 |title=From rap to raga |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/30/stories/2003103000960300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405115855/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/30/stories/2003103000960300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2004 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2009 |title=Discovery of India |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/28/stories/2009052850390100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107180026/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/05/28/stories/2009052850390100.htm |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref>

In 2009, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=10 October 2014 |title=An artistic endeavour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/an-artistic-endeavour/article6486274.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
His father, Bhojraj Seth, was a mathematician and the first professor at the [[IIT Kharagpur]], established in 1951, while his mother Bhagawati Seth was a homemaker.<ref name=min/>

== Career ==
Seth started his career working as a Member of the Technical Staff (MTS) at [[Bell Laboratories]], [[New Jersey]] in 1974, a job he gave up to return to India in 1976 as an Assistant Professor to teach at [[IIT Delhi]], where he has worked ever since. It was at IIT Delhi that he founded SPIC MACAY in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |title=Young converts to Indian classics |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3778005.stm |date=4 June 2004 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first=Jayshree |last=Bajoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ramchandra Guha |author-link=Ramchandra Guha |date=5 December 2004 |title=The education of a Philistine:SPIC MACAY |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500380300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408031639/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500380300.htm |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 April 2005 }}</ref>

He served as Vice-Chairman of the Governing Council of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) in Pune from 2012 to 2014.<ref>URL=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Mirza-aims-at-centre-of-excellence-status-for-FTII/articleshow/8094611.cms</ref>

== SPIC MACAY ==

Today the movement conducts concerts, lec-dems, talks, yoga workshops, classic film shows, theatre shows and craft workshops in schools and colleges so that young people might be inspired.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ranee |title=Catch 'em young: Kiran Seth, the founder of Spicmacay, has a focused agenda of shaping young minds |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301110200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413231509/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301110200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2004 |date=23 October 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Shatarupa |date=5 March 2010 |title=Stay connected with culture |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article254842.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418091651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article254842.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2015 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090820190952/http://web.iitd.ac.in/~me/faculty/kiranseth.html Kiran Seth] at [[IIT Delhi]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Many-great-civilizations-are-alive-only-in-museums/articleshow/48725368.cms "Many great civilizations are alive only in museums"]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Kiran}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Kharagpur]]

Girish Mohite

2026-02-07T19:27:10Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added Initial Post Basic Info.

{{short description|Indian film personality (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Girish Mohite
| image = Girish Mohite - Movies Director.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 8 January 1971
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Filmmaker
| yearsactive=
| spouse = Shalaka
| children = Atharva
| parents =
| website =
}}
'''Girish Mohite''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: गिरीश मोहिते) is an Indian film personality. He is famous for his film ''Bharatiya'' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/loksatta-live/marathi-movie-making-of-bharatiya-aai-yaai-yo/|title=Marathi Movie: Making of Bharatiya: AAI Yaai Yo | Loksatta|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062412/http://www.loksatta.com/loksatta-live/marathi-movie-making-of-bharatiya-aai-yaai-yo/|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and TV serial ''Ya Gojirvanya Gharat''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Santosh patches up with Sushant|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Santosh-Juvekar-Sushant-Shelar-Girish-Mohite-Guru-Pournima-Powder-Satish-Motling-Chinmay-Mandlekar-Classmates-Aditya-Sarpotdar-Avdhoot-Gupte-Ek-Tara/articleshow/36892565.cms?|website=Times of India|date=January 13, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref> His latest film ''Guru Pournima''<ref>{{cite news|title=Guru Pournima Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Guru-Pournima/movie-review/42396063.cms|agency=Times of India}}</ref> stars Bollywood actor [[Upendra Limaye]] and [[Sai Tamhankar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Playing double role was tough, says Marathi actress Sai|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/playing-double-role-was-tough-says-marathi-actress-sai-114090500755_1.html|agency=Press Trust of India|website=Business Standard|date=September 5, 2014|access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
Girish Mohite's upcoming segment, ''Bail'' in 'Bioscope' which was showcased at the Goa Marathi Film Festival. The story is about farmers’ suicides, but through the eyes of an ox.<ref>{{cite news|title=Girish Mohite's segment in 'Bioscope' about farmers suicide|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/girish-mohites-segment-in-bioscope-about-farmers-suicide/|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> His last release film was ''Conditions Apply'', starring [[Subodh Bhave]] and Dipti Devi. And the film ''Sarvanaam'', starring Mangesh Desai.

Girish was Jury member for Indian panorama n national award in year '16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Who-selects-the-IFFI-jury/articleshow/55406090.cms|title=International Film Festival: 'Who selects the IFFI jury?'|date=November 14, 2016|first=Priyanka|last=Dasgupta |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref> He was winner of Best Director award for his film 'Guru Pournima' in 8th Goa State Film Festival(2014-2015), Marathi feature film category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goakhabar.com/2017/08/18/girish-kasaravallis-national-award-winning-film-festival-inaugurated-at-panaji/|title=Girish Kasaravalli's National Award Winning Film Festival inaugurated at panaji|last=Walavalkar|first=Devendra|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref>

His film "Sarvanaam" English title "pale blue dot" was the biggest achieved film showcased in mami piff n international film feststival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/only-marathi-film-in-mamis-india-story-section-ponders-meaning-of-life-death-4856995/|title=Only Marathi film in MAMI's 'India Story' section ponders meaning of life & death|date=2017-09-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohite, Girish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Railway stations in Jharkhand

2025-12-20T21:49:21Z

AlmedaCheyne: page updated

{{Short description|none}}
'''Railway stations in Jharkhand''' are under jurisdiction of four railway zones; the [[Eastern Railway zone]], [[East Central Railway zone]] & [[South Eastern Railway Zone]], and 8 divisions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-10 |title=Passengers' assn writes to rly ministry for new zone in state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/passengers-assn-writes-to-rly-ministry-for-new-zone-in-state/articleshow/88798268.cms |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==List==
These are the [[railway station]]s in the state of [[Jharkhand]] in [[India]].

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Station Name || Station Code || District || Railway Zone || Elevation
|-
| [[Adityapur railway station]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=Foundation stone laid for Adityapur rly stn revamp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/foundation-stone-laid-for-adityapur-rly-stn-revamp/articleshow/87704637.cms |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>|| ADTP || [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|108|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Akashi railway station]] || AKZ || [[Lohardaga district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|682|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Amlo railway station]] || AMLO || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Angarpathra Halt railway station]] || ANJE || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Argora railway station]] || AOR || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|641|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Arigada railway station]] || ARGD || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|337 |m|ft}}
|-
| [[Asanboni railway station]] || ASB || [[East Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Baidyanathdham Deoghar railway station]] || BDME || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bakudi railway station]] || BKLE || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bano railway station]] || BANO || [[Simdega district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|300|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bara Jamda railway station]] || BJMD || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|445 |m|ft}}
|-
| [[Barabambo railway station]] || BRM || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Barharwa Junction railway station]] || BHW || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|300|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Barkakana railway station]] || BRKA || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|341 |m|ft}}
|-
| [[Barmasia railway station]] || BRMA || [[Dumka district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] || {{convert|207 |m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bansjora railway station]] || BSZ || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Barkipona railway station]] || BRKP || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|355|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Barwadih Junction railway station]] || BRWD || [[Latehar district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|296 |m|ft}}
|-
| [[Baseria railway station]] ||BDB || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Basukinath railway station]] || BSKH || [[Dumka district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|207|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bendi railway station]] || BFQ || [[Latehar district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|367|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bermo railway station]] || BRMO || [[Bokaro district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|210|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bhalulata railway station]] || BUL || [[Sundargarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bhaga Junction railway station]] || VAA || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|190|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bhandaridah railway station]] || BHME || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|214|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bhorwa Junction railway station]] || BCB || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bhojudih Junction railway station]] || BJE || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bhuli railway station]] || BHN || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bhurkunda railway station]] || BHKD || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bindubasini railway station]] || BDBS || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Birarajpur railway station]] || BIRP || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Birbans railway station]] || BRBS || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bokaro North Cabin railway station]] || BKSN || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bokaro Steel City railway station]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bokaro's Robinson Crusoe, almost |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120214/jsp/jharkhand/story_15130673.jsp#.UXIXpEqDet8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218035446/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120214/jsp/jharkhand/story_15130673.jsp#.UXIXpEqDet8 |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=11 June 2025 |publisher=The Telegraph, 14 February 2012}}</ref>|| BKCA || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bokaro Thermal railway station]] || BKRO || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Bonidanga Link Cabin railway station]] || BDLC || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Budora railway station]] || BDQ || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chaibasa railway station]] || CBSA || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|227|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chainpur railway station]] || CNPR || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chakradharpur railway station]] || CKP || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chandanpahari railway station]] || CNPI || [[Dumka district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|233|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chandil Junction railway station]] || CNI || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|246|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chandrapura railway station]] || CRP || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chaube railway station]] || CBH || [[Koderma district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|326|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chaudhribandh railway station]] || CBD || [[Giridih district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chetar railway station]] || CTQ || [[Latehar district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chhipadohar railway station]] || CPDR || [[Latehar district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chhota Ambana railway station]] || CAM || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chianki railway station]] || CNF || [[Palamu district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Chichaki railway station]] || CCK || [[Giridih district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|337|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Daltonganj railway station]] || DTO || [[Palamu district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|520|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Danea railway station]] || DANEA || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Demu railway station]] || DEMU || [[Latehar district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Deoghar railway station]] || DGHR || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Deonagar railway station]] || DNH || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Derawan Halt railway station]] || DON || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Derowan P. Halt railway station]] || DRWN || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|274|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Dhalbhumgarh railway station]] || DVM || [[East Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Dhamdhamia railway station]] || DDX || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Dhanbad Junction railway station]] || DHN || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Dugda railway station]] || DDGA || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Dumka railway station]] || DUMK || [[Dumka district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|136|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Galudih railway station]] || GUD || [[East Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Gamarhia railway station]] || GMH || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Gangaghat railway station]] || GAG || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|543|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Garhwa railway station]] || GHQ || [[Garhwa district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Garwa Road Junction railway station]] || GHD || [[Palamu district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Giridih railway station]] || GRD || [[Giridih district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|299|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Ghatsila railway station]] || GTS || [[East Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Ghormara railway station]] || GRMA || [[Deoghar district]]|| [[Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|252|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Goilkera railway station]] || GOL || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|330|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Gola Road railway station]] || GER || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Govindpur Road railway station]] || GBX || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|577|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Gua railway station]] || GUA || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|441|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Gujhandi railway station]] || GJD || [[Koderma district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|835|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Gumani railway station]] || GMAN || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|30|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Gumia railway station]] ||GMIA || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Haludpukur railway station]] || HLD || [[East Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|193|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Hazaribagh Road railway station]] || HZD || [[Giridih district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Hazaribagh Town railway station]] || HZBN ||[[Hazaribagh district]]||[[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Haidernagar railway station]] || HDN || [[Palamu district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Hatia railway station]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Eastern Railway Ranchi {{!}} Jharkhand |url=http://www.serranchi.org/about/abt_div.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530031719/http://www.serranchi.org/about/abt_div.htm |archive-date=2013-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.serranchi.org}}</ref>|| HTE || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert| 655|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Hendegir railway station]] || HNDR || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|397|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Hirodih railway station]] ||HRE || [[Koderma district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|374|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Itky railway station]] || ITKY || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Irgaon railway station]] || IRN || [[Lohardaga district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jagadishpur railway station]] || JGD || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|305|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jama railway station]] || JAMA || [[Dumka district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|207|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jamadobu railway station]] || JBO || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|194|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jamtara railway station]] || JMT || [[Jamtara district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jamuni railway station]] || JMX || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Januniatna railway station]] || JNN || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|245|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Japla railway station]] || JPL || [[Palamu district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|149|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jaraikela railway station]] || JRA || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|216|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jarangdih railway station]] || JAN || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|214|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jasidih Junction railway station]] || JSME || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jhinkpani railway station]] || JNK || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|296|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Jonha railway station]] || JON || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|470|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Joramow railway station]] || JR\W || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|228 |m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kajrat Nawadih railway station]] || KYF || [[Palamu district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|142|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kajri railway station]] || KFT || [[Palamu district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kalubathan railway station]] || KAO || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|160|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kalyan Chak railway station]] || KXE || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kandra railway station]] || KND || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Karra railway station]] || KRRA || [[Khunti district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|641|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kaseetar railway station]] || KEE || [[Jamtara district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|219|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Katrasgarh railway station]] || KTH || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|198|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Keckhi railway station]] || KCKI || [[Palamu district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[kendposi railway station]] || KNPS || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|296|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Khanudihrailway station]] || KNF || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|243|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Khario P. Halt railway station]] || KARO || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|255|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Khalari railway station]] || KLRE || [[Ranchi district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|460|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kharkhari railway station]] || KHRI || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|227|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kita railway station]] || KITA || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|318|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Koderma Junction railway station]] || KQR || [[Koderma district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Koderma Town railway station]] || KQRT || [[Koderma district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kokpara railway station]] || KKPR || [[East Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|104|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kosiara railway station]] || KVQ || [[Palamu district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|156|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kotalpukur railway station]] || KLP || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|40|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Krishna Ballabh railway station]] || KBSH || [[Giridih district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Kumrabad Rohini}} || KBQ|| [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kumardubi railway station]] || KMME || [[Purulia district|Dhanbad district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|135|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kumendi railway station]] || KMND || [[Latehar district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|352|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kunki railway station]] || KZU || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|146|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kurkura railway station]] || KRKR || [[Gumla district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|465|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Kusunda Junction railway station]] || KDS || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|217|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Latehar railway station]] || LTHR || [[Latehar district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|381|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Layabad railway station]] || LYD || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|191|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Lohardaga railway station]] || LAD || [[Lohardaga district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|643|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Lotapahar railway station]] || LPH || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|251|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Madankata railway station]] || MNC || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Madanpur Halt railway station]] || MDNP || [[Dumka district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|141|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mael railway station]] || MAEL || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|363|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Madhupur Junction railway station]] || MDP || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mahadevsal railway station]] || MXW || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|306|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mahali Marup railway station]] || MVP || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Maheshmunda railway station]] || MMD || [[Giridih district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|289|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mahuamilanrailway station]] || MMLN || [[Latehar district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|493|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mahuda Junction railway station]] || MHQ || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Malkera Junction railway station]] || MLQ || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|199|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Maluka railway station]] || MLK || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|438|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Manikui railway station]] || MIK || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Manoharpur railway station]] || MOU || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|252|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Matari railway station]] || MRQ || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|245|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mathurapur railway station]] || MUW || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[McCluskieganj railway station|McCluskieGanj railway station]]|| MGME || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|476|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Meralgram railway station]] || MQX || [[Garhwa district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mohanpur railway station]] || MHUR || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Moharajpur railway station]] || MJP || [[Katihar district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|34|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Muhammadganj railway station]] || MDJ || [[Palamu district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Mugma railway station]] || MMU || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|133|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Muri Junction railway station]] || MURI || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Murli Halt railway station]] || MRLI || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|33|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Nagar Untari railway station]] || NUQ || [[Garhwa district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Nagjua railway station]] || NAJ || [[Lohardaga district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|690|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Namkon railway station]] || NKM || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Narkopi railway station]] || NRKP || [[Ranchi district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|696|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Nawadih Halt railway station]] || NWDH || [[Deoghar district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station]] || GMO || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|239|m|ft}}
|-
| [[New Giridih railway station]] || NGRH || [[Giridih district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|334|m|ft}}
|-
| [[New Madanpur railway station]] || MRPU || [[Dumka district]]|| [[Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Nichitpur railway station]] || NPJE || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|224|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Nimdih railway station]] || NIM || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|211|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Nimiaghat railway station]] || NMG || [[Bokaro district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|268|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Noamundi railway station]] || NOMD || [[West Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|448|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Orga railway station]] || ORGA || [[Sundargarh district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|227|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pada Pahar Junction railway station]] || PDPH || [[West Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|462|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pakra railway station]] || PKC || [[Gumla district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|503|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pakur railway station]] || PKR || [[Pakur district]]|| [[Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pandrasali railway station]] || PRSL || [[West Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|225|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Parasnath railway station]] || PNME || [[Giridih district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Parsabad railway station]] || PSB || [[Koderma district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|345|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pathardih Junction railway station]] || PEH || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Patratu railway station]] || PTRU|| [[Ramgarh district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|219|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Phulwartanr railway station]] ||PLJE || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|219|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Phusro railway station]] || PUS || [[Bokaro district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|216|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Piska railway station]] || PIS || [[Ranchi district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|708|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pokla railway station]] || PKF || [[Simdega district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|548|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Posotia railway station]] || PST || [[West Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pradhankhunta railway station]] || PKA || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Pundhag railway station]] || PNW || [[Bokaro district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|291|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Radhagaon railway station]] || RDF || [[Bokaro district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|247|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Rajabera Link Cabin railway station]] || RJB || [[Bokaro district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|193|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Rajhura railway station]]|| RHR || [[Palamu district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|210|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Rajkharsawan Junction railway station]] || RKSN || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|189|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Rajmahal railway station]] || RJL || [[Sahebganj district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Rakha Mines railway station]] || RHE || [[East Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Rakhitpur railway station]] || RKJE || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Ramgarh Cantt railway station]] || RMT || [[Ramgarh district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Ramna railway station]] || RMF || [[Garhwa district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|245|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Ranchi railway station]] || RNC || [[Ranchi district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Ranchi Road railway station]]|| RRME || [[Ramgarh district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|357|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Ray railway station]] || RAY || [[Chatra district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|441|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Richughutu railway station]] || RCGT || [[Latehar district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sahibganj Junction railway station]] || SBG|| [[Sahebganj district]]|| [[Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|40|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sakrigali Junction railway station]] || SLJ || [[Katihar district|Sahebganj district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|45|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Salga Jhari railway station]] || SLJR || [[East Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|169|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Shankarpur railway station]] || SNQ || [[Deoghar district]]|| [[Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|235|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sarmatanr railway station]] || SMND || [[Koderma district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|351|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Satbahini railway station]] || SZF || [[Palamu district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|160|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Satsang Nagar Halt railway station]] || SSNR || [[Deoghar district]]|| [[Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|255|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Shewbabudih railway station]] || SBW || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|159|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sigsigi railway station]] || SQS || [[Palamu district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|181|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sijua railway station]] || SJA || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[East Central Railway zone]]||{{convert|207|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Silli railway station]] || SLF || [[Ranchi district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|269|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sindri B H railway station]]|| SDBH || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sindri Marshalling Yard railway station]]|| SNMY || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sindri Town railway station]]||SNDT || [[Purulia district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Singhpokharia railway station]]|| SIPA || [[West Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sini Junction railway station]]|| SINI || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sonardih railway station]]|| SZE || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Sonua Railway station]]|| SWR || [[West Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Talaburu railway station]]|| TABU || [[West Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|365|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Talgaria railway station]]|| TLE || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|188|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Taljhari railway station]]|| TLJ || [[Sahebganj district]]|| [[Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|38|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tangarbasuli railway station]]|| TGB || [[Ranchi district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|712|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tatanagar Junction railway station]]|| TATA || [[East Singhbhum district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tata Sijua Halt railway station]]|| TSAH || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|194|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tatisilwai railway station]]|| TIS || [[Ranchi district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Telo railway station]]|| TELO || [[Dhanbad district]]|| [[South Eastern Railway zone]]||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tentulla railway station]] || TNJE || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tetulmari railway station]] ||TET || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Thapar Nagar railway station]] || TNW || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tinpahar Junction railway station]] || TPH || [[Sahebganj district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tilbhita railway station]] || TBB || [[Pakur district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|34|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tiraldih railway station]] || TUL || [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tolra railway station]] || TRZ || [[Palamu district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|192|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tokisud railway station]] || TKS || [[Ramgarh district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|374|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tori railway station]] || TORI || [[Latehar district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tundu railway station]] || TNO || [[Dhanbad district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|194|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tunia railway station]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Basanti |first1=Rang De |title=Tunia Railway Station Map/Atlas SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tunia-tux/3594 |accessdate=11 June 2020 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>|| TUX || [[West Singhbhum district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|298|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Tupkadih railway station]] ||TKB || [[Bokaro district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|233|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Untari Road railway station]] || URD || [[Palamu district]] || [[South Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|200|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Vidyasagar railway station]] || VDS || [[Jamtara district]] || [[Eastern Railway zone]] ||{{convert|244|m|ft}}
|-
| [[Yadudih railway station]] || YDD || [[Koderma district]] || [[East Central Railway zone]] ||{{convert|352|m|ft}}
|}

==Top 10 Railway stations in Jharkhand==
# [[Dhanbad Junction railway station]]
# [[Koderma Junction railway station]]
# [[Tatanagar Junction railway station]]
# [[Ranchi Junction railway station]]
# [[Jasidih Junction railway station]]
# [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station]]
# [[Barkakana Junction railway station]]
# [[Hatia railway station]]
# [[Bokaro Steel City railway station]]
# [[Madhupur Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jharkhand| ]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand]]

Cnemaspis vijayae

2025-12-16T04:09:06Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added Some Details Initial Version

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Cnemaspis vijayae
| authority = Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
}}

'''''Cnemaspis vijayae''''' is a species of [[Diurnality|diurnal]], rock-dwelling, [[insectivorous]] [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=balerion Cnemaspis vijayae]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113560904}}

[[Category:Cnemaspis|vijayae]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]

{{Cnemaspis-stub}}

Shobhna S. Kumar

2025-12-07T21:12:09Z

AlmedaCheyne: added biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Shobhana S.Kumar
| occupation = Publisher, Producer
| known_for = Queer-INK.com
| website = www.queer-ink.com
| notable_works = Out! Stories from the New Queer India
}}
'''Shobhna S. Kumar''', an Indian female entrepreneur, established Queer Ink, India’s first online bookstore for the queer community. What started as an online bookstore has now evolved into an organisation that publishes works by queer authors, offers writing mentorship and publication guidance to queer authors, creates documentaries about queer lives and conducts events by and for the queer community. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://queer-ink.com/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Queer Ink |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shobhna Kumar was born and brought up in Fiji. When she was 18, she along with her family left for Australia and spent several years in Sydney before moving to India. Shobhna studied in Sydney and later in the US. She then got in touch with her partner (who was in India) online and decided to move to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DCtallQG6i5qgvrumxzx5K/Queer-Ink--Not-just-straight-talk.html|title=Queer Ink {{!}} Not just straight talk - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.unmappedmag.com/issue-18/the-incredible-story-of-queer-ink/| title= The Incredible Story Of Queer Ink}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/living-business/shobhna-s-kumar-meet-a-female-entrepreneur-who-cant-think-straight-1962415.html|title=Shobhna S Kumar: Meet a female entrepreneur who can't think straight - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=8 March 2014 |access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> Kumar moved to India and has been living with her partner in Mumbai ever since.<ref name="firstpost.com"/>

== Career and activism ==
After moving to India, Shobhna worked for multiple [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] across states.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-19|title=Queer Ink: Of Unconventional Books and Out-Of-Box Stories|url=https://www.idiva.com/career/advice/queer-ink-of-unconventional-books-and-out-of-box-stories/15101930|access-date=2021-08-19|website=iDiva|language=en-IN}}</ref> She has extensively worked in the area of HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention at the grassroots level and brought about changes in the NGO policy.<ref name="firstpost.com"/> Kumar started India's first online LGBTQIA+ bookstore, Queer-ink.com in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://queer-ink.com/about-us/|title=About Us (Queer Ink) {{!}} Queer Ink|website=queer-ink.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> after seeing the dearth of books available on homosexuality back then. She along with her partner invested an amount of Rs 10 lakh, which happen to be their retirement funds, in the bookstore.

Apart from setting up the first queer online book store, she has got many firsts to her name. Shobhna is also the founder of UMANG group for LBT (lesbian, bisexual, trans) women, which is now managed by [[Humsafar Trust]].<ref name="firstpost">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living-business/shobhna-s-kumar-meet-a-female-entrepreneur-who-cant-think-straight-1962415.html|title=Shobhna S Kumar: Meet a female entrepreneur who can't think straight|accessdate= 17 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DCtallQG6i5qgvrumxzx5K/Queer-Ink--Not-just-straight-talk.html|title=Queer Ink - Not just straight talk|author=Arun Janardhan|date=17 September 2010|publisher=Live Mint|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/02/online-bookstore-for-everything-queer.htm|title=Now, an online bookstore for everything gay|author=Abhishek Mande|date=2 July 2010|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref> Shobhna happens to be India's first queer publisher as well. She is a pioneering publisher & producer (films, theatre and events) of exclusively LGBTHQIA+ Indian lives and stories. To address the issues faced by queer people in India, Shobhna has produced multiple short films on same sex love and acceptance - Any Other Day is one of them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/nicola-desouza/gender-in-india-not-tomboy-lesbian-or-hijra-but-transman|title='Not a tomboy, a lesbian or a Hijra but a transman'|date=2016-10-13|website=openDemocracy|language=en|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>

Teaming up with author and writing coach [[Minal Hajratwala]], she published a collection of short stories [[Out! Stories from The New Queer India]], all from Queer India. It had 30 contributing writers, some of whom are Amit Mirchandani, Sandip Roy and Kama Spice. It was stocked in New Arrivals section at [[Crossword| Crossword Bookstores]] along with independent stores.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/out-of-the-closet/article4229375.ece|title=Out of the closet|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 December 2012 |accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref>

== Queer-ink ==
After the [[Supreme Court of India]] recriminalized same-sex relationships in 2013, Queer-ink needed to rework on their communication strategy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.idiva.com/news-work-life/queer-ink-of-unconventional-books-and-out-of-box-stories/15101930|title=Queer Ink: Of Unconventional Books and Out-Of-Box Stories|work=iDiva.com|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> As a result of this, she launched a queer festival QFest, Digital Library have been launched. The store showcases a lot of Indian Queer stories, including, You Are Not Alone by Arun Mirchandani and a number of magazines like [[Bombay Dost]] and Swikriti Patrika.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/making-a-queer-pitch|title=Making a Queer Pitch|author=Madhavankutty Pillai|publisher=Open Magazine|date= 17 July 2010|accessdate = 3 July 2017}}</ref>

== InQueerable Happenings ==
A platform for queer content and a drama production house, which is an idea of Shobhna S Kumar and Vikram Phukan, a theatre commentator and curator of Short+Salty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vohra |first=Saumyaa |date=June 14, 2022 |title=7 events to help you celebrate Pride in an authentic way this year |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/7-events-to-help-you-celebrate-pride-in-an-authentic-way-this-year |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=GQ India}}</ref> It is the probably the only theatre group focused exclusively on queer theatre.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title=InQueerable Happenings' Short and Salty plays showcases diverse LGBT experiences|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sex-and-relationships/inqueerable-happenings-short-and-salty-plays-showcases-diverse-lgbt-experiences/story-QAxnqHl82apoeQX3wQ7zhO.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-18|title=InQueerAble Happenings' theatre presentation Short+Salty looks at queer lives outside identity politics|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/inqueerable-happenings-theatre-presentation-shortsalty-looks-at-queer-lives-outside-identity-politics-7347741.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

On September 6, 2019, the group staged the collection of short plays at The Five Senses Theatre, is a studio theatre in Lokhandwala, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dattani|first=Mahesh|title=How theatre bade farewell to Section 377|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/queering-the-stage/article29654877.ece|access-date=2021-08-19|website=@businessline|date=11 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

'''Some of their plays:'''

* ''Two Soldiers, written and directed by Prajesh Kashyap, Dusha Nandu, and Apeksha Vora''
* ''Graduation Day, directed by Lakshvir Singh Saran''
* ''Pehli Shaadi, a poem written and performed by Trinetra Tiwari''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Pehli Shaadi, an audio play about a trans woman seeking acceptance |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/pehli-shaadi-an-audio-play-about-a-trans-woman-seeking-acceptance-111658325191106.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Kiss Of The Spiderwoman''
* ''Best Man’s Kiss''
* ''Rapunzel 2.0''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.queer-ink.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|nm6756236|Shobhna S Kumar}}

{{Portal bar|Books|India|LGBTQ}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Shobhna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian women publishers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2023 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council election

2025-11-22T12:54:43Z

AlmedaCheyne:

{{Short description|Elections for the Upper House of Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}

{{Infobox legislative election
| country = India
| previous_election = [[2021 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council elections|2021]]
| next_election = [[2025 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council elections|2025]]
| election_date = 2023
| seats_for_election = 21 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| ongoing = no
| nopercentage = yes
| party1 = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| leader1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| current_seats1 =
| seats1 =
| last_election1 =
| party2= [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| leader2 = [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
| current_seats2 =
| seats2 =
| last_election2 =
}}

The 2023 '''Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council elections''' were held as part of a routine six-year cycle among different types of Legislative Council Constituencies in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in March 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=AP & TS Graduate MLC Elections Notification Released 2023 {{!}} AP / TS Election Commission Graduate MLC's - TeacherNews |url=https://teachernews.in/ap-ts-graduate-mlc-elections-notification/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> to elect 21 of its 58 members, of which the through their legislators elect 50 and the remaining 8 are appointed by the governor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview - Legislative Council - Liferay DXP |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.aplegislature.org}}</ref>

== Elections ==
List according to poll dates

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency type
!Members retiring
!Date of poll
!Date of retirement
|-
| Graduates constituency
| 3
| rowspan="3" |13 March 2023
| rowspan="2" | 29 March 2023
|-
| Teachers constituency
| 2
|-
| Local Authorities constituency
| 9
| 1 May 2023
|-
| MLA's constituency
| 7
| 23 March 2023
| 29 March 2023
|}

== Members Elected ==

=== [[Elected from Graduates constituencies|Graduates constituencies]] ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Name
!Previous MLC
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
|-
|1
| [[Prakasam–Nellore–Chittoor Graduates constituency|Prakasam – Nellore – Chittoor]]
|Yandlapalli Srinivasulu Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|29-03-2023
|Kancharla Srikanth<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-18 |title=Kancharla Srikanth wins Prakasam – Nellore – Chittoor graduates' MLC poll |url=https://theprint.in/india/kancharla-srikanth-wins-prakasam-nellore-chittoor-graduates-mlc-poll/1454601/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|29-03-2029
|-
|2
|Kadapa- Anantapur – Kurnool
|Vennapusa Gopal Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|-
|3
|Srikakulam – Vizianagaram – Visakhapatnam
|P.V.N. Madhav
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|29-03-2023
|V. Chiranjeevi Rao
|29-03-2029
|}

=== [[Elected from Graduates constituencies|Local Authorities constituencies]] ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Name
!Previous MLC
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
|-
|1
|Anantapur
|Gunapati Deepak Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|29-03-2023
|Kancharla Srikanth<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-18 |title=Kancharla Srikanth wins Prakasam – Nellore – Chittoor graduates' MLC poll |url=https://theprint.in/india/kancharla-srikanth-wins-prakasam-nellore-chittoor-graduates-mlc-poll/1454601/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|29-03-2029
|-
|2
|Kadapa
|Vennapusa Gopal Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|-
|3
|Nellore
|P.V.N. Madhav
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|29-03-2023
|V. Chiranjeevi Rao
|29-03-2029
|-
|4
|West Godavari
|Vennapusa Gopal Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|-
|5
|West Godavari
|Vennapusa Gopal Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|-
|6
|East Godavari
|Vennapusa Gopal Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|-
|7
|Sriakulam
|Vennapusa Gopal Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|-
|8
|Chittoor
|Vennapusa Gopal Reddy
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|-
|9
|Kurnool
|K.E. Prabhakar
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|29-03-2023
| B. Ramgopal Reddy
|29-03-2029
|}

== See also ==

* [[2023 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council}}
[[Category:State Legislative Council elections in India]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:2023 elections in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Vaartha

2025-11-17T18:16:19Z

AlmedaCheyne: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Telugu newspaper}}
{{for|the Malayalam film|Vartha}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{italic title}}

{{Infobox company
| name = ''Vaartha''
| type =
| logo =
| logo_size = 275px
|image =
| slogan =
| foundation = 1 March 1996
| location = [[Hyderabad, India]]
| key_people = [[Girish Sanghi]], Founder
| industry = [[Mass media|Media]]
| homepage = [https://www.vaartha.com/ www.vaartha.com]
}}

'''''Vaartha''''' is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] newspaper headquartered in [[Hyderabad, India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |year=2000 |title=India's Newspaper Revolution: Capitalism, Politics and the Indian-language Press, 1977-99 |publisher=Hurst |page=98 |isbn=9781850654346}}</ref> ''Vaartha'' means "news" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

== History ==
''Vaartha'' was launched in 1996<ref>{{cite book |last=Reddy |first=G. Krishna |year=2005 |chapter=Forging Public Opinion |editor-first1=Bernard |editor-last1=Bel |editor-first2=Biswajit |editor-last2=Das |editor-first3=Guy |editor-last3=Poitevin |editor-first4=Jan |editor-last4=Brouwer |editor-first5=Vibodh |editor-last5=Parthasarathi |title=Media and Mediation |volume=1 |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=324–326 |isbn=0761934286}}</ref> with A.B.K Prasad as its first editor. It claimed to be the first Telugu daily in [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] to use [[Information Technology]], {{citation needed|date=July 2011}} allowing it to publish news that broke at as late as 4 a.m. ''Vaartha'' was initially popular, competing with ''[[Eenadu]]'' and ''[[Udayam (newspaper)|Udayam]]''.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}} It now has a smaller circulation than ''Eenadu'', ''Sakshi'' or ''Andhra Jyothy''.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} ''Vaartha'' is produced by A.G.A Publications, which is owned by [[Gireesh Kumar Sanghi]]'s Hyderabad-based [[Sanghi Group]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://www.vaartha.com/

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Telugu-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Nishant Batsha

2025-10-16T15:55:52Z

AlmedaCheyne: made new entry w/ refs

{{short description|Indian-American writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| birth_place =
| language = English
| genre = [[history]], [[fiction]]
| notableworks = Mother Ocean Father Nation
| years_active =
| website = {{URL|nishantbatsha.com}}
| occupation = Novelist
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]], [[University of Oxford]]
}}

'''Nishant Batsha''' is an Indian-American writer of [[fiction]] and history, best known for his [[Lambda Literary Award]]-nominated novel [[Mother Ocean Father Nation]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Women Novelists and Their Publishers |date=2002-09-11 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203160145-10 |work=Living by the Pen |pages=93–111 |access-date=2023-12-07 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203160145-10 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-0-203-16014-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Batsha is a child of Indian immigrants from [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meet the Fellows {{!}} Nishant Batsha |url=https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/nishant-batsha |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.pdsoros.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lou |first=Jo |date=2022-06-28 |title=On a South Pacific Island, Two Siblings Face a Difficult Choice as Racial Tensions Flare |url=https://electricliterature.com/nishant-batsha-novel-mother-ocean-father-nation/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref>

He attended [[Columbia University]] as an undergraduate and studied history and South Asian Studies. He has a master's degree from [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] in Global and Imperial history. There, he discovered his interest in writing after he submitted an essay to [[The Awl]] when he was in his early twenties. Batsha originally set out to complete at [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in History, which he returned to Columbia for. He studied Indian indentured servitude in [[Fiji]] and [[Trinidad]] for his PhD program and says he'd have never written the novels he did without that experience.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Contingent |date=2022-09-03 |title=How Nishant Batsha Does History |url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2022/09/03/how-nishant-batsha-does-history/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=CONTINGENT |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He has worked at [[Words Without Borders]] in the past.<ref name=":1" />

Batsha lives in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], NY, with his wife and two children.<ref name=":0" />

== Selected works ==
Mother Ocean Father Nation is set on a South Pacific Island nation in 1985 that is experiencing a [[military coup]].<ref name=":1" /> LitHub named it one of the best covers of June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=The 10 Best Book Covers of June |url=https://lithub.com/the-10-best-book-covers-of-june/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Literary Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> It was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award in Bisexual Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Rich |date=2023-03-21 |title=Read all about it: Lambda Literary's 35th annual LAMMY Award finalists |url=https://dallasvoice.com/read-all-about-it-lambda-literarys-35th-annual-lammy-award-finalists/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Dallas Voice |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batsha, Nishant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]

Madras Musings

2025-09-27T21:04:10Z

AlmedaCheyne: done

{{Short description|English-language newspaper on the history and heritage of Chennai city}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Madras Musings
| logo =
| image = Madras Musings.png
| caption =
| type = Fortnightly newspaper
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| founded = 1991
| owners = Chennai Heritage
| publisher = [[S. Muthiah]]
| chief_editor = S. Muthiah
| editor = [[V. Sriram]]
| political_position =
| language = English
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| website = {{URL|madrasmusings.com}}
| ISSN =
| oclc =
}}

'''''Madras Musings''''' is a fortnightly [[English language|English-language]] newspaper founded by [[Chennai]] historian [[S. Muthiah]] in 1991. Published in [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] format and comprising 18 to 22 pages, the newspaper generally features articles on the [[History of Chennai|history and heritage of Chennai city]].

== History ==

''Madras Musings'' was founded by S. Muthiah in 1991 soon after his retirement from TTK Maps Ltd. The paper was conceived as a tool to showcase the history and heritage of the then Madras city, which was renamed "Chennai" in 1997. Originally comprising five pages, the paper was later increased to over ten pages. Chennai Heritage, a non-profit organization was formed in 1999 to support the conservation and preservation of the historic heritage of Chennai city and registered as per Section 25 of the Companies Act with Muthiah as one of the company's directors. Since then, Madras Musings has been financed by Chennai Heritage and functions as its official mouthpiece.

== Sponsors ==

The newspaper is sponsored by eighteen prominent corporate houses and hundreds of individual donors. The publishing and marketing of the newspaper has been handled by Chennai Heritage.

== References ==

* {{cite news|title=Muthiah Discovered|first=Bishwanath|last=Ghosh|authorlink=Bishwanath Ghosh (writer)|work=The Hindu|date=4 April 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1696891.ece}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.madrasmusings.com Website of ''Madras Musings'']

{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Chennai]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1991]]

Bihlewala

2025-08-13T21:47:54Z

AlmedaCheyne: Starting Stub!

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bihlewala
| native_name = ਬੀਹਲੇਵਾਲਾ
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.67285|N|74.60142|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Punjab region|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Faridkot district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 2205
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151203<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/findpincode.aspx|title=Bihlewala, Punjab PIN code|publisher=www.pin-code.co.in|accessdate=2 February 2025}}</ref>
| area_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
}}
'''Bihlewala''' is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhilewala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35492-bhilewala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihle Wala Pin Code (Faridkot, Punjab) {{!}} Bihle Wala Postal Index Number Code (Pincode) |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/punjab/faridkot/bihle-wala.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Maps of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Dhindhawali

2025-06-08T14:23:44Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added A Biography W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2013}}
'''Dhindhwali''' is a village in [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Its total population is 6,267, (3,331 males and 2,936 females). It is located 120 km from the national capital [[New Delhi]]. Dhindhawali village is also situated near the [[Titawi#Economy|Titawi Sugar factory]], which is 6 km to the south. It was once famous for "Nakchunti" and "Gud".The main corps is sugar cane. There are mostly jats(jatts) in this village. kutba and nunakhera (a small village) are nearby villages.hookah is most popular in the village . Baliyan(surname) is the main surname of jats (80% are jats).

== Economy ==
The region is one of the important sugarcane producing regions. [[Sugar]] and [[jaggery]] production are important industries in the Muzaffarnagar district. As a result of the farming activities around, the village is an important hub of jaggery trading business.

More than 40% of the region's population is engaged in agriculture.

== Geography==
Muzaffarnagar is located at {{Coord|29.47|N|77.68|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Muzaffarnagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Muzaffarnagar]</ref> It is located 120 kilometres NE of the national capital, Delhi, and roughly 200 kilometres SE of Chandigarh.
48,692 26,401 22,291 278,405 154,902 123,503 897 844 80.99 85.82 75.65

==Transportation==
The village is not situated on the main road, hence the bus service from MuzaffarNagar is infrequent. This village is connected by 4 main road.

== Education ==
There are many schools in this village like arya vedic kanya inter college( girls college) and golden bells academy( a cbse school) and 5 other schools.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/|Muzaffarnagar official website}}

[[Category:Villages in Muzaffarnagar district]]

Kalarsinga Nayanar

2025-06-08T10:27:50Z

AlmedaCheyne: Made

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Kalarsinga Nayanar
|image= Kalarsinga Nayanar.JPG
|caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date= c. 8-9th century CE
|birth_place=
|birth_name=
|death_date=
|death_place=
|philosophy= [[Shaivism]], [[Bhakti]]
|honors= [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint,
|footnotes=
}}

'''Kalarsinga Nayanar''', also known as '''Kalarsinga''', '''Kazharsinga''', '''Kalarcinkan''', '''Kalarsingan''', '''Kalarsinganar''', '''Kalarsingar''', '''Kalarcingar''' and '''Kalar-chingar''' ('''Kalar-singar'''), was a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint, venerated in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sect of [[Shaivism]]. He is generally counted as the fifty-fifth in the list of 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=281}}</ref> While his identity remains a matter of debate, many scholars identity Kalarsinga Nayanar as the [[Pallava]] king [[Narasimhavarman II]] (Rajasimha), who reigned between 700 and 728 CE.

==Life==
The life of Kalarsinga Nayanar is described in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' by [[Sekkizhar]] (12th century), which is a hagiography of the 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref name="ramachandran">{{cite web | url=https://www.shaivam.org/english/sen_th12_kazhalsingka.htm| title=The Puranam of KazhaL Singka Nayanar| publisher=T N Ramachandran |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> His name "kalarsinga" means "lion with ankled feet".<ref name="Mahalingam1969">{{cite book|author=T. V. Mahalingam|title=Kāñcīpuram in early South Indian history|page=121|year=1969|publisher=Asia Pub. House}}</ref>

Kalarsinga was a [[Pallava]] king from the [[Kadava dynasty]]. He is said to waged wars on foes and conquered kingdoms to the North, becoming an emperor. He was a staunch devotee of the god [[Shiva]], the patron of Shaivism and propagated Shaivism in regions he captured. He went on pilgrimages to many Shiva temples. He journeyed to [[Thiruvarur]] and came with his queen consort at the shrine of Araneri, dedicated to Shiva. This temple is identified as the Sri Achaleswarar (Vandarkuzhali) temple, which is located in the [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja Temple]] complex. She arrived in the temple hall ([[mandapa]]) where various flowers were gathered to use as floral offerings to Shiva as well as create garlands for him. A flower had fallen from the dais where the garlands were made. The queen picked the flower and smelt it. In Hinduism, it is taboo to use or smell flowers meant for God, before they are offered to him.<ref name="swami"/> [[C.K. Subramania Mudaliar]]'s commentary on the ''Periya Puranam'' opines the queen was a [[Sramana|Samana]], whom the king married for political reasons. Though she accompanied the king on official visits to temples, as a non-Hindu, she did not worship Shiva.<ref name="ramachandran"/>

[[Seruthunai Nayanar]], another Nayanar, served at the temple noticed the queen's actions. He was enraged by the conduct of the Pallava queen. Ignoring her royal status, he dragged her by her hair and pushed her on the ground. He caught her nose and punished her by severing it. The queen screamed in pain. The infuriated Kalarsinga rushed to her and asked who had dared to assault his queen and challenge his authority. Seruthunai Nayanar took responsibility and explained the rationale of his actions. Kalarsinga deemed the punishment inadequate. With his sword, he chopped off the hand of the queen, by which he lifted the flower. As the devotees in the temple erupted with the cheers of "Hara, Hara" (name of Shiva) lauding his actions, celestial beings shower him with flowers for his just action. Kalarsinga ultimately attained [[Kailash]], Shiva's abode after death.<ref name="swami">{{cite book | author = Swami Sivananda | author-link = Swami Sivananda | title = Sixty-three Nayanar Saints | edition = 4 | publisher = The Divine Life Society | year = 1999 | location = Sivanandanagar }}</ref>

The tale of Kalarsinga (called Narasinga Nayanaru in the account) is also recalled in the 13th-century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ''[[Basava Purana]]'' of [[Palkuriki Somanatha]] in brief and with some variation. Narasinga is described as a [[Chola]] king. Seruthunai Nayanar is replaced with a simple unnamed flower boy. Narasinga is said to first cut the queen's finger, followed by her hand, then her fore arm and finally the entire arm. Shiva appeared and took Narasinga with him to his abode, while he also restored the queen's nose and arm.<ref>{{cite book|title=Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6090-6|page=150}}</ref>

==Identification and dating==
One of the most prominent Nayanars, [[Sundarar]] (8th century) venerates Kalarsinga Nayanar in the ''Tiruthonda Thogai'', a hymn to Nayanar saints and praising him as Kadava king, who rules over the world bound by the seas.<ref name=Peterson>{{cite book|title=Poems to Śiva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0784-6|page= 335}}</ref> This reference of Kalarsinga as the emperor of the entire world in present tense is interpreted to suggest that Kalarsinga was the reigning king in Sundarar's times.<ref name="SubramanianR">{{cite book|author1=K. R. Subramanian|title=Origin of Saivism and Its History in the Tamil Landpublisher=Asian Educational Services|year = 2002|isbn=978-81-206-0144-4|page=70}}</ref>

While generally Kalarsinga is identified as [[Narasimhavarman II]] or Rajasimha (reign: 700-728 CE), other contenders are [[Nandivarman II]] (reign: 732–796), his son [[Dantivarman]] (reign: 796–846) and his grandson [[Nandivarman III]] (reign: 846–869).<ref name="Kalidos1976">{{cite book|author=Raju Kalidos|title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule|year=1976|publisher=Vijay Publications|page=78}}</ref> Though the ''Periya Puranam'' associates Kalarsinga with only one other Nayanar (Seruthunai Nayanar), another theory suggests that the unnamed king in the narrative of the Nayanar saint [[Pusalar]] is also Kalarsinga.<ref name="ramachandran"/> The king in the Pusalar tale is generally identified as Narasimhavarman II, the builder of [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanathar Temple]] of [[Kanchipuram]]. Like Kalarsinga, Narasimhavarman conquered the [[Chalukya]] kingdoms, which were at the North of the Pallava kingdom. The Sundarar reference as well as the conquest of the North is used to identify Kalarsinga as Narasimhavarman.<ref name="Srinivasan1979">{{cite book|author=C. R. Srinivasan|title=Kanchipuram Through the Ages|year=1979|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|page=36}}</ref> It is suggested that the Nayanars [[Aiyadigal Kadavarkon Nayanar]] and Kalarsinga are the father-son duo of [[Paramesvaravarman I]] (reign:670–720) and Narasimhavarman II.

Some scholars reject the identification of Kalarsinga as Narasimhavarman II because the ''Tiruthonda Thogai'' or ''Periya Puranam'' would have explicitly said the same, while disputing Sundarar's dating. They suggest Sundarar lived in the 9th century, when Nandivarman III - who fought the [[Battle of Tellaru]] - ruled. However, there is no evidence in his chronicles that he was ever given the title "Kalarsinga".<ref name="Kōvintacāmi1977">{{cite book|author=Mu Kōvintacāmi|title=A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature|year=1977|publisher=Annamalai University|page=34}}</ref>

==Remembrance==
[[File:Sri Kokarneshvarar Temple in Tirukokarnam.JPG|thumb|The images of the Nayanars are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.]]

Kalarsinga Nayanar is worshipped in the [[Tamil month]] of [[Vaishakha|Vaisakhi]], when the moon enters the [[Bharani]] [[nakshatra]] (lunar mansion). He is depicted as a king with a crown, folded hands (see [[Anjali mudra]]) and sometimes a sword in the crook of his arm. He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals.<ref name="Dalal2011"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nayanars}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]
[[Category:Pallava kings]]

Bir king

2025-05-30T15:29:25Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added First Article And Citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
The '''Bir King''' was a famous king of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] before Muslim rule. Asaduzzaman Khan was an army chief who killed the Bir King and conquered [[Rajnagar, Birbhum|Rajnagar]] where he established a Muslim sultanate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=সেনগুপ্ত|first=দয়াল|title=প্রাচীন রাজধানী ঘিরে গড়ে উঠুক পর্যটন কেন্দ্র|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/history-and-ancient-civilisation-of-rajnagar-as-a-promising-tourist-spot-1.147361|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

According to local history, in 1350 AD there were some quarrels between Laxmanawati and Subarnagram, and the ancestors of Bir King had set up a capital at Lakknur ([[Rajnagar, Birbhum|Rajnagar]]). the Bir Kings were two brothers, Bir Singh and Mallar Singh. [[Mallarpur]] has named after Mallar Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-21|title=বীরভূম নাম হল কিভাবে|url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/how-was-birbhum-named/|access-date=2021-01-31|website=সববাংলায়|language=bn-BD}}</ref>

In 1206 AD an army officer of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]] defeated the Bir King and conquered [[Rajnagar, Birbhum|Rajnagar]]. The queen committed suicide at a nearby pond.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marshall|first=P. J.|date=February 1987|title=Ranjan Kumar Gupta: The economic life of a Bengal district: Birbhum: 1770–. xvi, 352 pp. Burdwan: University of Burdwan, 1984.|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=50|issue=1|pages=157–158|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00053593|issn=0041-977X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]

{{india-royal-stub}}

Sor, Bhiwandi

2025-02-24T00:10:41Z

AlmedaCheyne: added a details

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3559308|N|73.2046534|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 22
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 793
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552620
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sor''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sor has 146 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 84.2%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 793 || 420 || 373
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 97 || 47 || 50
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 7 || 4 || 3
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 379 || 192 || 187
|-
| Literates || 586 || 344 || 242
|-
| Workers (all) || 177 || 160 || 17
|-
| Main workers (total) || 142 || 129 || 13
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 101 || 96 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 12 || 9 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 27 || 22 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 35 || 31 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 4 || 4 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 12 || 9 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 18 || 17 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 616 || 260 || 356
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Rathakara

2025-02-04T06:20:02Z

AlmedaCheyne: made some article more to come

{{refimprove|date=March 2023}}

'''Rathakāra''' or the ''Chariot maker'' is mentioned in several [[Hindu]] scriptures such as [[Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda]], [[Atharvaveda]], [[samhita|Saṃhita]]s etc. There are various types of Rathakāras mentioned in the texts, whose social status was not uniform, some enjoyed a very high status and some were degraded. Recent inscriptions found by Archeological department says Rathakaras are artisans, who were born out of [[Anuloma]] and [[Pratiloma]].{{cn|date=March 2023}}

==Inscriptions==
Some inscriptions refers to artisans as Rathakara and are said to have been born as [[Anuloma]] and [[Pratiloma]]. Anulomas are described as those who were the sons of high caste father and a low caste mother whereas Pratilomas means the sons of low caste father and a high caste mother.<ref>{{cite book|title=Art Panorama of Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7DWAAAAMAAJ|page=16|author=Auvai Naṭarācan̲|publisher=State Department of Archaeology|year=1992|quote=This inscription also refers to artisans as Rathakara . They are said to have been born as Anuloma and Pratiloma . Anulomas are described as those who were the sons of high caste father and a low caste mother.}}</ref>

==Niṣādapati==
The Rathakāra's ways of earning a livelihood are stated as comprising chariots, carts and the like.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

==Other scriptures==
According to some doctrines these Rathakāras have no right to take part in any of the sacrifices as they are degraded to Śudra. A Śudra is not initiated to Vedic studies hence no [[Upanayana]], as the sacrificer has to know Vedas, hence Śudra cannot participate in any kind of Yajña.<ref name="sz">{{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Samiran Chandra|title=The paribhāṣās in the śrautasūtras |year=1980|pages=62,143}}</ref> Baudhāyana on the other hand admits this degraded Rathakāra to the ceremony of Upanayana, according to him fallen Rathakāra ought to perform this ceremony the rainy season.<ref name="mukr">{{cite book|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud |title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist |pages=174}}</ref> But some text mention that even a Śudra was allowed to participate in few sacrifices, and was even entitled to perform certain sacrifices like ''Pākayajñas'', ''Śradhayajñas''.<ref name="muk"/> But they were not entitled to perform the sacrifices which were strictly vedic.<ref name="muk">{{cite book|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud |title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist |pages=328}}</ref> Sage Jaimini mentions another Rathakāra whose social status is inferior to Vaiśya but superior to that of a Śudra, and calls them ''Saudhavanas''.<ref name="c">{{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Samiran Chandra|title=The paribhāṣās in the śrautasūtras |year=1980|pages=144}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ratha]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

{{Rigveda}}

[[Category:Rigveda]]

Dumunibagan

2023-08-24T03:38:12Z

AlmedaCheyne: Added Initial Stub With Sources.

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dumunibagan
| other_name = Doomni, Doomni Bagan, Dumuni Bagan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.71753|91.31067|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 6855
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781373
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03623
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 304475
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Baksa district]]
| area_total_ha = 1235.62
| registration_plate = AS-28
}}
'''Dumunibagan''', commonly known as '''Doomni''' and '''Dumuni''',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Eliminating sovereign and official immunity in fundamental human rights cases. |publisher=South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre |others=South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre |year=2001 |isbn=978-818-7379-05-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> is a census village in [[Baksa district]] ([[Baksa district#History|earlier Nalbari district]]), [[Assam]], [[India]].{{cn|date=July 2023}} The Dumni Tea Estate, tea cultivation area, is located in the village.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Economic and political weekly |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1966 |volume=31 |pages=2904 |language=English |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Birla |first=Basant Kumar |title=India Book Distributors (Bombay) |date=1994 |publisher=Image Inc. : Distributor, India Book Distributors (Bombay) |location=Bombay |pages=52 |edition=1st |language=English}}</ref>

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Dumunibagan village has a population of 6,855 people, including 3,412 males and 3,443 females with a literacy rate of 80.29%e.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Assam - District Baksa - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6515/download/9592/DDW_PCA1825_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720210908/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6515/download/9592/DDW_PCA1825_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Baksa district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Congress core group

2022-04-13T04:21:50Z

AlmedaCheyne: brief add layout and added references based on references

#REDIRECT [[Congress Core Committee]]

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