Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

JioCinema

2023-10-12T00:47:58Z

AllyMady: /* Availability and access */

{{Short description|Indian video streaming service}}
{{Distinguish|JioTV}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| name = JioCinema
| logo = Jiocinema.png
| logo_size = 120px
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = JioCinema Homescreen Screenshot.jpeg
| screenshot_size = 200
| collapsible = on
| caption = Website screenshot
| parent = [[Jio Platforms]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| website_type = {{plainlist|
*[[Video on demand]]
*[[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]]}}
| language = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Bhojpuri]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Kannada]]|[[Malayalam]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Odia language|Odia]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2016|09|05|df=yes}}
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Streaming media|Streaming]]
*[[Entertainment]]
*[[Mass media]]}}
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Streaming media]]
* [[Video on demand]]
* [[Digital distribution]]
}}
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[streaming media|On-demand video streaming]]
*[[Film distribution]]}}
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*[[Mukesh Ambani]]
*[[Akash Ambani]]}}
| predecessor = [[Voot (OTT Platform)|Voot]]
| area_served = India
| owner = [[Viacom18]]
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Optional
| current_status = Active
| num_users =
| website = {{url|https://www.jiocinema.com|JioCinema.com}}
}}

'''JioCinema''' is an Indian [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top media streaming service]] owned by [[Viacom18]], which provides [[livestreaming]] as well as [[video on demand]] (VOD) based on advertisement (AVOD) and subscription ([[Video on demand|SVOD]]) models. It was originally launched on 5 September 2016 for users of Reliance's mobile provider, [[Jio]]. In April 2023, Viacom18 completed the scheme of a merger involving Reliance Storage, Bodhi Tree Systems, and [[Paramount Global]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Viacom18 Completes Deal With Reliance, Bodhi Tree Systems And Paramount Global |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/viacom18-completes-deal-with-reliance-bodhi-tree-systems-and-paramount-global-news-278253 |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=Outlook}}</ref> and, by August 2023, [[Voot (OTT Platform)|Voot]]'s programming was merged with JioCinema's content library.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Viacom18 completes merger of JioCinema and Voot OTT platforms, majority subscribers transitioned |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/viacom18-completes-merger-of-jiocinema-and-voot-ott-platforms-majority-subscribers-transitioned/article67197460.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> JioCinema's content library includes [[film]]s, [[television show]]s, [[web series]], [[music videos]], [[documentaries]], and [[sport]]s.

== History ==

=== Jio era ===
JioCinema was launched on 5 September 2016 with the public launch of [[Jio]] along with other apps ([[Jio TV|JioTV]], [[JioSaavn]], JioNews, [[JioMart]], JioMeet, JioChat, and JioTalks) owned by [[Jio Platforms]].

With its launch in 2016, JioCinema provided aggregated content exclusively for Jio users with the JioCinema app. It was available only on the [[Google Play|Google Play Store]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=JioCinema: Movies TV Originals – Apps on Google Play|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jio.media.ondemand&hl=en_US|access-date=2020-07-08|website=play.google.com|language=en|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402104335/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jio.media.ondemand&hl=en_US|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|iOS App Store]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=JioCinema|url=https://apps.apple.com/in/app/jiocinema/id1067316596|access-date=2020-07-08|website=App Store|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717140739/https://apps.apple.com/in/app/jiocinema/id1067316596|url-status=live}}</ref> A web version<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bgr.in/how-to/watch-reliance-jiotv-and-jiocinema-on-pc-and-laptop-heres-a-step-by-step-guide-542520/|title=Watch Reliance JioTV and JioCinema on PC and laptop|publisher=BGR India|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611120034/https://www.bgr.in/how-to/watch-reliance-jiotv-and-jiocinema-on-pc-and-laptop-heres-a-step-by-step-guide-542520/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://telecomtalk.info/jio-silently-introduces-web-version-of-jiotv/171552/|title=After JioCinema, Reliance Jio Silently Introduces Web Version of JioTV for Millions of Live TV Viewers|publisher=Telecom Talk|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611115859/https://telecomtalk.info/jio-silently-introduces-web-version-of-jiotv/171552/|url-status=live}}</ref> was also launched a year after the official launch. It was later available on the JioPhone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jio.com/en-in/faq/jiophone2-offer/what-are-the-apps-that-are-available-on-jiophone2.html|title=What are the apps that are available on JioPhone2|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918110347/https://www.jio.com/en-in/faq/jiophone2-offer/what-are-the-apps-that-are-available-on-jiophone2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2019, [[Xiaomi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=JioCinema app coming soon for Xiaomi Mi TVs: All that you should know |publisher=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gadgets/jiocinema-app-coming-soon-for-xiaomi-mi-tv-5892744/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615130945/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gadgets/jiocinema-app-coming-soon-for-xiaomi-mi-tv-5892744/ |archive-date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mi TV Jio Cinema App Integration Announced by Xiaomi, TCL Makes Similar Announcement for Its Smart TVs |publisher=NDTV |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/news/mi-tv-integration-jio-cinema-app-teaser-xiaomi-tcl-announcement-2082194 |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194519/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/news/mi-tv-integration-jio-cinema-app-teaser-xiaomi-tcl-announcement-2082194 |archive-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> [[TCL Technology|TCL]],<ref>{{cite news |title=TCL TVs To Get JioCinema App: All You Need To Know |publisher=Gizbot |url=https://www.gizbot.com/home-entertainment/news/tcl-electronics-integrates-jiocinema-on-its-smart-tvs-061644.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063702/https://www.gizbot.com/home-entertainment/news/tcl-electronics-integrates-jiocinema-on-its-smart-tvs-061644.html |archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JioCinema makes way to TCL Smart TVs, coming soon on Xiaomi TV |publisher=The Mobile Indian |url=https://www.themobileindian.com/news/jiocinema-makes-way-to-tcl-smart-tvs-coming-soon-on-xiaomi-tv-27472 |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063659/https://www.themobileindian.com/news/jiocinema-makes-way-to-tcl-smart-tvs-coming-soon-on-xiaomi-tv-27472 |archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> and on November 2019, [[Intex Technologies|Intex]] announced<ref>{{cite news |title=Intex brings new line of 4K UHD Smart LEDs with JioCinema support |publisher=Gizbot |url=https://www.gizbot.com/accessories/news/intex-brings-new-line-4k-uhd-smart-leds-with-jiocinema-support-055050.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063705/https://www.gizbot.com/accessories/news/intex-brings-new-line-4k-uhd-smart-leds-with-jiocinema-support-055050.html |archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> JioCinema app integration for their smart TVs.

=== Viacom18 era ===
In April 2022, [[Viacom18]]—a joint venture between [[Paramount Global]] and Jio's parent company [[Reliance Industries]]—announced that Qatar-backed Bodhi Tree Systems (founded by former Disney Asia-Pacific president [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] and former [[21st Century Fox]] CEO [[James Murdoch]]) would make a major investment in the company with a focus on bolstering its streaming businesses. As part of the deal, JioCinema would be brought under Viacom18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Bodhi Tree-Viacom18 deal: Why the new deal points towards Reliance's aggressive push in broadcasting business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bodhi-tree-viacom18-deal-why-the-new-deal-points-towards-reliances-aggressive-push-in-broadcasting-business-377624-2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In September 2022, the [[Competition Commission of India]] approved the transaction, which was completed in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=CCI approves merger of Jio Cinema OTT platform with Viacom18 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/cci-approves-merger-of-jio-cinema-ott-platform-with-viacom18-347904-2022-09-22 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113081308/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/cci-approves-merger-of-jio-cinema-ott-platform-with-viacom18-347904-2022-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=27 April 2022 |title=James Murdoch's Bodhi Tree, Reliance, Viacom18 Strike $2 Billion Deal to Create Giant Indian TV and Streaming Company |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/james-murdoch-bodhi-tree-reliance-viacom18-2-billion-deal-1235242692/ |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Bodhi Tree-Viacom18 deal: Why the new deal points towards Reliance's aggressive push in broadcasting business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bodhi-tree-viacom18-deal-why-the-new-deal-points-towards-reliances-aggressive-push-in-broadcasting-business-377624-2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2022, ahead of the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], it was announced that Viacom18 sports content would move from their existing streaming platform [[Voot]] to JioCinema, with all World Cup matches streaming for free.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=2022-10-06 |title=Viacom18 to shift sports content to JioCinema |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/viacom18-to-shift-sports-content-to-jiocinema/articleshow/94667721.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JioCinema to live stream the FIFA World Cup |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/jiocinema-to-live-stream-the-fifa-world-cup/481300 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312074637/https://www.campaignindia.in/article/jiocinema-to-live-stream-the-fifa-world-cup/481300 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Campaign India |language=en}}</ref> The platform was made available to all users, including non-Jio users. Its coverage faced criticism from viewers on social media for initially having technical issues such as buffering; JioCinema stated that it would work to address these issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=JioCinema apologises after fans complain of glitches during FIFA World Cup live streaming |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/jiocinema-apologises-after-fans-complain-of-glitches-during-fifa-world-cup-live-streaming-353613-2022-11-21 |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=Business Today |date=21 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331133014/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/jiocinema-apologises-after-fans-complain-of-glitches-during-fifa-world-cup-live-streaming-353613-2022-11-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

JioCinema launched a premium tier on 15 May 2023, anchored by a content agreement with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] that saw rights to [[HBO]] and [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] original productions move to JioCinema from its competitor, [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |last2=Frater |first2=Patrick |date=2023-05-15 |title=India's JioCinema Premium Launches $12 Annual Plan for Warner Bros. Discovery Content |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/jiocinema-premium-annual-pricing-plan-warner-bros-discovery-content-1235612547/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> JioCinema also announced an similar library agreement with [[NBCUniversal]], including [[Universal Pictures]], [[Universal Television]], and [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] productions.<ref name=":5" />

Voot began to migrate its original productions to JioCinema in June 2023, including new seasons of ''[[Asur (Indian web series)|Asur]]'' and ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]].'' In August 2023, Voot was discontinued in favor of JioCinema, with JioCinema assuming its with existing Voot Select subscribers being migrated to JioCinema Premium.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-08-09 |title=Voot folds into JioCinema; users now free to migrate |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/vootjiocinema-merger-complete-viacom18-s-voot-joins-jiocinema-boosting-content-lineup-and-customer-engagement-11691562670196.html |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Viacom18 completes merger of JioCinema and Voot OTT platforms, majority subscribers transitioned |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/viacom18-completes-merger-of-jiocinema-and-voot-ott-platforms-majority-subscribers-transitioned/article67197460.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Content ==
===Current broadcasting rights===
* [[Indian Premier League]] (through 2027)
* [[India national cricket team]] (September 2023 to March 2028)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padiyar |first=Diya Paresh |date=2023-09-13 |title=Reliance's JioCinema to stream India vs. Australia ODI series free |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/reliance-jiocinema-to-stream-india-vs-australia-odi-series-free-11694603550370.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
===Past broadcasting rights===
* [[2022 FIFA World Cup]]
===Current partners===
JioCinema's current content partners include the following:
* [[Balaji Telefilms]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/bKu1z9YYSqfVqo8HT4N1xM/RIL-buys-25-stake-in-Balaji-Telefilms-for-Rs413-crore.html | title=RIL buys 25% stake in Balaji Telefilms for Rs413 crore | date=21 July 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Eros Now]]
* [[NBCUniversal]]
* [[Paramount Global]]
* [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
* [[Sun NXT]]
* [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]

===Past partners===
* [[The Walt Disney Company India|Disney India]]

===History===
Since its launch, JioCinema has been a place with aggregated content from partners like [[ALTBalaji]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]], [[Viacom18]], [[Shemaroo Entertainment]], [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], [[Sun NXT]], [[SonyLIV]], and others. The content was exclusively available for [[Jio]] subscribers.

In December 2018, JioCinema partnered with [[The Walt Disney Company India|Disney India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pdkAC3maf3mYyhjws5Fo3N/JioCinema-to-host-content-from-Disney-India.html|title=JioCinema to host content from Disney India|publisher=livemint|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913180152/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pdkAC3maf3mYyhjws5Fo3N/JioCinema-to-host-content-from-Disney-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://telecomtalk.info/jiocinema-app-disney-section/185108/|title=JioCinema to Get Dedicated Disney Section Following Reliance Jio and Disney Content Partnership|publisher=Telecom talk|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913180154/https://telecomtalk.info/jiocinema-app-disney-section/185108/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/jiocinema-partners-with-disney-india-for-dedicated-contents-1801941.htm|title=JioCinema partners with Disney India for dedicated contents|publisher=CNBC TV18|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913180204/https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/jiocinema-partners-with-disney-india-for-dedicated-contents-1801941.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> to offer Disney content on the JioCinema app. Disney has withdrawn from this deal after the introduction of [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in India.

In December 2019, JioCinema partnered with [[Sun NXT]] to host over 4,000 films available on the Sun NXT platform<ref>{{cite news|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/jiocinema-partners-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-content/72351507|title=JioCinema partners SUN NXT to offer South Indian content|publisher=Economics Times|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611115859/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/jiocinema-partners-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-content/72351507|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/apps-review/jiocinema-sun-nxt-partner-to-bring-south-indian-movies-to-subscribers-1.4332604|title=JioCinema, Sun NXT partner to bring south Indian movies to subscribers|publisher=Mathrbhumi|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611121400/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/apps-review/jiocinema-sun-nxt-partner-to-bring-south-indian-movies-to-subscribers-1.4332604|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/jiocinema-sun-nxt-south-indian-movies-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-2128382|title=JioCinema, Sun NXT Partner to Offer South Indian Movies to Jio Subscribers|publisher=NDTV|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204111449/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/jiocinema-sun-nxt-south-indian-movies-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-2128382|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/dec/04/jiocinema-partners-with-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-movies-to-users-2071342.html|title=JioCinema partners with Sun NXT to offer south Indian movies to users|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204144735/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/dec/04/jiocinema-partners-with-sun-nxt-to-offer-south-indian-movies-to-users-2071342.html|url-status=live}}</ref> across four Indian languages: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]]. In May 2020, JioCinema partnered with ''Hoichoi'' to provide Hindi-dubbed Bengali content.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 2020 |title=Hoichoi content now available on Jio Cinema |publisher=Only Tech |url=https://onlytech.com/hoichoi-content-now-available-on-jio-cinema/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702064325/https://onlytech.com/hoichoi-content-now-available-on-jio-cinema/ |archive-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

In May 2022, [[Paramount Global]] announced that [[Paramount+]] would launch in India through Viacom18 in 2023.

In October 2022, ahead of the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], it was announced that Viacom18 sports content would move from their existing streaming platform [[Voot]] to JioCinema, with all World Cup matches streaming for free.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The platform was made available to all users, including non-Jio users.

Beginning in 2023, JioCinema will hold the digital rights to the [[Indian Premier League]] as part of a multi-year deal through 2027, with all matches streaming for free in 12 languages and telecasts available in [[4K resolution|4K]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Ayushi |date=2023-02-02 |title=We want to eliminate all barriers for IPL consumption: Viacom18 Sports CEO |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/we-want-to-eliminate-all-barriers-for-ipl-consumption-viacom18-ceo-sports/article66463093.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210021930/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/we-want-to-eliminate-all-barriers-for-ipl-consumption-viacom18-ceo-sports/article66463093.ece |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-02-03 |title=Viacom18's free IPL streaming queers pitch for rivals |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/viacom18s-free-ipl-streaming-queers-pitch-for-rivals-11675437503172.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210021930/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/viacom18s-free-ipl-streaming-queers-pitch-for-rivals-11675437503172.html |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-22 |title=IPL 2023 to stream in 4K resolution for free with JioCinema: Here's everything you need to know |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ipl-2023-to-stream-in-4k-resolution-for-free-with-jiocinema-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/98144300.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311070932/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ipl-2023-to-stream-in-4k-resolution-for-free-with-jiocinema-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/98144300.cms |archive-date=11 March 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It also acquired the digital rights to the new [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-01-16 |title=Viacom18 Wins Rights for Women's Indian Premier League Cricket for $116 Million |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/global/viacom18-rights-wipl-1235490629/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312074636/https://variety.com/2023/global/global/viacom18-rights-wipl-1235490629/ |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Content from sister streaming service [[Voot]], including TV shows, movies, and limited series, was also being made available on JioCinema.

In April 2023, Jio Studios, part of Reliance Industries Limited, unveiled a slate of 100 new titles that would eventually be available on JioCinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=2023-04-13 |title=India's Jio Studios Unveils Content Slate of 100-Titles |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/india-jio-studios-content-slate-1235582254/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the same month, [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] announced an agreement with JioCinema for it to carry [[HBO]] and [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] original programming, as well as other [[Warner Bros. Television Studios]] content. The deal succeeds a previous agreement with Hotstar and [[Amazon Prime Video]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2023-04-27 |title=Warner Bros. partners with James Murdoch-backed Viacom18 to bring Succession, other HBO content to India |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/27/warner-bros-partners-with-james-murdoch-backed-viacom18-to-bring-succession-other-hbo-content-to-india/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Naman|last2=Frater|first2=Patrick|title=Viacom18-JioCinema Secures HBO, Max Original and Warner Bros. Content for India|url=https://variety.com/2023/global/news/viacom18-jiocinema-india-hbo-warner-1235596330/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 27, 2023|access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref> HBO content would premiere day-and-date with their U.S. broadcast.<ref name=":0" />

In May 2023, JioCinema launched a premium tier for watching HBO, Max, and Warner Bros. programming titles. In the same month, [[NBCUniversal]] announced a similar agreement, which will add a [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] hub to JioCinema Premium featuring first-run and library content from [[Universal Television]], [[Universal Pictures]], [[Universal Content Productions]], and [[Sky Studios]], along with [[List of Peacock original programming|Peacock original programming]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=29 May 2023 |title=NBCUniversal Content Set To Stream On Viacom18's JioCinema In India |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/nbcuniversal-viacom18-jiocinema-streaming-india-1235382165/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

In June 2023, JioCinema acquired the streaming rights to [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|India's 2023 tour of the West Indies and the United States]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=JioCinema bags digital rights for India's tour of West Indies |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/jiocinema-bags-digital-rights-for-indias-tour-of-west-indies/articleshow/100988098.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In September 2023, Viacom18 acquired the television and digital rights to [[India national cricket team]] matches from the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in a five-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=BCCI's bilateral rights value grows at a modest 13 percent, Viacom 18 winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/viacom18-bags-bcci-media-rights-for-next-five-years-confirms-board-secretary-jay-shah-101693479961536.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
=== List of original titles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Premiere date !! Original language(s) !! Genre(s)
|-
| ''Inside Story: A Season With Rajasthan Royals''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://technosports.co.in/2020/08/01/jio-cinema-releases-inside-story-a-season-with-rajasthan-royals-showcasing-their-2019-ipl-campaign/|title=Jio Cinema releases 'Inside Story: A season with Rajasthan Royals' showcasing their 2019 IPL campaign|publisher=technosports|date=1 Aug 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803213417/https://technosports.co.in/2020/08/01/jio-cinema-releases-inside-story-a-season-with-rajasthan-royals-showcasing-their-2019-ipl-campaign/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/documentary |title=Rajasthan Royals Documentary |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927021738/https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/documentary |url-status=live }}</ref>'' || 2020 || [[English language|English]]|| [[Television documentary]]
|-
|''[[Inspector Avinash]]''
|18 May 2023
| rowspan="13" |[[Hindi]]
|[[Crime film|Crime drama]]
|-
|''[[Crackdown (TV series)|Crackdown]]''
|30 May 2023
|[[Spy film|Spy thriller]]
|-
|''[[Asur (Indian web series)|Asur]]''
|1 June 2023
|[[Crime film|Crime thriller]]
|-
|''UP65''
|8 June 2023
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| [[Rafuchakkar]]
|15 June 2023
|[[Heist film|Heist]] [[Comedy]]
|-
| [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|''Bigg Boss OTT 2'']]
|17 June 2023
|[[Reality television]]
|-
| ''[[Ishq Next Door]]''
| 3 July 2023
|[[Romantic comedy]]
|-
|''The Magic of Shiri''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/divyanka-tripathi-jaaved-jaaferi-to-star-in-the-magic-of-shiri/1653209/|access-date=3 July 2023|title=Divyanka Tripathi, Jaaved Jaaferi to star in 'The Magic of Shiri'|work=The Print|date=3 July 2023 }}</ref>
|13 July 2023
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|''Do Gubbare''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/do-gubbare-is-all-about-human-bonding-527025|access-date=4 August 2023|title=Do Gubbare is all about human bonding|work=The Print}}</ref>
|20 July 2023
|[[Drama film|Drama]] [[Comedy]]
|-
|''[[Kaalkoot]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaalkoot-teaser-vijay-varma-transforms-to-a-determined-police-officer-to-nab-culprits-of-acid-attack-8830405/|access-date=13 July 2023|title=Kaalkoot teaser: Vijay Varma transforms to a determined police officer to nab culprits of acid attack|work=The Indian Express|date=12 July 2023 }}</ref>
|27 July 2023
|[[Crime]] [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|''[[Taali (TV series)|Taali]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/taali-teaser-out-sushmita-sen-trans-activist-sreegauri-sawant-release-date-jiocinema-2413434-2023-07-29|access-date=13 July 2023|title='Taali' teaser: Sushmita Sen transforms into trans activist Shreegauri Sawant|work=India Today}}</ref>
|15 August 2023
|[[Biography]]
|-
|''Lakhan Leela Bhargava ( LLB )''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/ravi-dubey-turns-lawyer-for-new-show-lakhan-leela-bhargav20230808215826|access-date=10 August 2023|title=Ravi Dubey turns lawyer for new show 'Lakhan Leela Bhargav'|work=ANI}}</ref>
|21 August 2023
|[[Legal Drama]] [[Comedy]]
|-
|''Bajao''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/bajao-rapper-raftaar-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-the-comedy-web-series-5309133.html|access-date=2 August 2023|title=Bajao: Rapper Raftaar To Make His Acting Debut With the Comedy Web Series|work=Latest LY|date=August 2023 }}</ref>
|25 August 2023
|[[Musical film|Musical]] [[Drama]]
|-
! colspan="8" | Awaiting release
|-
|''Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/jimmy-shergill-lara-duttas-web-series-ranneeti-balakot-beyond-teaser-out/1714754/|access-date=16 August 2023|title=Jimmy Shergill, Lara Dutta's web series 'Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond' teaser out|work=The Print|date=14 August 2023 }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |TBA
! rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|[[Action film|Action]] [[Drama]]
|-
|''[[Temptation Island: Pyaar Ki Pariksha]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/temptation-island-jiocinema-india-reality-dating-format-1235564703/ | title='Temptation Island': JioCinema Emerges as Indian Buyer of Reality Dating Format | date=5 October 2023 }}</ref>
|[[Dating game show|Dating]] [[Reality television|Reality]]
|-
|}

=== List of original films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" id="special_upcoming"
!Title
!Premiere date
!Original language(s)
!Genre
|-
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
| {{dts|26 July 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2021|title=Mimi: Kriti Sanon's film releases four days early after online leak|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mimi-leaked-online-kriti-sanon-and-pankaj-tripathi-s-netflix-film-hit-by-piracy-four-days-before-release-date-101627308556145.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726142308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mimi-leaked-online-kriti-sanon-and-pankaj-tripathi-s-netflix-film-hit-by-piracy-four-days-before-release-date-101627308556145.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy-drama]]
|-
| ''[[Dasvi]]''
| {{dts|7 April 2022}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-abhishek-bachchan-starrer-dasvi-skip-theatrical-release-release-jio-cinema-netflix-april-7/|date=14 March 2022|title=EXCLUSIVE: Abhishek Bachchan-starrer Dasvi to skip theatrical release; to release on Jio Cinema and Netflix on April 7|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314060744/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-abhishek-bachchan-starrer-dasvi-skip-theatrical-release-release-jio-cinema-netflix-april-7/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Comedy of manners|Social-comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
| {{dts|19 May 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacchey Limbu Movie Review: Radhika Madan, Rajat Barmecha, Ayush Mehra's film on gully cricket thoda kaccha reh gaya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-ayush-mehras-film-on-gully-cricket-kaccha-hi-reh-gaya-2381184-2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Sports drama]]
|-
|''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]''
|27 May 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Director Vijay's horror thriller 'Boo' to premiere directly on OTT |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vijays-horror-thriller-boo-to-premiere-directly-on-ott/articleshow/100529789.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]{{Br}}[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Horror film|Horror]]
|-
| ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]''
| {{dts|2 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Vikrant Massey and Vijay Sethupathi's thriller drama 'Mumbaikar' to release on this date |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/vikrant-massey-and-vijay-sethupathis-thriller-drama-mumbaikar-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/100501680.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| Hindi
| [[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
| {{dts|9 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-05-25 |title=Shahid Kapoor Says His Action Entertainer Bloody Daddy 'Is A Big Screen Experience On OTT' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/shahid-kapoor-bloody-daddy-release-on-ott-jio-cinema-june-9-trailer-out-1604666 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[ABP Group|ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref>
| Hindi
| [[Action film#Action-thriller|Action-thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Gulaam Chor]]''
| {{dts| 11 June 2023}}
|[[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]
|Mystery thriller
|-
| ''[[I Love You (2023 film)|I Love You]]''
| {{dts| 16 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|title='I Love You' movie review: Rakul Preet Singh is trapped in an inane thriller|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-love-you-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-is-trapped-in-an-inane-thriller/article66976273.ece/|date=18 June 2023|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
| [[Romantic thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Aseq]]''
| {{dts| 23 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aseq Trailer: Sonnalli Seygall And Vardhan Puri Starrer Aseq Official Trailer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/aseq-trailer-sonnalli-seygall-and-vardhan-puri-starrer-aseq-official-trailer/videoshow/101153137.cms|date=21 June 2023|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
| [[Horror film|Horror]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Sergeant (Indian film)|Sergeant]]''
| {{dts| 30 June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jio Cinema Announces Randeep Hooda's 'Sergeant' Release Date|url=https://www.binged.com/news/jio-cinema-announces-randeep-hoodas-sergeant-release-date/|date=21 June 2023|work=Binged|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
| [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
|''[[Blind (2023 film)|Blind]]''
|7 July 2023
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
|''[[Unaad]]''
|8 July 2023
|Marathi
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
|14 July 2023
|Hindi
|[[Romance film|Romantic]][[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|''[[Trial Period]]''
|21 July 2023
|Hindi
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
|''[[Bachubhai]]''
|21 July 2023
|Gujarati
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
|''[[One Friday Night]]''
|28 July 2023
|Hindi
|[[Mystery Film|Mystery]] [[Drama|thriller]]
|}

==Interface and features==
Sports, Free and Premium content tabs are available as of August 2023.

===Livestreaming===
Live streaming of Viacom18's News channels is available on JioCinema. Sports-related events with acquired rights are also livestreamed.

===Downloads===
Device-specific apps also support offline downloading of [[Video on demand|VOD]] content titles.

==Availability and access==
===Location===
As of July 2023, JioCinema is not available outside India.

===Subscription===
As of August 2023, a subscription plan called 'JioCinema Premium' is required to access international content under the 'HBO' and 'Peacock' hubs. Some local content titles are available without subscription or registration and are accessible with ads.

As of October 2023, Ad-free access subscription is not available. <ref>https://help.jiocinema.com</ref>
===Devices and platforms supported===
* [[Television set|TV sets]]
** Google-certified [[Android TV|Android TVs]]
** [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] Smart TVs ([[Tizen]] 2.4 and above)
* [[Digital media player|Media players]]
** [[Amazon Fire TV]] devices
** [[Chromecast]] devices
* [[Smartphone|Smartphones]]
** [[Android (operating system)|Android]] 4.3 and above
** [[iOS]] 7.0 and above
* [[Tablet computer|Tablets]]
** [[Android (operating system)|Android]] 4.3 and above
** [[iOS]] 7.0 and above
* Desktop website [[Web browser|browsers]]
** [[Google Chrome|Chrome]]
** [[Microsoft Edge|Edge]]
** [[Firefox|Firefox]]
** [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]
* Mobile website [[Web browser|browsers]]
** [[Google Chrome|Chrome]]
** [[Microsoft Edge|Edge]]
** [[Firefox|Firefox]]
** [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]

== Viewership ==
As per [[Statista]]'s Q2 2020 report, JioCinema has a 7% market share among many competitors like [[Netflix]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]], which have a 20% market share each; [[Disney+ Hotstar]], which has a 17% market share; [[ZEE5]] with a 9% market share; [[ALTBalaji]] and [[SonyLIV]], which have 4% market shares each; and other streaming platforms,are which have a 19% market share.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/23009/market-share-streaming--ott--platforms-in-india/|title=International Brands Rise to the Top of Indian Streaming Market|date=23 September 2020 |publisher=Statista|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929063818/https://www.statista.com/chart/23009/market-share-streaming--ott--platforms-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[2023 Indian Premier League final]] set a new record for concurrent viewership of a streaming broadcast; JioCinema reported that the match peaked at 32 million concurrent viewers (beating a record set during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] by Hotstar) and was seen by over 120 million unique viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2023-05-29 |title=Reliance's JioCinema breaks world record with free cricket streaming |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/29/jiocinema-concurrent-global-record/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Hotstar sets global streaming record during India-New Zealand semi-final |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/hotstar-global-streaming-record-india-new-zealand-semi-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718183201/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/hotstar-global-streaming-record-india-new-zealand-semi-final |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=SportsPro Media}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[List of Netflix India originals]]
*[[List of Amazon India originals]]
*[[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
*[[List of SonyLIV original programming]]
*[[List of ZEE5 original programming]]
* [[Over-the-top media services in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{oweb|www.jiocinema.com}}

{{Reliance Industries Limited}}

[[Category:Music streaming services]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Internet television streaming services]]
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]
[[Category:Jio]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2022 mergers and acquisitions]]

Raghbendra Jha

2023-07-12T17:49:17Z

AllyMady: Wrote an informative manuscript.

{{Short description|Indian economist and an academic}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Raghbendra Jha
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Economist]] and academic
| title =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = BA (hons)., [[Economics]]<br>MA., Economics<br>M.Phil., Economics<br>Ph.D., Economics
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]<br>[[Columbia University]]
| workplaces = [[Australian National University]]
}}
'''Raghbendra Jha''' is an Indian [[economist]] and an academic who is a professor [[emeritus]] in the Arndt-Corden Department of Economics at the Crawford School of Public Policy at [[Australian National University]].<ref name=vvv>{{Cite web|url=https://crawford.anu.edu.au/people/visitors/raghbendra-jha|title=Raghbendra Jha|website=Crawford School of Public Policy}}</ref>
Jha's research focuses on [[public economics]], [[macroeconomics]], [[development economics]], and the economy of India.<ref name=vvv/> He has authored and edited numerous books, including ''Macroeconomics for Developing Countries'', ''Modern Public Economics'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/ModernPubEcon-Review-Majumdar.pdf|title= New Public Economics }}</ref> ''Facets of India’s Economy and Her Society'',<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17520843.2020.1825101|title=Facets of India’s economy and her society: Current state and future prospects, Volumes I and II: by Jha, Raghbendra, London, UK, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, 155, 99€ (hardback), ISBN 978-1-349-95341-7, 93, 08€ (ebook), ISBN 978-1-349-95342-4|first=Ashima|last=Goyal|journal=Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=105–109|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1080/17520843.2020.1825101}}</ref> ''Environmental Sustainability: A Consumption Approach'',<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00423_13.x|title=Environmental Sustainability: A Consumption Approach edited by Raghbendra Jha and K. V. Bhanu Murthy|first=Roldan|last=Muradian|journal=Development and Change|volume=38|issue=3|pages=573–574|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00423_13.x}}</ref> and ''Macroeconomics for Development: Prognosis and Prospects'' and several others.<ref name=ugh>{{Cite web|url=https://asiaandthepacificpolicystudies.crawford.anu.edu.au/people/visitors/raghbendra-jha|title=Raghbendra Jha|website=Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies}}</ref>

Jha is a fellow of the World Innovation Foundation<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.policyforum.net/authors/raghbendra-jha/|title=Raghbendra Jha}}</ref> and the Research School of Asia and the Pacific at Australian National University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/persons/?search=Raghbendra+jha+fellow&pageSize=50&ordering=rating&descending=false&showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&searchBy=PartOfNameOrTitle&community=false&direct2experts=false|title=Australian national university}}</ref> He is the editor for the ''International Journal of Economics and Business''. He also serves as the book series editor for ''Lecture Notes in Economics and Policy'' published by World Scientific, member of the panel of series editors for ''Institutions and Development in South Asia'', and in 2023 served as a guest editor of ''Journal of Risk and financial management'' for the special issue on bank lending and monetary policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jrfm/special_issues/bank_lending_monetary_policy#editors|title=Journal of Risk and Financial Management|website=www.mdpi.com}}</ref>

==Education==
Jha obtained his B.A. (honours) in economics from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College at Delhi University]] in 1973, and his M.A. in economics from the [[Delhi School of Economics]] at the same university in 1975. He then enrolled at Columbia University in New York, where he completed his M.Phil. in Economics and earned his Ph.D. in economics in 1978 under the supervision of [[Edmund Phelps|Edmund S. Phelps]].<ref name=vvv/>

==Career==
Beginning his career at [[Columbia University]] in 1978, Jha served as an instructor of economics before becoming an [[assistant professor]] in the department of economics. Following that, from 1979 to 1983, he held an appointment as an assistant professor at [[Williams College]]. From 1983 to 1992, he was reader in the department of economics, Delhi School of Economics. He served as a visiting associate professor at [[Queen's University]]{{Disambiguation needed}}, and visiting faculty at [[University of Warwick]], UK, he was also professor at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy in New Delhi, and professor at Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore. From 1995 to 2000, he held an appointment as a professor of economics at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and served as the professor and [[executive director]] of the Australia South Asia Research Centre, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics at the Australian National University in Canberra from 2001 to 2021. He has since been an emeritus professor at the Australian National University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usp.ac.fj/graduate-school-of-business/staff/visiting-research-fellows/|title=Adjunct Professors/Research Fellows}}</ref>

Jha was [[program director]], inaugural director for economic growth and development, at the Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis in 2004, and head of the Arndt-Corden Department of Economics from February 2014 to March 2017.<ref name=vvv/>

==Research==
Jha has authored numerous publications spanning the areas public economics, macroeconomics, and the economy of India, including book chapters, monographs and articles in peer-reviewed journals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AbHd_CoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao|title=Raghbendra Jha|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> His research has particularly focused on areas such as public policy in developing countries, poverty alleviation, agricultural growth, inequality, optimal taxation, the economic and social history of India, market price behavior, food security, and fiscal federalism in India.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Public economics===
Jha has made contributions to the field of public economics through his research on taxation in informal economies, challenges of VAT, public expenditure theory, global public goods, and incentive effects of taxation in developing countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/316736965 |title= Modern Public Economics}}</ref> In 1999, he explored the tax efficiency of fifteen major Indian states from 1980–81 to 1992–93, revealing a moral hazard problem with central grants. Wealthier states do not necessarily show higher tax efficiency, and he suggested increasing the weight on tax effort in central grant formulas to enhance tax efficiency.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s001810050077|title=Tax efficiency in selected Indian states|first1=Raghbendra|last1=Jha|first2=M. S.|last2=Mohanty|first3=Somnath|last3=Chatterjee|first4=Puneet|last4=Chitkara|journal=Empirical Economics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=641–654|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/s001810050077}}</ref> His research findings indicated no convergence in tax efficiency rankings over time, recommending adjustments in central grant formulas to incentivize states.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02692170701880783|title=Inflation targeting in India: issues and prospects|first=Raghbendra|last=Jha|journal=International Review of Applied Economics|volume=22|issue=2|pages=259–270|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1080/02692170701880783}}</ref> He also examined optimal pricing for public sector commodities, considering distributional preferences and flexible production, revealing increasing returns to scale in production, challenging assumptions in studies on the Indian economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(87)90006-5%7C|title=Distributional equity and optimal prices for the public sector: The flexible coefficients case}}</ref> Furthermore, his research emphasized the increased social cost of providing public goods due to the deadweight cost of taxation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://ideas.repec.org//p/wrk/warwec/472.html|title=Financing and the Optimal Provision of Public Expenditure by Decentralized Agencies|first1=R.|last1=Boadway|first2=I.|last2=Horiba|first3=R.|last3=Jha|journal=The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS)|via=ideas.repec.org}}</ref>

===Agricultural growth===
In his research on agricultural growth, Jha examined the grain market and proposed a method to analyze the Bid-Ask Spread of wholesalers, shedding light on production and consumption patterns. His findings contributed to understanding Bid-Ask Spread components in agricultural markets.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00016-X|title=Components of the wholesale bid-ask spread and the structure of grain markets: the case of rice in India|first=R|last=Jha|journal=Agricultural Economics|volume=21|issue=2|pages=173–189|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00016-X}}</ref> Furthermore, he explored the efficiency of wheat farming in India using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), revealing higher efficiency in large farms and highlighting policy implications for land reforms.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/135048500351997|title=Productivity, technical and allocative efficiency and farm size in wheat farming in India: a DEA approach|first1=Raghbendra|last1=Jha|first2=Puneet|last2=Chitkara|first3=Santanu|last3=Gupta|journal=Applied Economics Letters|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–5|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1080/135048500351997}}</ref> He emphasized testing market integration in agricultural markets, finding incomplete integration due to government interference and providing policy insights for market inefficiencies and food security.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.742806|title=Market Integration in Wholesale Rice Markets in India}}</ref> He also proposed and tested a model of asymmetric price transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504850110086026|title=Wholesale spreads and the dynamics of retail price volatility in Indian rice markets|first1=R.|last1=Jha|first2=H. K.|last2=Nagarajan|journal=Applied Economics Letters|volume=9|issue=6|pages=387–390|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1080/13504850110086026}}</ref>

===Macroeconomics===
Some of Jha's research is also focused on macroeconomics and the effects of fiscal policy in developed and developing countries. In two editions of his book, ''Macroeconomics for Developing Countries'', he examined the argument regarding adopting Western policies or developing unique frameworks tailored to the needs of developing nations. He provided a study of the standard macroeconomic theory necessary to understand this argument.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/29791477|title=Macroeconomics for developing countries}}</ref> In his book ''Macroeconomics for Development: Prognosis and Prospects'' he assessed the impact of the COVID pandemic crisis on prospects for development of less developed countries and examined the challenges of designing macroeconomic policies under extreme conditions such as zero interest rates. His research also explored various aspects, including the roles of fiscal authorities, the impact of trade shocks, and the costs and risks associated with asset development and infrastructure. It provided empirical evidence on deficit sustainability, examined the endogeneity of money supply in relation to fiscal policy and capital flows, and highlighted challenges in implementing stabilization policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.260691|title=Macroeconomics of Fiscal Policy in Developing Countries}}</ref> Moreover, his research on India revealed a decrease in corruption with economic growth, emphasizing the positive impact of the Right to Information Act (RTI) 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2013.4|title=Economic Growth, Law, and Corruption: Evidence from India|first1=Sambit|last1=Bhattacharyya|first2=Raghbendra|last2=Jha|journal=Comparative Economic Studies|volume=55|issue=2|pages=287–313|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1057/ces.2013.4}}</ref> Additionally, he analyzed the political economy of India's economic growth, emphasizing challenges in increasing employment elasticity and stressing the need for forward-looking economic reforms, policy measures, and attitudinal changes in government bureaucracy to expedite economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.995106|title=The Indian Economy: Current Performance and Short-Term Prospects}}</ref>

===Poverty alleviation===
Jha's studies have examined the causes, patterns, and impacts of poverty, aiming to propose strategies for poverty alleviation. His analysis has shed light on the evolution, structure, and determinants of rural poverty in India, offering policy recommendations for improving anti-poverty strategies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.336861|title= Rural Poverty in India: Structure, Determinants, and Suggestions for Policy Reform}}</ref> He has also investigated the relationship between landholdings and participation in the National Rural Employment Guarantee Program (NREGP), revealing potential issues of program capture and highlighting the complementarity between NREGP and the Public Distribution System (PDS). His work underscored the need for supplementary measures to enhance real income transfer through food subsidies.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049007809000311|title=“Capture” of anti-poverty programs: An analysis of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Program in India|first1=Raghbendra|last1=Jha|first2=Sambit|last2=Bhattacharyya|first3=Raghav|last3=Gaiha|first4=Shylashri|last4=Shankar|journal=Journal of Asian Economics|volume=20|issue=4|pages=456–464|via=ScienceDirect|doi=10.1016/j.asieco.2009.03.003}}</ref>

Jha's research uncovered high program capture in rural India's workfare programs, particularly among the general population and Scheduled Castes. He highlighted potential collusion between the elite and program implementers, favoring income-based targeting over social group-based targeting.<ref name="auto"/> Additionally, he examined the impact of public works programs and food subsidies on poverty and undernutrition in rural India, emphasizing the significance of implementation, targeting, and coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/papers/2008/WP2008_08.pdf|title= Poverty, Undernutrition and Vulnerability in Rural India}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Selected articles===
*Jha, R. (2000). Reducing Poverty and Inequality in India Has Liberalization Helped?
*Jha, R., Mohanty, M. S., Chatterjee, S., & Chitkara, P. (2000). Tax efficiency in selected Indian states. In Advances in public economics (pp. 91–104). Physica-Verlag HD.
*Jha, R., & Murthy, K. B. (2003). An inverse global environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(2), 352–368.
*Jha, R., & Sharma, A. (2004). Structural Breaks, Unit Roots, and Cointegration: A further test of the sustainability of the Indian fiscal deficit. Public Finance Review, 32(2), 196-219
*Jha, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Gaiha, R., & Shankar, S. (2009). “Capture” of anti-poverty programs: An analysis of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Program in India. Journal of Asian Economics, 20(4), 456–464.
*Jha, R., Gaiha, R., Pandey, M. K., & Kaicker, N. (2013). Food subsidy, income transfer and the poor: A comparative analysis of the public distribution system in India's states. Journal of Policy Modeling, 35(6), 887–908.

===Selected books===
*''Macroeconomics for Developing Countries'' (2003) ISBN 9780415262149
*''Environmental Sustainability A Consumption Approach'' (2006) ISBN 9781134227327
*''Modern public economics'' (2010) ISBN 9781134764020
*''Facets of India’s Economy and Her Society Volume I'' (2018) ISBN 9781137565532
*''Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume II'' (2018) ISBN 9781349953424
*''Macroeconomics for Development: Prognosis and Prospects'' (2023) ISBN 9781788977869

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Raghbendra}}
[[Category:Economists]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Australian National University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Australian National University]]

Infinity (2023 film)

2023-07-09T17:52:28Z

AllyMady: Wrote an enlightening manuscript.

{{Infobox film
| name = Infinity
| image = Infinity Tamil poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Sai Karthik
| writer = Sai Karthik
| producer = {{plainlist|
* V. Manikandan
* U. Prabhu
* K. Arputharajan
* D. Balabaskaran
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Natarajan Subramaniam]]
* [[Vidya Pradeep]]
* [[Munishkanth]]
}}
| cinematography = Saravanan Srii
| editing = S.N Fazil
| music = Balasubramanian G
| studio = Menpani Production
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|7|7|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Infinity''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language crime,thriller film written and directed by Sai Karthik. The film stars [[Natarajan Subramaniam|Natarajan Subramaniam,]] [[Vidya Pradeep]], [[Munishkanth]] and [[Charles Vinoth]] in the lead roles. The film was produced under the banners of Menpani Production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinoj |title=நடிகர் நட்டி நடித்துள்ள ’’இன்ஃபினிட்டி ’’ பட போஸ்டர் இணையதளத்தில் வைரல் ! |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/infinity-movie-poster-starring-actor-natty-goes-viral-on-website-120100100085_1.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=tamil.webdunia.com |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707184510/https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/infinity-movie-poster-starring-actor-natty-goes-viral-on-website-120100100085_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Natarajan Subramaniam]]
* [[Vidya Pradeep]]
* [[Munishkanth]]
* [[Charles Vinoth]]

== Production ==

The film was produced by V. Manikandan ,U. Prabhu ,K. Arputharajan and D. Balabaskaran under the banner of Menpani Production. The cinematography was done by Saravanan Srii, while editing was handled by S.N Fazil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |title=இன்ஃபினிட்டி |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2020/10/01185919/1931486/Infinity-movie-preview.vpf |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162722/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2020/10/01185919/1931486/Infinity-movie-preview.vpf |url-status=live }}</ref>The film was released in theatres 7 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Sharma |title=’சதுரங்க வேட்டை’ நட்ராஜ் நடிக்கும் இன்ஃபினிட்டி! |url=https://www.kumudam.com/news/cinema/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Kumudam Publications Private Limited |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705192926/https://www.kumudam.com/news/cinema/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

Petchi avudaiappan of [[ABP Nadu|''ABP Nadu'']] rated two out of five stars and wrote that "Natraj is carrying the film as a one man army."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |title=‘இதுக்கு இல்லையா ஒரு எண்டு’ ... நட்டியின் ‘இன்ஃபினிட்டி’ படம் எப்படி? - விமர்சனம் இதோ..! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-infinity-movie-review-in-tamil-natty-natraj-vidya-pradeep-starring-infinity-movie-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-127106 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706103849/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-infinity-movie-review-in-tamil-natty-natraj-vidya-pradeep-starring-infinity-movie-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-127106 |url-status=live }}</ref>Raghav Kumar of [[Kalki Online|''Kalki Online'']] stated that "<bdi>An Average Thriller!"</bdi><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராகவ்குமார் |title=இன்ஃபினிட்டி விமர்சனம்: ஒரு சராசரி திரில்லர்! |url=https://kalkionline.com/cinema/review/infinity-movie-review-in-tamil |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175214/https://kalkionline.com/cinema/review/infinity-movie-review-in-tamil |url-status=live }}</ref>Logesh Balachandran of [[Times of india|''Times of india'']] gave 1.5 stars and wrote that "Natty's performance is the only saviour of the film, which has inconsistent background score and cinematography. Towards the end, the director even gives us a lead for the second part, making us fear the worst."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Infinity Movie Review : A chaotic investigative thriller that has nothing to offer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/infinity/movie-review/101566153.cms |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708103046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/infinity/movie-review/101566153.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt28285531}}

Yash Thakur

2023-05-21T08:01:05Z

AllyMady: Update infobox with birth date

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Yash Thakur
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Yash Ravisingh Thakur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting =
| bowling = Right arm Fast medium
| role = Bowler

| club1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year1 = 2023–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 25 February 2017
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070196.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Yash Thakur''' (born 28 December 1998) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070196.html |title=Yash Thakur |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 25 February 2017.<ref name="LA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053707.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group A: Punjab v Vidarbha at Delhi, Feb 25, 2017 |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Vidarbha in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 28 November 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156989.html |title=Elite, Group A, Ranji Trophy at Raipur, Nov 28 - Dec 1 2018 |access-date=28 November 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Vidarbha in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 21 February 2019.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157096.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Surat, Feb 21 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> On 8 December 2021, on the opening day of the [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], Thakur took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in List A cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-thakurs-five-for-sets-up-seven-wicket-win-for-vidarbha/articleshow/88168431.cms |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Thakur's five-for sets up seven-wicket win for Vidarbha |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

He was bought by [[Lucknow Super Giants]] for 45 lakhs in the players auction ahead of [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 IPL]],<ref>{{cite news |title=2023 IPL Players Auction |url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/ipl-2023/auction/players/12096 |access-date=3 April 2023 |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |language=en}}</ref> and made his IPL debut on 3 April 2023 against [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref>{{cite news |title=6th Match (N), Chennai, April 03, 2023, Indian Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-lucknow-super-giants-6th-match-1359480/live-cricket-score |access-date=3 April 2023 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1070196}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Yash}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]
{{Lucknow Super Giants squad}}
{{India-cricket-bio-1998-stub}}

Part I of the Constitution of India

2022-06-17T10:59:00Z

AllyMady: Added new article content.

{{Short description|Constitutional Law governing India as a union of States}}{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Indian Constitution TOC}}
'''Part I—The Union and Its territories''' is a compilation of [[law]]s pertaining to the [[constitution]] of [[India]] as a country and the union of [[States and union territories of India|states that it is made of]].

This part of the Indian constitution contains the law in establishment, renaming, merging or altering the borders of the states or union territories. It also physically defines the words union / central government / government of India, states, territory of India, territory of a state, union territories and acquired territories which are used frequently in the constitution. This part contains four articles article 1 to 4. These articles were invoked when [[West Bengal]] was renamed, and for formation of relatively new states such as [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Sikkim]] and recently [[Telangana]].<ref name=constitution>{{cite web |last=Ministry of Law |title=Constitution of India - Part 1 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141832/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(4).pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Articles 1 & 2==
[[s:Constitution of India/Part I|Article 1 of the constitution]] says that '''[[India]]''', that is ''Bharat'', shall be a union of states and the '''territory''' of India consists of that of the states, union territories specified in the First Schedule and other acquired territories.

The acquired territories can be converted in to a state/states as per Article 2. [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were converted into Union territories in 2019. [[Ladakh]] was also so converted.

Sikkim was a special case which was included as a completely new type of statehood under a new Article 2A and conditions mentioned in [[Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India|tenth schedule]], and was called 'associate state'. But this experiment failed and Sikkim was later added to Indian Union by the Constitutional Amendment Act (1975).

With the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|seventh amendment]] to the constitution in 1956, the concept of [[Union territory]] is brought in to administer areas which are very small in area or governed by international agreements or politically not evolved for locally elected governance. The representation of seats in the council of states ([[Rajya Sabha]]) shall be as given in Schedule 4 of the constitution. The [[territorial waters]] and the [[exclusive economic zones]] shall also become part of the territories of states or union territories in the absence of any listing of them separately in Schedule 1 and 4 of the constitution. There is no separate representation in [[Parliament of India|parliament]] though people inhabit on these offshore areas for exploiting resources such as fisheries, oil and gas, etc.

The constitution (40th amendment) act, 1976, was passed during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency period]] and received Presidential assent on 27 May 1976. It amended the [[s:Constitution of India/Part XII|Article 297]] (earlier also amended by the constitution [15th amendment] act, 1963) so as to vest in Union of India all lands, minerals, and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters or continental shelf or exclusive economic zone of India.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xzx0miLvzfsC&q=%22exclusive+economic+zone%22+indian+constitution&pg=PA188 |title= Subverting the Constitution (pages 187 & 188) by G. G. Mirchandani |access-date=16 September 2013 |isbn= 9788170170570 |last1= Mirchandani |first1= G. G }}</ref>

The territorial waters, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act, 1976 was enacted by the Indian government to notify the sovereign rights on these areas for dealings with other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/Biodiversityindia/Legal/19.%20Territorial%20Water,%20Continental%20Shelf,%20Exclusive%20Economic%20Zone%20and%20other%20Maritime%20Zones%20Act,%201976.pdf |title= The territorial waters, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act, 1976 |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref> However, these maritime zones are also parts of the states as they are not separately listed in schedule 1 of the constitution and the role of union government is limited to mainly defending the offshore territory from external threats.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/feb/19/andhra-finance-minister-yanamala-reiterates-stand-on-territorial-waters-1572312.html|title= Andhra finance minister Yanamala reiterates stand on territorial waters |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1458465/ |title= Karnataka high court judgement stating the territorial waters, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone are territory of states |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

States are not debarred from imposing taxes or royalty on the minerals extracted from the territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone (which are under states jurisdiction) as per serial no. 50 of [[state list]] in [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|seventh schedule]] (Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by the Parliament by law relating to mineral development) of the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |title=The Constitution of India |access-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fisheries including in territorial waters is under state jurisdiction (entry 21 of [[state list]], Schedule 7 of Indian Constitution) except fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters (entry 57 of [[union list]], Schedule 7 of Indian Constitution) which is under union jurisdiction.

==Article 3==
Article 3 talks about Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States:

Article 3 says: Parliament may by law:

(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; or (e) alter the name of any State;

Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President and unless, where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries or name of any of the States, the Bill has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the reference or within such further period as the President may allow and the period so specified or allowed has expired

Explanation I: In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), State includes a Union territory, but in the proviso, State does not include a Union territory

Explanation II: The power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or Union territory

==Article 4==
Article 4 is invoked when a law is enacted under Article 2 or 3 for the marginal, incidental and the consequential provisions needed for changing boundary of a state or union territory. As per [[s:Constitution of India/Part I|Article 4 (2)]], '''no such law''' framed under Article 4 (1), '''shall be deemed to be an amendment of the constitution for the purposes of article 368'''.

==See also==
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]] (refer amendments 5, 7 & 18 for Article 3)
* [[List of Indian federal legislation]]
* [[Constituent Assembly of India]]

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

== External links ==
[http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1530984/ Supreme court verdict on Non-obstante clause]

[[Category:Parts and articles of the Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Federalism in India]]