Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Alice Harriet Blosse Lynch

2026-05-05T10:40:44Z

Allenjacksparrow:

{{short description|Anglo-German aristocrat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alice Harriet von Kessler
| birth_name = Alice Harriet Blosse Lynch
| image = Kessler Alice Harriet 1868.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Countess von Kessler in 1868.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1844|07|17}}
| birth_place = [[Byculla]], [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1919|09|19|1844|07|17}}
| death_place = [[Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne]], France
| resting_place = [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
| signature =
| spouse = [[Adolf Wilhelm von Kessler|Count Adolf Wilhelm von Kessler]]
| parents = [[Henry Blosse Lynch]] Caroline Anne Taylor
| children = 2 (including [[Harry von Kessler]])
| education =
| occupation =
| relatives = [[Thomas Kerr Lynch]] (uncle)
}}
'''Countess Alice Harriet von Kessler''' (née '''Blosse Lynch''') was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, singer, and society figure. She was known to be admired by German Emperor [[Wilhelm I]] and was rumored to have been his mistress.

== Biography ==
Alice Harriet Blosse Lynch was born on 17 July 1844 in [[Byculla]].<ref name="degruyter">{{Citation |chapter=AESTHETE |date=2012-05-01 |pages=41–45 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674064942.c7/html?lang=en |access-date=2024-10-20 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674064942.c7 |isbn=978-0-674-06494-2 |title=Solar Dance }}</ref> Her mother, Caroline Anne Taylor, was the daughter of Colonel Robert Taylor, who served as the king's Minister in Baghdad. Her father, [[Henry Blosse Lynch]] of [[Partry House]], was an Anglo-Irish explorer and officer in the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="androom">{{Cite web |title=Blosse-Lynch, Alice Harriet (1844-1919) |url=https://androom.home.xs4all.nl/biography/p090555.htm |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=androom.home.xs4all.nl}}</ref> She was a member of the [[Lynch-Blosse baronets|Lynch family]], a prominent landed gentry family that was part of the [[Tribes of Galway]].<ref>Bernard Burke, Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, ''A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Ireland''; Harrison & Sons, 45 Pall Mall, London (1912), p.424.</ref>

She was regarded as a great beauty and was known as an accomplished [[mezzo-soprano]] singer in society.<ref name= degruyter/>

On 10 August 1867, she married the German banker [[Adolf Wilhelm von Kessler|Adolf Wilhelm Kessler]] in Paris.<ref name= androom/> She gave birth to two children, [[Harry von Kessler|Harry]] and Wilhelmina.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/der-rote-graf-a-c1e4e18e-0002-0001-0000-000043367929?context=issue|title=Der rote Graf|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=December 19, 1961|via=www.spiegel.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Graf Kessler und seine Zeit |url=https://vorwaerts.de/kultur/harry-graf-kessler-und-seine-zeit |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Vorwärts |language=de}}</ref> German Emperor Wilhelm I was an admirer of hers.<ref name= degruyter/> She named the emperor as her daughter's godfather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Begley |first=Louis |date=2011-12-23 |title=Harry Kessler's Fin de Siècle Diaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/books/review/journey-to-the-abyss-the-diaries-of-count-harry-kessler-1880-1918-book-review.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Rumors circulated that she was Wilhelm I's mistress.<ref name="lrb">{{Cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Jonathan |date=2013-05-23 |title=The Man Who Knew Everybody |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v35/n10/jonathan-steinberg/the-man-who-knew-everybody |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=London Review of Books |language=en |volume=35 |issue=10 |issn=0260-9592}}</ref> Some reports circulated that her children were actually the illegitimate children of the emperor.<ref name= lrb/>

Her husband was elevated into the hereditary nobility by Wilhelm I in 1879.<ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Irish Family Records|date=15 January 2008 |publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry (UK) Ltd|isbn=978-0-85011-050-0|pages=741}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kessler, Harry Graf von (seit 1881) |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118561685.html#ndbcontent |website=Deutsche Biographie}}</ref> Her husband was elevated a second time, as a count, in 1881 by [[Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Köstritz]].<ref name= bio/>

She died on 19 September 1919 and was buried in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris.<ref name= androom/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blosse Lynch, Alice Harriet}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglo-Irish people]]
[[Category:20th-century Anglo-Irish people]]
[[Category:British mezzo-sopranos]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British socialites]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:Countesses in Germany]]
[[Category:Lynch family|Alice Harriet]]
[[Category:Mistresses of German royalty]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Prussian nobility]]

Joka metro station

2026-05-04T08:31:36Z

Allenjacksparrow:

{{Short description|Kolkata Metro's Purple Line terminal metro station}}
{{other uses|Joka, Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Joka
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| style = Kolkata Metro
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = Joka Metro Station Gate E.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance E on the day of inauguration, 30 December 2022
| address = Bratachari Gram, [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700104
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.45224|N|88.30175|E|display=inline, title}}
| line = {{rint|Kolkata|Purple}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 (2 [[Side platform]])
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|12|30}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code = KJKA
| owned =
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Purple|left=Thakurpukur}}
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Purple Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Joka''' is the elevated southern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,379|title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal|website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> The station is located in [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]. It will be the terminal station of the [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] till the phase 2 of the project. In future, the line will be extended 1.7 km more, till IIM-Joka. The station was commissioned on 30 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Joka-Taratala stretch of Kolkata Metro; See Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-joka-taratala-stretch-of-kolkata-metro-see-pics-2555721.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=zeenews.india.com |date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] was approved in the railway budget for the financial year 2010-2011 and Rs 2,6519 crore was allocated for the construction work. In October 2011, [[RVNL]] won the tender for the construction of the Metro Corridor from Joka metro station to [[Esplanade metro station]] along with the Joka metro station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-begins-at-joka-metro-depot-wall-built/articleshow/68208956.cms|title=Work begins at Joka Metro depot, wall built|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=March 1, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

Trial runs on the 6.5-km Joka-Taratla stretch of [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata Metro's]] Purple Line began in mid-September 2022, and it received mandatory Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) clearance in November.<ref name="livemint"/>

The Joka–Taratala stretch was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 30 December 2022 in the presence of West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] and Railway Minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]. Some students from schools like [[St Thomas School, Kolkata|St Thomas Boys School]] were granted the rare opportunity to be the first ones to ride in this Joka–Taratala stretch after the inauguration.<ref name="livemint">{{cite news |title=Kolkata Metro: First glimpse of Joka-Taratala route in pics |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-first-glimpse-of-joka-taratala-route-in-pics-11672372907422.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=www.livemint.com |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In-pics: Inaugration of Vande Bharat Express, Joka-Taratala Metro & more news from Kolkata |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/in-pics-inaugration-of-vande-bharat-express-joka-taratala-metro-more-news-from-kolkata-photogallery/cid/1906840 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
!style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|←}} Alighting only →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 1'''
| ← Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|purple|left}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Thakurpukur}})
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
!style="vertical-align:top"|'''L1'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Concourse
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
!style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Joka Metro Station, Kolkata.jpg|Joka metro station during December, 2021
ICF Medha Rake Mr 418 During the Inauguration Day of Line 3 at Joka Metro Station.jpg|ICF MEDHA rake MR 418 on the inauguration day of Phase 1 of Purple Line at Joka metro station
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolkata Metro|purple line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2013]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Sangkhumi Bualchhuak

2026-04-25T16:41:40Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting new data - done

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangkhumi Bualchhuak
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1948
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{ubl|Activist}}
| children =
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| website =
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| known for = Women empowerment in Mizoram
| spouse = Ramhluna Khiangte
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Sangkhumi Bualchhuak''' is a [[social activist]]<ref>{{cite web |title=League of extraordinary women |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/league-of-extraordinary-women/article5111555.ece |website=thehindu |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628171033/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/league-of-extraordinary-women/article5111555.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> known for the cause of women empowerment in [[Mizoram]].

==Activism==
B. Sangkhumi was President of [[Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl]] (MHIP), an apex body representing several local women's groups in Mizoram had been instrumental in the passing of The Mizo Marriage Bill 2013,<ref>{{cite web |title=Reforming Mizoram- Pi Sangkhumi |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/reforming-mizoram-pi-sangkhumi/ |website=shethepeople |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118182921/https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/reforming-mizoram-pi-sangkhumi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mizo Inheritance Bill,<ref>{{cite web |title=41 years struggle for gender equality in Mizoram |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/mizoram/41-years-struggle-for-gender-equality-in-mizoram/cid2551661.htm |website=thenortheasttoday |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118193624/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/mizoram/41-years-struggle-for-gender-equality-in-mizoram/cid2551661.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> 2013, and The Mizo Divorce Bill, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet The Woman Who Has Been Leading Mizo Women's Push For Legal Reforms For 40 Years! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/11629/mizo-women-for-legal-reforms-empowerment-pi-sangkhumi/ |website=thebetterindia |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118182658/https://www.thebetterindia.com/11629/mizo-women-for-legal-reforms-empowerment-pi-sangkhumi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
B. Sangkhumi is a former public servant who has worked as Director,<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor P.S. Sreedharan Pillai felicitates Pi B. Sangkhumi Padma Shree Award Recipient 2021 |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/governor-ps-sreedharan-pillai-felicitates-pi-b-sangkhumi-padma-shree-award-recipient-2021 |website=DIPR Mizoram |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118182702/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/governor-ps-sreedharan-pillai-felicitates-pi-b-sangkhumi-padma-shree-award-recipient-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Higher & Technical Education in the Government of Mizoram member and Chairman of Mizoram Public Service Commission (MPSC). Upon retirement she went on to lead Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl (MHIP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram's Padma awardee B Sangkhumi felicitated |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/mizorams-padma-shree-awardee-b-sangkhumi-felicitated/na20210127222341878 |website=etvbharat |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118193656/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/mizorams-padma-shree-awardee-b-sangkhumi-felicitated/na20210127222341878 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also unsuccessfully contested Champhai South MLA Constituency<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram election: Very few women candidates in fray |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/mizoram-election-very-few-women-candidates-in-fray-187824 |website=Millennium post |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118182659/http://www.millenniumpost.in/mizoram-election-very-few-women-candidates-in-fray-187824 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election history |url=https://www.electionfate.in/candidates/B%20.Sangkhumi |website=Election fate |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118182657/https://www.electionfate.in/candidates/B%20.Sangkhumi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
B. Sangkhumi was conferred with [[Padma Shree]] Award in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Kovind confers Padma awards, 16 from NE among awardees |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/northeast-news/2021/11/08/president-kovind-confers-padma-awards-16-from-ne-among-awardees/ |website=eastmojo.com |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118182657/https://www.eastmojo.com/northeast-news/2021/11/08/president-kovind-confers-padma-awards-16-from-ne-among-awardees/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bualchhauk, Sangkhumi}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Activists from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sameer Rao

2026-04-21T12:01:12Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting bio

{{Short description|Indian Bansuri flautist (born 1982)}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Rao
| image = Image:Bansuri Sameer Rao.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|5|12}}
| caption = Sameer Rao
| image_size =

| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Flutist]], [[composer]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.bansurisameer.com}}
}}
'''Sameer Rao''' (born 12 May 1982) is an Indian [[flautist]] who plays the [[Bansuri]], the [[Hindustani classical music|Indian]] [[bamboo]] [[flute]]. He is one of the prominent disciple of [[Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia]].

==Early life==
Sameer Rao started his musical journey into Hindustani classical music and playing the Bansuri under the training of Pandit Veerabhadriah Hiremath at Mysore. He was chosen as a disciple by the world renowned flute wizard, Living legend, Padma Vibhushan, [[Pandit Hari Prasad Chaurasia]]. Under the guidance of the Panditji, he discovered the various aspects of Indian classical music and the nuances of playing the Bansuri. Sameer was a resident student of Vrindaban Gurukul, Mumbai that keeps alive to this day the ancient Guru-Shishya Parampara of the traditional Gurukul, trained under Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia from the year 2004 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/the-raga-that-never-leaves-him/article7378510.ece|title=The raga that never leaves him|accessdate=24 August 2019|date=2 July 2015|author=Praveen Shivashankar|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Sameer looked after the newly constructed Gurukul by his Guruji in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Orissa]] from 2010 to 2012. Here Sameer mentored the aspiring students of music and also took care of all the operational activities of Gurukul. Sameer is an "A" graded artist by AIR (All India Radio). He has been able to woo hearts through his music both in India and abroad. His versatility is evident at both individual concerts and Jugalbandis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/498030/bond-bansuri.html|title=Bond with 'bansuri'|accessdate=24 August 2019|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|author=Sudha Balachandran|date=30 August 2015}}</ref> Sameer also accompanies his Guruji, Pandit Hari Prasad Chaurasia, on his concerts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.2indya.com/2010/05/18/interview-with-sameer-rao-a-young-flutist/|title=Interview with Sameer Rao–a young flutist|accessdate=24 August 2019|year=2010|publisher=2Indya}}</ref> His Solo and World Music albums have been internationally released and has won the hearts of music lovers. At present Sameer lives in [[Mysore, India|Mysore]].

==Awards and recognition==
The Music and Dance Academy of Karnataka has awarded Sameer with a Scholarship during the year 1997–1998. Sameer was conferred with the "Yuva Pratibha" award by The Directorate of Kannada and Culture, Govt. of Karnataka, in 2004.Recognizing his mastery in Bansuri Sri Guru Ganayogi Panchakshara Sangeet Yogashram Trust, Chennai chose him for the "Award of Excellence" in 2004 . Other awards include “NadaKIshore” by Nada Bramha Sangeeetha Sabha of Mysore in 2006 and “Surmani” by the Sur Singar Samsad of Mumbai, in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/220316/flute-tapping-symphonies.html|title=Flute tapping symphonies|accessdate=24 August 2019|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|author=Pooja Prabhan|date=22 March 2016}}</ref>

==Discography==
*In the Moonlight – 2015
*Kaushi Kanada – 2015
*Shades of Bamboo – 2016
*Breathing Through Bansuri – 2016
*Mansoon Majesty – 2017
*Cosmic Conversations – 2017
*Following his footsteps – 2018
*Dhyaana – 2019
*Panchabhoota – 2019
*Haripriaya − 2020

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Sameer}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian flautists]]
[[Category:Bansuri players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]

Natwar Goyal

2026-04-20T05:49:17Z

Allenjacksparrow: adding

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{orphan|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Natwar Goyal
| image = Natwar Goyal.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India#Ministers of State|Minister of State]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end =
| constituency =
| party =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|08|17}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| father = Jagannath Das Agrawal
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = {{URL|natwargoyal.com}}
| nickname =
}}
'''Natwar Goyal''' is an Indian politician and former state minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is the current vice president of [[All India Vaish Federation]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Goyal is a former chairperson of Khadi Gram Udyog.<ref>{{cite web |title=यूपी: इस विभाग में न मंत्री टिक पा रहे हैं न संतरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-khadi-department-lack-of-leadership |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==
Natwar Goyal has started his political career in 2011 with [[Samajwadi Party]]. He was appointed as [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India#Ministers of State|Minister of State]] of Uttar Pradesh Khadi Gram Udyog in 2012 by the party.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ashish | last=Tripathi |title=Ruling Samajwadi Party (SP) leader Natwar Lal Goyal, also chairperson of Uttar Pradesh Khadi Gram Udyog, having status of minister of state, on Tuesday assaulted two photo journalists who had gone to take photographs of unauthorised construction work being done by Goyal on the encroached land in Lalbagh area of the state capital. | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ruling-samajwadi-party-sp-leader-natwar-lal-goyal-also-chairperson-of-uttar-pradesh-khadi-gram-udyog-having-status-of-minister-of-state-on-tuesday-assaulted-two-photo-journalists-who-had-gone-to-take-photographs-of-unauthorised-construction-work-being-done-by-goyal-on-the-encroached-land-in-lalbagh-area-of-the-state-capital-/articleshow/16929199.cms | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en | date=23 October 2012 | accessdate=23 September 2024}}</ref>

He was elected as Uttar Pradesh vice president of [[All India Vaish Federation]] in 2012. After serving ten years with the organization Goyal is re-elected as vice president of [[All India Vaish Federation]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=दिल्ली में पांच तारिख को होगा विशाल वैश्य प्रतिनिधि सम्मलेन : नटवर गोयल |url=https://www.uttarpradesh.org/india/natwar-goyal-vaishya-pratinidhi-sammelan-will-be-held-in-delhi-on-5th-305365/ |website=UttarPradesh.org |date=24 May 2022}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2016, Goyal was arrested on the charge of attacking a journalist with criminal intentions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=LucknowOctober 23 |first1=Mail Today Bureau |title=The bad lands of UP: SP leader arrested for beating up news photographer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/up-samajwadi-party-leader-arrested-bash-news-photographer-119477-2012-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was also suspended from the post of Minister of State in the Uttar Pradesh government by UP chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] at that time.<ref>{{cite web |title=UP Khadi Board official sacked for "assaulting" photo-journalist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-khadi-board-official-sacked-for-assaulting-photojournalist/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=24 October 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Natwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Tigaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:45Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting a data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tigaon Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Tigaon Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 2009
|abolished =
| electors = 3,71,248
|mla = [[Rajesh Nagar]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 90
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]
| reservation = None
}}

[[File:Manohar Lal Khattar unveiling the plaque to lay the foundation stone for “Auxiliary Production Unite and State-of-the-Art Artificial Limbs Fitting Centre” of Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) under.JPG|thumb|[[Manohar Lal Khattar]] unveiling the plaque to lay the foundation stone for “Auxiliary Production Unit and State-of-the-Art Artificial Limbs Fitting Centre” of Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India at Tigaon]]
[[File:Krishan Pal addressing at the foundation stone laying ceremony of “Auxiliary Production Unite and State-of-the-Art Artificial Limbs Fitting Centre” of Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) under DEPwD.JPG|thumb|[[Krishan Pal Gurjar|Krishan Pal]] giving the address at the foundation stone laying ceremony of “Auxiliary Production Unit and State-of-the-Art Artificial Limbs Fitting Centre” at Tigaon]]

'''Tigaon Assembly constituency''' is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Lalit Nagar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajesh Nagar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==

===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tigaon<ref name="Haryana Assembly Elections 2024 - Tigaon">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Elections 2024 - Tigaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0790.htm |access-date=10 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110145901/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0790.htm |archive-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Nagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=94,229 |percentage=46.26% |change={{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Nagar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=56,828 |percentage=27.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohit Nagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,656 |percentage=10.63% |change={{decrease}}26.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girraj Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=11,808 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhash Chandela |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=5,669 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Narayan Dubey |party=Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Party |votes=3,977 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,686 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,859 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,401 |percentage=18.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,03,714 |percentage=54.40% |change= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,71,248 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tigaon<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Nagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=97,126 |percentage=57.38 |change={{increase}}22.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Nagar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=63,285 |percentage=37.39 |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Chaudhary |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=2,693 |percentage=1.59|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,569 |percentage=0.93 |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,841 |percentage=19.99 |change= {{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,69,263 |percentage=55.79 |change= {{decrease}}10.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,03,389 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tigaon<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Nagar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,408 |percentage=37.14 |change={{decrease}}7.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Nagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,470 |percentage=35.17 |change={{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=29,568 |percentage=19.82 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Bhardwaj |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=5,730 |percentage=3.84 |change={{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birpal Gujjar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,521 |percentage=1.69 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,009 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nahar Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=906 |percentage=0.61 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,938 |percentage=1.97 |change= {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,187 |percentage=66.07 |change= {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,811 |ref = |change= {{increase}}66.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Tigaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishan Pal Gurjar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=39,746 |percentage=45.62 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Nagar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,928 |percentage=44.68|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girraj Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,218 |percentage=4.84 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kishore |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,490 |percentage=1.71 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,155 |percentage=1.33 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyanender |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=555 |percentage=0.64 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=818 |percentage=0.94 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,132 |percentage=64.33 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,437 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{coord|28.35|77.40|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Faridabad district]]
[[Category:Faridabad]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:15Z

Allenjacksparrow: Put up a details

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhatarpur
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| state =
| union_territory = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 46
| mla = [[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}
'''Chhatarpur''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern [[India]].

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Chhatarpur constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Chhatarpur is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]], [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]], [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] and [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Balram Tanwar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Chhatarpur<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Chhatarpur">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Chhatarpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0546.htm |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319102054/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0546.htm |archive-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Chhatarpur Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Chhatarpur Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/chhatarpur |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319102205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/chhatarpur |archive-date=19 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
| votes = 80,469
| percentage = 48.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
| votes = 74,230
| percentage = 45.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rajender Tanwar
| votes = 6,601
| percentage = 4.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 868
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 6,239
| percentage = 3.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,64,299
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = BJP
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Chhatarpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Kartar Singh Tanwar
| votes = 69,411
| percentage = 49.13
| change = -5.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Brahm Singh Tanwar
| votes = 65,691
| percentage = 46.15
| change = +9.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Satish Lohia
| votes = 3,874
| percentage = 2.74
| change = -4.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 707
| percentage = 0.50
| change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Suraj Bharti
| votes = 369
| percentage = 0.26
| change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Rana Sujeet Singh
| votes = 177
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 3,720
| percentage = 2.65
| change = -15.20
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,41,283
| percentage = 64.59
| change = -2.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -5.16
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Chhatarpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Kartar Singh Tanwar
| votes = 67,644
| percentage = 54.29
| change = +34.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Brahm Singh Tanwar
| votes = 45,405
| percentage = 36.44
| change = -8.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Balram Singh Tanwar
| votes = 9,339
| percentage = 7.49
| change = -23.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 547
| percentage = 0.43
| change = -0.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 22,240
| percentage = 17.85
| change = +3.31
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,24,640
| percentage =67.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +29.79
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Chhatarpur<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3877-delhi-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Brahm Singh Tanwar
| votes = 49,975
| percentage = 45.07
| change = +13.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Balram Tanwar
| votes = 33,851
| percentage = 30.53
| change = -6.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Rishi Pal
| votes = 22,285
| percentage = 20.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Amit Kumar
| votes = 2,507
| percentage = 2.26
| change = -27.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 718
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,124
| percentage = 14.54
| change = +8.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,10,879
| percentage = 66.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +13.63
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Chhatarpur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Balram Tanwar
| votes = 32,406
| percentage = 37.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
| votes = 27,376
| percentage = 31.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
| votes = 25,492
| percentage = 29.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,030
| percentage = 5.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 87,077
| percentage = 56.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Chhatarpur Temple|Chhattarpur Temple]]
*[[Chhattarpur (Delhi Metro)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.496|77.186|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Hum Tum (film)

2026-04-16T19:49:55Z

Allenjacksparrow: created stub.

{{short description|2004 film by Kunal Kohli}}
{{Other uses|Hum Tum (disambiguation){{!}}Hum Tum}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hum Tum
| image = Hum Tum (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Kunal Kohli]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| writer = {{ubl|Kunal Kohli|[[Siddharth Anand]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Jatin–Lalit]] '''Background Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = Sunil Patel
| starring = [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Rani Mukerji]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Kirron Kher]] [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
| editing = Ritesh Soni
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|2004|05|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|link=yes|8}} crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=456|title=Hum Tum – Movie |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|link=yes|42.6}} crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />
}}

'''''Hum Tum''''' ({{Translation|Me and You}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Kunal Kohli]], and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner. The film stars [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]], with a supporting cast of [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Kirron Kher]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], and [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]. Loosely inspired by the American film ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]'' (1989), the narrative follows Karan and Rhea, two individuals who repeatedly cross paths over several years and form a complex relationship that evolves from friendship into romance.<ref name="Saif Rani Meet">{{cite web |title=When Saif Met Rani |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/14intro.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217070143/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/14intro.htm |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=24 September 2021 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=19 Years of Hum Tum: Take a nostalgic trip to this Rani Mukerji and Saif Ali Khan starrer |url=https://m.filmfare.com/photos/19-years-of-hum-tum-take-a-nostalgic-trip-to-this-rani-mukerji-and-saif-ali-khan-starrer-58783.amp |accessdate=12 September 2023 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>

The film marked Mukerji's third collaboration with Yash Raj Films and featured several animated interludes designed by [[Prakash Nambiar]] of [[Kathaa Animations]], with visual effects by Tata Elxsi. [[Principal photography]] took place in India, the [[Netherlands]], and the United States, with cinematography by Sunil Patel. The music was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]], with lyrics written by [[Prasoon Joshi]].

Released theatrically on 28 May 2004, ''Hum Tum'' received mixed-to-positive reviews. Critics praised its performances, direction, animation sequences, and soundtrack, although some criticism was directed at the screenplay.<ref name="Saif Rani Meet" /> The film emerged as a commercial success, grossing ₹43.22 million (US$510,000), and ranked as the [[List of Hindi films of 2004#Top-earning films|sixth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref name="HumTumTotal">{{cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=2011-09-15 |work=Box Office India}}</ref>

At the [[52nd National Film Awards]], Saif Ali Khan won [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]], marking his first [[National Film Awards|National Award]]. The film received eight nominations at the [[50th Filmfare Awards]], winning five—including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Kohli), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Mukherji), [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] (Khan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=[[Filmfare]] |pages=116–119}}</ref> Over time, ''Hum Tum'' has been credited for popularising animated elements in Hindi cinema, for establishing Khan's credentials as a solo romantic lead, and for consolidating Mukerji’s standing as one of the leading actresses of her generation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=How 'Hum Tum' changed the rom-com game 20 years ago, reveals team |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hum-tum-turns-20-modern-rom-coms-rani-mukerji-saif-ali-khan-kunal-kohli-2542488-2024-05-25 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Aditya |date=2024-12-05 |title=Hum Tum: The Bollywood Rom-Com That Still Makes Our Hearts Flutter! |url=https://www.airtel.in/blog/entertainment/hum-tum-the-bollywood-rom-com-that-still-makes-our-hearts-flutter/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Airtel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-07 |title=I Rewatched 'Hum Tum' And Karan-Rhea's Relationship Was Way Ahead Of Its Time |url=https://www.idiva.com/relationships-love/relationships/rewatching-hum-tum-in-2020/18009133 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-03-21 |title=On her birthday, a relook at Rani Mukherjee's illustrious acting career |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/on-her-birthday-a-relook-at-rani-mukherjees-illustrious-acting-career-1503164753.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Karan Kapoor, a [[cartoonist]] known for his [[comic strip]] "''Hum Tum''," which humorously explores gender dynamics, meets Rhea Prakash, a strong-willed and practical woman, on a flight from [[Delhi]] to [[New York City]]. During a [[layover]] in [[Amsterdam]], they briefly tour the city together, but their clashing personalities lead to friction. The encounter ends when Karan, misreading the situation, kisses Rhea without consent, prompting her to slap him. Before parting, Karan insists they will meet again.

Six months later in New York, Karan encounters Rhea once more—this time through his girlfriend Shalini, who is revealed to be Rhea’s childhood friend. The awkward situation leads to Karan and Shalini breaking up. Three years later, Karan runs into Rhea in Delhi while assisting his mother with wedding preparations, only to discover Rhea is the bride. She is marrying Sameer, and although their meeting begins with friction, they part amicably.

Another three years pass before they meet unexpectedly in [[Paris]], where Karan learns from Rhea’s mother, Parminder "Bobby" Prakash, that Sameer died in a car accident shortly after their first anniversary. Karan, moved by Rhea’s grief, resolves to help her heal.

Back in [[Mumbai]], Karan attempts to set Rhea up with his introverted friend Mihir Vora, believing she needs someone stable. However, Mihir falls in love with another woman, Diana Fernandez, and they become engaged. On the engagement night, Rhea discovers Karan’s [[matchmaking]] scheme and confronts him. Mihir later helps Rhea realise that she has fallen in love with Karan. That night, she and Karan sleep together.

The next morning, Karan, overwhelmed by guilt, proposes marriage to Rhea to “make things right,” but Rhea is hurt by his framing of their intimacy as a mistake. She leaves him, refusing to marry for the wrong reasons. Karan later realises his error and attempts to reconcile, but is unable to find her.

One year later, Karan’s comic strip has become widely successful, and he publishes a book about "Hum" and "Tum," mirroring his relationship with Rhea. At the book’s launch, Rhea reads the story and realises Karan’s love for her. They reconcile and eventually marry. The film concludes with them as parents to a baby girl, as Karan jokingly laments about a baby boy in the next crib, predicting another future "Hum Tum" romance.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Karan Kapoor
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as Rhea Prakash
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Arjun Kapoor, Karan's father
* [[Kirron Kher]] as Parminder "Bobby" Prakash, Rhea's mother
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Anjali "Anju" Kapoor, Karan's mother
*[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Mihir Vora, Karan's friend
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Diana Fernandez, Mihir's love interest (special appearance)
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Sameer Khanna, Rhea's first husband (special appearance)
* [[Shenaz Treasurywala]] as Shalini (special appearance)
* Parinita Seth as Pooja
* [[Parzaan Dastur]] as Hum (voice only)
* [[Gayatri Iyer|Gayatri S. Iyer]] as Tum (voice only)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Hum Tum'' was produced by Aditya Chopra under the banner of [[Yash Raj Films]] and marked [[Kunal Kohli]]'s second directorial venture following ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' (2002).<ref name="HT Hindu">{{cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=4 June 2004 |title=Hum Tum |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/06/04/stories/2004060401780300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912105133/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/06/04/stories/2004060401780300.htm |archive-date=12 September 2004 |access-date=25 January 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hum Tum (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65065 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110131745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65065 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=29 August 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film was loosely inspired by the 1989 American [[romantic comedy]] ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=6 successful Bollywood adaptations of Hollywood classics to watch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/6-successful-bollywood-adaptations-of-hollywood-classics-to-watch-after-laal-singh-chaddha/cid/1880259 |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref> Kohli later revealed that he had initially intended to remake the original, stating, “We approached the studio, which had the rights of the Hollywood film. When we sent our script to them, they said that it has to be at least 70 percent similar to be an official remake. According to them, we were not, so they rejected the remake concept.”<ref name="HT Facts">{{cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Hum Tum: Lesser known facts! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hum-tum-lesser-known-facts/photostory/47537856.cms |access-date=25 December 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pehli nazar mein pehla pyaar is crap! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/27kunal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129131745/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/2004/may/27kunal.htm |archive-date=29 January 2010 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = The film marked the first of several collaborations between [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]].
| width1 = 160
| image1 = Rani Mukerji at Esha Deol's wedding at ISCKON temple 07.jpg
| width2 = 149
| image2 = Saif at 2014 Stardust.jpg
}}

[[Kunal Kohli]] and [[Aditya Chopra]] initially approached [[Aamir Khan]] for the role of Karan Kapoor, but he declined the offer. The role was subsequently offered to [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Vivek Oberoi]], both of whom turned it down.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=18 Years of Hum Tum - Kunal Kohli EXCLUSIVE: Some unknown facts about this romantic comedy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/18-years-hum-tum-exclusive-first-approached-aamir-khan-point-going-divorce-hrithik-roshan-liked-script-declined-time-h/ |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Kohli ultimately cast [[Saif Ali Khan]], explaining, “I realised that the role needed a younger man—someone who could present a more youthful picture. Saif has this unique quality; he can play a 21-year-old as well as a 29-year-old.”<ref>{{cite news |author=Gangadhar, V. |date=25 June 2004 |title=Saif arrives |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/06/25/stories/2004062501120100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005160618/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/06/25/stories/2004062501120100.htm |archive-date=5 October 2009 |access-date=22 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="SaifRani">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Saif Ali Khan recalls uncomfortable Hum Tum kissing shot with Rani Mukerji, calls it 'worst kiss in the history of cinema' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-recalls-uncomfortable-hum-tum-kiss-with-rani-mukerji-worst-kiss-in-history-of-cinema-7626728/lite/ |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> Khan later described the role as one of his “favourite onscreen characters.”<ref>{{cite news |author=Upala KBR |date=16 August 2015 |title=Saif Ali Khan talks about his favourite roles |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-favourite-roles-2114835 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727124320/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-favourite-roles-2114835 |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

[[Rani Mukerji]] was cast as Rhea Prakash. The film marked her third collaboration with Yash Raj Films and second with Kohli, after ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]''.<ref name="SaifRani" /> Kohli noted, “I always wanted to work with Rani and we shared a great equation,” while Mukerji called it a “special film” and said she “loved the script.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2017 |title=Hum Tum turns 13: I always wanted to work with Rani, says Kunal Kohli |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hum-tum-turns-13-kunal-kohli-reveals-why-hrithik-roshan-turned-down-the-film/story-Z0TdAOe9hN5V83NgTUcyzM.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2020 |title=Hum Tum is memorable because of Chintu uncle: Rani Mukerji |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/hum-tum-is-memorable-because-of-chintu-uncle--rani.html |access-date=26 September 2021 |website=Daily Pioneer}}</ref>

Supporting roles included [[Kirron Kher]] as Rhea's mother Parminder, [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Karan's parents, and [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Mihir Vora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Kirron Kher: From Khoobsurat to Hum Tum, every time she played the coolest mom in Bollywood |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kirron-kher-birthday-coolest-mom-in-bollywood-khoobsurat-hum-tum-7355756/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=When Rishi Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan recreated Main Shayar To Nahin |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/when-rishi-kapoor-and-saif-ali-khan-recreated-main-shayar-to-nahin-see-kareenas-post-2221319 |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2010 |title=Of celluloid mothers |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/of-celluloid-mothers-2488397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110510103427/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/features/of-celluloid-mothers-2488397 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> [[Abhishek Bachchan]] made a [[cameo appearance]], while two animated characters, Hum (voiced by [[Parzaan Dastur]]) and Tum (voiced by [[Gayatri Iyer]]), were integrated into the narrative alongside the leads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am done with doing cameos: Jimmy Sheirgill |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/i-am-done-with-doing-cameos-jimmy-shergill-610957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228020933/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/i-am-done-with-doing-cameos-jimmy-shergill-610957/amp/1 |archive-date=28 February 2013 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Bachchan in Hum Tum |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218815/Abhishek-Bachchan-in-Hum-Tum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020933/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1218815/Abhishek-Bachchan-in-Hum-Tum |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out the Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukerji starrer Hum Tum's Gallery |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/04/hum_tum_gallery.shtml |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=BBC UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2004 |title=Hum Tum Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hum-tum/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170603103427/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hum-tum/cast/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Amsterdam, Holland (Ank kumar ) 12.jpg|thumb|A portion of the film was shot at the [[Museumplein]], [[Amsterdam]].]]

[[Principal photography]] began in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2020 |title=We should promote Indian cities: Filmmaker Kunal Kohli |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/we-should-promote-indian-cities-filmmaker-kunal-kohli/story-bvPukpI13QCIWrwcN50qJJ_amp.html |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best scenes from Hum Tum that are worth watching again |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/best-scenes-from-hum-tum-that-are-worth-watching-again-47793.amp |access-date=30 December 2021 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> A significant portion of the film was shot in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]], at locations including [[Museumplein]], the [[National Maritime Museum]], [[Rijksmuseum]], and [[Dam Square]]. Additional sequences were filmed in [[Paris]] and in the [[United States]], primarily [[New York City]], as well as at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukerji starrer Hum Tum clocks 12 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-rani-mukerji-starrer-hum-tum-clocks-12-years-2823329/lite/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bharatan Iyer |first=Shilpa |date=28 May 2004 |title=In the mood for an urban summer romance? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/28hum.htm |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Marketing and promotion ==
Prior to its release, ''Hum Tum'' generated anticipation through its soundtrack, stylized promotional material, and narrative format that blended live action with animation.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=Hum Tum in 2020: Karan-Rhea's relationship was way ahead of its time |url=https://www.idiva.com/relationships-love/relationships/rewatching-hum-tum-in-2020/18009133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515131745/https://www.idiva.com/amp/relationships-love/relationships/rewatching-hum-tum-in-2020/18009133 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=IDiva}}</ref> Saif Ali Khan’s character Karan was introduced to audiences via an appearance on the television series ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2004 |title=TV promotes products, NGOs and B'wood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/TV-promotes-products-NGOs-and-Bwood/articleshow/696496.cms |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Cartoon strips based on the film’s animated characters were featured in the ''Bombay Times''. Around the time of its release, ''[[India Today]]'' published a feature titled “Bollywood's Blockbuster Summer,” highlighting ''Hum Tum'' among the season’s key releases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=18 Years of Hum Tum EXCLUSIVE: Kunal Kohli shares fond memories of the film! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/18-years-hum-tum-exclusive-first-approached-aamir-khan-point-going-divorce-hrithik-roshan-liked-script-declined-time-h/ |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 May 2012 |title=Cinema @ 100 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/cinema-100/story-OCJ9oSYGlOFUNY77yABumM_amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920131745/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/cinema-100/story-OCJ9oSYGlOFUNY77yABumM_amp.html |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Hum Tum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cover = blank
| alt =
| released = 9 April 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:14
| label = [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Music]]
| language = Hindi English
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| prev_title = [[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Rok Sako To Rok Lo]]
| next_year = 2004
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Hum Tum
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Ladki Kyon
| single1date = 9 April 2004
| single2 = Hum Tum
| single2date = 9 April 2004
}}
}}

The soundtrack for ''Hum Tum'' was composed primarily by the duo [[Jatin–Lalit]], with the exception of the track “U’n’I (Mere Dil Vich Hum Tum),” which was composed by [[British Indians|British-Indian]] producer [[Rishi Rich]].<ref name="Lalit Pandit">{{cite news |date=28 May 2023 |title=Lalit Pandit speaks on 19 years of Hum Tum: Rani Mukerji and Saif Ali Khan have terrific musical timing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lalit-pandit-speaks-on-19-years-of-hum-tum-rani-mukerji-and-saif-ali-khan-have-terrific-musical-timing/articleshow/100573484.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528163845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lalit-pandit-speaks-on-19-years-of-hum-tum-rani-mukerji-and-saif-ali-khan-have-terrific-musical-timing/articleshow/100573484.cms |archive-date=2023-05-28 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> All lyrics were written by [[Prasoon Joshi]]. The album features vocals by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Juggy D]], and [[Veronica Mehta]]. The lead actors, [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]], contributed spoken interludes to the song "Ladki Kyon." Mukerji's singing parts were voiced by Alka Yagnik in all tracks except "Chak De."

The soundtrack album was released on 9 April 2004 by [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Music]].<ref name="Lalit Pandit" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Ahead of Valentine's Day, Shaan presents four stages of love, musically |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ahead-of-valentines-day-shaan-presents-four-stages-of-love-musically-101707744849859-amp.html |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The CD and audio cassette editions also featured an instrumental version of the title track "Hum Tum" and a deleted song titled "Yaara Yaara." The melody of "Yaara Yaara" was later reused in Kohli's 2006 film ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'', particularly in the songs "Chand Sifarish" and "Chanda Chamke." The composition is reportedly inspired by "Samra We Betha" by the Iraqi band Miami. Similarly, "Chak De" draws inspiration from [[Ragheb Alama]]’s Arabic song "Yalla Ya Shabab."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Lakshmi B. |date=16 April 2006 |title='Fanaa' promises to keep audience tuned in to its music |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/16/stories/2006041606180200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512093335/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/16/stories/2006041606180200.htm |archive-date=12 May 2006 |access-date=15 December 2008 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The film additionally includes a cover version of "Main Shayar To Nahin" from the 1973 film [[Bobby (1973 film)|''Bobby'']], sung by [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]] and Shaan for the characters portrayed by [[Rishi Kapoor]] and Saif Ali Khan, respectively. This track was not included on the official soundtrack album.{{Track listing
| headline = Hum Tum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{cite news |title=Hum Tum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) on ITunes - Jatin-Lalit |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hum-tum-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/673577321 |access-date=29 December 2022 |work=ITunes Music}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ladki Kyon
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Rani Mukerji]]
| length1 = 06:18
| title2 = Chak De
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 05:46
| title3 = Hum Tum
| extra3 = Alka Yagnik, [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length3 = 05:29
| title4 = Gore Gore
| extra4 = Alka Yagnik
| length4 = 04:57
| title5 = Yaara Yaara
| extra5 = Alka Yagnik, [[Udit Narayan]]
| length5 = 04:44
| title6 = Hum Tum
| note6 = Sad Version
| extra6 = Alka Yagnik
| length6 = 02:17
| title7 = "U'n'I" (Mere Dil Vich Hum Tum)
| extra7 = [[Juggy D]], [[Veronica Mehta]]
| length7 = 03:38
| title8 = Hum Tum
| note8 = Instrumental
| extra8 =
| length8 = 03:25
| total_length = 35:14
| all_writing =
}}

=== Critical response ===
The soundtrack of ''Hum Tum'' received generally positive reviews from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote, "[[Jatin–Lalit]]'s music is amongst the high points of the enterprise... the narrative in ''Hum Tum'' does get a definite push thanks to a lovely score from this talented music director duo." He specifically praised the placement of songs such as "Hum Tum", "Ladki Kyon", "Chak De", and "Gore Gore" within the narrative.<ref name="bollywoodhungama1">{{cite web |title=Hum Tum : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7146/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115215144/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7146/index.html |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=2011-09-15 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Jay Mamtora of ''[[BBC]]'' commented that the music had a "been there heard that" quality but acknowledged that "a couple of the tracks are undeniably catchy."<ref name="BBC Review">{{Cite web |author=Jay Mamtora |title=Movie Review - Hum Tum: Kunal Kohli's film is cliched yet heart warming |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/05/hum_tum_review_02.shtml |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=BBC}}</ref>

=== Commercial performance ===
The soundtrack achieved commercial success in India. According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', it sold approximately 1.6 million units, ranking as the eighth highest-selling Bollywood album of 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Several tracks, including the title song and "Ladki Kyon", performed well on national music charts during the film's theatrical run.

=== Awards ===
At the [[50th Filmfare Awards]], [[Jatin–Lalit]] were nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]], while [[Alka Yagnik]] won [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Hum Tum." Lyricist [[Prasoon Joshi]] received the [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist]] for the same track.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2005 |title=And The Award Goes To... |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9771 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411034540/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9771 |archive-date=11 April 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

==Release==
''Hum Tum'' was released theatrically in India on 28 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get ready to fall in love with Hum Tum |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/get-ready-to-fall-in-love-with-hum-tum/articleshow/703871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116060319/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/get-ready-to-fall-in-love-with-hum-tum/articleshow/703871.cms |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=30 December 2019 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In 2006, [[Yash Raj Films]] released the film on DVD, with premieres in international markets including [[France]] and [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Box Office: Top Grossers in INDIA for 2004 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230211451/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2004 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=2013-10-07 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> A [[Blu-ray]] edition was subsequently released in August 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hum Tum on Blu-ray |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Hum-Tum-Blu-ray/27687/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414031349/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Hum-Tum-Blu-ray/27687/ |archive-date=14 April 2017 |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=Blu-ray}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2004 |title=Hum Tum |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/hum-tum-1200532945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121031349/https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/hum-tum-1200532945/amp/ |archive-date=21 January 2018 |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=Variety}}</ref> The film was later made available for digital streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH! Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukerji starrer Hum Tum on Prime |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Hum-Tum/0N4MSOGAXQY3K2AO7O0K85PBS3 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Amazon Prime Video}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Hum Tum'' opened to strong box office performance. It collected ₹12.3 million on its opening day and ₹74.9 million during its first week.<ref name="HumTumTotal" /><ref name="boxofficeindia.com" /><ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2010 |title=Box Office Decade in Review: 2004 - Veer Zaara, Hum Tum, Main Hoon Naa |url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=21930&z=7 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140202124546/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=21930&z=7 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work=Ibos Network}}</ref> The film went on to become a major commercial success, grossing ₹432.2 million domestically, making it the [[List of Hindi films of 2004|sixth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2004 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=13 August 2011 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Internationally, ''Hum Tum'' earned ₹152.5 million, with notable success in the [[United Kingdom]], where it ranked seventh in the top ten box office chart during its opening week.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hum Tum - The blockbuster of the season |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/20/hum-tum-the-blockbuster-of-the-season?ReturnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yashrajfilms.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2F2016%2F05%2F20%2Fhum-tum-the-blockbuster-of-the-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701070143/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/20/hum-tum-the-blockbuster-of-the-season?ReturnUrl=https%3A//www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/20/hum-tum-the-blockbuster-of-the-season |archive-date=1 July 2004 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=Yash Raj Films}}</ref> The film was among the top earners of the decade both in India and overseas markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office India overseas earners |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207070143/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-date=7 February 2008 |access-date=19 May 2010 |work=Box Office India}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Hum Tum'' received generally positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for the performances, dialogues, and the film's modern take on romance. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' called the casting "one of the film's strengths" and praised [[Saif Ali Khan]]'s "arresting performance" and [[Rani Mukerji]]’s "flawless" portrayal, adding that she had taken “a giant leap as an actor.” He concluded, "On the whole, ''Hum Tum'' is a decent fare, topped with captivating performances and mesmerising music. But a slow and not-too-exciting second half dilutes the impact to an extent."<ref name="bollywoodhungama1" />

Tanmay Kumar Nanda of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' observed that "''Hum Tum'' tugs at your heartstrings, makes you laugh and rejoice in the vagaries of loving and losing without losing itself in that abyss that has claimed many a Hindi film: mushy sentimentalism."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Tanmaya Kumar Nanda |title=Movie Review - Hum Tum: a casting coup! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/29hum.htm |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Jay Mamtora of ''[[BBC]]'' described it as “a decent heart-warming popcorn flick” and noted that while the plot was familiar, director [[Kunal Kohli]]'s treatment and effective casting made the film “eminently watchable and enjoyable.”<ref name="BBC Review" />

[[Kaveree Bamzai]] of ''[[India Today]]'' appreciated the screenplay and tonal balance, writing, “The witty exchanges don't ring false, the emotional pitch in the melodramatic parts is just right and the cameos are succulent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazmai |first=Kaveree |date=13 June 2004 |title=Perfect timing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040614-film-review-hum-tum-starring-saif-ali-khan-rani-mukherjee-789920-2004-06-13 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> Archana Vora of ''[[NDTV]]'' found the film derivative of “the [[Yash Chopra]] school of romance” and ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]'' (1989), but credited Khan with a “savvy and sassy” performance that overshadowed Mukerji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vohra |first=Archana |date=10 Aug 2004 |title=Hum-Tum Movie Review |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=114&moviename=Hum+Tum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810120314/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=114&moviename=Hum+Tum |archive-date=10 August 2004 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=NDTV}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' described the film as “a couple of notches below the Chopra par,” citing a lack of strong chemistry between the leads and "so-so dialogue."<ref>{{cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=8 June 2004 |title=Hum Tum |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/hum-tum-1200532945/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715082913/https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/hum-tum-1200532945/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

Chitra Mahesh of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the film's tone and direction, writing, "''Hum Tum'' is one of those films where you would walk out with a broad smile on your face... The film with direction, dialogue and story by Kohli, is extremely suave and incredibly charming. Khan and Mukerji excel in their parts."<ref name="HT Hindu" /> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook India]]'' commended the film's conversational structure and performances but noted, “Khan's easy domination of every possible frame” often left Mukerji reacting rather than leading.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Namrata Joshi |title=Hum Tum: A conversational film with witty lines and starry performances |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/hum-tum/224171 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' found it an improvement over Kohli’s previous film ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' (2002) but criticized the styling, editing, and soundtrack. She praised Khan's "comic timing and spontaneous performance," calling him the primary reason to watch the film.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jhunjhunwala, Udita |date=29 May 2004 |title=Film review Of 'Hum Tum' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2004/may/84420.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803192452/http://ww1.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2004/may/84420.htm |archive-date=3 August 2004 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Hum Tum (film)}}

''Hum Tum'' received several accolades, including one [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], five [[Filmfare Awards]] and one [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy Award]]. ''Hum Tum'' also earned two [[Global Indian Film Awards]], one [[People's Choice Awards India]], four [[Screen Awards]], two [[Stardust Awards]], and two [[Zee Cine Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/shah-rukh-rani-mukherjee-bag-awards/article27322991.ece |title=Shah Rukh, Rani Mukherjee bag awards |date=27 May 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |author=[[United News of India]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210826123504/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/shah-rukh-rani-mukherjee-bag-awards/article27322991.ece |archive-date=26 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-to-film-artists-you-make-people-laugh-and-cry-so-aim-high/article27496909.ece |title=Kalam to film artists: you make people laugh and cry, so aim high |date=2 October 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617095134/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-to-film-artists-you-make-people-laugh-and-cry-so-aim-high/article27496909.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ba/venue.htm|title=Bollywood Movie Awards 2005 |publisher=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408172504/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ba/venue.htm|archive-date=8 April 2005|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/veer-zaara-wins-7-iifa-awards/article27384232.ece |title=Veer-Zaara wins 7, Rani wins Best Actress at IIFA awards |date=13 June 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Muthalaly |first=Susan |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826123103/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/veer-zaara-wins-7-iifa-awards/article27384232.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Hum Tum'' has been widely regarded as one of the most influential romantic comedies in Hindi cinema. It was named among Bollywood's ten most romantic films by ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Vogue India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Top 10 romantic Hindi movies to watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/top-10-romantic-movies-to-watch-this-monsoon/hum-tum/photostory/59127812.cms |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=10 Bollywood romantic movies that prove the '2000s were the best time for love |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/bollywood-romantic-movies-that-prove-the-2000s-were-the-best-time-for-love |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=Vogue India}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' observed that the film "hasn't ceased to be relatable" over time, while ''[[Zee News]]'' credited it with setting "a benchmark and [creating] a new genre of romantic comedy for Bollywood," highlighting its departure from the traditional "love at first sight" narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=DDLJ to RHTDM: Top 5 All-Time Classic Romantic Hindi Movies |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/ddlj-to-jab-we-met-top-5-all-time-classic-romantic-hindi-movies-to-binge-watch-on-valentines-day-2572899.html/amp |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=Zee News India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2024 |title=10 Hindi romantic movies that celebrate love: Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani to Hum Tum |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/best-hindi-romantic-movies-on-amazon-prime-1270196?amp |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> The film also attracted attention for its exploration of themes such as premarital sex, which were considered unconventional for mainstream Hindi cinema at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nikita Doval |date=31 May 2004 |title=Ding dong is Okey-dokey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/ding-dong-is-okey-dokey/articleshow/711378.cms |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Times of India}}</ref> It was featured in [[Shubhra Gupta]]’s book ''50 Films That Changed Bollywood'', in which she highlighted its impact on the genre and its lasting relevance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=50 FILMS That Changed Bollywood — As Shubhra saw it… |url=https://pickle.co.in/film/50-films-that-changed-bollywood-as-shubhra-saw-it/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214124320/https://pickle.co.in/film/50-films-that-changed-bollywood-as-shubhra-saw-it/ |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Pickle}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIXKDQAAQBAJ&q=shubhra+gupta |title=50 Films That Changed Bollywood, 1995-2015 |date=2016 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=9789351778486 |language=en}}</ref>

The film marked [[Kunal Kohli]]’s first directorial success and is often cited as a milestone in the careers of Kohli, [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Rani Mukerji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Hum Tum clocks 10 years, Kunal Kohli thanks audiences for the love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hum-tum-kunal-kohli-rani-mukerji-saif-ali-khan-194817-2014-05-28 |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2010 |title=Hum Tum was a definite milestone film : Saif Ali Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/saif-looks-forward-to-race-2/story-Ih6VoETI9Q6id5xWAnb0DN_amp.html |access-date=21 October 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> For Khan, it was his first major success as a solo lead,<ref>{{cite news |title=No Bollywood movie showed the growth of a man child the way 'Hum Tum' did |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/saif-ali-khan-in-hum-tum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125124320/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/amp/entertainment/saif-ali-khan-in-hum-tum/ |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=Scoop Whoop}}</ref> while for Mukerji, it marked the first time she won Best Actress at major award ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2015 |title=Rani Mukherji: 5 films that defined her journey in Bollywood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukherji-5-films-that-defined-her-journey-in-bollywood/story-uYk1GwrCHHaG2fqBvvvedK_amp.html |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Both actors' performances are regarded among their most notable works, with the film credited for consolidating their stature in the industry.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2020 |title=Rani Mukerji movies that etched her name in the portals of Hindi cinema |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/rani-mukerji-movies-that-etched-her-name-in-the-portals-of-hindi-cinema-47190.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324064409/https://www.filmfare.com/features/rani-mukerji-movies-that-etched-her-name-in-the-portals-of-hindi-cinema-47190.html |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=Filmfare}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Rani Mukerji's Top 10 Performances |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rani-mukerjis-top-10-performances/20140819.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425121309/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rani-mukerjis-top-10-performances/20140819.htm#4 |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Sen, Shomini |date=25 November 2013 |title=Saif Ali Khan: The original risk taker in Bollywood |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/saif-ali-khan-the-original-risk-taker-in-bollywood-652659.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921135208/http://www.news18.com/news/india/saif-ali-khan-the-original-risk-taker-in-bollywood-652659.html |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' listed Khan and Mukerji among the top ten romantic onscreen couples of the decade,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramsubramaniam |first=Nikhil |title=10 Best Onscreen Romantic Couples of the Decade |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/slideshow/type/view/id/789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062308/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/slideshow/type/view/id/789 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' referred to them as the "[[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]] of the 2000s."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2021 |title=When Saif Ali Khan-Rani Mukerji were the new Shah Rukh Khan-Kajol: Revisiting those Hum Tum days |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-and-rani-mukerji-were-the-new-shah-rukh-khan-and-kajol-during-hum-tum-days-7627508/lite/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2023, ''Hum Tum'' was featured in the Netflix docu-series [[The Romantics (TV series)|''The Romantics'']], in the episode titled “The New Guard,” which explored the emergence of a younger generation of romantic leads under the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Tara |date=17 February 2023 |title='Cinema of aspiration': The romance filmmakers who redefined Bollywood's quintessential genre |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/netflix-india-bollywood-the-romantics-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=The Romantics Review: The YRF Docu-series works best when it focuses on films over family |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-romantics-review-the-yrf-docu-series-works-best-when-it-focuses-on-films-over-family-101676424985778.html |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Mukerji's portrayal of Rhea Prakash received attention for its departure from conventional female characters in Hindi cinema. Reflecting on the role, Mukerji stated, “''Hum Tum'' was a very special and a modern subject. It was definitely ahead of its time... Rhea’s character stood for the modern Indian woman at that time.”<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2020 |title=16 Years of Hum Tum: Rani Mukerji remembers the film |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/16-years-of-hum-tum-rani-mukerji-remembers-her-shooting-experience-with-veteran-actor-rishi-kapoor-621165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827124320/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/celebrities/16-years-of-hum-tum-rani-mukerji-remembers-her-shooting-experience-with-veteran-actor-rishi-kapoor-621165 |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=India TV}}</ref> Harshita Singh of ''[[ScoopWhoop]]'' praised the character’s independence, feminism, compassion, and practical outlook, calling her a well-rounded and progressive female lead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Rhea Prakash from Hum Tum is my comfort character |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/why-rhea-prakash-from-hum-tum-is-my-comfort-character/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010124320/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/why-rhea-prakash-from-hum-tum-is-my-comfort-character/ |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=Scoop Whoop}}</ref>

== Spin-offs and adaptations ==
Two [[Graphic novel|graphic novels]] based on ''Hum Tum'' and its animated characters were published by [[Yomics World]] in 2012. The first, titled ''Hum Tum: The War Begins!'', was a standalone publication centered around the characters Hum and Tum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comic on Sale – Hum Tum Series |url=http://yomics.in/Comics/7/Hum-Tum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217124509/http://yomics.in/Comics/7/Hum-Tum |archive-date=17 December 2016 |access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> The second, ''Ek Tha Tiger: Caught in the Web'', was a crossover graphic novel featuring characters from both ''Hum Tum'' and the action thriller ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comic on Sale – Ek Tha Tiger New Series |url=http://yomics.in/Comics/9/Ek-Tha-Tiger-New |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212115/http://yomics.in/Comics/9/Ek-Tha-Tiger-New |archive-date=12 November 2016 |access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2004}}, in addition to the graphic novels, a dedicated cartoon series featuring the characters Hum and Tum was reportedly in development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2004 |title=Now 'Hum Tum' cartoon series & comics |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/now-hum-tum-cartoon-series-comics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212115/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/now-hum-tum-cartoon-series-comics/ |archive-date=12 November 2016 |access-date=24 September 2019 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 2004]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0378072}}
* {{Box Office Mojo|tt0378072}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|hum-tum}}

{{Kunal Kohli}}
{{YRF Spy Universe}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
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[[Category:2004 romantic comedy films]]
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[[Category:Films directed by Kunal Kohli]]
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[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:Films about writers]]

Radha Ravindra Singh

2026-04-11T20:16:49Z

Allenjacksparrow: Made A Biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Radha Ravindra Singh
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chitrangi Assembly constituency|Chitrangi]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Amar Singh
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Singrauli Waidhan
district]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = Awadhesh Pratap Singh University
}}
'''Radha Ravindra Singh''' (born 1 January 1975) is an Indian [[politician]] from [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="il">{{Cite web |title=Radha Ravindra Singh |url=https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/47176/Radha-Ravindra-Singh |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=indialeader.com}}</ref> She is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Chitrangi Assembly constituency|Chitrangi Assembly Constituency]], which is reserved for ST community in [[Singrauli district]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. She served as the Minister of State for Panchayat and Rural Development.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Early life and education ==
Singh belongs to a tribal community in [[Singrauli district]]. She is the daughter-in-law of former minister [[Jagannath Singh (politician)|Jagannath Singh]].<ref name="il" /> She completed her [[Master of Arts]] in [[Political Science]] in 2005, from Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, [[Rewa district|Rewa]], MP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHITRANGI (ST)(SINGRAULI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=269 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party from [[Chitrangi Assembly constituency|Chitrangi Assembly Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Result 2023 Highlights: Full list of winners and key losers from BJP, Congress |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-from-bjp-congress-11701438905858.html |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=MP Assembly Election Results 2023: Constituency Wise Full List of Winners from BJP, Congress and Other Parties - Vidhan Sabha seat winning candidates |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-mp-assembly-election-results-2023-shivraj-chouhan-kamath-nath-narendra-singh-tomar-and-other-strong-candidates-of-madhya-pradesh-mp-election-full-winners-list-267172 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Zee Business}}</ref> She defeated [[Manik Singh]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a huge margin of 59,879 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-bjp-congress/3325821/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Chitrangi">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Chitrangi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1279.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305105212/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1279.htm |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chitrangi Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Chitrangi Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/chitrangi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305105418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/chitrangi |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |language=en |agency=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radha, Ravindra Singh}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Singrauli district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lalrinpuii

2026-04-10T09:03:17Z

Allenjacksparrow: info...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Lalrinpuii
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Lalrinpuii.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Tourism of Mizoram]]
| term_start = 8 December 2023
| term_end =
| governor = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor = [[Robert Romawia Royte]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Health and Family Welfare of Mizoram]]
| term_start1 = 8 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| governor1 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor1 = [[R Lalthangliana]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Social Welfare and Tribal Affairs of Mizoram]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2023
| term_end2 =
| governor2 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor2 = [[Lalrinawma]]
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = December 2023
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = Lawmawma Tochhawng
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[Lunglei East Assembly constituency|Lunglei East]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]] (since 2017)
| other_party =
| height = 
| spouse = Sapthanga Khawlhring
| relations =
| children =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| education = BA
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| signature =
| signature_alt = 
}}
'''Lalrinpuii''' (born 5 March 1962)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/69 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician in the state of [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalrinpuii Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/lalrinpuii-16031-3 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lunglei East Assembly constituency|Lunglei East]] constituency of [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member of Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/mla.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref> She is the first woman to become a minister of Mizoram with cabinet rank on 8 December 2024 when she took oath as the Minister for health, social welfare and tribal affairs, women and child development, and tourism portfolios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-09 |title=Lalduhoma takes oath as CM of Mizoram, 11 mins also swear in |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/lalduhoma-takes-oath-as-cm-of-mizoram-11-mins-also-swear-in/articleshow/105851994.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-09 |title=Lalduhoma sworn in as Mizoram CM |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/12/09/lalduhoma-sworn-in-as-mizoram-cm/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en|website=The Arunachal Times}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lalrinpuii was born in Lunglei, Mizoram. She completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 2002 at a college affiliated with [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]], Kanpur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lalrinpuii(Independent(IND)):Constituency- LUNGLEI EAST(LUNGLEI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/mizoram2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=198 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She married Sapthanga Khawlhring and together they have three children.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> She runs hostels for students of North East studying in Bengaluru.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-09 |title=Lalduhoma takes oath as CM, gives Mizoram 1st woman cabinet mantri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/lalduhoma-takes-oath-as-cm-gives-mizoram-1st-woman-cabinet-mantri/articleshow/105849268.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Before Lalrinpuii became a minister, Lalhlimpuii Hmar in 1987 and Vanlalawmpuii Chawngthu in 2017 were her two predecessors who held the rank of ministers of state.<ref name=":1" /> She is elected as an MLA representing [[Zoram People's Movement]] party in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]s. She defeated Joseph Lalhimpuia of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] by a margin of 1646 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Lunglei East assembly election results 2023: Lalrinpuii of Zoram People's Movement wins |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lunglei-east-assembly-election-results-2023-zpms-lalrinpuii-leads-with-3272-votes-while-incs-joseph-lalhimpuia-holds-the-second-position/articleshow/105717567.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is one of the three woman MLAs elected in the 2024 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2023-12-05 |title=Mizoram has more than one woman MLA for the first time |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-has-more-than-one-woman-mla-for-the-first-time/article67606904.ece |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram Assembly polls: Three women candidates win elections |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram-assembly-elections/mizoram-assembly-polls-three-women-candidates-win-elections/articleshow/105731636.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Assembly polls 3 women candidates win elections |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/12/04/cal48-elections-mz-women.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Election Results Usher in New Politics and Developmental Challenges |url=https://thewire.in/politics/mizoram-election-results-usher-in-new-politics-and-developmental-challenges |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref> In 2018, she contested as an independent candidate but lost to Lawmawma Tochhawng of the Mizo National Front, by a margin of 72 votes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lunglei East Constituency Election Results 2023: Lunglei East Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram/constituency-show/lunglei-east |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, she polled 3,991 votes, against 4063 votes for Tochhawng. She was ahead of Congress candidate Joseph Lalhimpuia, who got 3,836 votes.<ref name=":2" />

In May 2025, she inaugurated an 'International Conference on Substance Use Disorder' and said that drug abuse impedes Mizo community's progress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=Lalrinpuii opens conference on substance use disorder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/121503363.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Council of Ministers of Mizoram|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalrinpuii}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

Maladera barasingha

2026-04-03T11:41:04Z

Allenjacksparrow: done

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Maladera
| species = barasingha
| authority = Gupta, Bhunia, [[Dirk Ahrens|Ahrens]] & Chandra, 2025
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Maladera barasingha''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2106876/|title=Maladera barasingha | BioLib.cz}}</ref> It is found in India (Manipur).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last= Schoolmeesters|first= P.|date= 2025|title= ''Maladera (Maladera) barasingha'' at Catalogue of Life|url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/KTVVZ|website= World Scarabaeidae Database (version 2025-10-07). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, & R. Aalbu, Catalogue of Life (2025-10-10 XR).|location= Amsterdam, Netherlands|publisher= Catalogue of Life Foundation|access-date=November 19, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 8.6 mm. They have a dark reddish brown, oval body.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2120964</ref> They are mostly dull (but the labroclypeus is shiny) and nearly [[glabrous]], except for some single [[setae]] on the head dorsal surface.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Devanshu|last2=Bhunia|first2=Debika|last3=Ahrens|first3=Dirk|last4=Chandra|first4=Kailash|date= 2025|title= New species and records of Sericinae from India and Nepal (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)|url= https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.11|journal= Zootaxa |volume= 5613|issue=2|publisher= Magnolia Press |pages=371–385|doi= |access-date= November 19, 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The species is named after the India swamp deer (''[[Rucervus duvaucelii]]'') because the aedeagus resembles the antler of this animal.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q134355097}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 2025]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Maladera|barasingha]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dirk Ahrens]]

{{Maladera-stub}}

Bo Derek

2026-03-29T19:23:20Z

Allenjacksparrow: updated details

{{Short description|American actress (born 1956)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bo Derek
| image = Bo Derek by Gage Skidmore 5.jpg
| caption = Derek in 2022
| birth_name = Mary Cathleen Collins
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1956|11|20}}
| birth_place = [[Long Beach, California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Model}}
| years_active = 1973–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[John Derek]]|1976|1998|end = d.}}
* {{Marriage|[[John Corbett]]|2020|}}
}}
| relatives = [[Sean Catherine Derek]] (stepdaughter)
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[10 (1979 film)|10]]'' (1979)|''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]'' (1981)|''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]'' (1984)|''[[Tommy Boy]]'' (1995)}}
}}

'''Bo Derek''' (born '''Mary Cathleen Collins'''; November 20, 1956)<ref name="Official">{{cite web |title=Bo Derek Bio |url=http://officialboderek.com/Bohome.html |website=Bo Derek Official Website |access-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501032619/http://officialboderek.com/Bohome.html |archive-date=1 May 2007 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> is an American actress and model. She began her career as a child model before deciding to pursue acting on the advice of a talent agent she met through actress [[Ann-Margret]], who was acquainted with her parents.<ref name="biography"/> In 1972,<ref name="LA Times"/> she was cast in the romantic drama film ''Once Upon a Love'' (1973), which was directed by her first husband [[John Derek]] and eventually released as ''[[Fantasies (film)|Fantasies]]'' in 1981.<ref name="AFI Fantasies"/> Her [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough performance]] came in the romantic comedy film ''[[10 (1979 film)|10]]'' (1979), which cemented her status as a [[Sex symbol|sex icon]] and mainstream celebrity. The role earned her a [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress|Golden Globe Award nomination for New Star of the Year – Actress]].

Derek went on to star in three more films directed by John Derek: ''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]'' (1981), ''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]'' (1984), and ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]'' (1989), all of which were critically panned. Her other credits include the comedy-drama film ''[[A Change of Seasons (film)|A Change of Seasons]]'' (1980), the American buddy comedy film ''[[Tommy Boy]]'' (1995), and the American telenovela series ''[[Fashion House]]'' (2006).

Derek has been involved in a number of philanthropic endeavors. For several years, she served as Honorary Chairperson for [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]]' National Rehabilitation Special Events,<ref name="VA 2009"/><ref name="VA 2005"/> which helps disabled veterans overcome their limitations through sports and competition. In 2002, she was appointed to the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|Kennedy Center Board of Trustees]] by [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]].<ref name="WhiteHouseArchives">{{cite web |title=Nominations and Appointments |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020111-17.html |website=Welcome to the White House |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> A longtime [[WildAid]] ambassador,<ref name="WildAid Ambassador">{{cite web |title=World Celebrities ‘Join the Herd’ to Fight for Africa’s Elephants |url=https://wildaid.org/world-celebrities-join-the-herd-to-fight-for-africas-elephants/ |website=WildAid |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="WildAid">{{Cite web |title=Bo Derek |url=https://wildaid.org/ambassadors/bo-derek/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=WildAid |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525000650/https://wildaid.org/ambassadors/bo-derek/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Derek was named Special Envoy of the Secretary of State for Wildlife Tracking Issues by [[Robert Zoellick|Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick]] in 2006.<ref name="Special Envoy">{{cite web |title=Public Activist Bo Derek Named Special Envoy of the Secretary of State for Wildlife Trafficking Issues |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/pix/b/sat/78410.htm |website=State Department (state.gov) Website [2001-2009] |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> In 2008, she was appointed a commissioner of the [[California Horse Racing Board]] by [[Arnold Schwarzenegger|California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger]]<ref name="CHRB"/><ref name="LATimes 2008"/> in honor of her many contributions to the betterment of horses, including her position as a spokesperson for the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act, which she had held since 2003.<ref name="CHRB">{{cite web |title=Bo Derek, David Israel Appointed to CHRB |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/153103/bo-derek-david-israel-appointed-to-chrb |website=Bloodhorse.com |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="LATimes 2008">{{cite web |title=Opinion: Arnold's New Bo |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/opinion-la/story/2008-07-15/opinion-arnolds-new-bo |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="CHRB Reappointment"/> She was reappointed to the California Horse Racing Board in 2010<ref name="CHRB Reappointment">{{cite web |title=Winner, Derek Among Those Elected to CHRB Board |url=https://paulickreport.com/news/people/winner-derek-among-those-elected-to-chrb-board |website=Paulick Report |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> and 2014.<ref name="LATimes 2014">{{cite news |last1=York |first1=Anthony |title=Bo Derek Reappointed to State Horse Racing Board |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-bo-derek-reappointed-to-state-horse-racing-board-20140102-story.html |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=Los Angeles Times |publisher=California Times |date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

Widowed in 1998,<ref name="Variety"/> Derek began a relationship with actor [[John Corbett]] in 2002.<ref name="People 2021"/> They married in December 2020.<ref name="People 2021"/>

== Early life ==
Derek was born Mary Cathleen Collins in [[Long Beach, California]].<ref name="Official"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phelan |first=Hayley |date=2016-02-23 |title=Bo Derek |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/bo-derek |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tracy |first=Ben |date=2015-05-10 |title=Bo Derek: Aging is not for sissies - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bo-derek-aging-is-not-for-sissies/ |url-status=live |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006072643/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bo-derek-aging-is-not-for-sissies/ |archive-date=Oct 6, 2024 }}</ref> Her father, Paul Collins, was a [[Hobie Cat]] executive, and her mother Norma ({{née|White}}) was a [[make-up]] artist and hairdresser to [[Ann-Margret]]. Collins's parents divorced, and her mother married stunt performer [[Bobby Bass]]. She grew up with two sisters and a brother.<ref name="Official"/><ref name="biography"/>

Collins attended [[Narbonne High School]]<ref name="auto"/> in [[Harbor City, California]]. She remarked in a 1985 interview on ''Late Night with David Letterman'':

{{Blockquote|text=Well, I didn't really mean to quit. Well, what happened—I'll tell you what happened ... I went for like a month without going to school; I went to the beach, and I got caught ... So, then I started going back to school, and I was really enjoying it ... and then I went to go do this film with John in Greece ...<ref name="auto">{{YouTube | id=IaMX87NX_uE | title=Bo Derek Doesn't Care For Hollywood {{!}} Letterman}}</ref>}}

== Career ==
=== Acting ===
While attending Narbonne High School at age 16 in 1972,<ref name="LA Times"/><ref name="auto"/> Collins auditioned for the female lead in [[John Derek]]'s ''Once Upon a Love'', a low-budget romantic drama film set in Greece. Although Derek had been considering Collins for the part, he felt that her naturally blonde hair was ill-suited to the character, whom he perceived as a brunette.<ref name="biography">{{cite episode |title=Bo Derek |series=Biography |network=[[A&E (TV channel)|A&E Network]] | airdate=9 May 2003}}</ref> He nevertheless offered Collins the role
on condition that she dye her hair darker, which Collins accepted.<ref name="biography"/><ref name="CNN Transcript 03-10-00">{{cite news |title=CNN Transcript − LARRY KING LIVE: Bo Derek Talks About Hollywood and Life After John |url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0003/10/lkl.00.html |website=CNN.com |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120224153/https://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0003/10/lkl.00.html |archive-date=20 November 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During [[post-production]] in [[Munich]], the film ran out of funding and was seized by a German film lab. It remained in a vault for several years until being sold to producer Kevin Casselman. Casselman's attempts to distribute the film globally prompted Derek and Collins to seek a restraining order against its release. They eventually dropped any legal action, deciding it was not worth their time and effort.<ref name="LA Times">{{cite news |title=Fantasies Uncovered |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-31-ca-14790-story.html |access-date=27 April 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=31 August 1986}}</ref><ref name="AFI Fantasies">{{cite web |title=AFI {{!}} Catalog − Fantasies |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/56775 |website=AFI Catalog |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref> The film was finally released in 1981 under the new title ''[[Fantasies (film)|Fantasies]]'', at which point it received negative reviews.<ref name="AFI Fantasies"/><ref name="NYT Fantasies">{{cite web |title=Young Bo Derek in 'Fantasies' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/07/movies/young-bo-derek-in-fantasies.html?mcubz=2 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 7, 1981 |access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref>

During the course of these events, Collins became sexually involved with John Derek, who was 30 years her senior and still married to actress [[Linda Evans]]. Upon his divorce from Evans, Derek moved to [[Germany]] with Collins, where he would not face prosecution under California's [[statutory rape]] laws because Collins was under the [[Ages of consent in the United States|age of consent]].<ref name="WashingtonPost 1980">{{cite news |title=Heating Up With John and Bo Derek |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/01/29/heating-up-with-john-and-bo-derek/30d0d0a6-f7d7-479e-9794-ff8f402d1c81/ |access-date=6 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=29 January 1980}}</ref>

In 1976, at age 19, Collins married John Derek.<ref name="USA Today 2020">{{cite web |last1=Yasharoff |first1=Hannah |date=August 16, 2020 |title=Bo Derek on Why She Hasn't Married Boyfriend John Corbett and That 30-Year Age Gap with John Derek |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/08/16/bo-derek-boyfriend-john-corbett-age-gap-husband-john-derek/5594528002/ |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> From then on, she was known professionally as Bo Derek: an amalgam of her former stage name Bo Shane<ref name="WashingtonPost 1998">{{cite news |title=Director John Derek Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1998/05/24/director-john-derek-dies/eba85d16-def7-43d9-ab00-4b780c2ad3b3/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=24 May 1998}}</ref> and married name Derek.<ref name="CNN Transcript 03-10-00"/>

In 1977, director [[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]] cast Derek in a small role in his horror film ''[[Orca (1977 film)|Orca: The Killer Whale]]'', in which Derek's character has her leg bitten off by the titular whale.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orca − The Killer Whale |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/orca_the_killer_whale/ |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref>

In 1979, Derek was selected over [[Melanie Griffith]], [[Heather Thomas]], [[Tanya Roberts]], and several others for the role of Jenny Hanley in the romantic comedy film ''[[10 (1979 film)|10]]''.<ref name="AARP">{{cite web |last1=Catlin |first1=Roger |title=Bo Derek, 67, Is Living Her Best Life: ‘I’m Really Good at Retirement’ |url=https://www.aarp.org/benefits-discounts/members-only-access/info-2024/bo-derek-interview.html |website=[[AARP]] |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref> Directed by [[Blake Edwards]], the film starred [[Dudley Moore]] as a middle-aged man who finds Derek's character to be the ideal woman, i.e., a perfect 10. Derek's appearance in a dream sequence, running towards Moore in a tight-fitting, nude-colored one-piece swimsuit, launched her status as a mainstream sex symbol. Distinguished by Derek's [[Cornrows|cornrow]] hairstyle, the sequence has often been parodied. ''10'' was a critical and financial success.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 1979 Movies at the Domestic Box Office |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1979 |publisher=Nash Information Services LLC |access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref> For her performance in the film, Derek received a [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress|Golden Globe Award nomination for New Star of the Year – Actress]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bo Derek − Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/bo-derek/ |website=The Golden Globes |agency=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> but ended up losing to [[Bette Midler]] for her performance in ''[[The Rose (film)|The Rose]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bette Midler − Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/bette-midler/ |website=The Golden Globes |publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

After ''10,'' Derek was cast in {{interlanguage link|Richard Lang (director)|lt=Richard Lang's|qid=Q3430953|short=s}} ''[[A Change of Seasons (film)|A Change of Seasons]]'' (1980), a [[comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film that also featured [[Shirley MacLaine]] and [[Anthony Hopkins]]. Derek played a college student who has an affair with her older, married professor. ''A Change of Seasons'' was only a moderate box-office success, with critics reviewing it and Derek's performance unfavorably ("The only appealing performance is Miss MacLaine's").<ref name="NYT A Change of Seasons">{{cite web |title='Change of Seasons,' Bo Derek vs. Miss MacLaine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/12/19/archives/change-of-seasons-bo-derek-vs-miss-maclaine.html |date=1980-12-19 |access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref>

In 1981, Derek starred in [[MGM]]'s R-rated ''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]'', her first leading role in a mainstream Hollywood film. Directed by John Derek, the film dealt little with [[Tarzan]] and instead focused on Derek's character, [[Jane Porter (Tarzan)|Jane Parker]], and specifically on Derek's physical attributes. Derek appears nude in two scenes,<ref name="Casetext">{{cite web |title=Burroughs v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. |url=https://casetext.com/case/burroughs-v-metro-goldwyn-mayer-inc-3/ |website=Casetext.com |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114042021/https://casetext.com/case/burroughs-v-metro-goldwyn-mayer-inc-3/ |archive-date=14 November 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> one of which involved her being bathed and body-painted. Ahead of ''Tarzan, the Ape Man'''s release, MGM and the film's distributor, [[United Artists]], were sued for an injunction by the [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] estate, which alleged that the film exceeded the scope of a 1931 license agreement ("1931 Agreement") that permitted MGM to use Tarzan and other Burroughs characters in the 1932 film ''[[Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)|Tarzan the Ape Man]]''. The agreement stipulated that MGM could only produce [[Film remake|remakes]] if the story of the 1932 film was maintained. Additionally, the Burroughs estate contended that MGM's character license under the deal was terminated in 1977, thereby constituting a violation of their copyright.<ref name="Casetext"/> Upon reviewing the evidence, the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Federal District Court in New York]] determined that ''Tarzan, the Ape Man'' and its 1932 predecessor, reduced to their major incidents, are "based on substantially the same story," provided that modifications were made to tone down Derek's nude scenes.<ref name="Casetext"/><ref name="AFI Tarzan">{{cite web |title=AFI {{!}} Catalog − Tarzan, The Ape Man |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56704 |website=AFI Catalog |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref> It was further concluded that MGM's character license had not been revoked due to the nonfulfillment of the legal prerequisites required for contract termination.<ref name="Casetext"/> Accordingly, the court ruled against the Burroughs estate and dismissed their injunction request.<ref name="Casetext"/> Although ''Tarzan, the Ape Man'' received negative reviews, the film became a box-office success, making over $35 million in ticket sales and becoming the [[1981 in film|15th highest-grossing film of 1981]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1981&p=.htm |title=1981 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref> For her performance as Jane Parker, Derek shared the [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress]] with [[Faye Dunaway]], the latter for her starring role as [[Joan Crawford]] in ''[[Mommie Dearest (film)|Mommie Dearest]]''.

Derek next appeared in the erotic comedy-drama film ''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]'' (1984). Directed again by John Derek, ''Bolero'' explores the female protagonist's sexual awakening and her journey around the world to find an ideal first lover to take her virginity. Its sexual nature and substantial use of nudity earned the film an [[X rating]], which is traditionally reserved for [[pornographic]] or extremely violent horror films. Critical reviews for ''Bolero'', including Derek's performance, were negative ("[Bo Derek] would be a lot more appealing if she tried less assiduously to please").<ref name="NYT Bolero">{{cite web |title=Film: Bo Derek in 'Bolero' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/01/movies/film-bo-derek-in-bolero.html?mcubz=2 |work=The New York Times |date=1984-09-01 |access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref> For her performance in the film, Derek won her second [[Golden Raspberry Awards|Golden Raspberry Award]] for Worst Actress. The film also won five additional Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Picture, Worst Director (John Derek), Worst Screenplay (John Derek), Worst New Star ([[Olivia d'Abo]]), and Worst Musical Score ([[Peter Bernstein (composer)|Peter Bernstein]] and [[Elmer Bernstein]]).

In 1987, Derek teamed up with [[Steven Paul]] of the firm sales agency Paul Entertainment to sell the unreleased feature film ''A Knight of Love'', in which she was set to star, but the project never materialized.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1987-02-25 |title=Bo Derek to Flog Film With Paul Entertainment; Voight Now Shareholder |page=106 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

After a five-year hiatus, Derek returned to feature films with the fantasy comedy-drama ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]'' (1989). The final collaboration of Derek with her husband as director, ''Ghosts Can't Do It'' was a failure both critically and financially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Your Movie Sucks |date=January 7, 2017 |url=http://www.ultimatemovierankings.com/your-movie-sucks/ |publisher=ultimatemovierankings.com |access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref> Earning Derek her third Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress, the film also won three additional Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture, Worst Director (John Derek), and Worst Supporting Actor ([[Donald Trump]]).
[[File:Bo Derek 1998.jpg|thumb|Derek in 1998]]
Following ''Ghosts Can't Do It'', Derek appeared in the television films ''Hot Chocolate'' (1992) and ''Shattered Image'' (1994) and the straight-to-video film ''[[Woman of Desire]]'' (1994). For her performance in the 1995 buddy comedy film ''[[Tommy Boy]]'', Derek was nominated for a [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress]] but ultimately lost to [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] for her performance in ''[[Four Rooms]]''.

In 1998, Derek guest-starred on four episodes of the television series ''Wind on Water''. In 1999, she appeared on ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''.

At the [[20th Golden Raspberry Awards]] in 2000, Derek was nominated for Worst Actress of the Century, sharing the nomination with Madonna (the eventual winner), [[Brooke Shields]], [[Elizabeth Berkley]], and [[Pia Zadora]].

Derek appeared in several more feature films during the early 2000s, including ''[[Frozen with Fear]]'' (2000), ''[[The Master of Disguise]]'' (2002), for which she received her second Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress, and ''[[Malibu's Most Wanted]]'' (2003). She also had guest roles on the television shows ''[[Family Law (American TV series)|Family Law]]'', ''[[Queen of Swords (TV series)|Queen of Swords]]'', ''[[Two Guys and a Girl|Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place]]'', ''[[Lucky (American TV series)|Lucky]]'', ''[[Still Standing (American TV series)|Still Standing]]'', and ''[[7th Heaven (TV series)|7th Heaven]]''.

In 2006, Derek starred in 40 episodes of the 65-episode [[telenovela]] series ''[[Fashion House]]''. In 2012, she appeared on ''[[CSI: Miami]]''.

Derek had a featured role in the 2015 made-for-TV campy horror film ''[[Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!]]''

==Politics==
Derek, who describes herself as an [[Independent politician|independent]],<ref name="independent"/> supported the presidential campaigns of [[Bob Dole]],<ref name="NYT June 95">{{cite news |last1=Weinraub |first1=Bernard |title=Films and Recordings Threaten Nation's Character, Dole Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/01/us/films-and-recordings-threaten-nation-s-character-dole-says.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=1 June 1995}}</ref><ref name="NYT Oct 1996">{{cite news |last1=Seelye |first1=Katharine |title=Dole Is Continuing Attacks on Press and the President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/27/us/dole-is-continuing-attacks-on-press-and-the-president.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=27 October 1996}}</ref> [[George H. W. Bush]],<ref name="independent"/> and his son, [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="independent"/> She attended the [[Republican National Convention]] in 2000 and 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bo Geste: Ms. Derek and Her Handler Do Their Best for George W. Bush |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB965337004604121211 |access-date=9 July 2023 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=4 Aug 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brooks & Dunn Are GOP Headliners |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5799732 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref> Derek has also appeared at public events with [[David Dreier|Republican Congressman David Dreier]], whom she briefly dated following the death of her first husband.<ref>[http://larryflynt.com/notebook.php?id=88 "Congressman David Dreier: Gay & Ashamed"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221182800/http://larryflynt.com/notebook.php?id=88 |date=December 21, 2005 }}, Larry Flynt.com</ref><ref name="SFGATE">{{cite web |last1=Diaz |first1=John |title=The Real Outrage Is in the 'Outing' |url=https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/the-real-outrage-is-in-the-outing-3242518.php |website=SFGATE |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>

In 2002, Derek was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]], on the Operations Committee, by President George W. Bush.<ref name="WhiteHouseArchives"/><ref>[http://www.kennedy-center.org/states/state.cfm?state=CA "The Kennedy Center Activity Report for California"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522084811/http://www.kennedy-center.org/states/state.cfm?state=CA |date=May 22, 2008 }} Kennedy Center Web site</ref> When [[White House Chief of Staff]] [[Josh Bolten]] was asked about his relationship with Derek on the April 30, 2006 edition of ''[[Fox News Sunday]]'' with [[Chris Wallace]], Bolten said she was his friend and a "good supporter of the [43rd] president."<ref>{{cite news |title=Transcript: White House Chief of Staff Josh Bolten on 'FNS |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/transcript-white-house-chief-of-staff-josh-bolten-on-fns |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=Fox News |date=January 13, 2015}}</ref>

Derek voted for [[Barack Obama]] in 2008.<ref name="independent">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bo-derek-republican-candidates-election-politics-282530 |title=Bo Derek Dispels the Belief She's Republican: 'I'm Independent. I Voted for Obama' |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 16, 2012 |access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>

In 2012, Derek endorsed [[Mitt Romney]] for president.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/14/the-gop-s-two-faced-celeb-bashing-of-obama-s-parker-wintour-fundraiser.html |title=The GOP's Two-Faced Celeb Bashing of Obama's Parker-Wintour Fundraiser |first=Michelle |last=Cottle |date=June 14, 2012 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref>

In a 2020 interview with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', when asked who she was supporting in the [[2020 United States presidential election|then-upcoming presidential election]], Derek explained, "I don't talk about who I vote for anymore. I supported Bush 43 and I became one of the poster girls for the Republicans. But I'm an independent. I don't want to be pigeonholed and labeled as one thing or another."<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Malkin |first=Marc |date=2020-08-14 |title=Bo Derek Looks Back on Her Career, Past Relationships and Acting With Trump |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/bo-derek-linda-evans-10-donald-trump-1234734836/ |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Responding to a related query about [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] in the 1989 film ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]'', Derek said that the part was written specifically for him and that "he was great."<ref name="Variety"/>

==Other work==
In 1980, Derek appeared twice in ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine; she was featured again in 1981, 1984, and 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 Hottest Celebrities Who've Posed for Playboy |url=http://uk.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/02/the-50-hottest-celebrities-whove-posed-for-playboy/ |work=Complex |date=2013-02-23 |access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref>

Derek was set to participate in the 2016 [[Comedy Central]] [[roast (comedy)|roast]] of [[Rob Lowe]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/17/peyton-manning-bo-derek-comedy-central-roast-rob-lowe |title=Peyton Manning, Bo Derek, Rob Riggle Set to Roast Rob Lowe |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> but she was unable to attend due to a scheduling conflict.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=How Rob Lowe Prepped for His Roast |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/09/01/rob-lowe-roast-comedy-central-peyton-manning-ann-coulter/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
=== Horse owner and activist ===
Derek, a horse lover and riding enthusiast since childhood, owns [[Andalusian horse|Andalusian]] and [[Lusitano]] horses and is a spokesperson for the [[Animal Welfare Institute]]'s campaign to end horse slaughter through the passage of federal and state legislation.<ref name="CHRB"/><ref name="DMTC">{{cite web |title=Actress/Horsewoman/Advocate Bo Derek Joins Board of DMTC |url=https://www.dmtc.com/media/news/actresshorsewomanadvocate-bo-derek-joins-board-of-dmtc-1129 |website=Del Mar Thoroughbred Club |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> On February 5, 2002, she published her autobiography entitled ''Riding Lessons: Everything That Matters in Life I Learned from Horses'' ({{ISBN|0-06-039437-4}}).<ref name="DMTC"/> In 2008, Derek was appointed a commissioner of the [[California Horse Racing Board]] by [[Arnold Schwarzenegger|California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger]], a position she held until 2015.<ref name="CHRB"/><ref name="LATimes 2008"/><ref name="CHRB Tenure">{{cite web |title=Bo Derek Joins Del Mar Thoroughbred Club Board of Directors |url=https://paulickreport.com/news/bo-derek-joins-del-mar-thoroughbred-club-board-of-directors |website=Paulick Report |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Wounded veterans advocate ===
Derek has served as Honorary Chairperson for [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]]' National Rehabilitation Special Events since 2000<ref name="VA 2009">{{cite web |title=Actress Bo Derek Honored for Work on Behalf of Veterans |url=https://news.va.gov/press-room/actress-bo-derek-honored-for-work-on-behalf-of-veterans/ |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> or 2001.<ref name="VA 2005">{{cite web |title=Bo Derek To Serve as 2005 Honorary Chairperson of VA's National Rehabilitation Special Events |url=https://www.va.gov/opa/pressrel/pressrelease.cfm?id=911 |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> She is an avid supporter of the National Disabled Veterans Winter Sports Clinic in [[Snowmass Village, Colorado]].<ref name="Fox 2020">{{cite news |last1=Nolasco |first1=Stephanie |title=Bo Derek Reflects on Giving Back to American Veterans: 'There's Just So Much We Don't Do for Our Heroes' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/bo-derek-reflects-proud-american-veterans |access-date=10 April 2023 |date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2003, Derek received the VA's highest honor from [[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs|Secretary of Veterans Affairs]], [[Anthony Principi]]. She regularly appears on [[United Service Organizations]] tours, for which the [[Special Forces Association]] named her an honorary [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Green Beret]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www1.va.gov/opa/pressrel/pressrelease.cfm?id=698 |title = Bo Derek Named Honorary Green Beret |access-date = January 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070813211713/http://www1.va.gov/opa/pressrel/pressrelease.cfm?id=698 |archive-date = August 13, 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Derek's father, Paul Collins, was a radio operator during the [[Korean War]]. Her stepfather, Bobby Bass, and her late husband, John Derek, were both US military veterans.<ref name="Fox 2020"/>

===Wildlife preservation===
Derek has been active for over 15 years with the environmental agency [[WildAid]],<ref name="WildAid Ambassador"/><ref name="People 2018">{{cite web |last1=Hogan |first1=Kate |title=The Most Beautiful Photos You'll See Today: Bo Derek Goes Diving with Whale Sharks for WildAid |url=https://people.com/pets/bo-derek-shark-diving-photos-wildaid/ |website=People.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> which provides funds to protect sharks and dissuade people from purchasing wildlife products. In 2006, she was designated as the Special Envoy of the Secretary of State for Wildlife Tracking Issues by [[Robert Zoellick|Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick]].<ref name="Special Envoy"/> On August 13, 2020, she was a guest on the [[Shark Week|Discovery Channel's Shark Week]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Josh Gates To Host Shark-Themed Episodes of Virtual Talk-Show Josh Gates Tonight During Shark Week 2020 |url=https://press.discovery.com/us/dsc/press-releases/2020/josh-gates-to-host-shark-themed-episodes-of-v-5195/ |website=Discovery Press Web |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713034241/https://press.discovery.com/us/dsc/press-releases/2020/josh-gates-to-host-shark-themed-episodes-of-v-5195/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Relationships ===
[[File:Chandran Rutnam with John and Bo Derek.jpeg|thumb|right|Bo Derek with husband John Derek (right) and [[Chandran Rutnam]]]]
After 16-year-old Mary Cathleen Collins began a relationship with [[John Derek]], who was 30 years her senior, they moved to Germany, where Derek would not face prosecution under California's [[statutory rape]] laws.<ref name="WashingtonPost 1980"/> They returned to the United States soon after Collins's 18th birthday and married in 1976.<ref name="USA Today 2020"/> They remained married until Derek's death from heart failure in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obituary:John Derek |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-john-derek-1157309.html |access-date = January 15, 2012 |newspaper = The Independent |first = Tom |last = Vallance |date = May 25, 1998 }}</ref>

Following her husband's death, Collins, now Bo Derek, briefly dated [[David Dreier|Republican Congressman David Dreier]].<ref name="SFGATE"/>

Since 2002, Derek has been in a relationship with actor [[John Corbett]], with whom she lives on a ranch in [[Santa Barbara, California]].<ref name="Variety"/><ref name="People 2021">{{Cite web |url=https://people.com/tv/john-corbett-reveals-he-and-bo-derek-wed-2020/ |title=Surprise! John Corbett and Bo Derek Wed Last Year: 'After 20 Years We Decided to Get Married'}}</ref> They married in December 2020.<ref name="People 2021"/>

== Acting credits ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Orca (1977 film)|Orca]]''
| Annie
| aka ''Orca: The Killer Whale''
|-
| 1979
| ''[[10 (1979 film)|10]]''
| Jenny Hanley
|
|-
| 1980
| data-sort-value="Change of Seasons, A" | ''[[A Change of Seasons (film)|A Change of Seasons]]''
| Lindsey Rutledge
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981
| ''[[Fantasies (film)|Fantasies]]''
| Anastasia
| Filmed and produced in 1973; Credited as Kathleen Collins; aka ''Once Upon a Love'', ''Once Upon a Time'', ''And Once Upon a Love'', ''And Once Upon a Time'', and ''Bo Derek's Fantasies''<ref name="AFI Fantasies" />
|-
| ''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]''
| Jane Parker
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]''
| Ayre "Mac" MacGillivery
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]''
| Katie O'Dare Scott
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Sognando la California]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Woman of Desire]]''
| Christina Ford
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Tommy Boy]]''
| Beverly Barish-Burns Callahan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001
| ''Sunstorm''
| Victoria Warren
|
|-
| ''[[Frozen with Fear]]''
| Katherine Sullivan
|
|-
| ''Horror 101''
| Miss Allison James
|
|-
| 2002
| data-sort-value="Master of Disguise, The" | ''[[The Master of Disguise]]''
| Herself
| [[Cameo appearance]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Malibu's Most Wanted]]''
| Bess Gluckman
|
|-
| ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
|-
| 2017
| ''[[5 Weddings]]''
| Mandy Singh Dhaliwal
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1992
| ''Hot Chocolate''
| B.J. Cassidy
| rowspan="2" | [[Television movie]]
|-
| 1994
| ''Shattered Image''
| Helen Allgood
|-
| 1998
| ''Wind on Water''
| Ciel Connolly
| 3 episodes
|-
| 1999
| data-sort-value="Drew Carey Show, The" | ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''
| Herself
| rowspan="3" | 1 episode
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
| ''[[Family Law (American TV series)|Family Law]]''
| Camille Weller
|-
| ''[[Queen of Swords (TV series)|Queen of Swords]]''
| Mary Rose
|-
| ''[[Murder at the Cannes Film Festival]]''
| Thada Pryce
| Television movie
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Two Guys and a Girl|Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place]]''
| Susan Bergen
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Lucky (American TV series)|Lucky]]''
| Joan
| rowspan="2" | 1 episode
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Still Standing (American TV series)|Still Standing]]''
| Mrs. Rose Grundy
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[7th Heaven (TV series)|7th Heaven]]''
| Mrs. Kinkirk
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''Crusader''
| Nicola Markham
| Television movie
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Fashion House]]''
| Maria Gianni
| 40 episodes
|-
| 2011
| data-sort-value="Hunt for the I-5 Killer, The" | ''The Hunt for the I-5 Killer''
| Seaver
| Television movie
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]''
| Herself
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Joanna Toring
| 1 episode
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!]]''
| rowspan="2" | May Wexler
| rowspan="4" | Television movie
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| data-sort-value="Last Sharknado: It's About Time, The" | ''[[The Last Sharknado: It's About Time]]''
|-
| data-sort-value="Christmas Trap, The" | ''The Christmas Trap''
| Elsa Gentry
|-
| 2020
| ''JL Family Ranch 2: The Wedding Gift''
| Claudia
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Mask Singer: Adivina quién canta]]''
| Sirena/Herself
| 2 episodes
|-
|}

== Production credits ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Genre
! Year
! Role
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Love You (film)|Love You]]''
| Porn
| 1979
| Producer
|
|-
| ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]''
| Romantic Comedy
| 1989
| Producer, Actor
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
|-
|[[37th Golden Globe Awards|1980]]
|[[Golden Globe Awards]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress|New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture – Female]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[10 (1979 film)|10]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Jupiter Award (film award)#3rd Jupiter Award / 1981|1981]]
|[[Jupiter Award (film award)|Jupiter Awards]]
|Best International Actress
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[2nd Golden Raspberry Awards|1982]]
|rowspan="7"|[[Golden Raspberry Awards]]
|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress|Worst Actress]]
|''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[5th Golden Raspberry Awards|1985]]
|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress|Worst Actress]]
|''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[10th Golden Raspberry Awards|1990]]
|Worst Actress of the Decade
|''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]'', ''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[11th Golden Raspberry Awards|1991]]
|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress|Worst Actress]]
|''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[16th Golden Raspberry Awards|1996]]
|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress|Worst Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Tommy Boy]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[20th Golden Raspberry Awards|2000]]
|Worst Actress of the Century
|''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]'', ''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]'', ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]'', and ''[[Tommy Boy]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[23rd Golden Raspberry Awards|2003]]
|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress|Worst Supporting Actress]]
|''[[The Master of Disguise]]''
|{{Nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0000137}}
* [https://www.angelfire.com/rock2/rockinterviews/boderek.html Interview with Bo Derek]

{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Derek, Bo}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Long Beach, California]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Narbonne High School alumni]]

Zakapa

2026-03-29T13:03:47Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting new info - done

{{short description|Mizo chieftain (1839-1914)}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Zakapa
| image = Plate 25 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg
| title = Chief of Khawhri {{lang|lus|Khawhri Lal}}
| caption = A portrait of Zakapa
| succession =
| reign = 1864–8 August 1893
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Dokhama]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1839
| birth_place = Khawhri (present-day in [[Lunglei district]], [[Mizoram]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1914|10|28|1839|df=y}}
| death_place = Sailaluk
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = Thanchhuma
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Fanai
| father = [[Dokhama]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
}}
'''Zakapa''', also known as '''Jacopa''', was a Mizo chieftain of the Fanai clan and ruled the [[North Vanlaiphai|Vanlaiphai]] villages in present-day southern Mizoram, India.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=95}} He is best known for his participation in the [[Lushai Rising]].

==Early life==
Zakapa was a descendant of [[Rorehlova]], who established the Fanai chiefs and cooperated with [[Lallula]]. Rorehlova's eldest son Aithangvunga was Zakapa's grandfather. Aithangvunga's son Dokhama would move from Keltan to Khawhri. Zakapa would be born to Dokhama and become chief of Khawri in 1864. The villages of Cherhhlun, Lungkawih, Tuichang, Airthur and Tuipui would all become under his rule.{{sfn|Young Mizo Association|1999|p=11}} He was born to three brothers, Zaduna, Lianchema and Pazika.{{sfn|Young Mizo Association|1999|p=14}} He was the third son of Dokhama and brother to Zaduna, Lianchema and Pazika. Dokhama motivated Zakapa and Pazika to established Bawkte for a year or two until they lived in Thangmual for two years and became village chiefs themselves. At the age of 42, Zakapa intiaited chieftainship at Khawhri village and ruled through during the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]].{{sfn|Hluna|2024|p=2}}

==Chieftainship==
Zakapa was the superior chief of Vandula, an anti-British chief who cooperated closely with Vandula's wife [[Ropuiliani]] and son Lalthuama after his death.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=95}} During the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] Zakapa readily surrendered and became friendly with the British. Zakapa's progression with British cooperation was left unfinished due to [[Seipuia]], a rival chief being a longer-term ally to the British and opposing him.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=441}}

===Anglo-Lushai Relations===
{{Main|Lushai Rising}}
After the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], the Lushai Hills became annexed by the British Raj. A [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|North and South Lushai Hills]] were established. [[C.S Murray]] was assigned as the political officer of the South Lushai Hills and instructed to disarm all of the tribes with their weapons and quell any resistance. The [[Governor of Bengal|Government of Bengal]]'s initiative to build infrastructure introduced a coolie quota into the Lushai Hills, which was unpopular with the Lushai chiefs. Zakapa agreed to supply [[Coolie|coolies]] to Murray along with his subordinate Dakopa, who supplied 59 men on 8th February 1891.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=113}}

On the 9th of February, Zakapa and Lalthuama refused to meet Murray. Murray and Taylor entered into Zakapa's [[zawlbuk]] and ordered all other chiefs to leave. Zakapa did not act on Murray's trespass and obliged. A private conversation was had.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=113}} Murray had stationed troops around Khawhri and warned Zakapa and Lalthuama of dangerous consequences. Murray subsequently burned the foodstock of Zakapa's settlement. In retaliation Zakapa attacked Murray's party and decapitated two sepoys before he managed to escape. The skirmish led to Murray's party killing 25 Lushai warriors. Murray's guards were killed due to being surrounded by Lushai musket men on all sides. His accomplice Taylor was severely wounded in his arm. Murray escaped the settlement and entered a hilly stream hence abandoning his men, money, ammunition and supplies.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=115}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=440}}

As a result of the hostilities, Major Hutchinson captured Zakapa's subordinate chiefs and tortured the women of his settlement for his whereabouts. Zakapa was caught and arrested and [[Deportation|deported]] from his village. Further British investigation showed that Murray's conduct had been dishonorable as a political officer. Murray and his subordinates had requested Zakapa for women for sex. Upon failure and refusal to provide the demands, Murray threatened to abduct Zakapa's wife. This was uncovered in court and Murray was demoted and transferred out of the Lushai Hills on the orders of the Government of Bengal.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=441}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=113}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=96}}

==In hiding==
[[File:Zakapa captured by Shakespear.jpg|thumb|'''Zakapa''' on the day he was captured by John Shakespear.]]
Zakapa left Khawri and went to live with his brother Pazika. Zakapa left Khawri in 1892, soon after Murray and he had fought. Khawri remained without a chief for two years after his departure.{{sfn|Young Mizo Association|1999}} The British government attempted to apprehend him and Captain Hutchinson along with [[Robert Blair McCabe]] were dispatched to Zakapa's village but he had already evaded capture. McCabe with 50 soldiers, Colonel Evan and Murray joined forces with Huthinzon on a second mission. However this meeting failed and they returned to their posts. Shakespear himself led 100 soldiers to Khawhri to investigate. When inquiring the whereabouts of Zakapa and Lalchhuma, Shakespear would beat the villagers with firewood if they claimed they did not know. Other villagers pointed in a vague direction to avoid punishment under Shakespear. Shakespear approached Thingsai village under Chief Patlaia offering any reward in return for Zakapa's whereabouts. Patlaia claimed Zakapa was at Khuangthing village. Shakespear ascended Uihili Tlang in the Lungkawlh village area to observe the village but returned back to Darzo camp instead. The mountain peak Shapespear observed from is now known as ''Tarmita Khaw Thlir'' to signify Shakesspear's vantage mountain.{{sfn|Hluna|2024|p=6}}

Zakapa's brother resided in Sailulak. Zakapa was caught by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespeare]]. Shakespear had entered Sailulak searching for Zakapa. Shakespear offered a man in the village {{currency|300|INR}} to place his tin beside whoever Zakapa was disguised as. When Zakapa was found by Shakespear the village was surrounded by his troops. Zakapa was arrested and the truth of Murray's conduct was revealed. Shakespear offered to support Zakapa in court and help him.{{sfn|Young Mizo Association|1999|p=18}} According to Shakespear's ''History of the Assam Rifles'', the military police were deployed to the village. The sepoys entered the principal houses and emptied out all the inhabitants and placed them under the supervision of the guards. No one would identify who was Zakapa. However, after a while, a sepoy noticed a man with long hair in the crowd and pulled it back to identify Zakapa.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=105}} Zakapa had been hidden by the villagers and disguised as a peasant and had been given the name Khuangthing Vaisawi.{{sfn|Young Mizo Association|1999|p=18}} Regardless, Zakapa was sent to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the other chiefs while he awaited trial. The village was destroyed as a lesson to those who helped the outlawed chiefs.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=106}}

==Later life==
Shakespear took Zakapa to Calcutta in front of the viceroy where [[Charles Stewart Murray]] and he fought the case. Murray denied ever asking for women by Zakapa or making the threat. However, the court refused to believe Murray. The court convicted Murray, however to cover up the incident Zakapa was imprisoned in Calcutta Jail for a year.{{sfn|Young Mizo Association|1999|p=18}} Zakapa was originally sentenced to five years but was released early and allowed to return to his home.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=106}} However, as Khawri had been unoccupied, the villagers of Khawhri dispersed to Khuangthing and Thingsai and left it deserted.{{sfn|Hluna|2024|p=8}} After prison, Zakapa returned and lived with his brother in Sailulak. Zakapa died on 28 December 1914 in Sailulak. He left behind three sons, Lalsuakpuii, Thanchhuma and Ngurchhingi who did not become very influential. Thanchhuma succeeded him.{{sfn|Young Mizo Association|1999|p=18}}

==Legacy==
The Department of Social Welfare and Tribal Affairs introduced the Zakapa award in 2023. The award recognises individuals, schools, churches and NGOs that have taken steps to improve the status of women or fight against violence towards women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mizoram DIPR |title=Siaha District Bwrhsap's Notice on Zakapa Award |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/zakapa-award-chungchanga-siaha-district-bawrhsap-hriattirna |website=Directorate of Information & Public Relations |publisher=Government of Mizoram |access-date=9 February 2025 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515115129/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/zakapa-award-chungchanga-siaha-district-bawrhsap-hriattirna |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{Rorehlova family tree}}

==See also==
* [[Charles Stewart Murray]]
* [[Khalkam]]
* [[Lalbura]]
* [[Lushai Rising]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=Mizoram under British Rule |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}
*{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=L.W |date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395/page/n1/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co, Limited}}
*{{cite book |author=Young Mizo Association |title=Fanai Lal huaisen Zakapa khua leh tui chanchin kal zel |date=1999 |publisher=Khawri branch, YMA |location=Khawri |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.12780/mode/2up |access-date=17 February 2025}}
*{{cite conference |last=Hluna |first=John Vanlal |date=2024 |title=Mizo Chief Zakapa (Guardian of Mizo Women) |url=https://www.academia.edu/129932084/MIZO_CHIEF_ZAKAPA_Guardian_of_Mizo_Women?email_work_card=view-paper |work= NEIHA seminar|book-title= |conference= |location= |publisher= |access-date=15 June 2025}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Southern Lushai chiefs]]

Vikram Samvat

2026-03-27T00:16:11Z

Allenjacksparrow: adjusted content

{{Short description|Hindu calendar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Vikram Samvat''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Vikrama Saṁvata''; abbreviated VS), also known as the '''Vikrami''' or '''Bikrami calendar''', is a [[Hindu calendar]] historically used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and still also used in several [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Masatoshi Iguchi| title=Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFvsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 | year=2015| publisher=TPL |isbn=978-1-78462-885-7| page=135}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Edward Simpson| title=Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtI1ynX9x-UC&pg=PA113 |year=2007| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-134-18484-2| pages=113–114}}</ref> It is a [[lunisolar calendar]], using twelve lunar months each solar [[sidereal year]]. The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the [[Gregorian calendar]], except during January to March/April, when it is ahead by 56 years.

Vikram Samvat is an official calendar of [[Nepal]] where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. Unlike India where it is used only for religious dates (with first month starting with Chaitra), the solar version of Vikram Samvat is a [[civil calendar]] for general usage.

== History ==
{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width = 500
| image1 =
| alt1 = Bilingual plaque
| caption1 = Plaque with description of Barnala inscription
| image2 =
|alt2=Inscribed square pillar with rounded corners
| caption2 = Barnala Yupa pillar, Rajasthan
| header = Barnala inscription
}}A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was reportedly named after the legendary king [[Vikramaditya]] ([[Chandragupta II|Chandragupta 2]]), the term "Vikrama Samvat" does not appear in the historical record before the 9th century; the same calendar system is found with other names, such as Krita and Malava.<ref name="Salomon1998p182">{{cite book | author=Richard Salomon| title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |year=1998| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-509984-3| pages=182–183}}</ref> In colonial scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling the [[Saka]]s from [[Ujjain]]. However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggest that this theory has no historical basis. During the 9th century, epigraphical artwork began using Vikram Samvat (suggesting that the Hindu calendar era in use became popular as Vikram Samvat); [[Buddhist]] and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the [[Mahavira]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|pages=182–183, 194–195}}</ref>

=== Kalakacharya Kathanaka and the origin ===
[[File:Westindischer Maler um 1400 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=Two illustrated portions of a manuscript|The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the Saka king (''Kalakacharya Katha'' manuscript, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], [[Mumbai]])]]
According to popular tradition, King [[Vikramaditya]] of [[Ujjain]] established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the [[Indo-Scythians|Śakas]].

''Kalakacharya Kathanaka'' (''An account of the monk Kalakacharya''), by the [[Jainism|Jain]] sage Mahesarasuri, gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler, King Sahi in [[Sistan]]. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from [[Pratishthana]] (modern Paithan in [[Maharashtra]]). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka-era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=W. Norman (William Norman) |url=http://archive.org/details/storyofkalakatex00brow |title=The story of Kālaka; texts, history, legends, and miniature paintings of the Śvetāmbara Jain hagiographical work, the Kālakācāryakathā. |date=1933 |publisher=Washington [Baltimore, Md., The Lord Baltimore press] |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Historical Origins}}Origins and historical development ===
The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of the [[Malavas|Malava tribe]]" (424), or simply "Samvat".<ref name="AA_1989"/><ref name="MS_1974"/> The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]a ruler Chandamahasena, was found at [[Dholpur]] and is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898, [[Vaishakha]] [[Shukla paksha|Shukla]] 2, Chanda" (20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya is ''Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha'' (993–994) by the Jain author Amitagati.<ref name="MS_1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA100 |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |author=M. Srinivasachariar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |pages=94–111 }}</ref>

A number of authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a legendary king or a title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] and [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] believed that [[Chandragupta II]] adopted the title of Vikramaditya, and changed the era's name to "Vikrama Samvat". According to [[Rudolf Hoernlé]], the king responsible for this change was [[Yashodharman]]. Hoernlé believed that he conquered Kashmir and is the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.<ref name="MS_1974"/>

Some earlier scholars believed that the Vikram Samvat corresponded to the [[Azes era]] of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king [[Azes I|King Azes]]. This was disputed by Robert Bracey after the discovery of an inscription of [[Vijayamitra]], which is dated in two eras.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLfHSOWKB-sC |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18566-1 |page=103}}</ref> The theory was discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.<ref>Falk and Bennett (2009), pp. 197-215.</ref>

== Usage and regional significance ==

The Vikram Samvat has been used by [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]],<ref name="nesbittbc">{{cite book | author=Eleanor Nesbitt| title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 | year=2016| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-874557-0| pages=122–123}}</ref> and [[Pashtuns]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jazab |first=Yousaf Khan |title=An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto |publisher=Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar |year= |isbn= |location= |pages=342–343}}</ref> One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the [[Indian subcontinent]], it is based on twelve [[Lunar month#Synodic month|synodic]] lunar months and 365 [[Solar time|solar days]].<ref name=nesbittbc/><ref name="Fuller2004p109"/> The lunar year in India begins with the new moon of the month of [[Chaitra]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=djvXAAAAMAAJ&q=chaitra+sukhladi Davivajña, Rāma (1996) Muhurtacintāmaṇi. Sagar Publications]</ref>

The calendar remains in use by people in [[Nepal]] serving as its national calendar where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. It is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India.<ref name="Salomon1998p182"/> Alongside [[Nepal Sambat]], Bikram Sambat is one of two official calendars used in Nepal.<ref>{{cite book | author=Bal Gopal Shrestha| title=The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EwsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | year=2012| publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing| isbn=978-1-4438-3825-2| pages=13–14}}</ref> In south India and portions of east and west India (such as Assam, West Bengal and Gujarat), the [[Indian national calendar]] is widely used.<ref name="Salomon1998p181"/>

With the arrival of Islamic rule, the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri calendar]] became the official calendar of [[sultan]]ates and the [[Mughal Empire]]. During [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] of the Indian subcontinent, the [[Gregorian calendar]] was adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Tim Harper| author2=Sunil Amrith |author2-link=Sunil Amrith | title=Sites of Asian Interaction: Ideas, Networks and Mobility| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbiLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |year=2014| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-1-316-09306-1| pages=56–57}}</ref> The predominantly-Muslim countries of [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] have used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based Sikh [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] controversially adopted the [[Nanakshahi calendar]].<ref name=nesbittbc/>

=={{anchor|The Calendar System}}Calendar system==
Like the Hebrew and Chinese calendars, the Vikram Samvat is [[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]].<ref name=nesbittbc/> In common years, the lunar year is 354 days long,<ref>{{cite book | author=Orazio Marucchi| title=Christian Epigraphy: An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoBjBYdzrkQC&pg=PA289 |year=2011| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-0-521-23594-5| page=289}}, Text: "...the lunar year consists of 354 days..."</ref> while a leap lunar month ([[Hindu calendar#Corrections between lunar and solar months|''adhika māsa'']]) is added roughly in accordance to the [[Metonic cycle]], namely, 7 times every 19 years, to ensure that festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season.<ref name=nesbittbc/><ref name="Fuller2004p109">{{cite book | author=Christopher John Fuller| title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC| year=2004| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-0-69112-04-85| pages=109–110}}</ref> Early Buddhist communities in India adopted the ancient [[Hindu calendar]], followed by the Vikram Samvat and local [[Buddhist calendar]]s. Buddhist festivals are still scheduled according to a lunar system.<ref>{{cite book | author=Anita Ganeri| title=Buddhist Festivals Through the Year| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-EawToG-6YC&pg=PT11| year=2003| publisher=BRB| isbn=978-1-58340-375-4| pages=11–12}}</ref>

The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system ([[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|''amaanta'']]) and 57–56 BCE in the northern system ([[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|''purnimaanta'']]). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems.<ref name="Salomon1998p181">{{cite book | author=Richard Salomon| title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA181| year=1398| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| isbn=978-0-19-535666-3| pages=181–183}}</ref><ref name="AA_1989">{{cite book | author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA174 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |pages=174–175 }}</ref> The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar [[Gregorian calendar]]; the year {{#time:Y|+57 years}} VS (''amaanta'') begins on 19 March 2026 and will include an ''adhika māsa'' (extra lunar month), making the lunar year 13 months long.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu New Year 2026 To Have 13 Months |url=https://news.abplive.com/religion/hindu-new-year-2026-to-have-13-months-know-about-this-rare-calendrical-shift-its-significance-and-more-1820894}}</ref> The solar Bikram Sambat used in Nepal begins in mid-April {{CURRENTYEAR}} CE.

===New Year===
*'''[[Navaratri#Chaitra Navaratri|Chaitra Navaratri]]''': the second most celebrated, named after ''vasanta'' which means spring. It is observed in the lunar month of [[Chaitra]] (post-winter, March–April). In many regions the festival falls after spring harvest, and in others during harvest. It also marks the first day of the Hindu calendar, hence also known as the '''Hindu Lunar New Year''' according to Vikram Samvat calendar.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/chaitra-navratri-2020-significance-history-behind-the-nine-day-festival-and-how-will-it-be-different-this-year/story-QhzJsRqlahKGlp9gAbWe8M.html|title=Chaitra Navratri 2020: Significance, history behind the nine-day festival and how will it be different this year |date=2020-03-30 |access-date=2021-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=India TV News |date=2015-03-21 |title=Difference between Vasanta and Sharad Navaratri |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news/navaratri-vasanta-sharad-difference-4812.html |access-date=2020-10-11 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Vaisakhi]]''':
**Vaisakhi marks the beginning of '''Hindu Solar New Year''' in [[Punjab]], Northern, Eastern, North-eastern and Central India according to the solar Vikram Samvat calendar.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rinehart|first1=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=Vaisakhi+hindu&pg=PA139|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|last2=Rinehart|first2=Robert|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Aidan A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBcbAAAAYAAJ&q=Baisakhi+hindu|title=Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopaedic Handbook|last2=Dresser|first2=Peter D.|last3=Ross|first3=Linda M.|date=1993|publisher=Omnigraphics, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-55888-348-2|language=en}}</ref> and marks the first day of the month of [[Vaisakha]], which is usually celebrated on 13 or 14 April every year and is a historical and religious festival in [[Hinduism]].
**'''[[Vaisakhi#Hindu Celebrations outside India|Baisakh (Nepal)]]''': The first day of Baisakh is celebrated as Nepalese New Year<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg8iAQAAMAAJ&q=Nepalese+New+Year+baisakhi&pg=PA13|title=International Commerce|date=1970|publisher=Bureau of International Commerce.|language=en}}</ref> because it is the day which marks Hindu Solar New Year<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fodor's|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ME4aHbiyX4C&q=Hindu+solar+New+Year+baisakhi|title=India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, 1984|last2=Staff|first2=Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc|date=12 December 1983|publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|isbn=978-0-679-01013-5|language=en}}</ref> as per the solar Nepali Bikram Sambat.
*Varsha Pratipada or ''Bestu Varas:'' It is considered an auspicious day celebrated in the Indian state of Gujarat to mark the New Year according to the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar. It falls on the first day of the bright fortnight of the month of Kartika. The day is significant as it symbolizes the beginning of the agricultural year, and farmers traditionally start their new accounting books on this day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Gujarati New Year 2021: Significance and all you need to know about special occasion |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gujarati-new-year-2021-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-special-occasion-10112301.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Divisions of a Year}}Divisions of a year==
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar}}
The Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar [[sidereal year]]s. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year, correctional months (''adhika māsa'') are added or (occasionally) subtracted (''kshaya masa''). A lunar year consists of 12 months, and each month has two [[fortnight]]s, with a variable duration ranging from 29 to 32 days. The [[lunar day]]s are called ''[[tithi]]s''. Each month has 30 ''tithis'', which vary in length from 20 to 27 hours. The [[Lunar phase#Waxing and waning|waxing phase]], beginning with the day after the new moon ''([[amavasya]])'', is called ''gaura'' or ''[[Paksha#Shukla Paksha|shukla paksha]]'' (the bright or auspicious fortnight). The waning phase is called ''[[Paksha#Krishna Paksha|krishna]]'' or ''[[vadhya paksha]]'' (the dark fortnight, considered inauspicious).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/history/a/calendar.htm|title=What Is the Hindu Calendar System?|website=Learn Religions|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506050840/https://www.learnreligions.com/the-hindu-calendar-system-1770396|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Lunar Metrics}}Lunar metrics===

* A ''[[tithi]]'' is the time it takes for the [[longitude|longitudinal]] angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12[[degree (angle)|°]].<ref name="Chap14">Burgess, Ebenezer [https://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAAAcAAJ ''Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix''] originally published: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', vol. 6, (1860), pp. 141–498, Chapter 14, Verse 12</ref> ''Tithis'' begin at various times of the day, and vary in duration.
* A ''[[paksha]]'' (or ''pakṣa'') is a lunar fortnight and consists of 15 ''tithis''.
* A ''māsa'', or [[lunar month]] (about 29.5 days), is divided into two ''paksas''.
* A ''ritu'' (season) is two ''māsas''.<ref name="Chap14" />
* An ''ayana'' is three ''ritus''.
* A year is two ''ayanas''.<ref name="Chap14" />

=== Months ===
The classical Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to March/April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The month that the new year starts varies by region or sub-culture.

The names of months in the Vikram Samvat in Sanskrit and Nepali,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nilsson|first=Usha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvUvAFCQWPoC&q=Chait+Chaitra&pg=PA68|title=Mira Bai (Rajasthani Poetess)|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0411-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianCalendricSystem-SK-Chatterjee|title=Indian Calendric System|last=Chatterjee|first=SK|publisher=Government of India.|year=1990|page=17|language=en}}</ref> with their roughly corresponding Gregorian months, respectively are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No || Vikram Samvat months || Gregorian months || Days
|-
| ''1'' || ''[[Vaisakha|Vaiśākha]]'' or Baisakh || April–May || 30/31
|-
| ''2'' || ''[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyēṣṭha]]'' or Jestha or Jeth || May–June || 31/32
|-
| ''3'' || ''[[Ashadha|Āṣāḍha]]'' or Asar or Asadh || June–July || 31/32
|-
| ''4'' || ''[[Shraavana|Śrāvaṇa]]'' or Saaun or Shrawan || July–August || 31/32
|-
| ''5'' || ''[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhādrapada]]'' or Bhādra or Bhadau
|August–September || 30/31/32
|-
| ''6'' || ''[[Ashvin|Āśvin]]'' or Aasoj or Ashwin || September–October || 30/31
|-
| ''7'' || ''[[Kartik (month)|Kārtika]]'' or Kattik or Kartik || October–November || 29/30
|-
| ''8'' || ''[[Agrahayana|Agrahāyaṇa]]'' or Mangsir or Mārgaśīrṣa or Aghan || November–December || 29/30
|-
| ''9'' || ''[[Pausha|Pauṣa]]'' or Paush or Poush or Push || December–January || 29/30
|-
| ''10'' || ''[[Magha (month)|Māgha]]'' or Maagh || January–February || 29/30
|-
| ''11'' || ''[[Phalguna|Phālguna]]'' or Falgun || February–March || 29/30
|-
| ''12'' || ''[[Chaitra|Caitra]]'' or Chait or Chaitra || March–April || 30/31
|-
|}

== Abbreviations ==
Whilst the calendar notation is commonly abbreviated as ''V.S.'' ("Vikram Samvat"), another alternative abbreviation is ''Bk.'' ("Bikrami") or simply as ''S.'' ("Sammat").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doornenbal |first=Marius Albert |title=A Grammar of Bantawa: Grammar, Paradigm Tables, Glossary and Texts of a Rai Language of Eastern Nepal |publisher=LOT |year=2009 |isbn=9789460930089 |pages=XV |quote=V.S. The abbreviation V.S stands for Vikram Samvat, which is the calendar system current in Nepal. This calendar system is 56 or 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, with New Year falling around the 14th of April. Vikram Samwat 2055, for example, was from April 1998 to April 1999.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=15 August 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135797607 |edition=reprint |pages=53–54 |quote=Some Sikh authors use the Samvat era for dating purposes but mostly the Gregorian calendar and Common Era have been adopted, sometimes with Samvat, abbreviated to S, or Bikrami, Bk, provided in brackets. For example, the birth of Guru Nanak according to the Bala janam sakhi which is the basis for celebrating it in October/November may be given as Kartik (or the alternative form, Kattak), puranmashi, S 1526, or 20 October, 1469 C.E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |location=Patiala |pages=xvii |chapter=Dates – Abbreviations}}</ref> The Bk. abbreviation is often used by [[Punjabis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |pages=42 |quote=BIKRAMI SAMMAT: - A Calendar named after a Hindu king Vikramaditya. In Punjabi Vikrami is pronounced as Bikrami. Its abbreviation is Bk.}}</ref>

==Present situation==
The [[Rana dynasty]] of Nepal made the Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958 VS.<ref name="Crump">{{Cite book|last=Crump|first=William D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&q=BIKRAM+SAMBAT&pg=PA38|title=Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide|date=2014-04-25|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9545-0|language=en}}</ref> The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month of [[Baisakh]], which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with the last day of the month [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chaitra]]. The first day of the new year is a [[Public holidays in Nepal|public holiday]] in Nepal. [[Bisket Jatra]], an annual carnival in [[Bhaktapur]], is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007, [[Nepal Sambat]] was also recognised as a national calendar alongside Vikram Samvat.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

In India, the reformulated [[Indian national calendar|Saka calendar]] is officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the preamble of the [[constitution of India]], the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar.<ref name=tfpj12>{{cite news | title=Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar| url=http://freepressjournal.in/vikram-samvat-should-be-declared-national-calendar/| access-date=28 March 2012| newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]]| date=15 February 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426123959/http://freepressjournal.in/vikram-samvat-should-be-declared-national-calendar/| archive-date=26 April 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=={{anchor|See Also}}See also==
* [[Saka era]]
* [[Hindu units of time]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]
*[[Muhurta]]m
*[[Vikramaditya]]
*[[Chandragupta II]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{EB1911 poster|Vikramaditya}}
* Harry Falk and Chris Bennett (2009). "Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes." ''Acta Orientalia'' 70, pp. 197–215.
* "The Dynastic Art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield.
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Samvat|short=x}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~yanom/pancanga/ Kyoto University Gregorian – Saka – Vikrami Calendar Converter Tool, version 3.14], Prof. Michio Yano and M. Fushimi. For Kartikadi Vikram used in North India to AD, select Try,Vikram Purnimanta.

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{calendars}}

[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Time in India]]
[[Category:Specific calendars]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar|*]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vikramaditya]]
[[Category:Lunisolar calendars]]
[[Category:Calendar eras]]
[[Category:Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar|*]]
[[Category:Time in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepali calendar]]
[[Category:Malavas]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain]]

Telugu language

2026-03-23T18:17:32Z

Allenjacksparrow: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Dravidian language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Telugu
| nativename = Telugu
| pronunciation = {{IPA|te|ˈt̪eluɡu|}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = *[[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Telangana]]
*[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| ethnicity = [[Telugu people|Telugus]]
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|82.966790|2}} million
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref name="Ethnologue_tel">{{e26|tel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html |title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2018-07-07 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716072837/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[L2 speakers|L2]]: {{sigfig|13.015000|2}} million (2011 census)<ref name="Ethnologue_tel"/>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = [[Dravidian languages#Classification|Southern Dravidic]]
| fam3 = [[Dravidian languages#Classification|South–Central Dravidic]]{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=57}}
| fam4 =
| ancestor = [[Old Telugu]]
| script = {{Unbulleted list|[[Telugu script]]|[[Telugu Braille]]|[[Arabic Script]] (used in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]])}}
| nation = *[[Official languages of India|India]]
**[[Andhra Pradesh]]
**[[Telangana]]
**[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[Yanam district|Yanam]])
**[[West Bengal#Languages|West Bengal]] (additional)<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-12-24|title=West Bengal shows 'Mamata' to Telugus|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[The Hans India]]|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223184833/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381}}</ref>
| minority = [[Languages of South Africa|South Africa]] (protected language)<ref name=SA>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043044/http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[KwaZulu-Natal Province]] (optional third language)
| agency = *[[Telugu Academy]]
*Official Language Commission of Government of Andhra Pradesh
*Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Telugu
| iso1 = te
| iso2 = tel
| iso3 = tel
| lc1 = wbq
| ld1 = [[Waddar language|Vaddari]]
| lingua = 49-DBA-aa
| image = Telugu.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| imagescale =
| imagecaption = The word "Telugu" in the Telugu script
| notice = IPA
| glotto = telu1262
| glottoname = Telugu
| glotto2 = oldt1249
| glottoname2 = Old Telugu
| sign = [[Indian Signing System|Signed Telugu]]
| dia1 = see [[Telugu dialects]]
| linglist = tel
| fam1 = [[Dravidian languages|Dravidic]]
| ancestor2 = Middle Telugu
| ancestor3 =
| map = Telugu speaker map India.svg
| mapcaption = Geographical distribution of native Telugu speakers. {{Legend|#fa1414|Telugu is majority or plurality.}} {{Legend|#FDBCB4|Telugu is a significant minority (25% of the population}}
}}
'''Telugu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛ|l|ᵿ|ɡ|uː|audio=En-us-Telugu.ogg}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{lang|te|{{Script|Telu|తెలుగు}}|}}, {{IPA|te|ˈt̪eluɡu}}) is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] native to the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], where it is also the [[official language]]. Telugu is a [[Classical languages of India|classical language]] with a recorded history of at least 2,000 years. Spoken by about 100 million people,<ref> {{Cite news |date=2017-12-12 |title=Brahmi Footprint Triggers Centuries-Old Telugu Enigma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/brahmi-footprint-triggers-centuries-old-telugu-enigma/articleshow/62031758.cms |access-date=2026-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref> Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). [[ethnologue:tel/|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]]. (26th ed., 2023)</ref> Telugu is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family, and one of the twenty-two [[Languages with official recognition in India|scheduled languages of the Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Dravidian languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173402/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Telugu Flag (Social Media).png|thumb|A yellow and green bicolour used informally on social media to represent Telugu identity.]]

It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]], alongside [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=Making Telugu compulsory: Mother tongues, the last stronghold against Hindi imposition |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-telugu-compulsory-mother-tongues-last-stronghold-against-hindi-imposition-73014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513182853/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-telugu-compulsory-mother-tongues-last-stronghold-against-hindi-imposition-73014 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=The News Minute |quote=Again, Telugu is one of the two non-Hindi languages (the other being Bengali) that is the primary state official language of more than one state.}}</ref> Telugu is one of the languages designated as a [[Classical Languages of India|classical language]] by the [[Government of India]]. It is the fourteenth most spoken native language in the world.<ref name="e262">[https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/ Statistics], in {{e26}}</ref>{{Refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Dalby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+modern+standard+dialects&pg=PA300 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=2015-10-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |page=301 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=standard+telugu+based+on+dialect&pg=RA3-PA220 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |page=220 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Garry |first1=Jane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGtiAAAAMAAJ&q=standard+telugu+based+on+dialect |title=Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present |last2=Rubino |first2=Carl R. Galvez |date=2001 |publisher=H.W. Wilson |isbn=978-0-8242-0970-4 |page=728 |language=en}}</ref>}}

Telugu is also spoken in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]] and the union territories of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], Although it is not a main language in those states, and only a minority speaks them. It is also spoken by members of the [[Telugu diaspora]] spread across countries like the [[Telugu Americans|United States]], [[Indian Australians|Australia]], [[Malaysian Telugu|Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and others.<ref name="Oonk-2007">{{cite book |last=Oonk |first=Gijsbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=telugu+diaspora&pg=PA92 |title=Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory |date=2007 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-035-8 |pages=92–116 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130853/https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=telugu+diaspora&pg=PA92 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=S. Irudaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281 |title=India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East: Policies, Politics and Challenges |last2=Saxena |first2=Prem |date=2019-10-10 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-13-9224-5 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=2018-10-20 |title=Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213071110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=2022-08-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is also a protected language in [[South Africa]] and is offered as an optional third language in schools in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-03-21 |title=Telugu to be an official subject in South African schools |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

According to Mikhail S. Andronov, Telugu split from the [[Proto-Dravidian language]] around 1000 BCE.<ref name="Andronov-2003">{{cite book |last=Andronov |first=Mikhail Sergeevich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&q=Telugu |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-447-04455-4 |pages=22, 23 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Indian Encyclopaedia">"Indian Encyclopaedia – Volume 1", p. 2067, by Subodh Kapoor, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002</ref> The earliest Telugu words appear in [[Prakrit]] [[Bhattiprolu inscription|inscriptions]] dating to {{Circa|4th century BCE}}, found in [[Bhattiprolu]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="protohistory23">{{citation |last1=Agrawal |first1=D. P. |title=Essays in Indian protohistory |page=326 |year=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwJuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131442/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwJuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=The Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies/B.R. Pub. Corp. |isbn=978-0-391-01866-2 |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Dilip K. |author-link1=D. P. Agrawal |author-link2=Dilip K. Chakrabarti}}</ref><ref name="Hindu3">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1971071.ece The Hindu News: Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903183458/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1971071.ece|date=3 September 2015}} "The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has joined the Andhra Pradesh Official Languages Commission to say that early forms of the Telugu language and its script indeed existed 2,400 years ago"</ref> Telugu label inscriptions and Prakrit inscriptions containing Telugu words have been dated to the era of Emperor [[Ashoka]] (257 BCE), as well as to the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] and [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundina]] periods.<ref name="The Times of India-2017">{{cite news |date=18 December 2017 |title=How Telugu won legal battle for 'classical' tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/how-telugu-won-legal-battle-for-classical-tag/articleshow/62110737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727190444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/how-telugu-won-legal-battle-for-classical-tag/articleshow/62110737.cms |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=163}}. Earlier Telugu label inscription “tolacuvānḍru,” found near [[Keesaragutta]] Temple, dates to the [[Vishnukundina]] Period (c. 400 CE) and Historians from [[Telangana]] claim that the ‘Toluchuvandru’ inscription of [[Keesaragutta]] temple in [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]] district is about a century older than the Kalamalla inscription, which was inscribed in 575 AD.<ref> https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/Jan/10/firsttelugu-inscription-claim-sparks-debate-2405135.html </ref> Inscriptions in the Old Telugu script were found as far away as [[Indonesia]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Vengi |title=India's Cultural Relations with South-east Asia |date=1996 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-39-1 |editor-last=Miśra |editor-first=Bhāskaranātha |pages=70, 71 |language=en |editor-last2=Rao |editor-first2=Manjushri |editor-last3=Pande |editor-first3=Susmita}}</ref> Telugu has been used as an official language for over 1,500 years.<ref name=BBC_Feb2022/> It served as the court language for several dynasties in southern and eastern India, including the [[Vishnukundina]], [[List of Telugu chodas|Telugu Chodas]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]], [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Qutb Shahis]], [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayaks]], and [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayaks]].{{Refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=telugu+court+language&pg=PA385 |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |date=2003-05-19 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |pages=378, 385 |language=en |author-link=Sheldon Pollock}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kersenboom |first=Saskia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFR06tVELyIC&dq=telugu+court+language&pg=PA39 |title=Nityasumangali: Devadasi Tradition in South India |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=978-81-208-0330-5 |pages=32, 39 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&dq=Qutb+Shahi+Telugu&pg=PA142 |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives |date=2005-11-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 |pages=142, 143 |language=en |author-link=Richard M. Eaton}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459498 |title=A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 4 Part 1 |date=1957 |page=263 |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma}}</ref>}} Notably, it was also adopted as an official language outside its homeland, even by non-Telugu dynasties, such as the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Marathas]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dance Traditions of Thanjavur |url=https://www.oberlinlibstaff.com/acceleratedmotion/dancehistory/bharatanatyam/section4.php |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=[[Oberlin College Library|Oberlin College Libraries]] |quote=As Marathi-speaking people running a kingdom administered in the Telugu language, and ruling over a Tamil-speaking population, the Maratha kings developed a uniquely hybrid and innovative courtly culture.}}</ref>

Telugu has an unbroken, prolific, and diverse [[Telugu literature|literary tradition]] of over a thousand years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Roland |author-link=Roland Greene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC7FCgAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+literature+thousand+years&pg=PA541 |title=The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries |last2=Cushman |first2=Stephen |date=2016-11-22 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8063-8 |page=541 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harder |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlsvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+literature+thousand+years&pg=PT87 |title=Literature and Nationalist Ideology: Writing Histories of Modern Indian Languages |date=2017-08-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-38435-3 |language=en}}</ref> [[Pavuluri Mallana]]'s ''Sāra Sangraha Ganitamu'' ({{Circa|11th century}}) is the first scientific [[treatise]] on mathematics in any Dravidian language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Radhakrishna Murthy |first=Kothapalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkAuAAAAMAAJ&q=Pavuluri+Mallana |title=The Economic Conditions of Mediaeval Āndhradēsa: A.D. 1000-A.D. 1500 |date=1987 |publisher=Sri Venkateswara Publications |page=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=B. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwrw0Lv1vXIC&q=mathematician+andhra&pg=PA206 |title=Ancient Indian Leaps into Mathematics |last2=Mohan |first2=Man |date=2011-01-20 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-0-8176-4695-0 |page=206 |language=en}}</ref> [[Avadhanam|Avadhānaṃ]], a literary performance that requires immense memory power and an in-depth knowledge of literature and [[Prosody (poetry)|prosody]], originated and was specially cultivated among Telugu poets for over five centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |author-link=Amaresh Datta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Avadhanam+telugu&pg=PA292 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |volume=1 |pages=292, 293 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |author-link=Sujit Mukherjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=Avadhanam+telugu&pg=PA31 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature |date=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=31 |language=en}}</ref> Roughly 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in Telugu.<ref name="Morrison 1997 2182">{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=Kathleen D. |last2=Lycett |first2=Mark T. |year=1997 |title=Inscriptions as Artifacts: Precolonial South India and the Analysis of Texts |url=https://instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/account_11160000000081823/attachments/42567515/Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Morrison%2520and%2520Lycett%25201997%255FInscriptions%2520as%2520Artifacts%2520in%2520Vijayanagara.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJFNFXH2V2O7RPCAA%2F20170219%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20170219T040950Z&X-Amz-Expires=86400&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=169465afbba6ed9475c43780668095b81c9b8a8ff3b01b54af9aeeb7919a3326 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory |publisher=Springer |volume=4 |issue=3/4 |page=218 |doi=10.1007/BF02428062 |s2cid=143958738 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219180727/https://instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/account_11160000000081823/attachments/42567515/Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Morrison%2520and%2520Lycett%25201997%255FInscriptions%2520as%2520Artifacts%2520in%2520Vijayanagara.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJFNFXH2V2O7RPCAA%2F20170219%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20170219T040950Z&X-Amz-Expires=86400&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=169465afbba6ed9475c43780668095b81c9b8a8ff3b01b54af9aeeb7919a3326 |archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>

In the precolonial era, Telugu became the language of [[high culture]] throughout [[South India]].{{Refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=Winterbottom |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3wYDAAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+high+culture&pg=PA120 |title=Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World |date=2016-04-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-38020-3 |page=120 |language=en |quote=Telugu had become the language of high culture in southern India during the medieval period, and by the seventeenth century its status rivalled that of Sanskrit.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Barbara Stoler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3_WAAAAMAAJ&q=Telugu+language+of+high+culture |title=The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562842-5 |page=132 |language=en |quote=In Tyagaraja's time, Telugu was the language of high culture even in Tanjore, the heartland of the Tamil linguistic area. |author-link=Barbara Stoler Miller}}</ref><ref name="Ramaswamy-2017">{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |date=2017-08-25 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0 |page=88 |language=en |quote=In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.}}</ref>}} Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of [[French language|French]] as the cultural language of [[Europe]] during roughly the same era.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2017" /> Telugu also predominates in the evolution of [[Carnatic music]], one of two main subgenres of [[Indian classical music]] and is widely taught in music colleges focusing on Carnatic tradition.{{Refn|<ref name="Ramaswamy-2017" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Randel |first=Don Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2udRDwAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+carnatic+music&pg=PT1331 |title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music: Fourth Edition |date=2003-11-28 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-41799-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shulman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80gWwO3XJOMC&dq=Telugu+musical+language&pg=PR14 |title=Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary |date=2009-08-01 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-75578-6 |pages=xiii, xiv |language=en |author-link=David Dean Shulman}}</ref>}} Over the centuries, many non-Telugu speakers have praised the natural [[musicality]] of Telugu speech, referring to it as a mellifluous and [[Phonaesthetics|euphonious]] language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fox-Strangways |first=Arthur Henry |author-link=A. H. Fox Strangways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWc-HoAXdYkC&dq=musical+language+telugu&pg=PA84 |title=The Music of Hindostan |date=1914 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=84 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&dq=mellifluous+telugu&pg=PA296 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |date=2010-04-01 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|Britannica Educational Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |editor-last=Pletcher |editor-first=Kenneth |page=296 |language=en}}</ref>{{TOC limit|3}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|person=Telugu|people=Teluguvāru|language=Telugu|country=Telugu Nāḍu}}

== Etymology ==
{{Location map+ |India |thumb|float=right|caption=Locations of [[Trilinga Kshetras]] |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=16.792|long=82.0633 |label= Bhimeswaram |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=16.074|long=78.868 |label= Srisailam|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.85|long=79.9|label=Kaleshwaram|position=right}}
|width=205}}
Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply ''Telugu'' or ''Telugoo''.{{sfn|Rao|Shulman|2002|loc=Chapter 2}} Older forms of the name include ''Teluṅgu'' and ''Tenuṅgu''.<ref>{{citation |first=Asko |last=Parpola |author-link=Asko Parpola |title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-022692-3 |page=167}}</ref> ''Tenugu'' is derived from the [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] word ''*ten'' ('south')<ref>{{cite book |title=Telugu Basha Charitra |publisher=Osmania University |year=1979 |location=Hyderabad |pages=6, 7}}</ref> to mean 'the people who lived in the south/southern direction' (relative to Sanskrit- and [[Prakrit]]-speaking peoples). The name ''Telugu'', then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dravidian Languages – Bhadriraju Krishnamurti}}</ref>{{sfn|Rao|Shulman|2002|loc=Introduction}}

The popular belief holds that Telugu is derived from Trilinga of [[Trilinga Kshetras]] being the land bounded by the three [[Linga]]s which is Telugu homeland. P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the ''Trilinga Śabdānusāsana'' (or ''Trilinga Grammar)''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chenchiah |first1=P. |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55 |title=A History of Telugu Literature |last2=Rao |first2=Raja M. Bhujanga |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0313-4 |page=55 |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130924/https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled ''Atharvana Karikavali.''{{Refn|<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana |title=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |date=1974 |publisher=Oriental Research Institute, [[Sri Venkateswara University]]|volume=17 |page=55 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Purushottam |first=Boddupalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lZkAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar |title=The Theories of Telugu Grammar |date=1996 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-17-3 |page=4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aksharajna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh43AQAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar |title=Some Mile-stones in Telugu Literature |date=1915 |publisher=Read & Company |page=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9T5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar |title=History of Medieval Deccan, 1295-1724: Mainly cultural aspects |date=1974 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |page=167 |language=en |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}</ref>}} [[Appa-kavi|Appa Kavi]] in the 17th century explicitly wrote that ''Telugu'' was derived from ''Trilinga''. Scholar [[Charles Philip Brown|C. P. Brown]] made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.<ref>{{citation |last=Brown |first=Charles P. |title=Madras Journal of Literature and Science |volume=X |page=53 |year=1839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53 |chapter=Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53 |publisher=Vepery mission Press. |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |author-link=Charles Phillip Brown |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[George Abraham Grierson]] and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that ''Telugu'' was the older term and ''Trilinga'' must be the later [[Sanskritisation]] of it.<ref name="Grierson1967">{{Linguistic Survey of India|4|year=1967|orig-date=1906|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|place=Delhi|chapter=Telugu|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tel_detail-1|access-date=12 June 2014|p=576}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Sekaram |first=Kandavalli Balendu |title=The Andhras through the ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6E5AQAAIAAJ |page=4 |year=1973 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6E5AQAAIAAJ |publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot |quote="The easier and more ancient "Telugu" appears to have been converted here into the impressive Sanskrit word Trilinga, and making use of its enormous prestige as the classical language, the theory was put forth that the word Trilinga is the mother and not the child." |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because ''Triglyphum'', ''Trilingum'' and ''Modogalingam'' are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "''Trilinga''".<ref>{{citation |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages |url=http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf |page=64 |year=1856 |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf |location=London |publisher=Harrison |archive-date=9 October 2022 |author-link=Robert Caldwell |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from [[Proto-Dravidian]], a [[proto-language]]. [[Linguistic reconstruction]] suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the fourth millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kolipakam |first1=Vishnupriya |last2=Jordan |first2=Fiona M. |last3=Dunn |first3=Michael |last4=Greenhill |first4=Simon J. |last5=Bouckaert |first5=Remco |last6=Gray |first6=Russell D. |last7=Verkerk |first7=Annemarie |date=21 March 2018 |title=A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |article-number=171504 |doi=10.1098/rsos.171504 |doi-access=free|issn=2054-5703 |pmc=5882685 |pmid=29657761|bibcode=2018RSOS....571504K}}</ref><ref name="Harvard">{{cite web |url=https://lists.hcs.harvard.edu/mailman/listinfo/proto-dravidian |title=Proto-Dravidian |work=Harvard |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101233449/https://lists.hcs.harvard.edu/mailman/listinfo/proto-dravidian |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Comparative linguistics]] confirms that Telugu belongs to the South Dravidian-II (also called South-Central Dravidian) sub-group, which also includes the non-literary languages like [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Kuvi language|Kuvi]], [[Koya language|Koya]], [[Pengo language|Pengo]], [[Konda language (Dravidian)|Konda]] and Manda.<ref>{{Cite web |page=19 |title=Dravidian languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4415432/mod_folder/content/0/Cambridge%20Language%20Surveys/Krishnamurti%202003.%20The%20Dravidian%20Languages.pdf?forcedownload=1}}</ref>

Proto-Telugu is the reconstructed linguistic ancestor of all the dialects and registers of Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dravidian etymology: Query result |url=https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cdrav%5Cdravet&first=1 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=starlingdb.org}}</ref> Russian linguist Mikhail S. Andronov, places the split of Telugu at {{Circa}}1000 BCE.{{Refn|<ref name="Andronov-2003">{{cite book |last=Andronov |first=Mikhail Sergeevich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&q=Telugu |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-447-04455-4 |pages=22, 23 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Indian Encyclopaedia">"Indian Encyclopaedia – Volume 1", p. 2067, by Subodh Kapoor, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002</ref><ref name="Harvard"/>}}

The linguistic history of Telugu is periodised as follows:<ref name="Andronov-2003"/><ref>{{Cite book |page=4 |date=18 January 1969 |title=Historical Grammar of Telugu |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153565}}</ref>
* Pre-historic Telugu ({{Circa}} 600 BCE–200 BCE)
* Old Telugu (200 BCE–1000 CE)
* Middle Telugu (1000 CE–1600 CE)
* Modern Telugu (1600 CE–present)

=== Pre-historic Telugu (c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE) ===
Pre-historic Telugu is identified with the period around 600 BCE or even earlier.<ref name="Mari-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Mari |first=Will |date=3 July 2021 |title=Editor & Publisher, 1901–2015, Internet Archive |journal=American Journalism |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=381–383 |doi=10.1080/08821127.2021.1949564 |issn=0882-1127 |s2cid=237538061}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |pages=v, 4 |title=Historical Grammar of Telugu |author=Korada Mahadeva Sastri |date=1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153565/page/n8/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> Pre-historic Telugu is considered one of the most conservative languages of the Dravidian family based on its linguistic features.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sjoberg |first1=Andree F. |last2=Krishnamurti |first2=Bhadriraju |date=December 1966 |title=Telugu Verbal Bases: A Comparative and Descriptive Study |journal=Language |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=838–846 |doi=10.2307/411840 |jstor=411840 |issn=0097-8507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Linguistic Survey of India (1906) |date=1906 |page=273 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62469/page/n273/mode/1up?view=theater&q=older |quote=Dravidian languages such as Telugu have preserved older forms and represent a more ancient state of development.}}</ref>

* Plural Markers: One notable feature is the presence of contrast in plural markers, such as ''-r'', ''-ḷ'' and ''-nkkVḷ'' (a combination of ''-nkk'' and ''-Vḷ''), which was lost in the earliest forms of many other Dravidian languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andronov |first1=Mikhail Sergeevich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&pg=PA23 |title=Compartive Grammar of Dravidian Languages by Mikhail Andronov |date=18 January 2024 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04455-4 |page=112}}</ref> Examples include ''pū-ḷ'' (flowers), ''ā-ḷ'' (cows), distinct from ''kolan-kuḷ'' (tanks), and ''ī-gaḷ'' (houseflies). By the time of early writings, -kVḷ marker underwent back-stem formation with the root words, losing its status as a distinct plural marker, eg. mrā̃-kulu (< *maran-kVḷ), later getting analyzed as mrā̃ku-lu, creating a root mrā̃ku (> Modern māku). Other examples include goḍugu, ciluka, eluka, īga.
* Nominative Markers: The nominative markers were ''-nḏu'' (masc.sg.p1) and ''-aṁbu'' (inanimate.sg), which continued to appear in early inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominative suffixes in Old Telugu, Iravatham Mahadevan |url=https://www.harappa.com/arrow/3.html |quote=The Old Telugu nominatives are the possible retentions of the ancient pictorial values of the symbols on Indus Valley tablets.}}</ref>
* Phonemic Retention: The early language displayed high phonemic retention, with characteristic phonemes like the [[voiced retroflex approximant]] (''ḻ'' or /ɻ/) and the [[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|voiced alveolar plosive]] (''ḏ'' or /d/), which evolved into the [[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|alveolar trill]] (''ṟ'' or /r/) in different positions. Both /d/ and /r/ are evidenced as distinct phonemes in early epigraphic records.<ref name="Ancient Andhra Edicts-1971">{{Cite web |date=18 January 1971 |first=Budaraju Radha |last=Krishna |title=ప్రాచీనాంధ్రశాసనాలు (క్రీ.శ. 1100వరకు) (పాఠ, పదకోశ, సంగ్రహభాషా చరిత్రలతో)|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.493129 |access-date=30 December 2023 |lang=te |trans-title=EARLY TELUGU INSCRIPTIONS (UP TO 1100 A.D.) With Texts, Glossary & Brief Linguistic History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2012 |title=Proposal to encode 0C5A TELUGU LETTER RRRA |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2012/12016-telugu-rrra-proposal.pdf |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=unicode.org}}</ref>
* Tenses: Tenses were structured as "past vs non-past," and gender was categorized as "masculine vs non-masculine."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dravidian-languages/CB6877BB2AFC237DA0B154E62F8DD898&ved=2ahUKEwi57o6r6eSDAxX3cGwGHXNlAJMQFnoECA4QBQ&usg=AOvVaw3nl5sxu0iZyE2nHwS5mszk|title=Dravidian Languages, Krishnamurti|access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>
* Demonstratives: Three demonstratives were in use: ''ā'' (distant 'that'), ''ī'' (proximate 'this'), and ''ū'' (intermediate 'yonder'; in Classical Telugu, ''ulla'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dravidian Languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurthi |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4415432/mod_folder/content/0/Cambridge%2520Language%2520Surveys/Krishnamurti%25202003.%2520The%2520Dravidian%2520Languages.pdf?forcedownload=1 |page=256}}</ref>
* Non-Palatalized Initials: Non-palatalized initials are identified in words like ''kēsiri'' ("they did"), found in inscriptions up until the 8th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andronov |first1=Mikhail Sergeevich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&pg=PA23 |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages |date=18 January 2024 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04455-4 |page=60}}</ref>
* Word Endings: Words typically ended in vowels, though some had consonant endings with [[sonorant]]s like ''-y'', ''-r'', ''-m'', ''-n'', ''-l'', ''-ḷ'', ''-ḻ'', and ''-w''. Classical Telugu developed an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] ''-u'' that vowelized the final consonant, a feature that has been partly retained in Modern Telugu.
* Place Name Suffixes: Archaic place name suffixes include ''-puḻōl'', ''-ūr'', ''-paḷḷiya'', ''-pāḷiyam'', ''-paṟṟu'', ''-konḏa'', ''-pūṇḍi'', ''-paṭṭaṇa(ṁbu)'', ''pāḻu'', ''paṟiti'', and ''pāka(m)''.<ref name="Ancient Andhra Edicts-1971" />
* Apical Displacement: Apical displacement was underway for certain words.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=Comparative Dravidian Linguistics |chapter=Areal and Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change: Evidence from Dravidian |date=2001 |pages=160–182 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198241225.003.0010 |isbn=978-0-19-824122-5 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/48110/chapter-abstract/421300203?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}</ref>
* Conjunctive Marker: The conjunctive marker ''-um'' had various structural applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 1971 |title=Early Telugu Inscriptions (Up to 1100 AD), Dr. Budaraju Radha Krishna. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.493129/page/n1/mode/1up |quote=Pg: ci; "Of these, '-umu' is the earliest form".}}</ref>

=== Earliest records ===
One of the earliest Telugu words, ''nāgabu'', found at the [[Amaravati Stupa]], is dated to around 200 BCE.<ref name="Ancient Andhra inscriptions-1928">{{Cite book |page=109 |url=https://archive.org/details/bharathi19280601/page/n109/mode/2up |title=ప్రాచీనాంధ్ర శాసనాలు, వేటూరి ప్రభాకర శాస్త్రి |date=1928-06-01 |language=te |trans-title=Ancient Andhra inscriptions, Veturi Prabhakara Sastri}}</ref> This word was further analyzed by [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] in his attempts to decipher the [[Indus script]].<ref>{{Cite web |page=4 |title=Harappan Heritage of Andhra |url=https://rmrl.in/wp-content/plugins/book_lists/admin/pdf_books/38%20-%20Harappan%20Heritage%20of%20Andhra_%20A%20New%20Interpretation%20(2010).pdf }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Several Telugu words, primarily personal and place names, were identified at [[Amaravati]], [[Nagarjunakonda]], [[Krishna Basin|Krishna river basin]], [[Ballari]], [[Eluru]], [[Ongole]] and [[Nellore]] between 200 BCE and 500 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Chapter III |pages=22–30 |title=Telugu words in Prakrit and Sanskrit inscriptions |author=K. Mahadeva Sastri |date=1969 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153565/page/n38/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>

The [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]] Brahmin inscription<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Chhabra |editor-first=B. CH. |editor2-last=Rao |editor2-first=N. Lakshminarayan |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol. XXVII 1947- 48 |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/epigraphia-indica-vol-xxvii-1947-48 |access-date=5 April 2023 |website= |pages=1–4 |language=en}}</ref> and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni at Vijayapuri, [[Nagarjunakonda]], and other locations date to the first century CE.<ref name="The Times of India-2017"/><ref>{{cite web |title=R.Gandhi vs The Secretary to the Government |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/24294042/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819015314/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/24294042/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=[[Indian Kanoon]]}}</ref> Additionally, the [[:te:తుమ్మలగూడెం|Tummalagudem]] inscription of the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]] dates to the 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vk1mAAAAMAAJ&q=Tummalagudem |title=Epigraphia Andhrica |date=1969 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |volume=2 |pages=9–14 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India-2017"/> Telugu place names in Prakrit inscriptions are attested from the 2nd century CE onwards.<ref name="Krishnamurti-2003">{{cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&dq=first+inscription+in+Telugu+575&pg=PA23 |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=16 January 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43533-8 |page=23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hock |first1=Hans Henrich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&dq=first+inscription+in+Telugu+575&pg=PA99 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |last2=Bashir |first2=Elena |date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |page=99 |language=en}}</ref>

A number of Telugu words were found in the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] inscriptions of the [[Satavahana|Satavahana dynasty]], [[Vishnukundinas|Vishnukundina dynasty]], and [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s.<ref name="The Times of India-2017"/> The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a [[Prakrit]] dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu{{Sfn|Sinopoli|2001|p=163}}<ref name="MP">{{cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-5202-4500-6 |page=290}}</ref> and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book |last1=Yandell |first1=Keith E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucMeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |last2=Paul |first2=John J. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-81808-0 |page=253 |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131438/https://books.google.com/books?id=ucMeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Telugu talli bomma.JPG|thumb|Telugu Talli Bomma (statue of Mother Telugu), the personification of Telugu language in Andhra Pradesh]]

=== Post-Ikshvaku period ===
{{Main|Early Telugu epigraphy}}The period from the 4th century CE to 1022 CE marks the second phase of Telugu history, following the [[Andhra Ikshvaku]] period. The first long inscription entirely in Telugu, dated to 575 CE, is attributed to the [[Renati Chodas|Renati Choda]] king Dhanunjaya and found in the [[Kadapa district]].<ref name="Krishnamurti-2003" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Frawley |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ftQEAAAQBAJ&dq=first+inscription+that+is+entirely+in+Telugu,+dated+575&pg=RA3-PA219 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |date=1 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977178-3 |page=219 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=BBC_Feb2022>{{cite news |last=రెడ్డి |first=తులసీ ప్రసాద్ |date=22 February 2022 |title=కడప జిల్లాలోని కలమల్ల శాసనమే తొలి తెలుగు శాసనమా? |language=te |work=BBC News తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |access-date=5 April 2023 |trans-title=Is the Kalamalla inscription in Kadapa district the first Telugu inscription?}}</ref>

An early Telugu label inscription, "tolacuvānḍru" (తొలచువాండ్రు; {{Translation|rock carvers or quarrymen}}), is found on one of the rock-cut caves around the [[Keesaragutta Temple|Keesaragutta temple]], 35 kilometers from [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Telugu+label+inscription |title=Itihas |date=1989 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |volume=15 |page=34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Emani Siva Nagi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lddOAAAAYAAJ&q=keesaragutta+telugu+inscription |title=Evolution of Building Technology: Early and Madieval [i.e. Medieval] in Andhradeśa |last2=Śivanāgireḍḍi |first2=Īmani |date=1998 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-29-3 |page=315 |language=en}}</ref> This inscription is dated to the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundina]] period of around 400 CE<ref name="Government of Telangana">{{cite web |title=Ancient Temples of Telangana |url=http://anyflip.com/voxm/rlzk/basic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011122959/http://anyflip.com/voxm/rlzk/basic |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017 |website= |publisher=Government of Telangana |page=47}}</ref><ref name="Namasthe Telangana-2022">{{cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=విష్ణుకుండి రాజధాని కీసర |trans-title=Keesara, the capital of Vishnukundi|url=https://www.ntnews.com/editpage/editorial-article-news-5-398554 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te-IN}}</ref> and is the earliest known short Telugu inscription from the Telangana region.<ref name="Namasthe Telangana-2022" />

Several titles of [[Mahendravarman I]] in Telugu language, dated to {{Circa|600 CE}}, were inscribed on cave-inscriptions in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |page=323 |title=Mahendravarman I |date=1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98114/page/n5}}</ref>

From the 6th century onwards, complete Telugu inscriptions began to appear in districts neighbouring Kadapa such as Prakasam and [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]].<ref name="WebpageNotGIF" />{{Rp|page=10}} Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE.<ref name="Radhakrsna-1998">{{cite book |last=Rādhākr̥ṣṇa |first=Būdarāju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFxkAAAAMAAJ&q=Metrically+composed+ |title=Occasional Papers in Language and Literature |date=1998 |publisher=Prachee Publications |isbn=978-81-7443-007-6 |page=126 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vijay">{{cite web |last=T. |first=Vijay Kumar |title=Translation as Negotiation: The Making of Telugu Language and Literature |url=https://ntm.org.in/download/ttvol/volume10-1/Translation-as-Negotiation-The%20Making-of-Telugu%20Language-and-Literature.pdf |pages=65, 67, 68}}</ref> The Madras Museum plates of Balliya Choda dated to the mid-ninth century CE, are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language.<ref>{{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Indian Epigraphy |volume=10 |series=Epigraphy, Palaeography, Numismatics Series |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1996 |page=50}}</ref>

During this period, Telugu was heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit, corresponding to the advent of Telugu literature. Initially, Telugu literature appeared in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of rulers, and later in written works, such as [[Nannayya]]'s ''[[Andhra Mahabharatam]]'' (1022 CE).<ref name="APOnline">{{cite web |title=Languages |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html |work=aponline.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
The third phase is marked by further stylisation and sophistication of the literary languages. During this period the split of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] from the [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet]] took place.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris/page/n107 78]–79 |url=https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris|url-access= limited}}</ref>

=== Vijayanagara Empire ===
The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya]] in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its [[Golden Age]].<ref name="APOnline" /> The 15th-century Venetian explorer [[Niccolò de' Conti]], who visited the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], found that the words in the Telugu language end with vowels, just like those in [[Italian language|Italian]], and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East";<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=M. Malleswara |date=22 December 2012 |title=When foreigners fell in love with Telugu language |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/when-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language/article4227784.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808053858/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/when-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language/article4227784.ece |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=15 July 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> a saying that has been widely repeated.<ref name="Morris2005">{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0AOJBShvRAC&pg=PA86 |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-206-1973-9 |page=86 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131427/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0AOJBShvRAC&pg=PA86 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Delhi Sultanate, Qutb Shahi, and Nizam era ===
A distinct dialect developed in present-day [[Hyderabad]] region, due to [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] influence. This influence began with the establishment of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] rule by the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century.

In the latter half of the 17th century, the [[Mughal Empire]] extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the [[Hyderabad State]] by the dynasty of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in 1724. This heralded an era of [[Persian literature|Persian]] influence on the Telugu language, especially Hyderabad State. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the ''[[kaifiyat]]s''.<ref name="APOnline" />

=== Colonial period ===
In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the influence of the [[English language]] was seen, and modern communication/printing press arose as an effect of [[British Raj|British rule]], especially in the areas that were part of the [[Madras Presidency]]. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty]], [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]], [[Gurajada Apparao]], Gidugu Sitapati and [[Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao]].<ref name="APOnline" />

In the princely [[Hyderabad State]], the [[Andhra Mahasabha]] was started in 1921 with the main goal of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research. Key figures in this movement included [[Madapati Hanumantha Rao]] (founder of the Andhra Mahasabha), [[Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao]] (founder of the Library Movement in Hyderabad State), and [[Suravaram Pratapa Reddy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sundarayya |first1=Puccalapalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPjIh1G0TmcC&dq=%22Andhra+Mahasabha%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA12 |title=Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons |last2=Chattopadhyaya |first2=Harindranath |date=1972 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-316-0 |page=12 |language=en}}</ref>

Since the 1930s, what was considered an "elite" literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of [[mass media]] like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnamurti |first1=Bhadriraju |title=A Grammar of Modern Telugu |last2=Gwynn |first2=J.P.L. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Post-independence period ===
Telugu is one of the 22 [[languages with official status in India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PART A Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu the official language of the state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=M. Malleswara |title=Telugu declared official language |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 September 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091803740600.htm |access-date=16 July 2007 |archive-date=10 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810140217/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091803740600.htm }}</ref><ref name="APOnline2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html|title=AP Fact File: Post-Independence Era|work=aponline.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> It also has official language status in the [[Yanam district]] of the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It is the fourth most spoken Indian language in India after [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bharti |date=27 June 2018 |title=Hindi mother tongue of 44% in India, Bangla second most-spoken |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hindi-mother-tongue-of-44-in-india-bangla-second-most-spoken/articleshow/64759135.cms |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> It is one of the six [[Classical Languages of India|classical languages of India]].<ref name="antiquity">{{cite web |title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |access-date=31 October 2008 |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="classical">{{cite news |date=1 October 2008 |title=Telugu gets classical status |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hyderabad/Telugu_gets_classical_status/articleshow/3660521.cms |access-date=1 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104015938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hyderabad/Telugu_gets_classical_status/articleshow/3660521.cms |archive-date=4 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Telugu Language Day]] is celebrated every year on 29 August, the birthday of Telugu poet [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy]].<ref>{{cite news|date=26 August 2010|title=Telugu Language Day on August 29|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Telugu-Language-Day-on-August-29/article16145571.ece|access-date=4 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022221551/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Telugu-Language-Day-on-August-29/article16145571.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telugu Language Day 2020: 6 Tollywood songs that emphasize the importance of Telugu language|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-language-day-2020-6-tollywood-songs-that-emphasize-the-importance-of-telugu-language/articleshow/77818454.cms|access-date=4 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415110338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-language-day-2020-6-tollywood-songs-that-emphasize-the-importance-of-telugu-language/articleshow/77818454.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth [[World Telugu Conference]] was organised in [[Tirupati]] in the last week of December 2012. Issues related to [[Telugu language policy]] were deliberated at length.<ref>{{cite web |author=B. Prabhakara Sarma |date=6 December 2012 |title=World Telugu Conference: Then and now |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/world-telugu-conference-then-and-now/article4167022.ece |access-date=3 February 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=V. |first=Rishi Kumar |date= |title=Tirupathi to host World Telugu Conference |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/tirupathi-to-host-world-telugu-conference/article4130001.ece |access-date=3 February 2013 |website=[[Business Line]] |publisher=}}</ref> The American Community Survey has said that data for 2016 which were released in September 2017 showed Telugu is the third most widely spoken Indian language in the US. Hindi tops the list followed by Gujarati, as of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.census.gov/ |title= Language spoken at home by ability to speak english for the population 5 years and over |work= [[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= 2 December 2017 |archive-date= 27 December 1996 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status= live}} Note: Excluding other languages with many speakers outside India such as Urdu</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ananya |date=24 September 2018 |title=America's fastest growing foreign language is from south India |url=https://qz.com/india/1399825/telugu-is-uss-fastest-growing-foreign-language/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812083339/https://qz.com/india/1399825/telugu-is-uss-fastest-growing-foreign-language/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

In the Indian subcontinent, a command over the Telugu language, alongside [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]], or [[Arabic]], is highly appreciated and respected for learning dances (most significantly [[Indian Classical Dance]]s) as dancers could have the tools of these languages to go into the primary material texts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munsi |first1=Urmimala Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKepAgAAQBAJ&dq=classical+language+meitei&pg=PT35 |title=Traversing Tradition: Celebrating Dance in India |last2=Burridge |first2=Stephanie |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]], [[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-136-70378-2 |location=en |page=35 |language=en |quote=... This means a command of Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Oriya, Meitei, Persian, or Arabic. ...}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
{{Main|States of India by Telugu speakers}}

[[File:Telugu speakers in India.png|thumb|Geographic distribution of Telugu immigrants in light blue; Telugu is native to dark blue.]]
Telugu is natively spoken in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] and [[Yanam (India)|Yanam]] district of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Telugu speakers are also found in the neighbouring states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], some parts of [[Jharkhand]], and the [[Kharagpur, West Bengal|Kharagpur]] region of [[West Bengal]] in India. Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Bihar]], [[Kashmir]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Rajasthan]]. {{As of|2018}} 7.2% of the population, Telugu is the fourth-most-spoken native language in India after [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. In [[Karnataka]], 7.0% of the population speak Telugu, and 5.6% in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728125958/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are more than 400,000 [[Telugu Americans]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news |date=March 2023 |title=Telugu population figure worldwide |newspaper=[[Ethnologue]] |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2018 |title=Almost Half Speak a Foreign Language in America's Largest Cities |url=https://cis.org/Report/Almost-Half-Speak-Foreign-Language-Americas-Largest-Cities |last1=Zeigler |first1=Karen |last2=Camarota |first2=Steven A. }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, Telugu is the fastest-growing [[Languages of the United States|language in the United States]], (especially in [[Indians in New Jersey|New Jersey]] and [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York City]]), with the number of Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86% between 2010 and 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America|publisher=BBC News|date=20 October 2018|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213071110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, it is the 18th most spoken [[Languages of the United States|native language in the United States]] and the third most spoken South Asian language after [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="ACS2021">{{cite web |title=ACS B16001 |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=ACS B16001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Minority Telugus are also found in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Bahrain]], [[Canada]], [[Fiji]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Mauritius]], [[Myanmar]], [[Europe]] ([[Italy]], the [[United Kingdom]]), [[South Africa]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="Oonk-2007"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=S. Irudaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281 |title=India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East: Policies, Politics and Challenges |last2=Saxena |first2=Prem |date=10 October 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-13-9224-5 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legal status ==
Telugu is the [[official language]] of the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. It is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India]]. It is one of the official languages of the union territories of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Telugu is a protected language in [[South Africa]]. According to the [[Constitution of South Africa]], the [[Pan South African Language Board]] must promote and ensure respect for Telugu along with other languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|access-date=6 January 2021|website=gov.za|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518042037/https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of South Africa]] announced that Telugu will be re-included as an official subject in the South African schools after it was removed from the curriculum in state schools.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 March 2014 |title=Telugu to be an official subject in South African schools |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the [[Government of India]] on 8 August 2008, Telugu was also given classical language status due to several campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice President stresses the need to preserve and promote classical languages|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1599865|access-date=6 January 2021|website=pib.gov.in|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109141713/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1599865|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India-2017"/><ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Explained: How is a language declared 'classical' in India, what benefits it enjoys |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-is-a-language-declared-classical-in-india-what-benefits-it-enjoys-6216415/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165557/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-is-a-language-declared-classical-in-india-what-benefits-it-enjoys-6216415/ |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Epigraphical records ==
{{Main|Early Telugu epigraphy}}

According to the famous Japanese historian [[Noboru Karashima]] who served as the president of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985, there are approximately 10,000 inscriptions which exist in the Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages.<ref name="Morrison 1997 2182"/> Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Telangana.{{Refn|<ref name="Government of Telangana"/><ref name="WebpageNotGIF">{{cite journal |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/pager.html?objectid=HN681.S597_269-71_012.gif |title=Emergence of Regional Identity and Beginning of Vernacular Literature: A Case Study of Telugu |journal=Social Scientist |volume=23 |number=10–12 |pages=8–23 |doi=10.2307/3517880 |jstor=3517880 |year=1995 |last1=Nagaraju |first1=S. |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413224331/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/pager.html?objectid=HN681.S597_269-71_012.gif |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=gi>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men |first=Sheldon |last=Pollock |page=421 |isbn=978-0-520-24500-6 |date=23 May 2006 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131427/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=yo>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |pages=50, 263 |isbn=978-0-19-513661-6 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131428/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} They are also found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh.{{Refn|<ref name=yo/><ref name=fe>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA45 |title=Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue |first=Lisa |last=Mitchell |page=45 |isbn=978-0-253-35301-6 |year=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131428/https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = as>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA161 |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felication Volume |editor=A.A. Abbasi |page=161 |isbn=978-81-7625-186-0 |year=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131429/https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA161 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA100 |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Other Indo-European Languages |first=Richard |last=Salomon |page=100 |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |date=10 December 1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131429/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA100 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} According to recent estimates by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) the number of inscriptions in the Telugu language goes up to 14,000.<ref name="WebpageNotGIF" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |last1=Talbot |first1=Cynthia |date=20 September 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50 |url-status=live}}</ref> Adilabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Anantapur, Chittoor and Srikakulam produced only a handful of Telugu inscriptions in the Kakatiya era between 1135 CE and 1324 CE.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |date=20 September 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVzUAAAAMAAJ&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad |title=Gifts to Gods and Brahmins: A Study of Religious Endowments in Medieval Andhra |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |date=15 July 1988 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |via=Google Books |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131436/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVzUAAAAMAAJ&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geographical influence ==

=== Telugu region boundaries ===
Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue, and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language. The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and the geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh-century description of Andhra boundaries. Andhra, according to this text, was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern [[Ganjam district]] in [[Odisha]] and to the south by [[Srikalahasteeswara temple]] in [[Tirupati district]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA36 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |date=2001-09-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |page=36 |language=en}}</ref> However, [[Andhra]] extended westwards as far as [[Srisailam]] in [[Nandyal district]], about halfway across the modern state.<ref name = a>{{cite book |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA34 |date=20 September 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |pages=34– |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA34 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to other sources in the early sixteenth century, the northern boundary is [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Simhachalam]] and the southern limit is [[Tirumala]] of the Telugu ation.<ref name = b>{{cite book|author1=Velcheru Narayana Rao|first2=David|last2=Shulman|title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|year=2002|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22598-5|pages=6–|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131434/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= c>{{cite book|title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XVkAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala.|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XVkAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= d>{{cite book|first=Ajay K.|last=Rao|title=Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUyvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|date=3 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07735-9|pages=37–|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131431/https://books.google.com/books?id=OUyvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = e>{{cite book|author=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|title=Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRR9yu-u4kC&pg=PA6|year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0966-2|pages=6–|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131434/https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRR9yu-u4kC&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= f>{{cite book|first=Cynthia|last=Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513661-6|pages=195–|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131942/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=g>{{cite book|first=Sambaiah|last=Gundimeda|title=Dalit Politics in Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqXbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT205|date=14 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-38104-4|pages=205–}}</ref>

=== Telugu Place Names ===
{{Main|Place names in India}}

Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Common suffixes are -''ooru, -pudi, -padu, -peta, -pattanam, -wada,'' -''gallu, -cherla, -seema, -gudem, -palle, -palem, -konda, -veedu, -valasa, -pakam, -paka, -prolu, -wolu, -waka, -ili, -kunta, -parru, -villi, -gadda, -kallu, -eru, -varam,-puram,-pedu'' and -''palli''. Examples that use this nomenclature are [[Nellore]], [[Tadepalligudem]], [[Guntur]], [[Chintalapudi, West Godavari district|Chintalapudi]], [[Yerpedu]], [[Narasaraopeta]], [[Sattenapalle]], [[Visakapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Ananthagiri Hills|Ananthagiri]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Vuyyuru]], [[Macherla]], [[Poranki]], [[Ramagundam]], [[Warangal]], [[Mancherial]], [[Peddapalli]], [[Siddipet]], [[Pithapuram]], [[Banswada]], and [[Miryalaguda]].

== Dialects and Teluguoid languages ==
[[File:Andhra Pradesh districts map.svg|thumb|Andhra Pradesh before [[Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh|bifurcation]] (1956–2014)]]
{{Main|Telangana dialect}}

There are four regional dialects in Telugu:<ref name="A Grammar of Modern Telugu">{{cite book |last1=Bhadriraju |first1=Krishnamurti |title=A Grammar of Modern Telugu |last2=Gwynn |first2=J.P.L. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |location=New Delhi |pages=xvii-xviii}}</ref>

* Northern: [[Telangana dialect|Telangana]]
* Southern: [[Rayalaseema]]
* Central: [[Coastal Andhra]]
* Eastern: [[North Andhra]]

Colloquially, [[Telangana]], [[Rayalaseema]] and [[Coastal Andhra]] dialects are considered the three Telugu dialects and regions.<ref name="CaffarelMartin2004">{{cite book|last1=Caffarel|first1=Alice|last2=Martin|first2=J. R.|author-link2=J.R. Martin|last3=Matthiessen|first3=Christian M. I. M.|author-link3=C.M.I.M. Matthiessen|title=Language Typology: A Functional Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJGjDlLPQ_IC&pg=PA434|access-date=19 November 2016|year=2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-1-58811-559-1|page=434|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131948/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJGjDlLPQ_IC&pg=PA434|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Waddar language|Waddar]], [[Chenchu language|Chenchu]], [[Mukha-Dora language|Mukha-Dora]], and [[Manna-Dora language|Manna-Dora]] are all closely related to Telugu.<ref>{{glotto|telu1265|Teluguic}}</ref> Other dialects of Telugu are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Vadaga, Vadari Bangalore, and Yanadi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel |title=Telugu |work=Ethnologue (Free All) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819015319/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Naren speaking Telugu.webm|thumb|A man speaking Telugu.]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Manjusha speaking Telugu.webm|thumb|A woman speaking Telugu.]]

The Roman transliteration used for transcribing the Telugu script is the [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]].

Telugu words generally end in vowels. In Classical Telugu, this was absolute; in the modern language ''m, n, y, w'' may end a word. Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well.

Telugu does not have [[contrastive stress]], and speakers vary on where they perceive stress. Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable, depending on word and vowel length.<ref>Lisker and Krishnamurti (1991), "Lexical stress in a 'stressless' language: judgments by Telugu- and English-speaking linguists." ''Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Phonetic Sciences'' (Université de Provence), 2:90–93.</ref>

=== Consonants ===
The table below lists the consonant phonemes of Telugu,<ref name="Krishnamurti">Krishnamurti (1998), "Telugu". In Steever (ed.), ''The Dravidian Languages''. Routledge. pp. 202–240, 260</ref><ref name="Bhaskararao-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Bhaskararao |first1=Peri |last2=Ray |first2=Arpita |date=2017 |title=Illustrations of the IPA – Telugu |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=231–241 |doi=10.1017/S0025100316000207 |s2cid=232346235}}</ref> along with the symbols used in the transliteration of the Telugu script used here (where different from IPA).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Telugu consonants
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti- alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!plain
![[sibilant]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} '''m'''
|{{IPA link|n}} '''n'''
|
|{{IPA link|ɳ}} '''ṇ'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]
|{{IPA link|p}} '''p'''
|{{IPA link|t}} '''t'''
|{{IPA link|t͡s}} '''ts'''
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} '''ṭ'''
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} '''c'''
|{{IPA link|k}} '''k'''
|
|-
![[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}} '''b'''
|{{IPA link|d}} '''d'''
|{{IPA link|d͡z}} '''dz'''
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} '''ḍ'''
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} '''j'''
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} '''g'''
|
|-
![[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]*
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} '''ph'''
|{{IPA link|tʰ}} '''th'''
|
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} '''ṭh'''
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} '''ch'''
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} '''kh'''
|
|-
![[breathy voice]]d*
|{{IPA link|bʱ}} '''bh'''
|{{IPA link|dʱ}} '''dh'''
|
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} '''ḍh'''
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}} '''jh'''
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} '''gh'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]*
|{{IPA link|f}} '''f'''
|
|{{IPA link|s}} '''s'''
|{{IPA link|ʂ}} '''ṣ'''
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} '''ś'''
|
|{{IPA link|h}} '''h'''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}} '''v'''
|{{IPA link|l}} '''l'''
|
|{{IPA link|ɭ}} '''ḷ'''
|{{IPA link|j}} '''y'''
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}} '''r'''
|
|
|
|
|
|}

* The aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants occur mostly in Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, additionally /tʰ/ is used to substitute /θ/ in English loans, the only aspirate which occurs natively is /dʱ/ which occurs only in a few compound numbers e.g. /pɐddʱenimidi/ "18" likely a result of the proto Dravidian laryngeal */H/<ref name="bhk">{{cite book |title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC |access-date= 8 December 2021 |archive-date= 13 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131939/https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC |url-status= live}}</ref> there is also an unaspirated /pɐddenimidi/ version which is used more commonly. All of the fricatives except for native {{IPA|/s/}} also only occurs in loanwords.<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017"/>
* Perso-Arabic phonemes like /q, x, ɣ, z/ are substituted with /k, kʰ, ɡ, d͡ʒ/ similar to Hindi.<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017"/>
* /t͡s, d͡z/ occur only in native words and lack aspirated/breathy forms. Native words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ before non front vowels became /t͡s, d͡z/; this change became phonemised after loaning words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ from other languages. Intervocalically /d͡z/ can become [z] e.g. [rɐːzu, d͡zoːli, ɡudd͡zu].<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017"/>
* /ʋ/ can be rounded to a [β̞ʷ] around rounded vowels.<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017"/>
* The common Proto Dravidian approximant */ɻ/ merged with /ɖ/ in Telugu while it was preserved as /ɽ/ in the other Southern II branch languages.<ref name="bhk"/>
* Many of the old /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ merged with /n/ and /l/.<ref name="bhk"/>

Most consonants contrast in length in word-medial position, meaning that there are long (geminated) and short phonetic renderings of the sounds. A few examples of words that contrast by length of word-medial consonants:<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017" />

* /ɐ'''ʈ'''u/ ''aṭu'' (that side) – /ɐ'''ʈː'''u/ ''aṭṭu'' (pancake)
* /mo'''ɡ'''ɐ/ ''moga'' (male) – /moɡːɐ/ ''mogga'' (bud)
* /nɐ'''m'''ɐkɐmu/ ''namakamu'' (a vedic hymn) – /nɐ'''mː'''ɐkɐmu/ ''nammakamu'' (belief)
* /kɐ'''n'''u/ ''kanu'' (to give birth to) – /kɐ'''nː'''u/ ''kannu'' (eye)
* /kɐ'''l'''ɐ/ ''kala'' (dream) – /kɐ'''lː'''ɐ/ ''kalla'' (falsehood)
* /mɐɾi/ ''ma'''r'''i'' (again) – /mɐ'''ɾː'''i/ ''marri'' (banyan tree)

All [[retroflex consonant]]s occur in intervocalic position and when adjacent to a retroflex consonant, for instance. /ʋɐː'''ɳ'''iː/ ''vāṇī'' 'tippet', /kɐ'''ʈɳ'''ɐm/ ''kaṭṇam'' 'dowry', /pɐ'''ɳɖ'''u/ ''paṇḍu'' 'fruit'; /kɐ'''ɭ'''ɐ/ ''kaḷa'' 'art'. With the exception of /ɳ/ and /ɭ/, all occur word-initial in a few words, such as /'''ʈ'''ɐkːu/ ''ṭakku'' 'pretence', /'''ʈh'''iːʋi/ ''ṭhīvi'' 'grandeur', /'''ɖ'''ipːɐ/ ''ḍippā'' 'half of a spherical object', and /'''ʂ'''oːku/ ''ṣōku'' 'fashionable appearance'.<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017" />

The approximant /j/ occurs in word-initial position only in borrowed words, such as. /'''j'''ɐnɡu/ ''yangu'', from English 'young', /'''j'''ɐʃɐsːu/ ''yaśassu'' from Sanskrit ''yaśas'' /jɐʃɐs/ 'fame'.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== Vowels ===
Vowels in Telugu contrast in length; there are short and long versions of all vowels except for /æ/, which only occurs as long. Long vowels can occur in any position within the word, but native Telugu words do not end in a long vowel. Short vowels occur in all positions of a word, with the exception of /o/, which does not occur word-finally.<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017" /> The vowels of Telugu are illustrated below, along with the Telugu script and romanisation.

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+Telugu vowels
|-
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} '''i'''||{{IPA link|iː}} '''ī'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|u}} '''u'''||{{IPA link|uː}} '''ū'''
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} '''e'''||{{IPA link|eː}} '''ē'''
|{{IPA link|o}} '''o'''||{{IPA link|oː}} '''ō'''
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|a}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐ}} '''a'''||{{IPA link|aː}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐː}} '''ā'''
| colspan="2" |
|}

* An emphatic u maybe added to loans ending with a consonant, eg. school > iskūlu.

==== Allophones ====
In most dialects, the vowel {{IPA|/æː/}} only occurs in loan words. In the [[Guntur]] dialect, {{IPA|[æː]}} is a frequent allophone of {{IPA|/aː/}} in certain verbs in the past tense.

Telugu has two diphthongs: {{IPA|/ai/}} ({{Lang|te|ఐ}}) and {{IPA|/au/}} ({{Lang|te|ఔ}}).

Roots alter according to whether the first vowel is tense or lax.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wilkinson|1974|p=251}}</ref>{{fix|text=need illustrations}} Also, if the second vowel is open (i.e., {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/a/}}), then the first vowel is more open and centralised (e.g., {{IPA|[m'''ɛː'''ka]}} 'goat', as opposed to {{IPA|[m'''eː'''ku]}} 'nail').{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes that are harmonised with the vowels of the preceding syllable.<ref>A Grammar of the Telugu Language, p. 295, [[Charles_Philip_Brown]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=JOgUAAAAYAAJ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131933/https://books.google.com/books?id=JOgUAAAAYAAJ|date=13 October 2022}}</ref>

===Colloquial speech===
Source:<ref>A study of Telugu regional and social dialects: a prosodic analysis by J. Venkateswara Sastry</ref>
* In some colloquial speech ṇ, ḷ might completely merge with n, l except in clusters with retroflex plosives.
*In Standard Telugu and most dialects ś is pronounced as s, while Telanganan dialects merge ś to ṣ. eg. iṣṭam, dēśam > istaw̃, dēsaw̃/dēṣaw̃.
* Non initial and particularly final m tends to be [w̃].
* Initial kṣ tend to be kś before front vowels and kṣ/ṭṣ before other in educated speech, ch for uneducated speech; medially tts(h) for all.
* Cluster simplification, eg. viplavam, amlam, raktam, anyāyam > yipalavaw̃, āw̃alaw̃, rattaw̃, annēyaw̃.
* va, vā becomes (w)o, {ā, ō} initially, eg. vāḍu > āḍu/ōḍu. Before front vowels the v becomes y, eg. vennela > yennela.
* Some aspirates might be debuccalized to a h while previous actual h's might be deleted, eg. mukham, mahā > muhaw̃/mugaw̃, mā.
*Telanganan speech tend to have less aspirated consonants.
* Palatalization, eg. madhyāhnam > majjhānaw̃/majjhēnaw̃.
* ph, ts, dz > f, s, j.
* Differences in suffixing, eg. kannu-lu > Coastal kaḷḷu, Rayalseema kaṇḍḷu/kaṇḷu, Telangana kanlu.
* Sri Lankan Telugu too lacks ṇ, ḷ, merges c with s and has vowel alternations like i instead of final -u, perhaps due to Tamil and Sinhalese influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/41175429|title=Sri Lanka Gypsy Telugu: A Dravidian Dialect from Sri Lanka's Sinhalese Heartland|first=Steven C.|last=Bonta|access-date=23 February 2025|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>

== Grammar ==
{{Main|Telugu grammar}}

The traditional study of Telugu Grammar is known as ''vyākaraṇam'' (వ్యాకరణం). The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the ''Āndhra Śabda Cintāmaṇi'', was written in Sanskrit by [[Nannayya]], considered the first Telugu poet and translator, in the 12th century CE. This grammar followed patterns described in grammatical treatises such as ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'' and [[Pāṇini|''Vālmīkivyākaranam'']], but unlike [[Pāṇini]], Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering ''samjnā'', ''[[sandhi]]'', ''ajanta'', ''[[halanta]]'' and ''kriya''.

In the 19th century, Chinnaya Suri wrote a condensed work on Telugu grammar called ''Bāla Vyākaraṇam'', borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya's grammar.

=== Morphosyntax ===
Relations between participants in an event are coded in Telugu words through [[suffix]]ation; there are no prefixes or infixes in the language.<ref name="Krishnamurti" /> There are six word classes in Telugu: nominals (proper nouns, pronouns), verbs (actions or events), modifiers (adjectives, quantifiers, numerals), adverbs (modify the way in which actions or events unfold), and clitics.

Telugu nouns are [[Morpheme|inflected]] for [[Grammatical number|number]] (singular, plural), [[noun class]] (three classes traditionally termed ''masculine, feminine'', and ''neuter'') and [[Grammatical case|case]] ([[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[Dative case|dative]], [[Vocative case|vocative]], [[Instrumental case|instrumental]], and [[Locative case|locative]]).<ref>{{cite book| year=1857 |title= A grammar of the Telugu language |author1=Charles Philip Brown |edition=2 |publisher=Christian Knowledge Society's Press}}</ref>

==== Word order ====
The [[Word order|basic word order]] in Telugu is subject-object-verb (SOV).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elçi |first1=Atilla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRjBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Smart Computing Paradigms: New Progresses and Challenges: Proceedings of ICACNI 2018 |volume=1 |last2=Sa |first2=Pankaj Kumar |last3=Modi |first3=Chirag N. |last4=Olague |first4=Gustavo |last5=Sahoo |first5=Manmath N. |last6=Bakshi |first6=Sambit |date=30 November 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-13-9683-0 |page=148 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Noun classes (gender) ====
As with other Dravidian languages, gender in Telugu follows a semantic system,<ref name="Corbett-1991">{{cite book|title=Gender|last=Corbett, Greville G.|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-32939-6|location=Cambridge [England]|pages=151–154|oclc=21227561}}</ref> in the sense that it is mostly the meaning of the word which defines the noun class to which it belongs. There are three noun classes: masculine (human males, ''he-''gender), feminine (human females, ''she''-gender), and neuter (all non-humans, ''it-gender''). The gender of most nouns is encoded through agreement/indexation in pronominal suffixes rather than overtly on the noun.<ref name="Krishnamurti" />

{{interlinear
| lang = tel
| indent = 3|anna vaccā'''ḍu'''|older.brother come-past-'''MASC'''|The older brother came
}}

{{interlinear
| lang = tel
| indent = 3|amma vacc-in'''di'''|mother come-past-'''FEM'''|Mother came
}}

In terms of the verbal agreement system, genders in marking on the Telugu verb only occur in the third person.<ref name="Krishnamurti" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Third person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Masculine
|{{interlinear
| lang = tel|tericā-'''ḍu'''|He opened
}}
|{{interlinear
| lang = tel|tericā-'''ru'''|They opened
}}
|-
!Feminine
|{{interlinear
| lang = tel|tericin-'''di'''|She opened
}}
|{{interlinear
| lang = tel|tericā-'''ru'''|They opened
}}
|-
!Neuter
|{{interlinear
| lang = tel|tericin-'''di'''|It opened
}}
|{{interlinear
| lang = tel|tericā-'''yi'''/tericina-'''vi'''|They (non-human) opened
}}
|}

The Telugu gender system differs from other Dravidian languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in that the Telugu feminine shares indexation morphemes with the masculine plural (''-ru'') and with the neuter singular (''-di''). What characterises the three-gender system is then the individual behaviour of the singular-plural ''pairs'' of suffixes.<ref name="Corbett-1991" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Gender
|Verbal suffixes (singular : plural)
|-
!''Masculine''
| -ḍu : -ru
|-
!''Feminine''
| -di : -ru
|-
!''Neuter''
| -di : -yi/-vi
|}

=== Pronouns ===
Telugu pronouns include personal pronouns (the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about); indefinite pronouns; relative pronouns (connecting parts of sentences); and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is acted on by the verb's subject).

==== Personal pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Telugu pronouns
|-
|I
|{{langx|te|label=none|నేను|nēnu}}
|-
|we (inclusive)
|{{langx|te|label=none|మనం|manaṃ}}
{{langx|te|label=none|మనము|manamu}}
|-
|we (exclusive)
|{{langx|te|label=none|మేము|mēmu}}
|-
|you (singular)
|{{langx|te|label=none|నీవు|nīvu}}
{{langx|te|label=none|నువ్వు|nuvvu}}
|-
|you (plural)
|{{langx|te|label=none|మీరు|mīru}}
|-
|she
|{{langx|te|label=none|ఆమె|āme}}
|-
|he
|{{langx|te|label=none|అతను|atanu}}
|-
|they (humans)
| {{langx|te|label=none|వాళ్ళు|vāḷḷu}}
|-
|it
|{{langx|te|label=none|అది|adi}}
|-
| they (non-humans)
| {{langx|te|label=none|అవి|avi}}
{{langx|te|label=none|అయి|ayi}}
|}
In informal Telugu, personal pronouns distinguish masculine from non-masculine.<ref>{{cite book| year=1873 |title= A progressive grammar of the Telugu language |author1=Albert Henry Arden |publisher=Society for promoting Christian knowledge |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW8IAAAAQAAJ&q=neuter+feminine&pg=PA57 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |year=1857 |title=A grammar of the Telugu language |author=Charles Philip Brown |edition=2 |publisher=Christian Knowledge Society's Press |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=feminine&pg=PA39 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013132000/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=feminine&pg=PA39 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Demonstratives ====
There is a wide variety of [[Demonstrative|demonstrative pronouns]] in Telugu, whose forms depend on both proximity to the speaker and the level of formality. The formal demonstratives may also be used as formal personal pronoun, that is, the polite forms for ''this woman'' or ''this man'' and ''that woman'' or ''that man'' can also simply mean ''she'' and ''he'' in more formal contexts''.''

In the singular, there are four levels of formality when speaking about males and females, although the most formal/polite form is the same for both human genders. In both singular and plural, Telugu distinguishes two levels of distance from speaker (like in English), basically ''this and that'', and ''these and those''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="6" |Singular
|-
! colspan="3" |Proximal
(''close to speaker,'' "this")
! colspan="3" |Distal

(''far from speaker'', "that")
|-
|'''Gender/Formality'''
|'''''Feminine'''''
|'''''Masculine'''''
|'''''Neuter'''''
|'''''Feminine'''''
|'''''Masculine'''''
|'''''Neuter'''''
|-
|'''''very informal'''''
|idi
|vīḍu
| rowspan="4" |idi
|adi
|vāḍu
| rowspan="4" |adi
|-
|'''''informal'''''
|īme
|itanu
|āme
|atanu
|-
|'''''formal'''''
|īviḍa
|īyana
|āviḍa
|āyana
|-
|'''''very formal'''''
| colspan="2" |vīru
| colspan="2" |vāru
|}
In the plural, there are no distinctions between formality levels, but once again masculine and feminine forms are the same, while the neuter demonstratives are different.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" |Plural
|-
! colspan="3" |Proximal
(''close to speaker, "these"'')
! colspan="3" |Distal

(''far from speaker'', "those")
|-
|'''''Feminine'''''
|'''''Masculine'''''
|'''''Neuter'''''
|'''''Feminine'''''
|'''''Masculine'''''
|'''''Neuter'''''
|-
| colspan="2" |vīỊỊu/vīru
|ivi
| colspan="2" |vāỊỊu/vāru
|avi
|}

=== Case system ===
The nominative case (''karta''), the object of a verb (''karma''), and the verb are somewhat in a sequence in Telugu sentence construction. "''Vibhakti''" (case of a noun) and "''pratyāyamulu''" (an affix to roots and words forming derivatives and inflections) depict the ancient nature and progression of the language. The "''Vibhaktis''" of Telugu language " డు [ɖu], ము [mu], వు [vu], లు [lu]", etc., are different from those in Sanskrit and have been in use for a long time.

== Lexicon ==

Majority of the lexicon in Telugu is inherited from [[Proto-Dravidian language]], a reconstructed hypothetical language of third millennium BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sjoberg |first1=Andree F. |last2=Krishnamurti |first2=Bhadriraju |date=December 1966 |title=Telugu Verbal Bases: A Comparative and Descriptive Study |journal=Language |volume=42 |issue=4 |page=838 |doi=10.2307/411840 |jstor=411840 |issn=0097-8507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=16 January 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511486876 |isbn=978-0-521-77111-5}}</ref> Telugu retained some of the most archaic words, markers and morphemes of the Dravidian origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charles philip Brown |url=http://archive.org/details/ABrawnsdictionaryEnglishAndTelugu1853 |title=A Brawn'sdictionary English And Telugu ( 1853)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sjoberg |first=Andrée F. |date=1966 |title=Review of Telugu Verbal Bases: A Comparative and Descriptive Study |journal=Language |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=838–846 |doi=10.2307/411840 |jstor=411840 |issn=0097-8507}}</ref> It shares its cognates with its closest South-Dravidian-II languages like [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Kuwi language|Kuwi]] and also with other Dravidian languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]].

The lexicon of Classical Telugu works shows a pervasive influence of Sanskrit; there is also evidence suggesting an earlier influence even before Nannaya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shulman|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUvcDwAAQBAJ|title=Classical Telugu Poetry|date=12 May 2020|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-97665-8|page=4|language=en|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131441/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUvcDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> During the period 1000–1100 CE, Nannaya's re-writing of the ''Mahābhārata'' in Telugu (మహాభారతము) established the liberal borrowing of Sanskrit words.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Telugu academy |first=G |last=Ramadasu |title=Telugu bhasha charitra |year=1980}}</ref>

Literature in ''Accatelugu'' (అచ్చతెలుగు), ''Mēlimitelugu'' (మేలిమితెలుగు), or ''Jānutelugu'' (జానుతెలుగు) by poets like [[Adibhatla Narayana Dasu]] and [[:te:పొన్నెగంటి తెలగన్న|Ponneganti Telaganna]] emphasised the importance of native lexicon of Dravidian origin, in contrast to the extensive borrowings from Sanskrit and Prakrit.<ref>{{Cite book |first=పొన్నిగంటి |last=తెలుగన్న |url=http://archive.org/details/Yayati-Charitra |title=యయాతి చరిత్ర సుగమ వ్యాఖ్య |trans-title=A simple commentary on the history of Yayati |isbn=81-86073-88-4 |date=2001 |lang=te}}</ref><ref name="Mari-2021"/> Spoken Telugu preserved most of its Dravidian lexicon intact in various colloquial dialects.

The vocabulary of Telugu, especially in the city of Hyderabad, has borrowings from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] (through [[Urdu]] and directly) languages. These words have been modified to fit Telugu phonology. This was due to [[Deccan sultanates|Turkic]] rule in these regions, such as the erstwhile kingdoms of [[Golkonda]] and [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] (e.g., కబురు, {{IPA|/kaburu/}} for Urdu {{IPA|/xabar/}}, {{Nastaliq|خبر}} or జవాబు, {{IPA|/dʒavaːbu/}} for Urdu {{IPA|/dʒawɑːb/}}, {{Nastaliq|جواب}}).

Many words were borrowed from [[English language]] in the modern era and a few from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] during the colonial era. Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a [[diglossia]] because the formal, standardised version of the language is either [[Lexicon|lexically]] Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, as taught in schools, and used by the government and Hindu religious institutions. However, colloquial Telugu is less influenced by Sanskrit and varies depending upon region.

===Prākr̥ti and vikr̥ti===
Telugu has many [[tatsama]] words, called {{Transliteration|te|ISO|prākr̥ti}}. These are direct borrowings from Sanskrit. The equivalent forms of prākr̥ti words, known as {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vikr̥ti}} words (or [[tadbhava]] words), originate from the same Sanskrit root word, but have evolved through phonological changes in Sanskrit's descendant Prakrit languages, from which they were borrowed into Telugu. The word ''vikr̥ti'' means 'distorted' in Sanskrit. In addition to phonological changes, some vikr̥ti words have also undergone semantic shifts, altering their meanings over time. However, prākr̥ti words are generally used in formal settings such as educational institutions and offices. Below is a table of prākr̥ti words and their corresponding vikr̥ti words, with semantic shifts noted:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{Transliteration|te|ISO|Prākr̥ti}}
! {{Transliteration|te|ISO|Vikr̥ti}}
|-
| {{lang|te|అగ్ని}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|agni}} 'fire'
| {{lang|te|అగ్గి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|aggi}}
|-
| {{lang|te|భోజనం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|bhōjanaṁ}} 'food; meal'
| {{lang|te|బోనం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|bōnaṁ}}
|-
| {{lang|te|విద్య}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vidya}} 'education'
| {{lang|te|విద్దె}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vidde}}, {{lang|te|విద్దియ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|viddiya}}
|-
| {{lang|te|రాక్షసి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|rākṣasi}} 'demoness'
| {{lang|te|రక్కసి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|rakkasi}}
|-
| {{lang|te|శూన్యం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|śūnyaṁ}} 'emptiness, void'
| {{lang|te|సున్న}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|sunna}} 'zero'
|-
| {{lang|te|దృష్టి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|dr̥ṣṭi}} 'sight'
| {{lang|te|దిష్టి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|diṣṭi}} 'evil eye'
|-
| {{lang|te|కనిష్టం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|kaniśṭaṁ}} 'minimum'
| {{lang|te|కనీసం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|kanīsaṁ}} 'at least, smallest'
|-
| {{lang|te|అగరవర్తి}} a{{Transliteration|te|ISO|garavarti}} 'incense'
| {{lang|te|అగరవత్తి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|agaravatti}}
|-
| {{lang|te|విభూతి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vibhūti}} 'ash'
| {{lang|te|విభూధి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vibhūdhi}}
|-
| {{lang|te|చనక}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|canaka}} 'chickpea'
| {{lang|te|శనగ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|śanaga}}
|-
| {{lang|te|కవచ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|kavaca}} 'protective shell'
| {{lang|te|గవచ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|gavaca}}, {{lang|te|గవ్వ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|gavva}}
|-
| {{lang|te|భిక్షం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|bhikṣaṁ}} 'alms'
| {{lang|te|బిచ్చం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|biccaṁ}}
|-
| {{lang|te|ద్వితీయ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|dvitīya}} 'second'
| {{lang|te|విదియ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vidiya}}
|-
| {{lang|te|తృతీయ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|tr̥tīya}} 'third'
| {{lang|te|తదియ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|tadiya}}
|-
| {{lang|te|జాగ్రత}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|jāgrata}} 'alert, careful'
| {{lang|te|జాగ్రత్త}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|jāgratta}} 'beware, careful'
|-
| {{lang|te|వామతి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vāmati}} 'vomit'
| {{lang|te|వాంతి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|vānti}}
|-
| {{lang|te|స్వంత}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|svanta}} 'own'
| {{lang|te|సొంత}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|sonta}}
|-
| {{lang|te|అటవి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|aṭavi}} 'forest'
| {{lang|te|అడవి}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|aḍavi}}
|-
| {{lang|te|త్వర}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|tvara}} 'fast'
| {{lang|te|తొర}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|tora}}
|-
| {{lang|te|రక్తం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|raktaṁ}} 'blood'
| {{lang|te|రగతం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|ragataṁ}}, {{lang|te|రత్తం}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|rattaṁ}}
|}

== Sample text ==
The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html |website=www.un.org |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=en |date=6 October 2015}}</ref>

===English===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

===Telugu===
{{lang|te|ప్రతిపత్తిస్వత్వముల విషయమున మానవులెల్లరును జన్మతః స్వతంత్రులును సమానులును నగుదురు. వారు వివేచన-అంతఃకరణ సంపన్నులగుటచే పరస్పరము భ్రాతృభావముతో వర్తింపవలయును.}}

===Romanisation (ISO 15919)===
{{Transliteration|te|Pratipattisvatvamula viṣayamuna mānavulellarunu janmataḥ svatantrulunu samānulunu naguduru. Vāru vivēcana-antaḥkaraṇa sampannulaguṭacē parasparamu bhrātr̥bhāvamutō vartimpavalayunu.}}

===IPA===
{{IPA|/pɾɐt̪ipɐt̪t̪isʋɐt̪ʋɐmulɐ viʂɐjɐmun̪ɐ maːn̪ɐʋulellaɾun̪u d͡ʒɐn̪mɐt̪ɐhɐ sʋɐt̪ɐn̪t̪ɾulun̪u sɐmaːn̪ulun̪u n̪ɐɡud̪uɾu ǁ ʋaːɾu ʋiʋeːt͡ʃɐn̪ɐ ɐn̪t̪ɐkkɐɾɐɳɐ sɐmpɐn̪n̪ulɐɡuʈɐt͡ʃeː pɐɾɐspɐɾɐmu bʱɾaːt̪ɾubʱaːʋɐmut̪oː ʋɐɾt̪impɐʋɐlɐjun̪u ǁ/||label=}}

== Writing system ==
{| class="wikitable" align=right style="margin-left:1em"
|+Consonants – {{langx |te|label=none|హల్లులు|hallulu}}
|-
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=క|iso=ka|ipa=/ka/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఖ|iso=kha|ipa=/kʰa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=గ|iso=ga|ipa=/ɡa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఘ|iso=gha|ipa=/ɡʱa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఙ|iso=ṅa|ipa=/ŋa/}}
|-
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=చ|iso=ca|ipa=/t͡ʃa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఛ|iso=cha|ipa=/t͡ʃʰa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=జ|iso=ja|ipa=/d͡ʒa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఝ|iso=jha|ipa=/d͡ʒʱa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఞ|iso=ña|ipa=/ɲa/}}
|-
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ట|iso=ṭa|ipa=/ʈa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఠ|iso=ṭha|ipa=/ʈʰa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=డ|iso=ḍa|ipa=/ɖa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఢ|iso=ḍha|ipa=/ɖʱa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ణ|iso=ṇa|ipa=/ɳa/}}
|-
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=త|iso=ta|ipa=/t̪a/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=థ|iso=tha|ipa=/t̪ʰa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ద|iso=da|ipa=/d̪a/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ధ|iso=dha|ipa=/d̪ʱa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=న|iso=na|ipa=/n̪a/}}
|-
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ప|iso=pa|ipa=/pa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఫ|iso=pha|ipa=/pʰa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=బ|iso=ba|ipa=/ba/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=భ|iso=bha|ipa=/bʱa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=మ|iso=ma|ipa=/ma/}}
|-
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=య|iso=ya|ipa=/ja/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ర|iso=ra|ipa=/ɾa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ల|iso=la|ipa=/la/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=వ|iso=va|ipa=/ʋa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ళ|iso=ḷa|ipa=/ɭa/}}
|-
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=శ|iso=śa|ipa=/ʃa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ష|iso=ṣa|ipa=/ʂa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=స|iso=sa|ipa=/sa/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=హ|iso=ha|ipa=/ha/}}
|{{Letter|l=te|s=Telu|ch=ఱ|iso=ṟa|ipa=/ra/}}
|}
{{Main|Telugu script|Telugu Braille}}

Telugu script is an [[abugida]] comprising 60 symbols – 16 vowels, 3 vowel modifiers, and 41 consonants. Telugu has a complete set of letters that follow a system to express sounds. The script is derived from the [[Brahmi script]] like those of many other Indian languages.<ref name="bot">[[:te:దస్త్రం:Telugulipi evolution.jpg]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Austin |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&dq=Telugu+Brahmi+script&pg=PA117 |title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9 |page=117 |language=en |author-link=Peter Austin (linguist)}}</ref> Telugu script is written from left to right and comprises sequences of both simple and complex characters. It is syllabic in nature – the basic units of writing are syllables. Inasmuch as the number of possible syllables is very large, syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels ("''acchu''" or "''swaram''") and consonants ("''hallu''" or "''vyanjanam''"). Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes that are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere. Consonants are presumed pure consonants, that is, without any vowel sound in them. However, it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied "a" vowel sound. When consonants combine with other vowel signs, the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel "''mātras''". The shapes of vowel "''mātras''" are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels.

Historically, a sentence used to end with either a single bar। ("''pūrna virāmam''") or a double bar॥ ("''dīrgha virāmam''"); in handwriting, Telugu words were not separated by spaces. However, in modern times, English punctuation (commas, semicolon, etc.) has virtually replaced the old method of punctuation.<ref name="cpbrown">{{cite book|title=A Grammar of the Telugu Language|last=Brown|first=Charles Philip|publisher=W. H. Allen & Co.|year=1857|isbn=978-81-206-0041-6|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/grammaroftelugul0000brow/page/5 5]|url=https://archive.org/details/grammaroftelugul0000brow/page/5}}</ref>

Telugu has full-zero (''"[[anusvāra]]"'' or ''"sunna"'' ) ( ం ), half-zero (''"arthanusvāra"'' or "''[[Chandrabindu|candrabindu]]''" or ''"ara-sunna"'' ) (ఁ) and ''[[visarga]]'' ( ః ) to convey various shades of nasal sounds. [la] and [La], [ra] and [Ra] are differentiated.<ref name="cpbrown" />

Telugu has ''ĉ'' [t͡s] and ''ĵ'' [d͡z], which are not represented in Sanskrit.
[[File:ఎన్నికల ప్రచార సామగ్రి దుకాణము.jpg|thumb|Wall painting at a shop in India. It first shows the painted party symbols of all the major political parties in the region during the nationwide elections in India in 2014. It also has a Telugu inscription showing availability of political flags, banners, caps, badges and other election material.]]

=== {{transliteration|te|Telugu Guṇintālu}} ({{lang|te|తెలుగు గుణింతాలు}}) ===
These are some examples of combining a consonant with different vowels. {{lang|te|క కా కి కీ కు కూ కృ కౄ కె కే కై కొ కో కౌ క్ కం కః 
ఖ ఖా ఖి ఖీ ఖు ఖూ ఖృ ఖౄ ఖె ఖే ఖై ఖొ ఖో ఖౌ ఖ్ ఖం ఖః}}

=== Number system ===
Telugu has ten digits employed with the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]]. However, in modern usage, the [[Arabic numerals]] have replaced them.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Telugu numerals
|-
|{{letter|top=0{{br}}sunna|ch=౦|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=1{{br}}okaṭi|ch=౧|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=2{{br}}renḍu|ch=౨|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=3{{br}}mūḍu|ch=౩|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=4{{br}}nālugu|ch=౪|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=5{{br}}aidu|ch=౫|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=6{{br}}āru|ch=౬|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=7{{br}}ēḍu|ch=౭|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=8{{br}}enimidi|ch=౮|s=Telu}}
|{{letter|top=9{{br}}tommidi|ch=౯|s=Telu}}
|}
Telugu is assigned [[Unicode]] codepoints: 0C00-0C7F (3072–3199).<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names|last=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|publisher=United Nations Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|page=110|author2=United Nations Statistical Division}}</ref>

{{Telugu}}

== Literature ==
{{Main|Telugu literature}}

=== Ancient Telugu Writings Period (300 BC {{En dash}} 500 CE) ===
==== Amaravati Stupa ====
[[Amaravati Stupa|Amarāvati Stupa]] is a ruined Buddhist stūpa at the village of [[Amaravathi]], [[Palnadu district]], Andhra Pradesh, India, probably built in phases between the third century BCE and about 250 CE. The word "nagabu" was one of the first Telugu words that was written on the Amaravati Stupa.<ref name="Andronov-2003"/><ref name="Ancient Andhra inscriptions-1928"/>
[[File:Ancient Telugu Script displayed at Telugu Museum 3.jpg|thumb|Ancient Telugu Writing displayed at Telugu Museum]]

=== Early Medieval Telugu Writings Period (500 {{En dash}} 850 CE) ===
These writings were mostly written by the Vishnukudinas, Telugu Chodas, and the Chalukyas.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==== Kallamalla Writing (575 CE) ====
This is the first writing entirely written in Telugu. It was written by Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya. in 575 CE. It was found on the premises of Chennakesava-Siddeshwara temple at Kalamalla village in Yerraguntla Mandal of the district.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==== Indravarma Sasanam ====
This was a writing written by Indra Varma in the 6th century. Indra Varma was a Vishnukudina king in the 6th century.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
[[File:1 1149A old telugu language-Vishnu Kundi indravarma sasanam 6th century 1.jpg|thumb|Old Telugu Script – Vishnukundina Indra Varma Sasanam 6th century]]

==== Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti ====
The 6th- or 7th-century [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti]]'' (or ''Janāśraya-chandas'') deals with the [[metre (poetry)|metres]] used in Telugu, including some metres that are not found in [[Sanskrit prosody]]. This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around the 6th century.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=G. Ramakrishna |editor2=N. Gayathri |editor3=Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya |title=An Encyclopaedia of South Indian Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIkeAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi |oclc=948611193 |pages=164–165 |isbn=978-0-8364-1188-1 }}</ref>

==== Vipparla and Lakshmipuram Writings ====
Vipparla Inscription of Jayasimha I and the Lakshmipuram inscription of the Mangi yuvaraja were the earliest Telugu inscriptions of Eastern chalukyas found in the 7th century AD.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Addanki 848AD Sasanamu.png|thumb]]

==== Addanki Poem ====
Addanki inscription also known as the Pandaranga inscription belongs to 848AD,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-01 |title=First anniversary of Bapatla district on April 4 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010423/first-anniversary-of-bapatla-district-on-april-4.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> excavated near the Thousand Pillar Temple of Addanki. It is testimony to a flourishing Telugu literature much before the available literary texts. Locals believe that this is the first poem ever to be written in Telugu, also called the first Padya Sasanam(Poetic inscription) with (dvipada, with Yati and Prasa; style taruvoja)Staying with the Boya campaign, Pandaranga got victories in all military campaigns of his master Gunaga Vijayaditya III. The inscription spoke about the donation of land by the king to him for his successful military exploits.

=== Telugu Jain Literature Period (850-1020 CE) ===
==== Malliya Rechana ====
[[Malliya Rechana]] composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book [[Kavijanasrayam]] (pre-Nannayya chandassu). This was a popular one and referred by many poets. There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana's guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.491601/2015.491601.telugu-marugulu#page/n95/mode/2up|title=Telugu Marugulu|last=Chimakurthi|first=Seshagiri Rao|publisher=Telugu Gosti|year=1992|page=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/Palkuriki_233/NidudavoluVENKATARAOGariRachanaluParisilana#page/n97/mode/2up|title=Nidadavolu Venkata Rao Gari Rachanalu Parisheelana|page=80}}</ref><ref name="Chaganti-1956">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.373092/2015.373092.Sri-Andhra#page/n19/mode/2up|title=Andhra Kavi Tarangani|last=Chaganti|first=Seshayya|publisher=Hindu dharma sastra granthalayam|year=1956}}</ref>

Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of ''Pre-Nannayya Chandassu'' in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika.<ref name="Chaganti-1956" /> Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after the 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prabhakara Sastry|first=Veturi|url=http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=614|title=Prabandha Ratnavali|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam|year=2014|page=44|orig-date=1918}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024}}<ref name="Bhaskararao-2017" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaLgBQAAQBAJ|title=Rethinking Hindu Identity|last=Jha|first=Dwijendra Narayan|year=2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-49033-3}}</ref> Rechana's work is variously dated from 940 CE to 12th and 13th century. Most scholars date him to post-Nannaya period.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===The Pre-Nannaya Period (before 1020 CE)===

In the earliest period Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, precisely from 575 CE onward. Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE.<ref name="Radhakrsna-1998" /><ref name="Vijay" /> Most scholars posit that Telugu literature existed prior to [[Nannayya|Nannaya]] (11th century), the first known Telugu poet.<ref name="WebpageNotGIF" />{{rp|page=16}} T. Vijay Kumar notes, "Since no literary texts in Telugu pre-dating 1020 C.E. have so far actually been discovered, the existence of any pre-Nannaya literature remains a matter of speculation and debate."<ref name="Vijay" />

===The Age of the Puranas (1020–1400 CE)===

This is the period of Kavitrayam or Trinity of Poets. Nannayya, [[Tikkana]], and [[Yerrapragada]] (or Errana) are known as the Kavitrayam.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Nannaya]]'s (Telugu: నన్నయ) ''[[Andhra Mahabharatam]]'' written in early 11th century is commonly referred to as the first Telugu literary composition (Aadi Kavyam).<ref name="Vijay" /> Although there is evidence of Telugu literature before Nannaya, he is given the epithet Aadi Kavi ("the first poet"). Nannaya Bhattu acknowledged the help extended to him by his friend Narayana Bhattu in his composition in fields like making choices of grammatical forms, metres, form of the book, etc. and compares it to that extended to Arjuna by God Sri Krishna in the Bharata war. Nannaya was the first to establish a formal grammar of written Telugu. This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam but unlike Pāṇini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya.[14] Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharata epic, which is rendered in the Champu style.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Tikkana Somayaji]] (1205–1288 CE): Nannaya's ''Andhra Mahabharatam'' was almost completed by Tikanna Somayaji (Telugu: తిక్కన సోమయాజి) (1205–1288) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Yerrapragada]]: (Telugu: ఎర్రాప్రగడ) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter. He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana. These three writers – Nannaya, Tikanna and Yerrapragada – are known as the Kavitraya ("three great poets") of Telugu. Other such translations like Marana's Markandeya Puranam, [[Mulaghatika Ketana|Ketana]]'s ''Dasakumara Charita'', Yerrapragada's Harivamsam followed. Many scientific works, like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana, were written in the 12th century.{{relevance inline|date=October 2022}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Sumati Satakam, which is a neeti ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu Satakams.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Satakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu (poems). According to many literary critics{{who|date=July 2022}} Sumati Satakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu (Telugu: బద్దెన భూపాల) (CE 1220–1280). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama Devi, and a pupil of Tikkana.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} If we assume that the Sumati Satakam was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Satakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Satakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveswara Satakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya.{{original research inline|date=April 2020}} The Sumatee Satakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as C. P. Brown rendered it in English in the 1840s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Palkuriki Somanatha]]: Important among his Telugu language writings are the [[Basava Purana]], Panditaradhya charitra, Malamadevipuranamu and Somanatha Stava–in dwipada metre ("couplets"); Anubhavasara, Chennamallu Sisamalu, Vrushadhipa Sataka and Cheturvedasara–in verses; Basavodharana in verses and ragale metre (rhymed couplets in blank verse); and the Basavaragada.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Gona Budda Reddy]]: His ''Ranganatha Ramayanam'' was a pioneering work in the Telugu language on the theme of the ''Ramayana'' epic. Most scholars believe he wrote it between 1300 and 1310 A.D., possibly with help from his family. The work has become part of cultural life in Andhra Pradesh and is used in puppet shows.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In the Telugu literature [[Tikkana]] was given agraasana (top position) by many famous critics.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Paravastu Chinnayya Soori]] (1807–1861) is a well-known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature. Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the ''Bala Vyakaranam'' in a new style after doing extensive research on Telugu grammar. Other well-known writings by Chinnayasoori are ''Neethichandrika'', ''Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu'', ''Andhra Dhatumoola'', and ''Neeti Sangrahamu''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] (1848–1919) is generally considered the father of modern Telugu literature.<ref>{{cite book |title=Landmarks in Telugu Literature |last=Sarma |first=Challa Radhakrishna |year=1975 |publisher=Lakshminarayana Granthamala |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY4OAAAAYAAJ&q=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131935/https://books.google.com/books?id=rY4OAAAAYAAJ&q=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature |url-status=live}}</ref> His novel ''Rajasekhara Charitamu'' was inspired by the [[Vicar of Wakefield]]. His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period, which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period. Other prominent literary figures from this period are [[Gurajada Appa Rao]], [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]], [[Gurram Jashuva]], [[Rayaprolu Subba Rao]], [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] and [[Srirangam Srinivasa Rao]], popularly known as ''Mahakavi'' Sri Sri. Sri Sri was instrumental in popularising free verse in spoken Telugu (''vaaduka bhasha''), as opposed to the pure form of written Telugu used by several poets in his time. Devulapalli Krishnasastri is often referred to as the [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]] of Telugu literature because of his pioneering works in Telugu Romantic poetry.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] won India's national literary honour, the [[Jnanpith Award]] for his magnum opus ''[[Ramayana Kalpavruksham]]u''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |author2=Lal, Mohan |year=1991 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |page=3294}}</ref> [[C. Narayana Reddy]] won the [[Jnanpith Award]] in 1988 for his poetic work, [[Viswambhara|''Viswambara'']]. [[Ravuri Bharadhwaja]] won the third [[Jnanpith Award]] for Telugu literature in 2013 for ''Paakudu Raallu'', a graphic account of life behind the screen in [[film industry]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology |last=George |first=K.M. |year=1992 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |page=1121}}</ref> ''[[Kanyasulkam]]'', the first social play in Telugu by [[Gurajada Appa Rao]], was followed by the progressive movement, the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse. Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana (''Maalapalli''), Bulusu Venkateswarulu (''Bharatiya Tatva Sastram''), [[Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao]] and Buchi Babu.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Media ==
{{Main category|Telugu-language mass media}}

=== Telugu support on digital devices ===
Telugu input, display, and support were initially provided on the [[Microsoft Windows]] platform. Subsequently, various browsers, computer applications, operating systems, and user interfaces were localised in Telugu language for Windows and [[Linux]] platforms by vendors and [[free and open-source software]] volunteers. Telugu-capable smart phones were also introduced by vendors in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/samsung-phones-to-support-9-indian-languages/article5018907.ece|title=Samsung phones to support 9 Indian languages|work=Business Line|date=13 August 2013|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226050122/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/samsung-phones-to-support-9-indian-languages/article5018907.ece}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col start|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Telugu grammar]]
* [[Telugu people]]
* [[Telugu states]]
* [[Telugu years]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]
* [[List of Telugu-language newspapers]]
* [[List of Telugu-language television channels]]
* [[States of India by Telugu speakers]]
* [[Telugu language policy]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Albert Henry Arden, ''A Progressive Grammar of the Telugu Language'' (1873).
* Charles Philip Brown, ''English–Telugu dictionary'' (1852; revised ed. 1903);
* The Linguistic Legacy of Indo-Guyanese [https://www.stabroeknews.com/2014/04/21/features/in-the-diaspora/linguistic-legacy-indian-guyanese/ The Linguistic Legacy of Indian-Guyanese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131942/https://www.stabroeknews.com/2014/04/21/features/in-the-diaspora/linguistic-legacy-indian-guyanese/ |date=13 October 2022}}
* Languages of Mauritius [https://mauritiusattractions.com/mauritius-languages-i-85.html Languages of Mauritius – Mauritius Attractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324091230/https://mauritiusattractions.com/mauritius-languages-i-85.html |date=24 March 2017}}
* Charles Philip Brown, ''A Grammar of the Telugu Language'' (1857)
* P. Percival, ''Telugu–English dictionary: with the Telugu words printed in the Roman as well as in the Telugu Character'' (1862, [https://archive.org/details/teluguenglishdic0000revp Internet Archive edition])
* Gwynn, J. P. L. (John Peter Lucius). ''A Telugu–English Dictionary'' Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press (1991; [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gwynn/ online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226064427/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gwynn/ |date=26 February 2021}}).
* Uwe Gustafsson, ''An Adiwasi Oriya–Telugu–English dictionary'', Central Institute of Indian Languages Dictionary Series, 6. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Language (1989).
* {{citation |last1=Rao |first1=Velcheru Narayana |last2=Shulman |first2=David |title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology |publisher=University of California Press |year=2002 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt096nc4c5;brand=ucpress |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905153330/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt096nc4c5;brand=ucpress |url-status=live}}
* Callā Rādhākr̥ṣṇaśarma, ''Landmarks in Telugu Literature: A Short Survey of Telugu Literature'' (1975).
* {{cite book|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|year=2001|chapter=On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37057436|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77020-0}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Wilkinson
|first=Robert W.
|year=1974
|title=Tense/lax vowel harmony in Telugu: The influence of derived contrast on rule application
|journal=Linguistic Inquiry
|volume=5
|issue=2
|pages=251–270
}}
* {{citation | last = Zvelebil | first = Kamil | title = Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction | publisher = Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-81-8545-201-2 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|Telugu|code=te}}
{{Sister project links |auto=1|b=Telugu |commons=Telugu|voy=Telugu phrasebook |wikt=Telugu|q=y|iw=te}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Telugu-language Telugu language] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://archive.org/details/dictionarymixed00unkngoog Dictionary of mixed Telugu By Charles Philip Brown]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050603081433/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1a.html Origins of Telugu Script]
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Battle of Talikota

2026-03-19T09:48:08Z

Allenjacksparrow: quick update

{{short description|1565 battle in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Talikota
| partof = [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]]
| image =
| caption = Execution of [[Aliya Rama Raya]], by the ruler of the [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]]
| date = January 1565
| place = Around the Villages of Rakshāsi and Tengadi near [[Talikota]] in present day [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/Further%20Source%20Of%20Vijayanagara%20History%20Vol%20I%201946%20/page/n278/mode/1up|pages=263–264|work=Further Sources of Vijayanagara History Vol 1|editor-last=Sastri|editor-first= K A Nilakanta|title=The battle of Rakshasi Tengadi}}</ref>
| coordinates =
| result = [[Deccan Sultanates]] alliance victory
*Sacking of [[Vijayanagara]]
*Complete decline of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| combatant1 = [[Deccan sultanates]]
* [[File:Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg|23px]] [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
* [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]
* [[File:QutbshahiFlag.PNG|22px]] [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golkonda Sultanate]]
* [[Bidar Sultanate]]
* [[Berar Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| commander1 = *[[File:Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg|23px]] [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]]
* [[Ali Adil Shah I]]
* [[File:QutbshahiFlag.PNG|22px]] [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]]
* [[Ali Barid Shah I]]
* [[Burhan Imad Shah]]
| commander2 = *'''[[Aliya Rama Raya]]'''{{Executed}}
* Venkatadri{{KIA}}
* [[Tirumala Deva Raya]]
*Achutappa Nayak
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_relief = y
}}
The '''Battle of Talikota''', also known as that of '''Rakshasi–Tangadi''', (23 January 1565) was a watershed battle fought between the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and an alliance of the [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref name=":0" /> The battle resulted in the defeat of [[Aliya Rama Raya]] which led to the eventual collapse of the polity and reconfigured Deccan politics.<ref name=":0" />

The specific details of the battle and its immediate aftermath are notoriously difficult to reconstruct in light of the distinctly contrarian narratives present across primary sources.<ref name=":5" /> Defeat is usually blamed on the gap in relative military prowess.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age : 1000–1765 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780520325128}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] and [[Hindu nationalism|nationalist]] historians asserted of the battle to be a [[clash of civilizations]] between Hindus and Muslims;<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Contemporary scholars reject such characterizations as flawed.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":12" />

== Background ==
[[Rama Raya]], after his installation of a patrimonial state and emerging as the ruler, adopted a political strategy of benefiting from the internecine warfare among the multiple successors of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], and it worked well for about twenty years of his reign.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006 |chapter=Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 |year=2005 |pages=78–104 |isbn=9780521254847 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781315628806 |title=A History of India |year=2016 |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |isbn=9781317242130 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521266932.006 |chapter=Imperial collapse and aftermath: 1542–1700 |title=The New Cambridge History of India |year=1990 |pages=109–139 |isbn=9781139055611 }}</ref>

However, after a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over [[Kalyan]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandra Shobhi |first1=Prithvi Datta |title=Kalyāṇa is Wrecked: The Remaking of a Medieval Capital in Popular Imagination |journal=South Asian Studies |date=2 January 2016 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=90–98 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2016.1182327 |s2cid=219697794 }}</ref>{{Efn|Kalyana was the capital of the [[Chalukyas]]. Rama Raya sought to control the territory in his bid to gain popular legitimacy by establishing himself as the true heir to Chalukya sovereignty and glory. Other examples included retrofitting of decayed Chalukya complexes and bringing back Chalukya festivals.|name=|group=}} and diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures, the four Muslim Sultanates – [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] and [[Ali Adil Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, [[Ali Barid Shah I]] of Bidar in the center, and [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] of Golkonda to the east – united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Aliya Rama Raya, in late January 1565.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

==Battle==
[[File:Battle of Talikota complete panorama.png|thumb|left|Battle of Talikota.]]

=== Sources ===
There exist multiple contemporary chronicles (literary as well as historical) documenting the war:<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=In the Aura of the King: Trans-Asian, Trans-Regional, and Deccani Royal Symbolism |journal=South Asian Studies |date=2 January 2016 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=42–53 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2016.1174429 |s2cid=164169912 }}</ref>

* ''Burhan-i Maasir'' by Sayyid Ali Bin Abdullah Tabataba, the court historian of Ahmadnagar Sultanate''.''
* ''Gulshan-i Ibrahimi'' by Ferishta, the court historian of Bijapur Sultanate.
* ''Taḏkerat al-molūk'' by Rafi-ud-Din Shirazi, another court historian of Bijapur Sultanate''.''
* ''Décadas da Ásia'' by official Portuguese record-keeper Diogo do Couto.
* Letters by Goa governor Dom Antão de Noronha.
* ''Fath-Nama-i Nizam Shah'' by Hasan Shauqi, a [[Dakhni]] poet.
*''Tarif-i Husayn Shah'' by Aftabi, a poet at Ahmadnagar court.

The details of the battle and immediate aftermath are often distinctly contrarian and even accounting for biases, reconstruction is difficult, if not impossible.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite book |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674067363.c2 |chapter=1 Courtly Insults |title=Courtly Encounters |year=2012 |pages=34–102 |isbn=9780674067363 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guha |first1=Sumit |title=Rethinking the Economy of Mughal India: Lateral Perspectives |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |date=9 July 2015 |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=532–575 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341382 |jstor=43919254 }}</ref>

=== Description ===
The exact venue of clash has been variously mentioned as Talikota, Rakkasagi-Tangadigi and Bannihatti, all on the banks of river Krishna.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1301919684}} |last1=Shirwani |first1=H K. |title=The Site of the so-called Battle of Talikota |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=5 |issue=3|date=1 July 1957 |pages=151–157 }}</ref>{{Efn|James Campbell had reported traces of the Vijayanagara defensive fortifications along the southern bank of Krishna in these regions as late as 1884.|name=|group=}} There exists debate as to the precise dates.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21517|title=Military History of India|date=1960|publisher=M. C. SARKAR AND SONS PRIVATE LTD. KOLKATA|pages=91}}</ref> Span-lengths vary from hours to days; descriptions of battle formations and maneuvers vary too.<ref name=":5" />
===Outcome===

Rama Raya was eventually beheaded either by Sultan Nizam Hussain himself or by someone else acting on his behest despite Adil Shah, who had friendly relations with Raya, intending against.<ref name=":5" /> In the resultant confusion and havoc, Raya's brother [[Tirumala Deva Raya|Tirumala]] deserted with the entire army; he did try to regroup in Vijaynagara but failed and moved to the outskirts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> His other brother Venkatadri was blinded and likely, killed in action.<ref name=":0" />

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Malik E Maidan.jpg|thumb|The "Malik-i-Maidan" (''Master of the Battlefield'') cannon, stated to be the largest piece of cast [[bronze]] ordnance in the world,<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijapur |volume=3 |page=927}}</ref> was utilized by the [[Deccan Sultanates]] during the Battle of Talikota. It was provided by [[Ali Adil Shah I]] ([[Bijapur Sultanate]])]]

The Sultanates' armies went on to plunder Vijayanagara, unopposed.<ref name=":0" /> Popular accounts and older scholarship describe Vijayanagara falling to ruins, in light of the widespread desecration of sacred topography; however, this view has been contested.<ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Lycett |first1=Mark T. |last2=Morrison |first2=Kathleen D. |title=The 'Fall' of Vijayanagara Reconsidered: Political Destruction and Historical Construction in South Indian History |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |date=2013 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=433–470 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341314 |jstor=43303558 }}</ref> Contemporary historians and archaeologists warn against conflating the state with the town as little evidence exists about any damage inflicted beyond the Royal Center; they further emphasize about the politically strategic nature of destruction and arson, since sites associated with sovereignty, royal power, and authority were subject to more wanton means.<ref name=":13" />

Nonetheless, the battle caused a political rupture for the state of Vijayanagara and permanently reconfigured Deccan politics.<ref name=":0" /> Patronage of monuments and temples ceased, the Vaishnava cult perished, and the Royal Center was never rebuilt.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verghese |first1=Anila |title=Deities, cults and kings at Vijayanagara |journal=World Archaeology |date=September 2004 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=416–431 |doi=10.1080/1468936042000282726812a |s2cid=162319660 }}</ref> The Bijapur Sultanate reaped maximum gains but their alliance did not last long.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard Maxwell |last2=Wagoner |first2=Phillip B. |title=Power, Memory, Architecture: Contested Sites on India's Deccan Plateau, 1300-1600 |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-947769-2 }}{{pn|date=November 2022}}</ref> Tirumala went on to establish the [[Aravidu dynasty]], which held sway over fragments of the erstwhile empire and even operated out of Vijayanagara for two years, before shifting to Pengonda.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> But faced with successional disputes, rebellions by multiple local chieftains—primarily Telugu Nayak houses—who did not wish for the reemergence of any central authority,{{Efn|Stein notes of these independent estates to have been consolidating power since the zenith of Rama Raya's rule. He considers the entire span of Vijayanagara Empire to be a weakly-centralised polity, whose most important territories were regarded by local chiefs as independent "in every respect save that they could not claim to be fully-fledged kingdoms". [[Noboru Karashima]] disagrees with Stein's broad characterization but agrees that the final period of the Vijayanagar empire (Aravidus) was indeed marked by the growing power of the Nayakas as local feudal lords.<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1040866864}} |last1=Chakravarti |first1=Ananya |year=2012 |title=The empire of apostles: Jesuits in Brazil and India, 16th–17th c }}</ref>|name=|group=}} and continuous conflicts with the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]—who might have been invited by Rama Raya's son—, it moved southwards before disintegrating in the late 1640s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/0195136616.001.0001 |title=Precolonial India in Practice |year=2001 |last1=Talbot |first1=Cynthia |isbn=0195136616 }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
=== Analysis of defeat ===
Vijayanagara side was winning the war, state [[Hermann Kulke]] and [[Dietmar Rothermund]] in a survey of Indian history, until two Muslim generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="ReferenceA">[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (1955), ''[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|A History of South India]]'', Oxford University Press, p. 267, {{ISBN|0195606868}}</ref> Many scholars however reject this account of treachery as a post-battle speculation by Venetian merchant Cesare de Federici in ''Viaggi'', which would be taken up by a section of nationalist historians in their quest to identify traitors upon whom the responsibility of any and all Hindu defeats can be entrusted; a gulf of difference in military prowess—primarily stemming from a failure to incorporate gunpowder technology—is instead noted as the primary factor.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" />

=== Clash of civilizations ===
Colonial era historians ([[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]], [[Jonathan Scott (orientalist)|Jonathan Scott]] et al) drawing from the accounts of [[Firishta]] and later, nationalist historians ([[Aluru Venkata Rao]], [[B. A. Saletore]], [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]], [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] et al) lensed the battle as a [[Clash of Civilizations]] wherein the "Ramrajya" of Vijayanagara, a "Hindu bulwark" state fell to "Muhammedan" conquests driven by religious bigotry.{{refn|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Janaki |title='Memories of Underdevelopment' Language and Its Identities in Contemporary Karnataka |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1996 |volume=31 |issue=41/42 |pages=2809–2816 |jstor=4404683 }}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{cite thesis |last1=Archambault |first1=Hannah Lord |title=Geographies of Influence: Two Afghan Military Households in 17th and 18th Century South India |date=2018 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17c0k41d }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Shekhar|first=Shashank|date=25 October 2019|title=Hampi: Ruins of splendour|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29604140.ece|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Frontline }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Ahmed Sayeed|first=Vikhar|date=18 January 2019|title=Battle of Talikota: Beyond the Hindu-Muslim binary|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article25880107.ece|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Frontline }}</ref><ref name=":13" />}}

Richard M. Eaton rejects that there were any religious motives behind the battle and described of the civilization-hypothesis as orientalist scholarship, which ignored the multiple alliances of Rama Raya with different Muslim rulers at different spans of time (in tune to his political strategy), the thorough perfusion of Persian Islamate culture with Vijaynagara Kingdom, as evident from court-sanctioned art, architecture and culture, and strategic alliances of Rama Raya's heirs (Aravidus) with heirs of the Deccan Sultans.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /> [[Romila Thapar]], [[Burton Stein]], [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], [[Muzaffar Alam]], [[Stewart N. Gordon]] and other scholars agree on the basis of similar analyses; additional arguments include that the [[Berar Sultanate]] did not join the battle and that the Sultanate-alliance dissipated soon enough.{{refn|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Aniruddha |title=THE RISE AND FALL OF VIJAYANAGAR — AN ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS TO 'HINDU NATIONALISM' THESIS |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |pages=420–433 |jstor=44145480 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=Afterword |journal=South Asian Studies |date=2 January 2016 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=126–128 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2016.1201895 |s2cid=219698039 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=In the Aura of the King: Trans-Asian, Trans-Regional, and Deccani Royal Symbolism |journal=South Asian Studies |date=2 January 2016 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=42–53 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2016.1174429 |s2cid=164169912 }}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139084116.008 |chapter=Hindu Militarism under Islamic Rule |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia |year=2012 |pages=161–210 |isbn=9781139084116 }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Nandini|title=Histories that challenge the reductionist popular understanding of Islam in India|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/islam-histories-challenge-understanding-india|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Caravan }}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wagoner |first1=Phillip B. |title='Sultan among Hindu Kings': Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=1996 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=851–880 |doi=10.2307/2646526 |jstor=2646526 |s2cid=163090404 }}</ref>}} Harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations in the empire has been documented and there were high placed Muslims in Vijaynagara Court.{{refn|<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Shivarudraswamy |first1=S.N. |title=Hindu-Muslim Relations Under the Vijayanagara Empire |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2005 |volume=66 |pages=394–398 |jstor=44145855 }}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Verghese|first=Anila|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004054378|title=Religious traditions at Vijayanagara, as revealed through its monuments|date=1995|publisher=Manohar : American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-7304-086-3|series=Vijayanagara research project monograph series|location=New Delhi}}</ref>}}

=== Popular culture ===
The battle has been adopted into a play named 'Crossing to Talikota' by [[Girish Karnad]], who based it on Eaton's analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History vs 'Crossing to talikota' play by Girish Karnad|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/girish-karnads-last-play-crossing-to-talikota-engrosses-but-stops-short-of-being-politically-audacious-7488841.html|access-date=2019-11-01|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=21 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guha |first1=Sumit |title=The Frontiers of Memory: What the Marathas Remembered of Vijayanagara |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2009 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=269–288 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003307 |jstor=20488079 |s2cid=145476823 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[War of the League of the Indies]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Talikota}}
[[Category:1565 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1565]]
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]

Susan Florentina

2026-03-07T11:57:52Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Susan Florentina Saji''' (born 18 February 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Susan Florentina Saji (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/388873-susan-florentina-saji#career-stats |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Kerala]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a power forward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know Your Squad: Indian women's basketball team for SABA Women's Championship 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/saba-womens-championship-2025-india-squad-facts-202502#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> She plays for Kerala and [[Kerala State Electricity Board|Kerala State Electricity Board team]] in the domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreekala to lead Team India in SABA qualifiers, two other Keralites in squad |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/02/20/saba-qualifiers-three-kerala-basketball-players-india-squad-sreekala-captain.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OnManorama.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Women's Squad - KSEB |url=https://kseb.in/sbuarticledetail/eyJpdiI6IlI1cXhIRnJlQ1BnZVNEWHIzZUpaTXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlliU2ZPN21zRDU2T2VMcHZ6Y1BYZz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzIyNjU3Nzk2ZjljMGVjMWJkNTJiZGI4MDY1NTAzN2I0ZWUxNjQzZTc3M2RiN2U3ZjEyMjE3NTQ4ZDcyN2UxMyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6IkVZNkFtdEt6d1hGSkRQQ3BVOVE2d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZXM2VExPVzFFMFh1VS93YjlLQmZOdz09IiwibWFjIjoiZmE0MDIwN2VjMDAxZjhmZTIwM2FjNDNlNjI2MjIwOThiYjc2YTZlZjA2M2I2NGFkNGUwMWJjYmUwNTFjNjc0ZCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=kseb.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Florentina is from [[Idukki township|Idukki]] but is a resident of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. She is the daughter of late Saji TV and Elizabeth John.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FIBA. Basketball 3x3 - Confirmed profile - Susan Florentina |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/2092013e-85c0-4e9b-88df-cfd8b21a84b7 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Play.FIBA3x3.com}}</ref> She did her graduation at Alphonsa College in Pala, [[Kottayam]]. Her height caught the attention of her teacher Smithesh Johnson, who suggested her parents to send her for playing basketball. She learnt her basics under her first coach Biju D Theman and started enjoying the game. Later, she worked hard at college under coach Martin Mathew and was selected for the Kerala State Electricity Board team. She currently trains under coach Aju Jacob.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Never dribbled basketball till 15, but hard work lands Susan in Indian team |url=https://opendigest.in/never-dribbled-basketball-till-15-but-hard-work-lands-susan-in-indian-team/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Career ==
Florentina is selected for the Indian team in the [[2025 SABA Women's Championship|3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship 2025]] qualifiers at [[New Delhi]] from 23 to 26 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Leandra |title=3rd South Asian Women's C'ship: Indian Basketball Squad Announced |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/3rd-south-asian-womens-cship-indian-basketball |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] for a berth in the [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA women's Asia Cup]]. She made her senior India debut in the first match, where India defeated Nepal 113–32, on 23 February 2025 at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitts |first=Andre |date=23 February 2025 |title=Indian basketball team opens campaign with 113-32 win over Nepal |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saba-women-championship-2025-basketball-india-vs-nepal-match-report |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> And she also played the second match and the final, against Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats - Final - India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624278/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref>

Earlier in 2025, she was part of the Kerala team which bagged the silver medal at the [[National Games of India|National Games]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=NATIONAL GAMES {{!}} Punjab men, Kerala women enter basketball semifinals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games-punjab-men-kerala-women-enter-basketball-semifinals/article69159784.ece |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was also part of the Kerala team that won a silver medal in the 74th Senior National Basketball Championship at [[Bhavnagar]], Gujarat in January 2025. In the final against Railways, she scored 17 points and Sreekala garnered 18, but they lost the title 86–53.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-12 |title=National Championships: Tamil Nadu men, Railway women retain National basketball titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/basketball/article69092554.ece |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the semifinal against Delhi, Florentina ably assisted her captain [[Sreekala Rani|Sreekala]] (25 points), by scoring 12 points, 16 rebounds and five blocks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior National Basketball: Kerala women edge resilient Delhi to enter final |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/01/11/senior-national-basketball-kerala-delhi-semifinal.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OnManorama.com |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, she was part of the Kerala team that won the 4th 3x3 Senior National Basketball Championship 2024 for Women.<ref name=":0" /> Earlier in September 2024, she played for KSEB which finished runners up in the 5th Kerala Senior State 3x3 Basketball Championship.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Florentina, Susan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Power forwards]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Folk religion

2026-03-07T11:10:56Z

Allenjacksparrow:

{{short description|Expressions of religion distinct from the doctrines of organized religion}} {{For|religions sometimes described as "folk religions" or "ethnic religions"|Ethnic religion}}
[[File:碧霞祠.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Shrine of Bixia at [[Mount Tai]], [[Shandong]], associated with [[Chinese folk religion]]]]
'''Folk religion''', '''traditional religion''', or '''vernacular religion''' comprises, according to [[religious studies]] and [[folkloristics]], various forms and expressions of [[religion]] that are distinct from the doctrines and practices of [[organized religion]]. The precise definition of folk religion varies among scholars. Sometimes also termed [[popular belief]], it consists of [[ethnic]] or regional [[religion|religious]] customs under the umbrella of a [[religion]]; but outside [[doctrine]] and practices.<ref name="Bowman-2004">{{cite book |last=Bowman | first=Marion |editor-first=Steven| editor-last=Sutcliffe |title=Religion: empirical studies |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2004 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Chapter 1: Phenomenology, Fieldwork, and Folk Religion |isbn=978-0-7546-4158-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BU2BSj4dcHMC&q=%22folk+religion%22&pg=PA3}}</ref>

The term "folk religion" is generally held to encompass two related but separate subjects. The first is the religious dimension of folk culture ([[folklore]]), or the folk-cultural dimensions of religion. The second refers to the study of [[religious syncretism]] between two cultures with different stages of formal expression, such as the melange of African folk beliefs and [[Roman Catholicism]] that led to the development of [[Vodun]] and [[Santería]], and similar mixtures of formal religions with folk cultures. In China, folk Protestantism had its origins with the Taiping Rebellion.<ref>{{cite book | last=Dunn | first=E. | title=Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China | publisher=Brill | series=Religion in Chinese Societies | year=2015 | isbn=978-90-04-29725-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SA15CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 | access-date=2024-08-28 | page=117 | archive-date=2023-03-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301034801/https://books.google.com/books?id=SA15CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Chinese folk religion]], folk [[Hinduism]], folk [[Christianity]], and folk [[Islam]] are examples of folk religion associated with [[Major religious groups|major religions]]. The term is also used, especially by the [[clergy]] of the faiths involved, to describe the desire of people who otherwise infrequently attend religious [[worship]], do not belong to a [[church body|church]] or similar religious society, and who have not made a formal profession of [[faith]] in a particular [[creed]], to have religious weddings or funerals, or (among Christians) to have their children [[baptism|baptised]].<ref name="Bowman-2004"/>

==Definition==
In ''[[The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]]'', [[John Bowker (theologian)|John Bowker]] characterized "folk religion" as either "religion which occurs in small, local communities which does not adhere to the norms of large systems" or "the appropriation of religious beliefs and practices at a popular level."{{sfn|Bowker|2003}} Folk religion is sometimes termed "diffused religion," or "popular religion."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sun|first=Yanfei|title=Religious Change in Post-Mao China: Toward a New Sociology of Religion|date=2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-84585-2|location=Chicago}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=83}}

[[Don Yoder]] argued that there were five separate ways of defining folk religion.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=12}} The first was a perspective rooted in a [[cultural evolution]]ary framework which understood folk religion as representing the survivals of older forms of religion; in this, it would constitute "the survivals, in an official religious context, of beliefs and behaviour inherited from earlier stages of the culture's development".{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=12}} This definition would view folk religion in Catholic Europe as the survivals of pre-Christian religion and the folk religion in Protestant Europe as the survivals of Medieval Catholicism.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=12}} The second definition identified by Yoder was the view that folk religion represented the mixture of an official religion with forms of [[ethnic religion]]; this was employed to explain the place of folk religion in the syncretic belief systems of the Americas, where Christianity had blended with the religions of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous American]] and [[indigenous African|African]] communities.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|pp=12–13}}

Yoder's third definition was that often employed within folkloristics, which held that folk religion was "the interaction of belief, ritual, custom, and mythology in traditional societies", representing that which was often pejoratively characterised as [[superstition]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=13}} The fourth definition provided by Yoder stated that folk religion represented the "folk interpretation and expression of religion". Noting that this definition would not encompass beliefs that were largely unconnected from organised religion, such as in [[witchcraft]], he therefore altered this definition by including the concept of "folk [[religiosity]]", thereby defining folk religion as "the deposit in culture of folk religiosity, the full range of folk attitudes to religion".{{sfn|Yoder|1974|pp=13–14}} His fifth and final definition represented a "practical working definition" that combined elements from these various other definitions. Thus, he summarized folk religion as "the totality of all those views and practices of religion that exist among the people apart from and alongside the strictly theological and liturgical forms of the official religion".{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=14}}

Yoder described "folk religion" as existing "in a complex society in relation to and in tension with the organized religion(s) of that society. Its relatively unorganized character differentiates it from organized religion".{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=11}}

Alternately, the sociologist of religion [[Matthias Zic Varul]] defined "folk religion" as "the relatively un-reflected aspect of ordinary practices and beliefs that are oriented towards, or productive of, something beyond the immediate here-and-now: everyday transcendence".{{sfn|Varul|2015|p=449}}

Folk religion is typically not highly institutionalized.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=84}} Its practitioners typically do not form religious communities independent of the broader social communities.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=83}}

In [[sociology]], folk religion is often contrasted with [[elite religion]]. Folk religion is defined as the beliefs, practices, rituals and symbols originating from sources other than the religion's leadership. Folk religion in many instances is tolerated by the religion's leadership, although they may consider it an error.<ref>Leibman, Charles. "The Religion of the American Jew". ''The Ambivalent American Jew''. Jewish Publication Society. 1975.</ref> A similar concept is [[lived religion]], the study of religion as practiced by believers.

The term folk religion came to be increasingly rejected in the 1990s and 2000s by scholars seeking more precise terminology.{{sfn|Kapaló|2013|p=4}}

===Problems with the term folk religion===
Yoder noted that one problem with the use of the term folk religion was that it did not fit into the work of those scholars who used the term "religion" in reference solely to [[organized religion]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=10}} He highlighted the example of the prominent sociologist of religion [[Émile Durkheim]], who insisted that religion was organized in order to contrast it with [[magic (paranormal)|magic]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=10}} Yoder noted that scholars adopting these perspectives often preferred the term "[[folk belief]]" over "folk religion".{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=10}}

A second problem with the use of the term folk religion that Yoder highlighted was that some scholars, particularly those operating in the [[sociology of religion]], used the term as a synonym for ethnic religion (which is alternately known as national religion or tribal religion), meaning a religion closely tied to a particular ethnic or national group and is thus contrasted with a "universal religion" which cuts across ethnic and national boundaries.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|pp=10–11}} Among the scholars to have adopted this use of terminology are E. Wilbur Bock.{{sfn|Bock|1966|p=204}}

The folklorist Leonard Norman Primiano argued that the use of the term folk religion, as well as related terms like "popular religion" and "unofficial religion", by scholars, does an extreme disservice to the forms of religiosity that scholars are examining, because – in his opinion – such terms are "residualistic, [and] derogatory".{{sfn|Primiano|1995|p=38}} He argued that using such terminology implies that there is "a pure element" to religion "which is in some way transformed, even contaminated, by its exposure to human communities".{{sfn|Primiano|1995|p=39}} As a corrective, he suggested that scholars use "vernacular religion" as an alternative.{{sfn|Primiano|1995|pp=41–42}} Defining this term, Primiano stated that "vernacular religion" is, "by definition, religion as it is lived: as human beings encounter, understand, interpret, and practice it. Since religion inherently involves interpretation, it is impossible for the religion of an individual not to be vernacular".{{sfn|Primiano|1995|p=44}}

Kapaló was critical of this approach, deeming it mistaken and arguing that switching from "folk religion" to "vernacular religion" results in the scholar "picking up a different selection of things from the world".{{sfn|Kapaló|2013|p=9}} He cautioned that both terms carried an "ideological and semantic load" and warned scholars to pay attention to the associations that each word had.{{sfn|Kapaló|2013|pp=15–16}}

== Historical study ==
[[File:Simple Filipino Catholic home altar.jpg|thumb|A Filipino Catholic home altar in [[Morden, Manitoba]]]]
In Europe the study of "folk religion" emerged from the study of ''religiöse Volkskunde'', a German term which was used in reference to "the religious dimension of folk-culture, or the folk-cultural dimension of religion".{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=2}} This term was first employed by a German [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] preacher, [[Paul Drews]], in a 1901 article that he published which was titled "''Religiöse Volkskunde, eine Aufgabe der praktischen Theologie''". This article was designed to be read by young Lutheran preachers leaving the seminary, to equip them for the popular variants of Lutheranism that they would encounter among their congregations and which would differ from the official, doctrinal Lutheranism that they had been accustomed to.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|pp=2–3}} Although developing within a religious environment, the term came to be adopted by German academics in the field of [[folkloristics]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=3}} During the 1920s and 1930s, theoretical studies of ''religiöse Volkskunde'' had been produced by the folklorists [[Josef Weigert]], [[Werner Boette]], and [[Max Rumpf]], all of whom had focused on religiosity within German peasant communities.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=3}} Over the coming decades, [[Georg Schreiber]] established an Institut für religiöse Volkskund in [[Munich]] while a similar department was established in [[Salzburg]] by [[Hanns Koren]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|pp=3–4}} Other prominent academics involved in the study of the phenomenon were [[Heinrich Schauert]] and [[Rudolf Kriss]], the latter of whom collected one of the largest collections of folk-religious art and material culture in Europe, later housed in Munich's [[Bayerisches Nationalmuseum]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|pp=3–4}} Throughout the 20th century, many studies were made of folk religion in Europe, paying particular attention to such subjects as [[pilgrimage]] and the use of [[shrines]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=3}}

In the Americas, the study of folk religion developed among [[cultural anthropology|cultural anthropologists]] studying the syncretistic cultures of the Caribbean and Latin America.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=5}} The pioneer in this field was [[Robert Redfield]], whose 1930 book ''Tepoztlán: A Mexican Village'' contrasted and examined the relationship between "folk religion" and "official religion" in a peasant community.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=5}} Yoder later noted that although the earliest known usage of the term "folk religion" in the English language was unknown, it probably developed as a translation of the German ''Volksreligion''.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=5}} One of the earliest prominent usages of the term was in the title of [[Joshua Trachtenberg]]'s 1939 work ''Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion''.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=5}} The term also gained increasing usage within the academic field of [[comparative religion]], appearing in the titles of [[Ichiro Hori]]'s ''Folk Religion in Japan'', [[Martin P. Nilsson]]'s ''Greek Folk Religion'', and [[Charles Miller Leslie|Charles Leslie]]'s reader, the ''Anthropology of Folk Religion''.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=5}} Courses on the study of folk religion came to be taught at various universities in the United States, such as [[John Messenger]]'s at [[Indiana University]] and [[Don Yoder]]'s at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=5}}
Although the subject of folk religion fell within the remit of scholars operating in both folkloristics and religious studies, by 1974 Yoder noted that U.S.-based academics in the latter continued to largely ignore it, instead focusing on the study of [[theology]] and institutionalised religion; he contrasted this with the situation in Europe, where historians of religion had devoted much time to studying folk religiosity.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=6}} He also lamented that many U.S.-based folklorists also neglected the subject of religion because it did not fit within the standard genre-based system for cataloguing folklore.{{sfn|Yoder|1974|p=9}}

==Chinese folk religion==
{{main|Chinese folk religion}}

[[File:Ancestor worship004.jpg|thumb|This picture was taken at a Malaysian Chinese home. This altar is dedicated to the three Pure Land sages, Avalokitesvara, and Sathya Sai Baba. On the left of the altar is a glass filled with rice. Joss sticks are stuck into it after the ancestors are invited to partake in the offering of food specially prepared for them on the Hungry Ghost festival prayers.]]
Chinese folk religion is one of the labels used to describe the collection of [[ethnic religion|ethnic religious]] traditions which have historically comprised the predominant belief system in [[China]] and among [[Han Chinese]] ethnic groups up to the present day. The devotion includes the [[veneration of the dead]] ([[Chinese ancestor worship|ancestor worship]]) and of forces of nature, [[Spiritual warfare in China|exorcism]] of demonic forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature, balance in the universe and reality that can be influenced by human beings and their rulers, as well as spirits and gods. Worship is devoted to a [[Chinese gods and immortals|hierarchy of gods and immortals]] ({{lang-zh|t=神|p=shén}}), who can be [[Shen (Chinese religion)|deities]] of phenomena, of human behaviour, or [[progenitor]]s of lineages. [[Mythology|Stories]] regarding some of these gods are collected into the body of [[Chinese mythology]]. By the 11th century ([[Song dynasty|Song period]]), these practices had been blended with [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist]] ideas of [[karma]] (one's own doing) and rebirth, and [[Taoism|Taoist]] teachings about hierarchies of deities, to form the popular religious system which has lasted in many ways until the present day.<ref>{{cite book |title=Religions of China: The World as a Living System|author=Overmyer, Daniel L.|pages=51 |date=1986|publisher=New York: Harper & Row |isbn=9781478609896}}</ref>

Chinese folk religion is sometimes categorized with [[Taoism]], since over the centuries institutional Taoism has been attempting to assimilate or administer local religions. More accurately, Taoism emerged from and overlaps with folk religion and [[Chinese philosophy]]. Chinese folk religion is sometimes seen as a constituent part of Chinese traditional religion, but more often, the two are regarded as synonymous. With around 454 million adherents, or about 6.6% of the world population,<ref>{{Citation | contribution = Religion | year = 2011 | title = Encyclopædia Britannica| title-link = Encyclopædia Britannica }}.</ref> Chinese folk religion is one of the [[major religious groups|major religious traditions in the world]]. In the People's Republic of China, more than 30% of the population follows [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese popular religion]] or Taoism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chartsbin.com/view/sgx |title=Chinese Folk Religion Adherents by Country |publisher=Charts bin |date=2009-09-16 |access-date=2011-11-20 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813113114/http://chartsbin.com/view/sgx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite being heavily suppressed during the last two centuries, from the [[Taiping Rebellion]] to the [[Cultural Revolution]], it is currently experiencing a modern revival in both [[Mainland China]] and [[Republic of China|Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109h/21814.pdf |title=Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China |access-date=2011-11-20 |archive-date=2011-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116173747/http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109h/21814.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Madsen-21-4.pdf |title=The Upsurge of Religion in China |access-date=2011-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113151/http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Madsen-21-4.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Various forms have received support by the [[Government of the People's Republic of China]], such as [[Mazu|Mazuism]] in [[Northern and southern China|Southern China]] (officially about 160 million [[Chinese people]] are worshippers of [[Mazu]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128672542&sc=tw |title=China's Leaders Harness Folk Religion For Their Aims |publisher=Npr.org |date=2010-07-23 |access-date=2011-11-20}}</ref> [[Yellow Emperor|Huangdi]] worship,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Apr/164216.htm |title=Over 10,000 Chinese Worship Huangdi in Henan |publisher=China.org.cn |date=2006-04-01 |access-date=2011-11-20 |archive-date=2012-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010173004/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Apr/164216.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100720151059/http://china.chinaa2z.com/china/html/tourism/2008/20081021/20081021150925852894/20081021151018945161.html Compatriots across the strait honor their ancestry]}}</ref> [[Chinese dragon#Dragon worship|Black Dragon]] worship in [[Shaanxi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwrn.org/articles/13093/?&place=china/taiwan&section=native-religions |title=Return to folk religions brings about renewal in rural China |publisher=Wwrn.org |date=2001-09-14 |access-date=2011-11-20 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930044610/http://wwrn.org/articles/13093/?&place=china/taiwan&section=native-religions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/20062608 |title=The Policy of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China |jstor=20062608 |access-date=2017-08-31 |archive-date=2019-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428115000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062608 |url-status=live |last1=Chau |first1=Adam Yuet |journal=Modern China |date=2005 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=236–278 |doi=10.1177/0097700404274038 |s2cid=144130739 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSpDTsSkuVoC&q=%22black+dragon%22+temple+shaanxi&pg=PA77 |title=Miraculous response: doing popular religion in contemporary China |access-date=2011-11-20 |isbn=9780804767651 |date=2008-07-21 |last1=Chau |first1=Adam Yuet |publisher=Stanford University Press |archive-date=2023-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510085708/https://books.google.com/books?id=KSpDTsSkuVoC&q=%22black+dragon%22+temple+shaanxi&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Cai Shen]] worship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.voc.com.cn/blog.php?do=showone&type=blog&cid=104&itemid=624736 |title=苍南金乡玄坛庙成华夏第八财神庙 |publisher=Blog.voc.com.cn |access-date=2011-11-20 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707023046/http://blog.voc.com.cn/blog.php?do=showone&type=blog&cid=104&itemid=624736 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The term ''Shenism'' was first published by AJA Elliot in 1955 to describe [[Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Citation | title = State, Society and Religious Engineering: Towards a Reformist Buddhism in Singapore. (Book Review)|journal = Sojourn Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|date= October 1, 2004 |author= Tan, Beng Sin (Piya Tan) | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126163460.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105195636/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126163460.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2012-11-05}}.</ref>

== Folk Judaism ==
In one of the first major academic works on the subject, [[Joshua Trachtenberg]], in ''Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion'', defined Jewish folk religion as consisting of ideas and practices that, whilst not meeting with the approval of [[Rabbinic authority|religious leaders]], enjoyed wide popularity such that they must be included in what he termed the "field of religion".<ref>''Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion'', Joshua Trachtenberg, 1939, Forgotten Books, Preface, pg xxvii</ref> This included unorthodox beliefs about demons and angels and magical practices.

Later studies have emphasized the significance of the destruction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] to the many Jewish folk customs linked to [[Bereavement in Judaism|mourning]] and, in particular, to the belief in ''hibbut ha-qever'' (torture of the grave): a belief that the dead are tortured in their grave for three days after burial by demons until they remember their names. This idea began with early eschatological ''[[Aggadah|aggadot]]'' ({{lang|he|אגדות}}, 'legends', 'narratives') and was further developed by the [[Kabbalah|Kabbalists]].<ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion'', Edited by Adele Berlin, Oxford University Press, 2011, pg 344,</ref>

[[Raphael Patai]] is recognized as an early adopter of anthropology in studying Jewish folk religion.<ref>''Fields of Offerings: Studies in Honor of Raphael Patai'', by Victor D. Sanua, pg 28</ref> In particular, he was drawn to the female divine element,<ref>''Fields of Offerings: Studies in Honor of Raphael Patai'', by Victor D. Sanua, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1983, pg 27</ref> which he noted in the goddess [[Asherah]], the ''[[Shekhinah]]'', the ''[[Matronit]]'', and [[Lilith]].<ref>''Fields of Offerings: Studies in Honor of Raphael Patai'', by Victor D. Sanua, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1983, pg 2</ref>

Writer Stephen Sharot has noted that Jewish folk religion, similar to other forms of folk religion, focuses on [[Apotropaic magic|apotropaic]] and [[Thaumaturgy|thaumaturgical]] practices intended to protect individuals from sickness and misfortune. He highlights the distinction between [[Rabbinic Judaism]], which adheres to orthodox practice, life, and ''Halakha'', and the unorthodox magical rituals practitioners employ in everyday life. An example mentioned is the relatively professionalized magician known as the ''[[Baal Shem]]'' ({{lang|he|בַּעַל שֵׁם}}; pl. ''Baalei Shem'') in Poland. Beginning in the 16th century and gaining prominence alongside [[Practical Kabbalah]] in the 18th century, ''Ba'alei Shem'' utilized their knowledge of the [[Names of God in Judaism|names of God]] and angels, along with various practices such as [[exorcism]], [[chiromancy]], and [[herbal medicine]] to assist individuals in achieving success in social areas like marriage and childbirth, and to bring harm to adversaries.<ref>''Comparative Perspectives on Judaisms and Jewish Identities'', By Stephen Sharot, Wayne State University Press, 2011, pg 58</ref>

[[Charles Liebman]] has written that the essence of the folk religion of [[American Jews]] is their social ties to one another, illustrated by the finding that religious practices that would prevent [[social integration]]—such as a strict interpretation of ''[[Kashrut]]'' and [[Shabbat]]—have been abandoned, whilst the practices that are followed—such as the [[Passover Seder]], social rites of passage like the ''[[b'nei mitzvah]]'', and the [[High Holy Days]]—are ones that strengthen Jewish family and community integration.<ref>''Comparative Perspectives on Judaisms and Jewish Identities'', By Stephen Sharot, Wayne State University Press, 2011, pg 152</ref> Liebman described the rituals and beliefs of contemporary Jewish folk religion in his works, ''The Ambivalent American Jew'' (1973) and ''American Jewry: Identity and Affiliation''.

==Folk Christianity==
{{main|Folk Catholicism|Folk Orthodoxy}}

{{expand section|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Gauchito Gil and San La Muerte.jpg|thumb|[[Gauchito Gil]] (left) and [[San La Muerte]] (right), two examples of Argentine [[folk saint]]s]]
Folk Christianity is defined differently by various scholars. Christianity as most people live it – a term used to "overcome the division of beliefs into [[Mainstream Christian|mainstream]] and [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]]".<ref>Rock, Stella (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dNpcEtoAk4YC&pg=PA11 Popular religion in Russia].'' Routledge {{ISBN|0-415-31771-1}}, p. 11. Last accessed July 2009.</ref>

Christianity as impacted by superstition as practiced by certain geographical Christian groups,<ref>Snape, Michael Francis (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl4EiL6CeVgC&pg=PA45 The Church of England in industrialising society]. Boydell Press, {{ISBN|1-84383-014-0}}, p. 45. Last accessed July 2009</ref> and Christianity defined "in cultural terms without reference to the [[theology|theologies]] and [[History of Christianity|histories]]."<ref>Corduan, Winfried (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pZW6nwbyW5kC&pg=PA37&dq Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions].'' InterVarsity Press, {{ISBN|0-8308-1524-4}}, p. 37. Last accessed July 2009.</ref>

==Folk Islam==
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}

Folk Islam is an [[umbrella term]] used to collectively describe forms of [[Islam]] that incorporate native folk beliefs and practices.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Chris |title=Spirituality and Psychiatry |publisher=[[RCPsych]] Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-904671-71-8 |page=242}}</ref> Folk Islam has been described as the Islam of the "urban poor, country people, and tribes",<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridgeon |first=Lloyd |title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-29796-7 |page=280}}</ref> in contrast to [[Orthodoxy|orthodox]] or "high" Islam (Gellner, 1992).<ref>{{cite book |last=Malešević |first=Siniša |author-link=Sinisa Malesevic |title=Ernest Gellner and Contemporary Social Thought |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-70941-5 |page=189 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[Sufism|Sufi]] concepts, which are found in [[Sunni Islam|orthodox Islam]] as well, and [[Perennial philosophy|perennialism]] and [[Religious syncretism|syncretism]] are often integrated into Folk Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chelkowski |first=Peter J |authorlink=Peter J. Chelkowski|url=https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/286 |title=Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8223-0781-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/286 286] |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Makris |first=JP |title=Islam in the Middle East: A Living Tradition |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4051-1603-9 |page=49}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Masud |first=Muhammad Khalid |title=Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debates |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7486-3793-5 |page=138 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hinde |first=Robert |title=Why Gods Persist: A Scientific Approach to Religion |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-415-49761-9 |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hefner |first=Robert W |title=Islam In an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8248-1957-6 |page=20 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=IK |title=Islam in Modern Asia |publisher=MD Publications |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7533-094-8 |page=281}}</ref>

== Folk Hinduism ==
June McDaniel (2007) classifies [[Hinduism]] into six major kinds and numerous minor kinds, in order to understand the expression of emotions among the Hindus.<ref name="McDaniel-2007">{{cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-517021-4 |editor-last=Corrigan |editor-first=John |pages=52–53 |chapter=Hinduism}}</ref> According to McDaniel, one of the major kinds is Folk Hinduism, based on local ethnic traditions and cults of local [[deities]] and is the oldest, non-literate system of [[Indian religions]].<ref name="McDaniel-2007" /> Folk Hinduism involves worship of deities which are not found in Hindu scriptures. It involves worship of [[Gramadevata]] (village deity), [[Kuladevata]] (household deity) and local deities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk Hinduism |url=http://sociology.iresearchnet.com/sociology-of-religion/folk-hinduism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914123133/http://sociology.iresearchnet.com/sociology-of-religion/folk-hinduism/ |archive-date=2019-09-14 |access-date=2020-02-07 |website=sociology.iresearchnet}}{{better source needed|reason=This is a plagiarism service.|date=August 2024}}</ref> It is a folk religion, [[polytheist]] and [[animistic]] belief based on locality. These religions have their own priests, who worship regional deities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Michaels |first1=Axel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA22 |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0691089523 |page=24 |access-date=2022-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112202117/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the 19th century, scholars had divided Hinduism and [[Brahmanism]]. Brahmanism was referred to as an intellectual, classical tradition based on [[Sanskrit]] scriptures, while Hinduism was associated with superstitious folk tradition. The folk tradition refers to the aspects of the Hindu tradition that exist in tension with the Sanskritic tradition based on textual authority.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korom |first=Frank |date=27 January 2011 |title=Popular and Folk Hinduism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0041.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811020817/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0041.xml |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0041}}</ref> According to [[M. N. Srinivas]] (1976), folk Hinduism is relevant in the urban context, but it is neglected in ethnographic studies due to its negative connotations with folk (rural masses, illiterate).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=Yamini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfrDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Religion, Heritage and the Sustainable City: Hinduism and urbanisation in Jaipur |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1135012694 |page=14 |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131120649/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfrDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |archive-date=2023-01-31 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Chris Fuller (academic)|Chris Fuller]] (1994), popular Hinduism is not degenerate textual Hinduism in light of ethnographic evidence, although the category of folk Hinduism remains tenuous.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lubin |first1=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&pg=PA209 |title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction |last2=Davis |first2=Donald R. Jr. |last3=Krishnan |first3=Jayanth K. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1139493581 |page=209 |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131120655/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&pg=PA209 |archive-date=2023-01-31 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Michael Witzel]] (1998), the folk religion is the religion of [[Prakrit]] speaking and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] speaking lower caste while the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Hinduism]] which comprises [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]] is the religion of [[Sanskrit]] speaking upper caste. According to [[Asko Parpola]] (2015), the folk village Hinduism is surviving from [[History of Hinduism#Pre-Vedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)|pre-rig vedic]] Indo-Aryan times and the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=Eric D. |date=June 2018 |title=The Aryan Controversy Decided? Ancient India between the Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization (Review Essay on Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326357016 |access-date=26 November 2022 |page=6}}{{better source needed|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Indigenous Philippine folk religions==
{{main|Indigenous Philippine folk religions}}

Indigenous Philippine folk religions are the distinct native religions of various [[ethnic groups in the Philippines]], where most follow belief systems in line with [[animism]]. Generally, these indigenous folk religions are referred to as ''Anitism'' or ''Bathalism''.<ref>Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78–98</ref> Some of these beliefs stem from pre-Christian religions that were especially influenced by [[Hinduism]] and were regarded by the Spanish as "myths" and "superstitions" in an effort to de-legitimize legitimate precolonial beliefs by forcefully replacing those native beliefs with Catholic Christian beliefs. Today, some of these precolonial beliefs are still held by Filipinos, especially in the provinces.

==See also==
{{Portal|Mythology|Religion|Philosophy}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* {{anli|Evil eye}}
* {{anli|Ethnoreligious group}}
* {{anli|Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena}}
* {{anli|Popular piety}}
* {{anli|Prehistoric religion}}
* {{anli|Pseudoreligion}}
* {{anli|Romani folklore}}
* {{anli|Sanamahism}}
* {{anli|Spiritual Christianity}}
* {{anli|Tengrism}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bock |first=E. Wilbur |year=1966 |title=Symbols in Conflict: Official versus Folk Religion |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=204–212 |jstor=1384846 |doi=10.2307/1384846}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=John |last=Bowker |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |contribution=Folk religion |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |isbn=9780191727221 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kapaló |first=James A. |year=2013 |title=Folk Religion in Discourse and Practice |journal=Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=3–18 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Primiano |first=Leonard Norman |year=1995 |title=Vernacular Religion and the Search for Method in Religious Folklife |journal=Western Folklore |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=37–56 |jstor=1499910 |doi=10.2307/1499910}}
* {{cite journal |last=Varul |first=Matthias Zick |title=Consumerism as Folk Religion: Transcendence, Probation and Dissatisfaction with Capitalism |journal=Studies in Christian Ethics |year=2015 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages= 447–460 |doi=10.1177/0953946814565984|s2cid=148255400 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Yoder |first=Don |year=1974 |title=Toward a Definition of Folk Religion |journal=Western Folklore |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/1498248 |jstor=1498248 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1498248 |access-date=2022-04-12 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Allen, Catherine. ''The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community.'' Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989; second edition, 2002.
* Badone, Ellen, ed. ''Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
* Bastide, Roger. ''The African Religions of Brazil: Toward a Sociology of the Interpenetration of Civilizations.'' Trans. by Helen Sebba. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
* Blackburn, Stuart H. ''Death and Deification: Folk Cults in Hinduism'', History of Religions (1985).
* Brintnal, Douglas. ''Revolt against the Dead: The Modernization of a Mayan Community in the Highlands of Guatemala.'' New York: Gordon and Breach, 1979.
* Christian, William A., Jr. ''Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
* Gellner, David N. ''Hinduism. None, one or many?'', Social Anthropology (2004), 12: 367–371 Cambridge University* Johnson, Paul Christopher. ''Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Gorshunova, Olga V. (2008). ''Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora…'', ('' Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia'') in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, No. 1, pp. 71–82. ISSN 0869-5415. {{in lang|ru}}.
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2018.1446242 Kononenko, Natalie "Vernacular religion on the prairies: negotiating a place for the unquiet dead,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420023242/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2018.1446242 |date=2021-04-20 }} Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no. 1-2 (2018)
* {{Cite book |last=Nepstad |first=Sharon Erickson |year=1996 |chapter=Popular Religion, Protest, and Revolt: The Emergence of Political Insurgency in the Nicaraguan and Salvadoran Churches of the 1960s–80s |title=Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism |editor-first=Christian |editor-last=Smith |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=105–124 |isbn=978-0-415-91405-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nash |first=June |year=1996 |chapter=Religious Rituals of Resistance and Class Consciousness in Bolivian Tin-Mining Communities |title=Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism |editor-first=Christian |editor-last=Smith |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=87–104 |isbn=978-0-415-91405-5}}
* Nutini, Hugo. ''Ritual Kinship: Ideological and Structural Integration of the Compadrazgo System in Rural Tlaxcala.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
* Nutini, Hugo. ''Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala: A Syncretic, Expressive, and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
* Panchenko, Aleksandr. ''[https://www.academia.edu/8684508/Popular_Orthodoxy_and_identity_in_Soviet_and_post-Soviet_Russia_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Identities._Ed._by_Mark_Bassin_and_Catriona_Kelly._Cambridge_2012._P._321–340 ‘Popular Orthodoxy’ and identity in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418052353/https://www.academia.edu/8684508/Popular_Orthodoxy_and_identity_in_Soviet_and_post-Soviet_Russia_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Identities._Ed._by_Mark_Bassin_and_Catriona_Kelly._Cambridge_2012._P._321%E2%80%93340 |date=2023-04-18 }},'' Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities. Ed. by Mark Bassin and Catriona Kelly. Cambridge, 2012, pp. 321–340
* Sinha, Vineeta. ''Problematizing Received Categories: Revisiting ‘Folk Hinduism’ and ‘Sanskritization’'', Current Sociology, Vol. 54, No. 1, 98–111 (2006)
* Sinha, Vineeta. ''Persistence of ‘Folk Hinduism’ in Malaysia and Singapore'', Australian Religion Studies Review Vol. 18 No. 2 (Nov 2005):211–234
* Stuart H. Blackburn, ''Inside the Drama-House: Rama Stories and Shadow Puppets in South India'', UCP (1996), ch. 3: " Ambivalent Accommodations: Bhakti and Folk Hinduism".
* Taylor, Lawrence J. ''Occasions of Faith: An Anthropology of Irish Catholics.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Keith |title=Religion and the Decline of Magic. Studies in popular beliefs in sixteenth and seventeenth century England |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00220-8}}
{{refend}}

{{Folklore genres}}
{{Folk religion}}{{Religion topics}}
{{Ethnicity}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Folk religions| ]]
[[Category:Anthropology of religion]]
[[Category:History of magic]]
[[Category:Religious practices]]

SLNS Sayura

2026-03-05T22:57:26Z

Allenjacksparrow: done

{{Short description|Sri Lanka Navy Sukanya-class patrol vessel}}
{{redirect-distinguish|INS Sarayu|INS Saryu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox ship
|infobox_caption=SLNS ''Sayura''
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=UG-LK Photowalk - Colombo Harbour - 2017-03-12 (11).jpg
|image_caption=SLNS ''Sayura'', at Colombo Harbour in March 2017
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=INS ''Sarayu''
|namesake=[[Sarayu River]]
|ordered=
|builder=[[Hindustan Shipyard Limited]]
|laid_down=25 June 1988
|launched=16 October 1989
|acquired=
|commissioned=8 October 1991
|decommissioned=1 November 2000
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=INS Virbahu, [[Visakhapatnam]]
|honours=
|fate=Sold to [[Sri Lanka Navy]] 1 November 2000
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: P54
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Sri Lanka
|flag={{shipboxflag|Sri Lanka|naval}}
|name=SLNS ''Sayura''
|namesake=
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|homeport=[[SLN Dockyard]], [[Trincomalee]]
|identification=
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|status=Active
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|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel}}<ref name="in-sukanya">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |access-date=2009-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084015/http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |archive-date=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement=1,890 tons (full load)<ref name="in-sukanya" />
|length={{convert|101|m|abbr=on}}
|beam={{convert|11.5|m|abbr=on}}
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|decks=
|deck_clearance=
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|power=
|propulsion=2 × [[diesel engine]]s, {{convert|12800|bhp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}, 2 shafts
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|range={{convert|7000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
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|complement=140 (incl 15 officers)
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|sensors=*1 × Racal Decca 2459 search radar
*1 BEL 1245 navigation radar
|EW=
|armament=*1 × 40 mm, 60-cal [[Bofors]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*2 × 12.7 mm [[machine guns]]
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=1 [[HAL Chetak]]
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''SLNS ''Sayura''''' (''Sayura'', in [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]: Sea) is the former [[flagship]] and an [[OPV (naval)|offshore patrol vessel]] (OPV) of the [[Sri Lanka Navy]].

She was formerly '''INS ''Sarayu''''', a {{sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel}} of the [[Indian Navy]] sold to [[Sri Lanka]] in 2000.<ref> name=in-sukanya /{{cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |access-date=2009-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084015/http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |archive-date=2009-06-19 }}</ref> She was upgraded with new armament in India before being delivered to the Sri Lanka Navy. India also committed to providing maintenance and refit of the ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/acom.pdf |title=Title unknown |format=pdf |accessdate= |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212144810/http://indiannavy.nic.in/acom.pdf |archivedate=December 12, 2006 }}</ref>

She serves as the flagship of the Sri Lanka Navy and obtained several remarkable naval victories against the naval branch of [[Tamil Tiger]] rebels ([[Sea Tigers]]). She was recently equipped with [[C-802|Yingi Y-82]] anti-ship missiles and surface to air missiles.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

==Operations==
''Sayura'' was tasked with deep-sea patrolling both within the Sri Lankan territorial waters and in international waters to curb arms smuggling by the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE). During the 4th Ealam war after undergoing a major refit in India, ''Sayura'', along with other OPVs of the [[Sri Lanka Navy]], successfully intercepted several ships smuggling arms for the LTTE. In all these cases the ships were sunk when the LTTE Sea Tigers attacked the naval vessels with [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s. ''Sayura'' also participated in the [[Cadex 2009]] military training exercises with the [[Indian Navy]] after the war ended.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20091006_06
|title = Sri Lanka and India Navy conduct joint naval training exercise
|date = 6 October 2009
|publisher = Ministry of Defence and Urban Development - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
|accessdate = 2009-10-16
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229165207/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20091006_06
|archivedate = 29 February 2012
|df =
}}</ref>

In 2017, it sailed to [[Langkawi]] to take part in [[Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition|LIMA 2017]] with a detachment of the newly formed [[Sri Lanka Navy#Marine battalion|Marine battalion]].<ref>[http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/-Sayura-leaves-for-Malaysia-to-attend-LIMA--125517.html ‘Sayura’ leaves for Malaysia to attend LIMA-2017]</ref>

==Commanding officers==
The first Sri Lankan Navy officer to Captain the ship was then Captain [[Jayantha Perera|SMAJ Perera]] USP, psc.

Since then it has been commanded by:

*Captain (Later CMDE while commanding) AARA Dias RSP, USP, psc, MSc(DS)

*Captain [[Rohan Amarasinghe|AR Amarasinghe]] RSP, USP, psc

*Captain [[Ravindra Wijegunaratne|RC Wijegunaratne]] WV, RWP, RSP, psn

*Captain [[Sarath Dissanayake|DMS Dissanayake]] RWP, psc

*Captain (Later CMDE while commanding) KKVPH De Silva WWV, USP

*CMDE SWC Mohotty MSc (DS) Mgmt)

*CMDE NAN Sarathsena RSP, MSc (DS) Mgmt.

*CMDE WASS Perera RWP, RSP, USP, psc

==INS ''Sarayu''==
Commissioned 10 April 1991, INS ''Sarayu'' (P54) served with the Indian Navy until she was sold to Sri Lanka on 1 November 2000.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.navy.lk Sri Lanka Navy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203145815/http://www.navy.lk/index.php?id=436 Defenders of the ocean receive heroes’ welcome on their triumphant return to home base]

{{Sukanya-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayura}}
[[Category:1989 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Sukanya-class patrol boats of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
[[Category:Patrol boats of the Indian Navy]]

Sandip Basu

2026-03-05T21:53:17Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting a info

{{Short description|Indian physician of Nuclear Medicine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sandip Basu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
|
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Nuclear medicine]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | Radiation Medicine Centre, [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai | [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] }}
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Positron emission tomography]] Diagnostics and Radionuclide Therapy
| awards = {{ublist| 2010 [[Society of Nuclear Medicine|SNM]] USA Alavi-Mandell Award | 2012 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in Medical Sciences]]|2017 [[DAE Homi Bhabha Science and Technology Award]]|2019 [[Homi Bhabha Memorial Oration by the Society of Nuclear Medicine India]]}}
}}

'''Sandip Basu''' is an Indian physician of Nuclear Medicine and the Head, Nuclear Medicine Academic Program at the Radiation Medicine Centre ([[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]). He is also the Dean-Academic (Health-Sciences), BARC at [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] and is known for his services and research in Nuclear Medicine, particularly on [[Positron emission tomography]] diagnostics and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy in Cancer. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Nuclear Medicine in 2012.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:PET-MIPS-anim.gif|thumb|Whole-body PET scan using 18F-FDG to show liver metastases of a colorectal tumor]]
Sandip Basu, is a Professor of Nuclear Medicine at the Radiation Medicine Centre, and Head, Nuclear Medicine Academic Programme, affiliated to the Health Sciences, BARC.<ref name="HBNI Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/finf_na.html?fnm=Basu%20Sandip&ci=BARC&dsp=Health%20Sciences&dsg=Professor |title=HBNI Faculty |date=2017 |publisher=Homi Bhabha National Institute |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115704/http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/finf_na.html?fnm=Basu%20Sandip&ci=BARC&dsp=Health%20Sciences&dsg=Professor |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also serves as the dean-academics (Health Sciences), BARC at [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]].<ref name="Deans-Academic / Dean (Student's Affairs)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hbni.ac.in/about/deans_academic.html |title=Deans-Academic / Dean (Student's Affairs) |date=2017 |publisher=Homi Bhabha National Institute |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090119/http://www.hbni.ac.in/about/deans_academic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He pursues his clinical patient services, academics and research interests at the Radiation Medicine Centre [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] housed at Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe Building at Parel, Mumbai.<ref name="Dr. Sandip Basu - VECC profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vecc.gov.in/colloquia/speaker_details/94 |title=Dr. Sandip Basu - VECC profile |date=2017 |publisher=Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111809/http://www.vecc.gov.in/colloquia/speaker_details/94 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Unstable link - you may need to copy paste the URL in address bar to see details}} He is known for his clinical and applied research in the field of Nuclear Medicine, especially on [[positron emission tomography]]-based diagnostics and Targeted Radionuclide therapy.<ref name="Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Prize in Science & Technology 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2012/2012091020.pdf |title=Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Prize in Science & Technology 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516041942/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2012/2012091020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Hess2014-1">{{cite book|author=Søren Hess|title=Contribution of FDG to Modern Medicine, Part II, An Issue of PET Clinics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9j1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PR12|date=27 December 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-34199-8|pages=12–}}</ref> One major area of his research interests and clinical work has been the integration of functional radionuclide imaging and targeted radionuclide treatment which assisted in developing personalized management model and providing individualized treatment to patients of cancer.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=146 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} of which many have been listed by online article repositories such as [[Google Scholar]]<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=TzgLTccAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]].<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/2113562952_Sandip_Basu |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref> Besides, he has guest-edited six books viz. ''Breast Cancer Imaging I: Number 3'',<ref name="Breast Cancer Imaging I: Number 3">{{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Rakesh Kumar|author3=Abass Alavi|title=Breast Cancer Imaging I: Number 3|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8402830-breast-cancer-imaging-i|date=1 December 2009|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|isbn=9781437709643}}</ref> ''Breast Cancer Imaging II: Pet Clinics'',<ref name="BasuKumar2010">{{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Rakesh Kumar|author3=Ayse Mavi, Abass Alavi|title=Breast Cancer Imaging II: Pet Clinics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAOCPgAACAAJ|date=28 January 2010|publisher=Elsevier - Health Sciences Division|isbn=978-1-4377-1402-9}}</ref> ''Radiation Therapy Planning with PET: Number 2'',<ref name="Radiation Therapy Planning with PET: Number 2">{{cite book|author1=Roger M. Macklis|author2= Sushil Beriwal|author3=Sandip Basu|title=Radiation Therapy Planning with PET: Number 2|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/14583774-radiation-therapy-planning-with-pet|date=13 June 2011|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company}}</ref> ''Modern Quantitative Techniques for PET'',<ref name="SabouryAlavi2012">{{cite book|author1=Babak Saboury|author2=Abass Alavi|author3=Mateen Moghbel, Sandip Basu|title=Modern Quantitative Techniques for PET|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7qpoAEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=INTECH Open Access Publisher|isbn=978-953-51-0359-2}}</ref> ''PET Imaging of Brain Tumors, An Issue of PET Clinics''<ref name="BasuChen2013">{{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Wei Chen|title=PET Imaging of Brain Tumors, An Issue of PET Clinics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhg5okN_vr0C|date=22 April 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-7221-6}}</ref> and ''PET-Based Molecular Imaging in Evolving Personalized Management Design, An Issue of PET Clinics''<ref name="BasuAlavi2016">{{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Abass Alavi|title=PET-Based Molecular Imaging in Evolving Personalized Management Design, An Issue of PET Clinics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxTKDAAAQBAJ|date=9 July 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44871-0}}</ref> and has contributed chapters to books published by others.<ref name="ZaidiKwee2013">{{cite book|author1=Habib Zaidi|author2=Thomas Kwee|title=Evolving Medical Imaging Techniques, An Issue of PET Clinics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qMA4vREjj0C&pg=PT14|date=3 July 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-7605-4|pages=14–}}</ref><ref name="SubramaniamBarrio2013">{{cite book|author1=Rathan Subramaniam|author2=Jorge Barrio|title=Novel Imaging Techniques in Neurodegenerative and Movement Disorders, An Issue of PET Clinics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZVOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|date=11 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-22736-0|pages=7–}}</ref><ref name="Hess2014">{{cite book|author=Søren Hess|title=Contribution of FDG to Modern Medicine, Part I, An Issue of PET Clinics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtGsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR6|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-32627-8|pages=6–}}</ref>

Basu served as the national project coordinator of the IAEA-Regional Co-operative Agreement project at Bhabha Atomic Energy Centre on ''Strengthening the Applications of Nuclear Medicine in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases''.<ref name="National Project Coordinator">{{Cite web |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/rcaindia/rca_npc_npt_1.html |title=National Project Coordinator |date=2017 |publisher=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306181911/http://www.barc.gov.in/rcaindia/rca_npc_npt_1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He serves as a member of the editorial boards of a number of journals including ''[[European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging]]'',<ref name="Editorial Board EJNMMI">{{Cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/medicine/nuclear+medicine/journal/259/PSE?detailsPage=editorialBoard |title=Editorial Board EJNMMI |date=2017 |publisher=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Nuclear Medicine Communications''<ref name="Editorial Board NMC">{{Cite web |url=http://journals.lww.com/nuclearmedicinecomm/Pages/editorialboard.aspx |title=Editorial Board NMC |date=2017 |publisher=Nuclear Medicine Communications}}</ref> and ''Hellenic journal of Nuclear Medicine''.<ref name="Editorial Board HJNM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nuclmed.gr/magazine/eng/board-editors.htm |title=Editorial Board HJNM |date=2017 |publisher=Hellenic journal of Nuclear Medicine |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060225/http://www.nuclmed.gr/magazine/eng/board-editors.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a former editor of ''World Journal of Radiology''.<ref name="Dr. Sandip Basu - VECC profile" /> He has been an author of more than 400 peer-reviewed papers and delivered several invited speeches in national/international conferences and symposiums.

In his capacity as the Dean-Academics, Medical and Health Sciences, BARC, Dr Basu took pivotal role in initiating the M.D. (Nuclear Medicine) course for doctors and the M.Sc.(Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Technology) and M.Sc. (Hospital Radiopharmacy) courses for science graduates, at the Radiation Medicine Centre (BARC) under the aegis of HBNI University, aimed at developing trained manpower in the field of Nuclear Medicine. The M.Sc. (Hospital Radiopharmacy) course at the Centre was first of its kind in India, providing structured training in the subject.

Between 2010 and 2020, Dr. Basu was instrumental in developing a large-volume clinical PRRT service in the centre by the joint efforts of Radiation Medicine Centre (RMC), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), and Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH) at the TMH-RMC premises, delivering over 4,000 [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE therapies for patients with metastatic/advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms and related malignancies making this the largest PRRT set-up in the country, an exemplar of successful PRRT programme employing indigenous 177Lutetium production at BARC and resources. Since 2017, he steered the development of [68Ga]Ga-/[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-based theranostics and peptide receptor [[radioligand therapy]] (PRLT) in metastatic castration resistant prostate carcinoma (mCRPC) patients in the centre.

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging]] selected him for the Alavi-Mandell Award in 2010.<ref name="2012 Alavi-Mandell Awards">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mierf.org/files/2012-AnnualReport.pdf |title=2012 Alavi-Mandell Awards |date=2012 |publisher=Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging |page=14 |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084906/https://www.mierf.org/files/2012-AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Basu the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2012.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2013 |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research }}</ref>
Dr. Basu was recipient of the DAE Homi Bhabha Science and Technology Award 2017 and the Homi Bhabha Memorial Oration 2019 at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine India.

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Abass Alavi|title=PET-Based Molecular Imaging in Evolving Personalized Management Design, An Issue of PET Clinics|date=9 July 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44871-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Rakesh Kumar|author3=Abass Alavi|title=Breast Cancer Imaging I: Number 3|date=1 December 2009|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|isbn=9781437709643}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Rakesh Kumar|author3=Ayse Mavi, Abass Alavi|title=Breast Cancer Imaging II: Pet Clinics|date=28 January 2010|publisher=Elsevier - Health Sciences Division|isbn=978-1-4377-1402-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Roger M. Macklis|author2= Sushil Beriwal|author3=Sandip Basu|title=Radiation Therapy Planning with PET: Number 2|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/14583774-radiation-therapy-planning-with-pet|date=13 June 2011|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company}}
* {{cite book|author1=Babak Saboury|author2=Abass Alavi|author3=Mateen Moghbel, Sandip Basu|title=Modern Quantitative Techniques for PET|year=2012|publisher=INTECH Open Access Publisher|isbn=978-953-51-0359-2}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sandip Basu|author2=Wei Chen|title=PET Imaging of Brain Tumors, An Issue of PET Clinics|date=22 April 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-7221-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Wagner |last2=Basu |first2=Sandip |title=PET/CT in Infection and Inflammation |date=2018 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-90412-2|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319904115 |language=en}}

=== Articles ===
* {{cite journal | author = Basu S | date = Nov 2010 | title = Personalized versus evidence-based medicine with PET-based imaging | journal = Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology | volume = 7 | issue = 11| pages = 665–8 | doi = 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.121 | pmid = 20700107 | s2cid = 12124668 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sandip Basu, Narendra Nair |title=Relapse of cervical cancer presenting as symptoms of Collet-Sicard syndrome with metastatic subcutaneous and adrenal deposits |journal=The Lancet Oncology |date=2006 |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=610 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70764-1|pmid=16814215 }}
*{{cite journal | pmid = 18098228 | doi=10.1002/cncr.23226 | volume=112 | issue=5 | title=Comparison of triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast carcinoma using quantitative fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose/positron emission tomography imaging parameters: a potentially useful method for disease characterization | date=March 2008 | journal=Cancer | pages=995–1000 | author=Basu S, Chen W, Tchou J | display-authors = etal | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | pmid = 24863431 | doi=10.1007/s00259-014-2805-8 | volume=41 | issue=8 | title=Dual tracer imaging approach in assessing tumor biology and heterogeneity in neuroendocrine tumors: its correlation with tumor proliferation index and possible multifaceted implications for personalized clinical management decisions, with focus on PRRT | year=2014 | journal=Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | pages=1492–6 | author=Basu S, Sirohi B, Shrikhande SV | doi-access=free }}
*Basu S, Houseni M, Bural G, Chamroonat W, Udupa J, Mishra S, Alavi A. "Magnetic resonance imaging based bone marrow segmentation for quantitative calculation of pure red marrow metabolism using 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography: a novel application with significant implications for combined structure-function approach. ''Mol Imaging Biol.'' 2007 Nov-Dec;9(6):361-5.
*{{Cite journal |last=Sandip Basu, Mitali Dandekar, Amit Joshi, Anil D’Cruz |title=Defining a rational step-care algorithm for managing thyroid carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin and negative on radioiodine scintigraphy (TENIS): considerations and challenges towards developing an appropriate roadmap |journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging |date=2015 |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=1167–1171 |doi=10.1007/S00259-015-3058-X|pmid=25989850 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | pmid = 18832112 | volume=49 | issue=10 | title=Unparalleled contribution of 18F-FDG PET to medicine over 3 decades | year=2008 | journal=J Nucl Med | pages=17N-21N, 37N | author=Basu S, Alavi A }}
*{{cite journal | pmid = 15107330 | doi=10.1259/bjr/72600472 | volume=77 | issue=916 | title=99Tc(m)(V)DMSA scintigraphy in skeletal metastases and superscans arising from various malignancies: diagnosis, treatment monitoring and therapeutic implications | year=2004 | journal=Br J Radiol | pages=347–61 | author=Basu S, Nair N, Awasare S, Tiwari BP, Asopa R, Nair C }}
* Basu S, Zaidi H, Houseni M, Bural G, Udupa J, Acton P, Torigian DA, Alavi A.Novel quantitative techniques for assessing regional and global function and structure based on modern imaging modalities: implications for normal variation, aging and diseased states. Semin Nucl Med. 2007 May;37(3):223-39
*{{cite journal | pmid = 25920048 | doi=10.1097/MNM.0000000000000321 | volume=36 | issue=8 | title=Correlation and discordance of tumour proliferation index and molecular imaging characteristics and their implications for treatment decisions and outcome pertaining to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumour: developing a personalized model | year=2015 | journal=Nucl Med Commun | pages=766–74 | author=Basu S, Ranade R, Thapa P | s2cid=10252214 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Thapa P, Nikam D, Das T, Sonawane G, Agarwal JP, Basu S | date = Oct 2015 | title = Clinical Efficacy and Safety Comparison of 177Lu-EDTMP with 153Sm-EDTMP on an Equidose Basis in Patients with Painful Skeletal Metastases | journal = J Nucl Med | volume = 56 | issue = 10| pages = 1513–9 | doi = 10.2967/jnumed.115.155762 | pmid = 26315829 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | pmid = 17401027 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.10.0123 | volume=25 | issue=10 | title=Bone marrow and not bone is the primary site for skeletal metastasis: critical role of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in this setting | year=2007 | journal=J Clin Oncol | pages=1297; author reply 1297–9 | author=Basu S, Alavi A | doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | pmid = 17709361 | doi=10.1259/bjr/53719785 | volume=80 | issue=957 | title=Uptake characteristics of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in deep fibromatosis and abdominal desmoids: potential clinical role of FDG-PET in the management | year=2007 | journal=Br J Radiol | pages=750–6 | author=Basu S, Nair N, Banavali S }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Ranade R, Thapa P | date = Jan 2016 | title = 177Lu-DOTATATE versus 177Lu-EDTMP versus cocktail/sequential therapy in bone-confined painful metastatic disease in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and neuroendocrine tumour: can semiquantitative comparison of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-fluoride PET-CT aid in personalized treatment decision making in selecting the best therapeutic option? | journal = Nucl Med Commun | volume = 37 | issue = 1| pages = 100–2 | doi = 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000397 | pmid = 26587985 | s2cid = 8869032 }}
*Basu S, Parghane RV. "Designing and Developing PET-Based Precision Model in Thyroid Carcinoma: The Potential Avenues for a Personalized Clinical Care. PET Clin. 2017 Jan;12(1):27-37.
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Ranade R, Ostwal V, Shrikhande SV | date = Jul 2016 | title = PET-Based Molecular Imaging in Designing Personalized Management Strategy in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | journal = PET Clin. | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 233–41 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpet.2016.02.004 | pmid = 27321028 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Kwee TC, Gatenby R, Saboury B, Torigian DA, Alavi A | date = Jun 2011 | title = Evolving role of molecular imaging with PET in detecting and characterizing heterogeneity of cancer tissue at the primary and metastatic sites, a plausible explanation for failed attempts to cure malignant disorders | journal = Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | volume = 38 | issue = 6| pages = 987–91 | doi = 10.1007/s00259-011-1787-z | pmid = 21451997 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | author = Rani D, Kaisar S, Awasare S, Kamaldeep Abhyankar A, Basu S | date = Sep 2014 | title = Examining recombinant human TSH primed ¹³¹I therapy protocol in patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma: comparison with the traditional thyroid hormone withdrawal protocol | journal = Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | volume = 41 | issue = 9| pages = 1767–80 | doi = 10.1007/s00259-014-2737-3 | pmid = 24687139 | s2cid = 33396401 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Torigian D, Alavi A | date = Mar 2008 | title = Evolving concept of imaging bone marrow metastasis in the twenty-first century: critical role of FDG-PET | journal = Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | volume = 35 | issue = 3| pages = 465–71 | doi = 10.1007/s00259-007-0593-0 | pmid = 17955239 | s2cid = 12675914 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Kand P, Mallia M, Korde A, Shimpi H | date = Oct 2013 | title = Gratifying clinical experience with an indigenously formulated single-vial lyophilized HYNIC-TOC kit at the radiopharmaceutical division of BARC: a pivotal boost for building up a peptide receptor radionuclide therapy programme in an Indian setting | journal = Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | volume = 40 | issue = 10| pages = 1622–4 | doi = 10.1007/s00259-013-2501-0 | pmid = 23857460 | s2cid = 36829829 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Alavi A | date = Jan 2008 | title = Staging with PET and the "Will Rogers" effect: redefining prognosis and survival in patients with cancer | journal = Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | volume = 35 | issue = 1| pages = 1–4 | doi = 10.1007/s00259-007-0506-2 | pmid = 17828536 | s2cid = 30453830 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Alavi A | date = Apr 2007 | title = Defining co-related parameters between 'metabolic' flare and 'clinical', 'biochemical', and 'osteoblastic' flare and establishing guidelines for assessing response to treatment in cancer | journal = Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | volume = 34 | issue = 4| pages = 441–3 | doi = 10.1007/s00259-006-0264-6 | pmid = 17072613 | s2cid = 5928921 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Banerjee S | date = Feb 2017 | title = Developing a dedicated comprehensive α-radionuclide therapy program: should this be the vision of the atomic energy programs in the next decade? | journal = Nucl Med Commun | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 103–105 | doi = 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000626 | pmid = 27906780 | s2cid = 1815387 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Basu S, Banerjee S | date = Jul 2017 | title = Envisaging an alpha therapy programme in the atomic energy establishments: the priorities and the nuances | journal = Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging | volume = 44 | issue = 7| pages = 1244–1246 | doi = 10.1007/s00259-017-3686-4 | pmid = 28364163 | s2cid = 3868711 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Medical imaging]]
* [[Radiopharmaceuticals]]
* [[Fludeoxyglucose (18F)]]
* [[Standardized uptake value]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Sandip}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear medicine medical doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]

Baji Prabhu Deshpande

2026-03-05T00:41:36Z

Allenjacksparrow: revised

{{Short description|Maratha general of 17th century}}{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}{{Infobox person
| name = Baji Prabhu Deshpande
| image = Baji Mahadji Prabhu Deshpande.jpg
| caption = Posthumous sketch of Baji Prabhu Deshpande
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{circa|1615}}
| birth_place = Shind, [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] (modern day [[Pune district]], Maharashtra, India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1660|1615|df=yes}}
| death_place = Ghod Khind, [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Mughal Empire]] (modern day Pavan Khind, [[Kolhapur district]], Maharashtra, India)
| nationality =
| occupation =
| known_for = [[Battle of Pavan Khind]]
}}
'''Baji Prabhu Deshpande''' ({{circa}} 1615 – 1660)<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2022 |title=Baji Prabhu Deshpande Death Anniversary: What transpired at Pawankhind |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/baji-prabhu-deshpande-death-anniversary-what-transpired-at-pawankhind}}</ref> was a general of the [[Maratha Army|Maratha army]].<ref>{{Cite journal |editor-last=Tripathi |editor-first=Anuj |title=Baji Prabhu Deshpande Death Anniversary |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/baji-prabhu-deshpande-death-anniversary-what-transpired-at-pawankhind |journal=The Free Press Journal}}</ref> He is known for his role in the [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], where he sacrificed his life defending [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] from Siddi Jauhar's [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]] forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sawant |first=Indrajit |title=Parnalparvat Panhalgad}}</ref> He also was a landlord or ''[[Vatandar]]'' in the [[Maval]] region.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Early life ==
Baji Prabhu was born around 1615 in a [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] family.<ref name="gokhale">{{cite book | title = Poona in the eighteenth century: an urban history | first= Balkrishna Govind |last=Gokhale |author-link=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale | page = 112 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year= 1988 |quote = "The early great hero of the CKP community was Baji Prabhu Deshpande, who sacrificed his own life in 1660 to enable Shivaji Maharaj to escape the Mughals at Vishalgad."}}</ref> Earlier he worked under Krishnaji Bandal of Rohida near [[Bhor]]. After Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj defeated Krishnaji at Rohida and captured the fort, many commanders including Baji Prabhu joined [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pagdi |first1=Setumadhava Rao |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |date=1974 |publisher=Continental Prakashan |pages=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKwdAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kantak">{{cite journal |last=Kantak |first=M. R. |date=1978 |title=The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of the Shivaji Maharaj's Swarajya |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=38 |issue=1 |page=46 |jstor=42931051 |quote=Among Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's [chandraseniya] kayastha prabhu officers, the names of Baji Prabhu Deshpande, Murarbaji Deshpande, Babaji Prabhu and Yeshwantrao Buvaji Prabhu have become famous in Maratha history. Baji Prabhu fell fighting against the forces of the Bijapur government near Vishalgad in 1660. Murarbaji died a hero's death while defending the fort of Purandar against the Mughal forces of Jaisingh in 1665}}</ref>

==Battle of Pavan Khind==
{{main article|Battle of Pavan Khind}}
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|thumb|A 20th century depiction of Baji Prabhu with [[Shivaji]] at Pavan Khind by [[M.V. Dhurandhar]].]]
After defeating [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] and routing the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] army at [[Pratapgad]], Shivaji continued to push into the Bijapur territory. Within a few days, the [[Maratha]]s captured [[Panhala]] fort. Meanwhile, another Maratha force, led by [[Netaji Palkar]], pushed towards Bijapur. Bijapur forces repulsed this attack, forcing Shivaji, some of his commanders and soldiers to retreat to Panhala fort.

The Bijapur troops were led by Siddi Jauhar, an [[Ethiopia|Abyssinian]] general. Discovering Shivaji's location, Jauhar laid siege to Panhala. Netaji Palkar made repeated attempts to break the siege from outside, but these failed.

A risky plan was then put into action: Shivaji, Baji Prabhu Deshpande with a select band of troops would attempt to break through the siege at the night, and make for [[Vishalgadh|Vishalgad]]. In order to deceive the Bijapur forces, to avoid a chase if they found out that Shivaji had broken the siege, Shiva Kashid a barber by profession, had physical resemblance to Shivaji, volunteered to dress like the king and let himself be captured.

At night, Shivaji, broke through the siege. They were pursued by the Bijapur force. As planned, Shiva Kashid allowed himself to be captured and taken back to the Bijapur camp, guessing that he would be put to death once the charade was discovered. This gave the fleeing Maratha force some breathing space.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-15 |title=Shivaji, Baji Prabhu & the Battle of Pavan Khind {{!}} Sanskriti - Hinduism and Indian Culture Website |url=https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/shivaji-baji-prabhu-the-battle-of-pavan-khind/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As soon as the Bijapur force realized their mistake, the chase was on again, led by [[Siddi Masud]], the son-in-law of Siddi Jauhar. Near the pass of Ghodkhind (Horse's Pass), the Marathas made a final stand. Shivaji and half of the Maratha force pushed for Vishalgadh, while Baji Prabhu, his brother Phulaji and the remaining ''Bandal Sena'' of a few hundred men blocked the pass and fought off the pursuing Bijapur soldiers for more than 18 hours.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duff |first=James Grant |author-link=James Grant Duff |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Duff.html |title=A History of the Mahrattas |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1826 |location=London |pages=151-153 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kincaid |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Kincaid |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8382/page/n115 |title=The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire |publisher=Collins |year=1936 |pages=127-128 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich |title=Shivaji and his times |date= |publisher=Longmans, Green and co. |others=University of California Libraries |year=1920 |edition=2nd |location=London, New York |pages=83-85}}</ref>

Through the battle, Baji Prabhu, continued fighting though grievously injured, inspiring his men to fight on until Shivaji's safe journey to Vishalgadh was signaled by the firing cannons.

The Ghod Khind pass was subsequently named ''Pavan Khind'' ("Holy Pass") by Shivaji, in honor of the sacrifice of Baji Prabhu and his troops.<ref name=":0" />

==Descendants ==
Baji Prabhu Deshpande was born in [[Bhor]], Maharashtra.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Vishnu Narayan Deshpande, the 10th descendant and former [[Sarpanch|Sarapanch]] of Parhar Budruk, was a freedom fighter. His wife Latika Deshpande was a relative of the author [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]]. The family has a relationship with the family of [[Rango Bapuji Gupte]]. Vishnu Narayan Deshpande had four sons and four daughters. His son Dilip Deshpande helped people displaced by dam building, and farming is their family business. The family conducts social work and is aware of the legacy of Baji Prabhu.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

One of Baji Prabhu Despande's descendants, Ramchandra Kashinath Deshpande, was an Indian freedom fighter against the British rule, an educationalist and a social activist who worked in [[Dhule]] and [[Jalgaon]]. He participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] during the British rule and was imprisoned for 19 months in the Kolhapur Central Jail. He was congratulated after Independence by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. For his social work, he was given the title of 'Special Executive Magistrate' by the Maharashtra government in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/shivaji-lieutenants-heir-files-plea-against-maharashtra-government/article6797707.ece|title=Shivaji lieutenant's heir files plea against Maharashtra government|newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 17, 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-freedom-fighter-s-land-used-as-cremation-ground-daughter-moves-bombay-high-court-2057125|title=Freedom fighter's land used as cremation ground, daughter moves Bombay High Court|website=DNA India}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=February 2023}}

== In popular culture ==
[[File:BajiPrabhu Statue Panhalgad.jpg|thumb|Baji Prabhu Statue, [[Panhala Fort]].]]
*In 1909, [[Sri Aurobindo]] composed an English poem titled ''Baji Prabhou'', describing his heroic sacrifice at the battle at the [[Panhala Fort]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rM1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272|title=Mapping the Nation: An Anthology of Indian Poetry in English, 1870–1920|publisher=Anthem Press|date=June 25, 2012|isbn=9781783080755}}</ref>
* ''Baji Prabhu Deshpande'', an Indian [[silent film]] about Baji Prabhu was made by [[Baburao Painter]] in 1929. Another silent film, ''Veer Baji'', released in the same year and was produced by Omkar Films.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>
* Indian independence activist and politician [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] wrote a ballad about Baji Prabhu but it was banned by the colonial British government. This ban was lifted on 24 May 1946.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzisCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT7755|title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|date=December 1, 2001|isbn=9781136798634|editor-first=Derek |editor-last=Jones}}</ref>
* Baji Prabhu's character was played by [[Raja Shivchhatrapati (TV series)|Raja Shivchhatrapati]] in the TV series [[Star Pravah]] in the 2000s.
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] portrayed Baji Prabhu in 2021 series ''Jai Bhawani Jai Shivaji'' which aired on [[Star Pravah]].
* A Marathi-language film, ''[[Pawankhind (film)|Pawankhind]]'', directed by Digpal Lanjekar and starring Ajay Purkar as Baji Prabhu Deshpande, was released on 18 February 2022.
* ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]'', a film directed by Abhijit Deshpande, starring [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Baji Prabhu Deshpande and produced by Zee Studios released 25 October 2022 in 5 language (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada, along with Marathi).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title='Har Har Mahadev' becomes first Marathi film to release in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/har-har-mahadev-becomes-first-marathi-film-to-release-in-tamil-telugu-kannada-1151439.html |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tanaji Malusare]], another ''[[Sardar]]'' known for his bravery at [[Battle of Kondhana]] (1670).
*[[Netaji Palkar]], Sardar Senapati (Commander-in-Chief) of Shivaji.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Baji Prabhu Deshpande}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha01kincuoft#page/168/mode/2up A history of the Maratha people p.168-171]
* [https://archive.org/stream/ethnographicalno00chanrich/ethnographicalno00chanrich_djvu.txt Full text of "Ethnographical notes on Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu"]

{{Shivaji}}
{{Maratha Empire}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Baji Prabhu}}
[[Category:17th-century soldiers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:1610s births]]
[[Category:1660 deaths]]

Nootrukku Nooru

2026-03-04T04:55:17Z

Allenjacksparrow: refine structure and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1971 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Noottrukku Nooru poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = N. Selvaraj B. Duraisamy N. Krishnan V. Govindarajan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]}}
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| released = {{Film date|1971|3|19|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nootrukku Nooru''''' ({{translation|One Hundred out of One Hundred}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arvind |first=T. |date=2 November 2017 |title=The numbers game: Tamil cinema's numerical titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-numbers-game-tamil-cinemas-numerical-titles/article19967003.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030736/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-numbers-game-tamil-cinemas-numerical-titles/article19967003.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> directed and written by [[K. Balachander]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 November 2008 |title=Bond of Tamil screen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Bond-of-Tamil-screen/article15400631.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523044200/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Bond-of-Tamil-screen/article15400631.ece |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], with [[Jayakumari]], [[Vijaya Lalitha]] and [[Srividya]] in other pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=19 March 2009 |title=Stellar roles ahead put this star on cloud nine |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stellar-roles-ahead-put-this-star-on-cloud-nine/article16639621.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629214833/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stellar-roles-ahead-put-this-star-on-cloud-nine/article16639621.ece |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It is about a college professor who is accused by three girls of [[sexual harassment]], just before his marriage.

''Nootrukku Nooru'' was released on 19 March 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=ஹாலிவுட் டூ சீரியல்.. மாறி மாறி காப்பி அடிக்கப்பட்ட கதை.. பாலச்சந்தரின் 'நூற்றுக்கு நூறு' பட வரலாறு! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-k-balachanders-nootrukku-noor-movie-has-now-completed-52nd-year-and-is-entering-its-53rd-year-914587.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323203749/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-k-balachanders-nootrukku-noor-movie-has-now-completed-52nd-year-and-is-entering-its-53rd-year-914587.html |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Imtihan]]'' (1974).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=Top 5 Vinod Khanna films |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/04/29/top-5-vinod-khanna-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315195842/http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/04/29/top-5-vinod-khanna-films/ |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=April 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Prakash
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi
* [[Nagesh]] as Ramesh
* [[Srividya]] as Manjula
* [[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Stella
* [[Jayakumari]] as Kousalya
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as the college principal (guest appearance)
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Manjula's father
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Raja
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Robert
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as David
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Mahesh
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Lakshmi's father
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi's mother
* [[Sukumari]] as Manjula's mother
* [[Neelu]] as College Lecturer
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Vimala's mother (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Although Jaishankar was previously known mainly for his action-oriented roles, Balachander saw potential in him for other roles and cast him in ''Nootrukku Nooru''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 July 2013 |title=James Bond of Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202135802/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=23 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[V. Kumar]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nootrukku Nooru (1971) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001739 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161618/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001739 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Naan Unnai" was remixed by [[Thaman S]] in ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=13 December 2012 |title=Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya (Music review), Tamil – Thaman S |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/12/13/kanna-laddu-thinna-aasaiya-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111002323/https://milliblog.com/2012/12/13/kanna-laddu-thinna-aasaiya-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Ungalil Oruvan Naan" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] ||03:59
|-
| "Naan Unnai Vaazhthi" || [[P. Susheela]] || 04:24
|-
| "Nitham Nithamoru" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:27
|-
| "Uzhaipukku Silaper" || T. M. Soundararajan ||01:15
|-
| "Boologama?" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 06:42
|}

== Accolades ==
Jaishankar won the Film Fans' Association Best Actor Award.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=9 June 2000 |title=A philanthropist till the end |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-philanthropist-till-the-end/article28020136.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523075539/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-philanthropist-till-the-end/article28020136.ece |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Balachander won the Chennai Film Fans' Association awards for Best Director and Best Story.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2000 |title=அன்றிலிருந்து இன்றுவரை சினிமா |url=http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/January%2015,%2000.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523074038/http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/January%2015,%2000.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=Vlambaram |pages=7 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films about sexual harassment]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

Amit Jain

2026-03-03T22:19:07Z

Allenjacksparrow: Added a post w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and investor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Jain
| image =
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]],
| education =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Entrepreneur]]|[[Businessperson]]|[[Investor]]}}
| years_active =
| organization = [[CarDekho Group]]
| television = ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' (2023–2024)
| spouse =
| mother =
| father =
| awards =
| children =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Amit Jain''' is an Indian entrepreneur and angel investor. He is the co-founder and CEO of GirnarSoft, which is the parent company of [[CarDekho Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Shark Tank India: Why CarDekho's Amit Jain believes in 'pehle banda phir dhandha' - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/entrepreneurship/story/shark-tank-india-why-cardekhos-amit-jain-believes-in-pehle-banda-phir-dhandha-359188-2023-01-06 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> He was a judge and investor in [[Sony Entertainment]] television's business reality show [[Shark Tank India]] in seasons 2, 3 and 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borate |first=Aprajita Sharma,Neil |date=2022-12-20 |title='Founder's value system comes first; then startup's potential' |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/founders-value-system-comes-first-then-startup-s-potential-11671520846485.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jain was born in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. He attended [[St Xavier's School, Jaipur|St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Jaipur]], and later earned a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering from the [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=CarDekho: From Garage Startup to Unicorn |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/cardekho-success-story-amit-jain-tech-unicorn/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Business Outreach}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early career===
After completing his studies, Jain worked at [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and later joined Trilogy, a software company based in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=Amit Jain: all you need to know about the new shark |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amit-jain-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-shark-1667565140-1 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> He worked at Trilogy for several years in various roles related to product development and management.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-31 |title=Net worth of Amit Jain, Cardekho co-founder & new panellist at Shark Tank India Season 2 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/net-worth-of-amit-jain-cardekho-co-founder-new-panellist-at-shark-tank-india-season-2-article-96642753 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

===Entrepreneurship===
In 2006, Amit Jain returned to India and along with his brother Anurag Jain established GirnarSoft, an IT outsourcing company based in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shark Tank India's Amit Jain: 'Lost more than Rs 1.5 crore on shares, was bankrupt. |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/shark-tank-india-amit-jain-lost-more-than-rs-1-5-crore-shares-bankrupt-10089641.html#google_vignette |website=moneycontrol}}</ref> In 2008, the brothers launched CarDekho after attending the Auto Expo in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Amita |date=2017-10-12 |title=Amit Jain, 40, Anurag Jain, 38, Co-Founders, Cardekho |url=https://openthemagazine.com/specials/wealth-issue-2017-comeback-kids/amit-jain-40-anurag-jain-38-co-founders-cardekho/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref> The platform was created to help users compare vehicles and access automotive content.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Customer-obsessed Company': Amit Jain On CarDekho's Strategic Pivots |url=https://www.bwdisrupt.com/article/customer-obsessed-company-amit-jain-on-cardekhos-strategic-pivots-545951 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=BW Disrupt |language=en}}</ref> Under Amit Jain's leadership, the CarDekho Group expanded into related verticals, both domestic including BikeDekho, CollegeDekho, InsuranceDekho, Zigwheels and rupyy, a digital lending platform and overseas projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title='The Big Idea': Jaipur's first unicorn |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/start-ups/the-big-idea-jaipurs-first-unicorn/3857173/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> The company raised multiple rounds of funding from investors such as Peak XV Partners, Hillhouse Capital, and Ratan Tata Trust.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-09 |title=Ratan Tata invests in CarDekho |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ratan-Tata-invests-in-CarDekho/articleshow/46169305.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2021, it was reported that CarDekho achieved unicorn status with a valuation of over $1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Tarush |title=CarDekho drives into unicorn club after $250 mn fundraise {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cardekho-drives-into-unicorn-club-after-250-mn-fundraise-11634066632116.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=mint |date=13 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Television===
Jain joined the Indian business reality television series Shark Tank India as an investor during its second season.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=Shark Tank India 3: Shark Amit Jain shares his investment mantra after meeting the pitchers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-3-amit-jains-investment-mantra-and-pitch-highlights/articleshow/107118884.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=Shark Tank India 3's Amit Jain dismisses rumours of 'beef with Aman Gupta', but doesn't include him in his list of favourite co-sharks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-3s-amit-jain-dismisses-rumours-of-beef-with-aman-gupta-but-doesnt-include-him-in-his-list-of-favourite-co-sharks-9235451/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He joined the panel alongside [[Vineeta Singh]], [[Anupam Mittal]], [[Peyush Bansal]], [[Namita Thapar]], and [[Aman Gupta]], who had been part of the show since its first season. Jain appeared as a judge in both the second and third seasons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=From Ashneer Grover to Deepinder Goyal; Sharks who aren't a part of 'Shark Tank India' anymore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-ashneer-grover-to-deepinder-goyal-sharks-who-arent-a-part-of-shark-tank-india-anymore/articleshow/115016758.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Shark Tank India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vastadu Naa Raju

2026-03-03T17:57:18Z

Allenjacksparrow: minor edit

{{short description|2011 Indian Telugu-language action film by Hemant Madhukar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vastadu Naa Raju
| image = Vastadu Naa Raju Blu ray Cover art.jpg
| caption = Blu Ray Cover
| director = [[Hemant Madhukar]]
| producer = [[Vishnu Manchu]]
| writer = Marudhuri Raja
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Vishnu Manchu]] [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[24 Frames Factory]]
| distributor = 24 Frames Factory
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|2|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vastadu Naa Raju''''' ({{translation|My King will Arrive}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action comedy film]] directed by [[Hemant Madhukar]]. It stars [[Vishnu Manchu]], who also produced the film, and [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]] in the lead roles. While Gopal Reddy S has handled the camera, the music is composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The film released in February 2011.

==Plot==
Narasimha ([[Prakash Raj]]) is a rowdy whose life ambition is to become an MLA. He murders people and works as a henchman to the Home Minister Aadikeshava Rao ([[Sayaji Shinde]]) in hopes of getting the seat. Narasimha has a sister Pooja ([[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]]), whom he adores a lot, and she too loves her brother.

Venky ([[Vishnu Manchu]]) is a happy-go-lucky guy with a nice family and no problems. His ambition in life is to become a professional kickboxer. He and his father share a strong bond. When Venky goes to the shop to pick up his pictures, he accidentally takes the wrong envelope. His family sees the pictures of Pooja and thinks she is Venky's girlfriend.

Aadikeshava Rao's son Ajay ([[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]) wants to marry Pooja and tells Narasimha that he will make him an MLA if he agrees to the marriage. Narasimha quickly agrees, and Pooja too has no objection to her brother's decision. Through a series of misunderstandings, Narasimha thinks that Pooja is in love with Venky, though the two have never met. Narasimha worries that if Pooja and Venky choose each other he will not become a MLA and goes to Venky's family's coffee shop and trashes everything. He destroys Venky's sister's marriage and slaps Venky's father. Venky comes home and sees the destruction. He is confused and swears revenge on Narasimha.

Narasimha screams at his sister, and she decides to commit suicide; when she jumps into the water, Venky saves her. As it is late, he decides to drop her at her home. When Narasimha sees Pooja on Venky's bike, he thinks that they are eloping. Venky and Pooja try to explain that they do not know each other and it is a misunderstanding, but Narasimha does not listen. A fight follows. and Narasimha shoots Venky. Venky survives but kidnaps Pooja and demands an apology, and that Narasimha must fix all that he destroyed. Slowly, Pooja becomes friends with Venky, and after a little while they fall in love, but they do not know this. Pooja goes to her exam hall, and tells Venky she will tell him ''something'' after her exam. Pooja was going to say that she loves him.

Meanwhile, Venky's friends and family explain the misunderstanding to Narasimha, and he immediately apologizes and fixes all the destruction he has caused. Pooja is not able to tell Venky her feelings because her brother comes and apologizes. Now Venky does not want to create any more problems, so he denies his love for Pooja. Pooja does not want to marry Ajay, but she accepts to make her brother happy. Ajay figures out that Pooja has been kidnapped and thinks that Venky and Pooja are in love. Aadikeshava Rao then insults Pooja. This leads to a fight, and their wedding is called off. Narsimha thinks that Pooja should marry Venky, and they happily get married.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishnu Manchu]] as Venkatappa Naidu (Venky)
* [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]] as Pooja
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Narasimha
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Home Minister Aadikeshava Rao
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ajay
* Sanjay Reddy as Venky's brother
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]] as Venky's sister
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Venky's friend
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Venky's father
* [[Rama Prabha]]
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
* [[Satya Krishnan]]
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Narasimha's friend
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Narasimha's friend
* [[Shiva Reddy]] as Siva
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
* Gangadhar Panday as Principal
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
[[Mani Sharma]] has composed the original score and soundtracks for the film. The audio was released on Mayuri Audio.

{{Infobox album
| name = Vastadu Naa Raju
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 32:13
| label = Mayuri Audio.
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Parama Veera Chakra]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:13
| title1 = Hello Everybody | extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] | lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] | length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Padha Padha | extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]] | lyrics2 = [[Vennelakanti]] | length2 = 4:13
| title3 = Sadaymiya | extra3 = Ranjith, [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]] | lyrics3 = Vennelakanti | length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Kalagane Veyla | extra4 = [[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreerama Chandra]], [[Saindhavi]] | lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]] | length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Olla | extra5 = Ranjith, Janani | lyrics5 = [[Viswa]] | length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Naathone Nuvvu | extra6 = Saketh, Saindhavi | lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry| length6 = 5:00
| title7 = Yedho Yedho | extra7 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Chaitra | lyrics7 = Ramajogayya Sastry | length7 = 4:50
}}

;Political Rowdy (Tamil Version)
{{Track listing
| title1 = Chenna Pulla Savatha Pulla
| length1 = 3:33
| title2 = Itho Itho Itho Uillasam
| length2 = 3:06
| title3 = Hello Everybody
| length3 = 4:24
| total_length = 11:03
}}

==Reception==
''Idlebrain'' wrote "Plus points of the movie are interesting screenplay and entertainment in the second half. On the flip side, The director couldn’t get it right in the first half and climax. On a whole, Vastadu Naa Raju is a decent entertainer with commercial elements packed in it."<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vastadunaaraju.html | title=Vastadu Naa Raju film review - Telugu cinema Review - Vishnu Manchu & Tapsee | access-date=31 October 2019 | archive-date=4 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004114821/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vastadunaaraju.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] under the title ''Political Rowdy'' and was released on 17 October 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/political-rowdy/movieshow/61303218.cms|title=Political Rowdy|work=Times of India|access-date=26 March 2022|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325234131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/political-rowdy/movieshow/61303218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is dubbed as "Dare Devil" in Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2011/vastadu-naa-raju-releases-on-february-4th-210111.html|title=Vastadu Naa Raju releases on February 4th|website=cinegoer.com|access-date=26 March 2022|archive-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929043917/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2011/vastadu-naa-raju-releases-on-february-4th-210111.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1781948}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hemant Madhukar]]
[[Category:2011 action films]]

Zed Plus

2026-03-02T10:03:57Z

Allenjacksparrow: basic fixed citations for consistency also and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Zed Plus
|image = Zed_plus_poster.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]
|producer = [[Mukund Purohit]] Mandira Kashyap
|writer =
|screenplay = Chandraprakash Dwivedi [[Ramkumar Singh]]
|story = [[Ramkumar Singh]]
|based_on =
|narrator =
|starring = [[Adil Hussain]] [[Mona Singh]] [[Mukesh Tiwari]] [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]] [[Shivani Tanksale]] [[K. K. Raina]] [[Ekavali Khanna]] Sanjeev Rathore Dr. Anil Rastogi Vinod Aacharya
|music = [[Sukhwinder Singh]] Nayab
|cinematography = H.M. Ramchandran Manoj Muntashir
|editing =
|studio =
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|2014|12|26|df=y}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|budget =
|gross =
}}

'''''Zed Plus''''' is a 2014 comedy-drama film directed by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]. The film features [[Adil Hussain]] as one of many lead characters, including [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Shivani Tanksale]], Vinod Aacharya, and [[Ekavali Khanna]]. The film was released on 26 December 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/zed-plus/ET00025681|title= BookMyShow|publisher= BookMyShow|access-date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Adil-Hussain-Holds-A-Lota-Amidst-zed-Plus-Security-hindi-news-117537=|title=Indiaglitz|date=2014-11-21|access-date=2014-11-03|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228063928/https://www.indiaglitz.com/Adil-Hussain-Holds-A-Lota-Amidst-zed-Plus-Security-hindi-news-117537=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adgully.com/zed-plus-poster-released-adil-hussain-to-be-seen-in-a-different-avatar-59368.html|title= Adgully|publisher= Adgully|date=2014-11-21|access-date=2014-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/25727/'zed-plus'-makes-mona-singh's-big-screen-dream-come-true=|title=Movie Talkies|publisher=Movie Talkies|date=2014-11-21|access-date=2014-11-03}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/25750/dr-chandraprakash-dwivedi-tells-uncommon-story-of-a-common-man-in-zed-plus=|title=Movie Talkies|publisher=Movie Talkies|date=2014-11-21|access-date=2014-11-03}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Aslam Puncturewala: [[Adil Hussain]]
* Hameeda (Aslam's Wife): [[Mona Singh]]
* Habib (Aslam's Neighbor): [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
* Hidayatulla: [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* Prime Minister : [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
* Inspector Rajesh (Head of Zed Security): [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Batish |first=Ashima S |date=2014 |title=Slow, steady and sure-footed |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140703/ttlife1.htm |access-date=2023-10-05}}</ref>
* Fauziya (Habib's Wife): [[Shivani Tanksale]]
* J Dixit (OSD to Prime Minister): [[K. K. Raina]]
* Saeeda (Aslam's love interest): [[Ekavali Khanna]]
* News Reporter: Sanjeev Rathore
* Chief Minister of Rajasthan: Dr. Anil Rastogi
* Assistant of Hidayatulla : Vinod Aacharya

== Soundtrack ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Soundtrack
|-
! Song name !! Singer !! Composer !! Lyricist
|-
| Fislan Hai || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & Madhvi Srivastav || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & Nayab || [[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
| Ishq Ishq || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & Madhvi Srivastav || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & Nayab || [[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
| Maula Pal Mein Palat De Baazi || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & Nayab || [[Manoj Muntashir]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4190220}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmlrzLaptQs Youtube.com]

{{Chandraprakash Dwivedi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zed Plus (Film)}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]

Ankit Arora

2026-02-06T05:38:35Z

Allenjacksparrow: Added some stub with sources

{{short description|Indian television actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ankit Arora
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|02|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| years_active = 2008–present
| notable_works = [[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Ankit Arora''' (born 23 February 1984){{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} is an Indian [[television]] [[actor]]. He is best known for playing [[Lakshmana|Lakshman]] on [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]] and Rukn'ud'din on [[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]. He played the adult version of Yuvraj [[Susima|Shushim]] Maurya in [[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/tv/28361198_1_ravindra-jain-deadly-combo-singer|title=Ankit Arora :Luck by chance - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|accessdate=21 May 2018|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121534/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/tv/28361198_1_ravindra-jain-deadly-combo-singer|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/tv/39025871_1_amit-behl-zee-tv-mahabharata|title=Amit Behl & Ankit Arora in Dharamshetra - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|accessdate=21 May 2018|archive-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924140307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/tv/39025871_1_amit-behl-zee-tv-mahabharata|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-arora-returns-digvijay-phir-subah-hogi|title=Ankit Arora returns as Digvijay in Phir Subah Hogi|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|website=tellychakkar.com|accessdate=21 May 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2008
|''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
|[[Lakshmana]]
|
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Jyoti (TV series)|Jyoti]]''
|Vikrant Sisodia
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Star One Horror Nights]]''
| Shaurya
|Episode 7 and 80
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]]''
|Chandan
|
|-
|2012–2013
|[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subha Hogi]]
|Thakur Digvijay Singh
|
|-
|2013
|''Humne Li Hai... Shapath''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/shiv-ankit-shashank-and-akshita-shapaths-maha-movie-141205 | title=Shiv, Ankit, Shashank and Akshita in Shapath's maha-movie }}</ref>
|Varun
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Ek Ghar Banaunga]]''
|Abhishek Ravikant Garg
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Dharmakshetra]]''
|Arjun
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Razia Sultan]]''
|Rukn-ud-din Firuz
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
|Susima
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta]]''
|Crown Prince Shivdutt
|
|-
|''[[Badho Bahu]]''
|Balwinder Singh
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2018
|''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi]]''
|Vikramjeet
|
|-
|''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
|Raghavendra Singh Rana
|Episode 6
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Laxman
| Episode 192
|-
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein|Fear Files]]''
|Imtiaz
|Episode 4
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2019
| ''[[Kesari Nandan]]''
|Zorawar Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Phir Laut Aayi Naagin]]''
| Naagarjun
| Cameo
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Yeshu (TV series)|Yeshu]]''
| Shaitaan
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mauka-E-Vardaat]]''
| Senior Inspector Rishiraj Pandey (Episode 77)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| Arsh Gujral
|
|-
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2016
|[[Sanam Re]]
|Doctor
|-
|2017
|[[Sweetiee Weds NRI]]
| Rasiklal Mehta
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm4557445|name=Ankit Arora}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Ankit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Nainital]]

Provincial Transport Service

2026-01-22T13:50:01Z

Allenjacksparrow: Made A Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox
| title = Provincial Transport Service {{small|{{IAST|Prāntīya Parivahana Sevā}}}}
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service Overview
| data2 = [[File:Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
| label3 = Popularly known as
| data3 = Uttar Pradesh Civil Service (Transport Branch)
| label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data4 = 1989
| label5 = State
| data5 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| label6 = Staff College
| data6 = State Transport Authority, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| label7 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data7 = [[Commissionerate of Transport (Uttar Pradesh)|Commissionerate of Transport]], [[Department of Transport (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Transport]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| label8 = Minister Responsible
| data8 = [[Mr. Dayasankar Singh]], Cabinet Minister for Transport, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Governmental]]: [[Government service]]
| label10 = Duties
| data10 = State Transport Administration Vigilance Road Safety
| label12 = [[En cadre|Current Cadre Strength]]
| data12 = 252 members (168 officers directly recruited by UP-PSC and 84 officers promoted from its feeder service)<ref name="Phone Directory of Transport Department">{{cite web|title=Phone Directory of Transport Department|url=http://www.uptransport.co.in/PhoneDirectory.aspx|website=[[Department of Transport (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Transport]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|accessdate=16 October 2018}}</ref>
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = State Civil Services Examination
| label14 = Association
| data14 = Uttar Pradesh PTS Association
| header15 = Head of the State Civil Services
| label16 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| data16 = Mr. Durgasankar Mishra, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| label17 = Principal Secretary ([[Department of Rural Development (Uttar Pradesh)|DoRD]])
| data17 = Aradhana Shukla, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| label18 = Rural Development Commissioner
| data18 = P. Guru Prasad, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}

'''Provincial Transport Service''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Prāntīya Parivahana Sevā}}), often abbreviated to as '''PTS''', is the [[Civil Services of India|civil service]] under Group A state service of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] responsible for formulation and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to road transport, and transport research, in order to increase the mobility and efficiency of the road transport system in the state.

== Recruitment ==
The recruitment to the service is made on the basis of an annual competitive examination conducted by [[Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission]]. One-third of PTS quota is filled by promotion from its feeder service. PTS officers, regardless of their mode of entry, are appointed by the [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Phone Directory of Transport Department">{{cite web|title=Phone Directory of Transport Department|url=http://www.uptransport.co.in/PhoneDirectory.aspx|website=[[Department of Transport (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Transport]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|accessdate=16 October 2018}}</ref>

== Responsibilities of PTS officer ==
The typical functions performed by a PTS officer are:
* Formulation of policies relating to regulation of road transport, legislation relating to road transport including aspects of road safety, environmental issues, automotive norms besides making arrangements for movement of vehicular traffic with neighbouring states.
* Licensing of drivers/conductors, registration of motor vehicles, control of motor vehicles through permits and dealing with special provisions relating to state transport undertakings, traffic regulation, insurance, liability, offences and penalties, etc.

== Career progression ==
After completing their training, a PTS officer generally serves as assistant regional transport officer in districts. There are two posts of ARTO in districts i.e. ARTO (Administration) and ARTO (Enforcement), however in big districts there can be two-four ARTO (Enforcement) but only one ARTO (Administration). After that, they get promoted as regional transport officer at divisional level (Ghaziabad being exception which is only a district), each division has two RTO i.e. RTO (Administration) and RTO (Enforcement). Later they get further promotion as Deputy Transport Commissioners (Dy. TC) and are posted either in six transport zones or at commissionerate of transport. Subsequently they get promoted as additional transport commissioners (Addl. TC) either at field (west, east and central) or at commissionerate of transport. There is one Special Secretary post reserved for PTS officer in Transport Department. <ref name="Organisation Structure of Transport Department">{{cite web|title=Organisation Structure of Transport Department|url=http://www.uptransport.co.in/organizationchart.aspx#|website=[[Department of Transport (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Transport]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|accessdate=16 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Salary structure ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
The salary structure of the Provincial Transport Service Officer
|-
! Grade/level on pay matrix !! Base Salary (per month) !! Position in the Government of Uttar Pradesh !! Years of service
|-
| Senior administrative grade (Above Super time scale) (pay level 14) || ₹144200–218200 || Special Secretary in Transport department || 35th year
|-
| Super time scale (pay level 13A) || ₹131100–216600 || Additional Transport Commissioner || 32nd year
|-
| Selection grade (pay level 13) || ₹118500–214100 || Deputy Transport Commissioner || 26th year
|-
| Junior administrative grade (pay level 12) || ₹78800–191500 || Regional Transport Officer || 19th year
|-
| Senior time scale (pay level 11) || ₹67700–160000 || Assistant Regional Transport Officer || 12th year
|-
| Junior time scale (pay level 10) || ₹56100–132000 || Assistant Regional Transport Officer || Initial year
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)]]
* [[Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)]]
* [[Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)]]
* [[Provincial Finance and Accounts Service (Uttar Pradesh)]]
* [[Provincial Development Service (Uttar Pradesh)]]
* [[Provincial Secretariat Service (Uttar Pradesh)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}

[[Category:Civil Services of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-01-15T03:56:57Z

Allenjacksparrow: fixed issues

{{Short description|Protected area in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| area = 402.4 km²
| established = 2007
}}

'''Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a {{convert|402.4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[protected area]] in [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]] declared in February 2008. The area is a [[Bengal tiger|tiger]] habitat. Seven rivers originate in the forest including the [[Tamiraparani River|Thamirabarani River]] and [[Pahrali River]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/tamiraparani-rich-in-lore-and-a-biodiversity-hotspot/article25191904.ece | title=Tamiraparani: Rich in lore and a biodiversity hotspot | date=11 October 2018 | newspaper=The Hindu | first1=Vrinda | last1=Ramanan|first2=J.|last2=Ramanan|accessdate=25 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Wildlife==
The region is one of the most diverse wildlife forest locations in India. Several new species of plants, amphibians and insects discovered here are found nowhere else, making it an endemic region.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plants-from-western-ghats/article23710384.ece "New plants from Western Ghats"]</ref> A rare mushroom variety known as bioluminescent mushroom was spotted in Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Nov/10/rare-bioluminescent-mushroom-spotted-in-kanyakumari-wildlife-.sanctuary-2631608.html</ref><ref>https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/8795/9781</ref>The area is a [[wildlife corridor]] with high [[biodiversity]], and in addition to tigers, is home to the [[threatened species]]: [[gaur|Indian bison]], [[Indian elephant|elephant]], [[Indian python|Indian rock python]], [[lion-tailed macaque]], [[Indian spotted chevrotain|mouse deer]], [[Nilgiri tahr]] and [[sambar (deer)|sambar deer]].

==Habitation==
There are a few tribal villages in the sanctuary and adjoining [[reserve forest]]s.<ref>Koteswaran C.S. quoting Dr. V. N. Singh Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife)(26/2/2008) ''Kanyakumari Gets Sanctuary'', Deccan Chronicle, Chennai, front page</ref>

==Threats==
The Arasu Rubber Corporation had destroyed 12,000 acres of forest land to promote rubber estates. This triggered wide protests among the locals and environmentalists. The State government got a stay order and has continued turning forests into rubber plantations by leasing the land to third party contractors and landlords.<ref>[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/refugees-in-their-own-home-60680 "Refugees in their own home"]</ref> Another incident was the uprooting of 20,000 forest trees in the guise of clearing the damage caused due to [[Cyclone Ockhi]]. This caused anthropogenic disturbance.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/oct/03/only-select-uprooted-trees-will-be-removed-from-kanniyakumari-wildlife-sanctuary-forest-department-1880477.html "Only select uprooted trees will be removed from Kanniyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary: Forest Department - Indian Express"]</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080323053453/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_kws.html Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary]

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|8.39|77.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2008]]

Ashoka (disambiguation)

2026-01-14T19:38:01Z

Allenjacksparrow: entry

{{wiktionary|Ashoka|अशोक}}
'''[[Ashoka]]''' (died 232 BC) was a monarch of the Mauryan Empire of India.

'''Ashoka''' or '''Asoka''' may also refer to:
{{tocright}}
==Entertainment==
* [[Ashoka (2006 film)|''Ashoka'' (2006 film)]], a 2006 Kannada film directed by Shivamani
* [[Ashoka (2008 film)|''Ashoka'' (2008 film)]], a 2008 Tamil film directed by Prem
* [[Asoka (1955 film)|''Asoka'' (1955 film)]], a 1955 Sri Lankan film directed by Sirisena Wimalaweera
* [[Aśoka (film)|''Aśoka'' (film)]], a 2001 Bollywood historical drama film directed by Santosh Sivan
* [[Ashoka the Great (book)|''Ashoka the Great'' (book)]], a 2011 book by Wytze Keuning
* ''[[Ashoka the Hero]]'', a 2011 Indian animated film

==People==
* [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)]], a king of Kashmir

==Other uses==
* [[Ashoka (non-profit organization)]], an international citizen sector organization
* ''Emperor Ashoka'', the aircraft in the 1978 [[Air India Flight 855]] crash

==See also==
* [[Ashok]], a given name
* [[Ashoka tree (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ashokan (disambiguation)]]
* [[Asoka de Silva (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ahsoka (disambiguation)]]
{{disambiguation|given name}}

Meera (2022 TV series)

2025-12-02T01:13:15Z

Allenjacksparrow:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|மீரா}}
| genre = {{ubl|[[Family]]|[[Drama]]|}}
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = {{ubl|[[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]]}}
| director = A. Jawahar
| editor = Sutheef.S
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_episodes = 87
| producer = [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]]
| composer =
| location = 
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = [[Avni Telemedia]]
| network = [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|3|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|7|22}}
| related = [[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]
}}

'''''Meera - Oru Puthu Kavithai''''' ({{Translation|Meera - A new poem}}) is a 2022 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] language [[family drama|family]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, starring [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kushboo-sundars-next-project-to-raise-voice-against-domestic-violence/articleshow/89994875.cms|title=Kushboo Sundar's next project to raise voice against domestic violence|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]. The show is produced by [[Avni Telemedia]] and written by veteran actress [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]]. It premiered on [[Colors Tamil]] on 28 March 2022, and ended on 22 July 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-meera-serial-climax-colors-tamil-kushboo-lead-role-serial-meera-ending-tomorrow-with-krishna-anjali-twist-774901.html|title=முடிவுக்கு வந்த குஷ்புவின் 'மீரா' சீரியல்.. கிளைமாக்ஸில் காத்திருக்கும் ட்விஸ்ட்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=21 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> which aired from Monday to Friday at 21:30 and available for streaming in selected markets on [[Voot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/kushboo-s-meera-serial-will-be-telecast-in-colors-tamil-from-march-28th-093765.html|title=மீரா ஒரு புதுக்கவிதை... மார்ச் 28லிருந்து ஒளிபரப்பாக இருக்கு குஷ்பூவோட புது சீரியல்!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=22 March 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> The show is loosely based on Hindi soap opera [[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]].

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Meera Krishna: Dr. Krishna's wife; Adhira and Ajay's mother. Janaki's daughter. She is a self independent gynecologist who works under Dr. Kannan in his hospital.
* [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] / [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Krishna: Dr. Meera's husband; Adhira and Ajay's father. Adhithi's foster father. A very famous and expertised thoracic surgeon.

===Supporting===
* [[Pooja Lokesh]] as Anjali: Adithi’s aunt
* Isvar Raghunathan as Balaji: Jyothi’s husband
* Arvind Kathare as Chezhiyan
* Akshaya Kandamuthan as Adhira: Meera and Krishna’s daughter; Ajay’s sister
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Janaki: Meera’s mother
* Anusai (Elakiya Jayakumar) as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Arundathi Dr. Kannan’s wife
* Sai Krishna as Ajay: Meera and Krishna’s son; Adhira’s brother
* Shalini as Jyothi: Krishna's sister
* Richie as Charan: Adhira's collegemate
* Rohit Ved as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Kannan: Meera's best friend
* Sumithra Sharma as Adithi: Anjali’s niece
* Revathy Sankar as Lakshmi: Kannan’s mother

==Production==
===Development===
On January end 2022, [[Colors Tamil]] confirmed through a press release that it would distribute new Tamil serial, to be produced by [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]] under [[Avni Cinemax|Avni Telemedia]] and also debuts as a screenplay writer by [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/khusbu-sundar-turns-writer-with-new-tamil-serial-meera-4779032.html|title=Khusbu Sundar Turns Writer With New Tamil Serial Meera|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-khusbu-sundar-to-make-her-debut-as-a-writer-in-meera/articleshow/89565902.cms|title=Actress Khushbu Sundar to make her debut as a writer in 'Meera'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was unveiled on 5 February 2022, featuring protagonist khusboo face and hand-print,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/colors-tamil-unveils-promo-of-new-show-meera-on-women-s-day-220308|title=Colors Tamil Unveils promo of new show Meera on Women's Day|website=www.indiantelevision.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/mar/03/khushbu-latest-pic-went-viral-on-internet-3801543.html|title=கன்னத்தில் அறை வாங்கிய புகைப்படத்தை பகிர்ந்த நடிகை குஷ்பு|website=www.dinamani.com|date=3 March 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> The second promo was unveiled on 9 February 2022, featuring protagonist [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]] and [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] and revealing the release date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-kushboo-sundar-instagram-post-viral-in-social-media-color-tamil-meera-serial-promo-say-no-to-violence-sre-711499.html|title=இந்த வன்முறைக்கு யார் காரணம்? கலர்ஸ் தமிழுடன் சேர்ந்து விளக்கிய நடிகை குஷ்பு!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=5 March 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/mar/05/khushbu-colors-tamil-meera-serial-promo-is-out-3802809.html|title=என் புருஷன் பண்ணினது தப்பு|website=www.dinamani.com|date=5 March 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|19767738}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language medical television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Avni Telemedia]]

India women's national softball team

2025-10-23T22:00:24Z

Allenjacksparrow:

{{about|the women's team|the men's team|India men's national softball team}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox national softball team
|Name = India women's national softball team
|Image =
|Logo =
|imagesize =
|alt =
|Caption =
|Country = {{flagicon|IND}} India
|Federation = [[Softball Association of India]]
|Confederation = [[Softball Confederation of Asia]]
|Manager =
|WBSC Rank = 38th<ref>{{cite web |title=Rankings |url=http://www.wbsc.org/rankings/0/ |website=WBSC |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123120649/http://www.wbsc.org/rankings/0/ |archive-date=23 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|uniform image =
|uniform =
|h_title =
|h_cap =
|h_pattern_cap =
|h_leftarm =
|h_pattern_la =
|h_body =
|h_pattern_b =
|h_rightarm =
|h_pattern_ra =
|h_pants =
|h_pattern_pants =
|h_socks =
|h_pattern_socks =
|a_title =
|a_cap =
|a_pattern_cap =
|a_leftarm =
|a_pattern_la =
|a_body =
|a_pattern_b =
|a_rightarm =
|a_pattern_ra =
|a_pants =
|a_pattern_pants =
|a_socks =
|a_pattern_socks =

|WSWC apps = 1
|WSWC first = 2016
|WSWC best = 29th
|WSWC 1st times =
|WSWC 1st most recent =
|WSWC 2nd times =
|WSWC 2nd most recent =
|WSWC 3rd times =
|WSWC 3rd most recent =
|WSWC other results =

|WCS apps =
|WCS first =
|WCS best =
|WCS 1st times =
|WCS 1st most recent =
|WCS 2nd times =
|WCS 2nd most recent =
|WCS 3rd times =
|WCS 3rd most recent =
|WCS other results =

|AWSC apps = 7
|AWSC first = 1991
|AWSC best = 9th
|AWSC 1st times =
|AWSC 1st most recent =
|AWSC 2nd times =
|AWSC 2nd most recent =
|AWSC 3rd times =
|AWSC 3rd most recent =
|AWSC other results =
}}
The '''India women's national softball team''' is the national [[softball]] team of India in international-level softball competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-games-2023-indian-team-softball-handball-water-polo-basketball|title=Asian Games 2023: Indian women's softball team among those cut by sports ministry|access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref>

==Tournament history==
===Women's Softball World Championship===
* [[2016 Women's Softball World Championship]] - 29th

===Asian Women's Softball Championship===
[[Women's Softball Asia Cup]]

* 1967-1987: DNE
* 1991 Asian Women's Softball Championship - 12th<ref name=sca>{{cite web|title=Asian Women Softball Championship|url=http://asiasoftball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40:asian-women-softball-championship&catid=2:asian-championships&Itemid=17|publisher=Softball Confederation of Asia|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729003403/http://asiasoftball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40:asian-women-softball-championship&catid=2:asian-championships&Itemid=17|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
* 1995 Asian Women's Softball Championship - 8th<ref name=sca/>
* 1999 Asian Women's Softball Championship - 10th<ref name=sca/>
* [[2004 Asian Women's Softball Championship]] - 12th<ref name=sca/>
* 2007: DNE
* [[2011 Asian Women's Softball Championship]] - 10th<ref name=sca/>
* [[2017 Asian Women's Softball Championship]] - 9th
* [[2019 Asian Women's Softball Championship]] - 10th
* [[2023 Women's Softball Asia Cup]] - 9th
* [[2025 Women's Softball Asia Cup]] - 9th

===Results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%;"
!width=125|Year
!width=150|Rank
!width=35|M
!width=35|W
!width=35|L
!width=35|RF
!width=35|RA
!width=35|RD
|-
| 1967 || DNE || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| 1969 || DNE || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| 1972 || DNE || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| 1987 || DNE || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| 1991 || 12th || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 1995 || 8th || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 1999 || 10th || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2004 || 12th || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2007 || DNE || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2011 || 10th || 5 || 1 || 4 || 11 || 47 || -36
|-
| 2017 || 9th || 4 || 0 || 4 || 1 || 55 || -54
|-
| 2019 || 10th || 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 54 || -54
|-
| 2023 || 9th || 8 || 0 || 8 || 2 || 96 || -94
|-
| 2025 || 9th || 9 || 1 || 8 || 9 || 96 || –87
|-
!Total || 9/14 || 30 || 2 || 28 || 23 || 348 || -325
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Women's national softball teams}}

[[Category:Softball in India|National team]]
[[Category:Women's national softball teams]]
[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|Softball]]

Chandra Mahesh

2025-10-22T23:30:40Z

Allenjacksparrow: Put up new stub

{{short description|Indian film director, producer and actor (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandra Mahesh
| image = Iamchandrramahes.jpg
| caption = Working For Red Alert
| birthname = Chandra Mahesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|11|08}}
| birth_place = East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]]
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20150722191449/http://chandrramahes.com/ www.chandrramahes.com]
| years_active = 1999{{endash}}present
}}

'''Chandra Mahesh''' is an Indian film director who works in [[Telugu cinema]].

== Career ==
Chandra Mahesh worked as an assistant director for ''[[Super Police]]'' (1993), ''[[Yamaleela]]'' (1994), ''[[Dharma Chakram]]'' (1996), ''Nayudugari Kutumbam'' (1996), ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' (1997) and ''[[Sivayya]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/pressmeet-redalert3.html|title=Chandra Mahesh interview Red Alert press meet - Balakrishna & Trisha|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> He made his debut with ''[[Preyasi Raave]]'' (1999). Despite the film's success, he could not capitalise on it and for his next film ''Cheppalani Vundhi'' (2001) both [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]] and [[Venu Thottempudi]] were initially set to do the film before it went to [[Vadde Naveen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugudesk.net/director-chandra-mahesh-%e0%b0%a4%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%81%e0%b0%a3%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%95%e0%b0%bf-%e0%b0%aa%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%8a%e0%b0%a1%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%af%e0%b1%82%e0%b0%b8%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%95/|title=Director Chandra Mahesh : తరుణ్ కి ప్రొడ్యూసర్ కి గొడవలు జరిగి&#82|date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

He directed the trilingual film ''[[Red Alert (2015 film)|Red Alert]]'' in Kannada and Telugu and ''High Alert'' in Malayalam in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/Aug/11/anjana-menon-playing-a-tough-cop-797698.html|title=Anjana Menon Playing a Tough Cop|first=Aswathy|last=K|date=12 August 2015|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>https://en.msidb.org/m.php?7949</ref>

== Filmography ==
* 1999: ''[[Preyasi Raave]]''
* 2001: ''Cheppalani Vundhi''
* 2002: ''Joruga Husharuga''
* 2002: ''Ayodhya Ramayya''
* 2005: ''[[Okkade]]''
* 2006: ''Hanumanthu''
* 2010: ''[[Aalasyam Amrutam]]''
* 2015: ''[[Red Alert (2015 film)|Red Alert]]'' / ''High Alert''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|3130589}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahesh, Chandra}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]

Shamik Dasgupta (writer)

2025-09-28T23:57:46Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian comic book writer}}
{{For|the philosopher|Shamik Dasgupta (philosopher)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=February 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox comics creator

| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| cartoonist =
| write = y
| art =
| pencil =
| ink =
| edit =
| publish =
| letter =
| color =
| notable works = {{Plainlist}}
* Ramayan 3292 AD
* The Caravan
* The Village
* Rakshak
{{endplainlist}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Shamik Dasgupta''' is an Indian comic book writer. He has done work for [[Virgin Comics]], specifically for ''[[Ramayan 3392 A.D.]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080123190340/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/05/21/stories/2007052151890200.htm "Comic capers for India"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 21 May 2007.</ref> a series based on the ancient Hindu epic ''Ramayana'' and set in a distant future. He has also written a one shot horror graphic novel called ''Virulents''.<ref>[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6589954-virulents Virulents on Goodreads], www.[[goodreads]].com</ref>

He is the editor in chief of ''Arkin Comics'', a popular 3D [[comic book]] in [[India]] which is custom made to feature the comic reader.

In 2012 he started working on a graphic novel named 'The Caravan' for [[Yali Dream Creations]]. This was released in 2013. The Caravan is a horror graphic novel written by Shamik Dasgupta. Dasgupta described it as "a classic horror/action/adventure in the trend of From Dusk till Dawn and 30 Days of Night copiously coated with spicy Bollywood masala."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/anitracks-media-to-launch-graphic-novel-the-caravan-at-comic-con-bangalore-quick-qa-with-shamik-dasgupta-creator-and-writer-of-the-graphic-novel |title=Anitracks Media to Launch Graphic Novel 'The Caravan' at Comic Con Bangalore |last=Boatwala |first=Zeenia |publisher=AnimationXpress |date=2013-05-28 |accessdate=2013-12-10}}</ref>
For the same publisher, he did the graphic novel adaptation 'Devi Chaudhurani', which was originally written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim Chandra Chatterji]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150510/jsp/7days/story_19169.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514003650/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150510/jsp/7days/story_19169.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 May 2015 | title=It's a bird, it's a plane - It's an Indian woman | website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

==Career==
His career started with [[Virgin Comics]], and now he is employed by [[Yali Dream Creations]] as a Chief Creative Director. Since 2012, Shamik Dasgupta has created [[The Caravan]], The Caravan Blood War, Devi Chaudhurani, Rakshak: Origin Series and The Village. He also created TNT for Speech Bubble Entertainment.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Dasgupta's comic book series, Rakshak, has been acquired in December 2019 by director [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] for motion film adaptation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Gupta to adapt superhero graphic novel|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/25/sanjay-gupta-to-adapt-superhero-graphic-novel-2080482.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The New Indian Express|date=25 December 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.culturepopcorn.com/interviews/shamik-dasgupta-interview-cannot-anything-comics/ Shamik Dasgupta Interview : I cannot do anything else but comics]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Shamik}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian comics writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}
{{Comics-writer-stub}}

Volunteers for Rural India

2025-08-31T10:27:04Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting a post - done

{{redirect|IVCS|the singular|IVC (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Volunteers for Rural India (insignia).png|right]]
'''Volunteers for Rural India''' ('''VRI''') is a small registered UK charity (charity no. 285872, formerly known as IVCS) <ref>[http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=285872&SubsidiaryNumber=0 Charity Commission entry for the registered charity VRI, formerly known as IVCS] Accessed 11 October 2017</ref> whose aim is to raise funds for rural development projects in [[India]], and previously to raise awareness of rural development in India by enabling people to experience [[grassroots]] development through direct involvement.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/volunteering-virtually/article4119190.ece "Volunteering virtually"] ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 2015-09-05.</ref><ref>[http://www.vri-online.org.uk VRI website] Accessed June 2010</ref> It is non-political and non-religious.

==History==
VRI has been established for over 30 years. It was formed in May 1981 as IVCS (Indian Volunteers for Community Service) to encourage young people from the West to experience rural India. In 2015 it stopped running the volunteering scheme.

==Aims of charity==
To raise funds to support small self-help projects in India, with the intention of contributing towards sustainable human development. In particular, VRI supports a rural development project in the village of Amarpurkashi in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India.

==Projects==

*VRI supported a local village to start its own secondary school. This venture was initiated by the villagers themselves, who were concerned that there was no local school for their children and it will continue to support this school until it is self-financing.<ref>[http://www.vri-online.org.uk/apk/jafar-pur-junior-high-school.php VRI website - article about jafar pur high school] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211234/http://www.vri-online.org.uk/apk/jafar-pur-junior-high-school.php |date=2024-04-06 }} Accessed October 2017</ref>
*VRI runs eye camps for [[cataract]] care <ref>[http://www.vri-online.org.uk/apk/health-rural-india.php VRI website - article about health care fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211234/http://www.vri-online.org.uk/apk/health-rural-india.php |date=2024-04-06 }} Accessed October 2017</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vri-online.org.uk/index.php VRI website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Volunteers for Rural India}}
[[Category:Foreign charities operating in India]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]
[[Category:Charities based in London]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1965]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in the United Kingdom]]

Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par

2025-06-19T01:59:21Z

Allenjacksparrow: created info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Romantic drama|Love Story]] [[Drama]]
| runtime = 30 minutes (including commercial breaks)
| creator =
| director =
| producer = [[Anupam Kher]] [[Actor Prepares – The School for Actors|Actor Prepares Production]]
| writer =
| opentheme = ''Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par'' by Sanjeev Batra & Leena Bose
| country = India
| location = [[Lucknow]], Mumbai (India)
| starring =
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2016|10|3|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|3|25|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 150
| num_seasons = 1
}}

'''''Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par''''' is an original [[soap opera]] of [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]] television.<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anupam-kher-to-make-a-special-appearance-in-khwaabon-ki-zamin-par-on-zindagi-2262523 Anupam Kher to make a special appearance in 'Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par' on Zindagi!]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstechcafe.com/2016/09/khwaabon-ki-zamin-par-serial-on-zindagi.html?m=1#axzz4L33k7qQi
|title=Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par on Zindagi}}</ref> This fiction show is produced by Anupam Kher.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/anupam-kher-does-a-cameo-in-his-debut-tv-production-khwaabon-ki-zamin-par/story-iW3Nf0KSlRZvLmvTFhBA9O.html Anupam Kher does a cameo in his debut TV production Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par]</ref> The film stars Ashish Kadian, [[Megha Chakraborty]] and Deeksha Sonalkar.<ref>[https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/271116/i-love-partying-and-going-for-long-drives-says-megha-chakraborty.html I love partying and going for long drives, says Megha Chakraborty]</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ashish Kadian]] as Arya Kashyap (main male lead)
* [[Megha Chakraborty]] as Niyati Bajpayee (main female lead)
* [[Deeksha Sonalkar]] as Shikha Roy (celebrity actress)
* [[Saurabh]] as Mohan Bajpayee
* [[Rohit Choudhary]] as Ranjan Awasthi, Niyati's Jiju
* Astha Agarwal as Arya's co-actor, an established movie star
* [[Aashish Kaul]]
* [[Parichay Sharma]]
* Aliraza Namdar
* [[Gulfam Khan]]
* [[Antariksh Takkar]]

==See also==
* [[Agar Tum Saath Ho]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Zee Zindagi original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Didayi people

2025-05-28T11:07:35Z

Allenjacksparrow: Put up details

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Didayi / Dire / Gta'
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pop = 7,250
| total_ref =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| languages = [[Gatah' language|Gatah']]
| religions = [[Animism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Munda peoples]]
}}
The '''Didayi''', '''Dire''', or '''Gatah'''' people are an ethnic group of [[Koraput district]] and [[Malkangiri district]] in [[Odisha]], as well as [[East Godavari district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="OSM">{{Cite web |title=Odisha State Tribal Museum {{!}} Didayi |url=https://www.ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/didayi/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> They speak the [[Gtaʼ language|Gta']], a [[Munda languages|Munda]] language.

== Culture ==
The Didayi rely mostly on cultivation in wetlands and hills, growing vegetables, [[banana]], [[papaya]], [[mango]], [[jackfruit]], [[tamarind]], and [[tobacco]]. They also thrive by collecting fruits, roots, wood, and mushrooms from forests and selling them in markets.<ref name="OSM" /> Some hunt animals such as birds using bows and arrows.
They are also known for their local alcohol and rice beer and dancing during the night.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

The Didayi people view the [[Bonda people]] as their elder brothers.<ref name="OSM"/>

== Education ==
The Didayi lack in terms of education compared to other ethnic groups in the region. The regional government promotes education, but the Didayi generally do not feel required to be educated. As a result, very few migrate in search of work.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian people by ethnicity]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Banchharamer Bagan

2024-09-09T19:19:28Z

Allenjacksparrow: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Banchharamer Bagaan]]

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Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Archived Projects

2024-04-30T12:10:58Z

Allenjacksparrow: starting a entry - done

*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Events|Events]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/What's New|What's New?]]
*[[m:Wikimedia India|Wikimedia India]]
*[[Wikipedia:Academy/India|Academy]]
*[[Wikipedia:India Education Program|India Education Program]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/India_Loves_Wikipedia|India Loves Wikipedia]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/Current Edition|Newsletter (2006{{ndash}}12)]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Newsletter|Newsletter (2019)]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Quiz|Quiz]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Release version|Release version]]
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/English-WikiProject-India/203122806399663 Facebook page]
*[https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikimedia-in-en WikiProject India mailing list]

Beltara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-12T07:08:27Z

Allenjacksparrow: small changes

#REDIRECT [[Beltara Assembly constituency]]

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