Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bastar Fighter Force

2026-05-05T17:58:21Z

Allen2502: added new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Bastar Fighter Force
| nativename =
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| commonname = Bastar Fighters
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| formed = 2022
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees = Approximately 2,100
| volunteers =
| budget =
| legalpersonality = Government agency
| legaljuris = [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| national = Yes
| country = India
| countryabbr = India
| federal = Yes
| international =
| divname = [[Chhattisgarh Police]]
| subdivname =
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| governingbody = [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
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| parentagency = [[Chhattisgarh Police]]
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The '''Bastar Fighter Force''' is a specialized [[police unit]] established in 2022 by the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] in India.<ref name=A>{{cite news |title=बस्तर फाइटर्स से होगा 'लाल आतंक' का नाश ! - भूपेश कैबिनेट की बैठक |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/chhattisgarh/state/jagdalpur/baghel-cabinet-decided-to-set-up-bastar-fighters-force-in-naxal-affected-area/ct20210213210443643 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=13 February 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref> It was created to combat [[Maoist insurgency]] and [[left-wing extremism]] in the [[Bastar division]], which has been significantly affected by [[Naxalism|Naxalite]] violence. It comprises approximately 2,100 personnel, as of March 2024.<ref name=B>{{cite news |title=In a first, Bastar Fighter jawan killed in encounter, AK-47 recovered |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bastar-fighter-jawan-killed-encounter-9193613/ |date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132109/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bastar-fighter-jawan-killed-encounter-9193613/ |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2020, the [[Chhattisgarh government]] decided to establish a special police unit to combat the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] and left-wing extremism.<ref name=c/> The unit was announced in February 2021 after the cabinet of Chief Minister [[Bhupesh Baghel]] approved the formation of the Bastar Fighter Force.<ref name=A/> It was formed in 2022. Since its establishment, the Bastar Fighter Force has participated in many operations targeting Maoists. It conducts its operations often in collaboration with other security agencies, such as the [[Border Security Force]] and [[District Reserve Guard]].<ref name=B/>

In 2022, it was reported that nine transgender individuals were recruited into the Bastar Fighter Force.<ref>{{cite news |title=9 transgender people inducted into 'Bastar Fighter special unit to fight Maoists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-9-transgender-people-inducted-into-bastar-fighters-special-unit-to-fight-maoists/articleshow/93605247.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2022}}</ref> In 2023, these transgender personnel participated in the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade for the first time in [[Jagdalpur]], Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ritesh |title=Chhattisgarh: Transgender cops to participate in Republic Day event 1st time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/chhattisgarh-transgender-cops-to-participate-in-republic-day-event-1st-time-101674634162726.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

In March 2024, a Bastar Fighter was killed during an encounter with Maoists in [[Kanker district]], becoming the first casualty of the unit since its formation.<ref name=B/>

== Recruitment ==
All personnel of the Bastar Fighter Force are recruited from local villages across the districts of [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]], [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]], [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], and [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]].<ref name=c>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ritesh |title=Travails of Bastar's Fighters who weren't |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bastar-fighters-recruitment-brings-hope-of-employment-but-also-danger-the-plight-of-failed-applicants-in-maoist-affected-areas-101683571083871.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509032625/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bastar-fighters-recruitment-brings-hope-of-employment-but-also-danger-the-plight-of-failed-applicants-in-maoist-affected-areas-101683571083871.html |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=16 January 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> These recruits undergo training provided by the [[Chhattisgarh Police]]. Each district has deployed around 300 personnel from this force to ensure a robust local presence in anti-Maoist operations.<ref name=c/><ref name=B/>

It has been reported that candidates who apply for recruitment into the force but are not selected live in exile, often forced to take menial jobs far from their homes due to threats and fear of Maoists. Additionally, Maoists distributed pamphlets warning of consequences for those who apply when the unit was announced.<ref name=c/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2022]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2022]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]

National Institute of Technology, Goa

2026-04-27T21:54:13Z

Allen2502: New

{{Short description|Engineering institution in Goa, india}}
{{coord|15.412423207330217|73.97820203385662|display=title}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Technology, Goa
| image = NIT Goa logo.png
| image_size = 200
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = Sa Vidya Ya Vimuktaye
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng = True Knowledge Liberates
| established = {{start date and age|2010}}
| chairperson = Bollineni Raja Gopal Naidu
| director = O. R. Jaiswal
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| city = [[Cuncolim]], [[South Goa District]], [[Goa]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| students = 1000
| free_label = Acronym
| free = NITG
| nickname =
NITians
| website = {{URL|http://www.nitgoa.ac.in/}}
| logo =
}}

'''National Institute of Technology Goa''' (also known as '''NIT Goa''' or '''NITG''') is an [[engineering college|engineering institution]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]]. It was founded in 2010 being one of the 31 [[National Institutes of Technology]] in India and is recognised as an [[Institute of National Importance]]. It admitted its first batch of students in 2010-11.

==History==
The NITG is one of ten newly set up NITs <ref name="TOI Dec 9 2009">{{cite news|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep|title=Goa to get its own NIT|date=December 9, 2009|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/-Goa-to-get-its-own-NIT/articleshow/5316406.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928115935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-09/mysore/28063843_1_nit-goa-acres-of-contiguous-piece-site-search-committee|url-status=live|archive-date=September 28, 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-05-02}}</ref> during the 11th Five Year Plan by the Ministry of Human Resources Development (HRD).<ref>{{cite web | title=Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012, Section 6.83 | url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/mta/11th_mta/chapterwise/Comp_mta11th.pdf | accessdate=2012-05-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515095641/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/mta/11th_mta/chapterwise/Comp_mta11th.pdf | archive-date=2012-05-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute was to be set up using Rs 250 crore provided by central government. The first batch of students was admitted and academic activities of NIT Goa were started in the year 2010-11. During its initial years, NIT Goa was mentored by [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]], Surathkal <ref name="TOI Nov 7 2009">{{cite news|title=Surathkal NIT to mentor Goa institute|date=November 7, 2009|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Surathkal-NIT-to-mentor-Goa-institute/articleshow/5204613.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-07/goa/28103432_1_nits-state-education-ministry-goa |url-status=live |archive-date=January 3, 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-05-02}}</ref> and the Goa State Government had proposed that 50% of the seats in this Institute should be reserved for the State of Goa. However, the Union HRD ministry wants Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Lakshwadweep students to be grouped with Goa students for the 50% reservation.<ref>{{cite web | title=50% of NIT Goa seats for Goans | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/50-of-NIT-Goa-seats-for-Goans-Govt/articleshow/5320922.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707082200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-10/goa/28100203_1_goa-nit-lakshwadweep-goa-chief-minister | url-status=live | archive-date=2012-07-07 | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 December 2009 | access-date=2012-05-02 }}</ref>

==Campus==
The campus is located at cuncolim, Madgoan approximately 29 km south-side of Panaji, the capital of Goa. The state of Goa is well connected by roadways, railways and airways with various parts of the country. The permanent campus, an area of 300 acres, spanning from Cuncolim to Balli, was identified by the state but the project ran into trouble when locals objected to the proposal as 50% exclusive reservation was not promised for Goan students. The former Chief Minister of Goa, Mr. [[Manohar Parrikar]] reiterated that no land will be given to the institute if 50% reservation is not provided for Goan students.<ref name="TOI Mar 31 2012">{{cite news|last=Shetye|first=Murari|author2=Malkarnekar, Gauree|title=No land for NIT Goa without 50% reservation|date=March 31, 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/No-land-for-technical-college-sans-50-quota-for-Goa-Chief-minister/articleshow/12476141.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094842/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-31/goa/31265796_1_goans-goa-engineering-college-manohar-parrikar|url-status=live|archive-date=January 3, 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-05-02}}</ref> The Government of India finally decided to reserve 50 per cent of the seats exclusively for Goan students in the National Institute of Technology, Goa from academic year 2012-13.<ref>{{cite news|title=50% of NIT-Goa seats exclusively for local students|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=June 28, 2012|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/50-nit-goa-seats-exclusively-local-students|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630025255/http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/50-nit-goa-seats-exclusively-local-students|archive-date=June 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Gauree|last=Malkarnekar|title=Land trouble finally over for NIT Goa|date=July 1, 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Land-trouble-finally-over-for-NIT-Goa/articleshow/14560058.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103204229/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-01/goa/32494097_1_nit-goa-goans-manohar-parrikar|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref>
Now NIT Goa is operating from its permanent campus.

==Academics==
The Institute offers under Graduate courses in Five Engineering Departments: (1) Computer Science and Engineering (2) Electronics and Communication Engineering (3) Electrical and Electronics Engineering (4) Civil Engineering and (5) Mechanical Engineering. The Institute offers Post Graduate courses and Ph. D degree in three Engineering Departments: (1) Computer Science and Engineering (2) Electronics and Communication Engineering and (3) Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The Institute also offers Ph.D degree in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Economics and English specialization.

The Institute admits students into the B.Tech degree program on the basis of ranks obtained in the Joint Entrance Examination JEE(Main) and the scheme of Direct Admission to Students Abroad (DASA) with an intake of 38 students in each branch.

For M.Tech Programme, the Institute admits students through valid GATE score followed by CCMT (Centralized Counselling for M.Tech Admissions). Each department is offering 25 seats for the said programme, out of which 23 seats will be filled up through CCMT and the remaining 2 seats are meant for the sponsored candidates.

=== Ranking ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_E_2022=88|NIRF_E_2024=127|NIRF_E_2023=90}}

NIT Goa is ranked 90th among the engineering colleges of India by [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160637/https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Departments==
=== Undergraduate Programme ===
* [[Computer Science Engineering]]
* [[Electrical & Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Electronics & Communication Engineering]]
*[[Civil Engineering]]
*[[Mechanical Engineering]]

=== Postgraduate programme ===
*[[VLSI]]
*Power Electronics and Power Systems
*[[Computer Science and Engineering]]

=== Doctoral programme ===
* [[Computer Science & Engineering]]
* [[Electrical & Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Electronics & Communication Engineering]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Mathematics]]

== Facilities ==
The Campus Consists of various classrooms, laboratories, administrative section and each classroom, laboratory and conference hall possess advanced facilities such as multimedia projectors and internet.

A Central Library<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nitgoa.ac.in/clib|title=Central Library|website=www.nitgoa.ac.in/clib|publisher=NIT Goa|access-date=2016-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141938/http://www.nitgoa.ac.in/clib/|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=live}}</ref> and center centres were set up exclusively for NIT Goa students, while hostel and dining facilities have also been provided on the campus. Two cafeterias and facilities for sports and games have been created.<ref>{{cite web | title=Goa NIT inaugurated | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goa-NIT-inaugurated-gets-head-start-over-other-institutes/articleshow/6242565.cms | access-date=2012-05-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206075720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-01/goa/28302411_1_nit-goa-sandeep-sancheti-goan-students | archive-date=2013-12-06 | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=August 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Student life==
The annual technocultural festival "SAAVYAS", is generally held in February. Other cultural activities include Fresher's Night "AURORA". Institute alumni meet and departmental gatherings. Department also hold workshops, guest lectures and various competitions. Sports facilities includes [[Cricket]], [[Volleyball]], [[Badminton]], [[Table Tennis]], [[Association football|Football]], [[Kabbadi]] and [[Carrom]].

The institute also has an [[Aficionados]] - The Programming Chapter, [[Music]] club, [[Photography]] club, "Quanta" quiz club, [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] club, [[Spectrum|spectra]] club, "Mathemania", [[SPIE]] chapter and [[robotics]] club. Apart from that the institute also organize [[Hindi]] Saptah.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National Institutes of_Technology}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Goa]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Education in South Goa district]]

List of villages in Vizianagaram district

2026-04-19T08:52:00Z

Allen2502: Place

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

This is a list of villages in [[Vizianagaram district]], a district in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state in southern [[India]]. [[Vizianagaram]] is the administrative headquarters of the district.

{{horizontalTOC|nonum=yes}}

== A–D ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ajjada]]
* [[Alamanda, Vizianagaram district|Alamanda]]
* [[Andra, Vizianagaram district|Andra]]
* [[Arikathota]]
* [[Badangi]]
* [[Balijipeta]]
* [[Barli, Vizianagaram district|Barli]]
* [[Basangi]]
* [[Bhogapuram]]
* [[Bonangi]]
* [[Bondapalli]]
* [[Budathanapalli Rajeru]]
* [[Busayavalasa]]
* [[Challapeta]]
* [[Chemudu]]
* [[Chintada]]
* [[Chintapalli, Vizianagaram district|Chintapalli]]
* [[Chollangipeta, Vizianagaram district|Chollangipeta]]
* [[Dattirajeru]]
* [[Denkada]]
* [[Dharmavaram, Vizianagaram district|Dharmavaram]]
* [[Donkinavalasa]]
* [[Duppalapudi]]
{{div col end}}

== G ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Gajularega]]
* [[Gangada]]
* [[Ganivada]]
* [[Gantyada]]
* [[Garbham]]
* [[Garudabilli]]
* [[Garugubilli]]
* [[Goluguvalasa]]
* [[Gotlam]]
* [[Govindapuram, Vizianagaram district|Govindapuram]]
* [[Gumada]]
* [[Gummalaxmipuram]]
* [[Gurla]]
* [[Gurla Thammirajupeta]]
{{div col end}}

== J–L ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jagannadapuram]]
* [[Jakkuva]]
* [[Jami, Vizianagaram district|Jami]]
* [[Jiyyammavalasa]]
* [[K. L. Puram]]
* [[Kagam]]
* [[Kallepalli Rega]]
* [[Kantakapalli]]
* [[Karakam]]
* [[Karivalasa]]
* [[Kasipatnam]]
* [[Koduru, Vizianagaram district|Koduru]]
* [[Komarada]]
* [[Komatipalli]]
* [[Konada]]
* [[Kondavelagada]]
* [[Korukonda, Vizianagaram district|Korukonda]]
* [[Kota Gandredu]]
* [[Kottakki]]
* [[Krishnapuram, Vizianagaram district|Krishnapuram]]
* [[Kumili]]
* [[Kunayavalasa]]
* [[Kuneru]]
* [[Kurupam]]
* [[Lakkavarapukota]]
* [[Lakkidam]]
{{div col end}}

== M–N ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Makkuva]]
* [[Mamidipalli]]
* [[Mentada]]
* [[Merakamudidam]]
* [[Merangi]]
* [[Mettapalli]]
* [[Moida]]
* [[Mondemkhallu]]
* [[Mrutyunjaya Nagaram]]
* [[Naguru]]
* [[Naiduvalasa]]
* [[Nandigam, Vizianagaram district|Nandigam]]
* [[Narayanappavalasa]]
* [[Narayanapuram, Vizianagaram district|Narayanapuram]]
* [[Narsipuram]]
* [[Natavalasa]]
* [[Neelakantapuram]]
* [[Neelavathi]]
{{div col end}}

== P–S ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pachipenta]]
* [[Palagara]]
* [[Paradhi]]
* [[Parannavalasa]]
* [[Peda Ankalam]]
* [[Peda Bondapalli]]
* [[Peda Manapuram]]
* [[Pedanadipalli]]
* [[Pedatadivada]]
* [[Piridi]]
* [[Puritipenta]]
* [[Pusapatirega]]
* [[Rajapulova]]
* [[Ramabhadrapuram]]
* [[Ramachandra puram]]
* [[Ramateertham]]
* [[Ravipalli]]
* [[Rellivalasa]]
* [[Rompilli]]
* [[S Burjavalasa]]
* [[Sambara, Vizianagaram district|Sambara]]
* [[Saripalli]]
* [[Sathivada]]
* [[Sivadavalasa]]
* [[Sivaramapuram]]
* [[Somalingapuram]]
{{div col end}}

== T–V ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Tarapuram]]
* [[Tatipudi, Vizianagaram district|Tatipudi]]
* [[Therlam]]
* [[Thondrangi]]
* [[Thotapalli, Vizianagaram district|Thotapalli]]
* [[Uttarapalli]]
* [[Uttaravalli]]
* [[Vengapuram]]
* [[Vepada]]
{{div col end}}

{{Vizianagaram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vizianagaram district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in India|Vizianagaram district]]

Thamballapalle Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:37Z

Allen2502: started data

{{Short description|Indian constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thamballapalle
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (162-Thamballapalle highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Thamballapalle Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2019
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 209,834
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 162
}}

'''Thamballapalle Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Annamayya district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 209,834 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf|title=The Gazette of India Extraordinary (Delimitation Orders, 1967)|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

==Mandals==
Thamballapalle Assembly constituency consists of six Mandals.

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandals
|-
| Thambalapalle
|-
| Mulakalacheru
|-
| Peddamandyam
|-
| Kurabalakota
|-
| B.Kothakota
|-
| Peddathippasamudram
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra State]]
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[T. N. Venkatasubba Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh|United Andhra]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Kadapa Narasimha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |[[T. N. Anasuyamma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Avula Mohana Reddy]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[T. N. Srinivasa Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Anipireddi Venkata Lakshmi Devamma]]
|-
| 1988 by-election
| [[Chinthala Ramachandra Reddy]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Kalicherla Prabakar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Anipireddi Venkata Lakshmi Devamma
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=2 |Kalicherla Prabakar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Anipireddy Venkata Praveen Kumar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| G. Shankar Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan ="2" | [[Peddireddy Dwarkanath Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party| rowspan= 2}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thamballapalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy]]
|votes = 94,136
|percentage = 50.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = D.Jayachandra Reddy
|votes = 84,033
|percentage = 44.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = MN Chandra Sekhar Reddy
|votes = 3,444
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 2,384
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,103
|percentage = 5.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,87,866
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thamballapalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Peddireddy Dwarkanath Reddy]]
|votes = 1,05,444
|percentage = 59.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[G.Shankar Yadav]]
|votes = 58,506
|percentage = 33.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 46,938
|percentage = 26.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,77,269
|percentage = 84.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thamballapalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = G.Shankar Yadav
|votes = 82,090
|percentage = 50.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Anipireddy Venkata Praveen Kumar Reddy]]|votes=72,900|percentage=44.76|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,190|percentage=5.64|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,62,876|percentage=5.64|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Thamballapalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Anipireddy Venkata Praveen Kumar Reddy]]
|votes = 46,653
|percentage = 32.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gullolla Sankar Yadav]]|votes=43,695|percentage=29.99|change=}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Kadapa Prabhakar Reddy]]
|votes = 30,109
|percentage = 20.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 2,958|percentage=26.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,692|percentage=83.30|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Annamayya district}}
{{coord|13.82|78.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Annamayya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

2026 Manipur bombing

2026-04-13T20:53:58Z

Allen2502: added new article

{{short description|2026 bombing and protests in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

A bomb attack took place on 7 April 2026 at a village called Tronglaobi near [[Moirang]], [[Bishnupur district, Manipur|Bishnupur district]] in the state of [[Manipur]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 kids dead in fresh violence in India's Manipur |url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20260407/8e602b3012604828bc3cebffc88491ec/c.html |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kuthar |first=Greeshma |date=2026-04-08 |title=Manipur Blast Kills Children in Bishnupur {{!}} 2026 Update |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/incoming/manipur-bishnupur-blast-2026/article70837820.ece |access-date= |website=Frontline |language=}}</ref> The bast hit a civilian house at 1:00 a.m. and resulted in the death of two children and critical injuriy to their mother. The [[Meitei people|Meitei]] community that inhabits the region immediately blamed the [[Kuki-Zo]] tribals, claiming that the bomb came from "the hills". The Kuki-Zo organisations refuted the claims denying any involvement of the tribals.<ref name=":0" />

After the attack, about 500 angry protesters attacked a nearby [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] camp located near the [[Bishnupur district, Manipur|Bishnupur]]–[[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] border area at Gelmol. Protesters set the cars on fire and the police resorted to firing bullets and using smoke bombs to disperse the crowd. During the rioting, two protesters were shot dead, another thirty-one protesters suffered gunshot wounds, and a third protester died of injuries on 8 April.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two Children Killed in Manipur Bomb Attack; Fresh Violence Erupts |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/four-dead-manipur-bomb-attack-protest-violence |publisher=[[The Quint]] |date=7 April 2026}}</ref> After the incident, the state government imposed [[curfew]] in the Bishnupur district and restricted the use of mobile data/internet for three days in five valley districts under Rule 3 of the Temporary Suspension of Telecommunication Services Rules, 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur Shuts Internet in 5 Districts After Bishnupur Blast |url=https://www.medianama.com/2026/04/223-internet-shutdown-5-districts-manipur-3-days-bombing-bishnupur-district/ |publisher=[[MediaNama]] |date=7 April 2026}}</ref>

The [[National Investigation Agency]] took charge of the case investigation and on 8 April. Security forces arrested three members of the UKNA in Churachandpur district after finding arms and 21 kilograms of raw [[opium]] in the raid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur: Two children killed in suspected rocket attack orchestrated by Kuki militants in Manipur |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-update/two-children-killed-in-suspected-rocket-attack-orchestrated-by-kuki-militants-in-manipur|publisher=SATP Update |date=8 April 2026}}</ref> The current, Chief Minister [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] condemned the attack as an attempt to destabilise the recently formed state government and derail ongoing peace efforts.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM Condemns Fatal Bomb Attack in Manipur's Bishnupur District |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2026/04/cm-condemns-fatal-bomb-attack-in.html |publisher=Khalvontawi |date=7 April 2026}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Manipur conflict]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:April 2026 in India]]
[[Category:Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]

{{India-poli-stub}}

Chandra Singh Garhwali

2026-04-10T10:56:39Z

Allen2502:

{{Short description|Indian soldier}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Chandra Singh Bhandari "Veer Chandra Garhwali"
| birth_date = December 25, 1891
| birth_place = [[Meason]], [[Garhwal Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|10|1|1891|12|25}}
| occupation = Politician,
Freedom Fighter
| party = Communist Party of India
| movement = Indian Independence Movement
}}

'''Chandra Singh Bhandari''' (25 December 1891 – 1 October 1979)<ref name=":0" /> was a soldier and later in life a member of the Communist Party. On 23 April 1930, under the leadership of Bhandari, the soldiers of the [[Garhwal Rifles|Royal Garhwal Rifles]] refused to fire on unarmed Pathans fighting for India's independence in an incident that would later come to be known as the "Peshawar Kaand".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Architects of Modern India |url=https://newindiasamachar.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/story/2021/Oct/S202110012293.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau |page=3}}</ref> He lived with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Sabarmati Ashram]] for a short time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandola |first=Anoop |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ol23itTuS5sC&dq=chandra+singh+garhwali&pg=PA288 |title=Discovering Brides |date=2000 |publisher=Writers Club Press |isbn=978-0-595-09900-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali was born in Meason, Patti Chauthan.

On September 3, 1914, during the First World War, Chandra Singh was enlisted into the army at [[Lansdowne, India|Lansdowne]]. On August 1, 1915, Chandra Singh, along with other Garhwali soldiers, was sent to France by the British. He returned to Lansdowne on February 1, 1916. During the First World War, Chandra Singh participated in the [[Battle of Baghdad (1917)|Battle of Baghdad]] in 1917.

After the First World War ended, the British began dismissing many soldiers, reducing the ranks of those who had been promoted during the war. Chandra Singh was among them. He was demoted from a [[Havildar]] to a [[Sepoy]]. Consequently, he considered leaving the army. However, senior officers convinced him that his promotion would be taken care of and granted him some time off. During this time, Chandra Singh came into contact with [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

Garhwali also introduced [[Sri Dev Suman]] to Gandhi in Wardha. After his conversation with Gandhi Suman asked Garhwali what his dream for the people of Garhwal was. On this, Chandra Singh Garhwali narrated his dream to Shridev Suman and said, 'I imagine an independent Garhwal in independent India. Garhwali shared his dream of an independent Garhwal no longer politically and socially divided by the Ganges. He also emphasized a future with a classless and post-untouchability society with no capitalists and no landlords.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sāṅkṛtyāyana |first=Rāhula |title=Vīr Candra Siṃha Gaḍhvālī |date=2006 |publisher=Kitāb Mahal |isbn=978-81-225-0195-7 |edition=Prastut Saṃskaraṇ |location=Ilāhābād}}</ref>

After some time, he was sent to Baziristan with his battalion in 1920, after which he was promoted again. After returning from there, he spent much time with Arya Samaj workers, and a sense of patriotism developed within him. However, the British did not approve of this and sent him to the Khyber Pass. By this time, Chandra Singh had attained the rank of Major Havildar.

== Peshawar Incident ==

On 20th April, 1930 [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] organized a civil disobedience movement in the North-West frontier and a Satyagrah was planned for 23rd April 1930 in Peshawar. Two platoons of the Garhwal Rifles regiment under Garhwali were deployed along with others. Garhwali refused to fire on the protestors. These soldiers tried for disobeying the British were represented by Barrister [[Mukandi Lal|Mukundi Lal]], who, after tireless efforts, had their death sentences commuted to life imprisonment. Chandra Singh Garhwali's entire property was confiscated, and his uniform was torn from his body.<ref name=":1" />

In 1930, Chandra Singh Garhwali was sent to Abbottabad jail (now in [[Pakistan]]) for 14 years of imprisonment . His sentence was reduced and after 11 years of imprisonment, he was released on 26 September 1941. But his entry to Garhwal was restricted due to which he had to keep wandering here and there and finally he went to Wardha to meet Gandhi, who was deeply impressed by him. In the Quit India Movement of 8 August 1942, he stayed in Allahabad and took active part in this movement and was again arrested for three years. He was released in 1945.

On December 22, 1946, Chandra Singh was able to re-enter Garhwal with the support of the Communists. In 1957, he contested the elections as a candidate of the [[Communist Party of India]] but was unsuccessful. Chandra Singh Garhwali died on October 1, 1979, after a prolonged illness.
== Honors ==
In 1994, the Government of India issued a postage stamp in his honor. Several roads were also named after him.[[File:Stamp of India - 1994 - Colnect 163816 - Chandra Singh Garhwali Nationalist - 15th Death Anniversar.jpeg|thumb|'''Chandra Singh Garhwali''' at 1994 Stamp of India.]]
*In 23 April 1994, [[India Post]] honored him by issuing stamp on him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=COMMEMORATIVE STAMPS |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/News/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf |access-date=2022-11-29|work=India Post}}</ref>
*Government medical college [[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://vcsgsrinagar.org/history/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Agricultural university [[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali |url=https://www.uuhf.ac.in/veer-chandra-singh-bhandari/ |website=Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry}}</ref>
*In 2022, Former [[Ministry of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]] and [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]] [[Ramesh Pokhriyal|Ramesh Pokhriyal "Nishank"]] wrote biography on him which was published by [[National Book Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PESHAWAR KE MAHANAYAK VEER CHANDRA SINGH GARHWALI |url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__55__indian-75-series__3212__peshawar-ke-mahanayak-veer-chandra-singh-garhwali.nbt |website=National Book Trust}}</ref>
*In 2021, his statue was unveiled by [[Defence Minister of India]], [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=उत्तराखंड: एक अक्तूबर को पौड़ी आएंगे रक्षा मंत्री राजनाथ सिंह, वीर चंद्र सिंह गढ़वाली की प्रतिमा का करेंगे अनावरण |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-news-defense-minister-rajnath-singh-will-visit-pauri-on-1-october-for-unveil-statue-of-veer-chandra-singh-garhwali |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense Minister Rajnath Singh today unveils statue of freedom fighter & Peshawar revolt hero Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali in Pauri |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Defense-Minister-Rajnath-Singh-today-unveils-statue-of-freedom-fighter-%26-Peshawar-revolt-hero-Veer-Chandra-Singh-Garhwali-in-Pauri&id=427232 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=All India Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajnath Singh attends statue unveiling ceremony of freedom fighter Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/rajnath-singh-attends-statue-unveiling-140407808.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-SG}}</ref>
*In 2014, [[Kishore Upadhyaya]] demanded to [[Harish Rawat]] for installation of his statue in [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Garhwali's statue sought |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/garhwali%E2%80%99s-statue-sought-22592 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
*A scheme in [[Uttarakhand]] "Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Tourism Self Employment Scheme" is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Application for loan / subsidy under Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Tourism Self Employment Scheme |url=https://bageshwar.nic.in/form/application-for-loan-subsidy-under-veer-chandra-singh-garhwali-tourism-self-employment-scheme/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Government of Uttrakhand |language=en-US}}</ref>
*A school has been built in his name in the Saket area of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About School {{!}} VCSG Library |url=https://www.vcsglibrary.com/about-school |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=VCSG Library |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garhwali, Chandra}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]

Sathi Leelavathi (1936 film)

2026-04-07T01:23:12Z

Allen2502:

{{short description|1936 film by Ellis R. Dungan}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sathi Leelavathi 1936 poster.jpg
| alt = Landscape black-and-white poster with the film's title in English
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Ellis R. Dungan]]
| screenplay = Madras Kandaswamy Mudaliar
| based_on = {{based on|''Sathi Leelavathi''|[[S. S. Vasan]]}}
| producer = A. N. Marudachalam Chettiar
| starring = {{ubl|[[M. K. Radha]]|M. R. Gnanambal}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|D. T. Telang|V. J. Shave}}
| editing = {{ubl|Sircar|Ellis R. Dungan}}
| music = Sharma brothers
| studio = Manorama Films
| released = {{film date|1936|2|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 200 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sathi Leelavathi''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|θ|i|_|l|iː|l|ɑː|v|ə|θ|i}} {{translation|''Leelavathi, the Chaste Wife''}}) is a 1936 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Ellis R. Dungan]]. The screenplay by Madras Kandaswamy Mudaliar is based on [[S. S. Vasan]]'s novel of the same name, which had been [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in 1934. [[M. K. Radha]] stars as Krishnamurthy, a man from [[Chennai|Madras]], who is lured into drinking alcohol by an acquaintance. Believing he murdered his friend in a drunken stupor, Krishnamurthy flees to [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] while his wife and daughter, played by M. R. Gnanambal and M. K. Mani respectively, are reduced to poverty. [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], M. V. Mani and P. Nammalvar appear in supporting roles.

A. N. Marudachalam Chettiar initially wanted to produce a film version of the Madurai Original Boys Company (MOBC) play ''Pathi Bhakthi'', but realised [[Pathi Bhakthi|an adaptation]] was already being made. Chettiar then learnt about Vasan's novel, which had a similar plot and obtained the rights to make a film version. ''Sathi Leelavathi'' was Dungan's directorial debut and the film-acting debuts of Radha, Balaiah, Ramachandran and [[K. A. Thangavelu]]. It was [[N. S. Krishnan]]'s first film appearance, but his second release. The film was mostly shot at Vel Pictures Studio in Madras. D. T. Telang and V. J. Shave were the cinematographers, the Sharma brothers were the composers and the film was co-edited by Dungan and Sircar.

''Sathi Leelavathi'' explores themes of [[Temperance movement in India|temperance]], social reform, the [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] concept of selfless service and the plight of labourers. It was one of the earliest Tamil films to be involved in a plagiarism controversy; the MOBC accused Chettiar and Mudaliar of plagiarising their play. The case was resolved after Vasan testified that both the play and the novel were based on ''Danesbury House'', an 1860 novel written by [[Ellen Wood (author)|Ellen Wood]], so neither party could claim originality. The film was released in theatres on 1 February 1936 and became a commercial success, making Dungan a sought-after director. Several features of his direction, including shooting by schedule, camera mobility, cabaret dances and less-theatrical acting, became staples of [[Tamil cinema]]. No complete print of the film is known to survive, making it a [[List of incomplete or partially lost films|partially lost film]].

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Plot ==
Krishnamurthy is a wealthy man who lives in [[Chennai|Madras]] with his wife Leelavathi and their daughter Lakshmi. Ramanathan, a friend of Krishnamurthy's, and Rangiah Naidu, a corrupt police inspector, plot together to ruin Krishnamurthy. Persuaded by Ramanathan, Krishnamurthy begins to drink alcohol, and becomes infatuated with Mohanangi, a promiscuous woman, promising to pay her {{INR}}50,000 (about US$18,700 in 1936).{{efn|name=exchange1936}}

Parasuraman, Krishnamurthy's friend, tries but fails to reform him. A [[Marwari people|Marvadi]] man who lent money to Krishnamurthy obtains a [[Warrant of payment|repayment warrant]], sinking Krishnamurthy deep in debt. Krishnamurthy drunkenly accuses Leelavathi of having an affair with Parasuraman. When Parasuraman arrives at Krishnamurthy's house while he is absent, Leelavathi warns him to leave. Parasuram leaves but forgets his umbrella. Krishnamurthy comes home drunk, sees the umbrella, assaults Leelavathi and goes out to shoot Parasuraman. Meanwhile, Ramanathan sends his servant disguised as Parasuraman to steal the treasuries of the [[Ekambareswarar Temple, Chennai|Ekambareswarar Temple]].

Krishnamurthy chases Ramanathan's servant, whom he thinks is Parasuraman; a shot is heard, and the servant is killed. After coming to his senses, Krishnamurthy thinks he has murdered Parasuraman and decides to escape, leaving Leelavathi and Lakshmi in the custody of his servant Govindan. Krishnamurthy flees to [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], where he leads a wretched life as a labourer on a [[Tea processing|tea estate]]. Ramanathan makes advances to Leelavathi, who spurns him. Penniless, she goes with Govindan and Lakshmi, and works as a ''[[Spinning wheel#Charkha|charkha]]'' spinner. Krishnamurthy finds treasure and gives it to his master, who is pleased and adopts him as his son.

Krishnamurthy returns to his family in Madras but is arrested for Parasuraman's murder. Detective Sreenivasan's investigation reveals the malicious intent of Ramanathan and Rangiah, and he produces the real Parasuraman in court. Parasuraman reveals himself, proving Krishnamurthy's innocence. Ramanathan had been secretly following the drunken Krishnamurthy, who passed out and dropped his gun. When the servant came out, Ramanathan picked up the gun, shot the servant and placed it in Krishnamurthy's hand. Krishnamurthy is acquitted, Ramanathan is sentenced to death and Rangiah receives seven years' imprisonment. Lakshmi and Parasuraman's son Chandrakanthan marry.<ref name="pressbook" />

== Cast ==
[[File:M. G. Ramachandran in Sathi Leelavathi (1936).jpg|thumb|226x226px|M. G. Ramachandran]]

{{Col-begin|width=65%}}
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Male cast<ref name="pressbook" />
* [[M. K. Radha]] as Krishnamurthy
* [[T. S. Balaiah]]{{efn|Credited as Baliah in the pressbook.<ref name="pressbook" />|name=|group=}} as Ramanathan
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Inspector Rangiah
* M. V. Mani as Sreenivasan
* M. K. Mani as Lakshmi
* P. Nammalvar as Parasuraman
* T. N. Lakshmana Rao as Govindan
* P. N. Ramakrishnan as the devotee
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Female cast<ref name="pressbook" />
* M. R. Gnanambal as Leelavathi
* Dhanalakshmi as Bama
* Santhakumari as Mohanangi
* M. Chanthraboi as Shanbagavalli
;Comedians<ref name="pressbook" />
* M. S. Murugesan as the Marvadi
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Balu
* S. Sundaram as Sesha Iyengar
{{Col-end}}
J. Susheela Devi appears uncredited as a cabaret dancer,{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=72}} and [[K. A. Thangavelu]] plays a minor role, also uncredited.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajanayaham |first=R. P. |date=13 November 2015 |title=நினைவுகளின் சிறகுகள்: கே.ஏ. தங்கவேலு – அண்ணே என்னைச் சுடப்போறாங்க! |language=ta |trans-title=Wings of memories: K. A. Thangavelu – My big brother is going to shoot me! |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/63625-.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112040430/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/63625-.html |archive-date=12 November 2019}}</ref> Parasuraman's son Chandrakanthan, Ramanathan's servant and Krishnamurthy's master in Ceylon are played by uncredited actors.<ref name="pressbook" /><ref name="Ponmanachemmal" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Pathi Bhakthi'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] play dealing with alcohol abuse and its effects on family life, was written by Te. Po. Krishnaswamy Pavalar during the early 1930s<ref name="started" /> and was successful throughout the [[Madras Presidency]]. Pavalar's play was rewritten for the Madurai Original Boy's Company (MOBC) theatre troupe by playwright Madras Kandaswamy Mudaliar, and this production was also successful.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=173}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=23 August 2014 |title=100 years of laughter |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/100th-birthday-of-one-of-actor-t-s-balaiah/article6345220.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207122931/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/100th-birthday-of-one-of-actor-t-s-balaiah/article6345220.ece |archive-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> A. N. Marudachalam Chettiar of Manorama Films wanted to produce ''Pathi Bhakthi'' as a film, but a [[Pathi Bhakthi|film version]] was already being made.{{efn|While historian [[Randor Guy]]'s 1997 book ''Starlight, Starbright'' says MOBC themselves decided to produce a film version of their play,{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=174}} his 2016 book ''Memories of Madras'' and historian [[Vamanan]] say that Chidambaram Chettiar of National Movietone had acquired the film rights for the play.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=69}}<ref name="VamananDinamalarNellai" />|name=|group=}}

Chettiar, still determined, approached Mudaliar who told him about [[S. S. Vasan]]'s 1934 novel ''Sathi Leelavathi''.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=174}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Novels in Tamil Books Bibliography |url=http://tamilelibrary.org/biblio/list_novels.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014042257/http://tamilelibrary.org/biblio/list_novels.php |archive-date=14 October 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |website=Tamil Electronic Library}}</ref> First [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in the weekly magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', the novel had the same storyline as ''Pathi Bhakthi''. Chettiar and Mudaliar approached Vasan, who sold the film rights for {{INR}}200 (about $75 in 1936).<ref name="SPAN" />{{efn|name=exchange1936}} Mudaliar was then signed on as the screenwriter and soon began developing the screenplay.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=174}} Vasan, who had never previously been involved with a film project, was credited in ''Sathi Leelavathi''{{'}}s opening titles for the original story.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|pp=151–152}}{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=203}}

Chettiar wanted Manik Lal Tandon to direct the film but he declined;{{efn|Although Randor Guy has said that Tandon was reluctant to accept ''Sathi Leelavathi'' because he was directing ''[[Bhakta Nandanar]]'' (1935),{{sfn|Guy|1997|pp=174–175}} [[Ellis R. Dungan]] said after ''Bhakta Nandanar''{{'s}} release, Tandon asked him if he would direct ''Sathi Leelavathi'' since he (Tandon) had an offer to direct the [[Hindi]] film ''Shame of the Nation''.<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 7" />|name=|group=}} Tandon instead suggested his American friend [[Ellis R. Dungan]].{{sfn|Guy|1997|pp=174–175}} Chettiar was hesitant because Dungan was new to India and did not know Tamil or much about Indian culture, but was persuaded to hire him because he had worked as a technician in Hollywood.<ref name="SPAN" />{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=175}} The film was Dungan's directorial debut,{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=166}}{{efn|Dungan previously filmed scenes in ''Bhakta Nandanar'' in Tandon's absence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 February 2002 |title=He transcended barriers with aplomb |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100850300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529064253/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100850300.htm |archive-date=29 May 2019 |ref=none}}</ref>}} and was the first Indian film to be directed by a foreigner.<ref name="Limca" /> Because Dungan did not know Tamil, Chettiar hired C. K. Sathasivan as associate director.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=176}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 February 2010 |title=Rajam's romance with cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rajamrsquos-romance-with-cinema/article16812622.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181014071749/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rajamrsquos-romance-with-cinema/article16812622.ece |archive-date=14 October 2018 |ref=none}}</ref> S. Panju, who would later go on to become a part of the [[Krishnan–Panju]] directorial duo, was an assistant director.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=129}}

''Sathi Leelavathi'' was one of the earliest Tamil films to be involved in a plagiarism controversy;<ref name="VamananDinamalarNellai" /> when it was still in the pre-production stage, MOBC sued Chettiar and Mudaliar for plagiarising ''Pathi Bhakthi''.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=175}} There were many similarities noted between the two stories; for example, "Leelavathi" was the name of the female lead in both.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=82}} The case was resolved when Vasan testified that both ''Pathi Bhakthi'' and the novel ''Sathi Leelavathi'' were based on [[Ellen Wood (author)|Ellen Wood]]'s 1860 novel ''Danesbury House'',<ref name="started" /><ref name="IE SathiLeelavathi" /> therefore neither party could claim originality.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=175}} The film explores themes of [[Temperance movement in India|temperance]],<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 8" /> social reform, the [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] concept of selfless service,{{sfn|Raghavendra|2017|loc="Other films of the period that invoked nationalist symbols and the themes of temperance, social reform and the Gandhian concept of selfless service included ''Sathi Leelavathi'' (1936), ''Pathi Bhakti'' (1936) and ''Chandra Mohan Alladhu Samooga Thondu'' (1936)."}} and labour—in particular the plight of [[Tamil Nadu]] labourers in Ceylon's tea estates.{{sfnm |1a1=Baskaran |1y=1981 |1p=109 |2a1=Muthiah |2y=2004 |2p=404}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Laul |first=Brian |date=16 January 1983 |title=Where Cinema Is Politics and Politics Is Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101041 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101041/page/n20 16]–19}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[File:Krishnamurthy and family Sathi Leelavathi.jpg|thumb|231x231px|{{Small|(L to R):}} M. R. Gnanambal, M. K. Radha and M. K. Mani]]
Mudaliar had initially intended to launch a career in film for his son [[M. K. Radha]], an MOBC actor, with ''Pathi Bhakthi'', but another MOBC actor K. P. Kesavan was selected for the lead role instead.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=174}}<ref name="VamananDinamalarNellai" /> Radha was eventually cast as the protagonist Krishnamurthy of ''Sathi Leelavathi''.<ref name="toast" /> Other MOBC actors who made their screen debuts with the film were [[N. S. Krishnan]],{{efn|Although ''Sathi Leelavathi'' was Krishnan's first film project,<ref name="Americans" /> because of production delays caused by the lawsuit, it became his second release.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|pp=30, 84}}<ref name="poppies" />}} [[T. S. Balaiah]], and [[M. G. Ramachandran]], appearing as comedic character Balu, antagonist Ramanathan, and a police officer respectively.<ref name="pressbook" /><ref name="film steps">{{Cite news |date=25 April 2011 |title=MGR's first film steps |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/MGRs-first-film-steps/article14695764.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005060725/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/MGRs-first-film-steps/article14695764.ece |archive-date=5 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 August 2014 |title=Darling of the masses |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/t-s-balaiah-endeared-himself-to-millions-of-fans-with-a-career-spanning-nearly-four-decades-says-randor-guy/article6324279.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181014064409/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/t-s-balaiah-endeared-himself-to-millions-of-fans-with-a-career-spanning-nearly-four-decades-says-randor-guy/article6324279.ece |archive-date=14 October 2018 |ref=none}}</ref> Krishnan wrote the screenplay for his scenes and put on weight for the role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=சரவணன் |first=பூ.கொ. |date=29 November 2013 |title=கலைவாணர் என்.எஸ்.கிருஷ்ணன் அவர்களின் பிறந்தநாள் – சிறப்பு பகிர்வு |language=ta |trans-title=The art lover N. S. Krishnan's birthday – Special Edition |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/21760.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181009093037/https://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/21760.html |archive-date=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=நாகராஜன் |first=சோழ |date=27 November 2015 |title=நினைவுகளின் சிறகுகள்: என்.எஸ்.கிருஷ்ணன் – கலைவாணரைத் துரத்திய கொலை வழக்கு! |language=ta |trans-title=Wings of Memories: N. S. Krishnan – A murder case against the lover of arts |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/63330-.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828113000/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/63330-.html |archive-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=36}}

Ramachandran appeared in ''Pathi Bhakthi'' as the antagonist's henchman Veeramuthu,{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=17}}{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=28}} but MOBC owner Sachidanandam Pillai did not offer him a role in the film adaptation.{{sfn|Kannan|2010|p=85}} He later approached Mudaliar for a role in ''Sathi Leelavathi'' because he felt his role in ''Pathi Bhakthi'' offered him "no room to shine".{{sfn|Kannan|2017|pp=28–29}} According to Ramachandran, he was told he would play Detective Sreenivasan and later Krishnamurthy's friend Parasuraman,{{Sfn|Jayababu|2000|p=9}}<ref name="MGR Filmfare" /> but he was cast as Inspector Rangiah Naidu—a role he disliked.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|pp=28–29}}<ref name="Tunes and trivia" /> Despite Ramachandran's reluctance, his mother was happy he got a "respectable" role and advised him to perform it responsibly.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=37}} Chettiar gave the role of Sreenivasan to M. V. Mani,<ref name="pressbook" />{{sfn|Kannan|2017|pp=29–30}} and P. Nammalvar was cast as Parasuraman.<ref name="pressbook" />

The casting of Krishnamurthy's wife Leelavathi was difficult; no actress was willing to play the character because the script required her to be physically abused and mistreated by her inebriated husband. In despair, the producer asked Mudaliar and Radha to cast M. R. Gnanambal, Radha's wife, in the role.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=83}} Gnanambal, who had retired from acting after her marriage, was initially reluctant to accept the role, but did so because no other actress would.<ref name="toast" /><ref name="poppies" /> Leelavathi's daughter Lakshmi was played by M. K. Mani, a boy.<ref name="pressbook" /> The film was also the feature debut of [[K. A. Thangavelu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=24 September 2016 |title=King of comedy |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/King-of-comedy/article14995630.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212085703/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/King-of-comedy/article14995630.ece |archive-date=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=வெங்கட்ராமன் |first=கார்த்திகேயன் |date=3 March 2017 |title=எவனும் எங்க வம்புக்கு வர்றதில்லை. |language=ta |trans-title=No-one dares to mess with us. |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/specials/cinemaexpress/2017/mar/03/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88-2658937.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212073538/http://www.dinamani.com/specials/cinemaexpress/2017/mar/03/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88-2658937.html |archive-date=12 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography for ''Sathi Leelavathi'' began in 1935.<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 7" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=92}} Although Manorama Films was based in [[Coimbatore]],<ref name="Tunes and trivia" /> the film was shot primarily at Vel Pictures Studio, Madras.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=176}} Most of the cast were theatre actors and Dungan later recalled that he had to tell them to soften their voices and tone down their facial expressions.<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 8" />{{sfn|Dungan|Smik|2001|pp=61–62}} This included Ramachandran, who according to Dungan did not initially understand the nuances of film acting and performed aggressively as though he was on stage until Dungan convinced him to deliver his lines naturally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 1994 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆரின் முதல் இயக்குநர்! |trans-title=MGR's first director! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40396--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212033022/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40396--2 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=12 February 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Some of the actors were scared of the camera, and Dungan recalled them freezing in front of it, unable to speak.<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 7" />

Ramachandran did not know how to ride a bicycle, so a sequence that required him to ride one was filmed with him sitting on the bicycle with two people balancing it. They gave the bicycle a push as the camera rolled.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=13 March 2017 |title=தமிழ் திரையுலகில் ஐக்கியமான அமெரிக்கர் டங்கனின் கதை! |language=ta |trans-title=The story of the American Dungan who was totally involved in Tamil cinema |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/24179 |url-status=usurped |access-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228161112/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/24179 |archive-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> According to film historian [[Film News Anandan]], filming was also done in Ceylon<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> but [[Randor Guy]] wrote in the fortnightly ''[[Madras Musings]]'' that a large plot of land behind Vel Pictures Studio was used for the Ceylon tea plantation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1-15 May 2008 |title=Vel's where MGR made his film debut |work=[[Madras Musings]] |url=http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2018/Vol%20XVIII%20-%20No%2002.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008060545/http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2018/Vol%20XVIII%20-%20No%2002.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2018 |ref=none}}</ref> With this film, Dungan introduced many features to Tamil cinema such as a lack of on-screen stage influences,<ref name="Americans" />{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=79}} the "cabaret dance" or the "club dance",<ref name="IE SathiLeelavathi" /> strict discipline, filming by schedule and camera mobility.{{sfn|George|2016|p=101}}

There was no facility to pre-record songs in Madras at the time so performers had to sing on set. The accompanying musicians sat on a trolley and played the background musical score; this often restricted camera movement. In one scene, the orchestra sat under a nearby tree playing the [[harmonium]], [[tabla]] and other instruments while Radha's character sang at a tea plantation {{sfnm|1a1=Guy |1y=1997|1p=177 |2a1=Guy |2y=2016 |2pp=72–73}} The film's cinematographers were D. T. Telang and V. J. Shave,<ref name="Ponmanachemmal" /> and Sircar and Dungan were the editors. Ramamurthi, the manager of Vel Pictures Studio, cleaned the exposed negatives by hand.<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 7" /> The completed film was {{convert|18000|feet|metres|abbr=on}} in length and ran for 200 minutes.<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 8" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Music ==
The Sharma brothers, a trio, composed the music of ''Sathi Leelavathi'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=M. K. Radha |url=https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/upload/inter_pdf_image/1606824548_M.%20K.%20Radha.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012034817/https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/upload/inter_pdf_image/1606824548_M.%20K.%20Radha.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[National Film Archive of India]] |ref=none}}</ref> but are not credited in the film's [[song book]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=19–25 April 2014 |title=Tamil Cinema 75 – A Look Back {{!}} G. Ramanathan – 3 |pages=4 |work=Mambalam Times |url=http://mambalamtimes.in/admin/pdf/1397830127.MT%20Pages.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181018113207/http://mambalamtimes.in/admin/pdf/1397830127.MT%20Pages.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2018 |ref=none}}</ref> G. Sundhara Bhagavathar (also known as Sundhara Vadhiyar) was the lyricist in his cinematic debut.<ref>{{Cite news |title=அபூர்வ தகவல்கள்-17: இயக்குநர் எல்லீஸ் ஆர். டங்கன் |language=ta |trans-title=Rare information-17: Director Ellis R. Dungan |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=&artid=112692&SectionID=141&MainSectionID=141&SectionName=Interviews&SEO= |url-status=dead |access-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161028053340/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=&artid=112692&SectionID=141&MainSectionID=141&SectionName=Interviews&SEO= |archive-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

The melody of "Theyila Thottathle" (also spelt "Theyilai Thottatile") is based on [[Subramania Bharati]]'s song "Karumbu Thottathile".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=28 March 2016 |title=தடைகளைத் தாண்டி திரைப்பாட்டில் பாரதியின் தேரோட்டம்! |language=ta |trans-title=Bharati's gallop in his chariot crossing all barriers in film songs! |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/5426 |url-status=usurped |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181006173908/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/5426 |archive-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> While "Karumbu Thottathile" is about the plight of [[Debt bondage|bonded Indian labourers]] in [[Fiji]], "Theyila Thottathle" follows the problems of tea-plantation workers in Ceylon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatakrishnan |first=Sriram |author-link=V. Sriram |date=27 June 2008 |title=Memorial to Bharati |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Memorial-to-Bharati/article15399096.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181006103021/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Memorial-to-Bharati/article15399096.ece |archive-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> The song, which is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] Chenchurutti, became popular and was frequently performed in concerts by [[Carnatic music]]ians. It was re-used in the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'' (1938), as "Jaathaka Doshathale".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=7 September 2009 |title=''Balan'' 1938 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Balan-1938/article15921329.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181005190459/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Balan-1938/article15921329.ece |archive-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

The other songs featured in the film were "Thaayadhu Vayatrile Maayamai", "Thodudaiya Seviyan Vidai", "Hello Yennudaiya Dear", "Adhigha Sinamaen", "Paadhai Theriyamale", "Ini Yenna Seighuvaen Dhaeviyae", "Sadhikaaramaaranovubaanam", "Kaami Satthiyamaa Kannatthaik", "Pudhu Nilaa Mughap Poomaan Punniya", "Kallae Kadavuladaa Thambi", "Vaazhvinilae Maghaa Thaazvadaindhaenaiyo", "Undheepara Adhi Unnadha Thakkaliyae" and "Raattinamae Kadhar Poottinamae Kai".<ref name="pressbook" />

== Release ==
''Sathi Leelavathi'' was released in theatres on 1 February 1936,<ref name="tradeshow" /> and became a major commercial success; according to film historian Aranthai Narayanan, this was due to Radha, Balaiah's and Krishnan's performances, Vasan's publicity, and support by [[British Raj|independence-era]] politicians of the anti-alcohol movement.<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 7" /> The film ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZt8l0U3&tag=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D. |title=சாதனை நாயகன் எம்.ஜி.ஆர். |publisher=Arulmozhi Publications |year=1997 |pages=28 |language=ta |trans-title=MGR, the man of achievements |access-date=30 November 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> No complete print of ''Sathi Leelavathi'' is known to survive, making it a [[List of incomplete or partially lost films|partially lost film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 August 2017 |title=Another Anandan in the making |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/another-anandan-in-the-making/article19593507.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170918071320/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/another-anandan-in-the-making/article19593507.ece |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Only some footage covering the film's shooting remains.<ref name="Ponmanachemmal" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=1 February 2022 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 64 {{!}} Completing Four Decades as a Movie Star |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-64/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525230207/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-64/ |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==


On 1 February 1936, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' appreciated the film's photography and recording, and said the acting was "generally satisfactory".<ref name="tradeshow" /> The art magazine ''Aadal Paadal'' praised the film's social setting and cast performances in its January 1937 issue.{{sfn|Baskaran|2004|p=47}} Politician [[C. Rajagopalachari]], a frequent critic of cinema, also appreciated the film's Gandhian ideals and pro-prohibition stance{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=177}} but said "the main artiste in a [''charkha'']-spinning sequence did not know how to handle it".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=30 June 2012 |title=''Sampoorna Ramayanam'' 1956 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/sampoorna-ramayanam-1956/article3588925.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123083806/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/sampoorna-ramayanam-1956/article3588925.ece |archive-date=23 November 2017 |ref=none}}</ref> A day's box-office revenue was donated to Rajagopalachari for public causes.<ref name="IE SathiLeelavathi" /> Playwright and retired [[Subordinate judge|sub-judge]] [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar]] praised Radha for performing a "difficult part very creditably" and said the music was appropriate.<ref name="pressbook" />

In a 14 February 1936 review, ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised Radha's performance for its "naturalness and ease", Balaiah's villainy and Gnanambal's performance in the "difficult role" of Leelavathi. The reviewer also praised ''Sathi Leelavathi''{{'s}} sound quality, photography and direction.<ref name="pressbook" /> ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' called the film more "interesting, natural and convincing" than the source novel, and praised the plot's continuity and climax.<ref name="pressbook" /> A ''Cine Art Review'' writer appreciated the film's settings and sound, the [[cross-gender acting]] of M. K. Mani as Lakshmi, and the opening scene in which Lakshmi hums a tune while going downstairs.<ref name="pressbook" /> A writer for ''The Indian Review'' wrote that the film "appeals to all classes and masses of the Tamil province".<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1936 |editor-last=Natesan |editor-first=G. A. |editor-link=G. A. Natesan |title=Sati Leelavati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_JVhvcfSkcC&q=LEELAVATI |magazine=The Indian Review |publisher=G. A. Natesan & Company |volume=37 |page=205}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Several new filmmaking techniques introduced by Dungan were unappreciated at the time. In ''Silver Screen'' magazine on 1 August 1936, Pe. Ko. Sundararajan (journalist and writer for ''[[Manikkodi|Manikodi]]'') said the new methods of depicting emotions were not understood by the audience; in one scene, Dungan showed the dancing girl as seen by the inebriated protagonist, and in another he indicated his fear by depicting his twitching fingers and feet. According to Sundararajan, the techniques helped the actors to emote and showcased Dungan's talent; however, the audience thought the lighting in the first scene was poor and that the film was stuck in the second. He opined that this reflected their ignorance.{{sfn|Baskaran|2004|p=39}}

== Legacy ==
''Sathi Leelavathi'' attained cult status in Tamil cinema and made Dungan an in-demand director.<ref name="IE SathiLeelavathi" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=3 May 2014 |title=''Punjab Kesari'' 1938 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/punjab-kesari-1938/article5973131.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016102149/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/punjab-kesari-1938/article5973131.ece |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=16 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2014 |title=Dungan the director |url=https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/dungan-the-director/article5492566.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141126025215/http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/dungan-the-director/article5492566.ece |archive-date=26 November 2014 |access-date=8 October 2018 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> Techniques introduced by Dungan in the film have become staples of Tamil cinema.{{sfn|George|2016|p=101}}{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=177}} Footage of the film's production and filming was included in the 2013 documentary ''[[An American in Madras]]'', which is about Dungan's career in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |author-link=Shoma A. Chatterji |date=26 January 2014 |title=A fascinating documentary |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140126/spectrum/entertainment1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181024114955/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140126/spectrum/entertainment1.htm |archive-date=24 October 2018 |access-date=24 October 2018 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Naveena |date=16 August 2014 |title=American Touch to Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/aug/16/american-touch-to-tamil-cinema-648420.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117132408/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/aug/16/American-Touch-to-Tamil-Cinema-648420.html |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=17 November 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''Sathi Leelavathi'' was the first Tamil film to be successful in overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=20 March 2011 |title=The chronicler of Kollywood |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2011/03/20&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181014031543/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2011/03/20&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00200 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> According to film historian Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai, despite Vasan's initial aversion to films,{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=241}} its success encouraged him to enter the industry as a distributor.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=152}}

''Sathi Leelavathi'' marked the film debut of Ramachandran, who would later go on achieve stardom for his work in the Tamil film industry.<ref name="film steps" /> He was paid an advance of {{INR}}100 (about $37.50 in 1936);{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=29}}{{efn|name=exchange1936}} it was the first time he had seen a [[Indian 100-rupee note|100-rupee note]].<ref name="MGR Filmfare" /> Ramachandran avoided playing roles similar to Rangiah Naidu in his later films, preferring to play a "good Samaritan" in films like ''[[Marmayogi]]'' (1951), ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954), ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958) and ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' (1965).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatramani |first=S. H. |date=15 January 1988 |title=MGR: A genius with an uncanny ability to think up populist schemes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880115-mgr-a-genius-with-an-uncanny-ability-to-think-up-populist-schemes-796840-1988-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181015112743/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880115-mgr-a-genius-with-an-uncanny-ability-to-think-up-populist-schemes-796840-1988-01-15 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notes
| colwidth =
| notes =
{{efn
| name = exchange1936
| The exchange rate in 1936 was 2.67 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Officer |first=Lawrence H. |date=2015 |title=Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and Forty-one Currencies |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1920&year_result=1945&countryE%5B%5D=India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181014130029/https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1920&year_result=1945&countryE%5B%5D=India |archive-date=14 October 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |website=MeasuringWorth}}</ref>
}}
}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 7">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=2 April 2013 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 7 {{!}} Entry into Tamil Movies |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063242/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-7/ |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2017 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

<ref name="pressbook">{{Cite book |url=http://tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0008620_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF.pdf |title=Sathi Leelavathi |publisher=Manorama Films |year=1936 |location=[[Coimbatore]] |type=[[pressbook]] |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005194851/http://tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0008620_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1936 – சதி லீலாவதி – மனோரமா பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1936 – Sathi Leelavathi – Manorama Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails10.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005051333/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails10.asp |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=5 October 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

<ref name="Americans">{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=6 September 2004 |title=Americans in Tamil cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600190300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005044125/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600190300.htm |archive-date=5 October 2018 |ref=none}}</ref>

<ref name="IE SathiLeelavathi">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2 February 1991 |title=''Sathi Leelavathi'', made after a legal battle |pages=19 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s4ZlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1511%2C1703991 |access-date=16 September 2020 |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="SPAN">{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=August 1994 |title=Ellis R. Dungan – A Legend of Tamil Cinema |url=https://issuu.com/spanmagazine/docs/1994-08-cr |magazine=SPAN |volume=XXXV |issue=8 |page=35 |access-date=3 June 2019 |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="started">{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=6 February 2017 |title=The film that got MGR started |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-film-that-got-MGR-started/article17199879.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005045137/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-film-that-got-MGR-started/article17199879.ece |archive-date=5 October 2018 |ref=none}}</ref>

<ref name="Limca">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IP1tAAAAMAAJ |title=Limca Book of Records |publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited |year=1999 |quote=First directed by a foreigner ''Sathi Leelavathi'' (1936) highlighting the evils of alcoholism was directed by Ellis R. {{sic|Duncan}}}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="toast">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 April 2016 |title=M. K. Radha, the toast of theatre and cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mk-radha-the-toast-of-theatre-and-cinema/article8446757.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181005190714/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mk-radha-the-toast-of-theatre-and-cinema/article8446757.ece |archive-date=5 October 2018 |ref=none}}</ref>

<ref name="Tunes and trivia">{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=7 December 2004 |title=Tunes and trivia |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/tunes-and-trivia/article3931963.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005060914/https://www.thehindu.com/books/tunes-and-trivia/article3931963.ece |archive-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="MGR Remembered Part 8">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=7 May 2013 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 8 {{!}} Pre-hero years from 1936 to 1947 |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181017184304/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-8/ |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MGR Filmfare">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=M. G. |author-link=M. G. Ramachandran |date=1-15 February 1988 |orig-date=1964 |title=My Memorable Roles |url=https://mgrroop.blogspot.com/2013/01/memorable-roles.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181018075244/https://mgrroop.blogspot.com/2013/01/memorable-roles.html |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="VamananDinamalarNellai">{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=4 January 2016 |title=''பதிபக்தி''யைத் தழுவி அதை முறியடித்த ''சதி லீலாவதி''! – வாமனன் – தொடர் –5 |language=ta |trans-title=''Sathi Leelavathi'', the film that embraced ''Pathi Bhakthi'' and won over it |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/1896 |url-status=usurped |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181004101727/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/1896 |archive-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Ponmanachemmal">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6fgNt-ytis |title=Sathi Leelavathi Rare Video 1936 M.G.R first film [Puratchi Thalaivarai M.G.R] |date=11 August 2018 |publisher=Ponmanachemmal MGR |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213061551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6fgNt-ytis |archive-date=13 December 2022 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

<ref name="poppies">{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=20 February 2017 |title=Where poppies blow |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/Indian-contribution-in-the-Great-War/article17334284.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224060541/https://www.thehindu.com/society/Indian-contribution-in-the-Great-War/article17334284.ece |archive-date=24 December 2018 |ref=none}}</ref>

<ref name="tradeshow">{{Cite news |date=1 February 1936 |title=Sati Leelavathi |pages=2 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zb8-AAAAIBAJ&pg=1930%2C1508286 |access-date=16 September 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The Message Bearers: The Nationalist Politics and the Entertainment Media in South India, 1880–1945 |publisher=[[Cre-A Ramakrishnan|Cre-A]] |year=1981 |location=Chennai |oclc=9441794 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |oclc=243920437}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=Chithiram Pesuthadi |publisher=Kalachuvadu |year=2004 |isbn=81-87477-75-X |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=The Picture Speaks, Dear}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dungan |first1=Ellis R. |title=A Guide to Adventure: An Autobiography |last2=Smik |first2=Barbara |publisher=[[Dorrance Publishing Company]] |year=2001 |location=Pittsburgh |oclc=50318101 |author-link=Ellis R. Dungan}}
* {{Cite book |last=George |first=T. J. S. |title=M.S. Subbulakshmi: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Aleph Book Company]] |year=2016 |isbn=9789384067601 |author-link=T. J. S. George}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |location=Chennai |oclc=52794531 |author-link=Randor Guy}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Memories of Madras: Its Movies, Musicians & Men of Letters |date=2016 |publisher=Creative Workshop |isbn=978-81-928961-7-5 |editor-last=Gopal |editor-first=T. S. |location=Chennai}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayababu |first=S. V. |url=http://tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0010363_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_2000.pdf |title=புன்னகை வள்ளல் எம்.ஜி.ஆர். நினைவுகள் 2000 |publisher=Jayababu |year=2000 |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=Memories of the philanthropist of smiles MGR 2000}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C. N. Annadurai |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08328-2 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=MGR: A Life |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around |title-link=Madras Rediscovered |publisher=East West Books |year=2004 |isbn=81-88661-24-4 |edition=5th |location=Chennai |author-link=S. Muthiah |orig-date=1981}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |title=Beyond Bollywood: The Cinemas of South India |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2017 |isbn=9789352645701 |editor-last=Raghavendra |editor-first=M. K. |editor-link=M. K. Raghavendra}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Ellis R. Dungan}}

[[Category:1930s controversies]]
[[Category:1936 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1936 drama films]]
[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:1936 Indian films]]
[[Category:1936 lost films]]
[[Category:1936 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ellis R. Dungan]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films set in British Ceylon]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Lost Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ravindra Vijay

2026-04-05T15:34:34Z

Allen2502: created initial stub initial version...

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravindra Vijay
| image = Ravindra Vijay.jpg
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| website = [https://www.ravindravijay.com/ ravindravijay.com]
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Ravindra Vijay''' is an Indian actor who primarily appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films, and television shows. After beginning his career as a theatre actor, Ravindra had a career breakthrough with appearances in ''[[Odu Raja Odu]]'' (2018) and ''[[Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/the-family-man-2---ravindra-vijay-aka-muthu-pandian-in-conversation--news-tamil-vgmhltbhaafdi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612091916/https://www.sify.com/movies/the-family-man-2---ravindra-vijay-aka-muthu-pandian-in-conversation--news-tamil-vgmhltbhaafdi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2021|title=The Family Man 2 - Ravindra Vijay aka Muthu Pandian in conversation|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Born and raised in [[Bangalore]], Ravindra is a polyglot and is fluent in Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and English. He completed a medical degree at [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute]] and is a qualified doctor. During his time as a student, he took on acting as a hobby and worked on college productions. In 2005, he joined the Bengaluru-based theatre troupe Rafiki, and began working on street plays.<ref name="ravihindu">{{Cite news |last=R |first=Shilpa Sebastian |date=19 August 2020 |title=A doctor who became an actor |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-doctor-ravindra-vijay-who-quit-medicine-to-become-an-actor/article32393624.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213509/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-doctor-ravindra-vijay-who-quit-medicine-to-become-an-actor/article32393624.ece |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Soon after he quit his career as a doctor, Ravindra took on odd jobs to earn, and briefly worked at an oil rig.<ref name="ravihindu" /> By 2011, he became a full-time theatre actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2012 |title=Enriching students' lives through theatre |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/292494/enriching-students-lives-through-theatre.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123228/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/292494/enriching-students-lives-through-theatre.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2011 |title=Facing the fear factor |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/facing-the-fear-factor/127989 |website=mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghosts and doppelgangers |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Vaikom-Muhammad-Basheer-Sultan-of-Beypore-Jagriti-Theatre-Paul-Mathew-Iswar-Srikumar-Aparna-Gopinath-Rency-Philip-Anand-Sami-Ravindra-Vijay-Ashiqa-Salvan/articleshow/43914070.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123229/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Vaikom-Muhammad-Basheer-Sultan-of-Beypore-Jagriti-Theatre-Paul-Mathew-Iswar-Srikumar-Aparna-Gopinath-Rency-Philip-Anand-Sami-Ravindra-Vijay-Ashiqa-Salvan/articleshow/43914070.cms |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

In the mid-2010s, he moved to Chennai and joined the theatre troupe, Perch. He acted in several of the collective's plays, such as ''Under the Mangosteen Tree'', which was inspired by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]'s short stories.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Retelling stories under a mangosteen tree – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Under-the-Mangosteen-Tree/articleshow/53489618.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606124732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Under-the-Mangosteen-Tree/articleshow/53489618.cms |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=4 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Raveena |date=27 April 2015 |title=Life, through his words |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/perchs-staging-of-vaikom-muhammad-basheers-under-the-mangosteen-tree-recreated-the-genius-of-the-celebrated-writer/article7146884.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123228/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/perchs-staging-of-vaikom-muhammad-basheers-under-the-mangosteen-tree-recreated-the-genius-of-the-celebrated-writer/article7146884.ece |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna Gopinath's 'Under the Mangosteen Tree' to be staged at JTPac |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/art-and-culture/under-the-mangosteen-tree-to-be-staged-at-kochi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123229/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/art-and-culture/under-the-mangosteen-tree-to-be-staged-at-kochi.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> He also appeared in the plays ''How to Skin a Giraffe'' and ''Jujubee'', a play for children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=How to Skin a Giraffe – Aug 2, Aug 10 & Aug 24 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/how-to-skin-a-giraffe-aug-2-aug-10-aug-24/article4917486.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123234/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/how-to-skin-a-giraffe-aug-2-aug-10-aug-24/article4917486.ece |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He is part of the trio that performs ''Kira Kozhambu'', a play based on writer Ki Rajanarayanan's folk tales. Vijay acted in the play with [[Anandsami]] and Kalieaswari Srinivasan in [[Coimbatore]]. And re-enacted the same play with [[Maya S. Krishnan]] reprising Srinivasan's part in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Susan Joe |date=20 November 2017 |title=Folktales by Ki.Rajanarayanan: Of sky, birds and pacha mochai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kira-kuzhambu-served-up-a-dramatic-feast-of-ki-rajanarayanans-stories-in-coimbatore/article20577025.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123228/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kira-kuzhambu-served-up-a-dramatic-feast-of-ki-rajanarayanans-stories-in-coimbatore/article20577025.ece |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Soma |date=21 February 2019 |title=The arts and the city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/the-madurai-art-fest-2019-organised-by-kaleidoscope-brought-various-art-form-on-a-single-platform/article26331367.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123228/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/the-madurai-art-fest-2019-organised-by-kaleidoscope-brought-various-art-form-on-a-single-platform/article26331367.ece |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=17 May 2018 |title=Ki Ra Kozhambu: universal folk tales |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/universal-folk-tales/article23914771.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123231/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/universal-folk-tales/article23914771.ece |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The play solely featured the three actors and a bench.<ref name="B">{{Cite news|last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=27 April 2018 |title=A story well told |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kira-kozhambu-staged-by-perch-chennai-takes-the-audience-on-a-wild-journey-through-a-kaleidoscope-of-stories/article23694966.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123231/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kira-kozhambu-staged-by-perch-chennai-takes-the-audience-on-a-wild-journey-through-a-kaleidoscope-of-stories/article23694966.ece |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=16 December 2016 |title=This children's theatre fest was a blockbuster |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/this-childrens-theatre-fest-was-a-blockbuster/articleshow/56023828.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606124731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/this-childrens-theatre-fest-was-a-blockbuster/articleshow/56023828.cms |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> The play was based on [[Ki. Rajanarayanan]]'s collection of short stories titled ''Nattuppura Kadhai Kalanjiyam,'' with Anandsami reprising his role from the original play.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kira's folktales in a play |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/oct/31/kiras-folktales-in-a-play-1688515.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123228/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/oct/31/kiras-folktales-in-a-play-1688515.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=November 2017 }}</ref> A critic stated that "Actors Anand Sami, Maya S. Krishnan and Ravindra Vijay were in their elements with their seamless blend of art and entertainment".<ref name="B" />

Thereafter, he received an offer to appear as the brother of [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]'s character in Nishanth Ravindaran's black comedy film ''[[Odu Raja Odu]]'' (2018). He then continued to work on films, notably appearing in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s production ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]'' (2019), and ''[[Dharala Prabhu]]'' (2020).<ref name="ravihindu" /> Ravindra appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya]]'' (2020), portraying the character of Jognath, the catalyst for the film's revenge-based narrative.<ref name="ravihindu" /> The popularity of his role in the film led to audience creating memes on the character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=24 August 2020 |title=Let memes do the talking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-memes-are-emerging-as-a-yardstick-to-gauge-the-impact-of-telugu-films/article32428887.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220010/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-memes-are-emerging-as-a-yardstick-to-gauge-the-impact-of-telugu-films/article32428887.ece |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

In 2021, Ravindra was seen in [[Amazon Prime]]'s ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' portraying a Chennai-based intelligence officer.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 June 2021 |title='Family Man 2' wins rave reviews |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2303565/family-man-2-wins-rave-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612020937/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2303565/family-man-2-wins-rave-reviews |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/meet-theatre-artist-and-film-actor-ravindra-vijay-who-played-the-role-of-intelligence-officer-muthu-pandian-in-the-family-man-season-2/article34771751.ece|title=Liked Muthu Pandian from 'The Family Man 2'? Here's how Ravindra prepared for it|first=Chitra Deepa|last=Anantharam|date=9 June 2021|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2016
|''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''
| rowspan="2"|Genghis Khan boxer
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Irudhi Suttru|Saala Khadoos]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2018
|''[[Odu Raja Odu]]''
| Chella Muthu
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
| <ref>{{Cite news|title='Odu Raja Odu' review: Forced pathos spoils this quirky comedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/aug/18/odu-raja-odu-review-forced-pathos-spoils-this-quirky-comedy-1859119.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123228/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/aug/18/odu-raja-odu-review-forced-pathos-spoils-this-quirky-comedy-1859119.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''
| Umar Ahamed
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
|''[[Dharala Prabhu]]''
| Manoj Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''
| Jognath
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya Movie Review: An enjoyable remake that manages to retain its own identity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2020/jul/31/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-an-enjoyable-remake-that-manages-to-retain-its-own-identit-19585.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123230/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2020/jul/31/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-an-enjoyable-remake-that-manages-to-retain-its-own-identit-19585.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=31 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
|''[[Anbirkiniyal]]''
| Ravindran
| Tamil
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anbirkiniyal Movie Review: A satisfying remake with an extra pinch of drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/mar/05/anbirkiniyal-movie-review-a-satisfying-remake-with-an-extra-pinch-of-drama-23135.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305093920/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/mar/05/anbirkiniyal-movie-review-a-satisfying-remake-with-an-extra-pinch-of-drama-23135.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=5 March 2021 }}</ref>

|-
|[[Ishq (2021 film)|''Ishq: Not A Love Story'']]
| Madhav
| rowspan="4" | Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Mishan Impossible]]''
| Vikram
|
|-
|[[Kinnerasani (2022 film)|''Kinnerasani'']]
||Jayadev
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2023 || ''[[Ustaad (2023 film)|Ustaad]]'' || Mechanic ||
|-
| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' || Mukund Menon [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|| Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Keedaa Cola]]'' || CEO || rowspan="2" |Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]'' || RMP Viswanatham ||
|-
| ''[[Sam Bahadur]]'' || Swamy || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]'' || Mohan Selvaraj || [[Malayalam]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan's Jai Ganesha first look is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/16/unni-mukundans-jai-ganesha-firstlook-is-out-49605.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aarambham (2024 film)|''Aarambham'']]|| Chaitanya || Telugu || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/aarambham-telugu-movie-review.html | title=Aarambham Telugu Movie Review | Mohan Bhagath, Ajay Nag V | date=10 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raghu Thatha]]'' || Tamilselvan ||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
| Samuel Joseph
| rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
|[[Kothapallilo Okappudu|''Kothapallilo Okappudu'']]
|Appanna
|<ref name="‘Kothapallilo Okappudu’ movie review: A bittersweet tale to savour, ponder and debate">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=‘Kothapallilo Okappudu’ movie review: A bittersweet tale to savour, ponder and debate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kothapallilo-okappudu-movie-review-the-telugu-film-is-directed-by-praveena-paruchuri-and-presented-by-rana-daggubati/article69818243.ece |access-date=19 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=18 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719083700/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kothapallilo-okappudu-movie-review-the-telugu-film-is-directed-by-praveena-paruchuri-and-presented-by-rana-daggubati/article69818243.ece |archive-date=19 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''
|Gautham
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
|''[[Ghaati]]''
|Kaashtal Naidu
|
|-
|''[[Kaantha]]''
|Martin Prabhakaran
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]'' || Shoiabullah Khan || Telugu
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-12-25 |title=‘Champion’ movie review: An interesting idea that does not translate into an engaging film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/champion-movie-review-roshan-meka-and-anaswaraja-rajans-period-drama-is-directed-by-pradeep-advaitham/article70433276.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige]]''
|Shivashankar
|[[Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/theertharoopa-thandeyavarige/movieshow/126253970.cms |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Cheekatilo]]''
|Chinna Babu
|Telugu
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable  " style="margin-right: 0;"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Network
! Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2021 ||''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' || Muthu Pandian || Hindi ||[[Amazon Prime Video]] || Season 2; Web Debut || <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2021 |title=The Family Man Season 2 review and release LIVE UPDATES: Fans say Samantha Akkineni steals the limelight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-family-man-2-review-and-release-live-updates-samantha-akkineni-makes-her-digital-debut-7342867/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123228/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-family-man-2-review-and-release-live-updates-samantha-akkineni-makes-her-digital-debut-7342867/ |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023 ||''[[Anger Tales]]'' ||Husband || rowspan="6" |Telugu ||[[Disney+Hotstar]] ||Segment: ''Afternoon Nap'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dhootha (TV series)|Dhootha]]'' ||[[Sub-Inspector |SI]] Ajay Ghosh || rowspan="2" |[[Amazon Prime Video]] || ||
|-
|[[Vyooham (TV series)|''Vyooham'']]|| [[Circle Inspector |CI]] Akbar Jalal|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024||''[[Bahishkarana]]'' || [[Sarpanch|President]] Shivaya||[[ZEE5]] || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Teaser of Telugu Web Series Bahishkarana Out |url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/teaser-of-telugu-web-series-bahishkarana-out-anjalis-transformation-is-stunning-article-111552937 |website=TimesNowNews.com |date= 7 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Brinda (TV series)|''Brinda'']]|| [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] N. Sarathi|| rowspan="2" | [[SonyLIV]]|| ||
|-
|2025
|[[Mayasabha (TV series)|''Mayasabha'']]
|[[Paritala Ravindra|Pothineni Ramesh]]
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9988018}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay, Ravindra}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Solar power in India

2026-03-29T11:48:45Z

Allen2502: added info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=January 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1258724563|Text added in Nov 2024 here]] and in other edits by user; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2024 LLMs, etc}}
[[File:Pavagada Solar Park 2020.jpg|thumb|2050 MW [[Pavagada Solar Park]], India's second-largest in [[Pavagada]], Karnataka]]
[[File:India’s solar power has grown nearly 20 times since the Paris Agreement.svg|thumb|India’s solar power has grown nearly 20 times since December 2015, at an average growth rate of 40% per year. As of 2025, it is now India’s third largest source of electricity behind hydro. This graph charts India's solar power growth relative to the equivalent total electricity demand of other nations.]]
Solar power is an important source of [[electricity in India]].
Since the mid-2010s, [[India]] has increased its solar power significantly with the help of various government initiatives. By February 2026, India's solar power installed capacity reached 143.6 GWAC.<ref name="ach" />
India is one of the world's fastest adopters of solar power, making it the [[Solar power by country#Global use figures|third-largest producer of solar power globally]] as of 2025, after [[Solar power in China|China]] and the [[Solar power in the United States|United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Report - Global Electricity Report 2024 (page 132)|date=7 May 2024|url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2024/supporting-material/|publisher=EMBER|access-date=9 May 2024|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092127/https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2024/supporting-material/|url-status=live}}</ref>

India also has some of the world's largest solar parks, including the [[Bhadla Solar Park]] in [[Rajasthan]], India's largest and the [[List of photovoltaic power stations#World's largest photovoltaic power stations|world's 11th-largest]] as of 2025, with a capacity of 2,245 MW.

With the provision of allowing 100% [[foreign direct investment]] in renewable energy, during 2010–19, the foreign capital invested in India on solar power projects was nearly US$20.7 billion, one of the world's highest invested in a single nation so far.<ref>{{cite web|author=India Exim Bank|date=January 2022|title=Indian Solar Sector – Fostering Growth and Sustainable Development (Refer to Table 13)|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/etanalytics/reports/renewable/indian-solar-sector-fostering-growth-and-sustainable-development/847|access-date=13 February 2022|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127082808/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/etanalytics/reports/renewable/indian-solar-sector-fostering-growth-and-sustainable-development/847|url-status=live}}</ref> In FY2023-24, India received US$3.76 billion foreign capital, and is executing 40 GW tenders for solar and hybrid projects.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to Bid Out 50 GW of Solar, Wind, and RTC Projects in FY24|work=Mercom India|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/government-bid-solar-wind-fy24|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425144354/https://www.mercomindia.com/government-bid-solar-wind-fy24|url-status=live}}</ref> India has established nearly 70 [[solar park]]s to make land available to the promoters of solar plants.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of solar parks in India|url=https://mnre.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/18.%20List%20of%20Solar%20Parks%20as%20on%2031-05-2019.docx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211155749/https://mnre.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/18.%20List%20of%20Solar%20Parks%20as%20on%2031-05-2019.docx|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|website=mnre.gov.in|type=MS Word Document}}</ref> The [[Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Park]], being built near [[Khavda]] in the [[Rann of Kutch]] desert in [[Gujarat]], will generate 30 GWAC power from both solar panels and [[wind turbines]]. It will become the world's largest hybrid renewable energy park spread over an area of 72,600 hectares (726 km2) of wasteland in the desert. As of 2025, the plant has completed to generate around 3 GW of power, and the remaining will be fully completed by December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=Bigger than Singapore, Bahrain! World's biggest, hybrid renewable energy park in Gujarat to attract huge investment!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/bigger-than-singapore-bahrain-worlds-biggest-hybrid-renewable-energy-park-in-gujarat-to-attract-huge-investment/2150904/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220062840/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/bigger-than-singapore-bahrain-worlds-biggest-hybrid-renewable-energy-park-in-gujarat-to-attract-huge-investment/2150904/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-12-14|title=Gujarat to get India's largest renewable energy generation park|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/gujarat-to-get-indias-largest-renewable-energy-generation-park/79713728|access-date=2020-12-22|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=1 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101015221/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/gujarat-to-get-indias-largest-renewable-energy-generation-park/79713728|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[International Solar Alliance]] (ISA), proposed by India as a founder member, is headquartered in India. India has also put forward the concept of "One Sun One World One Grid" and "World Solar Bank" to harness abundant solar power on a global scale.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tayal|first=Manu|date=27 May 2020|title=MNRE Invites Proposals to Develop Institutional Framework for 'One Sun One World One Grid' Implementation|work=Saur Energy|url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/mnre-invites-proposals-to-develop-institutional-framework-for-one-sun-one-world-one-grid-implementation|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122200534/https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/mnre-invites-proposals-to-develop-institutional-framework-for-one-sun-one-world-one-grid-implementation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2020|title=India Set To Propose World Solar Bank & Mobilize $50 Billion In Solar Funding|work=Clean Technica|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/26/india-set-to-propose-world-solar-bank-mobilize-50-billion-in-solar-funding/|access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Government of India]] had an initial target of 20 GW capacity for 2022, which was achieved four years ahead of schedule.<ref name="ToiOnSolarJan2018">{{cite web|date=31 January 2018|title=India hits 20 GW solar capacity milestone|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/india-hits-20gw-solar-capacity-milestone/articleshow/62715512.cms|access-date=4 February 2018|website=The Times of India|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603103610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/india-hits-20gw-solar-capacity-milestone/articleshow/62715512.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from [[rooftop solar]]) by 2022, targeting an investment of {{USD}}100 billion.<ref>{{cite news |author=Das |first=Krishna N. |date=2 January 2015 |title=India's Modi raises solar investment target to $100 bln by 2022 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-solar-idUSL3N0UG13H20150102 |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116080933/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-solar-idUSL3N0UG13H20150102 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Kenning|first=Tom|date=2 July 2015|title=India releases state targets for 40GW rooftop solar by 2022|url=http://www.pv-tech.org/news/india_releases_individual_state_targets_for_40gw_rooftop_solar_by_2022|access-date=29 July 2016|website=PV Tech|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417231909/https://www.pv-tech.org/news/india_releases_individual_state_targets_for_40gw_rooftop_solar_by_2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The target was widely missed by 40,000 MW shortfall due to poor performance in the rooftop sector.

Rooftop solar power accounts for 2.1 GW in 2018, of which 70% is industrial or commercial.<ref name="srtgw1">{{cite news|date=18 January 2019|title=Renewable energy in India: why rooftop remains the most untapped solar source|work=Down to Earth|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/renewable-energy-in-india-why-rooftop-remains-the-most-untapped-solar-source-62873|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730132827/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/renewable-energy-in-india-why-rooftop-remains-the-most-untapped-solar-source-62873|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to its large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) initiative, India is developing off-grid solar power for local energy needs.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=31 July 2018|title=Solar water pumps can help India surpass 100 GW target: Report|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-water-pumps-can-help-india-surpass-100-gw-target-report/articleshow/65214158.cms|access-date=2 August 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316123659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-water-pumps-can-help-india-surpass-100-gw-target-report/articleshow/65214158.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar products have increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015 just under 10 [[lakh]] (1 million) [[solar lantern]]s were sold in the country, reducing the need for [[kerosene]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/annual-report/2015-2016/EN/Chapter%201/chapter_1.htm |title=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Annual Report 2015-2016 |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228200812/https://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/annual-report/2015-2016/EN/Chapter%201/chapter_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were installed and 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided under a national programme;<ref name=":0" /> just over 14 lakh (1.4 million) [[solar cooker]]s were distributed in India.<ref name=":0" />

==Solar potential==
{{anchor|Solar resources}}
[[File:India PVOUT mid-size-map 156x194mm-300dpi v20191015.png|thumb|Photovoltaic electricity potential of India]]

The solar power potential of India is assessed at 10,830 GW in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-sitting-on-10830-gw-solar-reservenew-study-reveals-massive-untapped-capacity/121742267 |title=India sitting on 10,830 GW solar reserve—New study reveals massive untapped capacity |publisher=TERI |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref> With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the calculated [[solar energy]] incidence on India's land area is about 5,000 [[lakh]] [[crore]] (5,000 trillion) [[kilowatt-hour]]s (kWh) per year (or 5 [[Exa-|E]]Wh/yr).<ref name="SPSEPRIE">{{cite journal |last1=Muneer |first1=Tariq |last2=Asif |first2=Muhammad |last3=Munawwar |first3=Saima |title=Sustainable production of solar electricity with particular reference to the Indian economy |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=October 2005 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=444–473 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2004.03.004 |bibcode=2005RSERv...9..444M }}</ref><ref name="mnreSolar">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/ |title=Solar |publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225160014/http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/ |archive-date=25 February 2014 }}</ref> The solar energy available in a single year exceeds the possible energy output of all of the [[fossil fuel]] energy reserves in India. The daily average solar-power-plant generation capacity in India is 0.30 kWh per m2 of used land area,<ref name="gsa">{{cite web|title=Welcome|website=Global solar atlas|url=https://globalsolaratlas.info/map|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=3 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303000610/https://globalsolaratlas.info/map|url-status=live}}</ref> equivalent to 1,400–1,800 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a year with available, commercially-proven technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to calculate the annual solar energy output of a photovoltaic system?|url=http://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-energy-calculation.php|access-date=30 June 2017|website=Photovoltaic-Software.com|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815061108/https://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-energy-calculation.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mismatch Effects. Comprehensive technical data of PV modules |url=http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects |access-date=21 February 2015 |website=pveducation.org |archive-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309101713/http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Prasad|first=Nithin Thomas|date=22 May 2020|title=Goodbye Polycrystalline Solar Modules, Hello Mono PERC, HJT, Bifacial|url=https://mercomindia.com/goodbye-polycrystalline-solar-modules-bifacial/|access-date=22 May 2020|website=Mercom India|archive-date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008192142/https://www.mercomindia.com/goodbye-polycrystalline-solar-modules-bifacial|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Location map many | India
| caption = Solar radiation resource assessment stations (SRRA) in India. [[MNRE]] Phase1 [[File:Blue pog.svg|10px]], [[MNRE]] Phase2 [[File:Red pog.svg|10px]], [[Maharashtra Energy Development Agency|MEDA]] [[File:Yellow pog.svg|10px]], AMS [[File:Green pog.svg|10px]], [[ANERT]] [[File:Pink pog.svg|10px]] SRRA stations.<ref name=":NIWE">{{cite web |title=List of SRRA Stations with Co-ordinates |url=https://niwe.res.in/department_srra_stations_phase1.php |website=National Institute of Wind Energy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110002009/https://niwe.res.in/department_srra_stations_phase1.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
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}}

In June 2015, India began a {{INRConvert|40|c|lk=on}} project to measure solar radiation with a [[spatial resolution]] of {{convert|3|x|3|km}}. This solar-radiation measuring network provides the basis for the Indian solar-radiation atlas. 121 solar radiation resource assessment (SRRA) stations have been installed across India by the National Institute of Wind Energy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to create a database of solar-energy potential. Data is collected and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET). Among the parameters measured are [[Global Horizontal Irradiance]] (GHI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ananda|first=Jonathan|date=4 June 2015|title=Solar Radiation Measuring Network, Atlas Out in the Open|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/jun/04/solar-radiation-measuring-network-atlas-out-in-the-open-750750.html|access-date=20 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=21 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221044503/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/jun/04/solar-radiation-measuring-network-atlas-out-in-the-open-750750.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":NIWE" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Institute of Solar Energy|url=https://nise.res.in/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=nise.res.in|archive-date=17 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317150641/https://nise.res.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently, 90% of India's solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity is concentrated in just nine states, raising concerns about the resilience of a future PV-dominated grid. Recent studies have shown that during cyclones, PV generation can plummet to near-zero levels. Given that a significant portion of India is prone to cyclones, dust storms, and monsoon rains, deploying PV plants in regions with uncorrelated irradiance profiles can significantly reduce the overall risk of low generation and variability of PV output. Concentration of PV capacity in limited regions may present challenges for grid stability in a PV-dominated future. Geographically diversifying PV sites in India yields multifaceted benefits beyond weather resilience. It can facilitate the strategic integration of regional irradiation patterns, resulting in a balanced year-round energy harvest. Moreover, expanding the geographical footprint extends the effective "daylight hours" for solar generation, bolstering grid reliability. Additionally, this approach mitigates peak production surges, easing grid management and potentially accommodating further PV capacity. Notably, it fosters synergy with existing hydropower infrastructure in the Northeast and leverages the exceptional solar potential of Ladakh, unlocking diverse renewable energy avenues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Saikat |last2=Roy |first2=Jatindra Nath |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Chandan |title=Exploring the merits of geographical diversification of solar PV power plants for a resilient PV-dominated electricity grid in India |journal=Clean Energy |date=August 2023 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=885–910 |doi=10.1093/ce/zkad024 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Installations by region==

===Summary===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Installed capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]AC)<ref>{{Cite web|website=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|date=12 February 2019|title=Installed Capacity of Various Renewable Modes of Energy|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1564039|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111131023/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1564039|url-status=live}}</ref>
! State or territory
! 31 ''Dec'' 2016<ref>[https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1608050046985.pdf Annual Report 2016-17] ''Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India''. pg 58. Retrieved 28 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153906/https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1608050046985.pdf Archived] on 21 April 2021.</ref>
! 31 March 2017<ref>[https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/d6982ee8cce147288e7bf9434eebff55.pdf Annual Report 2017-2018.] ''Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India''. pg 34. Retrieved 28 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153757/https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/d6982ee8cce147288e7bf9434eebff55.pdf Archived] on 21 April 2021.</ref>
! 31 March 2019<ref>[https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1597797108502.pdf Annual Report 2019-2020.] ''Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India''. pg 19. Retrieved 28 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153619/https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1597797108502.pdf Archived] on 21 April 2021.</ref>
! 31 March 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=State-wise installed capacity of Grid Interactive Renewable Power as on 31.03.2021|url=https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_s-1623220533952.xlsx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513112836/https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=31 March 2021|publisher=mnre.gov.in|format=MS Excel Document}}</ref><ref>[https://mnre.gov.in/solar/current-status/ Solar Energy. Overview.] ''Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India''. Retrieved 28 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210604070616/https://mnre.gov.in/solar/current-status/ Archived] on 4 June 2021. (NB: This site keeps updating.)</ref>
! data-sort-type="number"| 31 March 2023<ref name=kera>{{cite web |title=State-wise installed capacity of Renewable Power as on 31.03.2023 |url=https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_s-1681211407657.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512134910/https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_s-1681211407657.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!31 March 2025
|-
| align="left"|[[Rajasthan]] || 1,317.64|| 1,812.93|| 3,226.79|| 5,732.58 ||17,055.70
|28,761.22
|-
| align="left" |[[Gujarat]] || 1,158.5 || 1,249.37 || 2,440.13||4,430.82 ||9,254.57
|19,421.89
|-
| align="left"|[[Madhya Pradesh]] || 840.35 || 857.04 || 1,840.16||2,463.22 ||2,802.14
|5,156.78
|-
| align="left"|[[Maharashtra]] || 430.46 || 452.37|| 1,633.54||2,289.97 ||4,722.90
|11,151.53
|-
| align="left"|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 545.43 || 793.95 || 905.62 || 959.50 ||1,167.26
|1,421.43
|-
| align="left"|[[Uttar Pradesh]] || 239.26 || 336.73 || 960.10 || 1,712.50 ||2,515.22
|3,368.87
|-
| align="left"|[[Uttarakhand]] || 45.10 || 233.49 || 306.75 || 368.41 ||575.53
| 593.07
|-
| align="left"|[[Haryana]] || 53.27 || 81.40 || 224.52 || 407.83 ||1,029.16
|2,099.33
|-
| align="left"|Delhi || 38.78 || 40.27 || 126.89 || 192.97 ||218.26
|319.30
|-
| align="left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] + Ladakh || 1 || 1.36 || 14.83 || 20.73 ||49.44
|82.29
|-
| align="left"|[[Chandigarh]] || – || 17.32 || 34.71 || 45.16 ||58.69
|78.85
|-
| align="left"|[[Himachal Pradesh]] || 0.33 || 0.73 || 22.68 || 42.73 ||87.49
|213.66
|-
| align="left"|[[Chhattisgarh]] || – || 128.86|| 231.35|| 252.48 ||948.82
|1,398.50
|-
| align="left"|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || – || 2.97|| 5.46||5.46 ||5.46
|5.46
|-
| align="left"|[[Goa]] || – || 0.71|||3.81||7.44 ||26.49
|57.64
|-
| align="left"|[[Daman and Diu]] || – || 10.46 || 14.47|| 40.55 ||41.01
|42.66
|-
| align="left"|[[Tamil Nadu]] || 1,590.97|| 1,691.83||2,575.22||4,475.21 ||6,736.43
|10,309.77
|-
| align="left"|[[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] || 979.65|| 1,867.23||3,085.68||4,203.00 ||4,534.19
|5,406.90
|-
| align="left"|[[Telangana]] || 973.41|| 1,286.98||3,592.09||3,953.12 ||4,666.03
|4,842.10
|-
| align="left"|[[Kerala]] || – || 88.20||161.057||257.00 ||761.44
|1,591.04
|-
| align="left"|[[Karnataka]] || 327.53 || 1,027.84||6,095.56||7,355.17 ||8,241.41
|9,690.13
|-
| align="left"|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ||- || 0.08||3.14||9.33 ||35.53
|67.51
|-
| align="left"|[[Bihar]] || 95.91 || 108.52||142.45||159.51 ||192.89
|328.34
|-
| align="left"|[[Odisha]] || 77.64 || 79.42||394.73||401.72 ||453.17
|629.34
|-
| align="left"|[[Jharkhand]] || 17.51 || 23.27||34.95||52.06 ||105.84
|199.87
|-
| align="left"|[[West Bengal]] || 23.07 || 26.14||75.95||149.84 ||179.98
|320.62
|-
| align="left"|[[Sikkim]] || 0.01 || 0.00|| 0.01||0.07 ||4.68
|7.56
|-
| align="left"|[[Assam]] || 11.18 || 11.78|| 22.40 ||42.99 ||147.92
|212.34
|-
| align="left"|[[Tripura]] || 5.02 || 5.09||5.09 ||9.41 ||17.60
|21.24
|-
| align="left"|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 0.27 || 0.27||5.39|| 5.61 ||11.64
|14.85
|-
| align="left"|[[Mizoram]] || 0.10 || 0.10|| 0.50|| 1.53 ||28.01
|30.39
|-
| align="left"|[[Manipur]] || 0.01 || 0.03|| 3.44|| 6.36 ||12.28
|13.79
|-
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya]] || 0.01 || 0.01 || 0.12|| 0.12 ||4.15
|4.28
|-
| align="left"|[[Nagaland]] || 0.50 || 0.50|| 1.00|| 1.00 ||3.04
|3.17
|-
|-
| align="left"|[[Andaman and Nicobar]] || 5.10 || 6.56||11.73||29.22 ||29.91
|29.91
|-
| align="left"|[[Lakshadweep]] || 0.75 || 0.75 || 0.75 || 0.75 ||3.27
|4.97
|-
| align="left"|Others || 58.31 || 58.31 || 0.00 ||0.00||45.01
|45.01
|-
! Total India (MW) !! 6,762.85 !! 12,288.83 !! 28,180.66 !! 40,085.37 ||66,780.36{{efn|Includes roof mounted and off-the-grid installations.}}
!107,945.61
|}
{{Bar graph
| title = Installed solar PV on 31 March
| float = right
| bar_width = 21
| width_units = em
| data_max = 115000
| label_type = Year:
| data_type = Cumulative capacity (in MWAC)
| label1 = 2010
| data1 = 161
| label2 = 2011
| data2 = 461
| label3 = 2012
| data3 = 1,205
| label4 = 2013
| data4 = 2,319
| label5 = 2014
| data5 = 2,632
| label6 = 2015
| data6 = 3,744
| label7 = 2016
| data7 = 6,763
| label8 = 2017
| data8 = 12,289
| label9 = 2018
| data9 = 21,651
| label10 = 2019
| data10 = 28,181
| label11 = 2020
| data11 = 34,627
| label12 = 2021
| data12 = 40,085
| label13 = 2022
| data13 = 56,951
| label14 = 2023
| data14 = 66,781
| label15 =2024
| data15 =81,813
|label16 =2025
|data16 =105,647
}}

===Andhra Pradesh ===
{{main|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh}}

The installed photovoltaic capacity in [[Andhra Pradesh]] was 4257 MW as of 30 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Status of Renewable Energy Power Projects Commissioned in AP State, NREDCAP|url=https://www.nredcap.in/PDFs/2022/RE_Projects_as_on_30_09_2022.pdf|access-date=7 October 2022|website=New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627014809/https://www.nredcap.in/PDFs/2022/RE_Projects_as_on_30_09_2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is planning to add 10,050 MW solar power capacity to provide power supply to the farming sector during the day time.<ref>{{cite web |last=P |first=Jayanth |date=11 May 2020 |title=10,050 MW mega solar power plants to come up in two phases in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/may/11/10050-mw-mega-solar-power-plants-to-come-up-in-two-phases-in-andhra-pradesh-2141850.html |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220002048/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/may/11/10050-mw-mega-solar-power-plants-to-come-up-in-two-phases-in-andhra-pradesh-2141850.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bid documents (6050 MW) submitted for judicial review (s.no. 6 to 15)|url=https://judicialpreview.ap.gov.in/syo?year=2020&month=September|access-date=2 October 2020|website=Judicial Preview, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The state has also offered five Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects with a total capacity of 12,200 MW to developers under renewable power export policy outside the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kadiri ultra-mega solar park (4000 MW)|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/01_Kadiri_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf|access-date=2 October 2020|website=New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007093650/https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/01_Kadiri_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Obuladevucheruvu ultra-mega solar park (2400MW)|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/02_Obuladevara_Cheruvu_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf|access-date=2 October 2020|website=New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094656/https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/02_Obuladevara_Cheruvu_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ralla Anantapuram ultra-mega solar park (2400 MW)|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/03_Ralla_Anantapur_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf|access-date=2 October 2020|website=New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116093235/https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/03_Ralla_Anantapur_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Badvel ultra-mega solar park (1400MW)|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/04_Badvel_Feasibility_Report_Kadapa.pdf|access-date=2 October 2020|website=New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095848/https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/04_Badvel_Feasibility_Report_Kadapa.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kalasapadu ultra-mega solar park (2000MW)|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/05_Kalasapadu_Feasibility_Report_Kadapa.pdf|access-date=2 October 2020|website=New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092414/https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/05_Kalasapadu_Feasibility_Report_Kadapa.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh is endowed with abundant [[pumped hydroelectric energy storage]] to make available solar power<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Regulations in Andhra Pradesh, 2021 |url=https://de.energy/blog/solar-regulations-in-andhra-pradesh-2021/ |website=de.energy |publisher=Distributed Energy |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> in to round the clock power supply for meeting its ultimate [[Energy policy of India#Policy framework|energy needs]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Colthorpe|first=Andy|date=24 July 2018|title=Andhra Pradesh gov't approves 2.75GW solar-wind-pumped hydro project by Greenko|url=https://www.energy-storage.news/news/andhra-pradesh-govt-approves-2.75gw-solar-wind-pumped-hydro-project-by-gree|access-date=20 November 2019|website=energy-storage.news|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623211655/https://www.energy-storage.news/news/andhra-pradesh-govt-approves-2.75gw-solar-wind-pumped-hydro-project-by-gree|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |title=Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PSS projects in Andhra Pradesh state |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603022914/https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barnard|first=Michael|date=9 November 2019|title=Elon Musk Should Build Pumped Hydro With Tesla Energy, The Boring Co., & Coal Miners|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/11/09/elon-musk-should-build-pumped-hydro-with-tesla-energy-the-boring-co-coal-miners/|access-date=17 May 2020|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814130724/https://cleantechnica.com/2019/11/09/elon-musk-should-build-pumped-hydro-with-tesla-energy-the-boring-co-coal-miners/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is planning to construct 33,000 MW pumped storage projects to mitigate the intermittency associated with renewable energy.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=20 February 2021|title="Andhra's Rapid Industrialisation Only With Special Status": Jagan Reddy|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/andhras-rapid-industrialisation-only-with-special-status-jagan-reddy-2374886|access-date=21 February 2021|work=NDTV|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007142151/https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/andhras-rapid-industrialisation-only-with-special-status-jagan-reddy-2374886|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] agreed with APTransCo to install the 250-MW [[NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project]] near [[Kadiri]] in [[Anantapur district]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 May 2016|title=Power generation begins at Kunta ultra mega solar project|newspaper=Business Standard India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/power-generation-begins-at-kunta-ultra-mega-solar-project-116051001059_1.html|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130125819/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/power-generation-begins-at-kunta-ultra-mega-solar-project-116051001059_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 April 2015|title=NTPC signs PPA for phase 1 of 1,000 mw ultra solar project with AP discoms|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ntpc-signs-ppa-for-phase-1-of-1-000-mw-ultra-solar-project-with-ap-discoms-115042400659_1.html|access-date=23 June 2014|website=Business Standard India|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219111933/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ntpc-signs-ppa-for-phase-1-of-1-000-mw-ultra-solar-project-with-ap-discoms-115042400659_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2017, 1000 MW was commissioned at [[Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park]] which has become the world's largest solar power plant at that time.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Largest Solar Park – Kurnool, India|url=https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anjali-jaiswal/worlds-largest-solar-park-kurnool-india|access-date=1 November 2017|website=NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council)|date=31 October 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012535/https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anjali-jaiswal/worlds-largest-solar-park-kurnool-india|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2018, Greater [[Visakhapatnam]] commissioned a 2 MW [[Mudasarlova Reservoir]] grid-connected floating solar project which is the largest operational floating solar PV project in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kabeer|first=Nitin|date=24 December 2018|title=Floating Solar Tender of 15 MW Announced by Greater Visakhapatnam Smart City|url=https://mercomindia.com/floating-solar-tender-15-mw-greater-visakhapatnam/|access-date=24 December 2018|website=Mercom India|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220142913/https://www.mercomindia.com/floating-solar-tender-15-mw-greater-visakhapatnam|url-status=live}}</ref> [[NTPC Simhadri]] has awarded BHEL to install a 25 MW floating solar PV plant on its water supply reservoir.<ref name="bhel">{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=14 July 2019|title=BHEL bags Rs 100-cr EPC order from NTPC to set up solar power plant|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bhel-bags-rs-100-cr-epc-order-from-ntpc-to-set-up-solar-power-plant/70216628|access-date=15 July 2019|newspaper=Economic Times|archive-date=1 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101015221/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bhel-bags-rs-100-cr-epc-order-from-ntpc-to-set-up-solar-power-plant/70216628|url-status=live}}</ref> [[APGENCO]] commissioned 400 MW Ananthapuram – II solar park located at Talaricheruvu village near [[Tadipatri]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 February 2019|title=Solar plant commissioned|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/solar-plant-commissioned/article26315321.ece|access-date=18 June 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220083201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/solar-plant-commissioned/article26315321.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Delhi===
Delhi, the capital and a city state in India, has limitation in installing ground based solar power plants. However, it is leading in rooftop solar powered plants installations by adopting a fully flexible net metering system.<ref>{{cite web|last=Verma|first=Richi|date=18 December 2018|title=Delhi: Multiple consumers can benefit from a single solar plant at one location|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/delhi-multiple-consumers-can-benefit-from-a-single-solar-plant-at-one-location/67137679|access-date=18 December 2018|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193311/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/delhi-multiple-consumers-can-benefit-from-a-single-solar-plant-at-one-location/67137679|url-status=live}}</ref> The installed solar power capacity was 211 MW as on 30 June 2022. The Delhi government announced that the Rajghat thermal power plant will be officially shut at the 45 acre plant site and turned into a 5 MW solar power PV plant.

===Gujarat===
{{see also|Solar Power in Gujarat}}

[[Gujarat]] is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total installed solar power generation capacity reaching 7,806 MW as of 30 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dave|first1=Kapil|last2=Damor|first2=Kalpesh|date=7 July 2021|title=Green leap: Gujarat set for 3-fold RE surge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/green-leap-gujarat-set-for-3-fold-re-surge/articleshow/84186993.cms|access-date=21 September 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/green-leap-gujarat-set-for-3-fold-re-surge/articleshow/84186993.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
Gujarat has been a leader in solar-power generation in India due to its high solar-power potential, availability of vacant land, connectivity, transmission and distribution infrastructure and utilities. According to a report by the [[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]] report, these attributes are complemented by political will and investment.{{full citation needed|date=May 2017}} The 2009 Solar Power of Gujarat policy framework, financing mechanism and incentives have contributed to a [[green investment]] climate in the state and the targets for grid-connected solar power.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 2016|title=Pioneering and scaling up solar energy in India – webinar and related resources|url=http://ledsgp.org/resource/scaling-up-solar-energy-india-webinar/?loclang=en_gb|access-date=20 June 2021|work=The Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007153216/https://ledsgp.org/resource/scaling-up-solar-energy-india-webinar/?loclang=en_gb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2017|title=Gujarat government buys solar power at Rs 15 per unit from 38 firms|url=https://energyinfrapost.com/gujarat-government-buys-solar-power-rs-15-per-unit-38-firms/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421142411/https://energyinfrapost.com/gujarat-government-buys-solar-power-rs-15-per-unit-38-firms/|archive-date=21 April 2019|access-date=5 March 2017|website=Energy Infra Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://onixrenewable.com/blog/Largest-Solar-Park-Developer-in-Gujarat.php
|title=Largest Solar Park Developer in Gujarat
|website=Onix Renewable
|author=Chiman Maru
|date=18 April 2025
|access-date=28 April 2025
|language=en
|archive-date=28 April 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428085327/https://onixrenewable.com/blog/Largest-Solar-Park-Developer-in-Gujarat.php
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

The state has commissioned Asia's largest solar park near the village of Charanka in [[Patan district]], the [[Gujarat Solar Park-1]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Charanka Solar Park|url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-challenges_and_issues_in_solar_RPO_compliance_24072012/Charanka%20Solar%20Park%20(Gujarat)_GEDA_24.07.2012.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517113820/http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-challenges_and_issues_in_solar_RPO_compliance_24072012/Charanka%20Solar%20Park%20(Gujarat)_GEDA_24.07.2012.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India}}</ref> The park is generating 345 MW by March 2016 of its 500 MW total planned capacity and has been cited as an innovative and environmentally-friendly project by the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]].In December 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's first solar park at Charanka village in Gujarat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-solar-park-at-charanka-village-in-gujarat/slideshow/20683992.cms |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010104342/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-solar-park-at-charanka-village-in-gujarat/slideshow/20683992.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> 700 MW Solar PV plant at Raghanesda Solar Park is contracted at ₹2.89/unit levelised tariff.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Kaavya|date=13 January 2019|title=Foreign players sweep Gujarat solar auction|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/foreign-players-sweep-gujarat-solar-auction/67197676|access-date=22 December 2018|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007214252/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/foreign-players-sweep-gujarat-solar-auction/67197676|url-status=live}}</ref>

To make [[Gandhinagar]] a solar-power city, the state government has begun a rooftop solar-power generation scheme. Under the scheme, Gujarat plans to generate 5 MW of solar power by putting solar panels on about 50 state-government buildings and 500 private buildings.

It also plans to generate solar power by putting solar panels along the Narmada [[irrigation]] canals. As part of this scheme, the state has commissioned the 1 MW [[Canal Solar Power Project]] on a branch of the [[Narmada Canal]] near the village of Chandrasan in [[Mehsana district]]. The pilot project is expected to stop {{convert|9000000|litres|abbr=off|}} of water per year from evaporating from the [[Narmada River]].

A 70 MW wind-solar hybrid power plant was commissioned in [[Gondal, India|gondal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anand |date=2023-07-17 |title=FOURTH PARTNER ENERGY COMMISSIONS ITS FIRST WIND-SOLAR HYBRID PROJECT IN GUJARAT – EQ Mag |url=https://www.eqmagpro.com/fourth-partner-energy-commissions-its-first-wind-solar-hybrid-project-in-gujarat-eq-mag/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The Leading Solar Magazine In India |language=en-US}}</ref>.

===Haryana===
State has set the 4.2 GW solar power (including 1.6 GW solar roof top) target by 2022 as it has high potential since it has at least 330 sunny days. [[Haryana]] is one of the fastest growing state in terms of solar energy with installed and commissioned capacity of 73.27 MW. Out of this, 57.88 MW was commissioned in FY 2016/17. Haryana solar power policy announced in 2016 offers 90% subsidy to farmers for the solar powered water pumps, which also offers subsidy for the solar street lighting, home lighting solutions, [[solar water heating]] schemes, solar cooker schemes. It is mandatory for new residential buildings larger than {{convert|500|sqyd|m2}} to install 3% to 5% solar capacity for no building plan sanctioning is required, and a loan of up to ₹10 lakh is made available to the residential property owners. Haryana provides 100% waiver of electricity taxes, cess, electricity duty, wheeling charges, cross subsidy charges, transmission and distribution charges, etc. for rooftop solar projects.

In December 2018, Haryana had installed solar capacity of 48.80 MW,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=21 December 2018|title=DiSPA Asks Haryana to Remove Upper Cap of 500 MW for Open Access Solar Projects|url=https://mercomindia.com/dispa-haryana-remove-cap-500mw-solar-open-access/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=26 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126090307/https://www.mercomindia.com/dispa-haryana-remove-cap-500mw-solar-open-access|url-status=live}}</ref> and in January 2019 Haryana floated tender for 300 MW grid-connected solar power,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=4 January 2019|title=Haryana Floats Tender for 300 MW of Solar Projects with a Tariff Ceiling of ₹3/kWh|url=https://mercomindia.com/haryana-solar-tender-300-mw/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008153605/https://www.mercomindia.com/haryana-solar-tender-300-mw|url-status=live}}</ref> and additional 16 MW tender for the [[canal top solar power]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=10 January 2019|title=Haryana Calls Developers to Set Up 16 MW of Canal Top Solar Projects|url=https://mercomindia.com/haryana-developers-16-mw-canal-top-solar/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007140011/https://www.mercomindia.com/haryana-developers-16-mw-canal-top-solar|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Karnataka===
[[Karnataka]] is one of the highest solar power producing state in India with a total 7,597 MW installed capacity by the end of June 2022.<ref name="Rajeshwari">{{Cite web|last=Rajeshwari|first=Ankita|date=17 May 2018|title=India's Top 10 Solar States in Charts|url=https://mercomindia.com/top-solar-states-charts/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009040755/https://www.mercomindia.com/top-solar-states-charts|url-status=live}}</ref> The installed capacity of [[Pavagada Solar Park]] is 2050 MW by the end of year 2019 which was the world biggest solar park at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Rakesh|date=27 December 2019|title=World's Largest Solar Park at Karnataka's Pavagada is Now Fully Operational|url=https://mercomindia.com/karnatakas-pavagada-solar-operational/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227084335/https://mercomindia.com/karnatakas-pavagada-solar-operational/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Kerala===
[[File:Rooftop Solar Panels 3KW.jpg|thumb|Rooftop solar panels (3KW) on a residence in Kerala.]]
The installed capacity of solar plants in [[Kerala]] as on 31 March 2023 is 761 MW.<ref name=kera/> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi international airport]] is the first airport to run completely in solar energy. CIAL solar farm is responsible for it. There are plans to set up solar power plants in [[Idukki]], [[Wayanad]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] districts.

The first solar park in Kerala is located in [[Perla, Kasaragod|Perla]], Kasaragod. Floating Solar parks are being built and partly functional in [[Banasura Sagar]], [[Idukki Dam]] and [[Vembanad Lake]].

===Ladakh===
[[Ladakh]], though a late entrant in solar power plants, is planning to install nearly 7,500 MW capacity in few years.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Prabha Raghavan|author2=Anil Sasi|date=12 September 2019|title=Site decided, Govt clears mega solar project in Leh and Kargil|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/site-decided-govt-clears-mega-solar-project-in-leh-and-kargil-5987333/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211152748/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/site-decided-govt-clears-mega-solar-project-in-leh-and-kargil-5987333/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Madhya Pradesh===
[[Madhya Pradesh]] had a total photovoltaic capacity of 1,117 MW by the end of July 2017. The [[Welspun Solar MP project]], the largest solar-power plant in the state, was built at a cost of {{INRConvert|11|b}} on {{convert|305|ha|km2|abbr=on}} of land and will supply power at {{INRConvert|8.05}} per kWh. A 130 MW solar power plant project at Bhagwanpura, a village in [[Neemuch district]], was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is the largest solar producer, and [[Welspun Energy]] is one of the top three companies in India's renewable-energy sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar Projects|url=http://www.welspunrenewables.com/business.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101115618/http://www.welspunrenewables.com/business.html|archive-date=1 November 2015|access-date=26 October 2015|website=Welspun Renewables}}</ref>
A planned 750 MW solar-power plant in [[Rewa district]], the [[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar]] plant, was completed and inaugurated on 10 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2020|title='Sure, pure and secure': PM Modi inaugurates Asia's largest solar plant in MP's Rewa|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sure-pure-and-secure-pm-modi-inaugurates-asia-s-largest-solar-plant-in-mp-s-rewa/story-D0PL4ssjPZ3UH7LNsfxZiO.html|access-date=10 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Spread over 1,590 acres, it is Asia's largest solar power plant and was constructed at a cost of ₹4,500 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=PM Modi to inaugurate Asia's Second largest 750-MW Rewa solar plant tomorrow: All you need to know|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-asias-largest-750-mw-rewa-solar-plant-tomorrow-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/76878434.cms|access-date=10 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-asias-largest-750-mw-rewa-solar-plant-tomorrow-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/76878434.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Electricity|website=District Rewa|url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/district-produce/electricity/|access-date=10 July 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710150628/https://rewa.nic.in/en/district-produce/electricity/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh I]] is a power plant under construction near Surajpur Village in the [[Shajapur district]] of Madhya Pradesh with 200 MW. It is scheduled to be operational by fall 2023.<ref>[https://www.thomas-lloyd.com/en/portfolio-item/madhya-pradesh-i Thomas Lloyd: Madhya Pradesh I in Shajapur District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521060252/https://www.thomas-lloyd.com/en/portfolio-item/madhya-pradesh-i/ |date=21 May 2022 }}. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</ref>

===Maharashtra===
[[File:Pune station 1.jpg|thumb|Rooftop solar panels at Pune Railway Station]]
The 125-MW [[Sakri solar plant]] is the largest solar-power plant in [[Maharashtra]]. The [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust]] has the world's largest solar steam system. It was constructed at the [[Shirdi]] shrine at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|13.3|m}}, {{INRConvert|5840000}} which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable-energy ministry. The system is used to cook 50,000 meals per day for pilgrims visiting the shrine, resulting in annual savings of 100,000  kg of [[cooking gas]], and was designed to generate steam for cooking even in the absence of electricity to run the circulating pump. The project to install and commission the system was completed in seven months, and the system has a design life of 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|date=31 July 2009|title=Shirdi's solar cooker finds a place under sun|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/16952/shirdis-solar-cooker-finds-place.html|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127073217/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/16952/shirdis-solar-cooker-finds-place.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Osmanabad]] region in Maharashtra has abundant sunlight, and is ranked the third-best region in India in solar insolation. A 10 MW solar power plant in Osmanabad was commissioned in 2013. According to reports published by the [[National Institute of Solar Energy]] (NISE), its aggregate solar power potential capacity is 64.32 GW.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of Renewable Energy Plan and performance in Maharashtra |url=https://de.energy/blog/overview-of-renewable-energy-plan-and-performance-in-maharashtra/ |website=de.energy |publisher=Distributed Energy |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222014428/https://de.energy/blog/overview-of-renewable-energy-plan-and-performance-in-maharashtra/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rajasthan===
[[Rajasthan]] is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 14,454 MW by end of June 2022. Rajasthan is also home to the world's largest [[Compact linear Fresnel reflector|Fresnel type]] 125 MW [[Concentrated solar power|CSP]] plant at the [[Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park]].<ref name="pg">{{cite news|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Kaavya|date=6 April 2017|title=India's solar capacity to cross 20GW in next 15 months: Piyush Goyal|website=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/indias-solar-energy-capacity-expanded-by-record-5525-mw/articleshow/58037873.cms|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125111935/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/indias-solar-energy-capacity-expanded-by-record-5525-mw/articleshow/58037873.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 November 2014|title=Reliance Power commissions world's largest Solar CSP project in Rajasthan|url=http://www.estelasolar.org/techologies-plants/the-4-types-of-csp-electricity-technologies/linear-fresnel-reflector/|access-date=14 March 2017|website=Estela Solar|archive-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621003444/http://www.estelasolar.org/techologies-plants/the-4-types-of-csp-electricity-technologies/linear-fresnel-reflector/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jodhpur district]] leads the state with installed capacity of over 1,500 MW, followed by [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] and [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]].

The [[Bhadla Solar Park]], with total installed capacity of 2,245 MW, is the [[List of photovoltaic power stations|biggest plant]] in the world as of March 2020.

The only [[Solar power tower|tower type]] solar thermal power plant (2.5 MW) in India is located in Bikaner district.

In March 2019, the lowest tariff in India was ₹2.48/kWh for installing the 750 MW solar power plants in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabeer|first=Nitin|date=1 March 2019|title=Lowest Quoted Tariff Dips to ₹2.48/kWh in SECI's 750 MW Solar Auction for Rajasthan|url=https://mercomindia.com/solar-auction-results-750-mw-rajasthan/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164105/https://www.mercomindia.com/solar-auction-results-750-mw-rajasthan|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rajasthan became the first state with 10GW of solar power capacity. It is targeting a capacity of 30 GW by financial year 2024–2025 and 75 GW by 2030.

===Mizoram===
The installed capacity of solar plants in Mizoram as on 31 March 2023 is 23 MW.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram Welcomes Its First Solar Park With 20 MW Capacity |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/mizoram-welcomes-its-first-solar-park-with-20-mw-capacity |website=saurenergy.com |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007133327/https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/mizoram-welcomes-its-first-solar-park-with-20-mw-capacity |url-status=live }}</ref> Vankal Solar Park is the largest solar park in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram enters India's solar map, becomes first in Northeast to house largest solar park |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-enters-indias-solar-map-becomes-first-in-northeast-to-house-largest-solar-park-549340-2023-04-27 |website=indiatodayne |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615062901/https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-enters-indias-solar-map-becomes-first-in-northeast-to-house-largest-solar-park-549340-2023-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===
[[Tamil Nadu]] had the 5th highest operating solar-power capacity in India in May 2018. The total operating capacity in Tamil Nadu was 1.8 GW.<ref name="Rajeshwari" /> On 1 July 2017, the solar power tariff in Tamil Nadu has hit an all-time low of ₹3.47 per unit when bidding for 1500 MW capacity was held.<ref>{{Cite web|last=B.|first=Sivakumar|date=1 July 2017|title=Solar power tariff plunges to record low in Tamil Nadu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/solar-power-tariff-plunges-to-record-low-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/59397492.cms|access-date=20 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226150304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/solar-power-tariff-plunges-to-record-low-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/59397492.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Kaavya|date=3 July 2017|title=NLC biggest winner in 1,500 Megawatt Tamil Nadu solar auction|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/nlc-biggest-winner-in-1500-megawatt-tamil-nadu-solar-auction/59417298|access-date=3 July 2017|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220161349/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/nlc-biggest-winner-in-1500-megawatt-tamil-nadu-solar-auction/59417298|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 648-MW [[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]] is the biggest operating project in the state. On 1 January 2018, [[NLC India Limited]] (NLCIL) commissioned a new 130 MW solar power project in [[Neyveli]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 January 2018|title=130-MW solar power plant commissioned at Nevyeli|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/130-mw-solar-power-plant-commissioned-at-nevyeli/article22348029.ece|access-date=20 June 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220005645/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/130-mw-solar-power-plant-commissioned-at-nevyeli/article22348029.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2021, total installed capacity was at 4.3 GW, with plans for capacity to double by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Rakesh|date=2 March 2021|title=Tamil Nadu Issues New Tariff Order, Plans to Double Its Solar Capacity by 2022|url=https://mercomindia.com/tamil-nadu-order-double-solar-capacity/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225125804/https://www.mercomindia.com/tamil-nadu-order-double-solar-capacity|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Telangana ===
[[Telangana]] ranks sixth when it comes to solar energy generation capacity in India. The state has a solar power generation capacity of 3,953 MW and plans to achieve a capacity of 5,000 MW by 2022. In 2019, [[NTPC Ramagundam]] had placed work order on [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL) to install 100 MW floating solar PV plant on its water supply reservoir.<ref name=bhel/>
In July 2022, [[NTPC Limited|NTPC's]] 100 MW floating solar photovoltaic (PV) project becomes fully operational in Telangana and becomes India's largest floating solar plant equipped with cutting-edge technology and environmentally friendly features.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2022 |title=100 MW NTPC floating solar plant at Ramagundam fully operational |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/100-mw-ntpc-floating-solar-plant-at-ramagundam-fully-operational/article65589829.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007132851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/100-mw-ntpc-floating-solar-plant-at-ramagundam-fully-operational/article65589829.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulloor |first=Narender |date=2 July 2022 |title=India's largest floating solar plant commissioned at NTPC Ramagundam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020722/indias-largest-floating-solar-plant-commissioned-at-ntpc-ramagundam.html |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126164434/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020722/indias-largest-floating-solar-plant-commissioned-at-ntpc-ramagundam.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electricity generation==

{{Bar graph
| title = Annual solar power generation<ref>{{cite news|title=Renewable power generation|url=https://www.renewablesindia.in/ |access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153814/https://renewablesindia.in/}}</ref>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 150
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Solar power generation (TWh)
| label1 = 2013–14
| data1 = 3.36
| label2 = 2014–15
| data2 = 4.60
| label3 = 2015–16
| data3 = 7.45
| label4 = 2016–17
| data4 = 12.09
| label5 = 2017–18
| data5 = 25.87
| label6 = 2018–19
| data6 = 39.27
| label7 = 2019–20
| data7 = 50.13
| label8 = 2020–21
| data8 = 60.40
| label9 = 2021–22
| data9 = 73.48
| label10 = 2022–23
| data10 = 102.01
| label11 = 2023–24
| data11 = 115.97
| label12= 2024–25
| data12 = 144.150
}}

Including both ground and roof-mounted plants, the country's installed solar power capacity was 107.94 GWAC as of 30 April 2025.<ref name="ach">{{cite news|title=Physical Progress (Achievements)|publisher=Ministry of New & Renewable Energy|url=https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412175123/https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar electricity generation from April 2024 to March 2025 increased to 144.150 [[terawatt-hour]] (TWh) from 115.97 TWh in the same period a year ago. Saving almost 57 million tons of coal. All time maximum solar power generation was 65,804 MW as of 18 April 2025.<ref name=vre1/> [[Curtailment (electricity)|Curtailment]] of solar power generation is happening when the power evacuation is not adequate,<ref name= vre1>{{cite web|title=Daily Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) Generation Report (see Archive), Grid India|url=https://report.grid-india.in/vre_report.php|access-date=21 April 2025|archive-date=9 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109115817/https://report.grid-india.in/vre_report.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> and by 2025 this happened in notable amounts (0.9 TWh in October) as other power plants had reached their limits of flexibility.<ref>{{cite web |title=India curtailed 2.3 TWh of solar generation between May and Dec. 2025: Ember |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2026/01/27/india-lost-2-3-twh-of-solar-generation-between-may-and-dec-2025-due-to-grid-security-concerns/ |website=pv magazine India |date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Monthly solar power generation, April 2022 – March 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports|url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/resd/2022/03/March_22.pdf|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714141850/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/resd/2022/03/March_22.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"|Month
! colspan="5"|Regional solar power generation (GWh)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/renewable-generation-report/?lang=en |title=Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports, CEA |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308002235/https://cea.nic.in/renewable-generation-report/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
! data-sort-type="numeric" rowspan="2"|Total (GWh)
|-
! data-sort-type="numeric"|North !! data-sort-type="numeric"|West !! data-sort-type="numeric"|South !! data-sort-type="numeric"|East !! data-sort-type="numeric"|North East
|-
| align="left"|April 2022 || 3,208.06 || 1,632.07 || 3,376.37 || 92.37 || 15.04 || 8,323.92
|-
| align="left"|May 2022 || 3,558.22 || 1,744.64 || 3,402.17 || 99.98 || 22.55 || 8,827.56
|-,
| align="left"|June 2022 || 3,447.78 || 1,538.53 || 3,177.10 ||78.58 || 17.92 || 8,259.91
|-
| align="left"|July 2022 || 3,000.77 || 1,178.11 || 2,699.70|| 74.34 || 12.98 || 6,965.89
|-
| align="left"|August 2022 || 3,136.11 || 1,216.88 || 2,972.50 || 75.70 || 27.07 || 7,428.25
|-
| align="left"|September 2022 || 3,662.69 || 1,390.23 || 3,052.64 || 76.37|| 25.79 || 8,207.73
|-
| align="left"|October 2022 || 3,835.41 || 1,657.49 || 3,123.65 || 88.36 || 21.92|| 8,726.83
|-
| align="left"|November 2022|| 3,389.91 || 1,577.53 || 2,898.03 || 89.57 || 21.85 || 7,976.88
|-
| align="left"|December 2022 || 3,436.29 ||1,564.96 || 3,098.10 ||85.72 || 22.44|| 8,207.51
|-
| align="left"|January 2023 || 3,539.94|| 1,831.84 || 3,806.66 || 87.91 || 23.66 || 9,290.01
|-
| align="left"|February 2023 ||3,733.67 || 1,977.84 || 3,726.01 || 98.09 || 19.80|| 9,555.41
|-
| align="left"|March 2023 || 4,172.76 || 1,930.04 || 4,018.53 || 97.45||25.5 || 10,244.34
|-
! Total (GWh) !! 42,121.59 !!19,240.16 !! 39,351.45 !! 1,044.45 !! 256.58 !! 102,014.24
|}

== Installations by application ==
[[File:Solar-Panels-HUDA-station.jpg|thumb|Solar panels at [[HUDA City Centre metro station|HUDA City Centre]], Gurgaon]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity by application (MWAC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements|title=Physical Progress (Achievements) {{!}} Ministry of New and Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|website=mnre.gov.in|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021044102/https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Application
!31 March 2024
|-
|Ground mounted including floating and hybrid.
| align="right"|66,980
|-
| Grid connected rooftop
| align="right"|11,870
|-
|Off-grid
| align="right"|2,960
|-
|TOTAL
| align="right"|81,810
|}

The installed capacity is generally given in [[Nominal power (photovoltaic)|DC capacity]] at standard operating conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/photovoltaics/standard-test-conditions.html |title=Standard Test Conditions of a Photovoltaic Module |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117235909/https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/photovoltaics/standard-test-conditions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The actual AC power peak output at high voltage from a solar plant is between 65 and 75% of the rated DC capacity, after accounting for temperature coefficient, derating of solar cells capacity with time, losses in the total system, elevation of the plant, location of the plant, actual solar irradiance, etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2022 |url=https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2022-vF.pdf |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316013115/https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2022-vF.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The AC peak power is also generally limited by the selected inverter's capacity for economic reasons.

As of September 2022, the rooftop solar power generation capacity is 8.3 GW.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mercomindia.com/india-adds-1-2-gw-rooftop-solar-9m-2022/|title=India Adds Over 1.2 GW of Rooftop Solar in 9M 2022|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007172934/https://www.mercomindia.com/india-adds-1-2-gw-rooftop-solar-9m-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Rooftop solar can be divided into residential solar, commercial and industrial solar roofs as well as a range of installations including agricultural buildings, community and cultural centers. 70 per cent of rooftop solar in 2018 was in the industrial and commercial sectors, with just 20 per cent as residential rooftop solar.<ref name="srtgw1" /> Rooftop solar as a proportion of total solar installations is much less than is typical in other leading solar countries but was forecast to grow to 40 GW by 2022 under national targets.<ref name=":1" /> A rough calculation would imply that India had around just 430 MW of residential rooftop solar, whilst the [[Solar power in the United Kingdom|UK]] with around half the overall solar capacity of India had over 2,500 MW of residential solar in 2018. The smallest segment was off-grid solar at 1467 MW which could help play a role in reaching villages and dwellings without access to the national grid.

The open-access solar installation capacity reached 16.3 GW capacity as of June 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/indias-solar-open-access-in-1h-2024|title=India's solar open access capacity jumps 153% in 1H 2024|access-date=6 September 2024|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101001/https://www.mercomindia.com/indias-solar-open-access-in-1h-2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Concentrated solar power==
The installed capacity of commercial [[concentrated solar power]] plants (non-storage type) in India is 227.5 MW with 50 MW in Andhra Pradesh and 177.5 MW in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/669 |title=DOE Energy storage database |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085438/http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/669/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The existing solar thermal power plants (non-storage type) in India, which are generating costly intermittent power on a daily basis, can be converted into storage type solar thermal plants to generate 3 to 4 times more base load power at cheaper cost and not depend on government subsidies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/is-csp-viable-without-storage#gs.9UN2YLg |title=Concentrating Solar Power Isn't Viable Without Storage, Say Experts |access-date=29 August 2017 |date=November 2016 |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103190935/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/is-csp-viable-without-storage#gs.9UN2YLg |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Concentrated solar power]] plants with thermal storage are also emerging as cheaper (US 5¢/kWh) and cleaner [[Load following power plant]]s than fossil fuel power plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solarpaces.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Blue-Book-of-Chinas-Concentrating-Solar-Power-Industry-2023.pdf|title=Blue Book of China's Concentrating Solar Power Industry 2023|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308125000/https://www.solarpaces.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Blue-Book-of-Chinas-Concentrating-Solar-Power-Industry-2023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2024, [[Solar Energy Corporation of India|SECI]] announced that a [[Request for quotation |RfQ]] for 500 MW would be issued in the year 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/seci-to-issue-tender-for-500-mw-concentrated-solar-thermal-power-project/108189940|title=SECI to issue tender for 500-MW concentrated solar-thermal power project|date=4 March 2024 |access-date= 7 March 2024 }}</ref>

==Hybrid solar plants==
Solar power, generated mainly during the daytime in the non-monsoon period, complements wind which generate power during the monsoon months in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=27 May 2019|title=Adani Quotes Lowest Tariff of ₹2.69/kWh in SECI's 1.2 GW Solar-Wind Hybrid Auction|url=https://mercomindia.com/adani-lowest-tariff-seci-hybrid-auction/|access-date=26 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009192909/https://www.mercomindia.com/adani-lowest-tariff-seci-hybrid-auction|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Kaavya|date=6 December 2018|title=SB Energy and Adani Green win 840 MW at hybrid auction|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/sb-energy-and-adani-green-win-840-mw-at-hybrid-auction/66965471|access-date=26 June 2021|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=1 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101015221/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/sb-energy-and-adani-green-win-840-mw-at-hybrid-auction/66965471|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar panels can be located in the space between the towers of [[wind power plant]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Sudheer|date=26 September 2017|title=Siemens Gamesa bags Wind-Solar hybrid energy project in Karnataka|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/siemens-gamesa-bags-wind-solar-hydrid-energy-project-in-karnataka/60841883|access-date=26 June 2021|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219190847/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/siemens-gamesa-bags-wind-solar-hydrid-energy-project-in-karnataka/60841883|url-status=live}}</ref> It also complements hydroelectricity, generated primarily during India's monsoon months. Solar-power plants can be installed near existing hydropower and [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]], using the existing power transmission infrastructure and storing the surplus secondary power generated by the solar PV plants.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Kaavya|date=28 November 2018|title=Shapoorji Pallonji bags country's first large-scale floating solar project|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/shapoorji-pallonji-bags-countrys-first-large-scale-floating-solar-project/66837326|access-date=26 June 2021|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220084425/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/shapoorji-pallonji-bags-countrys-first-large-scale-floating-solar-project/66837326|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Proctor|first=Darrell|date=1 September 2017|title=Integrated Solar-Hydro Project Takes Float|url=http://www.powermag.com/integrated-solar-hydro-project-takes-float/|access-date=26 June 2021|website=Power|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915071148/https://www.powermag.com/integrated-solar-hydro-project-takes-float/|url-status=live}}</ref> Floating solar plants on the reservoirs of pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are complementary to each other.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnard|first=Michael|date=26 December 2019|title=Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 1: Evaporation Management Is A Bonus|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/12/26/floating-solar-on-pumped-hydro-part-1-evaporation-management-is-a-bonus/|access-date=26 June 2021|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713130329/https://cleantechnica.com/2019/12/26/floating-solar-on-pumped-hydro-part-1-evaporation-management-is-a-bonus/|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar PV plants clubbed with pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are also under construction to supply peaking power.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saurabh|date=1 February 2020|title=India Allocates 1.2 Gigawatts In World's Largest Renewable Energy Storage Tender|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2020/02/01/india-allocates-1-2-gigawatts-in-worlds-largest-renewable-energy-storage-tender/|access-date=26 June 2021|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007144655/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/02/01/india-allocates-1-2-gigawatts-in-worlds-largest-renewable-energy-storage-tender/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the daytime, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy.<ref name="sther">{{cite web|last=Holmes à Court|first=Simon|date=21 August 2017|title=Aurora: What you should know about Port Augusta's solar power-tower|url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/aurora-what-you-should-know-about-port-augustas-solar-power-tower-86715/|access-date=22 August 2017|website=Renew Economy|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053448/http://reneweconomy.com.au/aurora-what-you-should-know-about-port-augustas-solar-power-tower-86715/|url-status=live}}</ref> This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the daylight whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from [[solar power tower]] and [[parabolic trough]] types) for meeting 24 hours baseload power.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kraemer|first=Susan|date=25 August 2015|title=Cheap Baseload Solar At Copiapó Gets OK In Chile|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2015/08/25/cheap-baseload-solar-copiapo-gets-ok-chile-exclusive-info/|access-date=1 September 2017|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916053211/https://cleantechnica.com/2015/08/25/cheap-baseload-solar-copiapo-gets-ok-chile-exclusive-info/|url-status=live}}</ref> When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap excess grid power when the grid frequency is above 50 [[hz]] for heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 June 2019|title=Controllable solar power – competitively priced for the first time in North Africa|work=[[German Aerospace Center]]|url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2019/02/20190605_controllable-solar-power.html|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085437/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2019/02/20190605_controllable-solar-power.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/apr/06/salt-silicon-or-graphite-energy-storage-goes-beyond-lithium-ion-batteries |title=Salt, silicon or graphite: energy storage goes beyond lithium ion batteries |access-date=1 September 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 April 2017 |last1=Lewis |first1=Dyani |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901024120/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/apr/06/salt-silicon-or-graphite-energy-storage-goes-beyond-lithium-ion-batteries |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 August 2016|title=Commercializing Standalone Thermal Energy Storage|url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/storage/commercializing-standalone-thermal-energy-storage/#gref|access-date=1 September 2017|website=Renewable Energy World|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211010/https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/storage/commercializing-standalone-thermal-energy-storage/#gref|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Solar heating==
[[File:India One Solar Thermal Power Plant - India - Brahma Kumaris 08.jpg|thumb|A solar heating plant in Rajasthan]]{{anchor|Solar heating}}{{See also|Solar thermal energy}}
Generating hot water or air or steam using concentrated solar reflectors, is increasing rapidly. Presently concentrated solar thermal installation base for heating applications is about 20 MWth in India and expected to grow rapidly.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramesh|first=M.|date=12 March 2018|title=The sleeping giant is waking up|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/clean-tech/the-sleeping-giant-is-waking-up/article22116728.ece1|access-date=18 July 2021|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209021105/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/clean-tech/the-sleeping-giant-is-waking-up/article22116728.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nair|first=Geeta|date=13 June 2018|title=Solar thermal industry seeks govt attention|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/solar-thermal-industry-seeks-govt-attention/1205269/|access-date=14 June 2018|website=The Financial Express|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007145035/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/solar-thermal-industry-seeks-govt-attention/1205269/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bengaluru]] has the largest deployment of roof-top solar water heaters in India, generating an energy equivalent of 200 MW.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pantulu|first=C Chitti|date=28 November 2009|title=Solar Water Heater|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_live-life-off-the-grid-or-tap-the-sunshine-in-your-backyard_1317492|access-date=27 November 2010|work=Daily News and Analysis|archive-date=20 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920001834/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_live-life-off-the-grid-or-tap-the-sunshine-in-your-backyard_1317492|url-status=live}}</ref> It is India's first city to provide a rebate of {{INRconvert|50}} on monthly electricity bills for residents using roof-top thermal systems,<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 2009|title=Solar Water Heater Rebate|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://hindu.com/2009/11/26/stories/2009112655090600.htm|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130163243/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/26/stories/2009112655090600.htm|archive-date=30 November 2009}}</ref> which are now mandatory in all new structures. [[Pune]] has also made solar water heaters mandatory in new buildings.<ref>{{cite news|author=Das|first=Dipannita|date=29 November 2009|title=More homes opt for solar energy|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/More-homes-opt-for-solar-energy/articleshow/5280270.cms|access-date=27 November 2010|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127122930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/More-homes-opt-for-solar-energy/articleshow/5280270.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector|Photovoltaic thermal]] (PVT) panels produce simultaneously the required warm water/air along with electricity under sunlight.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 October 2018|title=PVT panels|work=ETEnergyworld.com|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/long-way-to-go-for-india-to-fulfil-renewable-energy-targets-expert/66372085|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural electrification==
The lack of an electricity infrastructure is a hurdle to rural India's development. India's power grid is under-developed, with large groups of people still living off the grid.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramanunni|first=Jalaja|date=16 April 2017|title=DC solar products are lighting up rural India: What's driving the increased demand?|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/dc-solar-products-are-lighting-up-rural-india-whats-driving-the-increased-demand-3386812.html|access-date=28 June 2021|website=Firstpost|archive-date=1 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301065127/https://www.firstpost.com/living/dc-solar-products-are-lighting-up-rural-india-whats-driving-the-increased-demand-3386812.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, about 80,000 of the nation's villages still did not have electricity, 18,000 out of them could not be electrified by extending the conventional grid due to inconvenience. A target of electrifying 5,000 such villages was set for the [[Five-Year Plans of India#Tenth Plan (2002–2007)|2002–2007 Five-Year Plan]]. By 2004 more than 2,700 villages and hamlets were electrified, primarily with solar photovoltaic systems.<ref name="SPSEPRIE" /> The development of inexpensive solar technology is considered a potential alternative, providing an electricity infrastructure consisting of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed electricity generation.<ref name="ecoworld" >{{cite web |url=http://www.ecoworld.com/products/electronics/indias-solar-power.html |title=India's Solar Power: Greening India's Future Energy Demand |publisher=Ecoworld.com |date=15 May 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |first=Avilash |last=Roul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420065906/http://www.ecoworld.com/products/electronics/indias-solar-power.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 }}</ref> It could bypass (or relieve) expensive, long-distance, centralised power-delivery systems, bringing inexpensive electricity to large groups of people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Upadhyay|first=Anand|date=27 July 2020|title=Can India Provide Free Solar-Powered Irrigation To All Its Farmers?|work=Clean Technica|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/27/can-india-provide-free-solar-powered-irrigation-to-all-its-farmers/|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007145242/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/27/can-india-provide-free-solar-powered-irrigation-to-all-its-farmers/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Rajasthan during Financial Year 2016–17, 91 villages have been electrified with a solar standalone system and over 6,200 households have received a 100 W solar home-lighting system.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

India has sold or distributed about 12 lakh (1.2 million) solar home-lighting systems and 32 lakh (3.2 million) solar lanterns, and has been ranked the top Asian market for solar off-grid products.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/chinas-cheap-solar-panels-cause-dark-spots-in-indian-market/articleshow/45738182.cms |title=China's cheap solar panels cause dark spots in Indian market |access-date=3 January 2015 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=3 January 2015 |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Anindya |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220184434/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/chinas-cheap-solar-panels-cause-dark-spots-in-indian-market/articleshow/45738182.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oredaorissa.com/admin.htm |title=The Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA) was constituted as a State Nodal agency in the 1984 |publisher=Oredaorissa.com |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812073242/http://www.oredaorissa.com/admin.htm |archive-date=12 August 2010 }}</ref>

===Lamps and lighting===
{{anchor|Solar lamps and lighting}}By 2012, a total of 4,600,000 solar lanterns and 861,654 solar-powered home lights were installed. Typically replacing kerosene lamps, they can be purchased for the cost of a few months' worth of kerosene with a small loan. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is offering a 30- to 40-percent subsidy of the cost of lanterns, home lights and small systems (up to 210 [[Nominal power (photovoltaic)#Watt-peak|Wp]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2012|title=Government offer 30 per cent subsidy for solar lanterns and home lights|url=https://www.electronicsb2b.com/industry-buzz/government-offer-30-per-cent-subsidy-for-solar-lanterns-and-home-lights/|access-date=28 June 2021|website=ElectronicsB2B|language=en-US|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116090213/https://www.electronicsb2b.com/industry-buzz/government-offer-30-per-cent-subsidy-for-solar-lanterns-and-home-lights/|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 [[crore]] (20 million) solar lamps are expected by 2022.<ref name=actionplan>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=83632 |title=Action Plan to Increase Renewable Energy |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020065747/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=83632 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Agricultural support===
[[Solar-powered pump|Solar photovoltaic water-pumping systems]] are used for irrigation and drinking water.<ref name="modpri">{{cite web|date=23 October 2017|title=Indian Module Makers Beat Chinese Prices In 300 Megawatt Tender|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/10/23/indian-module-makers-beat-chinese-prices-300-megawatt-tender/|access-date=23 October 2017|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007135829/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/10/23/indian-module-makers-beat-chinese-prices-300-megawatt-tender/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most pumps are fitted with a {{convert|200|–|3000|W|hp|abbr=on}} motor powered with a 1,800 Wp PV array which can deliver about {{convert|140000|L|USgal}} of water per day from a total [[hydraulic head]] of {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}. By 31 October 2019 a total of 181,521 solar photovoltaic water pumping systems were installed and total solar photovoltaic water pumping systems would reach 35 lakh (3.5 million) by the year 2022 under [[PM Kusum Scheme]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar Irrigation in India|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Solar%20Irrigation%20in%20India.pdf|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405001322/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Solar%20Irrigation%20in%20India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Nithin Thomas|date=6 January 2020|title=Over 181,000 Solar Water Pumps Installed in India|url=https://mercomindia.com/over-181000-solar-water-pumps-installed/|access-date=28 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=10 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010060828/https://www.mercomindia.com/over-181000-solar-water-pumps-installed|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 February 2020|agency=PTI|title=Budget 2020: Govt expands PM KUSUM scheme for solar pumps, targets to cover 20 lakh farmers|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/budget-2020-govt-expands-pm-kusum-scheme-for-solar-pumps-targets-to-cover-20-lakh-farmers/73843355|access-date=28 June 2021|newspaper=Economic Times|language=en|archive-date=1 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101015221/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/budget-2020-govt-expands-pm-kusum-scheme-for-solar-pumps-targets-to-cover-20-lakh-farmers/73843355|url-status=live}}</ref> During hot sunny daytime when the water needs are more for watering the fields, solar pumps performance can be improved by maintaining pumped water flowing/sliding over the solar panels to keep them cooler and clean.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2017|title=How hot do solar panels get? Effect of temperature on solar performance|url=https://news.energysage.com/solar-panel-temperature-overheating/|access-date=1 August 2018|website=Energy Sage|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526201314/https://news.energysage.com/solar-panel-temperature-overheating/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Agrivoltaic|Agro photovoltaics]] is the electricity generation without losing agriculture production by using the same land.<ref name=agri>{{cite web|title=Agrivoltaics in India: Fertile Ground?|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Agrivoltaics%20in%20India.pdf|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014154139/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Agrivoltaics%20in%20India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 May 2020|title=Driving synergy in energy and agriculture through Agro-Photovoltaics|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/opinion-driving-synergy-in-energy-and-agriculture-through-agro-photovoltaics/76113875|access-date=28 June 2021|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220031141/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/opinion-driving-synergy-in-energy-and-agriculture-through-agro-photovoltaics/76113875|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar driers are used to dry harvests for storage.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Solar chilli drier |date=1 September 2005 }}</ref> Low cost solar powered bicycles are also available to ply between fields and village for agricultural activity, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2017|title=Meet this engineering student from Pune who has built a solar powered bicycle|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/engineering-student-from-pune-solar-powered-bicycle-1116395-2017-12-26|access-date=28 June 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223074349/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/engineering-student-from-pune-solar-powered-bicycle-1116395-2017-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2021|title=IIT-K scientists design mobile pesticide sprayer that runs on solar energy|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/iit-k-scientists-design-mobile-pesticide-sprayer-that-runs-on-solar-energy-75457|access-date=28 June 2021|website=Down to Earth|language=en|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101050/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/iit-k-scientists-design-mobile-pesticide-sprayer-that-runs-on-solar-energy-75457|url-status=live}}</ref> On site/field, fertiliser is produced from air by solar power with no carbon emissions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pulling fertilizer out of thin air with solar power|date=18 January 2022|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/01/18/pulling-fertilizer-out-of-thin-air-with-solar-power/|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=16 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116061952/https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/01/18/pulling-fertilizer-out-of-thin-air-with-solar-power/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rainwater harvesting===
In addition to solar energy, rainwater is a major [[renewable resource]] of any area. In India, large areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them. Drinking or [[breweries]] water quality, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple [[Water purification|filtration and disinfection]] processes, as rainwater is very low in [[salinity]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dvorak|first=Paul|date=20 October 2017|title=Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems.|url=http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/|access-date=21 October 2017|website=Wind Power Engineering and Development|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111651/http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pham|first=Diane|date=29 November 2017|title=New rooftop solar hydropanels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time|url=https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/|access-date=28 June 2021|website=inhabitat.com|language=en-US|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810113041/https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/|url-status=live}}</ref> Good quality water resources, closer to populated areas, are becoming a scarcity and increasingly costly for consumers. Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall and cloudy areas by the increased income from drinking water generation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hanley|first=Steve|date=4 December 2017|title=Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/|access-date=5 December 2017|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123311/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Refrigeration and air conditioning==
[[File:4MW single axis horizontal tracker in Vellakoil, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|thumb|alt=Many solar panels arranged horizontally at ground level|4 MW horizontal single-axis tracker in [[Vellakoil]], Tamil Nadu]]

{{anchor|Solar refrigeration and air conditioning}} Residential electricity consumers who are paying higher slab rates more than {{INRConvert|5}} per unit, can form into local groups to install collectively rooftop off-grid solar power units (without much battery storage) and replace the costly power used from the grid with the solar power as and when produced.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Indian Residential Rooftops: A Vast Trove of Solar Energy Potential |url= http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Indian%20Residential%20Rooftops.pdf |access-date= 8 October 2022 |archive-date= 19 June 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240619190318/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Indian%20Residential%20Rooftops.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> Hence power draw from the grid which is an assured power supply without much power cuts nowadays, serves as a cheaper backup source when grid power consumption is limited to lower slab rate by using solar power during the day time. The maximum power generation of solar panels during the sunny daytime is complementary with the enhanced residential electricity consumption during the hot/summer days due to the higher use of cooling appliances such as fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, desert coolers, water heaters, etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Using electric water heaters to store renewable energy could do the work of 2 million home batteries - and save us billions. |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/using-electric-water-heaters-to-store-renewable-energy-could-do-the-work-of-2-million-home-batteries-and-save-us-billions/100758296 |access-date=5 June 2023 |newspaper=The Economic Times |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007212745/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/using-electric-water-heaters-to-store-renewable-energy-could-do-the-work-of-2-million-home-batteries-and-save-us-billions/100758296 |url-status=live }}</ref> It would discourage Discoms to extract higher electricity charges selectively from its consumers.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Rs 3 per KWh – lowest tariff for third-party rooftop solar power installations |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/chandigarh-himachal-uttarakhand-to-get-cheapest-power-gujarat-to-costliest/articleshow/54926741.cms |access-date=19 October 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 October 2016 |last1=Sengupta |first1=Debjoy }}</ref> There is no need of any permission from Discoms similar to [[Standby generator|DG power sets]] installation. Cheaper discarded batteries of [[Battery electric vehicle|electric vehicle]] can also be used economically to store the excess solar power generated in the daylight.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zipp|first=Kathie|date=20 February 2017|title=Giving electric vehicle batteries a second life in solar projects|url=http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2017/02/giving-electric-vehicle-batteries-second-life-solar-projects/|access-date=28 February 2017|website=Solar Power World|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007201319/https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2017/02/giving-electric-vehicle-batteries-second-life-solar-projects/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dea">{{cite web|last=Rapier|first=Robert|date=17 October 2019|title=The Death Of The World's Most Popular Battery|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Death-Of-The-Worlds-Most-Popular-Battery.html|access-date=28 October 2019|website=OilPrice.com|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121185732/https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Death-Of-The-Worlds-Most-Popular-Battery.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Maximum solar-electricity generation during the hot hours of the day can be used for meeting residential air-conditioning requirements regardless of other load requirements, such as refrigeration, lighting, cooking, and water pumping. Power generation of photovoltaic modules can be increased by 17 to 20 per cent by equipping them with a [[Solar tracker|tracking system]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramesh|first=M.|date=17 January 2018|title=Moving with the sun|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/clean-tech/moving-with-the-sun/article8812097.ece|access-date=28 June 2021|website=The Hindu @businessline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 April 2018|title=Bifacial Plus Tracking Boosts Solar Energy Yield by 27 Percent|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/bifacial-plus-tracking-boosts-solar-energy-yield-by-27-percent#gs.zVmaRi8|access-date=19 April 2018|website=Green Tech Media}}</ref>

In regions where peak electricity demand occurs in the evening, precooling of houses by increasing A/C settings in the afternoon as well as air conditioning systems combined with chilled water storage can increase the value of PV to the system and facilitate high shares of PV in total electricity generation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Ershad|first1=Ahmad Murtaza|last2=Pietzcker|first2=Robert|last3=Ueckerdt|first3=Falko|last4=Luderer|first4=Gunnar|date=January 2020|title=Managing Power Demand from Air Conditioning Benefits Solar PV in India Scenarios for 2040|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=13|issue=9|page=2223|doi=10.3390/en13092223|doi-access=free }}</ref> Using both options to better match AC electricity demand with PV electricity supply could increase cost-optimal shares of PV in total electricity by up to 15 percentage points.<ref name=":3" />

==Grid stabilisation==
{{anchor|Power grid stabilisation}} Solar power PV plants are capable to provide [[fast frequency response]] in ramping up falling grid frequency.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/73856.pdf| title=Inertia and the Power Grid: A Guide Without the Spin| publisher=NREL| access-date=25 March 2023| archive-date=10 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510193415/https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/73856.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> Solar-power plants equipped with [[Rechargeable battery|battery]] storage systems where [[net energy metering]] is used can feed stored electricity into the power grid when its frequency is below the rated parameter (50 Hz) and draw excess power from the grid when its frequency is above the rated parameter.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Next-generation solar power: unique design and energy storage for grid stability|url=https://solar.huawei.com/apac/news/apac/2021/7/Next-generation-solar-power-unique-design-and-energy-storage-for-grid-stability|access-date=18 July 2021|website=solar.huawei.com|publisher=pv magazine|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604132744/https://solar.huawei.com/apac/news/apac/2021/7/Next-generation-solar-power-unique-design-and-energy-storage-for-grid-stability|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=St. John|first=Jeff|date=20 April 2016|title=AES Energy Storage and Panasonic Target India for Grid Batteries|url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/aes-energy-storage-and-panasonic-target-india-for-grid-batteries|access-date=16 April 2016|website=Greentech Media|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219124324/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/aes-energy-storage-and-panasonic-target-india-for-grid-batteries|url-status=live}}</ref> Excursions above and below the rated grid frequency occur about 100 times daily.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nldc.in/2013-03-12-10-34-42/frequency-profile |title= Frequency Profile, NLDC, GoI |access-date= 6 August 2015 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saurabh|date=25 February 2016|title=India Plans 750 MW Solar Power Park With 100 MW Storage Capacity|url=http://cleantechnica.com/2016/02/25/india-plans-750-mw-solar-power-park-100-mw-storage-capacity/|access-date=1 March 2016|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307203418/http://cleantechnica.com/2016/02/25/india-plans-750-mw-solar-power-park-100-mw-storage-capacity/|url-status=live}}</ref> The solar-plant owner would receive nearly double the price for electricity sent into the grid compared to that consumed from the grid if a frequency-based tariff is offered to rooftop solar plants or plants dedicated to a distribution substation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Time DSM tariff|url=http://indiapowertrading.info/real-time-power-grid-frequency/|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121083416/http://indiapowertrading.info/real-time-power-grid-frequency/|archive-date=21 January 2020|access-date=6 August 2015|website=indiapowertrading.info}}</ref><ref name="dsm">{{cite web|date=6 January 2014|title=Deviation Settlement Mechanism and related matters, CERC, GoI|url=http://cercind.gov.in/2014/regulation/noti132.pdf|access-date=6 August 2015|website=Central Electricity Regulatory Commission|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201920/http://www.cercind.gov.in/2014/regulation/noti132.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A power-purchase agreement (PPA) is not needed for solar plants with a [[Rechargeable battery|battery]] storage systems to serve [[Availability-based tariff|ancillary-service operations]] and transmit generated electricity for captive consumption using an open-access facility.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=20 December 2017|title=Rays Future Energy executes 60 MW of capacity under open access|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/rays-future-energy-executes-60-mw-of-capacity-under-open-access/62179165|access-date=20 December 2017|newspaper=Economic Times|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227123004/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/rays-future-energy-executes-60-mw-of-capacity-under-open-access/62179165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Fred|date=28 June 2017|title=Audi claims to be buying batteries at ~$114/kWh for its upcoming electric cars, says CTO|url=https://electrek.co/2017/06/28/audi-electric-car-battery-cost/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=electrek.co|archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122020003/https://electrek.co/2017/06/28/audi-electric-car-battery-cost/|url-status=live}}</ref> Battery storage is popular in India, with more than 1 crore (10 million) households using battery backup during [[load shedding]].<ref>{{cite web|date=6 April 2016|title=Global Solar Storage Market: A Review Of 2015|url=http://www.solarquarter.com/index.php/technology/504-global-solar-storage-market-a-review-of-2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416153918/http://solarquarter.com/index.php/technology/504-global-solar-storage-market-a-review-of-2015|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live|website=Solar Quarter}}</ref> Battery storage systems are also used to improve the [[power factor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Storing The Sun's Energy Just Got A Whole Lot Cheaper|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/05/18/3778623/new-economics-solar-plus-battery-storage/|url-access=limited|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720133155/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/05/18/3778623/new-economics-solar-plus-battery-storage/|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar PV or wind paired with four-hour battery storage systems is already cost competitive, without subsidy and power purchase agreement by selling peak power in [[Indian Energy Exchange]], as a source of dispatchable generation compared with new coal and new gas plants in India".<ref>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Peter|date=28 June 2019|title=Los Angeles seeks record sub-two cent solar power price|url=https://www.focustechnica.com/los-angeles-seeks-record-sub-two-cent-solar-power-price/|access-date=29 June 2019|website=FocusTechnica|publisher=pv magazine USA|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116093235/https://www.focustechnica.com/los-angeles-seeks-record-sub-two-cent-solar-power-price/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 November 2018|title=Solar and wind now the cheapest power source says Bloomberg NEF|url=https://www.powerengineeringint.com/renewables/solar/solar-and-wind-now-the-cheapest-power-source-says-bloombergnef/|access-date=19 November 2018|website=Power Engineering International (PEi)|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028053048/https://www.powerengineeringint.com/renewables/solar/solar-and-wind-now-the-cheapest-power-source-says-bloombergnef/|url-status=live}}</ref> Battery energy storage system cost have come down drastically in India for a mega storage capacity of 500 MW with four hours daily power supply (two round trip cycles per day) at full capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JSW Renew Energy Wins SECI Tender for 1 GWh Battery Energy Storage Systems|url=https://mercomindia.com/jsw-renew-energy-wins-seci-tender-1gwh-bess/|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=16 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116110755/https://www.mercomindia.com/jsw-renew-energy-wins-seci-tender-1gwh-bess|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JSW emerges lowest bidder for pilot battery storage mega tender|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/jsw-emerges-lowest-bidder-for-pilot-battery-storage-mega-tender/93806291|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007194758/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/jsw-emerges-lowest-bidder-for-pilot-battery-storage-mega-tender/93806291|url-status=live}}</ref>

India is experiencing morning peak power demand for nearly 6 months from November to April and the solar power generation from 6 am to 10 am is not adequate to meet morning peak demand as its availability peaks at midday time. However solar power panels can be oriented/fixed towards the south-eastern direction (nearly 10° towards the east from the south direction) to capture more sunlight for enhanced solar power generation during peak hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Should your PV systems face west with California's Net Billing Tariff (NEM 3.0) rules? |date=18 April 2023 |url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/04/should-your-pv-systems-face-west-with-californias-net-billing-tariff-nem-3-0-rules/ |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007133430/https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/04/should-your-pv-systems-face-west-with-californias-net-billing-tariff-nem-3-0-rules/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Higher solar tariffs during morning hours enable the solar power plants to cater the maximum peak demand of the national grid reducing the load on peaking hydropower or [[load-following power plant]]s.<ref name=agri/> Combination of solar panels in different orientations on both sides of North-South line generates power for longer hours daily and undesirable peak output is dampened at the midday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The effect of orientation on solar output |date=25 August 2016 |url=https://solarcalculator.com.au/solar-panel-orientation/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318074412/https://solarcalculator.com.au/solar-panel-orientation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the solar power plants remain idle during the night hours, reactive power capability of the inverters installed as part of the solar power plant can also be used during the night time for solving the problem of very high voltage which occurs due to low loads on the transmission lines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Night Mode operation (Trial) of PV Inverters |url=https://www.srldc.in/UploadFiles/NewsAndUpdate/SRLDC%20Report%20on%20Night%20Mode%20Operation%20(Trial)%20of%20PV%20Inverters%20%20at%20Pavagada%20Ultra%20Mega%20Solar%20Park.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127123118/https://srldc.in/UploadFiles/NewsAndUpdate/SRLDC%20Report%20on%20Night%20Mode%20Operation%20(Trial)%20of%20PV%20Inverters%20%20at%20Pavagada%20Ultra%20Mega%20Solar%20Park.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>

Battery storage is also used economically to reduce daily/monthly [[Peak shaving|peak power demand]] for minimising the monthly demand charges from the utility to the commercial and industrial establishments.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weaver|first=John Fitzgerald|date=30 June 2017|title=Energy storage already cost-competitive in commercial sector|url=https://electrek.co/2017/06/30/egeb-2/|access-date=30 June 2017|website=electrek.co|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219190006/https://electrek.co/2017/06/30/egeb-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Using batteries to shift PV electricity from times with very high generation (noon) to times with low generation (evening, night, morning) can increase the cost-optimal share of PV in the future Indian power system substantially, from 40 to 50% without batteries to 60–90% with batteries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ershad |first1=Ahmad Murtaza |last2=Ueckerdt |first2=Falko |last3=Pietzcker |first3=Robert C. |last4=Giannousakis |first4=Anastasis |last5=Luderer |first5=Gunnar |title=A further decline in battery storage costs can pave the way for a solar PV-dominated Indian power system |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition |date=August 2021 |volume=1 |article-number=100006 |doi=10.1016/j.rset.2021.100006 |s2cid=239674354 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Challenges and opportunities==
{{See also|Energy policy of India#Solar energy}}
The land price is costly for acquisition in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maha: Govt plans to generate 7,000 MW solar power for farmers by 2026|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/maha-govt-plans-to-generate-7000-mw-solar-power-for-farmers-by-2026-says-msedcl-director/99859341|date=29 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=21 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221115156/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/maha-govt-plans-to-generate-7000-mw-solar-power-for-farmers-by-2026-says-msedcl-director/99859341|url-status=live}}</ref> Dedication of land for the installation of solar arrays must compete with other needs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marzouk |first1=Osama A. |title=Land-Use competitiveness of photovoltaic and concentrated solar power technologies near the Tropic of Cancer |journal=Solar Energy |date=September 2022 |volume=243 |pages=103–119 |doi=10.1016/j.solener.2022.07.051 |bibcode=2022SoEn..243..103M |doi-access=free }}</ref> The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants is about {{convert|1|km2|acre|abbr=on}} for every 40–60 MW generated. One alternative is to use the water-surface area [[Canal Solar Power Project|on canals]], lakes, reservoirs, farm ponds and the sea for large solar-power plants.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rathi|first=Sunil|date=31 October 2018|title=Floating solar energy transforming India into a greener nation|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/energy-speak/floating-solar-energy-transforming-india-into-a-greener-nation/3312|access-date=31 October 2018|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127083024/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/energy-speak/floating-solar-energy-transforming-india-into-a-greener-nation/3312|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zipp|first=Kathie|date=15 February 2017|title=Solar floats in the sunshine state|url=http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2017/02/solar-floats-sunshine-state/|access-date=1 March 2017|website=Solar Power World|archive-date=22 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222072840/https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2017/02/solar-floats-sunshine-state/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2009|title=Green Power Island: A blue battery for green energy|url=http://www.gottliebpaludan.com/en/project/green-power-island|access-date=13 July 2015|website=Gottlieb Paludan Architects|archive-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108084240/https://www.gottliebpaludan.com/en/project/green-power-island|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to better cooling of the solar panels and the sun tracking system, the output of solar panels is enhanced substantially.<ref>{{cite web|title=BOOST Consortium Deploys Offshore Solar Demonstrator in Spain|url=https://www.oedigital.com/news/510523-boost-consortium-deploys-offshore-solar-demonstrator-in-spain|date=3 January 2024|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219193848/https://www.oedigital.com/news/510523-boost-consortium-deploys-offshore-solar-demonstrator-in-spain|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Boffey|first=Daniel|date=21 April 2019|title=Dutch engineers build world's biggest sun-seeking solar farm|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/dutch-engineers-build-worlds-biggest-sun-seeking-solar-farm|access-date=23 June 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> These water bodies can also provide water to clean the solar panels.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 February 2017|title=NTPC installs Robotic Dry Cleaning System for Solar PV Plant at NTPC Dadri|url=https://energyinfrapost.com/ntpc-installs-robotic-dry-cleaning-system-solar-pv-plant-ntpc-dadri/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630081057/https://energyinfrapost.com/ntpc-installs-robotic-dry-cleaning-system-solar-pv-plant-ntpc-dadri/|archive-date=30 June 2018|access-date=25 February 2017|website=Energy Infra Post}}</ref> Conventional floating solar plants can only be installed on the dead storage area of a reservoir where water is always available. Floating solar plants installation cost has reduced steeply by 2018.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koundal|first=Aarushi|date=19 February 2020|title=India achieves lowest cost of floating solar power globally|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-achieves-lowest-cost-of-floating-solar-power-globally/74212955|access-date=23 June 2021|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223320/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-achieves-lowest-cost-of-floating-solar-power-globally/74212955|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar panels can also be installed economically above the maximum water level on the shallow sea and reservoirs (shallow live storage) area supported on piles.<ref>{{cite web|year=2024|title=Is China ready to put solar panels out at sea?|url=https://dialogue.earth/en/energy/is-china-ready-to-put-solar-panels-out-at-sea/|access-date=25 April 2024|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007151204/https://dialogue.earth/en/energy/is-china-ready-to-put-solar-panels-out-at-sea/|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2019, [[Indian Railways]] announced the plan to install 4 GW capacity along its tracks.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anupam Chatterjee|author2=Saurabh Kumar|date=19 January 2019|title=Indian Railways to invest Rs 18,000 crore on solar power units along tracks|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-unique-plan-with-rs-18000-crore-business-potential-4-gw-solar-power-units-to-come-up-along-tracks/1448374/|access-date=19 January 2019|website=The Financial Express|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085442/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-unique-plan-with-rs-18000-crore-business-potential-4-gw-solar-power-units-to-come-up-along-tracks/1448374/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=BHEL commissions world's first solar PV plant for rail traction system|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/bhel-commissions-worlds-first-solar-pv-plant-for-rail-traction-system/76871199|access-date=9 July 2020|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223131845/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/bhel-commissions-worlds-first-solar-pv-plant-for-rail-traction-system/76871199|url-status=live}}</ref> Highways and railways may also avoid the cost of land nearer to load centers, minimizing transmission-line costs by having solar plants about 10 meters above the roads or rail tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Baba Tamim |date=June 26, 2024 |title=World's first solar panel 'carpet' on railway tracks may generate electricity |website=Interesting Engineering |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-panel-carpet-on-railway-tracks |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241014214438/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-panel-carpet-on-railway-tracks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Peake|first=Eleanor|date=6 December 2017|title=Some of the UK's trains could be running on solar power by 2020|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/in-the-future-trains-will-be-solar-powered|magazine=Wired UK|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013190734/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/in-the-future-trains-will-be-solar-powered|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar power generated by road areas may also be used for in-motion charging of [[electric vehicle]]s, reducing fuel costs.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://ias.ieee.org/images/files/Webinars/IAS-webinar---Zeljko-Pantic---June-2016.pdf|title= Review of Recent Advances in Dynamic and Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer|access-date= 7 July 2016|archive-date= 19 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160919065926/http://ias.ieee.org/images/files/Webinars/IAS-webinar---Zeljko-Pantic---June-2016.pdf}}</ref> Highways would avoid damage from rain and summer heat, increasing comfort for commuters.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chadha|first=Mridul|date=2 April 2013|title=Indian Scientists Propose Solar Roofs For Roads|url=http://cleantechnica.com/2013/04/02/indian-scientists-propose-solar-roofs-for-roads/|access-date=17 November 2015|website=Clean Technica|archive-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118034731/http://cleantechnica.com/2013/04/02/indian-scientists-propose-solar-roofs-for-roads/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=Matthew|date=16 November 2015|title=World's First Solar Road Exceeds Expectations|url=http://www.enn.com/business/article/49158|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008230943/http://www.enn.com/business/article/49158|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jain|first=Lalit|date=1 March 2016|title=Greenhouse solar can plug the massive need for land to promote renewable energy|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/greenhouse-solar-can-plug-the-massive-need-for-land-to-promote-renewable-energy/51152523|access-date=27 February 2016|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225153956/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/greenhouse-solar-can-plug-the-massive-need-for-land-to-promote-renewable-energy/51152523|url-status=live}}</ref> By using high efficiency monocrystalline silicon modules in an earth mount solar array, the cost of module supporting structures and the land requirement are reduced drastically without reduction in electricity generation.<ref>{{cite web|title=4 California solar projects built flat on the ground|date=12 July 2022 |url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2022/07/4-california-solar-projects-built-flat-on-the-ground/|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref> Earth mounted solar arrays can withstand category 4 [[hurricane]] and designed for water submergence condition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rackless, earth-mounted solar provider earns funding|date=March 2022|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/03/01/rackless-earth-mounted-solar-provider-earns-funding/|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807123934/https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/03/01/rackless-earth-mounted-solar-provider-earns-funding/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Michelle |title=This Texas solar farm's panels will sit flat on the ground |work=Electrek |date=12 December 2022 |url=https://electrek.co/2022/12/12/texas-solar-farm-flat-on-the-ground/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107130351/https://electrek.co/2022/12/12/texas-solar-farm-flat-on-the-ground/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To reduce land footprint drastically where land cost is high, vertical installation of solar panels, in north-south orientation, forming a solar tower located on either side of roads, canals and rail tracks is also feasible.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar tower of power shows benefits of vertical installations|date=2 March 2023|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2023/03/02/solar-tower-pilot-project-shows-benefits-of-vertical-installations/|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=10 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010100500/https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2023/03/02/solar-tower-pilot-project-shows-benefits-of-vertical-installations/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bifacial solar panels in vertical configuration on rooftop is also feasible.<ref>{{cite web|title=World's Largest Vertical Rooftop PV System Deployed on Norway's National Football Stadium|date=2 August 2024|url=https://www.world-energy.org/article/43831.html|access-date=2 August 2024|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802145211/https://www.world-energy.org/article/43831.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The installed length of transmission lines of 66 kV and above is {{convert|649833|km|mi|abbr=on}} with nearly 20 lakh (2 million) [[Lattice tower|truss]] type [[transmission towers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/pdm/2020/12/growth_2020.pdf |title=Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947–2020 |publisher=[[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]] |date=October 2020 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027125432/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/pdm/2020/12/growth_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These transmission towers have nearly 50 GW solar PV potential (without any extra land footprint) @ 25 kW/tower if panels are installed on the south-facing [[facade]] at a safe distance from the conductors.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dioari Ulrich Combari |author2=Emmanuel Wendsongré Ramde |author3=Idrissa Sourabie |author4=Martial Zoungrana |author5=Issa Zerbo |author6=Dieudonné Joseph Bathiebo |title=Performance Investigation of a Silicon Photovoltaic Module under the Influence of a Magnetic Field |journal=Advances in Condensed Matter Physics |volume=2018 |article-number=6096901 |doi=10.1155/2018/6096901 |doi-access=free |date=November 2018|pages=1–8 }}</ref> Using [[Solar inverter|micro-inverters]] for each solar panel would minimise the effect of shading that is caused for some duration by the transmission tower.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coolorcosy.com.au/which-solar-panels-work-best-in-shade/ |title=Which Solar Panels Work Best In Shade? |work=Cool Or Cosy |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404235510/https://www.coolorcosy.com.au/which-solar-panels-work-best-in-shade/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Without the need to level the uneven land or maintaining the natural grading of a site, single axis trackers facilitate solar panels installation economically at optimum power generation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/01/single-axis-trackers-upgrade-to-handle-uneven-land-sites/ |title=Single-axis trackers upgrade to handle uneven land sites |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

The architecture best suited to most of India would be a set of rooftop power-generation systems connected
via a local grid.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deaton|first=Jeremy|date=27 May 2017|title=In Brooklyn, you can now sell solar power to your neighbors|url=http://www.salon.com/2017/05/27/in-brooklyn-you-can-now-sell-solar-power-to-your-neighbors_partner/|access-date=27 May 2017|website=Salon}}</ref> Not only the rooftop area but also outer surface area of tall buildings can be used for solar PV power generation by installing PV modules in a vertical position in place of glass panels to cover facade area.<ref>{{cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Anand|date=11 July 2020|title=India's Largest Building Integrated Vertical Solar System & The Road Ahead|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/11/indias-largest-building-integrated-vertical-solar-system-the-road-ahead/|access-date=12 July 2020|website=Clean Technica}}</ref> Such an infrastructure, which does not have the economy of scale of mass, utility-scale solar-panel deployment, needs a lower deployment price to attract individuals and family-sized households.<ref>{{cite web|title=Power Cost Savings Cover EMIs for Rooftop Solar: Tata Power Executive |url=https://mercomindia.com/emi-rooftop-solar-savings-on-power-costs-tata-power/|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> The cost of high efficiency and compact [[PERC solar cell|mono PERC modules]] and [[Rechargeable battery|battery]] storage systems have reduced to make rooftop solar PV more economical and feasible in a [[microgrid]].<ref name=pri>{{cite web|title=Spot prices of solar modules and battery packs |url=http://energytrend.com |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref><ref name =dea/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=29 November 2018|title=Is the Indian Solar Market Ready to Make the Transition to Mono PERC Modules?|url=https://mercomindia.com/indian-solar-market-mono-perc/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009003634/https://www.mercomindia.com/indian-solar-market-mono-perc|url-status=live}}</ref> It is possible to generate more solar power during sunrise and sunset hours by using motionless trackers attachment to solar PV modules.<ref>{{cite web|title=Motionless tracker technology that can revolutionise solar industry |date=October 2023 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/motionless-tracker-technology-that-can-revolutionise-solar-industry/article67368771.ece|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>

It is more economical to have multi-purpose floating solar PV power plants compared to single-purpose floating solar plants.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Madaik | first1=Devyani |title=Kerala: Houseboats To Use Solar Power| date=25 February 2021 |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/environment/kerala-houseboats-to-use-solar-power-replace-dieselpetrol-generators-to-reduce-carbon-footprint-27050?infinitescroll=1|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> Three tier boat houses are constructed on [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]]s with the top tier (inclined roof up to 35 degrees) fully covered by solar panels (2.5 MW/acre area), bottom area (below the pontoon) for [[Fish farming|cage fish culture]] and middle two tiers one each for poultry and [[mushroom]]/[[orchid]] cultivation. Pontoon can have a tilting arrangement (another 35 degrees) to have inclined floating by varying water content in the [[ballast]] tanks to track the sun's direction for optimum solar power generation. Water is oxygenated in a [[evaporative cooler]] and used in cage cultivation with the power generated by the solar panels. The cold air at [[wet-bulb temperature]] from the evaporative cooler is used for cooling the poultry and mushroom areas. These boathouses can move to safer water depths with the variation in the water level of the water body or for avoiding occasional high winds. The excess power generated during the daytime is stored in a battery system mounted on a separate pontoon which can be moved to [[shore]] for feeding power to the grid during nighttime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's floating solar farm will store energy and drones will ship it back to shore |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/japan-floating-solar-farm|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Floating offshore solar power - Seavolt |url=https://www.designboom.com/technology/floating-offshore-solar-power-seavolt-generate-electricity-harshest-conditions-04-04-2023/|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> Multipurpose solar plants can be installed at deeper (10 meters and more) water areas, unlike single-purpose floating solar PV plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Powered Pontoon Boats Guide |url=https://pontoonopedia.com/solar-powered-pontoon-boat/|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> With multipurpose PV solar plants, the floating solar power potential of India enhances many times by using much of the inland water bodies area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Small City Sets Example For Floating Solar, Empowered By NREL Data Set|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2022/03/04/small-city-sets-example-for-floating-solar-empowered-by-nrel-data-set/|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> Water is sprinkled over the solar panels to keep them cool and clean to optimise the power output. [[Rainwater harvesting]] can also be achieved by storing the water in collapsible bladders which can float on water for generating bottled drinking water.

[[Greenpeace]] recommends that India adopt a policy of developing solar power as a dominant component of its renewable-energy mix since, being a [[List of countries by population density|densely-populated country]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_detail.php?id=116 |title=NASA population density map |publisher=Visibleearth.nasa.gov |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608063347/http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_detail.php?id=116 |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref> in the [[tropical belt]],<ref name="energie-atlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteonorm.com/media/maps_online/world_beam_8100_1.png |title=Energy-Atlas Solar radiation |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410192128/http://www.meteonorm.com/media/maps_online/world_beam_8100_1.png |archive-date=10 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="energie-map">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteonorm.com/pages/en/downloads/maps.php |title=Regional and World Energy-Maps of Solar radiation |publisher=Meteonorm.com |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508103955/http://www.meteonorm.com/pages/en/downloads/maps.php |archive-date=8 May 2010 }}</ref> the subcontinent has an ideal combination of high [[insolation]]<ref name="energie-atlas" /> and a large potential [[consumer|consumer base]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/01/solar_leds_brig.php |title=Solar LEDs Brighten Rural India's Future |work=TreeHugger |publisher=Treehugger.com |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115522/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/01/solar_leds_brig.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dutt |first=Ram |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3623864.stm |title=Solar plan for Indian computers |work=BBC News |date=5 September 2004 |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225151448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3623864.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000954.html |title=Barefoot solar engineers |publisher=Worldchanging.com |date=22 February 1999 |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103165044/http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000954.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In one scenario India could make renewable resources the backbone of its economy by 2030, curtailing carbon emissions without compromising its economic-growth potential. A study suggested that 100 GW of solar power could be generated through a mix of utility-scale and rooftop solar, with the realisable potential for rooftop solar between 57 and 76 GW by 2024.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bridge to India |url=http://www.bridgetoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA_TATA_Beehives-or-elephants_2014_final_email-2.pdf |title=Beehives or elephants? How should India drive its solar transformation |publisher=Bridge to India |date=September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127070833/http://www.bridgetoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA_TATA_Beehives-or-elephants_2014_final_email-2.pdf }}</ref>

It is considered prudent to encourage solar-plant installations up to a threshold (such as 7,000 MW) by offering incentives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-try-to-achieve-pledged-renewable-energy-targets-in-less-than-four-and-half-years-piyush-goyal/articleshow/49687054.cms|title=Will try to achieve pledged renewable energy targets in less than four and half years: Piyush Goyal|access-date=9 November 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=6 November 2015|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050301/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-try-to-achieve-pledged-renewable-energy-targets-in-less-than-four-and-half-years-piyush-goyal/articleshow/49687054.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Otherwise, substandard equipment with overrated [[nameplate]] capacity may tarnish the industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/how-solar-energy-is-changing-the-power-sector-s-dynamics-115112400672_1.html|title=How solar energy is changing the power sector's dynamics|access-date=25 November 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=24 November 2015|last1=Asthana|first1=Shishir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/national-lab-policy-for-renewable-energy-soon/articleshow/53371213.cms|title=National lab policy for renewable energy soon|access-date=25 July 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=25 July 2016|last1=Chandrasekaran|first1=Kaavya|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727211527/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/national-lab-policy-for-renewable-energy-soon/articleshow/53371213.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The power purchaser, transmission agency and financial institution should require [[Capacity factor|capacity utilisation]] and long-term performance guarantees for the equipment backed by insurance coverage in the event that the [[original equipment manufacturer]] ceases to exist.<ref>{{Cite news|title=shadows of thermal power gloom loom over solar industry|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/shadows-of-thermal-power-gloom-loom-over-solar-industry/articleshow/49954913.cms |access-date=28 November 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=28 November 2015 |last1=Prasad |first1=Rachita }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Solar Energy Isn't Always as Green as You Think|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/solar-energy-isnt-always-as-green-as-you-think |access-date=5 November 2015|date=13 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Degradation and Failure Modes|url=http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/degradation-and-failure-modes |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> Alarmed by the low quality of equipment, India issued draft quality guide lines in May 2017 to be followed by the solar plant equipment suppliers conforming to Indian standards.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's booming solar sector has one major flaw: poor quality|date=2 August 2018 |url=https://qz.com/india/1345508/poor-quality-solar-panels-may-ruin-indias-renewable-energy-boom/ |access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Draft quality control guidelines.|url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Draft-Quality-Control-SPV-Systems_%20Devices_&_Components-goods-order.pdf |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese solar panels to face quality control barrier|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/chinese-solar-panels-to-face-quality-control-barrier-117052500050_1.html|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Secondary market for purchase of used solar panels is also available to replace the damaged solar panels which are out of production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2024/01/remarketed-solar-panels-are-retaining-resale-value-energybin-report-finds/ |title=Remarketed solar panels are retaining resale value, EnergyBin report finds |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

==Solar PV tariff==
[[File:Price history of silicon PV cells since 1977.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=Bar graph|Price of silicon [[solar cell]]s since 1977. In 2023, solar cell prices fell to 0.055 US$/watt.]]

===Solar PV plus storage tariff===
[[Battery pack]] prices have fallen to US$ 55 per kWh in May 2025 for intraday storage applications.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/battery-prices-plummet-to-55kwh-will-this-ignite-indias-energy-storage-market/121503894|title= Battery pack prices sink to $55/kWh — Will this spark India's energy storage surge?|access-date= 30 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-battery-industry-has-entered-a-new-phase|title= The battery industry has entered a new phase|access-date= 6 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.energytrend.com/battery-price.html|title= Lithium Battery prices|access-date= 6 March 2025}}</ref> With plummeting battery storage costs due to lower installation cost and drastic improvement in operating life of battery packs, it has become standard practice to opt for solar PV plus storage power plants instead of solar PV plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=The age of storage: Batteries primed for India's power markets|url=https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/08/The-age-of-storage-Batteries-primed-for-Indias-power-markets.pdf |publisher=EMBER|access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, energy storage auctions in India reveal record-low levelised tariffs for 25 years, with unsubsidized standalone battery storage bids at Rs 0.28 million/MW/month (two hours supply at a time) and solar plus storage bids at 3.1–3.5 INR/kWh.<ref name=iecc>{{cite web|access-date=2 June 2025|title= Plummeting Solar ⊕ Storage auction prices in India unlock affordable, inflation-proof 24/7 Clean Power|date= 20 May 2025| url=https://iecc.gspp.berkeley.edu/resources/reports/plummeting-solarstorage-auction-prices-in-india-unlock-affordable-inflation-proof-24-7-clean-power}}</ref> These price and performance levels are on par with those currently available in China and significantly below those in the United States (US) or the European Union (EU).<ref name=iecc/> These tariffs for meeting base/peak loads are below 50% of the tariffs applicable to new coal/gas and nuclear based power plants on levelised tariff basis.

In July 2025, the discovered levelised tariffs for 20 years, with standalone battery storage is at Rs 0.36 million/MW/month (four hours supply/day).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=15 July 2025|title= Patel infrastructure, Eenerica win SJVNs 1.5 GWh battery energy storage auction| url=https://www.mercomindia.com/patel-infrastructure-enerica-win-sjvns-1-5-gwh-battery-energy-storage-auction}}</ref> The discovered tariff in August 2025 for firm dispatchable renewable electricity (FDRE) including interstate transmission charges and losses is 4.77 INR/kWh.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 August 2025|title=Juniper, Navayuga among winners of Tata Power DISCOMS 250 MW FDRE auction|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/juniper-navayuga-among-winners-of-tata-power-discoms-250-mw-fdre-auction|archive-date=16 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916051314/https://www.mercomindia.com/juniper-navayuga-among-winners-of-tata-power-discoms-250-mw-fdre-auction|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tariff history===
The average bid in [[reverse auction]]s in April 2017 is {{INRConvert|3.15}} per kWh, compared with {{INRConvert|12.16}} per kWh in 2010, which is around 73% drop over the time window.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mondal|first=Debapriya|date=12 April 2017|title=Solar power tariff hits a new low at Rs 3.15 levelised rate|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-power-tariff-hits-a-new-low-at-rs-3-15-levelised-rate/58139132|access-date=20 June 2021|website=ETEnergyworld|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203154348/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-power-tariff-hits-a-new-low-at-rs-3-15-levelised-rate/58139132|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 March 2017|title=Solar tariffs in India have fallen by 73 percent since 2010|work=ET Energyworld.com|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-tariffs-in-india-have-fallen-by-73-percent-since-2010/articleshow/57809228.cms|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=2 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302132535/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-tariffs-in-india-have-fallen-by-73-percent-since-2010/articleshow/57809228.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Shailaja|date=24 March 2017|title=Solar tariffs in India have fallen by 73% since 2010: Mercom Capital|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xkdwxNscR9K6omngOwOaAN/Solar-tariffs-in-India-have-fallen-by-73-since-2010-Mercom.html|access-date=20 June 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219202647/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xkdwxNscR9K6omngOwOaAN/Solar-tariffs-in-India-have-fallen-by-73-since-2010-Mercom.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The current prices of solar PV electricity is around 18% lower than the average [[Cost of electricity by source|price of electricity]] generated by coal-fired plants.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40120770 |title=Five effects of a US pull-out from Paris climate deal |last=McGrath |first=Matt |publisher=BBC |date=1 June 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605000311/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40120770 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of 2018, competitive reverse auctions, falling panel and component prices, the introduction of solar parks, lower borrowing costs and large power companies have contributed to the fall in prices.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pratheeksha|date=8 January 2019|title=Updated – How Low Did It Go: 5 Lowest Solar Tariffs Quoted in 2018|url=https://mercomindia.com/lowest-solar-tariffs-quoted-2018/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073924/https://mercomindia.com/lowest-solar-tariffs-quoted-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> The cost of solar PV power in India, China, Brazil and 55 other emerging markets fell to about one-third of its 2010 price, making solar the cheapest form of renewable energy and cheaper than power generated from fossil fuels such as coal and gas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hincks|first=Joseph|date=16 December 2016|title=This Just Became the World's Cheapest Form of Electricity Out of Nowhere|url=http://fortune.com/2016/12/15/solar-electricity-energy-generation-cost-cheap/|access-date=5 February 2017|website=Fortune}}</ref>

India has the lowest capital cost per MW globally of installing [[solar power]] plants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sudheer|date=30 May 2019|title=India becomes lowest-cost producer of solar power|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-becomes-lowest-cost-producer-of-solar-power/69565769|access-date=20 June 2021|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606021734/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-becomes-lowest-cost-producer-of-solar-power/69565769|url-status=live}}</ref> However the global [[Cost of electricity by source|levelised cost]] of solar PV electricity fell to 1.04¢ US per kWh (₹0.77 per kWh) in April 2021, much cheaper than the lowest solar PV tariff in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi solar plant locks in new record low price for power: 1.04c/kWh |date=13 April 2021 |url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/saudi-solar-plant-locks-in-new-record-low-price-for-power-1-04c-kwh/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007150814/https://reneweconomy.com.au/saudi-solar-plant-locks-in-new-record-low-price-for-power-1-04c-kwh/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Unable to Compete With Record Low Solar Tariffs in Gulf Region|url=https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/India-Unable-to-Compete-with-Record-Low-Solar-Tariffs_August-2020.pdf|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628044346/https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/India-Unable-to-Compete-with-Record-Low-Solar-Tariffs_August-2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="por">{{cite web|title='Historic' result as Portugal claims record-low prices in 700MW solar auction|date=26 August 2020|url=https://www.pv-tech.org/news/historic-result-as-portugal-claims-record-low-prices-in-700mw-solar-auction|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130062202/https://www.pv-tech.org/news/historic-result-as-portugal-claims-record-low-prices-in-700mw-solar-auction|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abu Dhabi announces world's lowest tariff for solar power |date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1666846/business-economy |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007132115/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1666846/business-economy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pv-tech.org/guest-blog/ultra-low-solar-bid-of-0.01997-kwh-in-the-us-not-quite-so-sunny |title=Ultra-low solar bid of $0.01997/kWh in the US – not quite so sunny |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 }}</ref> The intermittent / non-dispatchable solar PV at the prevailing low tariffs clubbed with [[Pumped-heat electricity storage]] can offer cheapest [[Dispatchable generation|dispatchable power]] round the clock on demand.

The Indian government has reduced the solar PV power purchase price from the maximum allowed {{INRConvert|4.43|2}} per KWh to {{INRConvert|4.00|2}} per KWh, reflecting the steep fall in cost of solar power-generation equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/solar-power-tariff-dips-to-all-time-low-of-rs-4-per-unit-4363579/ |title=Solar power tariff dips to all-time low of Rs 4 per unit|access-date=10 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianpowersector.com/2015/12/seci-lowers-the-solar-tariff-to-inr-4-43-per-unit-fixed-for-upcoming-biddings/ |title=SECI lowers the solar tariff to INR 4.43 per unit fixed for upcoming biddings |access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/cerc-capital-cost-move-suggests-solar-tariff-to-fall-further-in-fy17/183752/ |title=CERC capital cost move suggests solar tariff to fall further in FY17 |date=25 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225153324/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/cerc-capital-cost-move-suggests-solar-tariff-to-fall-further-in-fy17/183752/ |archive-date=25 December 2015 }}</ref> The applicable tariff is offered after applying [[viability gap funding]] (VGF) or accelerated depreciation (AD) incentives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/grid-solar/Scheme-2000MW-Grid-Connected-SPV-with-VGF-under-JNNSM.pdf |title=Grid Connected SPV with VGF under JNNSM |access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-auction-companies-seeking-lowest-state-support-win/articleshow/52138023.cms |title=Solar auction companies seeking lowest state support to win |access-date=10 May 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=6 May 2016 |last1=Chandrasekaran |first1=Kaavya }}</ref> In January 2019, the time period for commissioning the solar power plants is reduced to 18 months for units located outside the solar parks and 15 months for units located inside the solar parks from the date of power purchase agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mercomindia.com/amendment-bidding-guidelines-solar-pv/ |title=MNRE Amends Bidding Guidelines for Solar Projects; Reduces Commissioning Time Frame |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

Solar PV generation cost fell to {{INRConvert|2.97|2}} per kWh for the 750 MW [[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar]] power project, India's lowest electricity-generation cost.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-power-tariffs-fall-to-rs-2-97-per-unit/articleshow/57085143.cms |title=Solar tariffs fall to Rs. 2.97 per unit |access-date=11 February 2017 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 February 2017 |last1=Singh |first1=Sarita |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105034007/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-power-tariffs-fall-to-rs-2-97-per-unit/articleshow/57085143.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/3xHqGD3VsLyixDdN0wpsZN/For-Rewa-project-were-not-interested-in-profits-Manu-Shri.html |title=For Rewa project, we're not interested in profits: Manu Srivastava |work=mint |access-date=14 February 2017|date=13 February 2017 |last1=Bhaskar |first1=Utpal }}</ref> In first quarter of calendar year 2020, large scale ground mounted solar power installations cost fell to ₹3.5 crore/MW by 12% in a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mercomindia.com/average-large-scale-solar-system-cost-declined/ |title=Average Large-Scale Solar System Cost Declined by 12%, Rooftop by 9% YoY in Q1 2020|date=2 June 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> [[Solar panel]] prices are lower than those of mirrors by unit area.<ref name= modpri/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/solar-tariffs-crash-to-below-rs-3-in-madhya-pradesh-auctions/article9533738.ece |title=Solar tariffs crash to below Rs. 3 in Madhya Pradesh auctions |date=10 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

In an auction of 250 MW capacity of the second phase in [[Bhadla solar park]], South Africa's Phelan Energy Group and Avaada Power were awarded 50 MW and 100 MW of capacity respectively in May 2017 at {{INRConvert|2.62}} per kilowatt hour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar power tariffs fall to new low of Rs2.62 per unit|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/MKI7QvOhpRoBAtw3d4PM5K/South-African-firm-bid-takes-solar-power-tariffs-to-new-low.html|website=Mint|access-date=11 May 2017|date=10 May 2017|archive-date=12 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512033247/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/MKI7QvOhpRoBAtw3d4PM5K/South-African-firm-bid-takes-solar-power-tariffs-to-new-low.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The tariff is also lower than NTPC's average coal power tariff of {{INR}}3.20 per kilowatt hour. SBG Cleantech, a consortium of [[SoftBank Group]], [[Airtel]] and [[Foxconn]], was awarded the remaining 100 MW capacity at a rate of {{INRConvert|2.63}} per kWh.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=V Rishi|title=Solar power tariff bid hits new low of Rs 2.62 per unit in Bhadla park in Rajasthan|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/solar-power-tariff-bid-hits-new-low-of-rs-262-per-unit-in-bhadla-park-in-rajasthan/article9691114.ece|website=Business Line|access-date=11 May 2017|language=en|date=10 May 2017|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517041548/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/solar-power-tariff-bid-hits-new-low-of-rs-262-per-unit-in-bhadla-park-in-rajasthan/article9691114.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Solar power tariff drops to all-time low of Rs 2.62 per unit|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/solar-power-tariff-drops-to-all-time-low-of-rs-2-62-per-unit-4648988/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=11 May 2017|date=10 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514022532/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/solar-power-tariff-drops-to-all-time-low-of-rs-2-62-per-unit-4648988/|url-status=live}}</ref> Few days later in a second auction for another 500 MW at the same park, solar tariff has further fallen to {{INRConvert|2.44}} per kilowatt hour which are the lowest tariffs for any solar power project in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Solar power tariffs drops historic low at Rs2.44 per unit|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-power-tariff-drops-to-historic-low-at-rs-2-44-per-unit/articleshow/58649942.cms|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=13 May 2017|last1=Chandrasekaran|first1=Kaavya|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228234045/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-power-tariff-drops-to-historic-low-at-rs-2-44-per-unit/articleshow/58649942.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> These tariffs are lower than traded prices for day time in non-monsoon period in [[Indian Energy Exchange|IEX]] and also for meeting peak loads on a daily basis by using cheaper solar PV power in [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] stations indicating there is no need of any [[power purchase agreements]] and any incentives for the solar PV power plants in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajeshwari|first=Ankita|date=18 April 2018|title=Downing Commissions 20 MW of Open Access Solar Projects in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh|url=https://mercomindia.com/downing-commissions-20mw-solar-projects-india/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202222405/https://www.mercomindia.com/downing-commissions-20mw-solar-projects-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sarita C|date=18 January 2018|title=Renewable power companies compete with thermal plants in spot market|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/renewable-power-companies-compete-with-thermal-plants-in-spot-market/62548353|access-date=18 July 2021|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127081627/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/renewable-power-companies-compete-with-thermal-plants-in-spot-market/62548353|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="iex">{{cite web|title=IEX Area prices|url=http://www.iexindia.com/marketdata/areaprice.aspx|access-date=3 April 2018|website=Indian Energy Exchange|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621030334/https://www.iexindia.com/marketdata/areaprice.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Solar PV power plant developers are forecasting that solar power tariff would drop to {{INRConvert|1.5}} /unit in near future.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=4 June 2017|title=Developers expects solar power tariff to drop to Rs 1.5/unit|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/developers-expects-solar-power-tariff-to-drop-to-rs-1-5unit/700444/|access-date=18 July 2021|newspaper=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085440/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/developers-expects-solar-power-tariff-to-drop-to-rs-1-5unit/700444/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=pri/>

The lowest solar tariff in May 2018 is Rs 2.71/kWh (without incentives) which is less than the tariff of [[Bhadla solar park]] (₹2.44 per kWh with [[viability gap funding|VGF]] incentive) after the clarification that any additional taxes are pass through cost with hike in the tariff.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=15 May 2018|title=L1 Tariff of ₹2.71/kWh Quoted in MSEDCL's 1 GW Solar Auction|url=https://mercomindia.com/l1-tariff-1gw-solar-auction-msedcl/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=22 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222040314/https://www.mercomindia.com/l1-tariff-1gw-solar-auction-msedcl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saluja|first=Nishtha|date=4 April 2018|title=Govt amends solar bidding norms, developers can now pass on duty hike|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/govt-amends-solar-bidding-norms-developers-can-now-pass-on-duty-hike/63606425|access-date=4 April 2018|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=1 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101015221/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/govt-amends-solar-bidding-norms-developers-can-now-pass-on-duty-hike/63606425|url-status=live}}</ref> In early July 2018 bids, the lowest solar PV tariff has touched {{INRConvert|2.44}} per kWh without [[viability gap funding]] incentive.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Solar tariffs once again hit all-time low of Rs 2.44 a unit at SECI auction |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-tariffs-once-again-hit-all-time-low-of-rs-244-a-unit-at-seci-auction/articleshow/64834531.cms |access-date=4 July 2018 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=3 July 2018 |last1=Chandrasekaran |first1=Kaavya |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007154930/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-tariffs-once-again-hit-all-time-low-of-rs-244-a-unit-at-seci-auction/articleshow/64834531.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=13 July 2018|title=Solar Tariffs in India Remain Steady at ₹2.44/kWh in SECI's 3 GW Auction|url=https://mercomindia.com/seci-3-gw-solar-ists-auction-results/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229001751/https://www.mercomindia.com/seci-3-gw-solar-ists-auction-results|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, the lowest tariff is {{INRConvert|2.50}}/kWh for feeding in to the high voltage interstate transmission system (ISTS).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=19 June 2019|title=SECI's 750 MW Solar Auction for Rajasthan Sees Lowest Tariff of ₹2.50/kWh|url=https://mercomindia.com/seci-750-solar-auction-rajasthan/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=10 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010060828/https://www.mercomindia.com/seci-750-solar-auction-rajasthan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=12 June 2019|title=Lowest Bid of ₹2.54/kWh Against Ceiling Tariff of ₹2.65/kWh Wins SECI's 1.2 GW Solar Tender|url=https://mercomindia.com/seci-solar-auction-1-2-gw/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=10 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010012222/https://www.mercomindia.com/seci-solar-auction-1-2-gw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabeer|first=Nitin|date=25 February 2019|title=Lowest Tariff of ₹2.55/kWh Wins SECI's 1.2 GW ISTS Solar Auction|url=https://mercomindia.com/lowest-tariff-secis-ists-solar-auction/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217060346/https://www.mercomindia.com/lowest-tariff-secis-ists-solar-auction|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, the lowest solar power tariff is {{INRConvert|1.24}} per kWh for 50 MW contracted capacity at [[Pavagada Solar Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabeer|first=Nitin|date=21 February 2019|title=50 MW of Solar Projects to be Developed in Pavagada Solar Park at a Tariff of ₹1.24/kWh|url=https://mercomindia.com/50-mw-solar-karnataka-pavagada/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=19 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119001230/https://www.mercomindia.com/50-mw-solar-karnataka-pavagada|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rajeshwari"/>

The tariff for rooftop installations is also falling with the recent offer of {{INRConvert|3.64}} with 100% locally made components.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabeer|first=Nitin|date=24 July 2018|title=CleanMax Quotes L1 Tariff of ₹3.64/kWh for NREDCAP's Rooftop Solar Tender|url=https://mercomindia.com/cleanmax-l1-bidder-nredcap-rooftop-solar-tender/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009044018/https://www.mercomindia.com/cleanmax-l1-bidder-nredcap-rooftop-solar-tender|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2022, the installation cost of rooftop solar has reduced below 45,000 Rs/KW for capacity between 1 and 3 kW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A 1 kW Residential Rooftop Solar System in Jaipur to Cost ₹43,500|url=https://mercomindia.com/1-kw-residential-rooftop-system-jaipur-cost-%E2%82%B943500/|website=Mercom India|access-date=26 August 2022|archive-date=16 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116115254/https://www.mercomindia.com/1-kw-residential-rooftop-system-jaipur-cost-%E2%82%B943500|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2020, the discovered first-year tariff is {{INRConvert|2.90}} per kWh with {{INRConvert|3.60}} per kWh levelised tariff for round-the-clock hybrid renewable power supply.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sanjay|date=9 May 2020|title=India wins deal for 24X7 supply of green power|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-wins-deal-for-24x7-supply-of-green-power/75639046|access-date=9 May 2020|website=ETEnergyworld.com|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023182430/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-wins-deal-for-24x7-supply-of-green-power/75639046|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, Solar PV power tariff has fallen to {{INRConvert|2.00}} per kWh.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jyoti Gulia|author2=Vibhuti Garg|date=December 2020|title=Why India's Solar Power Tariffs Reached an Historic Low: New Record of Rs2 Per kWh|url=http://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Why-Solar-Power-Tariffs-in-India-Reached-an-Historic-Low_December-2020.pdf|access-date=1 December 2020|website=Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217040708/https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Why-Solar-Power-Tariffs-in-India-Reached-an-Historic-Low_December-2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bhaskar|first=Utpal|date=28 November 2020|title=India's solar power tariffs to fall further: Raj Kumar Singh|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/india-s-solar-power-tariffs-to-fall-further-raj-kumar-singh-11606565773054.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=livemint.com|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219232212/https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/india-s-solar-power-tariffs-to-fall-further-raj-kumar-singh-11606565773054.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2021, the discovered levelised tariff was {{INRConvert|2.20}} per kWh after the imposition of basic customs duty (BCD) on imported solar PV panels and cells.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Rakesh|date=22 March 2021|title=First Auction After BCD: GUVNL's 500 MW Solar Auction Gets Lowest Tariff of ₹2.20/kWh|url=https://mercomindia.com/first-auction-after-bcd-guvnl-solar/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226165042/https://www.mercomindia.com/first-auction-after-bcd-guvnl-solar|url-status=live}}</ref> The discovered tariff for floating solar power was {{INRConvert|3.70}} per kWh in November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 November 2022 |title=NTPC, SJVN, Hinduja Win RUMSL's Phase II 300 MW Floating Solar Auction at ₹3.69–3.70/kWh |date=11 November 2022 |url=https://mercomindia.com/ntpc-sjvn-hinduja-rumsls-phase-ii-300-mw-floating-solar-auction/ |archive-date=20 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120190425/https://www.mercomindia.com/ntpc-sjvn-hinduja-rumsls-phase-ii-300-mw-floating-solar-auction |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2023, the discovered minimum levelised tariff was {{INRConvert|3.99}} per kWh for the round-the-clock hybrid solar power supply with or without storage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sprng, NTPC, Ayana, O2 Win Railway's 1 GW Solar-Wind Hybrid Auction|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/sprng-ntpc-ayana-o2-1-gw-hybrid-auction|access-date=8 April 2023|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=16 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116110732/https://www.mercomindia.com/sprng-ntpc-ayana-o2-1-gw-hybrid-auction|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, the discovered minimum tariff for solar power was {{INRConvert|2.55}} per kWh.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=8 April 2023|title=ENGIE, ReNew, NTPC Win Government's 1,250 MW Solar Auction|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/solairedirect-renew-ntpc-1250-mw-solar-auction|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122922/https://www.mercomindia.com/solairedirect-renew-ntpc-1250-mw-solar-auction|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the minimum levelised tariff (₹/kWh) was {{INRConvert|2.51}}.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 December 2023|title=Five Lowest Winning Bids in Solar Auctions in India during 2023|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/solairedirect-renew-ntpc-1250-mw-solar-auction|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122922/https://www.mercomindia.com/solairedirect-renew-ntpc-1250-mw-solar-auction|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2023, solar module prices in China fallen steeply below 0.15 US$/watt and solar cell prices below 0.055 US$/watt.<ref name=pri/> The cost of imported solar cells is only 1/6 of the total project cost. However, Indian made solar module prices are at least 50% more than the prices of modules made in China.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 April 2024|title=Swelect, Grew, Renew win SECI's auction to supply 400 MW solar modules|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/swelect-grew-renew-win-secis-auction-supply-400-mw-solar-modules|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101006/https://www.mercomindia.com/swelect-grew-renew-win-secis-auction-supply-400-mw-solar-modules|url-status=live}}</ref> The imported cost component of solar power plants is less than the imported cost component of fossil fuel based power plants in India and it would reduce further in few years with the indigenous production capacity in pipeline. A record 69+ GW of renewable energy (mostly solar) tenders were issued in FY 2023-24, surpassing the government-mandated target of 50GW.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=8 May 2024|title=Utility-scale Renewable Energy Tendering Trends in India|url=https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/Utility-scale%20renewable%20energy%20tendering%20trends%20in%20India_May24.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100935/https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/Utility-scale%20renewable%20energy%20tendering%20trends%20in%20India_May24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Average capital cost of large scale solar plants have fallen drastically below ₹ 35 million per MW in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=7 June 2024|title=Average cost of large-scale solar fell 28% YoY in Q1 2024|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/average-cost-large-scale-solar-q1-2024|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101006/https://www.mercomindia.com/average-cost-large-scale-solar-q1-2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2024, solar power levelised tariff has fallen to 0.013 US$/kWh compared to {{INRConvert|2.5}} discovered in Indian currency.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=25 October 2024|title=Saudi Arabia's 3.7 GW Solar Tender Attracts Lowest Bid Of $0.0129/kwh|url=https://www.wedoany.com/en/shortnews/gKQBdYRb.html|archive-date=4 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104174100/https://www.wedoany.com/en/shortnews/gKQBdYRb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2024, the response by the bidders for the solar PV was not satisfactory and the levelised tariff has increased to {{INRConvert|3.10}} per kWh due to mandatary use of locally produced solar PV panels/modules.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=25 December 2024|title=Renew, Acme and Adani win SECI's 1,000 MW ISTS solar power auction|url=https://www.mercomindia.com/renew-acme-and-adani-ists-solar-power-auction|archive-date=24 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224133446/https://www.mercomindia.com/renew-acme-and-adani-ists-solar-power-auction|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, China has enhanced export price of polysilicon material by 5 times over the local price to protect its profit margins on entire downstream production chain since it is the monopoly in production of solar grade polysilicon.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=25 December 2024|title=Price trends - PV spot prices|url=https://www.energytrend.com/solar-price.html|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225171059/https://www.energytrend.com/solar-price.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Government support==
The Indian government announced an allocation of {{INRConvert|10|b}} for the [[National Solar Mission]] and a clean-energy fund for the 2010–11 fiscal year, an increase of {{INRConvert|3.8|b}} from the previous budget. The budget encouraged private solar companies by reducing the import duty on solar panels by five per cent. This is expected to reduce the cost of a rooftop solar-panel installation by 15 to 20 per cent.

The Indian government is giving subsidies<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-20 |title=What is the solar rooftop subsidy scheme/yojana? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/faqs/miscellaneous/what-is-the-solar-rooftop-subsidy-scheme/yojana/articleshow/93010587.cms |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208220252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/faqs/miscellaneous/what-is-the-solar-rooftop-subsidy-scheme/yojana/articleshow/93010587.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> for installing rooftop solar panels in an effort to increase the adoption of solar power in the country. Rooftop solar panels have numerous benefits, including the ability to generate electricity directly from the source, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering electricity bills for households and businesses. In addition, rooftop solar panels help to reduce carbon emissions, making them a key component in India's efforts to combat climate change. With the availability of government subsidies, more households and businesses can now afford to install rooftop solar panels, contributing to a more sustainable future for the country.

===Incentives===
{{anchor|Government Incentives}}At the end of July 2015, the chief incentives were:
#Viability Gap Funding: Under the reverse bidding process, bidders who need least viability gap funding at the reference tariff (RS 4.93 per unit in 2016) is selected.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cabinet-clears-viability-gap-funding-for-5-000-mw-solar-power-projects-116012000821_1.html|title=Cabinet clears viability gap funding for 5,000 Mw solar power projects|last=Jai|first=Shreya|date=20 January 2016|work=Business Standard India|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208085636/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cabinet-clears-viability-gap-funding-for-5-000-mw-solar-power-projects-116012000821_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Funding was ₹1 Crore/MW for open projects on average in 2016.
#Depreciation: For profit-making enterprises installing rooftop solar systems, 40 per cent of the total investment could be claimed as depreciation in the first year (decreasing taxes).
#Liberal external commercial borrowing facility for the solar power plants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bajaj|first=Shaurya|date=25 November 2019|title=RBI Relaxes External Commercial Borrowing Norms to Benefit Solar & Wind Companies|url=https://mercomindia.com/rbi-relaxes-external-commercial-borrowing-solar-wind-companies/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109064446/https://www.mercomindia.com/rbi-relaxes-external-commercial-borrowing-solar-wind-companies|url-status=live}}</ref>
#To protect the local solar panel manufacturers, 25% safe guard duty is imposed for two years period from August 2018 on the imports from China & Malaysia who are suspected of dumping solar panels in to India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Kaavya|date=31 July 2018|title=India imposes safeguard duty on solar cells imports for two years|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-imposes-safeguard-duty-on-solar-cells-imports-for-two-years/65206347|access-date=31 July 2018|website=ETEnergyworld.com}}</ref>
#Capital subsidies were applicable to rooftop solar-power plants up to a maximum of 500 kW. The 30 per cent subsidy was reduced to 15 per cent.
#Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs): Tradeable certificates providing financial incentives for every unit of green power generated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mnre.gov.in/pdf/MNRE_REC_Report.pdf |title=Report On Development of Conceptual Framework For Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism for India |access-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106162415/http://mnre.gov.in/pdf/MNRE_REC_Report.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2011 }}</ref>
#[[Net metering]] incentives depend on whether a net meter is installed and the utility's incentive policy. If so, financial incentives are available for the power generated.<ref>Narasimhan Santhanam (29 July 2015) [http://www.solarmango.com/ask/2015/07/29/incentives-available-for-rooftop-solar-installations-in-india/ Government Incentives for Rooftop Solar Installation in India.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828160332/http://www.solarmango.com/ask/2015/07/29/incentives-available-for-rooftop-solar-installations-in-india/ |date=28 August 2015 }} ''Solar Mango''. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</ref>
#Assured Power Purchase Agreement (PPA): The power-distribution and -purchase companies owned by state and central governments guarantee the purchase of solar PV power when produced only during daylight. The PPAs offer fair market determined tariff for the solar power which is a secondary power or negative [[Load profile|load]] and an [[intermittent energy source]] on a daily basis.
#Interstate transmission system (ISTS) charges and losses are not levied during the period of PPA for the projects commissioned before 31 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=16 February 2018|title=Ministry of Power Waives ISTS Charges for Wind and Solar Projects Commissioned up to 2022|url=https://mercomindia.com/no-ists-charges-wind-solar-projects-commissioned-2022/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109074138/https://www.mercomindia.com/no-ists-charges-wind-solar-projects-commissioned-2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
#Union government offers 70% and 30% subsidy for the hill states and other states respectively for the installation of rooftop solar units.<ref name=srtgw1/> Additional incentives are offered to rooftop solar power plants from various state governments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabeer|first=Nitin|date=29 August 2018|title=Madhya Pradesh's 35 MW Solar Rooftop Tender Sets Historic Lowest Tariff of ₹1.58/kWh|url=https://mercomindia.com/madhya-pradesh-solar-rooftop-tender-lowest-tariff/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008151841/https://www.mercomindia.com/madhya-pradesh-solar-rooftop-tender-lowest-tariff|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=17 January 2019|title=Delhi's IPGCL Attracts Lowest Tariffs for RESCO Bids in Residential Rooftop Solar|url=https://mercomindia.com/delhi-ipgcl-resco-bids-rooftop-solar/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226051923/https://www.mercomindia.com/delhi-ipgcl-resco-bids-rooftop-solar|url-status=live}}</ref>
#100% [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) is automatically permitted, subject to the provisions of [[The Electricity Act, 2003]], to install solar power plants.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daizy Chawla |author2=Jatin Kapoor |date=16 April 2021|title=Foreign Direct Investment in India's solar power sector – A perspective|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/opinion-foreign-direct-investment-in-indias-solar-power-sector-a-perspective/82097758|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>

===Indian initiative of International solar alliance===
{{anchor|International Solar Alliance}} In January 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President [[François Hollande]] laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the [[International Solar Alliance]] (ISA) in [[Gwal Pahari]], Gurugram. The ISA will focus on promoting and developing solar energy and solar products for countries lying wholly or partially between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]]. The alliance of over 120 countries was announced at the Paris COP21 climate summit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.alternet.org/environment/india-unveils-global-solar-alliance-120-countries-paris-climate-summit |title=India Unveils Global Solar Alliance of 120 Countries at Paris Climate Summit |last=Neslen |first=Arthur |date=4 December 2015 |newspaper=AlterNet |access-date=6 August 2016}}</ref> {{Citation needed span|text=One hope of the ISA is that wider deployment will reduce production and development costs, facilitating the increased deployment of solar technologies to poor and remote regions.|date=July 2021}}

==Solar-panel manufacturing in India==
{{anchor|Bulk raw materials of solar panels}}As of December 2023, manufacturing capacity of [[solar cell]]s and [[solar module]]s in India was 6 GW and 37 GW respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=India emerges as key player in solar trade amidst Xinjiang forced labor sanction |date=6 February 2024 |url=https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20240206VL203/india-green-energy-china-solar.html |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105000525/https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20240206VL203/india-green-energy-china-solar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The production capacity is expected to be 25 GW for solar cells and 60 GW for solar modules by the end of 2025. India has similar advantages in total solar panels manufacturing process by importing solar ingots grade silica from USA similar to China as the industrial wages and electricity costs are cheaper than in China.<ref>{{cite web | title=Why Are China's Solar Panels So Cheap? | url=https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Solar-Energy/Why-Are-Chinas-Solar-Panels-So-Cheap.html | access-date=14 February 2024 | archive-date=9 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109075611/https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Solar-Energy/Why-Are-Chinas-Solar-Panels-So-Cheap.html | url-status=live }}</ref> India is also exporting quartz to China which is used for making metallurgical silica and further converted to polysilicon ingots.<ref>{{cite web| title=First phase of Rs 69,000 crore ingot-to-module solar plant to start in Dec: Shirdi Sai Electricals' CMD Visweswara Reddy |date=24 March 2025 |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/first-phase-of-rs-69000-crore-ingot-to-module-solar-plant-to-start-in-dec-shirdi-sai-electricals-cmd-visweswara-reddy/119419856 |access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> Nearly 80 per cent of solar-panel's weight is [[flat glass]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Keith Burrows|author2=Vasilis Fthenakis|title=Glass Needs for a Growing Photovoltaics Industry|url=http://www.clca.columbia.edu/6_Burrows_Fthenakis_SolarMaterials.pdf|access-date=29 July 2015|website=Center for Life Cycle Analysis, Columbia University|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208212036/http://clca.columbia.edu/6_Burrows_Fthenakis_SolarMaterials.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly 50 tons of flat glass is used to manufacture a MW of solar panels.<ref>{{cite web| title=Photovoltaic Solar Cells and Panels Waste in Jordan: Figures, Facts, and Concerns|date=17 October 2022 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13313|access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> Low-iron flat or [[float glass]] is manufactured from [[soda ash]] and iron-free [[silica]]. Soda-ash manufacturing from [[common salt]] is an energy-intensive process unless it is extracted from [[soda lake]]s or [[glasswort]] cultivation in [[alkali soil]]. To increase installation of photovoltaic solar-power plants, the production of flat glass and its raw materials must expand commensurately to eliminate supply constraints or future imports.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sharath Rao |author2=Rajendra Kharul |author3=Bhupesh Verma |author4=Suhas Tendulkar |author5=Ritesh Jain |author6=Varun Jyothiprakash |author7=Chandan Kumar |author8=Gaurav Jain |author9=Salil Joglekar |year=2015|title=Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India|url=http://www.cstep.in/uploads/default/files/publications/stuff/CSTEP_Addressing_the_Challenges_of_RE_Manufacturing_in_India_Report_2015.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150659/https://cstep.in/uploads/default/files/publications/stuff/CSTEP_Addressing_the_Challenges_of_RE_Manufacturing_in_India_Report_2015.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=29 July 2017|website=CSTEP|publisher=Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, World Institute for Sustainable Energy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Solar Panel Manufacturers in India (2025) |url=https://onixrenewable.com/blog/Top-10-Solar-Panel-Manufacturers-in-India-2025-Best-Renewable-Energy-Companies.php |website=Onix Renewable |date=15 April 2025 |access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), India, has issued a memorandum to ensure the quality of solar cells and solar modules.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Tanya|date=24 November 2019|title=The setting sun on India's solar dreams|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/the-setting-sun-on-india-s-solar-dreams-11574612085929.html|access-date=20 June 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=29 July 2019|title=Lack of Insurance for Solar Modules Holding Back India-Made Modules|url=https://mercomindia.com/lack-insurance-solar-modules-holding-indian-modules/|access-date=30 July 2019|website=Mercom India}}</ref> Compliance with the requisite specifications will grant manufacturers and their specific products an entry in the ALMM (Approved List of Models and Manufacturers.)<ref>{{Cite web|title=BIS Notification for Modules|url=https://mnre.gov.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/scan0008.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601055552/https://mnre.gov.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/scan0008.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2019|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prateek|first=Saumy|date=4 December 2018|title=MNRE Asks Lenders to Insist on BIS Certification of Solar Modules Rather than Tier-1 List|url=https://mercomindia.com/mnre-lenders-insist-bis-certification-solar-modules/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Mercom India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saluja|first=Nishtha|date=5 December 2018|title=MNRE tells lenders to favour BIS-compliant solar projects|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/mnre-tells-lenders-to-favour-bis-compliant-solar-projects/articleshow/66946683.cms?from=mdr|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Indian manufacturers are gradually enhancing the production capacity of [[monocrystalline silicon]] [[PERC cells]] to supply better performing and enduring solar cells to local market.<ref name=":2" /> India's solar panel sector is expected to be self-sufficient by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/india%20photovoltaic.pdf|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> In May2024, India started production of ingots, that are converted into solar cells, from imported polysilicon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani begins commercial output of wafers, ingots for solar |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/adani-begins-commercial-output-of-wafers-ingots-for-solar-power/109936683|access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

For utility-scale solar projects, top solar module suppliers in 2016–17 were: Waaree Energies Ltd., Trina Solar, JA Solar, Canadian Solar, Risen, Rayzon Solar Ltd., and Hanwha.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Solar Map – September 2017|url=http://www.bridgetoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/India-Solar-Map-September-2017.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922061904/http://bridgetoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/India-Solar-Map-September-2017.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2018|access-date=30 September 2017|publisher=Bridge to India}}</ref>

==Major photovoltaic power stations==
{{anchor|List of major photovoltaic power stations}}
{{See also|List of photovoltaic power stations|List of power stations in India#Solar}}
Below is a list of solar power generation facilities with a capacity of at least 20 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rpm/Plant-wise%20details%20of%20RE%20Installed%20Capacity-merged.pdf|title=Plant wise details of Renewable Energy Installed Capacity|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325162713/http://cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rpm/Plant-wise%20details%20of%20RE%20Installed%20Capacity-merged.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Major photovoltaic (PV) power plants
! Plant !! State
!Coordinates!! DC peak power (MW) !! Year comm- issioned
!class=unsortable|Notes
!class=unsortable|Ref
|-
|[[Adani Green Solar Park]]
|Gujarat
|{{small|{{coord|24|10|04.41|N|69|34|09.79|E|name=Adani Green Solar Park}}}}
|{{nts|2250}}
|2024
|
|<ref>{{cite web | last1=Pandya | first1=Dhwani | last2=R | first2=Sethuraman N. | last3=Kalra | first3=Aditya | last4=Pandya | first4=Dhwani | last5=Kalra | first5=Aditya | title=Adani's 'renewable energy marvel' trapped in US bribery indictment | work=Reuters | date=26 November 2024 | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/adanis-renewable-energy-marvel-trapped-us-bribery-indictment-2024-11-26/#:~:text=Adani%20has%20committed%20investment%20of,in%20a%20presentation%20in%20November }}</ref>
|-
|[[Bhadla Solar Park]]
|Rajasthan
|{{small|{{coord|27|32|22.81|N|71|54|54.91|E|name=Bhadla Solar Park}}}}
|{{nts|2245}}
|2020
|World's biggest solar park in terms of generation and second largest in terms of area as of March 2020{{Dubious|There are bigger solar power plants in world|date=February 2026}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Harsha Kumari|date=21 May 2017|title=Country's Biggest Solar Park In Rajasthan, At The Heart Of India's Clean Energy Push|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/countrys-biggest-solar-park-at-the-heart-of-indias-clean-energy-push-1696271|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201830/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/countrys-biggest-solar-park-at-the-heart-of-indias-clean-energy-push-1696271|archive-date=12 February 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/solar-plants-of-620-mw-get-operational-at-bhadla-park/articleshow/66035558.cms Solar plants of 620 MW get operational at Bhadla park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103075308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/solar-plants-of-620-mw-get-operational-at-bhadla-park/articleshow/66035558.cms|date=3 November 2018}}, ''The Times of India'', 2 October 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 April 2019|title=Azure Power commissions 150 Mw solar project in Rajasthan|work=ETEnergyworld.com|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/azure-power-commissions-150-mw-solar-project-in-rajasthan/69099360|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502130709/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/azure-power-commissions-150-mw-solar-project-in-rajasthan/69099360|archive-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pavagada Solar Park]]
|Karnataka
|{{small|{{coord|14|15|7|N|77|26|51|E|name=Pavagada Solar Park}}}}
|{{nts|2050}}
|2019
|Second biggest solar park in the world and world's largest in terms of area as in March 2020{{Dubious|There are bigger solar power plants in world|date=February 2026}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2020|title=World's largest solar park in Karnataka is now fully operational|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/energy/worlds-largest-solar-park-is-now-fully-operational-in-karnataka-5139591.htm|access-date=12 June 2020|website=cnbctv18.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park]]
| Andhra Pradesh
|{{small|{{coord|15.681522|78.283749|name=Kurnool Solar Park}}}}
|{{nts|1000}}
|2017
|
|<ref>{{cite web|author=Anjali Jaiswal |author2=Laasya Bhagavatula |date=31 October 2017|title=The World's Largest Solar Park – Kurnool, India|url=https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anjali-jaiswal/worlds-largest-solar-park-kurnool-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012535/https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anjali-jaiswal/worlds-largest-solar-park-kurnool-india|archive-date=7 November 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|website=Natural Resources Defense Council}}</ref>
|-
|[[NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project|NP Kunta]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|{{small|{{coord|14|01|N|78|26|E|name=NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project}}}}
|{{nts|978}}
|2021
|In [[Nambulapulakunta]] Mandal. Total planned capacity 1500 MW
|<ref>[http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/ntpc-commissioned-50-mw-of-np-kunta-ultra-mega-solar-power-project-stage-i-in-anantapuramu-116080100328_1.html NTPC commissioned 50 MW of NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project Stage-I in Anantapuramu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304200105/http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/ntpc-commissioned-50-mw-of-np-kunta-ultra-mega-solar-power-project-stage-i-in-anantapuramu-116080100328_1.html|date=4 March 2017}}, India Infoline News Service, 1 August 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kabeer|first=Nitin|date=17 May 2018|title=Solar Projects Totaling 127 MW Commissioned This Week|work=Mercom India|url=https://mercomindia.com/solar-projects-127-commissioning-may/|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524081718/https://mercomindia.com/solar-projects-127-commissioning-may/|archive-date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 July 2018|title=Tata Power commissions 100 MW solar power capacity in AP|work=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-power-commissions-100-mw-solar-power-capacity-in-ap-118070200548_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702114519/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-power-commissions-100-mw-solar-power-capacity-in-ap-118070200548_1.html|archive-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar]]
| Madhya Pradesh
|{{small|{{Coord|qid=Q24929801|format=dms|display=}}}}
|{{nts|750}}
|2018
|
|<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2018/jul/06/750mw-madhya-pradesh-solar-plant-starts-operations-to-serve-delhi-metro-1839235.html 750MW Madhya Pradesh solar plant starts operations, to serve Delhi Metro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713232523/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2018/jul/06/750mw-madhya-pradesh-solar-plant-starts-operations-to-serve-delhi-metro-1839235.html|date=13 July 2018}}, IANS, ''The New Indian Express'', 6 July 2018</ref>
|-
|[[Charanka Solar Park]]
|Gujarat
|{{small|{{coord|23|54| |N|71|12| |E|name= Gujarat Solar Park 1}}}}
|{{nts|690}}
|2012
|Situated at Charanka village in [[Patan district]]. Capacity expected to go up to 790 MW in 2019.
|<ref>{{cite news|date=7 June 2019|title=GIPCL commissions 75 MW solar power project in Gujarat|work=Asian Age|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.asianage.com/business/companies/070619/gipcl-commissions-75-mw-solar-power-project-in-gujarat.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607120344/https://www.asianage.com/business/companies/070619/gipcl-commissions-75-mw-solar-power-project-in-gujarat.html|archive-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2014/09/09/india-pushes-ultra-mega-scheme-to-scale-solar-pv/ India Pushes Ultra-Mega Scheme To Scale Solar PV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061143/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2014/09/09/india-pushes-ultra-mega-scheme-to-scale-solar-pv/|date=26 January 2019}}, ''Forbes'', William Pentland, 9 September 2014</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 December 2018|title=Gujarat riding on the suns chariot|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-riding-on-the-suns-chariot/articleshow/66900722.cms|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415041139/http://www.gpclindia.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=15|archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]]||Tamil Nadu
|{{coord|9.347568|78.392162|type:landmark_region:IN}}||648
|2017
|With a generating capacity of 648 MWp at a single location, it is the [[List of photovoltaic power stations|world's 12th largest]] solar park based on capacity.||
|-
|[[Gujarat solar park 1]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{coord|23|54||N|71|12||E|name=Charanka Solar Park}}
|221
|{{dts|2012|04|19|format=hide}} 2012
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=26 December 2024 |title=Gujarat flips switch on Asia's largest solar field, leading India's renewable energy ambitions |url=https://dholerasmartcityinfo.com/dholera-solar-park-green-energy-in-india/ |newspaper=Dholera smart city info |location=Gujarat, india}}</ref>
|-
|Ananthapuramu – II
|Andhra Pradesh
|{{small|{{coord|14|58|49|N|78|02|45|E|name=Ananthapuramu II solar park}}}}
|{{nts|400}}
|2019
|Located at Talaricheruvu village in [[Tadipatri]] mandal of [[Anantapur district]]. Planned capacity 500 MW
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/solar-plant-commissioned/article26315321.ece|title=Solar plant commissioned|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220083201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/solar-plant-commissioned/article26315321.ece|archive-date=20 February 2019|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://apspcl.ap.gov.in/content/anantapuramu-ii-landdetails|title=Ananthapuramu -II ultra mega solar park 500 MW – Land details|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220235814/http://apspcl.ap.gov.in/content/anantapuramu-ii-landdetails|archive-date=20 February 2019|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Galiveedu solar park
|Andhra Pradesh
|{{small|{{coord|14|6|21|N|78|27|57|E|name=Galiveedu solar park}}}}
|{{nts|400}}
|2020
|Located at Marrikommadinne village in [[Galiveedu]] mandal of [[kadapa district]].
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/seci-refuses-lower-tariffs-andhra-solar-projects |title= SECI Refuses to Lower Tariffs for Andhra Solar Projects |date= 22 July 2019 |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Mandsaur Solar Farm
|Madhya Pradesh
|{{small|{{coord|24|5|17|N|75|47|59|E|name=Mandsaur Solar Farm}}}}
|{{nts|250}}
|2017
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/ntpcs-rs-1500-crore-solar-power-plant-inaugurated-by-mp-chief-minister/64955389|title=NTPC's Rs 1,500 crore solar power plant inaugurated by MP Chief Minister|access-date=12 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712090413/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/ntpcs-rs-1500-crore-solar-power-plant-inaugurated-by-mp-chief-minister/64955389|archive-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kadapa Ultra Mega Solar Park]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|{{small|{{coord|14|54|59|N|78|17|31|E|name=Kadapa solar park}}}}
|{{nts|250}}
|2020
|Total planned capacity 1000 MW
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/engie-fully-commissions-250-mw-kadapa-solar-project-in-andhra-pradesh/74173653 |title=ENGIE fully commissions 250 MW Kadapa solar project in Andhra Pradesh |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://numerical.co.in/numerons/collection/5bebf7f9cb4b49281e45acd8|title=List of projects that are part of Kadapa Mega Solar Park|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Welspun Solar MP project]]||Madhya Pradesh
| ||151
|2014
|||<ref>{{cite web|title=Neemuch Solar Plant inaugurated by Narendra Modi and MP CM Shivraj Singh Chauhan|url=http://www.srmohanty.in/madhya-pradesh-sr-mohanty-solar-plant-neemuch/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907095718/http://www.srmohanty.in/madhya-pradesh-sr-mohanty-solar-plant-neemuch/|archive-date=7 September 2014|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[ReNew Power]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]||Telangana
| ||143
|2017
|||<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana gets largest solar farm in Nizamabad district – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 April 2017 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-gets-largest-solar-farm-in-nizamabad-district/articleshow/58202496.cms}}</ref>
|-
|[[Neyveli]] Solar Power Project
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|
|130
|{{dts|2016|06|13|format=hide}} 2018
|The project is spread over 4 locations within the town.
|<ref>{{cite news |date=2 January 2018 |title=130-MW solar power plant commissioned at Nevyeli |work=The Hindu |location=Cuddalore |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/130-mw-solar-power-plant-commissioned-at-nevyeli/article22348029.ece}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sakri solar plant]]||Maharashtra
| ||{{nts|125}}
|2013
|||
|-
|NTPC solar plants [[NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant]]||
| ||{{nts|110}}
|{{dts|2015}}
|||<ref name="ntpc">{{cite web|date=1 April 2016|title=NTPC solar power plants performance|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpc-delivers-stellar-performance-in-fy16-records-highest-ever-generation/51648977|access-date=30 April 2016|website=ETEnergyworld.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra I Solar Power Plant|Maharashtra I]]|| Maharashtra
| ||{{nts|67}}
|{{dts|2017}}
|||
|-
| Green Energy Development Corporation (GEDCOL)||Odisha
| ||{{nts|50}}
|{{dts|2014}}
|||<ref>{{cite news|date=5 December 2013|title=Green Energy Corp to set up 50 mw Solar Power Plant|work=Odisha Sun Times|location=Bhubaneswar, India|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/18015/green-energy-corp-set-50-mw-solar-power-plant/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803070305/http://odishasuntimes.com/18015/green-energy-corp-set-50-mw-solar-power-plant/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tata Power Solar]] (TPS), [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]]||Madhya Pradesh
| ||{{nts|50}}
|2014
|||<ref>{{cite news|title=NTPC's 50 MW solar power plant in Madhya Pradesh commissioned|work=The Economic Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-18/news/50679199_1_state-owned-ntpc-rajgarh-solar-project-tata-power-solar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912060549/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-18/news/50679199_1_state-owned-ntpc-rajgarh-solar-project-tata-power-solar|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2014|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[Welspun Energy]], Phalodhi||Rajasthan
| ||{{nts|50}}
|{{dts|2013}}
|||<ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2013|title=Welspun Energy commissions largest solar project|work=The Economic Times|location=Jaipur, India|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/news/37651160_1_solar-project-welspun-energy-pv-project.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017205649/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/news/37651160_1_solar-project-welspun-energy-pv-project.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jalaun Solar Power Project]]||Uttar Pradesh
| ||{{nts|50}}
|{{dts|2016}}
|||
|-
| GEDCOL||Odisha
| ||{{nts|48}}
|{{dts|2014}}
|||<ref>{{cite news|date=30 December 2011|title=Odisha to float tenders soon for 48 MW solar power|work=Business Standard|location=Bhubaneswar, India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/odisha-to-float-tenders-soon-for-48-mw-solar-power-113122600745_1.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[CIAL Solar Power Project]]
|[[Kerala]]
|
|40
|2013
|Powering first fully solar powered airport in the world  
|<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |access-date=14 August 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka I Solar Power Plant|Karnataka I]]|| |Karnataka
| ||{{nts|40}}
|{{dts|2018}}
|||
|-
|[[Bitta Solar Power Plant]]|| Gujarat
| ||{{nts|40}}
|{{dts|2012}}
|||<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2012|title=Adani Group commissions largest solar power project|work=The Economic Times|location=New Delhi, India|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-05/news/30593042_1_solar-plant-gujarat-solar-power-adani-group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125215205/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-05/news/30593042_1_solar-plant-gujarat-solar-power-adani-group|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park]], [[Pokhran]]|| Rajasthan
| ||{{nts|40}}
|2012
|||<ref name="bloomberg2011">{{cite news|date=5 September 2011|title=Reliance Power to Buy First Solar Panels for U.S.-Backed Project|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|location=India|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-05/reliance-power-to-buy-first-solar-panels-for-u-s-backed-project.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vikram Solar]] and [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS Energy Development Co Ltd]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|
|40
|{{dts|2015|05|11|format=hide}} 2015
|<ref name="Solar Server">{{cite news |date=11 May 2015 |title=Solar in India: Vikram Solar commissions 40 MW PV plant in Madhya Pradesh |work=Solar Server |location=India |url=http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2015/2015/kw20/solar-in-india-vikram-solar-commissions-40-mw-pv-plant-in-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510090528/http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2015/2015/kw20/solar-in-india-vikram-solar-commissions-40-mw-pv-plant-in-madhya-pradesh.html }}</ref>
|
|-
| Rajasthan Photovoltaic Plant|| Rajasthan
| ||{{nts|35}}
|2013
|||<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2013|title=Azure commissions 35 MW solar power plant in Rajasthan|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/PIjvqvd6Msjn82ncRAW3XO/Azure-commissions-35-MW-solar-power-plant-in-Rajasthan.html|access-date=18 July 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Welspun, [[Bathinda]]||Punjab
| ||{{nts|34}}
|2015
|||<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=23 January 2018|title=Welspun Renewables commissions 34 MW solar project in Punjab|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/welspun-renewables-commissions-34-mw-solar-project-in-punjab/article7495255.ece|access-date=18 July 2021|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Moser Baer]], [[Patan district]]|| Gujarat
| ||{{nts|30}}
|2011
|||<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=12 October 2011|title=Moser Baer commissions 30-MW solar farm in Gujarat|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/moser-baer-commissions-30mw-solar-farm-in-gujarat/article2531831.ece|access-date=18 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| Lalitpur Solar Power Project||Uttar Pradesh
| ||{{nts|30}}
|{{dts|2015}}
|||<ref>{{cite web|date=8 May 2015|title=Akhilesh launches 30MW solar plants in Lalitpur|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/uttar-pradesh/Akhilesh-launches-30MW-solar-plants-in-Lalitpur/articleshow/47197807.cms|access-date=18 July 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mithapur Solar Power Plant]]|| Gujarat
| ||{{nts|25}}
|2012
|||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://powerbase.in/tata-power-commissions-25mw-solar-project-gujarat/|title=Tata Power commissions 25MW solar project in Gujarat|access-date=19 February 2012|archive-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218235449/http://powerbase.in/tata-power-commissions-25mw-solar-project-gujarat/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vankal Solar Park]] ||Mizoram
| ||{{nts|20}}
|{{dts|2023}}
|||<ref>{{cite web |title=20 MW Vankal Solar Park inaugurated in Mizoram, first in northeast India |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/solar-park-vankal-mizoram-inaugurated-20-mw-first-in-northeast-india-16500071.htm |website=cnbctv18 |date=26 April 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| GEDCOL|| Odisha
| ||{{nts|20}}
|{{dts|2014}}
|||<ref>{{cite news|date=1 April 2014|title=GEDCOL seeks land transfer for 20 Mw solar plant|work=Business Standard|location=Bhubaneswar, India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/gedcol-seeks-land-transfer-for-20-mw-solar-plant-114040100893_1.html|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Location map+|India|AlternativeMap=|float=center|width=380|caption=|places=
{{Location map~|India|lat=27.5396685|long=71.9152528|label=[[Bhadla Solar Park|Bhadla]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=14.25|long=77.45|label=[[Pavagada Solar Park|Pavagada]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=14.031944|long=78.435833|label=[[NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Park|NP Kunta]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=15.681522|long=78.283749|label=[[Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park|Kurnool]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=9.347568|long=78.392162|label=[[Kamuthi Solar Power Project|Kamuthi]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=18.961667|long=76.212778|label=[[Maharashtra I Solar Power Plant|Maharashtra I]]|label_width=8|position=top}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=16.152778|long=77.765556|label=[[Telangana I Solar Power Plant|Telangana I]]|position=left}}}}
<gallery title="Major photovoltaic power stations<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Plant wise details of Renewable Energy Installed Capacity|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rpm/Plant-wise%20details%20of%20RE%20Installed%20Capacity-merged.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807055702/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rpm/Plant-wise%20details%20of%20RE%20Installed%20Capacity-merged.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2020|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref>">
File:2020-05-20, Sentinel-2A L1C, True color (1).jpg|[[Bhadla Solar Park]], Rajasthan {{nts|2245}} MW {{small|{{coord|27|32|22.81|N|71|54|54.91|E|name=Bhadla Solar Park}}}}
File:Ananthapuram Ultra Mega Solar Park 2020.jpg|[[NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Park]], Andhra Pradesh {{nts|978}} MW {{small|{{coord|14|01|N|78|26|E|name=NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project}}}}
File:Pavagada Solar Park 2020.jpg|[[Pavagada Solar Park]], Karnataka {{nts|2050}} MW {{small|{{coord|14|15|7|N|77|26|51|E|name=Pavagada Solar Park}}}}
File:Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park 2020.jpg|[[Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park]], Andhra Pradesh {{nts|1000}} MW {{small|{{coord|15.681522|78.283749|name=Kurnool Solar Park}}}}
File:KamuthiSolarPark.jpg|[[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]], Tamil Nadu 648 MW {{coord|9.347568|78.392162|type:landmark_region:IN}}
File:Solar Power Plant Maharashtra I in state of Maharashtra, India, 67.2-MWp DC.jpg|[[Maharashtra I Solar Power Plant]], Maharashtra {{nts|67}} MW
File:Solar Power Plant Telangana I in state of Telangana, India, 12-MWp DC.jpg|[[Telangana I Solar Power Plant]], Telangana 12 MW
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]
* [[Cost of electricity by source]]
* [[Wind power in India]]
* [[Biofuels in India]]
* [[Hydroelectric power in India]]
* [[Growth of photovoltaics]]
* [[Index of solar energy articles]]
* [[Solar power in China]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://indianstates.csis.org/national-goals/solar-performance-tracker/ Solar Performance Tracker]. [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]
* [http://164.100.94.214/file-manager/annual-report/2015-2016/EN/Chapter%204/chapter_4.htm Annual Report 2015-16.] ''MNRE''
* [https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1608040317211.pdf Annual Report 2018-19]. ''MNRE.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153703/https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1608040317211.pdf Archived] on 21 April 2021.
* [https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1618564141288.pdf Annual Report 2020-2021.] ''MNRE''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421121519/https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1618564141288.pdf Archived] on 21 April 2021.

{{SPIN}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Energy in India}}
{{Photovoltaics}}
{{Solar power by country}}
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{{Portal bar|Energy|Renewable energy}}

[[Category:Solar power in India| ]]
[[Category:Solar power in Asia|India]]

Dil Hai Tumhaara

2026-03-26T17:09:22Z

Allen2502: minor cleanup

{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dil Hai Tumhaara
| image = DHTDVD.jpg
| director = [[Kundan Shah]]
| producer = [[Kumar S. Taurani]] [[Ramesh S. Taurani]]
| writer = Subrat Sinha (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] Kundan Shah
| starring = [[Rekha]] [[Preity Zinta]] [[Mahima Chaudhry]] [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] [[Alok Nath]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Nadeem-Shravan]] '''Background score:''' [[Surinder Sodhi]]
| cinematography = [[:en:Jehangir_Choudhary|Jehangir Choudhary]]
| editing = Aseem Sinha
| studio = [[Tips Industries]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2002|9|6}}
| runtime = 185 minutes
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}7.25 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-dil-hai-tumhara-story-developed-by-rajkumar-santoshi-30-years-back-preity-zinta-arjun-rampal-movie-9-songs-album-hit-after-release-deets-inside-7440161-page-7.html |title=30 साल पहले आया फिल्म का आइडिया, 2 बार बदली कास्ट, 9 गानों वाली मूवी के बनने की अनोखी कहानी |date=3 September 2023 }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}18.03 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Dil Hai Tumhaara''''' ({{Translation|My Heart Is Yours}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Kundan Shah]]. The film stars [[Preity Zinta]] in the central part of Shalu, a young woman who, unbeknownst to her, was born out of wedlock and, following her parents' death, was begrudgingly adopted by her father's wife ([[Rekha]]), who has never accepted her as her own and whose love Shalu has been craving since childhood. [[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] and [[Alok Nath]] play supporting roles. The film was promoted as a star vehicle for Zinta and, although a moderate success on release, Zinta's performance was praised by critics and earned her nominations for Best Actress at a number of award ceremonies. The soundtrack, composed by [[Nadeem-Shravan]], did well on the charts. It has also been uploaded on [[YouTube]] channel [[Shemaroo]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Dil Hai Tumhara (HD) {{!}} Full Movie {{!}} Arjun Rampal - Preity Zinta - Mahima Chaudhary |date=22 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhFDg9RsDlg |access-date=2024-01-12 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112133629/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhFDg9RsDlg |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shalu is a fun-loving young woman living with her mother, Sarita, and older sister, Nimmi. Unknown to Shalu and Nimmi, they are half sisters. Shalu is the daughter of Sarita's late husband Shekar and the woman with whom he had an affair. Fatally wounded in a car accident with Shalu's biological mother, Shekar begged Sarita to raise Shalu as her own.

Although Sarita adopted Shalu, she cannot give her the love she shows towards Nimmi. Shalu, on the other hand, constantly craves her mother's affection. She seeks attention and retaliates by being rebellious. Nimmi loves Shalu very much and constantly stands up for her, though she refuses to think ill of her mother or take sides.

A young man named Dev Khanna enters the sisters' lives. Dev and Shalu initially do not get along but slowly fall in love. However, circumstances make Nimmi believe that Dev is in love with her. Sarita, only aware of Nimmi's side of the story, offers a marriage proposal to Dev's father on Nimmi's behalf. Mr. Khanna initially agrees but is taken aback when he realizes that Sarita is talking about Nimmi and not Shalu. When Sarita sees Dev and Shalu being affectionate, she jumps to the conclusion that Shalu has stolen Dev from Nimmi just as Shalu's mother stole Shekar from her. In anger, she reveals her true heritage to her in front of Nimmi.

Shocked at her parentage, Shalu decides to give up Dev to make her mother and sister happy. Saddened, Dev eventually agrees to marry Nimmi to make Shalu happy. Nimmi notices that something is wrong with Shalu, but Shalu deflects the question by saying that she has fallen in love with Samir, her childhood friend who has been in love with her for years.

On the engagement day, Sarita's political rivals try to use Shalu's [[illegitimate]] heritage to threaten Nimmi's marriage to Dev, who is from a prominent family. Shalu takes matters into her own hands, rushing to Dev's house, where she publicly announces that she was born out of wedlock, arguing that it is proof of Sarita's kindness and generosity that she had adopted Shalu. Mr. Khanna is impressed with Shalu's courage and promises that nothing will stop the wedding.

Sarita secretly witnesses Shalu's confession and is deeply touched. She is ashamed of how she has treated Shalu, and they share their first hug. Sarita tells her that she will ask Nimmi to step aside if Shalu and Dev are really in love. Shalu stops her from doing so, saying that now that she has her mother's love and acceptance, she does not want anything else.

Nimmi is very happy that her mother has accepted Shalu, but she still feels that something is not quite right with her sister. She soon learns of the whole ruse from Samir and gladly steps aside for Shalu, and Shalu and Dev are united.

== Cast ==
*[[Rekha]] as Sarita
*[[Preity Zinta]] as Shalu
*[[Mahima Chaudhry]] as Nimmi
*[[Arjun Rampal]] as Dev Khanna
*[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Sameer
*[[Alok Nath]] as Mr. Khanna
*[[Sachin Khedekar]] as Shekhar
*[[Govind Namdeo]] as Mr. Mittal
*[[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Roopchand
*[[Gajraj Rao]] as Khoobchand
*[[Vivek Shauq]] as Factory CEO
*[[Dilip Joshi]] as Factory CEO
*[[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Shepherd
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as Sarita's advisor
* Natasha Sinha as Renu, Shalu's biological mother

==Production==
''Dil Hai Tumhaara'' marked the second collaboration of [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Kundan Shah]], the first being the sleeper hit ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Pankaj |title=Dil Hai Tumhaara? Kya Kehna, Preity! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara-Kya-Kehna-Preity/articleshow/21282352.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2002 |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212230305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara-Kya-Kehna-Preity/articleshow/21282352.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was promoted as a star vehicle for Zinta.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Pankaj |title=Women power September releases |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Women-power-September-releases/articleshow/21891476.cms |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2002 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008170627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/women-power-september-releases/articleshow/21891476.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Harneet |title=Bollywood divas get rolling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bollywood-divas-get-rolling/articleshow/21892317.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2002 |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210204202337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bollywood-divas-get-rolling/articleshow/21892317.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dil Hai Tumhara
| type = Album
| artist = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 June 2002 (India)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 43:39
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Music Films]]
| producer = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| prev_title = Tumse Achcha Kaun Hai
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Jeena Sirf Merre Liye]]
| next_year = 2002
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = Planet Bollywood
| rev1Score = {{Rating|8|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Hai Tumhara Music Review|url=https://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042106032413|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008170622/https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042106032413|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

The soundtrack went on to be successful. It has nine songs composed by the duo [[Nadeem-Shravan]], with lyrics authored by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].

In most of the songs, vocals for Zinta, Rampal and Sheirgill are supplied by [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Udit Narayan]], respectively. The album also features [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Sarika Kapoor and Tauseef Akhtar.

According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 20,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's sixth highest-selling. The song "Dil Laga Liya Maine" has the same composition as of "Boohay Barian" by [[Hadiqa Kiani]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1.
| "Dil Laga Liya Maine"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 04:31
|-
| 2.
| "Dil Hai Tumhaara"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik
| 06:41
|-
| 3.
| "Chaaya Hai Jo Dil Pe"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| 04:36
|-
| 4.
| "Chaahe Zubaan"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], Alka Yagnik
| 04.37
|-
| 5.
| "Kasam Khake Kaho"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| 05:53
|-
| 6.
| "Mohabbat Dil Ka Sakoon"
| Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik
| 05:37
|-
| 7.
| "O Sahiba O Sahiba"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy, Sonu Nigam
| 04:52
|-
| 8.
| "Kabhi Hasna Hai Kabhi"
| Tauseef Akhtar
| 05.16
|-
| 9.
| "Betabi Ka Khamoshi Ka"
| Sarika Kapoor
| 01:57
|}

==Reception==
''Dil Hai Tumhaara'' received generally mixed reviews, but Preity Zinta's performance was universally praised by critics, with those critical of the film marking her presence as its main highlight.<ref>{{cite news |title=Preity Zinta: The Show Steale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Preity-Zinta-The-Show-Stealer/articleshow/21887910.cms |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=12 September 2002 |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/preity-zinta-the-show-stealer/articleshow/21887910.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' believed that Zinta's "star-quality playing" is the main reason to watch an otherwise formulaic picture. He further noted its "respectable" production values and praised Rekha for being "quietly commanding as the powerful but conflicted mom".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elley |first1=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |title=Dil Hai Tumhaara |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/dil-hai-tumhaara-1200545641/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=7 October 2002 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518184946/http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/dil-hai-tumhaara-1200545641/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] gave the film 2 stars and wrote, "Clearly, this enterprise is a showcase for the hi-energy and scampering spirit of Zinta. She’s fabulous but content-wise, the stuff is … empty."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |title=Blame it on bio |url=http://web.mid-day.com/columns/Khalid_Mohammed/2002/September/30861.htm |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=7 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206060633/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/Khalid_Mohammed/2002/September/30861.htm |archive-date=6 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref> Ziya Us Salam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' believed that as far as director Shah is concerned, the film is "among the more lopsided, half-hearted films he has made in his long career" but he called Zinta "the life of this film". He concluded the review saying: "Take away Zinta and ''Dil Hai Tumhaara'' is a tiresome film in urgent need of heavy editing. Put Zinta in there and it becomes watchable frame-to-frame. Preity is there all through, purely due to her infectious charm."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Us Salam |first1=Ziya |title=Affairs of the heart |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900740400.htm |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 September 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021126154405/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900740400.htm |archive-date=26 November 2002}}</ref> Similarly, Jitesh Pillai of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "it's Zinta, with her mixture of vulnerability and brashness, who delivers a wallop. She's the only bright spark in this dull ''dil'' drama."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Jitesh |author-link1=Jitesh Pillai |title=Dil Hai Tumhaara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara/articleshow/25545390.cms |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=18 October 2002 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803015615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara/articleshow/25545390.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, calling it "a film that is sure to pull your heart strings", and noted that : "in an author-backed role... Zinta steals the show with a sterling performance", which is "sure to win accolades from the junta and critics whole-heartedly".<ref>{{cite web|author=Adarsh, Taran |title=Dil Hai Tumhara |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201710 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 September 2002 |access-date=22 May 2020|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201710 |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'''s S. Ramachandran believed that the film "has some touching moments, but cliched dialogues mar the script", and noted Zinta for excelling in her part.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=S |title=Dil Hai Tumhaara |url=http://www.mid-day.com/ENTERTAINMENT/HindiMoviesReview/2002/September/30698.htm |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=6 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205133346/http://www.mid-day.com/ENTERTAINMENT/HindiMoviesReview/2002/September/30698.htm |archive-date=5 December 2002}}</ref> Sanjeev Singh Bariana of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' was appreciative of the film, Zinta's central performance, and noted Shah for doing "a commendable job".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Bariana |first1=Sanjeev |title=Presenting varied hues of love |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020908/cth2.htm#2 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=8 September 2002}}</ref> Manish Gajjar from the [[BBC]] described the film as engaging, and liked the "emotional story" where "Shah explores the sensitive issue of a mother-daughter relationship", and took note of the performances of the cast, calling Zinta "superb" and Chaudhry "touching".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gajjar |first1=Manish |title=Dil Hai Tumaara |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/08/dil_hai_tumaara.shtml |website=[[BBC Online]] |publisher=BBC |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=20 September 2002 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217174745/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/08/dil_hai_tumaara.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Piroj Wadia of ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' found the film unoriginal, depending on "formulaic love triangles, sibling rivalry in love, prototype character roles and the utter absence of logic". He did appreciate, however, the performances, labelling them the film's "redemption", and noted the unusually realistic portrayal of the sister bond and the camaraderie between Shalu (Zinta) and Nimmi (Chaudhry)."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wadia |first1=Piroj |title=Too formulaic |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20020913/frev.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=13 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020915104940/http://www.screenindia.com/20020913/frev.html |archive-date=15 September 2002}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha of ''The Times of India'' called the film "delightfully comic", comparing it to [[Bimal Roy]]'s ''[[Sujata (1959 film)|Sujata]]'' (1959) and praising Zinta, who, "in a role tailor-made for her" … displays a comic aptitude akin to Hollywood actress [[Goldie Hawn]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=K. Jha |first1=Subhash |author-link1=Subhash K. Jha |title=Dil Hai Tumhaara: Delightfully comic |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/default?&xml=0 |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=The Times Group |date=8 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020909102637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/default?&xml=0 |archive-date=9 September 2002 |language=en}}</ref> Ronjita Kulkarni from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' accused the film of its "regressive thinking" and believed it might appeal particularly to Zinta's fans. She also positively reviewed the performances of Rekha and Choudhry, despite the latter's underdeveloped role.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ronjita |title=rediff.com: Movies: The Rediff Review: Dil Hai Tumhaara |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/06dht.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=6 September 2002}}</ref>

==Awards==
;Nominated:
[[Screen Award for Best Actress]] - [[Preity Zinta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0328998|title=Dil Hai Tumhaara}}
{{Kundan Shah}}

[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kundan Shah]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]

Guwahati

2026-03-25T16:39:59Z

Allen2502: updated details

{{Short description|Metropolis in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Guwahati
| other_name = Gauhati
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Guwahati_citysky.jpg
| caption1 = Guwahati Aerial View
| image2 = Guwahati Planetarium.jpg
| caption2 = [[Guwahati Planetarium]]
| image3 = Guwahati Ropeway car View.jpg
| caption3 = [[Guwahati Ropeway]]
| image4 = MG 2907-1 Guwahati Club.jpg
| caption4 = Guwahati Club Area
| image5 = IIT Guwahati.jpg
| caption5 = [[IIT Guwahati]]
| image6 = A view from Nilachal Hill in Guwahati, Assam, India.jpg
| caption6 = View of Guwahati from Nilachal Hill
}}
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| nicknames = Gateway to Northeast India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/sep/28/insider-guide-guwahati-gateway-india-northeast|title=An insider's guide to Guwahati: more than just a gateway to India's northeast|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 September 2015|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004215757/http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/sep/28/insider-guide-guwahati-gateway-india-northeast|archive-date=4 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> City of Temples, Light of the East<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kamrupmetro.nic.in/indexmain.asp |title=Kamrup Metro District |publisher=Kamrup(M) District Administration |access-date=5 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911190123/http://kamrupmetro.nic.in/indexmain.asp |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Kamrup
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26|10|20|N|91|44|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = State
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Assam}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Guwahati Municipal Corporation]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Guwahati City'>{{cite web|title=Guwahati City|url=https://gscl.assam.gov.in/information-services/guwahati-biodiversity}}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150101/jsp/northeast/story_6181.jsp#.VffzEfmqpBc |title=Magisterial powers for Guwahati top cop |work=The Telegraph|access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930233628/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150101/jsp/northeast/story_6181.jsp#.VffzEfmqpBc |archive-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 216
| area_metro_km2 = 1528
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name='GMDA'>{{cite web|title=GMDA|url=https://gmda.assam.gov.in/about-us/what-we-do-0}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 50-680 
| elevation_ft = 164-2231
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html |title=Guwahati City Census |publisher= |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201746/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = 2,376,654
| population_as_of = 2025<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://populationstat.com/india/gauhati |title = Population of Guwahati 2020 (Demographic, Facts, Etc) – India Population 2020}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|33th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_demonym = Guwahatian
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 781 0xx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 - (0) 361
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| registration_plate = AS-01 (Kamrup Metro) / AS-25 (Kamrup Rural and Dispur)
| blank5_name_sec1 = GDP {{nobold|(2024–2025)}}
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|10.93|lc}}<ref name="Guwahati City Overview">{{cite web|url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/9915/overview|title=Guwahati City Overview|access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>
| blank6_name_sec1 = GDP per capita {{nobold|(2024–25)}}
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|699398}}<ref name="Guwahati City Overview">{{cite web|url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/9915/overview|title=Guwahati City Overview|access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.753 {{color|green|high}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okd.in/downloads/assam_hdr_30sep2016.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322195446/http://okd.in/downloads/assam_hdr_30sep2016.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 940 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = City animal
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[South Asian river dolphin|Gangetic river Dolphin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Gangetic-river-dolphin-to-be-city-animal-of-Guwahati/articleshow/52623206.cms|title=Gangetic river dolphin to be city animal of Guwahati|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 June 2017|date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Gangetic-river-dolphin-to-be-city-animal-of-Guwahati/articleshow/52623206.cms|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|2054|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Assamese language|Assamese
]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = 96.47%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html |title=Guwahati City Census 2011 data |publisher= |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201746/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://gmc.assam.gov.in//}}
| official_name = Guwahati City
| leader_title = [[Guwahati Municipal Corporation|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Mrigen Sarania
| leader_party = [[BJP]]
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = Smita Roy ([[BJP]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrigen Sarania retains mayor post, Smita Roy to be his deputy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-mrigen-sarania-retains-mayor-post-smita-roy-to-be-his-deputy/articleshow/91307459.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=3 January 2026 |author=Mukut Das}}</ref>
}}

'''Guwahati''' ({{IPA|as|ɡua.ɦa.ti|lang}}), formerly known as '''Gauhati''', is the largest city of the [[Indian state]] of [[Assam]], and also the largest [[metropolis]] in northeastern India. [[Dispur]], the capital of Assam, is in the circuit city region located within Guwahati and is the seat of the [[Government of Assam]]. The [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]] is the 10th [[List of the busiest airports in India|busiest in India]], and the busiest in the Assam and North-East of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2024 |title=A Year Of Many Milestones For NE's Busiest Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/a-year-of-many-milestones-for-nes-busiest-airport/articleshow/116749721.cms |access-date=28 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A major riverine port city along with hills, and one of the fastest growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Choudhury|first=Rekha|date=31 December 2010|title=Floating population in Guwahati and its impact on the city's environment|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/67544|journal=University|language=English}}</ref> cities in [[India]], Guwahati is situated on the south bank of the [[Brahmaputra]].<ref name="Capital of Assam">{{cite web |url=https://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/capitalofassam |title=Capital of Assam |publisher=Assam Online Portal |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807175846/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/capitalofassam |archive-date=7 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is known as the "gateway to North East India".<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 27, 2011|title=Guwahati a gateway to the exotic North East|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Guwahati-a-gateway-to-the-exotic-North-East/articleshow/16183684.cms|access-date=10 June 2020|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

The ancient cities of [[Pragjyotishpura]] and [[Durjaya]] ([[North Guwahati]]) were the capitals of the ancient state of [[Kamarupa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://online.assam.gov.in/history | title=History | publisher=Government of Assam | access-date=14 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521185459/http://online.assam.gov.in/history | archive-date=21 May 2013 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
Many ancient Hindu temples like the [[Kamakhya Temple]], [[Ugratara Devalaya|Ugratara Temple]], [[Basistha Temple]], [[Doul Govinda Temple]], [[Umananda Temple]], [[Navagraha Mandir, Guwahati|Navagraha Temple]], [[Sukreswar Temple]], [[Rudreswar Temple]], [[Manikarneswar Devalaya]], Aswaklanta Temple, [[Dirgheshwari temple|Dirgheshwari Temple]], [[Lankeshwar Temple]], Bhubaneswari Temple, Shree Ganesh Mandir, Shree Panchayatana Temple, Noonmati, and the like, are situated in the city, giving it the title of "The City of Temples".<ref name=" About Guwahati">{{cite web|url=http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/About-Guwahati|title=About Guwahati|publisher=|access-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016012942/http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/about-guwahati|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The noted [[Madan Kamdev]] is situated {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=off}} from Guwahati.

Guwahati lies between the banks of the [[Brahmaputra River]] and the foothills of the [[Shillong]] plateau, with [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|LGB International Airport]] to the west and the town of [[Narengi]] to the east. The [[North Guwahati]] area, to the northern bank of the Brahmaputra, is being gradually incorporated into the city limits. The [[Guwahati Municipal Corporation]], the city's local government, administers an area of {{convert|523|km2}}.<ref name="Guwahati City" /> At the same time, the [[Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority]] (GMDA) is the planning and development body of Greater Guwahati Metropolitan Area.<ref name="GMDA" /> Guwahati is the largest city in [[Northeast India]].<ref name="The Telegraph"/>

The Guwahati region hosts diverse wildlife including rare animals such as [[Asian elephant]]s, [[Pythonidae|pythons]], [[tiger]]s, [[rhinoceros]], [[gaur]]s, primate species, and endangered birds.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2002). Big cats, elephant, rhino and gaur in Guwahati. ''The Rhino Found. NE India Newsletter'' 4:16-19.</ref><ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2003). Guwahati: the city of Adjutants and other endangered birds. ''The Rhino Found. NE India Newsletter'' 5:14-17.</ref>

== Etymology ==
Guwahati derives its name from the Assamese word "Guwa" ({{langx|as|গুৱা|links=no}}) derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word Guvāka ([[Devanagari]]: गुवाक), meaning [[areca nut]] and its plant and "Hati" ({{langx|as|হাটী|links=no}}) meaning rows, the rows of [[areca nut]] trees.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Mukunda Madhava|title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam|publisher=Department of Publication, Gauhati University|year=1978|pages=137|quote=It is also significant that the capital city of Pragjyotisa has derived its modern name Gauhati (As. Guva̅ha̅ti) from rows of ta̅mbu̅la tree. Guva̅ ( = skt. guva̅ka= ta̅mbu̅la)+ha̅ti̅ ( = rows).}}</ref>

==History==

===Ancient history===
'''Naraka''', also known as '''Narakāsura''', and '''Bhaumāsura''' was an [[asura]] king, the legendary progenitor of all three dynasties of [[Kamarupa|Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa]], and the founding ruler of the legendary [[Bhauma dynasty]] of [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]].<ref>"Pragjyotisha and Pragjyotishapura, which are names of the capital city situated about Guwahati, are mentioned for the first time in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in connection with the mythical kings Naraka, his son Bhagadatta and latter's son Vajradatta all of whom bear Sanskrit names." {{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=80}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=Narakasura+bhagadatta&pg=PA274|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>"(I)n the inscriptions issued by the rulers of Pragjyotisa-Kamarupa from the 4th to the 12th century A.D. it has been claimed that the founders of the respective dynasties belong to the Naraka line of kings." {{harvcol|Boruah|2005|p=1465}}</ref> Though the myths about Naraka are first mentioned in the Mahabharata,<ref>"The earlier stage of the myths of Naraka and his son and his grandson is found in the Mahabharata" {{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=82}}</ref> later texts embellish them.<ref>{{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=84}}</ref> According to later post-Vedic texts such as the [[Brahma Purana]] and [[Vishnu Purana]], he was the son of [[Bhudevi]],<ref>"Naraka is not mentioned (in the Mahabharata) as the son of the Earth...so that the said development in other works must be regarded as a later fabrication" {{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=83}}</ref> fathered by the [[Varaha]] incarnation of Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiburtius|first=Barnabas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb_VDwAAQBAJ&q=narakasura+Varaha&pg=PT70|title=Symbols and Themes in Sacred Texts: Self Empowering Wisdom – Volume 3|date=2020-03-10|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64760-839-2|language=en}}</ref> He is claimed as one who established [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]]. The pious Naraka became evil due to his association with an [[asura]] named [[Banasura]] of [[Tezpur|Śoṇitapura]], and hence the suffix 'asura' (demon) was added to his name.<ref>Chandra Dhar Tripathi (2008), ''Kāmarūpa-Kaliga-Mithilā: a politico-cultural alignment in Eastern India : history, art, traditions'', p.98, p.p 197</ref>
He was slain by [[Krishna]] and [[Satyabhama]], who was the incarnate of Bhudevi.

The 10th/11th-century [[Kalika Purana]] embellishes the myths further and he is claimed to have come from [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and said to have established the kingdom of [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]] after overthrowing the last of the [[Kirata]] kings, Ghatakasura, of the [[Danava dynasty]].<ref>Kali Prasad Goswami (2000),'' Devadāsī: Dancing Damsel'', p.28 Pragjyotish can be regarded as a Dravida country that was overthrown by the Mongoloid people. Naraka regained this kingdom and drove away from the Mongoloids. According to the Kalika Purana, when Naraka developed demonic qualities Vishnu was invited to kill him. In due course, he came and killed Naraka and enthroned Bhagadatta. This Bhagadatta again introduced the Saiva cult in Pragjyotisha.</ref> It was foretold that he would be destroyed by a later incarnation of [[Vishnu]]. His mother, the earth, sought the boon from Vishnu that her son should have a long life, and that he should be all-powerful. Vishnu granted these boons.<ref>George M. Williams (2008), ''Handbook of Hindu Mythology'', p.222</ref>

The 10th—12th century [[Kalika Purana]] mention that [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] was inhabited by strong, cruel [[Kirata]] people.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2019|p=320}} According to the Kalika Puranaa, 'that country [Kamarupa], inhabited by the strong, cruel and foolish Kirata people, was kept concealed by Siva in the past for using as his own province' (Shastri 1992: chapter 38, 101)</ref>

The legends of Naraka is important in the history of [[Assam]], particularly [[Kamrup region|Kamarupa]]; since Narakasura is cited as the progenitor of all three dynasties that ruled [[Kamarupa]] in historical times. A hill, to the south of Guwahati is named after him.<ref>Siba Pada Sen (1980), ''Sources of the history of India - Volume 3'', p.69</ref> He is also associated with the Hindu belief of the [[shaktism|shakti]] goddess and place of worship [[Kamakhya]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-09|title=Legends of Kamakhya festivity|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/legends-kamakhya-festivity-1502507692.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref>

Narakāsura's son [[Bhagadatta]]—of [[Mahabharata]] fame—succeeded him. As per the legends constructed in the [[Yogini Tantra]], the tank [[Dighalipukhuri]] located in the heart of the city was dug by [[Bhagadatta|King Bhagadatta]] of [[Kamarupa|Kamrup]] on the occasion of the wedding of his daughter Bhanumati with [[Duryodhana|Duryodhan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=24 July 2018 |title=At Duryodhana's pond |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/at-duryodhanas-pond/article24505360.ece |access-date=11 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Located within Guwahati is the Shakti temple of Goddess [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamakhya]] in Nilachal hill (an important seat of [[tantra|Tantric]] and [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]]), the ancient and unique astrological temple Navagraha in Chitrachal Hill, and archaeological remains in [[Basistha]] and other archaeological locations of mythological importance.<ref name="Guwahati">{{cite web|url=http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/guwahati.html|title=Guwahati|publisher=Guwahati Times|access-date=9 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208185823/http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/guwahati.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Kamakhya Temple - DEV 8829.jpg|left|thumb|A view of [[Kamakhya Temple]]]]

The [[Ambari]] excavations trace the period of the city of Guwahati between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE, in the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]]-[[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] period of [[History of India|Indian history]]. Descriptions by [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) reveal that during the reign of the Varman king [[Bhaskaravarman]] (7th century CE), the city stretched for about 30 ''li'' ({{cvt|15|km|disp=or}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enajori.com/assam-in-the-eyes-of-hiuen-tsiang-avinibesh-sharma|title=Assam in the eyes of Hiuen Tsang|publisher=Enajori|access-date=18 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812032520/http://enajori.com/assam-in-the-eyes-of-hiuen-tsiang-avinibesh-sharma/|archive-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2316/at055|title=Civilisation existed in Guwahati between 2nd, 1st century BC|date=22 January 2016|work=The Assam Tribune|access-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127024137/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2316%2Fat055|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological evidence by excavations in Ambari, and excavated brick walls and houses discovered during construction of the present [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]]'s auditorium suggest the city was of economic and strategic importance until the 9th–11th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/history|title=History|publisher=Assam Online Portal|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002154140/https://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/history|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Medieval history===
{{Main|Ahom–Mughal conflicts}}

[[Koch Hajo|Koch]] King Parikshit had his capital at Pragjyotishpur near the Aswatirtha during the conflicts with [[Mughals]]. It came under Mughal occupation between (1633–59, 1662–69, 1679–81), their vestige was completely removed after the [[Battle of Itakhuli]].

Guwahati was the headquarters of the [[Borphukan]], Ahom governor of [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]] till 1824.The Borphukan's residence was in the present [[Fancy Bazaar]] area and his council-hall, called ''Dopdar'', was about 300 yards (270 m) to the west of the [[Bharalu River|Bharalu]] stream.The Majindar Baruah, the personal secretary of the Borphukan, had his residence in the present-day deputy commissioner's residence.<ref name="Guwahati2">{{cite web|title=Guwahati|url=http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/guwahati.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208185823/http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/guwahati.html|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=9 November 2015|publisher=Guwahati Times}}</ref> During the reign of [[Ahom kingdom|the kingdom of Ahom]], Guwahati was fortified strongly and connected with the country with a number of roads.<ref>{{cite news|author=Reporter, Staff|date=11 May 2009|title=Ambari excavation site reveals the age of Guwahati|work=The Assam Tribune|location=Guwahati|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=may1109/City8|url-status=dead|access-date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213217/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=may1109%2FCity8|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Saikh Md Sabah Al-Ahmed|title=The Tales of Ponds|work=The Assam Tribune|location=Guwahati|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/may3009/horizon.html|url-status=dead|access-date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053923/http://www.assamtribune.com/may3009/horizon.html|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Dighalipukhuri]] was used as a boatyard during this period.<ref name="Guwahati22">{{cite web |title=Guwahati |url=http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/guwahati.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208185823/http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/guwahati.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=Guwahati Times}}</ref> During the time of splendor, since the reign of [[Gadadhar Singha]], the Ahom rulers paid their attention to building several temples in various religious sites at Guwahati.<ref>{{cite news |author=Reporter, Staff |date=11 May 2009 |title=Ambari excavation site reveals the age of Guwahati |work=The Assam Tribune |location=Guwahati |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=may1109/City8 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213217/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=may1109%2FCity8 |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Saikh Md Sabah Al-Ahmed |title=The Tales of Ponds |work=The Assam Tribune |location=Guwahati |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/may3009/horizon.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053923/http://www.assamtribune.com/may3009/horizon.html |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref>

===Colonial history===
{{Main|Colonial Assam}}
On the [[British annexation of Assam|cession of Assam to the British]] in 1826, it was made the seat of the British administration of Assam, and so continued until 1874, when the headquarters were removed to [[Shillong]] in the [[Khasi hills]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Gauhati|volume=11|page=532}}</ref>

===Modern history===
{{Expand section|with=late colonial history and transition to independence|date=December 2022}}
The [[Gauhati High Court]] (formerly known as the [[Gauhati High Court|High Court of Assam)]] was promulgated on 1 March 1948 by the then Governor General of India, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], in accordance with the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. It became effective on 5 April 1948 and was initially established for the Province of Assam. [[R.F. Lodge]] was the inaugural Chief Justice of the Gauhati High Court, taking office on 5 April 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – THE GAUHATI HIGH COURT |url=https://ghconline.gov.in/index.php/history/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=}}</ref>

The [[Saraighat Bridge]], notable for its role in connecting [[Northeast India]] with the rest of the country, was constructed between 1959 and 1962 by the [[Hindustan Construction Company]] at a cost of approximately {{INR}} 106 million at the time. It was completed in September 1962, and the first engine crossed it on 23 September 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kangkan Kalita|date=Nov 7, 2012 |title=50 years of Saraighat bridge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/50-years-of-saraighat-bridge/articleshow/17121361.cms |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 1972, due to [[States and union territories of India|separation of Meghalaya from Assam]], the capital of Assam was moved to [[Dispur]], a neighbourhood in Guwahati from the erstwhile capital of Shillong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam History {{!}} Assam State Portal |url=https://assam.gov.in/about-us/394 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Assam Government}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Peacock Island , Photo by Vikramjit Kakati 2012.jpg|left|thumb|The smallest inhabited riverine island in the world, Peacock Island, on the Brahmaputra river]]

The [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]] flows to the north of the metropolis. The city is bordered on the south by the foothills of the Shillong plateau and to the east by the Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary. The [[Bharalu River]], a tributary of the Brahmaputra, flows right through the heart of the city. To the south-west of the city lies [[Dipor Bil]], a permanent freshwater lake with no prominent inflows apart from monsoon run-off from the hills to the south of the lake. The lake drains into the Brahmaputra, {{cvt|5|km}} to the north, and acts as a natural stormwater reservoir for the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/geography-of-guwahati|title=Geography of Guwahati|publisher=Guwahati Online Portal|access-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017113955/http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/geography-of-guwahati|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.maharashtraweb.com/Assam/Cities/Guwahati/geographyofguwahati.asp| title=Geographical Profile of Guwahati| publisher=Maharashtra Web Portal| access-date=15 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118000337/http://www.maharashtraweb.com/Assam/Cities/Guwahati/geographyofguwahati.asp| archive-date=18 January 2007| url-status=live}}</ref> There are also multiple hills within the city limits.

=== Urban morphology ===
[[File:Guwahati urban morphology.svg|thumb|Guwahati's urban morphology|alt=]]

Guwahati's 'urban form' radiates from a central core with growth corridors radiating and extending towards the south, east, and west. In the past few decades, southern Guwahati areas such as Ganeshguri, Beltola, Hatigaon, Six Mile, and Panjabari began forming a southern sub-center surrounding the capital complex at Dispur. The core area<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/jul1109/horizon.html |title=Assam Tribune online |publisher=Assam Tribune |author=TI Trade |access-date=12 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222213058/http://www.assamtribune.com/jul1109/horizon.html |archive-date=22 February 2011 }}</ref> consists of the old city with [[Pan Bazaar]], [[Paltan Bazaar]], [[Fancy Bazaar]] and [[Uzan Bazaar]], with each area facilitating unique urban activities.<ref name="Capital of Assam" /><ref name="Guwahati's Urban Morphology">{{cite web|url=https://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/urban|title=Guwahati's Urban Morphology|publisher=Assam Online Portal|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001020943/https://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/urban|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Among the city corridors, the most important is the corridor formed along the Guwahati-Shillong (GS) Road towards the south (almost {{cvt|15|km|disp=sqbr}} from the city-center). The GS Road corridor is an important commercial area with retail, wholesale and commercial offices developed along the main road; it is also a densely built residential area in the inner parts. The capital complex of Assam at [[Dispur]] is situated in this corridor. This corridor has facilitated the growth of a southern city sub-center at Ganeshguri, along with other residential areas to the south developed during the past few decades.<ref name="Capital of Assam" /><ref name="Guwahati's Urban Morphology" />

The corridor extending towards the west (around {{cvt|30|km|disp=sqbr}} from the city center) contains a rail-road linking not only Guwahati but also other parts of the northeastern region east of Guwahati to western Assam and the rest of India. The corridor links residential and historically important areas such as Nilachal Hill (Kamakhya), Pandu, and Maligaon (headquarters of Northeast Frontier Railways) before it separates into two – one towards North Guwahati via the [[Saraighat]] Bridge and the other continuing west towards LGB International Airport via [[Gauhati University]] (Jalukbari). There are also many river ports/jetties along this corridor.<ref name="Capital of Assam" /><ref name="Guwahati's Urban Morphology" />

The third major corridor extends towards the east (around {{convert|15|km|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} from the city-center) linking Noonmati ([[Guwahati Refinery]]) and Narengi, and has facilitated residential growth along with it. Highway NH-37, which encircles the city's southern parts and links the southern corridor in Noumile to the western corridor in Jalukbari is currently supporting rapid development. Similarly, the VIP Road linking Zoo Road with the eastern corridor and recently completed Hengerabari-Narengi Road are also supporting massive residential development to the east.<ref name="Capital of Assam" /><ref name="Guwahati's Urban Morphology" />

Guwahati is one among 98 Indian cities proposed to become [[Smart city|Smart Cities]] under a project embarked on by [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug2815/at051|title=Guwahati among 7 NE Smart Cities|date=28 August 2015|publisher=The Assam Tribune|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831003453/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug2815%2Fat051|archive-date=31 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/smart-cities-list-check-which-cities-have-been-selected-in-pm-modis-smart-city-mission/126368/|title=Smart City full list|date=28 August 2015|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|access-date=29 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829023006/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/smart-cities-list-check-which-cities-have-been-selected-in-pm-modis-smart-city-mission/126368/|archive-date=29 August 2015}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Climate chart|Guwahati|10.8|23.9|11.5|13.0|27.0|18.0|16.5|30.5|52.5|20.3|31.2|182.1|22.9|31.8|253|25.2|32.6|314|25.9|32.8|283.4|25.8|33.2|264.3|24.9|32.5|184.5|22.3|31.3|117.9|17.2|28.5|9.6|12.6|25.4|4.6|float=left|clear=none}}
Guwahati has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa''), falling just short of a [[tropical savanna climate]] (Köppen climate classification ''Aw'').<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal | last1=Peel |first1= M. C. |last2= Finlayson |first2= B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. | year=2007 | title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 | doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode= 2007HESS...11.1633P | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | issn=1027-5606 | access-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | archive-date=3 February 2012 | url-status=live| doi-access=free }}</ref>

Highest recorded temperature: {{Convert|40.6|C|F|abbr=on}} on 24 April 2014<ref name="NCEI">{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Guwahati |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/GUWAHATI_42410.xlsx |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |format=XLSX |quote=WMO number: 42410}}</ref>

Lowest recorded temperature: {{Convert|3.0|C|F|abbr=on}} on 30 January 1964<ref name="NCEI"/>

{{Weather box
| location = Guwahati ([[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]]) (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 29.8
| Feb record high C = 35.7
| Mar record high C = 38.6
| Apr record high C = 40.6
| May record high C = 40.3
| Jun record high C = 39.0
| Jul record high C = 38.4
| Aug record high C = 39.2
| Sep record high C = 38.0
| Oct record high C = 37.0
| Nov record high C = 33.4
| Dec record high C = 30.9
| year record high C = 40.6
| Jan high C = 23.9
| Feb high C = 27.0
| Mar high C = 30.5
| Apr high C = 31.2
| May high C = 31.8
| Jun high C = 32.6
| Jul high C = 32.8
| Aug high C = 33.2
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.3
| Nov high C = 28.5
| Dec high C = 25.4
| year high C = 30.0
| Jan mean C = 17.4
| Feb mean C = 20.0
| Mar mean C = 23.5
| Apr mean C = 25.7
| May mean C = 27.3
| Jun mean C = 28.7
| Jul mean C = 29.3
| Aug mean C = 29.5
| Sep mean C = 28.6
| Oct mean C = 26.7
| Nov mean C = 22.8
| Dec mean C = 19.0
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 10.8
| Feb low C = 13.0
| Mar low C = 16.5
| Apr low C = 20.3
| May low C = 22.9
| Jun low C = 25.2
| Jul low C = 25.9
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 22.3
| Nov low C = 17.2
| Dec low C = 12.6
| year low C = 19.7
| Jan record low C = 3.0
| Feb record low C = 5.3
| Mar record low C = 8.5
| Apr record low C = 10.3
| May record low C = 16.4
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 20.8
| Sep record low C = 19.9
| Oct record low C = 13.8
| Nov record low C = 10.0
| Dec record low C = 4.9
| year record low C = 3.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 11.5
| Feb rain mm = 18.0
| Mar rain mm = 52.5
| Apr rain mm = 182.1
| May rain mm = 253.0
| Jun rain mm = 314.0
| Jul rain mm = 283.4
| Aug rain mm = 264.3
| Sep rain mm = 184.5
| Oct rain mm = 117.9
| Nov rain mm = 9.6
| Dec rain mm = 4.6
| year rain mm = 1695.3
| unit precipitation days = 0.3 mm
| Jan precipitation days =2.1
| Feb precipitation days =3.2
| Mar precipitation days =5.7
| Apr precipitation days =15.2
| May precipitation days =18.7
| Jun precipitation days =20
| Jul precipitation days =21.2
| Aug precipitation days =18.2
| Sep precipitation days =14.4
| Oct precipitation days =7.4
| Nov precipitation days =1.8
| Dec precipitation days =1.2
| year precipitation days =
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.9
| Mar rain days = 4.4
| Apr rain days = 10.6
| May rain days = 14.2
| Jun rain days = 14.6
| Jul rain days = 15.2
| Aug rain days = 12.3
| Sep rain days = 9.7
| Oct rain days = 4.8
| Nov rain days = 0.7
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 90.0
| Jan humidity = 72
| Feb humidity = 59
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 62
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 78
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 77
| Dec humidity = 76
| year humidity = 72
| Jan sun = 225.5
| Feb sun = 213.8
| Mar sun = 220.1
| Apr sun = 200.6
| May sun = 191.1
| Jun sun = 133.1
| Jul sun = 123.7
| Aug sun = 161.6
| Sep sun = 139.0
| Oct sun = 205.8
| Nov sun = 230.9
| Dec sun = 231.7
| year sun = 2276.9
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (1991-2020)<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42410
| title = Station: Gauhati (A) (Bhorjar) Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = National Data Centre, India Meteorological Department, Pune
| date = August 2022
| pages = NIL
| access-date = 29 August 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun 1971–1990,<ref name= NOAA>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42410.TXT
| server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| title = Guwahati Climate Normals 1971–1990
| access-date = 20 April 2015}}</ref> precipitation days<ref name="NCEI"/>) Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200229205021/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42410
| archive-date = 29 February 2020
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42410
| title = Normals Data: Guwahati - India Latitude: 26.10°N Longitude: 91.58°E Height: 54 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
| source =
}}Guwahati has been ranked 36th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
[[File:Sarania-hills-brahmaputra.jpg|right|thumb|City view from Sarania Hill]]
The city has a comparatively high quality of life. A 2006 survey ranked Guwahati 17th among all the large and medium-sized Indian cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookmoney.com/article.aspx?93579|title=Urban Matrix: India's Top 50 Cities Ranked on Quality of Life|publisher=Outlook Money|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062644/http://www.outlookmoney.com/article.aspx?93579|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> The city provides competitive residential and working environments with beautiful landscapes, pleasant climate, modern shopping areas, modern apartments, and bungalows, and considerably developed social infrastructure. A centrally funded four-lane, ambitious East-West Corridor will pass through Guwahati and connect all the state capitals of [[Northeast India]]. Completion of the project will boost the vital upliftment of the whole region.<ref name="Capital of Assam" />

[[File:CIty Center Mall Guwahati.jpg|thumb|City Center Mall, GS Road, Guwahati]]

The city still needs attention to improve its infrastructure. Funding from the [[Asian Development Bank]] is providing assistance to improve Guwahati's transportation infrastructure along with a substantial amount from [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM) for its development.<ref name="Capital of Assam" />

==Administration and governance==
[[File:View of Guwahati city from atop Nilachal hill.jpg|thumb|Guwahati city]]
Dispur, the capital of Assam, lies in Guwahati. The passing of the Northeastern (Reorganization Areas) Act in 1971 by the [[Indian Parliament]] accorded [[Meghalaya]] the status of a full-fledged state. After the creation of Meghalaya as a separate state, Shillong continued to be the joint capital of both Assam and Meghalaya. However, in 1972, the Government of Assam decided to shift the capital to Dispur. Accordingly, the first sitting of the Budget Session of the Assam Legislative Assembly was held at Dispur on 16 March 1973.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/history.html| title=History| publisher=[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]| access-date=10 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919195931/http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/history.html| archive-date=19 September 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> Dispur houses the Secretariat of Assam Government, the Assam Assembly House, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Regional Office, the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd (NEDFi) House and the Guwahati Tea Auction Centre (GTAC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/assam/dispur-city-map.html |title=Dispur Map |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912054518/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/assam/dispur-city-map.html |archive-date=12 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Guwahati Municipal Corporation]] is the local body responsible for governing, developing and managing the city. It is divided into 60 municipal wards.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Guwahati Municipal Corporation|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 April 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Guwahati-Municipal-Corporation-structure-gets-govt-approval/articleshow/19519161.cms|access-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831160412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Guwahati-Municipal-Corporation-structure-gets-govt-approval/articleshow/19519161.cms|archive-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority|Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA)]] is an agency responsible for planning and development of the greater Guwahati Metropolitan Area and for revising the Guwahati Master Plan and Building Bylaws to cover an area of {{convert|3214|km2}} by 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=GMDA Master Plan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/GMDA-to-revise-master-plan-for-expanding-city-area/articleshow/22566530.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 September 2013 |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102040054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/GMDA-to-revise-master-plan-for-expanding-city-area/articleshow/22566530.cms |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Guwahati consists of four assembly constituencies: Jalukbari, Dispur, Gauhati East and Gauhati West,<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of Assembly constituencies, Assam|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/assam/|publisher=Maps of India|access-date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322181937/http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/assam/|archive-date=22 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> all of which are part of the constituency of Lok Sabha,[[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=5 October 2008
|work=Assam
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=4 May 2006
}}</ref>

According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Guwahati Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/guwahati |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> the Guwahati Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹272 crore (US$33 million) and total expenditure of ₹237 crore (US$28 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 42.6% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹88 crore in grants during the financial year.

===Police===
Guwahati is the headquarters of [[Assam Police]].

The city is under the Police Commissionerate of Guwahati headed by the Commissioner of Police, Guwahati. It is divided into three districts: East Police District, Central Police District, and West Police District, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. Each police district consists of officers, not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police, functioning as executive magistrates within a said metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Guwahati-joins-big-cities-gets-police-commissioner/articleshow/45717894.cms| title=Guwahati gets police commissioner| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=January 2015| access-date=16 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606132707/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Guwahati-joins-big-cities-gets-police-commissioner/articleshow/45717894.cms| archive-date=6 June 2015| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Judiciary===
[[File:Vikramjit-Kakati-HC.jpg|thumb|The [[Gauhati High Court]]]]
Guwahati is the principal seat of the [[Gauhati High Court]]. It acts as the High Court of Assam and also of [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] with their outlying benches of [[Kohima]], [[Aizawl]] and [[Itanagar]], respectively. Gauhati High Court came in effect from 5 April 1948. It initially had its sittings at Shillong but was shifted to Gauhati from 14 August 1948.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ghconline.gov.in| title=Gauhati High Court| publisher=Gauhati High Court| access-date=16 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913082403/http://www.ghconline.gov.in/| archive-date=13 September 2015| url-status=live}}</ref>

Guwahati also houses the Court of the District and Sessions Judge, Kamrup established in 1920. It is a lower court of the district judiciary having territorial jurisdiction over the greater Guwahati area only.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamrup Metro District Judiciary |url=http://kamrupjudiciary.gov.in |publisher=Kamrup Metro District Judiciary |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114205/http://kamrupjudiciary.gov.in/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Problems===
==== Increase in population ====
In recent years, Guwahati has experienced rapid population growth due to migration for education and employment opportunities. This population increase has led to undesirable expansion of the city and has resulted in various collateral problems, such as the rise in the number of slums.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kangkan Kalita|date=Feb 13, 2018 |title=Forced migration causing an increase in Guwahati slums |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/forced-migration-causing-increase-in-guwahati-slums/articleshow/62897203.cms |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Problems of Guwahati">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec2610/city07|title=Problems of Guwahati|publisher=Assam Tribune|date=6 March 2015|access-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203041245/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec2610%2Fcity07|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is projected that the population of Guwahati will reach 1.5 million by 2035, up from an estimated 1.1 million in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://populationstat.com/india/gauhati|title = Gauhati, India Population (2021) - Population Stat}}</ref>

==== Inflation ====
One of the economic problems that the citizens of Guwahati have to put up with is the hike in prices of many essentials, chiefly vegetables, poultry, and fish. The prices of these commodities keep escalating at an inordinate rate, so that consumers find it difficult to buy these items. Vegetables are transported into Assam from [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Meghalaya]] and the truckers en route have to pay substantial fees as tax at various check posts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr2814/city05 |title=Increasing prices of potato causing concern |publisher=The Assam Tribune |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175632/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr2814%2Fcity05 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=may0613/city06 |title=Govt yet to initiate action to check price rise |publisher=The Assam Tribune |date=6 May 2013 |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200247/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=may0613%2Fcity06 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the causes of rise in prices of vegetables in the markets of Guwahati. The prices of locally available vegetables and fruits undergo large [[Markup (business)|markup]] because of transportation expenses grounds, besides intra-State check posts taxes. In addition to these, the wholesale dealers, as well as the retail sellers, augment the prices of the commodities according to their own desires.

The price of poultry, mainly chicken, that reaches the city markets from places like [[Chaygaon]] and [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]] have been soaring rapidly because of similar factors. There has been steep rise in the price of fish as well, the prominent varieties of which being Rohu ("Rou"), Catla ("Bahu"), Walking catfish ("Magur") and Monopterus ("Kuchia") among many others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jun3013/city05 |title=Abnormal rise in prices of foodstuff hits citizens |publisher=The Assam Tribune |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200125/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jun3013%2Fcity05 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Rise-in-chicken-fish-prices-affects-locals/articleshow/20852487.cms|title=Rise in chicken, fish prices affects locals |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 July 2013 |access-date=21 August 2015}}</ref>

The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated inflation, causing food prices to rise.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Oct 24, 2021 |title=Skyrocketing prices add fuel to Cov fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/skyrocketing-prices-add-fuel-to-cov-fire/articleshow/87236853.cms |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Flooding ====
According to experts, urban flooding in Guwahati in the near future is expected to worsen to the point where residents of certain areas may be forced to relocate. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the alteration of drainage channels and wetlands due to rapid urbanization has exacerbated the problem of flooding.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Mukut Das|date=Apr 10, 2021 |title='Guwahati floods will worsen, force people to abandon city' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/guwahati-floods-will-worsen-force-people-to-abandon-city/articleshow/82003356.cms |access-date=27 December 2022|website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Professor Abani Kumar Bhagawati of Gauhati University stated that since before there were sufficient wetlands to absorb rainwater and channels to carry excess water to the Brahmaputra, the city did not experience floods. However, human interference has disrupted the natural topography, leading to the current situation where "just half an hour of rain" can cause flooding in the city. Encroachment and concretization, which reduce open areas for natural water absorption, are the primary causes of floods according to Bhagawati.<ref name=":0" />

==== Pollution ====
Guwahati was ranked the second most polluted city in the world in a 2023 report published by IQAir, behind [[Begusarai]] and ahead of [[Delhi]], reflecting India's status as the country with the third highest level of pollution after Bangladesh and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2024 |title='Guwahati 2nd most polluted city in world last yr' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/guwahati-pollution-report-2nd-most-polluted-city-in-the-world-last-year/articleshow/108631089.cms |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Guwahati city population
|type =
|footnote =
|align = center
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = Guwahati city historical demography<ref name="macrotrends.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21261/gauhati/population|title = Gauhati, India Metro Area Population 1950-2021}}</ref>
|1951 | 45,000
|1961 | 138,000
|1971 | 203,000
|1981 | 348,000
|1991 | 591,000
|2001 | 818,809
|2011 | 962,334
|2021 | 1,135,000
}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Guwahati (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|12.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Assam|Jainism]]|pink|0.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.93}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.92}}
}}

===Population===

Guwahati is one of the fastest-growing cities in India.<ref name="Capital of Assam"/>
Guwahati has a population of 962,334 as per the 2011 census. Population of Guwahati in 2021 is estimated to be 11 lakhs (approx).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-guwahati/ |title = Population of Guwahati 2021 {{!}} Guwahati City Population| date=21 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="macrotrends.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21261/gauhati/population|title = Gauhati, India Metro Area Population 1950-2021}}</ref> It is estimated that Guwahati metro will house 2.8 million residents by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmda.co.in/maps/part2.pdf|title=Masterplan for Guwahati|publisher=GMDA|access-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630012955/http://gmda.co.in/maps/part2.pdf|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2016}}

===Literacy and sex ratio===
The percentage of the child population (0-14) in Guwahati was 9.40% in 2011. The average literacy rate was stated to be 91.47% with male literacy at 94.24% and female literacy at 88.50%. The sex ratio was recorded to be 933 females per 1,000 males and child sex ratio to be 940 girls per 1,000 boys.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html|title= Guwahati city population census 2011|publisher= census 2011|access-date= 24 October 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201746/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/191-guwahati.html|archive-date= 23 September 2015|url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages spoken in Guwahati (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 57.80 |color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 20.40 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 12.29 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value4 = 1.92 |color4 = pink
|label5 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value5 = 1.69 |color5 = royalblue
|label6 = [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] |value6 = 0.91 |color6 = lightsteelblue
|label7 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value7 = 0.90 |color7 = gold
|label8 = Others |value8 = 4.09 |color8 = grey
}}
According to the 2011 census, there were around 962,334 people living in Guwahati city, of which around 57.80% spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 20.40% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 12.29% [[Hindi]], 1.92% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 1.69% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], 0.91% [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] and 0.90% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10244/download/13356/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website= |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Further|List of educational institutions in Guwahati}}
[[File:Cotton College , Guwahati , Assam, India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cotton University]]]]
[[File:Vikramjit Kakati 2011.jpg|thumb|right|[[IIT Guwahati]]]]
Guwahati is the central educational hub of Northeast India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/education|title=Education|publisher=assam.gov.in|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729003231/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/education|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the esteemed institutions is the [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati]] (IIT), an autonomous institute dedicated in the field of technical studies in India. [[Cotton University]], erstwhile [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] is yet another century-old institution in the fields of Science and Arts.

===Educational institutions===
* [[Gauhati University]]
* [[Cotton University]]
* [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
* [[Assam Science and Technology University]]
* [[S. B. Deorah College]]
* [[Dakshin Kamrup College]]
* [[Dakshin Kamrup Girls' College]]
* [[Gauhati Commerce College]]
* [[Arya Vidyapeeth College|Arya Vidyapeeth College (Autonomous)]]
* [[K.C. Das Commerce College]]
* [[Handique Girls College]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati]]
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Guwahati]]
* [[B. Borooah College]]
* [[Dispur College]]
* [[Regional Dental College, Guwahati]]
* [[National Law University and Judicial Academy]]
* [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Government Ayurvedic College, Guwahati]]
* [[Assam Engineering College]]
* [[Assam Institute of Management]]
* [[Assam Don Bosco University]]
* [[Royal Global University]]
* [[Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education]]
* [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (Guwahati Campus)
* [[Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University]]
* [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati]]
* [[Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology]]

====Private schools====
[[File:hcs ghy.jpg|thumb|right|Holy Child School Guwahati]]
* [[Don Bosco High School, Guwahati|Don Bosco School]]
* [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]]
* [[Sanskriti The Gurukul|Sanskriti the Gurukul]]
* Holy Child School
* [[St. Mary's English High School, Guwahati|St. Mary's English High School]]

==Economy==
[[Pandu, Guwahati|Pandu]], located on the banks of the Brahmaputra at the western part of the city, is an ancient urban area that acted as the chief military base for the Ahoms against external invasions. Due to extensive fortification ('Gorh') surrounding Pandu, it acts as a natural river harbor and is formally called Gar-Pandu. [[Pandu Port|Pandu port]] falls under Dhubri-Sadiya National Waterway-2 and is an important terminal and transit point for goods and cargo as well as passenger and tourist vessels. Construction of both low-level and high-level jetty of fixed terminal, capable of handling container vessels, has been completed and has further enhanced revenue generation for the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=National_Waterways-2| title=National Waterway-2| publisher=India-WRIS| access-date=7 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021153/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=National_Waterways-2| archive-date=17 November 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guwahati.com/content/pandu-river-port|title=Pandu-the river port|publisher=|date=7 November 2015|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063340/http://www.guwahati.com/content/pandu-river-port|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:ASTC multi level parking at Paltanbazar, Guwahati.jpg|thumb|Multi Level Car Parking Facility operated by Assam State Transport Corporation (ASTC) situated at Paltanbazar, Guwahati]]
The manufacturing sector in Guwahati contributes a substantial share to the economy of the city. Petroleum manufacturing is an important economic activity in the city. The [[Guwahati Refinery]] is the most important manufacturing industry in the city. Located at Noonmati, the refinery was set up by the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] Limited as the first public sector refinery of India as well as the refinery of Indian Oil since 1962. It was built with an initial crude processing capacity of 0.75 million [[tonne]]s per year at the time of its commission which was gradually increased to 1.0 million tonnes per year. It produces various products and supplies them to the other northeast states and also beyond to Siliguri through the Guwahati-Siliguri pipeline. The various products produced by the refinery include Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Kerosene Oil, Turbine Fuel (aviation use), Motor Spirit, High-Speed Motor Diesel, Light Diesel Oil, and Raw Petroleum Coke. There is also an LPG bottling plant in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/guwahati-refinery|title=Guwahati Refinery|publisher=|date=6 November 2015|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141900/http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/guwahati-refinery|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/maps/office/Indane/AOD/IB_NORTH-GUWAHATI.html|title=Indian Oil|website=IOCL|access-date=21 September 2019|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921115446/https://www.iocl.com/maps/office/Indane/AOD/IB_NORTH-GUWAHATI.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tea manufacturing and processing is another important activity of Guwahati. Assam is one of the highest tea-producing areas in the world, contributing 80% of India's export and 55% of the country's total tea production. So high is the production of tea in Assam that it is the biggest industry in the state. The headquarters of the [[Indian Tea Association|Assam Branch Indian Tea Association (ABITA)]] is located at Guwahati. The [[Guwahati Tea Auction Centre]] (GTAC), located adjacent to the capital complex at Dispur, is the world's largest CTC tea auction center and the second largest in terms of total tea auctioned. The inaugural sale took place on 25 September 1970 and the first lot of tea was auctioned at the price of {{INR}} 42.50 which, during those days, was a significant achievement. In the month of August 2019, a kilogram of Maijan Orthodox Golden tea sold for a record-setting price of {{INR}} 70,501 at the [[Guwahati Tea Auction Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assams-maijan-tea-fetches-rs-70000-for-a-kilo-breaks-record/articleshow/70479878.cms|title=Assam's Maijan tea fetches {{INR}} 70,000 for a kilo, breaks record |date=1 August 2019|first=Prabin |last=Kalita|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>

Many centralised, private and international banks have set up their branches in the city with the [[Reserve Bank of India]] having one of its own at Pan Bazaar.<ref name="Business and Economy of Guwahati">{{cite web |url=http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guiduwahatie/business-and-economy-of-g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220645/http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guiduwahatie/business-and-economy-of-g |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 September 2018 |title=Business and Economy of Guwahati |publisher=Guwahati Online |access-date=31 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/capitalofassam|title=Economy|publisher=Assam Online Portal|date=6 November 2015|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001010659/https://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/capitalofassam|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/regionalbranch/guwahati/Profile.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India, Guwahati Profile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231359/https://rbi.org.in/regionalbranch/guwahati/Profile.aspx|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Guwahati Airport Entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]]]]

===Air===
Guwahati is served by the [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]], in [[Borjhar]], about {{convert|20|km}} west from the heart of the city.

===Rail===
[[File:Guwahati Railway Station at Night.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Guwahati Railway Station}}]]

The city of Guwahati and the northeastern region falls under the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] (NFR) Zone of the Indian Railways, the headquarters of which is in Maligaon, near Nilachal Hills, in the northwest of the city. The [[Guwahati railway station]], located in [[Paltan Bazaar]] area of Guwahati, is the busiest railway station in the city. It lies along the [[Barauni-Guwahati Line]] and [[Guwahati–Lumding section]], categorised as an A-1 railway station under [[Lumding railway division]].

There are four more railway stations in the city – the [[Kamakhya Junction]] for passenger and freight services, the [[New Guwahati railway station]] (near Noonmati) for only freight services, [[Narangi railway station]] and [[Azara railway station]]. There are regular trains connecting Guwahati to and from other major cities of the country. [[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani Express]], [[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]], [[Brahmaputra Mail]], [[Kamrup Express]], [[North East Express|Northeast Express]], [[Saraighat Express]] and [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat]] are some significant trains running to and from Guwahati. The train with the longest route in India, [[Vivek Express]], which runs from [[Dibrugarh]] in Upper Assam to [[Kanyakumari]] in the southern tip of India passes through Guwahati.<ref name="Public Transport in Guwahati">{{cite web|url=http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/Transport-in-Guwahati|title=Public Transport in Guwahati|publisher=|date=17 October 2015|access-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017055210/http://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/transport-in-guwahati|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Road===
[[File:ISBT Guwahati.jpg|thumb|Buses standing at Rupnath Brahma Inter-State Bus Terminal (ISBT), Guwahati]]
[[File:জালুকবাৰী.jpg|thumb|left|Roads in Jalukbari, Guwahati]]
[[File:Guwahati Ropeway car View.jpg|thumb|Guwahati Ropeway]]
[[File:Guwahati, Longest Flyover, Inaugurated, Panoramic View, Maligaon Area.jpg|thumb|[[Maligaon Flyover|Nilachal Flyover]], located in the Maligaon area of Guwahati is one of the longest flyover of Assam]]

The length of surfaced roads within the city is {{cvt|218|km}}. [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] connects Guwahati with the states [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and rest of [[India]]. This highway connects Guwahati with [[Silchar]] in [[Barak Valley]] [[Assam]] and further connecting the city to the states of [[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]]. [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] from [[Sevoke]] in West Bengal terminates in [[Jalukbari]] and connects Guwahati with the major cities of [[Dhubri]] and [[Cooch Behar]]. [[National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 15]] and its several secondary roads runs through both the banks of River [[Brahmaputra]] and connects the Guwahati with the cities of [[Tezpur]], [[Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh]] in [[Upper Assam]] and the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Nagaland]].<ref name="How To Reach Guwahati">{{cite web|url=http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/howtoreach.html|title=How To Reach Guwahati|publisher=Guwahati Times|date=9 November 2015|access-date=9 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208191715/http://www.guwahatitimes.com/guwahati/howtoreach.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

Public transportation is well developed in the city. Buses are the major means of public transport in Guwahati. The state-owned Assam State Urban Transport Corporation, a subsidiary of [[Assam State Transport Corporation]] (ASTC) and private operators provide the city bus services within the city. ASTC also operates the [[Volvo]] [[air-conditioned]] bus services within the city as well as to the LGBI airport. The [[Rupnath Brahma Inter State Bus Terminus]] (ISBT), located at [[Betkuchi]] on NH-37, is the most significant terminal cum transit point with regular day and night bus services from state owned ASTC and private operators plying between Guwahati and other destinations in Assam and Northeast India. The areas of Adabari and Paltan Bazaar also act as nodal points in providing bus services to towns and cities in Assam and adjoining states.<ref name="Public Transport in Guwahati"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/13327| title=Guwahati to have AC city buses| work=Assam Times| date=17 October 2015| access-date=17 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152012/http://www.assamtimes.org/node/13327| archive-date=8 December 2015| url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[Guwahati Metro|metro rail]] project has also been planned to relieve the hectic traffic conditions on the streets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-to-get-metro-rail-and-feeder-bus-rapid-transit-system/articleshow/17984521.cms?intenttarget=no |title=Guwahati to get metro rail and feeder Bus Rapid Transit System |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 January 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510151622/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-to-get-metro-rail-and-feeder-bus-rapid-transit-system/articleshow/17984521.cms?intenttarget=no |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Marc |url=http://www.rail.co/2013/01/22/assam-government-discusses-guwahati-metro-proposal/ |title=Assam Government discusses Guwahati metro proposal - Rail News from |publisher= |date=22 January 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219214501/http://www.rail.co/2013/01/22/assam-government-discusses-guwahati-metro-proposal/ |archive-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Guwahati has also seen a rise in the usage of cycling as a mode of transport and as per some unofficial estimates, there was almost a 50% increase in the number of people who took up cycling in the wake of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Aug 20, 2020|title=Online drive in city for cycling to stay fit and break chain of virus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/online-drive-in-city-for-cycling-to-stay-fit-and-break-chain-of-virus/articleshow/77652991.cms|access-date=6 October 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The city has an active cycling community and is amongst the few Indian cities that has a Bicycle Mayor and a Junior Bicycle Mayor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Amlan Jyoti|title=Guwahati among 95 cities to register for 'India Cycles 4 Change Challenge'|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2020/08/25/guwahati-among-95-cities-to-register-for-india-cycles-4-change-challenge|access-date=6 October 2020|website=EastMojo|date=25 August 2020|language=en}}</ref>

Guwahati-Panchgram Expressway, the first expressway of [[Northeast India]] is a greenfield expressway from Guwahati to [[Umiam Lake]] (Barapani) in Meghalaya and then direct to old paper mill in [[Panchgram]], which will cut the Guwahati to Punchgram by 5 hours. It was announced in February 2025.<ref name=expp1>[https://barakbulletin.com/en_US/north-easts-first-expressway-to-shorten-panchgram-guwahati-travel-to-5-hours-key-advantages-to-barak/ Northeast's first expressway t cut travel time from Guwahati to Panchgram by 5 hours], 26 Feb 2025.</ref>

===Water===
The Inland Water Transport Department is headquartered at [[Pandu Port]] in Guwahati, the largest river port in Assam. The waterways transportation services in Guwahati are used for transporting bulk goods and cargo, and for movement of passenger and tourist vessels. Ferry services are available for transportation of people from different ports along the Brahmaputra to Pandu port.<ref name="Public Transport in Guwahati" />

==Sports==
[[File:Rongmon Statue at Sorusajai Stadium.jpg|right|thumb|upright|''One-Horned Rhino'' Statue at [[Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex]]]]
[[File:Barsapara Cricket Stadium match under floodlights.jpg|thumb|left|[[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|ACA Stadium]], Barsapara]]
[[File:Sarusajai2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]|alt=]]
[[File:Nehru Stadium Guwahati.jpg|right|thumb|[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]], Guwahati]]

Guwahati features the multi-purpose [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]] which hosts mostly [[Association football|football]] and [[cricket]] located in the R.G. Baruah Sports Complex, one of the oldest in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/sports |title=Sports |publisher= |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729012249/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/sports |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It comprises the Kanaklata Indoor Stadium (for [[badminton]]), swimming pool and tennis courts. The [[North-East Frontier Railway Stadium]] of [[Maligaon]], the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) complex of Paltan Bazaar and the [[Judges Field]] are other prominent sporting venues of the city.

The sporting infrastructures especially constructed for the [[2007 National Games of India|33rd National Games]] in 2007 include [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] —the main stadium at [[Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex]], Dr. Zakir Hussain Aquatic Complex, and the Karmabir Nabin Chandra Bordoloi A.C. Indoor Stadium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.assam.gov.in/portlets/sports-infrastructure|title=Sports Infrastructure|publisher= |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> Other new sports venues include [[Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium]] at [[Bhetapara]], Deshbhakta Tarun Ram Phookan Indoor Stadium at Ulubari, Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium at [[Amingaon]], Chachal Tennis Complex and the Tepesia Sports Complex.<ref name="33rd National Games Guwahati 2007- India's Biggest Extravaganza">{{cite web |url=http://www.batchmates.com/bmtimes/content.aspx?contentId=983 |title=33rd National Games Guwahati 2007- India's Biggest Extravaganza |publisher=BatchMates |access-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923153114/http://www.batchmates.com/bmtimes/content.aspx?contentId=983 |archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> The renovated sports complexes include Ganesh Mandir Indoor Stadium at Khanapara, Rudra Singha Sports Complex at Dispur and Gauhati University Sports Stadium. The [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] was also the main venue of the [[2016 South Asian Games]] and the Himalayan Region Games in 2017.

Guwahati is home to the professional [[Association football|football]] club of [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), [[NorthEast United FC]].<ref name="Indian Super League-Northeast United FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc |title=Indian Super League-Northeast United FC |publisher= |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912232452/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc |archive-date=12 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> They play their home matches at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium. It presents one of the finest football atmospheres in India. The stadium also hosted matches of the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup|FIFA U-17 World Cup]] in 2017.

The international cricket venue [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]] at Barsapara, is the home of the [[Assam cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2023/04/barsapara-stadium-gears-up-to-host-first-ever-ipl-match/?amp |title=Barsapara stadium gears up to host first-ever IPL match |date=4 April 2023 |publisher= |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> It is the largest cricket stadium in Northeast India with seating capacity of 40,000 and 2nd largest in East India. It hosted an [[Indian cricket team|India]] vs [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] T20I match in 2017 in its international debut. The first ODI in the stadium was held in 2018 between India and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]].

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Professional sports clubs based in the city
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Stadium !! Established
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|[[Northeastern Warriors]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|Karmabir Nabin Chandra Bordoloi Indoor Stadium
|2017
|-
|[[Assam Titans Futsal Club]]
|[[Futsal]]
|[[North East Futsal League]]
| Karmabir Nabin Chandra Bordoloi Indoor Stadium
|N.A.
|}

==Media and telecommunications==
[[File:Assam tribune picture by Vikramjit Kakati.jpg|thumb|The Dainik Asom building at Chandmari]]

Assamese daily newspapers published from the city are ''[[Dainik Agradoot]]'', ''[[Asomiya Pratidin]]'', {{Lang|as-latn|[[Asomiya Khabar]]}}, {{Lang|as-latn|[[Amar Asom]]}}, {{Lang|as-latn|[[Dainik Janambhumi]]}}, ''[[Janasadharan]]'', ''[[Niyomiya Barta]]'', ''[[Dainik Asam]]'', ''Dainandin Barta'' and ''[[Gana Adhikar]]''. English dailies are ''[[The Assam Tribune]]'', ''[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]]'', ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''Eastern Chronicle''. ''Eclectic Northeast''<ref name="eclecticnortheast.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.eclecticnortheast.in|title=Eclectic NorthEast |access-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407075622/https://eclecticnortheast.in/|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a leading Guwahati-based monthly Northeast magazine with an online version. ''G Plus'' is the only English weekly tabloid published from Guwahati.<ref name="A">{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Devesh|title=Weekly tabloid G Plus launched in Guwahati|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/39578_Weekly-tabloid-G-Plus-launched-in-Guwahati|publisher=|date=3 January 2014|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228163213/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/39578_Weekly-tabloid-G-Plus-launched-in-Guwahati|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state-owned television broadcaster [[DD Assam]] provides free-to-air satellite television services. Guwahati-based 24-hour regional satellite news channels include [[News Live (Indian TV channel)|News Live]], [[DY 365]], [[Pratidin Time]], [[Prag News]], [[Assam Talks]] and [[News18 Assam North East]].

The Guwahati Radio Station of state-owned [[All India Radio]] was inaugurated on 1 July 1948 as Shillong-Guwahati Station.<ref name="airguwahati.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://airguwahati.gov.in/history-of-air-guwahati.asp|title=Brief History of All India Radio, Guwahati|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810142729/http://airguwahati.gov.in/history-of-air-guwahati.asp|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Headquarter of the Shillong-Guwahati Station was shifted from Shillong to Guwahati in 1953.<ref name="airguwahati.gov.in"/> It is a full-fledged Regional broadcasting station with three channels; the Guwahati A & B Channels are AM Channels, and the CBS Channel is an FM Channel. The other FM stations include [[BIG FM 92.7|92.7 BIG FM]], Radio Gup-Shup 94.3 FM, [[Red FM 93.5]] and [[Radio Mirchi]]. Telecom services are [[BSNL]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea]] and [[Jio]].

== Notable places of worship ==
<gallery widths="120" caption="Temples in Guwahati">
File:Basistha Temple, Guwahati.jpg|[[Basistha Temple]], re-constructed by Ahom King [[Rajeswar Singha]] in CE 1764.
File:Doul Govinda Temple.jpg|[[Doul Govinda Temple]].
File:Umananda Temple-Guwahati-Assam-DSC0001.jpg|[[Umananda Temple]], constructed by King [[Gadadhar Singha]] in CE 1694 on the [[Umananda Island|world's smallest river island]].
File:Kamakhya Guwahati.JPG|[[Kamakhya Temple]], the oldest among the [[Shakti Pitha|Shakti pethas]], situated on the top of Nilachal hills.
</gallery>
*[[Kamakhya Temple]]
*[[Rudreswar Temple]]
*[[Doul Govinda Temple]]
*[[Ugratara Devalaya]]
*[[Basistha Temple]]
*[[Sukreswar Temple]]
*[[Lankeshwar Temple]]
*[[Dirgheshwari temple]]
*[[Umananda Temple]]
*[[Navagraha Mandir, Guwahati|Navagraha temples]]

==Notable people==


* [[Nabakanta Barua]], poet and academician
*[[Dipankar Bhattacharjee]], Indian badminton player and Olympian
*[[Barsha Rani Bishaya]], Assamese film actor
*[[Gaurav Bora]]. footballer
*[[Ashmita Chaliha]], Indian badminton player
*[[Utpal Das]], Assamese film actor
*[[Somdev Devvarman]], tennis player
*[[Zubeen Garg]], singer, songwriter, lyricist and actor
*[[Shrinjan Rajkumar Gohain]], Indian chess player
*[[Arnab Goswami]], journalist
*[[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]], novelist and academician
*[[Bhupen Hazarika]], singer
*[[Reema Kagti]], director and screenwriter
*[[Durgabar Kayastha]], medieval littérateur
*[[Abu Nechim]], cricketer
*[[Nayyara Noor]], singer
*[[Papon (singer)|Papon]], singer and composer
*[[Riyan Parag]], cricketer
*[[Subam Rabha]], football coach
*[[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]], novelist, short story writer and film director
*[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], current Chief Minister of Assam
*[[Jayanta Talukdar]], Indian archer and Olympian
*[[Shiva Thapa]], boxer and Olympian



==See also==
* [[Assam State Museum]]
* [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]]
* [[List of colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]
* [[List of people from Western Assam ]]
* [[Saraighat Bridge]]
* [[Silchar]]
* [[Jorhat]]
* [[Tezpur]]
* [[Nagaon]]
* [[Dibrugarh]]
* [[Bongaigaon]]
* [[Rangiya|Rangia]]
* [[Nalbari]]
* [[Kamarupa]]
* [[Banasura]]
* [[Narakasura]]
* [[Mura (danava)]]
* [[Bhagadatta]]
* [[Usha (princess)]]
* [[History of Beltola]]
* [[Varman dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation| last = Shin| first = Jae-Eun| contribution = Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa| year = 2018| title = Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation| editor-last = Dzüvichü| editor-first = Lipokmar |editor2-last=Baruah |editor2-first=Manjeet |pages = 23–55| place = London & New York| publisher = Routledge}}
* {{cite book|first=Rai Bahadur Kanak Lal|last=Barua|title=Early History of Kāmarupa: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14887|year=1933|publisher=The Author}}
* {{cite book|first1=Swarna Lata|last1=Baruah|title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy: A History of Assam from 1769 to 1826|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-215-0462-1}}
* {{cite book|first1=Sir Edward Albert|last1=Gait|title=A History of Assam|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryassam02gaitgoog|author-link1=Edward Albert Gait|year=1906|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company}}
* {{Cite journal|first=Jae-Eun|last=Shin|title=Redefining Divine Presence: A Study of Hidden Lingas in the Mid-Brahmaputra Valley|journal=Osmund Bopearachchi and Suchandra Ghosh (Eds), Early Indian History and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Professor B. D. Chattopadhyaya, Delhi: Primus Books, Pp. 313-34 |url=https://www.academia.edu/39112095|year=2019|publisher=Primus Books|pages=313–334}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage|Guwahati}}
* {{URL|https://assam.gov.in/|The Government of Assam}}
* {{URL|https://kamrupmetro.assam.gov.in/|The District of Kamrup Metropolitan}}

{{Assam}}
{{North East India}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India|state=Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Guwahati| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:River ports]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

Manoj Joshi (actor)

2026-03-21T13:23:55Z

Allen2502:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Distinguish|Mohan Joshi{{!}}Mohan Joshi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoj Joshi
| image = Manoj Joshi at Bhopal.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|12|14}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-manoj-joshi-latest-movies-tv-shows-and-web-series-of-the-multi-talented-actor-5876635.html | title=Happy Birthday Manoj Joshi: Latest Movies, TV Shows and Web Series of the Multi-talented Actor | date=3 September 2022 | access-date=4 December 2022 | archive-date=4 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204181833/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-manoj-joshi-latest-movies-tv-shows-and-web-series-of-the-multi-talented-actor-5876635.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place =[[Himmatnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Comedian]]}}
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2018)
| years_active = 1991–present
| spouse = Charu Joshi
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Rajesh Joshi (actor)|Rajesh Joshi]] (brother)
}}
'''Manoj N. Joshi''' (born 14 December 1965) is an Indian actor known for working in film, stage and television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-want-to-direct-a-Gujarati-film-Manoj-Joshi/articleshow/8964515.cms?from=mdr|title=I want to direct a Gujarati film: Manoj Joshi|date=24 June 2011|first=Shruti|last=Jambhekar|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=4 September 2018|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904080005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-want-to-direct-a-Gujarati-film-Manoj-Joshi/articleshow/8964515.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> He has acted in over 70 films since 1998, many of his roles being comic roles. Joshi is the recipient of several awards including a [[National Film Award]]. In 2018, Joshi was awarded with the [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-padma-awards-2018-announced-ms-dhoni-sharda-sinha-among-85-recipients-here-s-complete-list-424273|title=Padma awards 2018 announced, MS Dhoni, Sharda Sinha among 85 recipients: Here's complete list|publisher=India TV|date=25 January 2018|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125740/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-padma-awards-2018-announced-ms-dhoni-sharda-sinha-among-85-recipients-here-s-complete-list-424273|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the vice-president of the [[Bombay Art Society]].<ref>[http://bombayartsociety.org/aboutus.html#manage Bombay Art Society official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615183112/http://bombayartsociety.org/aboutus.html#manage |date=15 June 2020 }} |title=Managing Committee of the [[Bombay Art Society]]</ref>

After graduating from [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Arts]], he began his career in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] theatre, also putting up performances in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] theatre.

He acted in TV series including ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'',<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/08/stories/2003010800120100.htm|title=Winning over with words|date=8 January 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112317/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/08/stories/2003010800120100.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'',<ref name="Hindu"/> ''Rau'' (Marathi), ''[[Sangdil (TV series)|Sangdil]]'', ''Kabhi Souten Kabhi Saheli'', ''Mura Raska Mai La'' (Marathi). He debuted in ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' (SI Bajju) alongside his brother who played Bala Thakur in the film. His other works include the film ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' followed by ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'', ''[[Dhoom]]'', ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=78565|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730225706/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=78565|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2012|title=Bhagam Bhag|date=22 December 2006|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'', ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' and ''[[Billo Barber|Billu]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/09/stories/2007100950490200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192932/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/09/stories/2007100950490200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2007|title=The King of Comedy delivers again|date=9 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> He played the role of Chanakya in ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''. Joshi is popularly known for playing ''Kachra Seth'' in ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' (2006).

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
| Sub-Inspector Bajju
|rowspan="8"|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Aaghaaz]]''
|as assistant of Danny Mendoza, Johnny's younger brother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
| ''Jaaneman Jaaneman''
| Belji Bhai
|
|-
|''[[Chandni Bar]]''
|Chandrakant Bhau
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Ab Ke Baras]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
| Dwijdas Mukherjee
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
| ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]''
| Uddhav Pawar
|
|-
| ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
| Sub-Inspector Anand Waghmare
|
|-
| ''[[Jogger's Park]]''
| Tariq Ahmed
| Hindi/English
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
| ''[[Aan: Men at Work]]''
| Manik Rao
| rowspan="28" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Dhoom]]''
|Shekhar Kamal
|
|-
| ''[[Jaago (2004 film)|Jaago]]''
| Advocate Satya Prakash Satwani
|
|-
| ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]''
| Advocate Namdev Mishra
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005
| ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
| Bosco
|
|-
| ''[[Shikhar (film)|Shikhar]]''
| Amrit Patil
|
|-
| ''[[Kyon Ki]]''
| P.K. Narayan (A Security Guard)
|-
| ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]''
| Nageshwar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006
| ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''
| Kachra Seth
|
|-
| ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]''
| Pooja's father
|
|-
| ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]''
| Harichandra Ramchandra Mirchindani "Harami"
|
|-
| ''[[Vivah]]''
| Bhagat Ji (Matchmaker of Prem and Poonam)
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''
| Manubhai Gandhi
|
|-
| ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''
| Rasikbhai Galgalia
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''
| Sailash Jha
|
|-
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| Ghanshyam Bhai
|
|-
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''
| Badrinath Chaturvedi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| ''[[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]]''
| Chirag Rane
|
|-
| ''[[Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam]]''
| Police Inspector Patil
|
|-
| ''Khallballi''
| KK
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Billu]]''
| Damodar Dubey
|
|-
| ''[[De Dana Dan]]''
| Brij Mohan Oberoi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''Maniben.com''
| Bhadresh Bhai
|
|-
| [[Kushti (film)|''Kushti'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]''
| Trigun Fatak
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011
|''[[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji]]''
|Waiter
|
|-
| ''[[Bin Bulaye Baraati]]''
| Loha Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
| Bharat Kapoor
|
|-
| ''[[Fakt Ladh Mhana]]''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''The Opportunist''
| The Opportunist
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''[[Khiladi 786]]''
| Champaklal
|
|-
| ''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| Shopkeeper
|
|-
| ''Gola Berij''
| Story teller
| rowspan="2" | Marathi
|
|-
| ''Bharatiya''
| Prime Minister
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
| ''Chaloo''
| Chief Minister
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Policegiri]]''
| Javeed Shiekh
|
|-
| ''[[Wake Up India]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Narbachi Wadi]]''
| Double Role
| Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| ''[[Mr Joe B. Carvalho]]''
| Commissioner Pandey
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
| Devesh Solanki
|
|-
| ''[[Bey Yaar]]''
| Y. B. Gandhi
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|-
| ''[[Spark (2014 film)|Spark]]''
|
| rowspan="7" | Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]''
| Duby Ji
|
|-
| ''[[I Love New Year]]''
| Randhir's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''
| Deepika's father
|
|-
| ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
| Mr. Bhandari/Advocate of Pritampur Estate
|
|-
|''[[Bin Phere Free Me Ttere]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''[[Sanam Re]]''
| Akash's Boss
|
|-
| ''[[Thai Jashe!]]''
| Chandrakantbhai Joshi
| Gujarati
|
|-
| ''[[Ghayal Once Again]]''
| Minister
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''[[Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay]]''
|Hasmukhlal Mehta
|Gujarati
|
|-
|''[[Judwaa 2]]''
| Alex's Mama
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Tamburo (film)|Tamburo]]''
| Kirit Bhai
| Gujarati
|
|-
| ''[[Dashakriya]]''
|
| Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018
| ''[[Odiyan (film)|Odiyan]]''
|Mootha Manickan (Muthappan)
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| ''[[Loveyatri]]''
| Nattu Kaka
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''Fera Feri Hera Feri (film)|''Fera Feri Hera Feri''
| Hasmukhlal Jobanputra
| Gujarati
|
|-
|''[[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-kashi-to-play-kashi-sharman-says-loving-it-to-bits/story-jaQG4cj0objYzTaKnejIJM.html|title=In Kashi, to play Kashi, Sharman says loving it to bits|date=29 September 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408011710/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-kashi-to-play-kashi-sharman-says-loving-it-to-bits/story-jaQG4cj0objYzTaKnejIJM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Kaashi's Lawyer
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Natsamrat (Gujarati)|''Natsamrat'']]
|
| rowspan="2" |Gujarati
|
|-
|''[[I.M.A. Gujju]]''
| Ramesh Shah
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2019
|''Ram Ki Janmabhoomi''
| Pandit Sadanand Shashtri
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Waah Zindagi]]''
| Jagat Shah
|
|-
|''[[PM Narendra Modi]]''
| [[Amit Shah]]||<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=13 February 2019|number = 1095531601809805314 |title=Well-known theatre and film actor Manoj Joshi to portray #AmitShah in #PMNarendraModi... Vivek Anand Oberoi essays the title role... Omung Kumar B directs the biopic... Produced by Suresh Oberoi and Sandip Ssingh... Here's the first look: https://t.co/9M3n78q4XG}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''
| Vhinde Bhai||
|-
|''[[Chasani: Mithaas Zindagi Ni|Chasani]]''
|
|Gujarati
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
| Manager
| rowspan="3"|Hindi||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Hungama 2]]''
|Manasvit G. Bajaj
|
|-
|''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
|Ramnik Virah Chibber
|
|-
|''[[Jessu Jordaar]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |Gujarati
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''Petipack''
|Abhimanyu's Father
|
|-
|''[[Nayika Devi: The Warrior Queen]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|Jaadugar]]''
|Magician Chhabra
|rowspan="5" |Hindi
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|''[[Love You Loktantra (film)|Love You Loktantra]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dehati Disco]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023
| ''Gunchakkar''
| [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Rajesh Ahire
| [[Short film]] on Amazon miniTV
|-
|''Hume Toh Loot Liya''
|Hasmukh
|[[MX Player]] film
|-
||''Nava Pappa''
| Kanu Dharad
|Gujarati
|
|-
|''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=BoxOfficeBusiness |date=2023-01-10 |title=Jaggu Ani Juliet Marathi Movie Trailer, Release Date, Cast |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/01/jaggu-ani-juliet-trailer-release-date-cast.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529082556/https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/01/jaggu-ani-juliet-trailer-release-date-cast.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Non Stop Dhamaal]]''
|Amar
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Dream Girl 2]]''
| Jaipal Srivastav
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Mystery of the Tattoo]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Darran Chhoo''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Khela Hobe (film)]]''
|
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024
|[[695 (film)|695]]
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Janma Runn]]''
|Anna
|Marathi
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Janma Runn Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/janma-runn/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=18 March 2024 |date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318074121/https://rangmarathi.com/janma-runn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|The UP Files
|
|Rowspan="3"|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-20 |title=You will get to see how mafia are being restrained in UP: Manoj Joshi on 'The UP Files' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Feb/20/you-will-get-to-see-how-mafia-are-being-restrained-in-up-manoj-joshi-on-his-new-film |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra]]''
| Ravindra Pandya
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-02 |title=Ranvir Shorey and Manoj Joshi's 'Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra' teaser out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-teaser-out-now-ranvir-shorey-manoj-joshi/articleshow/107356168.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801101614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-teaser-out-now-ranvir-shorey-manoj-joshi/articleshow/107356168.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| [[Match Fixing (film)|Match Fixing]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Match Fixing (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Amadalavalasa |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/amadalavalasa/match-fixing/ET00416594?fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sanghavi and Sons (film)|Sanghavi and Sons]]''
|Navneet Rai Sanghavi
|rowspan="2"|Gujarati
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chandresh-bhatt-on-sanghvi-and-sons-this-story-is-a-heartfelt-tribute-to-those-emotions-and-realizationsexclusive/articleshow/121644750.cms |title=Chandresh Bhatt on Sanghvi and Sons: This story is a heartfelt tribute to those emotions and realizations—exclusive |date=5 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Goti Lo]]''
|Nilkanthray Mehta - Dadaji
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sangritoday.com/spotlight/manoj-joshis-gujarati-film-goti-lo-highlights-losing-the-real-world-to-the-lure-of-the-virtual-one |title=Manoj Joshi’s Gujarati film 'Goti Lo' highlights losing the real world to the lure of the virtual one |date=22 May 2025|work=Sangri Today |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=TV9>{{cite news|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/entertainment/gujarati-cinema/gujarati-film-goti-lo-film-to-release-on-27-june-2025-1257510.html |title=હેંગ થઈ ગયેલી લાઈફને રિચાર્જ કરવાનો OTP એટલે ફિલ્મ”ગોતી લો” અષાઢી બીજના દિવસે રિલીઝ થશે |date=18 June 2025|work=TV9 Gujarati|access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=SD1>{{cite news|url=https://sandesh.com/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-goti-lo-brings-childhood-alive-and-highlights-gujarati-tradition-the-film-releasing-27th-june-2025 |title=બાળપણને જીવંત કરતી, ગુજરાતી પરંપરાને ઉજાગર કરતી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'ગોતી લો' |date=17 June 2025|work=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]|access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/goti-lo/movieshow/121886052.cms |title=Goti Lo Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |date=16 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Bhooth Bangla]]}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2026 |title=अक्षय-प्रियदर्शन की 'भूत बंगला', में दिखेगी 'भूल भुलैया' की झलक, बाकी हॉरर-कॉमेडी से अलग |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/entertainment/post/akshay-kumar-bhooth-bangla-will-be-scientific-with-a-touch-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-influence |trans-title=Akshay–Priyadarshan's 'Bhooth Bangla' will show glimpses of 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa', unlike other horror-comedies |language=hi |website=[[The Lallantop]] |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Television serials==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]''
| Shriyak, Son of Shaktar
| Hindi
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Woh]]''
| Amit
| Hindi
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[X Zone]]''
|
| Hindi
|
|-
| 1999-2003
| ''[[Aabhalmaya]]''
| Sharad Joshi
| Marathi
|
|-
| 1999–2002
| ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]''
| Abhay Purshottam Nanavati
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Jay
| Hindi
| Season 1 Episode 218 and 219
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Your Honour (Indian TV series)|Your Honour]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Jaaneman Jaaneman''
|
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
|
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''
| Mayor Bhandari
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Yeh Meri Life Hai]]''
| Rasik Mehta
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2006
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| Nishikant Dixit
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2010–2011
|''Zindagi Ka Har Rang...Gulaal''
| Motabha
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
| [[Chanakya]]
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2014–2016
| ''[[Honar Soon Mi Hya Gharchi]]''
| Ramakant Gokhale
| Marathi
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Mangalam Dangalam]]''
| Sanjeev Saklecha
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Advocate Shaktimaan Jhaveri
| Hindi
|
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj: Bharat Ke Swatantrata Sangram ki Samagra Gatha]]''
|Narrator
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=DD National launches 'Swaraj - Bharat Ke Swatantrata Sangram Ki Samagra Gatha', a glorious history of India's freedom struggle |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1851290 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

==Personal life==
Manoj Joshi was born in [[Himatnagar|Himmatnagar]], [[Gujarat]] into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Brahmin]] family. His father was Navneet Joshi, and his younger brother late [[Rajesh Joshi (actor)|Rajesh Joshi]] was an actor too who died in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980113/01350924.html |title=Rangeela's Pakya dies in an accident |date=13 January 1998|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830155518/https://indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980113/01350924.html |archive-date=2009-08-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Joshi hails from Adpodara village near [[Himatnagar]] in north [[Gujarat]].

Joshi suffered a stroke while filming Devdas with Sanjay Leela Bhansali due to which he lost his vision and was bedridden for a year and a half.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Manoj Joshi reveals he suffered a stroke during Sanjay Leela Bhansali’s Devdas shoot: ‘I was bedridden for a year and a half, lost my eyesight, had 0 bank balance’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-joshi-suffered-stroke-while-shooting-sanjay-leela-bhansali-devdas-bedridden-for-for-a-year-and-a-half-lost-eyesight-zeo-bank-balance-8948270/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182131/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-joshi-suffered-stroke-while-shooting-sanjay-leela-bhansali-devdas-bedridden-for-for-a-year-and-a-half-lost-eyesight-zeo-bank-balance-8948270/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Padma Shri|Padma Shree Award]] on 69th Republic Day, 2018
* [[64th National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] - ''[[Dashakriya]]''.
{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
*[[Indian Telly Award]] For Best Anchor in serial [[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2023 |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=www.indiantellyawards.com |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511042508/https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 2024, he served as member of the feature film jury of the Panorama section at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]].<ref name="pib:ip">{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2067711|title=55th IFFI: Indian Panorama announces List of Films to be screened|date=24 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|via=press release}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Manoj Joshi}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1259084}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Supporting Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Manoj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi theatre]]

Chittoor mandal

2026-03-21T04:45:26Z

Allen2502: Put up a post...

{{Other uses|Chittoor (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Chittoor mandal
| native_name =
| status_text = Former [[Mandal|mandal]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| year_start =
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 2023
| date_end = 8 May
| event_end = Mandal reorganized
| capital = [[Chittoor]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = Chittoor Urban mandal
| s2 = Chittoor Rural mandal
| s3 =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 = 2011
| stat_pop2 = 212816
| stat_year2 = 2011 Census
| footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(akq33xr12gkze4zya1sfbe45))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=634652|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=31 October 2014}}</ref>
| common_name =
| flag_type =
| government_type =
| title_leader =
| leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader1 =

}}

'''Chittoor mandal''' is a former [[mandal]] in [[Chittoor district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Its headquarters was located at [[Chittoor]]. The mandal was bounded by [[Yadamari]], [[Gudipala]], [[Thavanampalle]], [[Puthalapattu]], [[Penumuru]], Gangadhara Nellore mandals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Chittoor district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=31 October 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|archivedate=24 December 2014}}</ref> [[Chittoor mandal]] on 8 May 2023 was divided to form [[Chittoor Urban mandal]] and [[Chittoor Rural mandal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bifurcation of Chittor mandal..|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.andhra_new.2023-05-08.1683550660497|publisher=AP Gazette|accessdate=12 March 2026}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 212,816. The total population constitute, 106,211 males and 106,605 females —a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males. 20,533 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 10,781 are boys and 9,752 are girls —a ratio of 905 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 83.02% with 159,641 literates.<ref name=population />

== Towns and villages ==

Mangasamudram (Rural) is the most populated settlement and Krishnapuram is the least populated settlement in the mandal. {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 31 settlements, that includes:<ref name=sub>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Chittoor District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911160628/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|archive-date=11 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|

# Alukurupalle [R]
# Anagallu [R]
# Ananthapuram [R]
# Anupalle [U]
# Anupalle (Part) [U]
# Arathala [R]
# Ayanavedu [R]
# Bakara Narasinga Rayani Pet [R]
# 194 Bandapalle (The City) [R]
# Chinthalagunta [R]
# Chittoor [U]
# [[Diguvamasapalle]] [R]
# Doddipalle [U]
# Gandlapalle [U]
# Greamspet [U]
# Gollapalle [R]
# Guvvakallu [R]
# Iruvaram [U]
# [[Kattamanchi]] [U]
# Krishnapuram [R]
# Kurchivedu [R]
# Lakshmambapuram [U]
# Mangasamudram [U]
# Mapakshi [U]
# Mapakshi (Part) [U]
# Murakambattu [U]
# Muthukur [R]
# Narigapalle [U]
# Paschanapalle [R]
# Palooru [R]
# Peddisettipalle [R]
# Perumallakandiga [R]
# S.Venkatapuram
# Settiappanthangal [R]
# Siddampalle [R]
# Thalambedu [R]
# Thenebanda [R]
# Thumminda [R]
# Thimmasamudram [U]
# Varadarajulapalle [R]
# 5 Venkatapuram [R]
# 33 Venkatapuram [R]
}}

== See also ==
*[[Chittoor district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Former mandals of Andhra Pradesh]]

Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)

2026-03-19T05:25:11Z

Allen2502: added references

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1977)}}
{{for|other similarly named actors|Kunal Kapoor (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunal Kapoor
| image = Kunal Kapoor snapped at the Ketto event.jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|10|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Naina Bachchan|2015}}
| children = 1
| family = [[Bachchan family]] (by marriage)
}}

'''Kunal Kishore Kapoor''' (born 18 October 1977), professionally known as '''Kunal Kapoor''', is an Indian actor who works predominantly in [[Hindi]] films. Kapoor is a recipient of several accolades including a [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]] and an [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Award]].

Kapoor started his career as an [[assistant director]], and made his acting debut with the MF Hussain 2004 film ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''. Following a career breakthrough with ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), Kapoor went onto appear in ''[[Aaja Nachle]]'', ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'' in (2007), ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008), ''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]'' (2008), ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011), ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]'' (2012), ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' (2016), ''[[Veeram (2016 film)|Veeram]]'' (2016), ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' (2018) After a break, Kapoor earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of [[Babur]], in ''[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]'' (2021).
The actor will be seen next in the magnum opus [[Ramayan]] along with Ranbir Kapoor and Sai Pallavi. Next he will be seen in the Sidharth Anand, Netflix film ''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]'' co starring [[Saif Ali Khan]]. He has finished a film for Aamir Khan productions which will release in 2025. And will also make his Telugu debut in ''[[Vishwambhara]]''. The film slated to be one of the most expensive Telugu films will see him joining forces with Chiranjeevi. He will also star in an action series to be shot in Lucknow, which he has co written. He has started a writers room to create scripts he wants to act in and produce.

Along with his acting career, Kapoor is a writer, entrepreneur and co-founder of Ketto, Asia’s largest [[crowdfunding]] platform. The platform has raised over 150 million dollars for social and medical causes. Kapoor is married to [[Bachchan family#Third Generation|Naina Bachchan]], with whom he has a son.

He is also a trained pilot and has participated in rally and Formula 3 racing. In addition to his work in entertainment, he has been an active angel investor in various emerging technology companies. He is a fellow of the Aspen Leadership Program.

== Early life ==
Kapoor was born in Mumbai on 18 October 1977. His father, Kishore Kapoor was in the construction business and his mother, Kanan is a singer and homemaker. His parents are originally from Amritsar, Punjab. He is the youngest of three children, with two sisters Geeta and Reshma.

== Career ==
=== Debut and breakthrough (2004-2011) ===
Kapoor trained for an acting career under [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]], and became a part of ''Motley,'' a theatre group run by acting legend [[Naseeruddin Shah]]. He began his career as an assistant director of ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]],''<ref name="cool">{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/07/stories/2008060751120200.htm |title= Cool Kunal |access-date= 6 October 2008 |last= Paitandy |first= Priyadarshini |date= 7 June 2008 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 11 June 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080611054844/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/07/stories/2008060751120200.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> Kapoor made his acting debut playing Kameshwar, a car mechanic, opposite [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] in ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]'', which was helmed by painter [[MF Hussain]] and released in 2004. Ronjita Kulkarni of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' termed him "a pleasant surprise" and added, "His freshness adds appeal to his character, yet he emotes like a seasoned actor."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/01meenaxi.htm|title=Tabu is GLORIOUS!|first=Ronjita|last=Kulkarni|website=Rediff.com|date=1 April 2004|access-date=22 August 2023|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731110908/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/01meenaxi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, Kapoor had his breakthrough with [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'', where he played a college student who after a tragedy, fights against corruption with his friends.<ref name="rediff_pI">{{cite news|access-date=16 March 2008 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12mehra.htm |title=Rang De is not a war film |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=12 January 2006 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227230137/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12mehra.htm |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> The film was critically and commercially successful and was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Foreign Film]] at the 2007 [[BAFTA Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/13/stories/2007021303052200.htm |title= 'Rang De Basanti' loses at BAFTA awards |access-date= 6 October 2008 |date= 13 February 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu |agency= Press Trust of India |archive-date= 8 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121108081902/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/13/stories/2007021303052200.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> Kamlesh Pandey, while writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', praised him and stated that he scores with his "understated performance and intensity". Kapoor earned a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Both dream and nightmare |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2006 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020302480300.htm |access-date=4 May 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225091011/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020302480300.htm  |archive-date=25 February 2008}}</ref> It also became the [[List of Hindi films of 2006|seventh-highest grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2006|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2006|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Kapoor had three releases in 2007. Firstly, he played a cricket obsessed man in ''[[Hattrick (film)|Hattrick]]'' alongside [[Rimi Sen]]. [[Yash Raj Films]] subsequently signed Kapoor for a three-film contract, two of which released in the same year. He played Vivaan in ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'', opposite [[Konkona Sen Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fb4f34e9-0bbd-4029-86ff-e148b847eb30&MatchID1=4573&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1146&PrimaryID=4573&Headline=Review:EM+Laaga+Chunari+Mein+Daag/EM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211023916/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fb4f34e9-0bbd-4029-86ff-e148b847eb30&MatchID1=4573&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1146&PrimaryID=4573&Headline=Review:EM+Laaga+Chunari+Mein+Daag/EM |archive-date=2009-02-11 |title=Old whine, older bottle |work= Hindustan Times|date=11 February 2009}}</ref> Kapoor reunited with Sen Sharma in ''[[Aaja Nachle]]'', where he played Imran, a ring master who is forced to play Manju in a play.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohammed]] from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found him a bit "confused".<ref name="AN HT Review">{{cite web |title=Movie Review:AAJA NACHLE |website=Dixit cannot Fix it |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fc42d641-abeb-4bfe-a5f2-7875e359864f&MatchID1=4603&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&PrimaryID=4603&Headline=Review%3a+EMAaja%2fEM+EMNachle%2fEM |access-date=30 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215025442/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fc42d641-abeb-4bfe-a5f2-7875e359864f&MatchID1=4603&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&PrimaryID=4603&Headline=Review%3A+EMAaja%2FEM+EMNachle%2FEM |archive-date=15 December 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

Kapoor played a Punjabi, Joginder opposite [[Minissha Lamba]] in the 2008 film ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'', his third with Yash Raj Films. It became the [[List of Hindi films of 2008|eighth-highest grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref name="Bachna Ae Haseeno">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=323|title=Bachna Ae Haseeno|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In the same year, he played Bansi Ram, a laborer at a dockyard in ''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]'', opposite [[Amrita Rao]]. The film was a critical and commercial success. [[Taran Adarsh]] termed his presence as a "surprise".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-09-19|title=Movie Review: Welcome to Sajjanpur|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/welcome-to-sajjanpur/critic-review/welcome-to-sajjanpur-movie-review/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>

After this, Kapoor took a break for two years. In 2010, he then played an aspiring Kashmiri politician in [[Rahul Dholakia]]'s ''[[Lamhaa]]'' co-starring [[Sanjay Dutt]]. It was a box office failure, but critics hailed his performance as "one of the most powerful performances of the year".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=Lamhaa: Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Lamhaa/moviereview/6172410.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=16 July 2010|date=15 July 2010}}</ref> In 2011, Kapoor played Sameer, a hacker in [[Shah Rukh Khan]] starrer ''[[Don 2]]''. The film became the [[List of Hindi films of 2011|second-highest grossing film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129091857/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2013 |title=Bollywood Box Office: Top Grossers in INDIA for 2011 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' found Kapoor to be "decent" but thought that he doesn't really get the scenes to prove his credentials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Don 2 Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525404|date=23 December 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175606/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525404 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref>

=== Career fluctuations (2012-2020) ===
[[File:Huma Qureshi and Kunal Kapoor at 4th Jagran Film Festival.jpg|thumb|Kapoor promoting ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]'']]

In 2012, Kapoor appeared in [[Sameer Sharma (director)|Sameer Sharma]]'s ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]'', which he co-wrote. Alongside [[Huma Qureshi]], he played a Omi, who desire to go to London but is forced to move back home. Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called Kapoor the Indian [[Matthew McConaughey]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/movies/luv-shuv-tey-chicken-khurana-with-kunal-kapoor.html?_r=0 |title=Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana Movie Review |work=The New York Times |date=November 2012 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814100439/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/movies/luv-shuv-tey-chicken-khurana-with-kunal-kapoor.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |last1=Saltz |first1=Rachel }}</ref> ''[[Live Mint]]''{{'}}s Sanjukta Sharma stated, "Kapoor is not the cynosure, but he pulls off the silliness and sensitivity of Omi’s character capably."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/13pzASJRYzOkW2fYCbvGyN/Film-Review--Luv-Shuv-Tey-Chicken-Khurana.html?facet=amp |title=Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana Movie Review |work=Live Mint |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814100439/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/13pzASJRYzOkW2fYCbvGyN/Film-Review--Luv-Shuv-Tey-Chicken-Khurana.html?facet=amp |url-status=live |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjukta }}</ref> Post a two year hiatus, Kapoor appeared in ''[[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein]]'', in 2015. He played Raj, an upper caste boy alongside [[Radhika Apte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kaun-kitney-paani-mein/box-office/ |title=Kaun Kitney Paani Mein - Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=28 August 2015 |access-date=28 August 2015 }}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[Times of India]]'' found him to be "aptly cast", but his love story with Apte was termed to "digresses from the core subject".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaun-kitney-paani-mein/movie-review/48712253.cms |title=Kaun Kitney Paani Mein Movie Review |work=The Times of India|access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Kapoor played Raghuvendra, a film producer opposite [[Alia Bhatt]] in ''[[Dear Zindagi]]''. It emerged as a commercial success.<ref name="gross">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dear-zindagi/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Dear Zindagi |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=28 November 2016 |date=26 November 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129171250/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dear-zindagi/ |archive-date=29 November 2016}}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''Hindustan Times'' noted, "Kunal Kapoor, gets an edge among the youngsters and essays his part with finesse."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dear-zindagi-review-shah-rukh-khan-is-charming-but-this-life-is-unreal/story-Q2qdCtY4pO2rBQzj39ZEHN.html |title=Dear Zindagi review: Shah Rukh Khan is charming but this life is unreal |date=28 November 2016|access-date=28 November 2016 |author=Sweta Kaushal |work=Hindustan Times|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128085139/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dear-zindagi-review-shah-rukh-khan-is-charming-but-this-life-is-unreal/story-Q2qdCtY4pO2rBQzj39ZEHN.html |archive-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> That same year, Kapoor voiced for [[Rama]] in ''[[Mahayoddha Rama]]'', an animation film by Raizada Rohit Jaising Vaid.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6879ee94-8d4d-4224-ba67-889fbdb768f8&ParentID=7d666bf8-2a37-4a6d-8f6a-296492cdd87c&&Headline=EMRamayana%2fEM+returns |title= ''Ramayana'' returns |access-date= 6 October 2008 |last= Reddy |first= Sujata |date= 4 August 2008 |work= [[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date= 16 September 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916194110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6879ee94-8d4d-4224-ba67-889fbdb768f8&ParentID=7d666bf8-2a37-4a6d-8f6a-296492cdd87c&&Headline=EMRamayana%2FEM+returns |url-status= dead }}</ref> In her final work of the year, Kapoor appeared in the trilingual film, ''[[Veeram (2016 film)|Veeram]]'', directed by [[Jayaraj]]. He played a sixteenth century warrior [[Chandu Chekavar]], in his Malayalam debut.<ref>{{cite news|last=K. S.|first=Aravind|title=Director Jayaraj creates history|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151213/entertainment-mollywood/article/director-jayaraj-creates-history|access-date=19 August 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 December 2015}}</ref> His performance won him an [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Award]]. G. Ragesh of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' praised his "exceptional skills in kalari" and said that Kapoor "looks every bit" the masculine Chandu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ragesh|first=G.|title=Veeram Movie Review|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/veeram-jayaraj-macbeth-rediscovering-chandu-review.html|access-date=23 December 2017|work=Onmanorama|date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]'s ''[[Raag Desh (film)|Raag Desh]]'', based on the [[Indian National Army trials]] was Kapoor only release in 2017. He played [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], and Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' stated that Kapoor delivered a "steady performance". He also appeared in a short film, ''White Shirt'', in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raag-desh-movie-review-this-riveting-tale-is-part-war-film-part-courtroom-drama-1730343 |title=Raag Desh Movie Review: This Riveting Tale Is Part War Film, Part Courtroom Drama |publisher=NDTV |access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref>

Kapoor played a hockey player, Samrat in his first release of 2018, ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''. The film is based on the journey of India's [[India men's national field hockey team|national hockey team]] to the [[1948 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/87990/yorkshire-transformed-into-bollywood-film-set-for-gold |title=Yorkshire transformed into Bollywood film set for Gold |work=The Week |date=24 August 2017 |accessdate=27 September 2018}}</ref> It was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-gold/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Gold |website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2 September 2018|date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted, "Kunal Kapoor as the strict coach lend gravitas."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/gold-movie-review-a-dramatisation-of-the-events-leading-to-india-winning-first-ever-olympic-gold-29807.amp |title=Gold Movie Review |website=Filmfare|access-date=12 September 2018|author=Devesh Sharma}}</ref> Kapoor played David in his Telugu debut, ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'', another major box office success that earned him [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/2018s-tollywood-movies-box-office-collection-list-highest-grossing-telugu-films-year-780150|title= Tollywood box office report of 2018: highest grossing Telugu movies of year; List of hits and flops|website= [[International Business Times]]|date=23 November 2018|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> His final release that year was the English film ''[[Noblemen (film)|Noblemen]]'', where he played Murali, a drama teacher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kunal-kapoor-will-teach-shakespeare-s-plays-in-vandana-kataria-s-the-noblemen/story-TIXlyMoScBTEtq5NOccHfO.html |title= Kunal Kapoor will teach Shakespeare's plays in Vandana Kataria's The Noblemen |newspaper=Hindustan Times|date= 18 March 2017 |accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> Sreeparna Sengupta of ''Times of India'' found him to be "charming and effective".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/noblemen/movie-review/69977967.cms|title=NOBLEMEN MOVIE REVIEW|work=The Times of India|first=Sreeparna|last=Sengupta|date=28 June 2019|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Recent work and web expansion (2021-present) ===
Kapoor returned to films in 2021. His first release was ''[[Koi Jaane Na]]'', opposite [[Amyra Dastur]], where he played Kabir, a writer and vigilante.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/koi-jaane-na-trailer-kunal-kapoor-amyra-dastur-murder-mystery-video-7237165/|title=Koi Jaane Na trailer: Fact meets fiction in this Kunal Kapoor starrer murder mystery|access-date=21 March 2021|work=The Indian Express|date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> Aditya Mani Jha of ''[[Firstpost]]'' found his performance "underwhelming".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/koi-jaane-na-movie-review-kunal-kapoors-film-is-narratively-weak-with-veneer-thin-characters-9491901.html/amp|title=Koi Jaane Na movie review: Kunal Kapoor's film is narratively weak with veneer-thin characters|access-date=26 July 2021|work=Firstpost |author=Aditya Mani Jha|date=3 April 2021 }}</ref> Kapoor then made his web debut, playing Mughal emperor [[Babur]] opposite [[Sahher Bambba]], who played his wife, in ''[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]''.<ref name="Teaser">{{cite web | title=Nikkhil Advani's web series The Empire to launch on Disney+Hotstar soon | website=India Today | date=2021-07-09 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/nikkhil-advani-s-web-series-the-empire-to-launch-on-disney-hotstar-soon-1825982-2021-07-09 | access-date=2021-08-17}}</ref> Vibha Maru of ''[[India Today]]'' praised Kapoor and noted, "The actor breathes life into the character of Babur. Instead of making him a larger-than-life figure, Kunal shows Babur's vulnerability and everything else that makes him human."<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Vibha Maru |date=August 27, 2021 |title=The Empire Review: Kunal Kapoor and Shabana Azmi rule this historical drama|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-empire-review-kunal-kapoor-and-shabana-azmi-rule-this-historical-drama-1845853-2021-08-27|access-date=2021-09-20|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> While Pradeep Menon of ''Firstpost'' added, "Kunal cuts an impressive figure as Babur, but he is caricatures at the end of the day."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[Netflix]]''{{'}}s anthology ''[[Ankahi Kahaniya]]'', marked his final work of the year. ''[[The Quint]]''{{'}}s Stutee Ghosh noted, "The film is quite bizzare, though, Kunal Kapoor is effortlessly charming and one sure wants to see more of him."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-17|title=Ankahi Kahaniya Review: Abhishek Chaubey's Tender Short is a Clear Winner|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ankahi-kahaniya-review-abhishek-chaubey-ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-kunal-kapoor-rinku-rajguru-abhishek-banerjee|access-date=2021-09-26|website=The Quint}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
A year after getting engaged, Kapoor married [[Bachchan family#Third generation|Naina Bachchan]], niece of [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in a private family ceremony in [[Seychelles]] on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kunal-kapoor-weds-amitabh-bachchans-niece-naina/article6878464.ece/|work=The Hindu|title=Kunal Kapoor weds Amitabh Bachchan's niece Naina|date=11 February 2015|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221143426/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kunal-kapoor-weds-amitabh-bachchans-niece-naina/article6878464.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> A celebration dinner was held on 11 April 2015 in [[New Delhi]]. Bachchan is a banker by profession.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/naina-bachchan-and-kunal-kapoor-love-story|work=The Hindu|title=Kunal Kapoor and Naina Bachchan fairy tale love story|date=5 April 2016|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914143426/https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/naina-bachchan-and-kunal-kapoor-love-story|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Naina Bachchan and Kunal Kapoor's wedding reception|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/naina-bachchan-kunal-kapoor-wedding-reception|date=21 April 2016|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922143426/https://www.vogue.in/content/naina-bachchan-kunal-kapoor-wedding-reception|url-status=live|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}</ref> The couple announced the birth of their baby boy on 31 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kunal-kapoor-naina-bachchan-welcome-baby-boy-celebs-say-congrats-1906822-2022-01-31|work=India Today|title=Kunal Kapoor, Naina Bachchan welcome baby boy. Celebs say congrats|date=31 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419143426/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/kunal-kapoor-naina-bachchan-welcome-baby-boy-celebs-say-congrats-1906822-2022-01-31|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other work and media image==
[[File:Kunal KAPOOR.jpg|thumb|Kapoor in 2015]]

''[[Filmfare]]'' termed Kapoor an "interesting actor" and added, "Kapoor may not feature in many films, but there is something about him that makes the audience sit back and take notice of him."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kapoor-reveals-he-is-an-accidental-actor-50968.html|title=Kunal Kapoor reveals he is an accidental actor|archive-date=12 January 2022|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112031052/https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kapoor-reveals-he-is-an-accidental-actor-50968.html|url-status=live|work=Filmfare}}</ref>

In 2009, Kapoor started writing weekly columns for ''HT City'', the lifestyle supplement of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. These columns ended in November 2009 but still appear online on the social network Desimartini.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.desimartini.com/DM/ht-city/celebrity/Kunal-Kapoor/0-7873998-0-502.htm |title= Kunal Kapoor columns |access-date= 24 October 2008 |publisher= Desimartini |archive-date= 30 July 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090730045822/http://www.desimartini.com/DM/ht-city/celebrity/Kunal-Kapoor/0-7873998-0-502.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>

He is a trained pilot and rally car driver.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kunal Kapoor Birthday Special: Here's Taking A Look At How 2021 Has Been A Fantastic Year For The Actor |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-kunal-kapoor-birthday-special-heres-taking-a-look-at-how-2021-has-been-a-fantastic-year-for-the-actor/397993 |access-date=20 November 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=18 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Kabir Singh |title=Sneak Peek: Kunal Kapoor On What Makes Him Stronger |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/sneak-peek-kunal-kapoor-on-what-makes-him-stronger/435486 |website=Entrepreneur |access-date=20 November 2022 |language=en |date=21 September 2022}}</ref> In 2014, he started training for the [[Formula Three]]. He co-founded Asia's largest crowdfunding platform called Ketto,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etailingindiaexpo.com/speakers/kunal-kapoor/|title=Speaker Profile of Kunal Kapoor at Etailing India|website=ETailing India|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210031052/http://etailingindiaexpo.com/speakers/kunal-kapoor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> which raises money for social and individual causes. To date, the platform has raised close to 120 million dollars and is one of the largest crowdfunding platforms in the world. He is also known to be an avid investor in early stage tech companies with investments ranging from FMCG companies to robotics {{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

He is also known for his style and has been voted amongst the most stylish men in the country. He was on GQ's list of the top ten stylish men in the country.

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
* ''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2001
! scope="row"| ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Assistant director
|
|-
| 2004
! scope="row"| ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''
| Kameshwar Mathur
| Credited as Kunnal Kapoor
|
|-
| 2006
! scope="row"| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| Aslam Khan / [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]{{efn|Kapoor played a single character with two or more names|name=names}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news|access-date=18 March 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/13/stories/2004041300100400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602111449/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/13/stories/2004041300100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2004 |title=The long act |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |work=The Hindu |date=13 April 2004 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
! scope="row"| ''[[Hattrick (film)|Hattrick]]''
| Sarabjeet "Saby" Singh
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]''
| Vivaan Verma
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
| Imran Pathan / Majnu{{efn|Kapoor played a single character with two or more names|name=names}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
! scope="row"| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| Joginder "Jogi" Singh Ahluwalia
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]''
| Bansi Ram
|
|
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Lamhaa]]''
| Aatif Hussain
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment-Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=2008092120080921022705318ab4531c4 |author=Subhash K Jha |title=Safe sets? |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=21 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322062037/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment-Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=2008092120080921022705318ab4531c4 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Don 2]]''
| Sameer "Sam" Ali
|
|
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''
| Omi Khurana
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Kunal Kapoor chickens out of workouts|author=Roshmila Bhattacharya|date=17 January 2012|work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kunal-Kapoor-chickens-out-of-workouts/Article1-798378.aspx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118010002/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kunal-Kapoor-chickens-out-of-workouts/Article1-798378.aspx|archivedate=18 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
! scope="row"| '' [[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein]]''
| Raj Singhdeo
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Dear Zindagi]]''
| Raghuvendra
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mahayoddha Rama]]''
| [[Rama]]
| Animated film; Voice only
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Veeram (2016 film)|Veeram]]''
| [[Chandu Chekavar]]
| Simultaneously shot in [[Malayalam]] and English
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lohana|first=Avinash|title=Kunal Kapoor is a warrior in trilingual Macbeth|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Kunal-is-a-warrior-in-trilingual-Macbeth/articleshow/50444338.cms|access-date=20 September 2016|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=5 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Raag Desh (film)|Raag Desh]]''
| [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[White Shirt]]''
| Aveek
| Short film
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
! scope="row"|''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
| Samrat
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''
| David
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Noblemen (film)|Noblemen]]''
| Murali
| [[English language|English]] film
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kunal-kapoor-to-star-in-bullying-drama-nobleman-118042401115_1.html|title=Kunal Kapoor to star in bullying drama 'Nobleman'|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-04-24|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
! scope="row"| ''[[Koi Jaane Na]]''
| Kabir Kapoor
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/koi-jaane-na-director-amin-hajee-kicks-off-the-psychological-thriller-starring-kunal-kapoor-and-amyra-dastur/articleshow/67538424.cms|title=Koi Jaane Na: Director Amin Hajee kicks off the psychological thriller starring Kunal Kapoor and Amyra Dastur |website=The Times of India|access-date=15 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ankahi Kahaniya]]''
| Manav
| [[Saket Chaudhary]]'s segment
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2025
! scope="row"| ''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]''
| Vikram Patel
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Anand and Saif Ali Khan ream up after 17 years; duo gets snapped outside Marflix Pictures office joins|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/siddharth-anand-saif-ali-khan-ream-17-years-duo-gets-snapped-outside-marflix-pictures-office/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=6 April 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|[[Ek Din]]}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|[[Vishwambhara]]}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Telugu film; filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2024 |title=Vishwambhara new schedule begins today – idlebrain.com |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/vishwambhara-newschedule-today.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=[[idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2017
! scope="row"| ''Bar Code''
| Himself
| Special appearance
|
|-
| 2021
! scope="row"| ''[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]''
| [[Babur]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=The Empire trailer: Hotstar brings Bhansali-level scale to small screen 'in India's biggest show', watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=7 August 2021 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-trailer-hotstar-brings-bhansali-level-scale-to-small-screen-in-india-s-biggest-show-watch-101628315290960.html | access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
*2006: Star's Sabsey Favourite Naya Hero<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060509/asp/calcutta/story_6197786.asp |title= Pop poll of the star-struck |access-date= 6 October 2008 |last= Gupta |first= Pratim D. |date= 9 May 2006 |work= [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date= 19 May 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060519161721/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060509/asp/calcutta/story_6197786.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref>
*2007: Stardust Breakthrough Performance, Male<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tonight.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3702742&fSectionId=395&fSetId=251 |title= Mumbai hosts Max Stardust awards |access-date= 6 October 2008 |last= Shah |first= Diti |author2= Navgire, Moses |date= 26 February 2007 |publisher= Tonight }}{{Dead link|date=August 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2005
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| Best Newcomer
| ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007
| [[52nd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[8th IIFA Awards|International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Outstanding Performance of the Year
| [[Veeram (2016 film)|''Veeram'']]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076|title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2017: Deepika Padukone, Dulquer Salmaan, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas grace event [PHOTOS]|website=International Business Times|date=28 November 2017|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193036/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu
| [[Devadas (2018 film)|''Devadas'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees|website=Times of India|date=19 July 2019|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Bachchan Family]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1577858}}
{{Commons}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Kunal}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Kaviraja Pandithar

2026-03-14T20:50:18Z

Allen2502: Adding first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian scholar of the Tamil language}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaviraja Pandithar
| birth_name = Jagavira Pandiyan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1886|03|10}}
| birth_place = Ottanattham, [[Tirunalveli district]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1967|06|17|1886|03|10}}
| death_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| known_for = Commentary on the [[Tirukkural]]
| occupation = Tamil scholar
| father = Perumalswamy
| mother = Aavudaiyammal
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}

'''Jagavira Pandiyanar''' (10 March 1886–17 June 1967), commonly known as '''Kaviraja Pandithar''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: '''கவிராச பண்டிதர் செகவீர பாண்டியனார்'''), was a 20th-century Indian scholar of the [[Tamil language]], who is known for his commentary on the [[Tirukkural]].

==Early life==
Kaviraja Pandithar was born on 10 March 1886 in the small town of Ottanattham in the present-day [[Thoothukudi district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a descendant of the Indian freedom fighter [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]. He studied Tamil under Muthukavirayar. He was well known for his discourses of the [[Purana]]s. His works ranged from poetry to prose and translations.<ref name="ReferenceA">Dinamani Semmolikkovai (தினமணி செம்மொழிக்கோவை): International Tamil Semmoli Conference 2010 Special edition, p. 285</ref> He lived in Melamasi Street of [[Madurai]].

Kaviraja Pandithar's commentary on the Kural text is considered a classic by modern scholars, besides that of [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]].{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=115}}

== Works ==
Kaviraja Pandithar's works were nationalized in 2010–2011 by the [[Tamil Nadu government]] and offered an amount of {{INR}} 600,000.

The works of Kaviraja Pandithar include the following:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!S. No.||Year||Name of the work||Publisher|| Notes
|-
|01||1927||[[Tirukkural]] Kumaresa Venba<ref>Na. Si. Kandhaiya Pillai; Dictionary of Tamil Literature [தமிழ் இலக்கிய அகராதி] : Literature alpha order; Asiriyar Nurpathippu Kalhagam, Chennai; 1952; p. 77</ref>|| || 8 volumes
|-
|02|| ||Kamban Kavinilai Urainadai (Prose)|| || 15 volumes
|-
|03|| ||Agatthiya Munivar<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| ||
|-
|04|| ||Veerapandiyam|| ||An epic compilation of oral accounts about [[Panchalankurichi]]'s polygar [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]
|-
|05|| ||Panchalankurichi Veeracharithiram || ||A history of Veerapandiya Kattabomman (two volumes)
|-
|06||1945||Thmilar Veeram<ref>Na. Si. Kandhaiya Pillai; Dictionary of Tamil Literature [தமிழ் இலக்கிய அகராதி] : Literature alpha order; Asiriyar Nurpathippu Kalhagam, Chennai; 1952; p. 70</ref>|| ||
|-
|07|| ||Maasilamani Maalai<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| ||
|-
|08|| ||Ani Arubadhu<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| ||
|-
|09|| ||Dharma Deepikai<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| || 7 volumes
|-
|10|| ||Indhiya Thaainilai<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| ||
|-
|11|| ||Veerakaaviyam<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| ||
|-
|12|| ||Kavigalin Kaathchi Volume-1<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| ||
|-
|13|| ||Kalvi Nilai<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| ||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Tamils|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author= M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுமாலை [Tirukkural Research Papers] |year= 2013 |edition= 1|publisher=Tamil University | location= Tanjavur |language=ta|isbn = 978-8170904359 |ref={{sfnRef|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013}}}}
{{refend}}

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaviraja Pandithar}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]

Rongatapu 1982

2026-03-12T12:26:32Z

Allen2502:

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Adityam Saikia}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rongatapu 1982
| image =
| caption =
| director = Adityam Saikia
| writer = Adityam Saikia
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Arun Kumar Rai
* Ajay Kumar Rai
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Aimee Baruah]]
* [[Gunjan Bhardwaj]]
* [[Rimpi Das]]
}}
| cinematography = Krishna Shah
| editing = Rantu Chetia
| music = {{Plain list|
* Amrit Pritam
* Sukumar
}}
| studio = BRC Cine Production
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Assamese
}}

'''''Rongatapu 1982''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Assamese-language|Assamese]]-language [[historical drama]] film written and directed by Adityam Saikia in his directorial debut. Set in rural [[Assam]] during the early 1980s, the film depicts local socio-political conditions through a fictional narrative.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Ambar |date=2023-11-25 |title='Rongatapu 1982': A turbulent tapestry of Assam’s history |url=http://eastmojo.com/entertainment/2023/11/25/rongatapu-1982-a-turbulent-tapestry-of-assams-history/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> It was recognized at the [[71st National Film Awards]], winning the [[National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film|Best Assamese Feature Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Rongatapu 1982’ Wins Best Assamese Film at National Awards {{!}} Check Others |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/rongatapu-1982-wins-best-assamese-film-at-national-awards-check-others-9615992 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.pratidintime.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Tina |date=2025-08-06 |title=Rongatapu 1982 shows migrant violence in Assam. Director says it’s not political |url=https://theprint.in/feature/rongatapu-1982-migrant-violence-assam/2715425/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250806112135/https://theprint.in/feature/rongatapu-1982-migrant-violence-assam/2715425/ |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is set in 1982 in the riverine (char) areas of [[Assam]], a period marked by land disputes and communal tension. The narrative follows the residents of a small settlement as they face the threat of displacement and violence.

Morom, a pregnant housewife, deals with the trauma of a brutal incident involving a family member. Her husband, Jadab, is an orphan raised by the village who works to provide for his family. Although Jadab initially attempts to remain neutral to protect his pregnant wife, the escalating regional conflict eventually forces him to take a stand when the violence reaches his community.

The story also depicts the lives of sisters Rupali and Mala . Mala suffers from severe psychological trauma and night terrors, requiring Rupali to provide constant care. Their struggle for a peaceful life is complicated by Rupali's relationship with Madhab, an educated youth from a prominent family, as the social unrest disrupts their future plans.

Another central figure, Rafiza, represents the plight of women affected by systemic violence. Having survived an assault, she navigates a society where she fears for the future of her unborn child. The film culminates during a night of significant unrest that determines the fate of the characters and their village.

== Cast ==

* [[Aimee Baruah]] as Morom, a pregnant housewife who faces personal loss and danger as the village social fabric unravels.
* [[Gunjan Bhardwaj]] as Jadab, Morom's husband, who is reluctantly drawn into the escalating regional conflict.
* [[Rimpi Das]] as Rafiza, a woman caught in desperate circumstances, portraying the harrowing impact of societal violence on the vulnerable.
* Kalpana Kalita as Rupali, a hardworking sister who protects and cares for Mala.
* Alishmita Goswami as Mala, Rupali's sister, a character who remains silent throughout the film, communicating the trauma of past horrors through gestures.
* Vivek Bora (also credited as Bibek Bora) as Madhab, an educated son of a respected village family and Rupali’s love interest.
* Debananda Saikia

== Production ==
The project was conceived as a period drama focusing on the early 1980s in Assam. The creators aimed to document social realities of the era rather than present a commercial narrative structure. Research included local oral histories, contemporary accounts, and recreations of period-specific settings. Principal photography took place on location in Assam. The production relied on natural lighting and practical locations, such as village homes and agricultural fields, to establish the setting.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guwahati |first=The |date=2023-11-26 |title="Rongatapu 1982" Depicts Struggle Against Illegal Occupancy in Riverine Areas |url=https://theguwahati.com/rongatapu-1982-depicts-struggle-against-illegal-occupancy-in-riverine-areas/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=The Guwahati |language=en}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 24 November 2023. A critic noted the production design and its observational narrative style. The direction was described as restrained, with commentators characterizing the pacing as reflective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Abhilash |date=2025-08-01 |title=Rongatapu 1982 named best Assamese film at National Awards |url=http://eastmojo.com/free-digest/2025/08/01/rongatapu-1982-named-best-assamese-film-at-national-awards/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[71st National Film Awards|2025]]
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film|Best Assamese Feature Film]]
|Adityam Saikia, Arun Kumar Rai and Ajay Kumar Rai
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2025-08-02 |title=Assam shines with five honours at 71st National Film Awards |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/assam-shines-with-five-honours-at-71st-national-film-awards-1587082 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Filmfare Awards Assamese
|Best Actress
|[[Aimee Baruah]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Assamese 2024: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-assamese-2024-full-list-out-64892.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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Urmila

2026-03-09T16:10:07Z

Allen2502:

{{short description|Hindu goddess and wife of Lakshmana in epic Ramayana}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Urmila
| image = Urmila and lakshmana marriage.webp
| caption = Wedding ceremony of Urmila and Lakshmana
| devanagari = ऊर्मिला
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Nagalakshmi]]
| texts = [[Ramayana]] and [[Versions of Ramayana|its other versions]]
| abode = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[Vaikuntha]], [[Kshira Sagara]]
| gender = Female
| type = Hindu
| spouse = [[Lakshmana]]
| children = [[Angada (Lakshmana's son)|Angada]] [[Chandraketu]]
| father = [[Janaka]]
| mother = [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]]
| siblings = [[Sita]] (adoptive sister) [[Mandavi]] (cousin) [[Shrutakirti]] (cousin)
| dynasty = [[Kingdom of the Videhas|Videha]] ''(by birth)'' [[Raghuvamsha]]-[[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsha]] ''(by marriage)''
| birth_place = [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithila]], [[Videha]]
| death_place = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Urmila''' ({{Langx|sa|ऊर्मिला|Urmilā|lit=enchantress}}), is a [[Hindu goddess]] and the princess of [[Videha]] in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. She is considered to be an avatāra of [[Nagalakshmi]], the serpent goddess. Urmila was married to [[Lakshmana]] and is known for her dedication towards her husband, for her sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-24 |title=Urmila, Urmilā, Ūrmilā: 9 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/urmila |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOZsEAAAQBAJ&dq=gomati+the+chakra+of+lakshmi+and+wife+of+sudarshan&pg=PT16 | title=LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story | isbn=978-93-92834-21-9 | last1=Agarwal | first1=Shubhi | date=20 April 2022 | publisher=Om Books International }}</ref>

Urmila was born as the daughter of King [[Janaka]] of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]] and Queen [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]]. [[Sita]], the female protagonist of the epic, is her elder sister. She was married to Lakshmana, after her sister's ''[[svayamvara]]''. According to a legend, Urmila slept continuously for fourteen years, so that her husband could stay awake throughout those years protecting Rama and Sita during the exile. She is notable for this unparalleled sacrifice, which is called ''Urmila Nidra''. Urmila is worshipped in Hinduism, at various places in [[India]], alongside her husband.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moor |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kJDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA316 |title=The Hindu Pantheon |date=1810 |publisher=J. Johnson |pages=316 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Urmila is of [[Sanskrit]] origin, and could be divided into ''Ur'' meaning waves, and ''mila'', meaning to join''.'' Thus'','' her name means 'waves of passion that unite a couple'. Her name also means 'humble' or 'enchantress'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|title=Ramayana {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065621/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legend ==
=== Birth and early life ===
Urmila was born as the daughter of King [[Janaka]] of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]] and Queen [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila | access-date=28 December 2016 | pages=13}}</ref> Urmila is considered as the incarnation of [[Nagalakshmi]], [[Shesha]]'s consort. In the [[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]], Nagalakshmi is considered to be the personification of the divine ocean called the [[Kshira Sagara]] and is called as Kshira.<ref>{{cite book |title=Garga Saṁhita |date=2006 |publisher=Rasbihari Lal & Sons |isbn=978-81-87812-98-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkv9PgAACAAJ&q=naga+lakshmi+garg+samhita |language=en}}</ref><ref name="c">{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Selva J. |last2=Dempsey |first2=Corinne G. |title=Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions |date=12 January 2010 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2981-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEJ-vMgbSlwC&q=%C2%A0Nagalakshmi&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref>

Urmila was born on Jaya ekadashi, after her elder sister [[Sita]], was adopted by her parents.<ref>''Dictionary of Hindu Lord and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola</ref> [[Mandavi]] and [[Shrutakirti]] are her cousins, who were born to her father's younger brother, [[Kushadhvaja]] and his wife [[Chandrabhaga (Ramayana)|Chandrabhaga]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra|author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|title=''Political History of Ancient India'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|year=2006|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=81-307-0291-6}}</ref> According to legends, she was a scholar and an artist .<ref>{{cite web|author-link=Kavita Kane|title=Sita's Sisters: Conversations On Sisterhood Between Women Of Ramayana |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/sita-sisters-conversations-on-sisterhood-between-women-of-ramayana-magazine-325515|work=Outlook India |accessdate=26 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Marriage to Lakshmana ===
[[File:The marriage ceremony of Rama and Sita.jpg|thumb|The marriage ceremony of Urmila and Lakshmana, along with the other three brothers and sisters. Folio from the Shnagri Ramayana, early 18th-century. [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]]

After [[Rama]] won the [[svayamvara]] of Sita, their marriage was fixed. King [[Dasharatha]] arrived in Mithila for his son's wedding and noticed that [[Lakshmana]] had feelings for Urmila, but according to tradition, [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and Mandavi were to marry first.<ref>{{cite book|author=Praśānta Guptā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&pg=PA32|title=Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa|publisher=Dreamland Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788173012549|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Lakshmana, Lakṣmaṇa, Lakṣmaṇā: 34 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshmana |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> King Dasharatha then arranged for Bharata to marry Mandavi and [[Shatrughna]] to marry Shrutakirti, allowing Lakshmana to marry Urmila. Ultimately, all four sisters married the four brothers, strengthening the alliance between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ&q=Urmila+|title=The History of Puranas|date=2005|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-062-4|language=en}}</ref> The wedding ceremony was conducted under the guidance of Shatananda. During the homeward journey to Ayodhya, another avatar of [[Vishnu]], [[Parashurama]], challenged Rama to combat, on the condition that he was able to string the bow of Vishnu, [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]]. When Rama obliged him with success, Parashurama acknowledged the former to be a form of Vishnu and departed to perform penance at the mountain [[Mahendra]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhalla |first=Prem P. |title=The Story Of Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiv9_Cp3OtQC&pg=PA24 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Peacock Books |isbn=978-81-248-0191-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Valmiki |url=http://archive.org/details/TheRamayan |title=The Ramayana |date= |pages=126–145}}</ref> The wedding entourage then reached Ayodhya, entering the city amid great fanfare.<ref name="Parmeshwaranand">{{cite book |author=Swami Parmeshwaranand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC&pg=PA1210 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionaries of Puranas |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |pages=1210–1220 |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

According to [[Vishwamitra]], Urmila and Lakshmana equals each other in "grace and heritage".<ref>{{cite news|title=Book 1 (Bala-kanda): Chapter 72 - The marriage of the four sons of King Dasaratha|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423941.html|work=www.wisdomlib.org|accessdate=21 December 2023}}</ref> Urmila and Lakshmana had two sons named [[Angada (Lakshmana's son)|Angada]] and [[Chandraketu]]. Urmila is described as being as dedicated to Sita as Lakshmana was to Rama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dawar|first=Sonalini Chaudhry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFPAQAAMAAJ&q=Urmila+|title=Ramayana, the Sacred Epic of Gods and Demons|date=2006|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9788187107675|language=en}}</ref>

=== Exile and Urmila Nidra ===
Some time after the wedding, [[Kaikeyi]] compelled Dasharatha to make Bharata king, prompted by the coaxing of her maid [[Manthara]], and forced Rama to leave Ayodhya and spend a period of exile. Sita and Lakshmana willingly renounced the comforts of the palace and joined Rama in exile. Urmila was ready to accompany her husband, but he asked her to stay back in Ayodhya, so that she could take care of his aging parents and he could serve his brother and his wife.<ref>{{cite book |author=Smriti Dewan |year=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIAlEAAAQBAJ&q=urmila+ramayan |title=Urmila: The Forgotten Princess |isbn=9789390252916}}</ref>

According to a legend, Urmila decided to sleep continuously for fourteen years, so that her husband could protect his brother and sister-in-law.<ref>[http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/ramayana/lakshmans-wife-goes-to-sleep.html Lakshman's wife goes to sleep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619050925/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/ramayana/lakshmans-wife-goes-to-sleep.html |date=19 June 2019 }} - ''Devlok''</ref> On the first night of exile, when Rama and Sita were sleeping, the deity [[Ratri|Nidra]] appeared before Lakshmana and he requested her to offer him the boon of not sleeping for the fourteen years.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kavita Kané |year=2014 |publisher=Rupa Publications India Pvt. Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfYWrgEACAAJ |title=Sita's Sister |isbn=9788129134844}}</ref> The goddess asked him that she could grant his wish, but someone else would have to take his place asleep. Lakshmana asked the goddess to enquire his wife Urmila regarding this, who happily accepted the task. Urmila slept continuously for the fourteen years of exile, to complete the sleep of her and her husband's share. Urmila is notable for this unparalleled sacrifice, which is called ''Urmila Nidra''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Urmila-The-Sleeping-Princess/2014/03/28/article2134735.ece | title=Urmila, The Sleeping Princess | work=[[Indian Express]] | date=28 March 2014 | access-date=1 June 2016 | author=Reeja Radhakrishnan | place=Chennai | archive-date=25 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625064009/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Urmila-The-Sleeping-Princess/2014/03/28/article2134735.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Ramayana: Check 13 lesser-known facts|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ramayana-check-lesser-known-facts-1585545052-1|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

Nidra told Lakshman that he would have to go to sleep as soon as the exile ends, so that Urmila could awake. After the exile, Lakshaman went to sleep and Urmila saw the coronation of Rama.
{{Blockquote
|text= My brother, I have waited for this grand moment for years and just when I was about to witness my Lord Ram being crowned king, the goddess of sleep, Nidra, reminds me of our agreement and demands that I submit to her this very moment and go to sleep and let Urmila awaken.
|author=
|title=
|source=''The Princess Who Slept For 14 Years'' (2018)<ref>{{cite book |author=Tulika Singh |year=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyBFDwAAQBAJ&dq=urmila+ramayan&pg=PT24 |title=The Princess Who Slept For 14 Years |isbn=9781948372176 |page=20}}</ref>
}}

=== Post exile and later life ===
Urmila had been sleeping all those years of the exile, as per the boon by Goddess Nidra. When Lakshmana returned from the exile, he woke her up. Urmila opened her eyes and wept with joy when she saw him. Rama was then crowned the King of Kosala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pressbooks.pub/ramayana/chapter/chapter-9-after-the-war/|title=Chapter 9: 171. Rama Becomes King|website=Press Book|accessdate=29 August 2023 }}</ref> According to the ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'', Lakshmana had ruled over Karupada, with Urmila as the queen, who advised him on important state matters.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/src-vrm:ram7-115 | title=Ram7 115 - AncientVoice }}</ref>

Urmila and Lakshmana's elder son Angada, inherited the Kingdom of Karupada, from his father and their younger son Chandraketu, inherited the kingdom of [[Malla (tribe)|Mallya]], being commissioned by Rama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ramayana: Conclusion|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/ramaconc.htm|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-26|title=Uttara Kanda of Ramayana was edited during 5th century BCE - Puranas|url=https://www.booksfact.com/puranas/uttara-kanda-ramayana-edited-5th-century-bce.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=BooksFact - Ancient Knowledge & Wisdom|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Death ===
According to a legend in [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', after Sita and Lakshmana's death, Rama, Bharata and Shatrughan's samadhi, Mandvi and Shrutakirti, became Sati and died after their husband's samadhi.<ref>{{cite book
|last=MacFie
|first=J. M.
|title=The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C&pg=PA115
|date=1 May 2004
|publisher=Kessinger Publishing
|isbn=978-1-4179-1498-2}}</ref> As per the promise given to her sister Sita, Urmila stayed in Ayodhya to look after her son's Angada and Chandraketu, and Sita's sons [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]. After few years, Urmila took samadhi in the [[Sarju|Sarayu river]].<ref>{{cite book
|last=Richman
|first=Paula
|title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA9
|date=1 January 2001
|publisher=University of California Press
|isbn=978-0-520-22074-4}}</ref>

== In other versions ==
=== Jain version ===
{{main|Rama in Jainism}}

Urmila is referred to as Prithvisundari in ''Jain Ramayana''. According to Jain storytelling, Lakshmana had around sixteen thousand wives in which Prithvisundari was his principle consort (in the Hindu epic, he had only one wife Urmila).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa|title=Asian Variations In Ramayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1809-3}}</ref>

=== Mahaviracharita ===
The Sanskrit play ''[[Mahaviracharita]]'' by [[Bhavabhuti]] is based on the early life of Rama. According to the play, Vishwamitra invites Janaka to attend his sacrifice, but he sends his brother Kushadhvaja and daughters Sita and Urmila, as his delegates. This is the place, where Laxman and Urmila meet for the first time. By the end of the act, Kushadhvaja and Vishwamitra decide to marry Sita and Urmila to Rama and Lakshamana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mirashi|first=V. V.|title=Bhavabhūti|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1996|chapter = The Mahavira-charita|isbn=81-208-1180-1}}</ref>

== Portrayal and assessment ==
[[File:Sculpture-showing-sri-rama.jpg|thumb|Urmila (extreme left to Rama, who is in centre). Sculpture at [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramasamy Temple]] at [[Kumbakonam]]]]

Urmila has been portrayed as an ideal wife and an ideal mother known for her sacrifice in various texts, stories, illustrations, movies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Urmila: The Goddess of sacrifice in the Hindu epic Ramayana|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/urmila-the-goddess-of-sacrifice-in-epic-ramayana-182913.html|work=News Nation|accessdate=22 September 2023}}</ref> She is also portrayed as a devoted and patient wife who waits faithfully for her husband. She is often considered gentle, kind, compassionate and is known for her beauty and grace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sleeping beauty: The unsung sacrifice of Urmila|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-unsung-sacrifice-of-urmila/article19369516.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=29 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Deepa Hariharan |year=2021 |publisher=Independently Published |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzuPzgEACAAJ |title=Princesses Recall - Stories of Grit and Sacrifice of Shanta, Ruma, Shrutakeerti and Urmila Based on the Indian Epic Ramayana |isbn=9798528594781}}</ref> The ''[[Balakanda]]'' chapter of the ''Ramayana'', describe her as "illustrious".<ref>{{cite news|title=Book 1 (Bala-kanda): Chapter 77 - King Dasaratha returns to Ayodhya|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423946.html|work=www.wisdomlib.org|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|मानस-मन्दिर में सती, पति की प्रतिमा थाप, जलती-सी उस विरह में, बनी आरती आप। 
"Urmila has the image of her husband in her heart but she is distraught with the separation and is burning in it like the flame of an aarti."
– [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] talks about Urmila's pain in his poem ''Saket''.<ref>{{cite news|title=The anguish of Lakshmanpriya Urmila in Maithilisharan Gupt's 'Saket'|url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/irshaad/maithilisharan-gupt-saket|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=28 December 2023}}</ref>}}

Urmila was known for her sincerity towards her husband and her family, but at the same time she stood with what was right.<ref>{{cite news|title=Urmila's feminist stand against patriarchy in Sita's sister|url=https://www.journalijar.com/article/12792/urmila%E2%80%99s-feminist-stance-against-patriarchy-in-sita%E2%80%99s-sister./|work=International Journal of Advanced Research|accessdate=27 September 2023}}</ref> She was the only one who fights for justice for her sister when Sita was banished from Ayodhya. In the ''Ramayana'', Urmila displays patience and fortitude throughout.<ref>{{cite news|title=Urmila: Existential Dilemma and Feminist Concerns|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23345768|work=Sahitya Akademi - Jstor|jstor=23345768 |accessdate=30 September 2023}}</ref> Her sister, Sita always considered Urmila's sacrifice to be much bigger than that of her.<ref name="Urmila Identity" />

== Temples and worship ==
Urmila alongside her husband, Lakshmana is worshipped across the country.

* In [[Bharatpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]], there is a temple dedicated to Lakshmana and Urmila. The temple was built in 1870 AD by the then ruler [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur]] and is considered as a ''Royal Temple'' by the royal family of [[Bharatpur State]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Bharatpur/laxmanji.htm | title=Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Laxman Ji | work=[[Government of Rajasthan]] | access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>
* In [[Bhind]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]], there is another temple dedicated to Lakshmana and Urmila.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhind-here-laxman-urmila-is-worshiped-not-ram-janaki-6715357.html|title=The place where not Ram and Sita, but Lakshman and Urmila are worshipped|work=News18 India| access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>
* In the [[Medak district]] of [[Telangana]], there is a temple called Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Sannadhi that is dedicated to Lakshman and Urmila. This temple is the only one in India that has installed statues of Rama's brothers and their wives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Swamy temple: Small wonder on a hillock |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811092819/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This unique Rama temple near Hyderabad where Hanuman finds no place |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unique-rama-temple-near-hyderabad-where-hanuman-finds-no-place-41757 |work=The News Minute |date=17 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* Urmila also appears alongside Lakshmana, Rama and Sita, at the [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramaswamy Temple]], [[Kumbakonam]], through wall paintings and pillar structures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankara Narayana|isbn=9788184681123|year=2012|pages=71–4}}</ref>

== Influence and popular culture ==
Urmila's story and her sacrifice have inspired "painting, film, novels, poems, TV serials and plays". Prominently, she is depicted in all the adaptations of ''Ramayana''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mankekar|first=Purnima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZf8wmVdpaIC&q=ramayana+in+serial&pg=PA165|title=Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India|date=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-2390-7|language=en}}</ref>

=== Films ===
The following people portrayed Urmila in the film adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* [[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]] portrayed her in the 1968 Telugu film ''[[Veeranjaneya]]''.
* Sobha Kiran portrayed her in the 1977 Malayalam film ''[[Kanchana Sita]]''.
* Svetha Rao portrayed her in the 1997 Telugu film ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002122/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Ramayanam Reviews }}</ref>
* Isha Gupta portrayed her in the 1997 Hindi film ''[[Lav Kush]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904102009/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506009 |accessdate=21 February 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Lav Kush (1997)|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
* Nayani Dixit voiced her in the 2010 animated Hindi film ''[[Ramayana: The Epic]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Epic-Effort/682610/|last=Nagpaul D'souza|first=Dipti|title=Epic Effort|date=17 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=Indian Express|agency=The Indian Express Limited}}</ref>

=== Television ===
The following people portrayed Urmila in the television adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* Anjali Vyas portrayed her in the 1987 series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' and the 1998 series ''[[Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|author-link1=William Dalrymple (historian)|title=All Indian life is here|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143318/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|archive-date=2 September 2013|date=23 August 2008}}</ref>
* Monika / [[Malavika Shivpuri]] portrayed her in the 1997 series ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''.
* Vineeta Thakur portrayed her in the 2000 series ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''.
* Ashwini Sidwani portrayed her in the 2002 series ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Meenakshi Arya portrayed her in the 2008 series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* [[Garima Jain]]'' portrayed her in the 2011 series [[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=An epic battle|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 August 2013|access-date=30 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109095117/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|archivedate=9 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Pallavi Sapra portrayed her in the 2012 series ''[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* [[Suhasi Dhami]] portrayed her in the 2012 mini-series ''[[Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath]]''. [[Sadhna Sargam]] voiced for her in the song, "Jaao Na Morey Piya".
* [[Khyati Mangla]] portrayed her in the 2015 series ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''.
* [[Yukti Kapoor]] portrayed her in the 2015 series ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/tv/match-made-heaven-677|title=Karan Suchak and Yukti Kapoor: Siya Ke Ram's Laxman and Urmila are a match made in heaven|website=The Asian Age|date=13 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Nisha Nagpal]] portrayed her in the 2019 series ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|title=Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203010609/https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Vaidehi Nair portrayed her in the 2024 series ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-vaidehi-nair-to-play-pivotal-role-in-siddharth-kumar-tewarys-shrimad-ramayan-1261770?amp | title=Vaidehi Nair to play pivotal role of Urmila in Siddharth Kumar Tewary's Srimad Ramayan | access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Pinkvilla}}</ref>
* Naviya Saini portrayed her in the 2024 series ''[[Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein]]''.

=== Plays ===
The following plays portrayed Urmila's suffering in the theatre adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* Urmila played a prominent role in the 1955 play, ''Bhoomikanya Sita'', written by [[Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar]].<ref name="Urmila Bhoomi">{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/shanta-gokhale/what-about-urmila/articleshow/46532183.cms | title=What about Urmila? | access-date=17 December 2021 |author=Shanta Gokhale |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
* Meedhu Mrityam portrayed her in Nimmy Raphel's 2023 play titled ''Urmila'', that showcase her struggle with the emotional violence, post her husband's departure to exile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/urmila-wakes-the-audience-up-to-the-travails-of-lakshmanas-wife/article67014939.ece | title=Urmila wakes the audience up to the travails of Lakshmana's wife | access-date=17 September 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Her suffering was also portrayed in the "Laxman-Urmila episode" of the 2023 play, ''Prem Ramayan''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/full-house-and-constant-applause-for-atul-satya-koushik-s-play-prem-ramayan-depicting-five-love-stories-and-sacrifices-by-women-101684519851768.html | title=Darpan theatre festival: Tales of epic love, sacrifice draw applause | access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Books ===
The following novels talks about Urmila's life.

* ''Sita's Sister'' by Kavita Kané, published in 2014.
* ''Urmila'' by Pervin Saket, published in 2016.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnFmCwAAQBAJ | title=Urmila | isbn=9788184956665 | last1=Saket | first1=Pervin | date=5 January 2016 | publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}</ref>
* ''The Princess Who Slept For 14 Years'' by Tulika Singh, published in 2018.
* ''VISION and RE-VISION - Revisiting Mythologies, Rethinking Women'' by Beena. G.<ref name="Urmila Identity">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nOiDwAAQBAJ&dq=sita+says+urmila%27s+sacrifice+is+bigger+than+her&pg=PT132 | title=VISION and RE-VISION - Revisiting Mythologies, Rethinking Women |chapter=Urmila: Quest for an intellectual identity | isbn=9781645873426 | last1=G | first1=Beena | date=15 July 2019 | publisher=Notion Press}}</ref>
* ''Urmila: The Forgotten Princess'' by Smriti Dewan, published in 2021.
* ''Princesses Recall: Stories of Grit and Sacrifice of Shanta, Ruma, Shrutakeerti and Urmila'' by Deepa Hariharan, published in 2021.
* ''LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story'' by Shubhi Agarwal, published in 2022.

=== Others ===
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], included Urmila in his article ''Upekshita'', where he wrote about women who were ignored/overlooked.<ref name="Urmila Bhoomi" />
* Hindi poet [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] wrote about Urmila's plight after her husband leave for exile, in his 1931 famous poem ''Saket'', that centres upon her life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_/_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4#.U1tCtHbgou8 | title=Saket - Maithali Sharan Gupt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426052252/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_/_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4#.U1tCtHbgou8 | accessdate=24 January 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |work=Kavita Kosh}}</ref>
* Hindi poet [[Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen]] praised Urmila, in his 1957 poem ''Urmila'', that centres upon her life and sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/BmjE_urmila-prabandh-kavya-by-bal-krishna-sharma-naveen-1957-delhi-uttar-chand-kapoor-and-sons/mode/1up | title=Urmila - Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen | accessdate=24 September 2021 |work=Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen}}</ref>
* In 2006, a song titled ''Urmila Devi Nidra'', was published, that talks about her sleeping for fourteen year and also centres upon how Lakshmana is reunited with Urmila.<ref>[https://www.manushi.in/culture--faith-traditions/the-song-of-urmilas-separation-andhra-womens-song-spotlights-ramayanas-neglected-urmila The song of Urmila’s separation: Andhra women’s song spotlights Ramayana’s neglected character] ''Manushi'' Retrieved 27 December 2022</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://valmikiramayan.net ''Valmiki Ramayana'', English verse translation] by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao, K. M. K. Murthy et al.
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869 ''Ramayana'', English verse translation] by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] at the [[Project Gutenberg]]

== External links ==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Mythology|India}}
{{Commons}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]

Sher Bagga

2026-03-08T03:05:27Z

Allen2502: started details

{{short description|2022 Indian Punjabi-language comedy-drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sher Bagga
| image = Sher Bagga poster_1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
| producer = [[Ammy Virk]] Daljit Thind
| writer = [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Ammy Virk]] [[Sonam Bajwa]] [[Nirmal Rishi]] Deep Sehgal
| narrator =
| music = Avvy Sra Jaymeet Sunny Vik Oye Kunaal
| cinematography = Navneet Misser
| editing = Manish More
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| studio = Ammy Virk Productions
| distributor = Thind Motion Films White Hill Studios
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sher Bagga'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title=Sher Bagga: Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa roped in for another Punjabi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sher-bagga-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-roped-in-for-another-punjabi-film/articleshow/83802009.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> is a 2022 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]], [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Jagdeep Sidhu]] under the banner of Ammy Virk Productions. The film is produced by [[Ammy Virk]] and Daljeet Thind. The film stars Ammy Virk, [[Sonam Bajwa]] and [[Nirmal Rishi]] in the lead roles. The film was released worldwide in cinemas on 24 June 2022.

==Premise==
Dilsher, a simple village man from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], has set out to meet his fiancé in [[London]]. Before meeting her, he bumps into the hot headed Gulab, a single child of divorced parents, embittered by the experience of her parents and searching for true love. But their meeting takes an unconventional turn when they (unintentionally) end up sharing intimacy for one night which results into an unexpected pregnancy. What follows is a story of realization for both as they experience that they are each other’s true love.

==Cast==
*[[Ammy Virk]] as Dilsher Singh
*[[Sonam Bajwa]] as Gulab Kaur
*[[Nirmal Rishi]] as Bebe, Dilsher's grandmother
*Deep Sehgal
*Kaka Kautki
*Baninder Bunny
*Rup Khatkar
*Jasneet Kaur
*Gurdiyal Singh

==Production==
===Development===
The film was announced in June 2021 with lead cast of [[Ammy Virk]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title=Sher Bagga: Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa roped in for another Punjabi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sher-bagga-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-roped-in-for-another-punjabi-film/articleshow/83802009.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography of Sher Bagga began in July 2021. The film was shot in parts of [[England]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=The shoot of Ammy Virk & Sonam Bajwa starrer 'Sher Bagga' begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/the-shoot-of-ammy-virk-sonam-bajwa-starrer-sher-bagga-begins/articleshow/84232414.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by Avvy Sra, Jaymeet, Sunny Vik and Oye Kunaal while the background score is composed by Sandeep Saxena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Sher Bagga Movie Details |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sher-bagga/ET00329584 |website=BookmyShow}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| title1 = Raja Jatt
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics1 = [[Happy Raikoti]]
| music1 = Avvy Sra
| extra1 = [[Ammy Virk]], Simar Kaur
| length1 = 2:46
| title2 = Rab
| lyrics2 = Farmaan
| music2 = Oye Kunaal
| extra2 = Oye Kunaal
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Musafira
| lyrics3 = Raj Fatehpur
| music3 = Sunny Vik
| extra3 = Vikas Mann
| length3 = 2:24
| title4 = Jhanjra
| lyrics4 = [[Happy Raikoti]]
| music4 = Avvy Sra
| extra4 = [[Ammy Virk]]
| length4 = 1:58
| title5 = Jaadu Di Shadi
| lyrics5 = Shera Dhaliwal, Kiran
| music5 = Jaymeet
| extra5 = Simran Bhardwaj
| length5 = 3:09
}}

==Release and Marketing==
The trailer of the film was released on 23 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title='Sher Bagga' Trailer: Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa's 'EGG-xtraordinary tale offers a big scoop of entertainment' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sher-bagga-trailer-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwas-egg-xtraordinary-tale-offers-a-big-scoop-of-entertainment/articleshow/91737276.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was scheduled for a theatrical release on 10 June 2022 but was postponed due to the death of the singer [[Sidhu Moose Wala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=Sidhu Moosewala's death: Ammy Virk postpones Sher Bagga release |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sidhu-moosewalas-death-ammy-virk-postpones-sher-bagga-release-401267 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
The film was released in theatres worldwide on 24 June 2022.<ref>[https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/374600-Sher-Bagga-Ammy-Virk-Sonam-Bajwas-Upcoming-Film-Has-A-New-Release-Date SHER BAGGA GETS A NEW RELEASE DATE]</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from [[Times of India]] gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said "the film is a pure love and a romantic ode to modern love".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Sher Bagga Movie Review: Sher Bagga is pure love and a romantic ode to modern love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/sher-bagga-movie-review/movie-review/92438940.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
A critic from [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] gave a positive review and said the film was written for [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], but Ammy Virk-Sonam Bajwa jodi did complete justice to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2022 |title=Sher Bagga was written for Ayushmann Khurrana, but Ammy Virk-Sonam Bajwa jodi did complete justice to the film |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/accidental-parents-407364 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jagdeep Sidhu]]
[[Category:2022 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]

Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu Katha

2026-03-06T03:34:11Z

Allen2502: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu Katha
| image = Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu Katha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = D. Chowdary
| producer = Daggubati Lakshminarayana Chowdary
| director = A. K. Sekhar
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| music = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cinematography = U. Rajgopal
| editing = M. S. Mani K. Satyam
| story = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
| based_on = Life of ''[[Andhra Vishnu]]''
| studio = Sri Sambhu Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1966|5|6}}
| runtime = 154 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu Katha''''' is a 1966 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical drama]] film, based on the life of [[Andhra Vishnu]], produced by Daggubati Lakshminarayana Chowdary under the Sri Sambhu Films banner and directed by A. K. Sekhar. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], with music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yashodhara|date=8 May 1966|title=ఆంధ్ర మహా విశువు కథ |work=[[Visalaandhra]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GDA/0,0,2550,1650|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 May 1966|title=ఆంధ్ర మహా విశువు కథ|work=[[Andhra Prabha]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GEB/0,0,2550,3375|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
During the time of a [[Era|historical era]] at [[Srikakulam]], its emperor Suchandra bestows his kingdom to the Lord [[Vishnu]] to unite all the Telugu kingdoms under a reign, evade internal collisions, and establish peace. Moreover, an acting answer to the barbarities of adjacent realms, Emperor Naganishinbha, a man of towering strength, seeks to suppress the [[Andhrudu|Andhrulu]]. Indeed, his malevolent Chief Minister Mahendrajit snares him delusion governing iniquity. Vallabha Deva, the prince of Srikakulam, is an ultimate warrior and coequal to Nishinbha. He tours the country, hinders Mahendrajit's wild forces, and constructs a civilian army. Fortuitously, he encounters & crushes with Nishinbha's daughter, Sujatha, without bringing himself to light. Parallelly, Mahendra forges his idiotic sibling Satrajit as a prince and ruses to knit him with Sujatha. Vallabha assigns an ambassador to summon Nishinbha for a duel without bloodshed, but Mahendrajit imprisons him. Vallabha disguises himself, lands at Nishinbha's kingdom, arouses a spunk in public to retribute the deformity, and keeps up with his love affair. Once, he directly contacts Nishinbha by intentionally surrendering and roaring against him. At this, Nishinbha is astonished by his brawniness and announces him as his son-in-law, being his tantamount and unbeknownst to his identity. Mahendrajit subterfuges to assassinate him, but he absconded. Plus, he tries to toxin Nishinbha by admitting the one is Vallabha came with a plot. Besides, Vallabha gazes at Nishinbha's nescience and wants to enlighten him. Hereupon, Nishinbha ascertains the fact from Sujatha's guidance by stepping into town in the guise. Ergo heralds Sujatha's splice with Vallabha and invites Suchandra. Enraged, Mahendrajit seizes the royal family by sedating Nishinbha, and he wiles to wedlock Sujatha. At last, Vallabha secures all and ceases the baddies when Nishinbha reforms and bows down before their Lord. Finally, the movie ends happily, with the marriage of Vallabha Deva & Sujatha.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Vallabha Deva
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Sujatha
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Naganishinbha
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Sarvajett
*[[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] as Mahendrajit
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Arjunadeva
*[[M. Balaiah]] as Baladeva
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Bhilla
*Potti Prasad as Kireeti
*Jaggu Rao as Chanda
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Makarika
*[[Chaya Devi]] as Naganishinbha's wife
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Aruna
*Suryakala as Radha

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu Katha
| type = film
| artist = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1966
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 30:41
| label =
| producer = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]. The song "Vasantha Galiki" is based on Valaji raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403103423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-date=3 April 2024|access-date=3 April 2024|date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ragalu, Cine Geetalu: Confluence of two genres|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Jayahe Jayahe"
|[[P. Leela]]
|2:28
|-
|2
|"Kusalama Echanuntivo"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. Janaki]]
|4:28
|-
|3
|"Mohana Ramanuda"
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Vasantha
|2:11
|-
|4
|"Ne Raanantina Oo Mavaiah"
|S. Janaki
|3:32
|-
|5
|"Ohiri Saahiri"
|S. Janaki, Swarnalatha, Vasantha
|3:11
|-
|6
|"Kusalamaa Kusalamaa"
|Ghantasala, S. Janaki
|4:11
|-
|7
|"Oo Sumabaana"
|Swarnalatha, Vasantha
|4:00
|-
|8
|"Vallabhaa Priya Vallabha"
|S. Janaki
|3:01
|-
|9
|"Vasanta Gaaliki Valapulu Rega"
|[[M. Balamuralikrishna]], S. Janaki
|3:39
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=0320524}}

[[Category:1960s historical films]]
[[Category:1960s biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:1966 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Arundhati (2014 film)

2026-03-04T00:28:18Z

Allen2502: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arundhati
| image = Arundhati - 2014 Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Arundhati Movie Poster
| director = [[Sujit Mondal]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] [[Nispal Singh]]
| screenplay = [[N. K. Salil]]
| starring = [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] [[Indraneil Sengupta]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]] [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = Kumud Verma
| editing = Raviranjan Maitra
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] [[Surinder Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] [[Surinder Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|05|30}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Arundhati''''' is a [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2014|2014]] Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]-language [[Supernatural horror film|supernatural horror]] [[fantasy action film]] directed by [[Sujit Mondal]] and produced by Shree Venkatesh Films and Surinder Films. The film stars [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] as a warrior queen. It is the remake of the 2009 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|of the same name]]''.

== Development ==

The film was jointly produced by Rajib Tandoon, under the banner of their production houses. It is the remake of the 2009 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'', starring actors [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Sonu Sood]].<ref name="BongRocks2013">{{cite web |last=Bong Rocks |title=Arundhati: New Kolkata Bangla Movie Preview; Another South remake to hit Tollywood soon |url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/blog/2013/11/12/arundhati-2014-new-kolkata-bangla-movie-preview-another-south-remake-to-hit-tollywood-soon/ |date=12 November 2013 |website=Sholoana Bangaliana |accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref> The film was around a budget of 6-7 crores INR.<ref name="Ranang Dehi"/>

==Cast==
* [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] as Rani Arundhati a.k.a. Moni Maa/ Arundhati a.k.a. Mishti
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Rudra a.k.a. Kal Rudra
* Aishi Bhattacharya as young Rani Arundhati
* Priyanka Rati Pal as Iraboti, Arundhati's elder sister and wife of Rudra
* [[Debshankar Haldar]] as Fakir Baba
* [[Soma Banerjee]] as Annada Maa, Chief Maid and friend of Moni Maa and the eldest member of Dhulibari
* Sujoy as Siddhartha a.k.a. Sid, Mishti's fiance
* Chandicharan as Mishti's grandfather and Arundhati's son
* Swarnava Sanyal as young Arundhati's son
* Debesh Roy Chowdhury as Aghori Tantrik
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Raja Krishna Kishore Bhatta, father of Iraboti and Arundhati
* [[Kaushik Chakraborty]] as Agnidev Bhatta
* Chandraneev Mukherjee as Shomu
* [[Mousumi Saha]] as Mishti's mother
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as priest
* Basudeb Mukherjee as Gurudeb
* Swagata Mukherjee as Maya (Rudra's mother)
* Moyna Mukherjee

==Production==

=== Casting ===
[[Koel Mallick|Koel]] will be seen as a warrior queen for the first time in this film. Regarding her role, she said, "Till the time you don’t experiment or take risks, you don’t know to what level you can go. Playing these larger-than-life characters isn't easy, specially because I have never done it. I needed to first believe in the subject. I believe in reincarnation and life after death. After saying yes, I had to really work very hard on getting Arundhati's body language right."<ref name="Canter queen">{{cite news|title=Canter queen|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/canter-queen/cid/239951#.UpDUodLPWaw|date=7 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|location=Calcutta|accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming of ''Arundhati '' started on 24 October 2013.<ref name="Ranang Dehi"/> Mallick was reported to have a very busy schedule during the filming of ''Arundhati''. She had to learn [[Equestrianism|horse-riding]] and [[Swordsmanship|sword-fighting]] for portraying her character in this film. Her horse-riding classes were taken by expert Vikram Rathore, at the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Kolkata Maidan]] during the early hours of the day. Shooting locations included [[Bolpur]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Ranang Dehi">{{cite news |last=Dehi |first=Ranang |title='অরুন্ধতী'-র ফার্স্ট লুক |trans-title=First look at 'Arundhati' |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1131021/21ananda-plus1.html |date=21 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232055/http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1131021/21ananda-plus1.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=Bengali |accessdate=18 June 2018}}</ref> Her sword-fighting sequences are based on the martial art [[Kalaripayattu]].<ref name="Canter queen"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Arundhati
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 May 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Surinder Films]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]]
| prev_title = [[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Game (2014 film)|Game]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Arundhati
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = He Naropishach
| single1date = 2 Dec 2018
| single2 = Barondala Saaja
| single2date = 2 Dec 2018
| single3 = Joy Joy Maa
| single3date = 3 Dec 2018
| single4 =
| single4date =
}}
}}
[[Jeet Gannguli]] and [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] composed the music for Arundhati.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration (min:sec) !! Music !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "He Naropishach" || [[Monali Thakur]] || 3:46 || Jeet Gannguli and Koti || Chandrani Gannguli
|-
| 2 || "Borondala Saaja" || Madhuraa Bhattacharya and Chorus || 4:09 || Jeet Gannguli || Chandrani Gannguli
|-
| 3 || "Joy Joy Ma" || [[Kailash Kher]] || 4:29 || Jeet Gannguli and Koti || Chandrani Gannguli
|}

==Awards==
* Star Jalsha Award for Best Actress for Arundhati (2014 film) in 2014

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3705672}}

{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arundhati}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Bengali-language horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]

Laawaris (1981 film)

2026-03-03T23:52:11Z

Allen2502: minor cleanup

{{Short description|1981 film by Prakash Mehra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Laawaris (1981) film poster.jpeg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Prakash Mehra]]
| writer = Shashi Bhushan [[Kader Khan]] Prakash Mehra Din Dayal Sharma
| producer = Prakash Mehra
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Zeenat Aman]]
| cinematography = N. Satyen
| editing =
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1981|05|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 189 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{INR|9 crores}} (equivalent to {{INR|166 crores}} in 2020)
}}
'''''Laawaris''''' ({{translation|Orphan}}) is a 1981 Indian [[masala film]] directed and produced by [[Prakash Mehra]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], and [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] in lead roles. It follows the story of an orphan who embarks on a journey to uncover the truth about his parents.

The film gained notable recognition for its song "Mere Angene Mein Tumhara Kya Kaam Hai" (roughly translated as: "In my courtyard, what is your purpose?"). The song was rendered twice: first by a young [[Alka Yagnik]], earning her a [[Filmfare]] nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]], and later by Amitabh Bachchan. Bachchan's comedic performance in drag during the second rendition contributed to the song's immense popularity. The lyrics humorously pay tribute to wives of all types, regardless of their physical appearance. The song remains popular among audiences to this day.

''Laawaris'' was a commercial success, declared a "super-hit" at the box office by [[Box Office India]]. It ranked as the fourth-highest-grossing Hindi film of 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-15 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225648/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ== |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> The film also received additional Filmfare nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Amitabh Bachchan and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for [[Suresh Oberoi]].

== Plot ==
In 1951 Vidya ([[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]]) is a famous singer and she is in love with Ranvir Singh ([[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]), a leading businessman. She discovers she is pregnant with his child but Ranvir Singh wants it to be aborted. Vidya who doesn't want to abort her child decides to break up with Ranvir Singh and she leaves with her brother without informing Ranvir Singh. Vidya dies while giving birth to a baby boy but her brother takes away the baby and gives it to his driver, Gangu Ganpat, asking it to be killed. Meanwhile, Gangu Ganpat, a drunkard decides to raise the baby on his own instead of killing it with the intention of making some money with the help of the baby. He names the baby as Heera. 30 years later in 1981 when a grown-up Heera ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) refuses to give Gangu liquor, an angry Gangu reveals his status as an orphan and an angry Heera leaves him.

Heera gets a job in a factory which is owned by Mahendar Singh ([[Ranjeet]]), who happens to be the son of Ranvir Singh (with his legally wedded wife and half-brother of Heera). It is shown that Ranvir Singh leads an unhappy life with his wife in an estate. He feels guilty about his betrayal to Vidya thinking she is dead.

Once employed at Mahendar Singh's factory, Heera understands that workers are not paid properly in Mahendar Singh's factory and decides to fight against it which angers Mahendar Singh. Mohini ([[Zeenat Aman]]) the daughter of Kailashnath, falls in love with Heera without knowing his true identity. Mahendar Singh transfers Heera to work in his estate present at a hill station with plans of killing him. Heera meets Ranvir Singh in the estate and gets into his good books. During a function, Mahendar Singh plans to kill Heera, but accidentally Ranvir Singh gets hurt. In the climax Ranvir Singh accepts Heera as his legitimate son and unites with his whole family.

== Cast ==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Heera
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as Mohini
*[[Raakhee]] as Vidya (Special Appearance)
*[[Ranjeet]] as Mahendra Singh
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Kamini Singh
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Ranveer Singh
*[[Suresh Oberoi]] as Ram Singh
*Padmini Kapila as Padma
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Lala
*[[Om Prakash]] as Dr. Goel
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Kailaash
*[[Mukri]] as Gafoor
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Gangu Ganpat
*[[Ram Sethi]] as Harnaman
*[[Preeti Sapru]] as Chanchal
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Mukadam
*[[Viju Khote]] as Manager who insisted Hira for his father's name
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Phunga

==Soundtrack==
The music of this movie was composed by [[Kalyanji–Anandji]], while the lyrics were written by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and Prakash Mehra. Vocals are supplied by [[Kishore Kumar]] (for Amitabh Bachchan), [[Asha Bhosle]] (for Zeenat Aman), [[Alka Yagnik]] (for Raakhee Gulzar) and Bachchan. The movie features some popular songs like "Apni Toh Jaise Taise" sung by Kumar and "Mere Angne Mein", whose male version was sung by Bachchan.

The song "Apni Toh Jaise Taise" was recreated by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] in the voice of [[Mika Singh]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] in the 2010 film ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''. The song "Mere Angne Mein" was recreated by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] in the year 2020 in the voice of [[Neha Kakkar]] and [[Raja Hassan]]. Both the music videos starred Sri Lankan actress [[Jacqueline Fernandez]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Jiska Koi Nahin Uska Tau Khuda Hai Yaaro"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|-
| "Apni To Jaise Taise"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|
|-
| "Kaahe Paise Pe Itna Ghuroor Kare Hai"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
| "Kabke Bichhde Hue Hum Aaj Yahan Aake Mile"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Mere Angne Mein"
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|
|-
| "Mere Angne Mein"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
| "Jiska Koi Nahin"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|
|-
|}

==Remakes==
''Laawaris'' was remade as

*''[[Naa Desam]]'', in [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] in 1982, starring [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] and [[Jayasudha]].
*''[[Panakkaran]]'', in [[Kollywood|Tamil]] in 1990, starring [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] and [[Gautami]].

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award & Category || Artist || Status || Notes
|-
| colspan="5" |
*'''[[Filmfare Awards]]''' (1982)
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]] || {{nom}}||
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] || [[Suresh Oberoi]] || {{nom}}||
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] || [[Alka Yagnik]] || {{nom}} || for song "Mere Angne Mein"
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0082644|Laawaris}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014090332/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5 Archived 1981 - 1989 hit films on Boxofficeindia.com website]

{{Prakash Mehra}}

[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Mehra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

Dushmun

2026-03-03T23:35:22Z

Allen2502: formatting fix

{{short description|1972 film by Dulal Guha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dushmun
| image = Dushmun poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dulal Guha]]
| story = Virendra Sinha
| producer = Premji
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Meena Kumari]] [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = M. Rajaram
| editing =
| studio = Suchitra Productions
| released = {{Film date|1972|01|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 177 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = 5.5 crore
}}
'''''Dushmun''''' ({{Translation|Enemy}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film produced by Premji and directed by [[Dulal Guha]]. It is based on a novel by Virendra Sharma. The film stars [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the title role and for which he received a [[Filmfare]] nomination as Best Actor, the only nomination for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}} |url=https://archive.org/download/FilmfareAwards/FilmfareAwards.pdf |access-date=18 November 2023 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |page=35 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Meena Kumari]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] and [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] are part of the cast.

The film became a "super-hit" at the box office and stood 3rd in a major top ten list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box office 1971|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020094955/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ== |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=3 April 2009 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The 2012 review of the film by the newspaper ''The Hindu'' stated: "Essaying the role of Surjit Singh, a reckless, macho truck driver, with a penchant for consuming desi liquor and visiting brothels, the actor can be described in only one word — superb. Wearing fatigues for most of the film and donning a moustache, Khanna looks every bit the truck driver he portrays. He adapts to the role, discarding his trademark mannerism and style of dialogue delivery for a sprightly walk and body language that smacks of arrogance."<ref name="ReleaseDateHindu">{{Cite news |last=Malhotra |first=Aps |date=26 July 2012 |title=Dushman (1971) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dushman-1971/article3687406.ece |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

This film was made in Tamil as ''[[Neethi (1972 film)|Needhi]]'' (1972), in Telugu as ''[[Khaidi Babai]]'' (1974), in Malayalam as ''[[Maattoly]]'' (1978) and in Kannada as ''[[Hosa Theerpu]]'' (1983).

==Plot==
Surjit Singh is a rash truck driver who often drives while under the influence. One night, he stops at the prostitute Chamelibai's home. He spends the night with her, and gets up late the next morning. He rushes out and drives at breakneck-speed in thick fog to make up for the lost time while again drinking. He ends up running over and killing a farmer named Ram Din however, despite having the opportunity to run, he decides to stay and face the consequences. He is arrested by the police, charged, and brought before the court.

Surjit acknowledges his guilt to the Judge, who in turn knows that he should send Surjit to prison for two years. But moved by the plight of Ram Din's family (which include his widow Malti; his sister Kamla; two young sons; a crippled father Ganga Din, and his blind mother) and his inherent belief that imprisonment does not serve the good for victim or the perpetrator, the Judge resolves to try a novel experiment of forcing Surjit to live with Ram Din's family and look after their financial needs. A horrified Surjit attempts in vain to convince the Judge to change his ruling. He is transported to his new "prison" under police protection, where he is met by hostile villagers. Ram Din's family detest his presence, and calls him "Dushmun" (enemy). Surjit attempts to escape on the first night, but is apprehended and brought back to serve his time.

Surjit gradually comes to terms with the twist of fate that has forced him to become a farmer for subsistence and live under the ever unforgiving eyes of Ram Din's family. Over time, he starts sincerely working for the family and its interests. He meets Phoolmati, a happy-go-lucky girl who operates a small bioscope machine to entertain the village kids. They take an instant liking to each other, which blossoms into love. He also finds friends amongst the previously hostile villagers. He works hard on the family plot while also protecting it from the clutches of a local landlord, who has ill-intentioned designs on the land and also on Kamla.

Surmounting many obstacles, Surjit is able to arrange the marriage of Kamla with her childhood sweetheart. With the help of a benevolent police force and the Judge, he is also able to thwart the many attempts of the landlord to seize the family's land, and that of other villagers who have mortgaged their land with the same landlord. Malti however, is unable to forgive Surjit for having killed her husband.

Things take a dramatic turn for the worse when Surjit is framed and arrested for the accidental death of Phoolmati's drunk grandfather. At the same time, the landlord covertly sets the harvest, produced by Surjit and other villagers, on fire. He then has Phoolmati kidnapped, primarily to punish Surjit. Malti, who has been working in one of the landlord's saw mills thinking he is an honourable man, witnesses his misdeeds, and finally realizes her mistake. She is able to rescue Phoolmati, but gets trapped by the landlord instead, who attempts to rape her. Meanwhile, Surjit stages an escape from his holding cell and with the help of Phoolmati, is able to come to Malti's rescue in the nick of time. He confronts the landlord and violently assaults him. The police show up and arrest the landlord for his role in defrauding the villagers and destroying their harvest.

Ram Din's family finally accept Surjit as one of their own, and arrange his marriage to Phoolmati. In a final twist though, his two years' imprisonment is complete, and the Police arrive to escort him back to town. He pleads with the Judge to let him serve a life sentence, and the Judge smiles, vindicated that his experiment has been successful.

==Cast==
* [[Meena Kumari]] as Malti
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Surjeet Singh
* [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as Phoolmati
* [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]] as Kamala
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Police Inspector
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Head Constable Harishankar Chaurasiya
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Judge
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Timber Merchant
* [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Nainsukh
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Durga Prasad
* [[Nana Palsikar]] as Gangadin
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Mrs. Gangadin
* [[K. N. Singh]] as Public Prosecutor Saxena
* [[Ramayan Tiwari]] as Nana
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Supreme Court Judge
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Palmist
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Chameli Bai
* [[Marutirao Parab]] as Barber
* Narbada Shankar as Panditji

==Remakes==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| 1972
| [[Neethi (1972 film)|''Needhi'']]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=409 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Khaidi Babai]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=khaidii bAbAy ( 1974 ) |url=http://www.ghantasala.info/tfs/cdatae7c3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101071620/http://www.ghantasala.info:80/tfs/cdatae7c3.html |archive-date=1 January 2007 |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=ghantasala.info}}</ref>
|-
|1978
| ''[[Maattoly]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=11 February 2018 |title=Maattoli: 1978 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/maattoli-1978/article22726430.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830045537/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/maattoli-1978/article22726430.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Hosa Theerpu]]''
| [[Kannada]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/hosa-theerpu/story.html#synopsis | title=Hosa Theerpu: Story, Preview, First Day Box Office Collection - FilmiBeat }}</ref>
|}

==Soundtrack==
The Music was composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] and the lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].
The soundtrack had a rare [[Qawwali]] sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] which became popular.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Vaada Tera Vaada"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Maine Dekha, Tune Dekha, Isne Dekha, Usne Dekha"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Balma Sipahiya"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Paisa Phenko Tamasha Dekho"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
[[Rajesh Khanna]] received a [[Filmfare]] nomination for Best Actor, the only one for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953 |access-date=3 April 2009 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0138411|Dushmun}}

[[Category:1972 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dulal Guha]]

1990 Zakoora and Tengpora massacre

2026-03-02T02:07:13Z

Allen2502: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| location = [[Zakura, India]] Tengpora, Srinagar
| date = 1 March 1990
| target = Civilians
| type = [[Massacre]], [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = 47 killed<ref>{{cite web|title= Zakoora-Tengpora massacre: Kashmir marks 34 years since deadly incident|date=1 March 2024|url= https://www.samaa.tv/2087310606-zakoora-tengpora-massacre-kashmir-marks-34-years-since-deadly-incident#|website=[[Samaa TV]]|access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>
| injuries = 14–100 wounded
| perpetrator = {{army|India}}
}}
The '''Zakura And Tengpora Massacre '''was the killing of [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri Muslim]] protesters calling for the implementation of a [[United Nations]] resolution regarding the plebiscite in [[Kashmir]] at [[Zakura, India|Zakura]] Crossing and Tengpora Bypass Road in [[Srinagar]] on 1 March 1990,<ref>{{cite book |title=Kashmir: The Case for Freedom |authorlink=Tariq Ali |last=Ali |first=Tariq |first2=Hilal|last2=Bhatt|author3-link=Angana P. Chatterji|first3=Angana P.|last3=Chatterji|author4-link=Pankaj Mishra|first4=Pankaj|last4=Mishra|author5-link=Arundhati Roy|first5=Arundhati|last5=Roy |page=xii |year=2011 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=9781844677351 }}</ref> in which 26 people were killed at Zakura and 21 at Tengpora. 14 people were injured by Indian forces.<ref name=gossman1991>{{cite book |title=Human Rights in India: Kashmir Under Siege |last=Gossman |first=Patricia |pages=59–60 |year=1991 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |isbn=9780300056143 }}</ref> It led [[Amnesty International]] to issue an appeal for urgent action on Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |title=Crescent over Kashmir: Politics of Mullaism |last=Maheshwari |first=Anil |pages=172–173 |year=1993 |publisher=[[Rupa & Co.]] |isbn=9788171671571 }} </ref>

==See also==

*[[Gawakadal massacre]]
*[[Sopore massacre]]
*[[Handwara massacre]]
*[[Bijbehara massacre]]
*[[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zakoora and Tengpora massacre, 1990}}
[[Category:History of Srinagar]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 murders in India]]
[[Category:March 1990 in India]]
[[Category:March 1990 crimes]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Massacres of protesters in India]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:1990 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]

{{Kashmir-stub}}
{{India-history-stub}}

Dill Mill Gayye

2026-02-23T14:12:01Z

Allen2502: adjusted intro as per guidelines and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian youth medical drama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dill Mill Gayye poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Medical drama]] [[Romantic comedy]]<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/10-years-of-dill-mil-gayye-5-things-that-we-loved-about-the-show-lifetv-1030078-2017-08-17 |title=10 years of Dill Mill Gayye: 5 things that we loved about the show |newspaper=IndiaToday |author=Shweta Ksheri |date=18 August 2017 |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623131854/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/10-years-of-dill-mil-gayye-5-things-that-we-loved-about-the-show-lifetv-1030078-2017-08-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-5-must-watch-shows-on-friendships-day/photostory/48291706.cms |title=Top 5 must watch shows on 'Friendship Day' |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005112321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/top-5-must-watch-shows-on-friendships-day/photostory/48291706.cms? |url-status=live }}</ref>
| creator = Palki Malhotra [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]
| creative_director = Rohini Singh Ameeta Devadiga Anupama Shenoy Amitabh Raina Charou Singhal Palki Malhotra
| cinematography = Prakash Barot
| writer =
| screenplay = Barry Dhillon Priya Ramanathan Kapil Pandey
| story = Priya Ramanthan Arif Ali Vincent Franklin
| director = Nissar Parvez Amit Mallik Aniruddha Rajderekar Arshad Khan Vikram V Labhe Rahul Agarwal
| theme_music_composer = Raju Singh
| opentheme = "Dill Mill Gayye" by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Prajakta Shukre]]
| composer = Raju Singh
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 722<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/dill-mill-gayye/s-34/list/episodes/t-1_2_34|title=Dill Mill Gayye episodes|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727071330/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/dill-mill-gayye/s-34/list/episodes/t-1_2_34|url-status=live}}</ref>
| starring = [[Karan Singh Grover]] [[Shilpa Anand]] [[Sukirti Kandpal]] [[Jennifer Winget]] [[Karan Wahi]] [[#Cast and characters|See below]]
| editor = Afzal Sheikh Ajeet Singh Sukhwinder S. Bharaj Vinay Malu Ganga Kacharla Sagar Nighojkar
| producer = [[Prem Krishen]] Sunil Mehta
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| location =
| executive_producer = Narendra Suresh K Irfan Jamiawala
| company = [[Cinevistaas Limited]]
| runtime = 25 minutes
| network = [[STAR One]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2007|08|20|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/aug/aug130.php |title=Star One to Launch 'Dill Mill Gayye' on 20 August |website=Indian Television |date=9 August 2007 |archive-date=20 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220121748/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/aug/aug130.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{End date|2010|10|29|df=y}}
| image_alt =
| num_seasons = 2
| list_episodes =
| channel =
| released =
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
}}
}}

'''''Dill Mill Gayye''''' ({{Translation}} ''Hearts Have Met'') is an Indian [[medical drama]] television series that aired on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] from 20 August 2007 to 29 October 2010.<ref name="off air">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dill-Mill-Gayye-to-go-off-air/articleshow/6672035.cms |title=Dill Mill Gayye to go off air |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |date=3 October 2010 |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619141944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dill-Mill-Gayye-to-go-off-air/articleshow/6672035.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-have-seen-enough-ups-and-downs-karan-singh-grover/story-gNaNKpxmIuuhAIfm5AFsFN.html |title = I have seen enough ups and downs: Karan Singh Grover |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date= 19 October 2012 |author=Kavita Awaasthi |location=Mumbai |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021130056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-have-seen-enough-ups-and-downs-karan-singh-grover/story-gNaNKpxmIuuhAIfm5AFsFN.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/dill-mill-gayye-end-happynote-081010.html |title=Dill Mill Gayye to end with a happy note |website=Filmibeat |date=8 October 2010 |author=Sampurn Wire |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727071705/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/dill-mill-gayye-end-happynote-081010.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a sequel to the [[Star Plus]] series ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani: A Medical Boon]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/love-relationships/dill-mill-gayye-miley-jab-hum-tum-remix-television-shows-defined-every-90-s-kid-s-teenage-years|title=Dill Mill Gayye, Miley Jab Hum Tum, Remix: Television shows that defined every 90's kid's teenage years|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702072630/https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/love-relationships/dill-mill-gayye-miley-jab-hum-tum-remix-television-shows-defined-every-90-s-kid-s-teenage-years|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series is available digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

The show focuses on a new generation of medical interns with the crux being the love story between Dr. Armaan Malik, portrayed by [[Karan Singh Grover]] and Dr. Riddhima Gupta which was originally portrayed by [[Shilpa Anand]], who was later replaced by [[Sukirti Kandpal]] and then [[Jennifer Winget]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/will-the-original-dr-riddhima-return/articleshow/5705881.cms |title=Will the original Dr. Riddhima return? |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624080559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/will-the-original-dr-riddhima-return/articleshow/5705881.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Season 1===
The show follows the lives of surgical interns and resident doctors of Sanjeevani hospital. It deals with the pressures, drama, romance, interpersonal relationships and humour in their lives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dil Mil Gaye |url=http://starone.indya.com/serials/dmg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120062130/http://starone.indya.com/serials/dmg/ |archive-date=20 November 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> At the start of the show, the interns are Dr Anjali Gupta, Dr Armaan Malik, Dr Riddhima Gupta, Dr Atul Joshi, and Dr Sapna Shah. Dr Shashank Gupta is the head of the hospital and the father of Anjali and Riddhima.

Initially, Armaan and Riddhima were at loggerheads. Anjali and Armaan become good friends, and Riddhima, Atul and Sapna become a good friend. A medical camp is arranged in a village where Armaan and Riddhima come closer towards each other, and Armaan begans to fall in love with Riddhima. Slowly, they become friends. Riddhima learns that she is Nurse Padma's daughter and not Dr Shashank's real daughter. Anjali makes a bet with Armaan that Riddhima will fall for him. Riddhima learns about this. She is heartbroken. After few instances, they resolve their differences, and Riddhima finally confesses her love to Armaan. They are enjoying their togetherness.

Two new interns enter Dr Rahul Garewal and Dr Muskaan Chadda. Rahul and Armaan have a tashan between them. Muskaan likes Armaan and Rahul likes Riddhima. Meanwhile, Atul started liking Anjali and Sapna marries a patient. Rahul and Muskaan's family wants them to get married, but they don't want to. To get away from this situation, Muskaan receives help from Armaan without telling Riddhima about this. This leads to a separation between Armaan and Riddhima. Rahul now knows about them.

Nurse Padma and Dr Shashank wed. Dr Shubhanker likes Dr Keerti. Riddhima and Armaan become friends again, and eventually, they confess again, marking their togetherness. On the other side, Muskaan and Rahul develop feelings for each other. Dr Nikita Malhotra joins Sanjeevani. Nikita turns out to be Armaan's and Rahul's college friend secretly in love with Armaan. Dr Abhimanyu Modi enters Sanjeevani to save it from a financial crisis. He makes some decisions that the interns did not accept. They do non-cooperation movement and arrange a special show to collect funding. Dr Abhimanyu develops feelings for Dr Riddhima first. All the friends doubt that Armaan and Riddhima are together. So, they ask Nikita's help. But Nikita helps Armaan instead in keeping the secret, and they all think Armaan and Nikita have a scene instead of Riddhima. Armaan thinks of impressing Dr Shashank, disguising himself and changing his looks into a soft, straightforward person. Riddhima is pissed off because of this. Armaan arranges a particular date for her. Unfortunately, the police catch them, and everyone learns about them. No one allows them to meet each other. Armaan takes help from all their friends to persuade Dr Shashank and Anjali against their relationship. He starts living outside their house in a tent. The media started to publicise this matter. Finally, on Valentine's Day, Dr Shashank gives in due to Ridhhima's deteriorating health and accepts them, "Dr Love" gets his love, and Armaan Riddhima comes together. Their Roka is planned.

Armaan's family comes. Billy is very frank, which Dr Shashank doesn't like. Billy and Annie were separated, and Dr Shashank wants to dig out this matter. Armaan Riddhima started to have differences on this. Dr Keerti and Shubhanker wed. Bubbly, sister of Dr Shubhanker, is frank with Armaan, which Riddhima does not like. Due to Dr Abhimanyu and Bubbly, Armaan Riddhima have constant fights. One day, Armaan had an accident, and he lost his recent memory, including Riddhima. Riddhima is heartbroken. Armaan makes fun of her unknowingly that she is her life, Riddhima. Armaan has to rewrite the medical exam. She helps him. Both come closer. Friends try to tell Armaan how much he loved her. They both are together again. They are about to get engaged. On the day of engagement, a pregnant couple tries to hide in the hospital. Prominent politicians were involved in the case. Armaan and Riddhima are also stuck in the situation. In the last scene of the first season, Riddhima is shot, and she falls over Armaan, who hits a glass table. Atul is also shot. Dr Abhimanyu estranged wife, Jiah, returns.

===Season 2===
The show introduces five new interns: Dr Siddhant Modi, Dr Yuvraj Oberoi, Dr Naina Mehta, Dr Tamanna Patil, and Dr Jitendra Prasad. Dr Siddhant Modi falls in love with Tamanna, but the latter chooses to marry the person of her father's choice for his self-respect. Dr Shashank gets injured, and Riddhima comes back to Sanjivani. It is revealed that Armaan left her because of her spine injury due to the bullet because doctors thought she'll never be able to walk again. Eventually, she and Sid get into arguments and begin to hate each other. Riddhima learns that Armaan left her because of nerve damage that happened because he hit the glass table during the shootout. She feels guilty and goes in search of him, with Sid following, trying to protect her.
Due to misunderstandings regarding Sid and Riddhima's relationship, Dr Shashank all but presses her to marry him for her benefit. She tries to commit suicide on the wedding day but is saved by Sid. Sid and Riddhima decide to give their marriage a chance. Then they eventually shared some romantic moments until the return of Dr Armaan, who is heartbroken to learn about their marriage. Still, he tries to mend things between Sid and Riddhima and succeeds in doing so, no matter how much it hurts him. Dr Shilpa enters and falls in love with Dr Armaan. Dr Armaan cannot cope with the fact that he has lost his love and becomes gloomy. Dr Shilpa decides to sacrifice her love knowing that Dr Riddhima is her stepsister and Armaan still loves her deeply. Now Riddhima is in a dilemma between Armaan and Siddhant. Siddhant divorces Riddhima after realising that she can never love him. Riddhima eventually chooses Armaan, and the show ends with Riddhima singing a song for Armaan.

==Cast and characters==
===Main===
*[[Karan Singh Grover]] as Dr. Armaan Malik – Intern and later senior resident doctor at Sanjeevani, Riddhima's love interest. (2007-2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/17karan.htm |title='I am just like Dr Armaan' |website=rediff.com |date=17 July 2008 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624072937/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/17karan.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Shilpa Anand]] as Dr. Riddhima Gupta – Intern at Sanjeevani, daughter of Dr. Shashank and Padma Gupta, younger sister of Dr. Anjali and Armaan's love interest. (2007-2008)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Shilpa-Anand-Me-wearing-a-saree/articleshow/2295582.cms |title=Shilpa Anand: Me, wearing a saree? |newspaper=Times of India |author=Priyanka Srivastava |agency=TNN |date= 21 August 2007 |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323224723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Shilpa-Anand-Me-wearing-a-saree/articleshow/2295582.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Sukirti Kandpal]] as Dr. Riddhima Gupta – Intern, Armaan's love interest. (2008-2009)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sukriti-is-happy/articleshow/3099653.cms |title=Sukirti is Happy |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |date=5 June 2008 |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005112312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sukriti-is-happy/articleshow/3099653.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Jennifer Winget]] as Dr. Riddhima Gupta/Dr. Riddhima Modi– Senior resident doctor at Sanjeevani and Siddhant's ex-wife, Armaan's love interest. (2009-2010)<ref name="jennifer" />
** Anand also portrays Dr. Shilpa Malhotra, intern at Sanjeevani, and Riddhima's half-sister (Kartik's daughter), who is Armaan's love interest. (2010)<ref name="demand" />
*[[Karan Wahi]] as Dr. Siddhant Modi – Abhimanyu's younger brother. Tamanna's love interest and Riddhima's ex-husband. (2009-2010)<ref name="jennifer" />

===Recurring===
*[[Mohnish Bahl]] as Dr. Shashank Gupta – Head of Sanjeevani hospital. Father of Anjali and Riddhima. Widower of Smriti; later marries Nurse Padma. (2007-2010)<ref name="where">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dill-mill-gayye-completes-9-years-where-is-the-cast-now/photostory/53788060.cms |title=Dill Mill Gayye completes 9 years: Where is the cast now |newspaper=Times of India|agency=TNN|access-date=21 March 2018 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623092017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dill-mill-gayye-completes-9-years-where-is-the-cast-now/photostory/53788060.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Pankit Thakker]] as Dr. Atul Joshi – Dr. Omi's (Sanjeevani Season 1) adoptive son. Eco-friendly and lives with plants. Armaan's best friend and Anjali's love interest. (2007-2010)<ref name="where" />
*Sunaina Gulia as Dr. Anjali Gupta – Riddhima's elder sister. Atul's love interest. (2007-2010)<ref name="where" /> Anjali later appeared in ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'', portrayed by [[Sayantani Ghosh]].
*[[Sonia Singh]] as Dr. Kirti Mehra Rai – Sanjeevani's senior resident doctor. Sukirti's twin sister. Shubhankar's love interest. Later, Shubhankar's wife. (2007-2010)<ref name="boycott" />
**[[Sonia Singh]] as Sukirti Mehra- Kirti's twin sister.
*[[Ayaz Khan]] as Dr. Shubhankar Rai – Sanjeevani's senior resident doctor. Kirti's love interest & later, Kirti's husband, Navneeta's father. (2007-2010)<ref name="pankit" />
*[[Mayank Anand]] as Dr. Rahul Garewal – Intern, Friends with Armaan and Muskaan's love interest. (2007-2009)<ref name="Mohit Joshi">{{cite web|url=https://topnews.in/dill-mill-gaye-closest-my-heart-mayank-anand-2189123 |title=Dill Mill Gaye is closest to my heart – Mayank Anand |website=TopNews |author=Mohit Joshi |date=14 July 2009 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104033739/https://topnews.in/dill-mill-gaye-closest-my-heart-mayank-anand-2189123 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Drashti Dhami]] as Dr Muskaan Chadda – Intern, Rahul's love interest. (2007-2009)<ref name="where" />
*[[Amit Tandon]] as Dr. Abhimanyu Modi –Senior doctor in Sanjeevani. Nikita's love interest. (2008-2010)<ref name="It’s easy to point fingers">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-easy-to-point-fingers/story-uGlC8BRurtbmIP3l8B0cgN.html |title=‘It’s easy to point fingers’ |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Janaki Viswanathan |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=20 March 2024}}</ref>
*[[Shweta Gulati]] as Dr. Nikita Malhotra – Loved Armaan since college days, but falls in love with Abhimanyu in Sanjeevani. (2008-2010)<ref name="It’s easy to point fingers" />
*[[Muskaan Mihani]] as Dr. Sapna Shah – Intern in Sanjeevani. Marries a patient Amit. (2007-2008)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/A-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/15720590.cms |title= A shot in the arm |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |author=Kavita Shyam |date=2 July 2007 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211202516/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/tv/A-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/15720590.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Moulshree Sachdeva]] as Dr. Tamanna Patil – Siddhant's love interest, but becomes engaged to Aniket. (2009)<ref name="bash">{{cite news|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/dill-mill-gaye-success-bash/moulshree-sachdeva/articleshow/5374052.cms |title='Dill Mill Gayye' success bash |newspaper=Times of India |location=Mumbai |date= 24 December 2009 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624075057/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/dill-mill-gaye-success-bash/prasad-barve-moulshree-sachdeva-sehban-azim-neha-jhulka/articleshow/5373806.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Neha Jhulka]] as Dr. Naina Mehta – Intern, Yuvraj's love interest. (2009-2010)<ref name="bash" />
*[[Sehban Azim]] as Dr. Yuvraj Oberoi – Intern, Naina's love interest. (2009-2010)<ref name="bash" />
*[[Prasad Barve]] as Dr. Jitendra Prasad – Also known as JP. Intern in Sanjeevani. Close friends with Jiggy. (2009-2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Prasad Barve in Rohit Shetty's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prasad-barve-in-rohit-shettys-next/articleshow/9809937.cms |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=3 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005112358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prasad-barve-in-rohit-shettys-next/articleshow/9809937.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Padma Bansal Gupta – Head nurse in Sanjeevani, Riddhima's real mother and Shashank's second wife. (2007-2008)<ref name="where" />
**[[Ekta Sohini]] as Padma Bansal Gupta. (2009-2010)
*[[Preeti Amin]] as Dr. Jiah Modi – Abhimanyu's first wife. A patient with mental illness who tries to separate Nikki and Abhimanyu. (2009)
*Karan Paranjpe as Jignesh 'Jiggy – Naina's friend and later, male nurse in Sanjeevani. Also, close friends with JP. (2009-2010)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/dill-mill-gayye-actor-karan-paranjape-passes-away-at-26-1198618-2018-03-27 |title=Dill Mill Gayye actor Karan Paranjape passes away at 26 |newspaper=India Today |location=New Delhi |date=27 March 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624075601/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/dill-mill-gayye-actor-karan-paranjape-passes-away-at-26-1198618-2018-03-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Madhura Naik]] as Dr. Suvarna Modi – Siddhant and Abhimanyu's sister. Intern at Sanjeevani. (2010)
*[[Barun Sobti]] as Dr. Raj Singh – A drug addict patient involved in a love triangle with Naina and Yuvraj. Later, intern at Sanjeevani. (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/barun-sobti/barun-sobti-se-played-a-fine-role-in-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon/articleshow/47382890.cms |title=Barun Sobti |work=Times of India |date=22 March 2015 |access-date=3 November 2022 }}</ref>
*Vinita Malik as Nani – Smriti's (Shashank's first wife in ''Sanjivani'') mother. Riddhima and Anjali's grandmother. (2007-2009)
*Mahesh Jadhav as Nana – Patient who gives valuable life lessons to Armaan and tries to bring Riddhima and Armaan together. Harbours a crush on Dr. Kirti. (2007-2010)
*[[Swini Khara]] as Minnie – Patient in Sanjeevani. Armaan's mini 'girlfriend'. (2007/2009)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/10-years-of-cheeni-kum-child-actor-swini-khara-has-grown-up-to-be-a-pretty-diva/story-0z8LAXkj9wal3Xh7hCYbFO.htmKum |title=Child Actor Swini Khara has grown up to be a pretty diva |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=26 March 2017 |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104025153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/10-years-of-cheeni-kum-child-actor-swini-khara-has-grown-up-to-be-a-pretty-diva/story-0z8LAXkj9wal3Xh7hCYbFO.htmKum |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] as Balvinder "Billy" Mallik – Armaan's father, Ananya's husband. (2009-2010)
*Meher Acharia Dar as Ananya "Annie" Mallik – Armaan's mother, Billy's wife. (2009)
*Hemali Karpe as Lovely – Nurse at Sanjeevani. (2007-2010)
*[[Iravati Harshe]] as Dr. Smriti Gupta – Anjali's mother, Riddhima's adopted mother and Dr. Shashank's late wife. (2007)
*[[Upasana Singh]] – Abhimanyu, Siddhant and Suvarna's mother. (2010)
*[[Shakti Arora]] as Sumit – Patient in Sanjeevani and loves Riddhima. (2007)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shakti-arora-birthday-lesser-known-facts-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-actor-5178888/ |title=Lesser-known facts about the Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi actor |newspaper=Indian Express |author=Sana Farzeen |location=Mumbai |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406144749/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shakti-arora-birthday-lesser-known-facts-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-actor-5178888/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Deepali Pansare]] as Sumalatha Dalmiya – Dr. Abhimanyu's assistant. (2009)
*[[Roopal Tyagi]] as Bubbly/Pari – Shubhankar's sister. (2009)
*[[Kanika Maheshwari]] as Maya – Armaan's stalker. (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/diya-aur-baati-hum-actress-kanika-maheshwari-is-having-a-whale-of-a-time-in-california-see-pics/articleshow/67944309.cms |title= Diya Aur Baati Hum actress Kanika Maheshwari is having a whale of a time in California |work= Times of India |date= 11 February 2019 |access-date= 29 October 2022 |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231005112314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/diya-aur-baati-hum-actress-kanika-maheshwari-is-having-a-whale-of-a-time-in-california-see-pics/articleshow/67944309.cms |url-status= live }}</ref>
*Romanchak Arora as Aniket Joshi – Dr. Tamanna's fiance. (2009)
*[[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]] as Tamanna – Patient in Sanjeevani. (2010)
*Suhail More as Gappu – Patient in Sanjeevani. (2008-2009)
* Amey Pandya as Patient in Sanjeevani. (2008)

===Guest appearances===
*[[Mohit Malik]] (2008)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mohit-malik-stressed-on-variety-he-s-played-positive-and-negative-roles-and-done-reality-shows-too/story-ot5jFWb9GqtK93jXHPHh0L_amp.html |title=Mohit Malik stressed on variety |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=8 April 2018 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109041059/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mohit-malik-stressed-on-variety-he-s-played-positive-and-negative-roles-and-done-reality-shows-too/story-ot5jFWb9GqtK93jXHPHh0L_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''Crossover with [[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'''
*[[Sanaya Irani]] – as Gunjan
*[[Arjun Bijlani]] – as Mayank
*[[Mohit Sehgal]] – as Samraat
*[[Rati Pandey]] – as Nupur
*[[Navina Bole]] – as Dia, Siddhant's friend
*[[Anupriya Kapoor]] – as Suhani
*[[Nishant Singh Malkani]] – as Adhiraj Singh
*Jaineeraj Rajpurohit – as Mr Saxena
*Deepak Pareek – as Professor Shukla

==Series overview==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 100%"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#b0c4de"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally aired
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="#b0c4de"| First aired
!align="center" bgcolor="#b0c4de"| Last aired
|-
|style="background:#8cbed6"|
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align: center;"| 433
| style="text-align: center;"| 20 August 2007
| style="text-align: center;"| 21 September 2009
|-
|style="background:#AA336A"|
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align: center;"| 289
| style="text-align: center;"| 22 September 2009
| style="text-align: center;"| 29 October 2010
|-
|}

==Production==

===Development===
After the end of ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani: A Medical Boon]]'', [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] decided to make ''Dill Mill Gayye'' as a sequel of the show. The actor [[Mohnish Bahl]] reprised his role of Dr. Shashank from ''Sanjivani'' and was the only common link between the shows.<ref>{{cite news|url =
https://theprint.in/features/brandma/dill-mill-gayye-indias-greys-anatomy-that-overdid-the-enemies-turned-lovers-cliche/629118/ |title= Dill Mill Gayye' — India's 'Grey's Anatomy' that overdid the enemies-turned-lovers cliché |newspaper= The Print |author=Shubhangi Misra |date= 27 March 2021 |accessdate= 21 October 2022 |archive-date= 22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622223141/https://theprint.in/feature/brandma/dill-mill-gayye-indias-greys-anatomy-that-overdid-the-enemies-turned-lovers-cliche/629118/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/tv-rewind-karan-singh-grover-shilpa-anands-dill-mill-gayye-set-new-rule-book-for-romance-23313954 |title=Karan Singh Grover-Shilpa Anand's Dill Mill Gayye set new rule book for romance |newspaper=Mid-Day |date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013043347/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/tv-rewind-karan-singh-grover-shilpa-anands-dill-mill-gayye-set-new-rule-book-for-romance-23313954 |url-status=live}}</ref>

It was not supposed to be a long running show. The initial plan was to wrap up within a couple of episodes, but due to positive response from audience within three weeks, the creative team decided to extend it.<ref name="Palki Malhotra">{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/exclusive-palki-malhotra-karan-singh-grovers-dill-mill-gayye-was-antidote-to-saas-bahu-shows-would-love-to-have-season-2-23311840 |title=Palki Malhotra: Dill Mill Gayye was antidote to saas-bahu shows, would love to have season 2 |author-first1=Tanmayi|author-last1=Savadi|newspaper=Mid Day |date=30 September 2023 |archive-date= 24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124133144/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/television-news/article/exclusive-palki-malhotra-karan-singh-grovers-dill-mill-gayye-was-antidote-to-saas-bahu-shows-would-love-to-have-season-2-23311840 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview with ''Times of India'', [[Pankit Thakker]] talked about three actresses playing the role of Dr. Riddhima Gupta and stated that: {{blockquote|All of them had different personalities. Shilpa was the first Riddhima and our bond together was very strong. Then came Sukirti and Dr. Riddhima’s went through certain changes. Actually, their on-screen characters were written as per their personalities. All the characters were sketched like that.<ref name="pankit">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-did-you-know-karan-singh-grover-drank-boiled-cold-drinks-on-the-sets-of-dill-mill-gayye/photostory/70895053.cms?picid=70895486 |title=Did you know Karan Singh Grover drank boiled cold drinks on the sets of Dill Mill Gayye? |newspaper=Times of India |date= 30 August 2019 |access-date= 21 October 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623054058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-did-you-know-karan-singh-grover-drank-boiled-cold-drinks-on-the-sets-of-dill-mill-gayye/photostory/70895053.cms?picid=70895498 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Casting===
Earlier, Haroon Qazi was cast as Dr. Armaan but due to creative differences he was replaced with [[Karan Singh Grover]].<ref name="riddhima" /><ref name="Palki Malhotra" /> Karan Singh Grover and [[Shilpa Anand]] played the main characters Dr. Armaan and Dr. Riddhima.<ref name="reunited">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-singh-grover-and-shilpa-anand-gurmeet-choudhary-dhrashti-dhami-barun-sobti-and-sanaya-irani-karan-wahi-and-jennifer-winget/articleshow/32848496.cms |title= TV jodis who almost reunited |newspaper=Time of India |agency=TNN |author=Somahukla Sinha Walunjkar|date= 28 March 2014 |access-date= 21 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624072034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-singh-grover-and-shilpa-anand-gurmeet-choudhary-dhrashti-dhami-barun-sobti-and-sanaya-irani-karan-wahi-and-jennifer-winget/articleshow/32848496.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Anand initially auditioned for the role of Dr. Anjali Gupta, but the casting team selected her to play the lead, Dr. Riddhima Gupta. Later, Sunaina Gulia was cast for in the role of Dr. Anjali.<ref name="Palki Malhotra" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/replacement-stars-rewrite-trps/articleshow/12673069.cms |title= Replacement stars rewrite TRPs |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |date= 15 April 2012 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624040709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/replacement-stars-rewrite-trps/articleshow/12673069.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pankit Thakker]] was originally paired up with [[Muskaan Mihani]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Muskaan_badly_misses_Ahmedabad/rssarticleshow/2285091.cms
|title= Muskaan badly misses Ahmedabad |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |author=Prerna Shah |date= 17 August 2007 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624041050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Muskaan_badly_misses_Ahmedabad/rssarticleshow/2285091.cms?val=3728&from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> But he believed his chemistry with Muskaan was mostly coming out friendly. Hence, he discussed with the creative directors if they could change the track so they'd paired him up with Sunaina.<ref name="pankit" />

In May 2008, Anand quit the show due to differences between the production house and to pursue a career in Bollywood.<ref name="riddhima" /><ref>{{cite news|url =
https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shilpa-on-her-walkout-from-dill-mill-gaye-1167965 |title= Shilpa on her walkout from Dill Mill Gaye |work= DNA |accessdate= 27 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027150615/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shilpa-on-her-walkout-from-dill-mill-gaye-1167965 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was replaced by [[Sukirti Kandpal]], who had given audition for the role of Dr. Riddhima in 2007 but originally was rejected by the casting team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1-pj9iMJ24&ab_channel=IndiaForums |title=Sukirti Kandpal Reveals All Her First |via=YouTube |date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318175355/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1-pj9iMJ24&ab_channel=IndiaForums |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in April 2009, Kandpal also quit the show<ref name="chapter" /> and was replaced by [[Jennifer Winget]].<ref name="jennifer">{{cite news|url=
https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-jennifer-winget-reunites-with-her-dill-mill-gayye-co-star-after-9-years-find-out-who-2721498 |title= Jennifer Winget reunites with her Dill Mill Gayye co-star after 9 years |work= DNA |date= 18 February 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624041444/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-jennifer-winget-reunites-with-her-dill-mill-gayye-co-star-after-9-years-find-out-who-2721498 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2009, [[Mayank Anand]] quit ''Dill Mill Gayye'' to pursue a career as a book writer.<ref name="Mohit Joshi"/> Later [[Karan Singh Grover]] also quit the show to work in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/karan-grover-is-no-longer-dr-armaan/story-cRPqIVqDIQMyRdjb0m12qJ.html |title=Karan Grover is no longer Dr Armaan! |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=18 June 2009 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320093736/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/karan-grover-is-no-longer-dr-armaan/story-cRPqIVqDIQMyRdjb0m12qJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Celebs who made a surprising comeback in shows they initially quit" /> Nearing the end of September 2009, the whole cast was changed and a second season was introduced with five new actors, [[Karan Wahi]], [[Moulshree Sachdeva]], [[Sehban Azim]], [[Neha Jhulka]] and [[Prasad Barve]].<ref name="maange" /><ref name="second seasons">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-india-doesnt-warm-up-to-second-seasons-of-soaps/articleshow/21825387.cms |title= Why India doesn't warm up to second seasons of soaps? |newspaper=Times of India |author=Amrita Mulchandani|agency=TNN |date= 16 August 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624035124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-india-doesnt-warm-up-to-second-seasons-of-soaps/articleshow/21825387.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2010, Karan Singh Grover and later in June 2010, Shilpa Anand returned to the show on fans' demands. After coming back two years later, Anand played a different character, Dr. Shilpa Malhotra, and once again she was paired opposite Karan Singh Grover.<ref name="demand">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Small-screens-heartthrobs-who-return-on-fans-demands/articleshow/17322971.cms |title= Small screen's heartthrobs who return on fans' demands |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |author=Navya Malini |date= 23 November 2012 |access-date= 24 April 2021 |archive-date= 10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810010119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Small-screens-heartthrobs-who-return-on-fans-demands/articleshow/17322971.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sad">{{cite news|url=https://topnews.in/shilpa-anand-sad-dill-mill-gayye-2279298 |title= Shilpa Anand is sad for Dill Mill Gayye |work=Top News |author=Kiran Pahwa |date= 5 October 2010 |accessdate=22 May 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403172543/https://topnews.in/shilpa-anand-sad-dill-mill-gayye-2279298 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/two-riddhimas-in-dill-mill-gayye/articleshow/6014919.cms |title= Two Riddhima in Dill Mill Gayye |newspaper= Times of India |agency=TNN |date= 6 June 2010 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623101649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/two-riddhimas-in-dill-mill-gayye/articleshow/6014919.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Celebs who made a surprising comeback in shows they initially quit">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rubina-dilaik-to-smriti-irani-celebs-who-made-a-surprising-comeback-in-shows-they-initially-quit/photostory/81673461.cms
|title=Rubina Dilaik to Smriti Irani; Celebs who made a surprising comeback in shows they initially quit |newspaper= Times Of India |date= 24 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623040856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rubina-dilaik-to-smriti-irani-celebs-who-made-a-surprising-comeback-in-shows-they-initially-quit/photostory/81673461.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2010, [[Neha Jhulka]] quit the show as she was not happy with her storyline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-quits-dill-mill-gaye/articleshow/5958184.cms |title=Neha Quits Dill Mill Gaye |date=22 May 2010 |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320195518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-quits-dill-mill-gaye/articleshow/5958184.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
In 2008, during shoot of a basketball playing scene actress [[Shilpa Anand]] began feeling unwell and almost passed out on the set due to over heat, but she continued shooting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-heat-is-on-for-shilpa-anand/articleshow/2988131.cms |title= The heat is on for Shilpa Anand |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |date= 28 April 2008 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624034104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-heat-is-on-for-shilpa-anand/articleshow/2988131.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Special scenes===
The series had shot many scenes that resemble some scenes from [[Bollywood]]. "The aur pass" scene and Lonavala sequence between [[Karan Singh Grover]] and [[Shilpa Anand]] were inspired by the Bollywood film ''[[Dil Toh Pagal Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-serials-to-copy-bollywood-blockbusters/articleshow/13019267.cms |title=TV serials to copy Bollywood blockbusters |work=Times of India |date= 6 May 2012 |agency=TNN |author=Shoma Shukla |access-date= 29 October 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623130911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-serials-to-copy-bollywood-blockbusters/articleshow/13019267.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critics===
''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that ''Dill Mill Gayye'' was a TRP-tripper when [[Karan Singh Grover]] and [[Shilpa Anand]] played Dr. Armaan and Dr. Riddhima and also stated that their sizzling on-screen chemistry took the show to new highs.<ref name="maange">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-audience-maange-more/articleshow/6054631.cms |title= Yeh Audience Maange More |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |author=Sarah Salvadore |date= 17 June 2010 |access-date= 28 October 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426161141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-audience-maange-more/articleshow/6054631.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Telly-heartthrobs-soapy-ride-to-success/articleshow/43533666.cms |title=Telly heartthrobs' soapy ride to success |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=TNN |language=en |date=27 September 2014 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125172757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Telly-heartthrobs-soapy-ride-to-success/articleshow/43533666.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-salute-to-some-evergreen-romantic-couples/articleshow/18166608.cms |title=A salute to some evergreen romantic couples |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |author=Ano Patel |date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110073652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-salute-to-some-evergreen-romantic-couples/articleshow/18166608.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, They listed [[Karan Singh Grover]] among "Big icons of Small Screen" and stated that he was a huge teenage icon in 2007. Even one and half year after the show going off air, there were demands for another season.<ref name="icons">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-intervies/Big-icons-of-small-screen/articleshow/14386410.cms |title= Big icons of small screen! |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |date= 25 June 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225091651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/big-icons-of-small-screen/articleshow/14386410.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shweta Ksheri of [[India Today]] wrote, "With a fresh cast and a new storyline, the romantic medical drama was successful in attracting the younger lot."<ref name="indiatoday" />

===Ratings===
It was the number 1 show on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] in 2007 to 2008.<ref name="icons" /> In January 2008, it entered in top Hindi GEC list garnering 2.47 TRP. These TRPS occurred when the character Riddhima confessed her love to Armaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/channel_special_report.php |title=Big fight is in Hindi GEC middle rung |website=Indianielevision.com |date=25 January 2008 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108161700/https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/channel_special_report.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k8/executive/prem_kamath_interview.php |title=Star One is the number three GEC in the country in ratings |date=21 January 2008 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918043939/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k8/executive/prem_kamath_interview.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2007, [[The Times of India]] reported that group of girls on the set of ''Dill Mill Gayye'' decided to stay away from [[Karan Singh Grover]] because of his compulsive flirting.<ref name="boycott">{{cite news|url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/TV_Buzz/Gan%20g_of_girls_boycott_Karan_/articleshow/2449677.cms
|title= Gang of girls boycott Karan |newspaper=Times of India |agency=TNN |author=Ranjib Mazumder |date= 12 October 2007 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623125550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gang-of-girls-boycott-karan/articleshow/2449677.cms?val=3728&from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> In an exclusive Interview with ''Spotboye'', [[Shilpa Anand]] revealed that she quit the show in 2008 because she had a fight with the executive producer during the shoot of the "Zara Zara Touch Me Touch Me" dance sequence.<ref name="riddhima">{{cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/tv-interviews/dill-mill-gayye-completes-12-years-ohanna-shivanand-aka-dr-ridhima-finally-breaks-silence-on-why-she-quit-the-show-exclusive/5d5d349b5203ad374145360e |title= Ohanna Shivanand Aka Dr Ridhima Finally Breaks Her Silence On Why She Quit The Show |website=Spotboye |author=Neeki Singh |date= 21 August 2019 |access-date= 16 August 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231042435/https://www.spotboye.com/amp/television/tv-interviews/dill-mill-gayye-completes-12-years-ohanna-shivanand-aka-dr-ridhima-finally-breaks-silence-on-why-she-quit-the-show-exclusive/5d5d349b5203ad374145360e |url-status=live}}</ref> Her replacements were not well-received by the audience and her exit caused a sizeable drop in the ratings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/change-is-the-mantra-in-tv-show/articleshow/8636863.cms#_ga=2.119233867.35777209.1667958814-380255534.1666334722 |title=Change is the mantra in TV show |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=TNN |author=Shruti Jambhekar |date=30 May 2011 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623041245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/change-is-the-mantra-in-tv-show/articleshow/8636863.cms?val=3728 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, when [[Sukirti Kandpal]] quit the show, the producer Siddharth P. Malhotra approached [[Shilpa Anand]] for returning to ''Dill Mill Gayye'' but she asked for high amount of money, which caused a conflict between her and the producer.<ref name="chapter">{{cite news|url =
https://topnews.in/dill-mill-gaye-closed-chapter-me-shilpa-anand-2150722#sidr-main |title= Dill Mill Gaye is a closed chapter for me – Shilpa Anand |website=Top News |author=Mohit Josh |date= 11 April 2009 |accessdate= 29 October 2022 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030095707/https://topnews.in/dill-mill-gaye-closed-chapter-me-shilpa-anand-2150722 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cinevistaas Limited]] stated that they lodged a complaint against [[Karan Singh Grover]] for routinely reporting hours late for work, which made them incur a loss, and that actress [[Jennifer Winget]] slapped him on the set. They did not speak to each other for months and shot their scenes separately at two different times.<ref>{{cite news|url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/karan-lands-in-legal-trouble/articleshow/5218644.cms
|title= Karan lands in legal trouble |work=Times of India |date= 11 November 2009 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002180336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-lands-in-legal-trouble/articleshow/5218644.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Singh-Grovers-controversies/etphotostory/36059181.cms
|title= Karan Singh Grover's Controversies |work=Times of India |date= 4 June 2014 |access-date= 27 October 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424061701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Singh-Grovers-controversies/etphotostory/36059181.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The second season of the show didn’t do well.<ref name="second seasons" />

In 2010, a rumor spread that the rest of the three actors – [[Jennifer Winget]], [[Karan Wahi]] and Karan Singh Grover – were unhappy about the focus shifting to Dr. Shilpa Malhotra. Later, Shilpa Anand's storyline with Karan Singh Grover was abruptly cut short.<ref name="sad" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/some-all-not-well-moment-tv-screen |title=Some All Is Not Well Moment On TV: Off-screen |website=Pinkvilla |date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=28 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828021058/https://www.pinkvilla.com/some-all-not-well-moment-tv-screen |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="reunited" /> In 29 October 2010, the series went off air due to low TRP.<ref name="off air" />

==Soundtrack==
{{track listing
| extra_column= Singer(s)
| total_length=
| headline = Original sound tracks
| title1 = Dill Mill Gayye
| note1 = Duet
| lyrics1 = Amitabh Verma
| music1 = Raju Singh
| extra1 = Sonu Nigam & Prajakta Shukre
| length1 = 1:01
| title2 = Dill Mill Gayye – Sad Version
| note2 = Male
| lyrics2 = Amitabh Verma
| music2 = Raju Singh
| extra2 = Sonu Nigam
| length2 = 1:37
| title3 = Asmaani Rang Ho
| note3 = Duet
| lyrics3 = Amitabh Verma
| music3 = Raju Singh
| extra3 = Ali Haider & Aishwarya Majumdar
| length3 = 4:11
| title4 = Asmaani Rang Ho
| note4 = Female
| lyrics4 = Amitabh Verma
| music4 = Raju Singh
| extra4 = Aishwarya Majumdar
| length4 = 1:40
| title5 = Asmaani Rang Ho
| note5 = Male
| lyrics5 = Amitabh Verma
| music5 = Raju Singh
| extra5 = Ali Haider
| length5 = 1:57
| title6 = Ishq Leta Hain Kaise Imtehaan
| note6 = Male
| lyrics6 = Amitabh Verma
| music6 = Raju Singh
| extra6 = Ripul Sharma
| length6 = 5:01
| title7 = Kaisa Hain Yeh Khumar
| note7 = Duet
| lyrics7 = TBA
| music7 = TBA
| extra7 = TBA
| length7 = 4:09
| title8 = O Mere Saajna
| note8 = Male
| lyrics8 = TBA
| music8 = TBA
| extra8 = TBA
| length8 = 2:17
}}

*Background musics by Raju Singh
{{track listing
| extra_column= Singer(s)
| total_length=
| headline = Background Musics
| title1 = Dill Mill Gayye title track Instrumental
| length1 = 0:35
| title2 = Dill Mill Gayye Whistle
| length2 = 0:08
| title3 = Dill Mill Gayye Instrumental
| length3 = 0:17
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Award
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Category
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Nominee
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Result
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2007
|Kalakar Awards
|Best Promising Star
|rowspan=2|[[Karan Singh Grover]]
|{{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=1ST YEAR – LIONS FILM AWARDS 01/01/1993 AT G. D. BIRLA SABHAGARH |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |access-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="10"|2008
|rowspan=3|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role (popular)]]
|rowspan=9 {{Nom}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Best Ensemble
|''Dill Mill Gayye''
|-
|Best Daily Serial
|[[Cinevistaas Limited]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Best Television Show (Fiction)|Best Television Show (Fiction)]]
|''Dill Mill Gayye''
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-03|title=Boroplus Gold Awards on Zee TV – Sunday, 4th January 2008 at 8.00 P.M|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-zee-tv/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Indiantvinfo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218080952/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-zee-tv/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (popular)]]
|Karan Singh Grover
|-
|[[Global Indian Film Awards|The Global Indian Film & TV Honours]]
|Best Onscreen Couple
|Karan Singh Grover & [[Shilpa Anand]]
|
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Awards|Star Guild Awards]]
|Best Costume Design
|Sapna Malhotra
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20090119786&Keyword=bollywood&|title=Priyanka Chopra bags best actress at Apsara Awards|access-date=2011-01-28|author=Indo-Asian News Service|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service|date=2009-12-05|work=[[NDTV]]|publisher=Prannoy Roy Publications|archive-date=7 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207063815/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20090119786&Keyword=bollywood&|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|New Talent Awards
|Best Actress in Leading Role
|[[Shilpa Anand]]
|
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|GR8 Face Of The Year
|Karan Singh Grover
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2008|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2008|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113249/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2008|archive-date=20 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Best On-Screen Couple
|Karan Singh Grover & Shilpa Anand
|rowspan= 2 {{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|Best Singer
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909212242/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=9 September 2015
|title=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Comic Role
|[[Pankit Thakker]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2010
|rowspan=3|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Youth Show
|''Dill Mill Gayye''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |title=The Tenth Indian Telly Awards |publisher=Telly Award India |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Fresh New Face – Female]]
|[[Neha Jhulka]]
|rowspan= 6 {{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|[[Prasad Barve]]
|
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)|Debut in a Lead Role (Female)]]
|Neha Jhulka
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Divyanka Tripathi at the ' 2010 Boro Plus Gold Awards' in Mumbai|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/boro-plus-gold-awards-10/articleshow/6070450.cms|access-date=2022-02-25|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409234956/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/boro-plus-gold-awards-10/articleshow/6070450.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|rowspan="2"| [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Star Guild Awards]]
|Best Fiction Series
|rowspan="3"|''Dill Mill Gayye''
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|
|-
|2012
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Youth Show
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2012-winners/ |title=India Telly Awards 2012 |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603151616/https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2012-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/dill-mill-gayye/405 Dill Mill Gayye] at [[Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|tt2366871}}

{{STAR One}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dill Mill Gayye}}
[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]
[[Category:Sequel television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]

Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T20:12:28Z

Allen2502: Put up details...

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Nagaland#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Nagaland]], India
| nearest_city = [[Kiphire]]
| coordinates = {{coords|25.825528|N|94.954389|E|display=inline, title}}
| area =
| established = 1983
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Department of Forests, Environment, and Climate Change, [[Government of Nagaland]]
}}

'''Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is situated close to the India-Myanmar border in [[Pungro]] circle of [[Kiphire district|Kiphire]] district, and covers an area of {{cvt|642|ha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fakim Wild Life Sanctuary |url=https://kiphire.nic.in/tourist-place/fakim-wild-life-sanctuary/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Kiphire District, Government of Nagaland |language=en-US}}</ref> Fakim village is the gateway to the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |title='A Photographic Guide to Birds of Fakim' by Leyamong L released |url=https://morungexpress.com/a-photographic-guide-to-birds-of-fakim-by-leyamong-l-released |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Morung Express}}</ref> It was established in 1983.

== History ==
The Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1983.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Negi |first=Sharad Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIVGAAAAYAAJ |title=Handbook of National Parks, Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves in India |date=1991 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-85182-59-9 |language=en}}</ref>

The state's Department of Forest, Environment, and Climate Change, manages the sanctuary along with other wildlife sanctuaries such as [[Ntangki National Park]], [[Singphan Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=Wildlife conservation and management in Nagaland |url=https://morungexpress.com/wildlife-conservation-and-management-in-nagaland |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> and [[Nagaland Zoological Park]].

== Geography ==
The sanctuary is part of the [[Indo-Burma]] biodiversity hotspot. Its altitude ranges from 1700-3000m above sea level.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Ao |first=Aosanen |last2=Changkija |first2=Sapu |last3=Tripathi |first3=S. K. |date=2020-05-27 |title=Species diversity, population structure, and regeneration status of trees in Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagaland, Northeast India |url=https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/5813 |journal=Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity |language=en |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=2777-2785 |doi=10.13057/biodiv/d210654 |issn=2085-4722|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Biology==
The sanctuary has a rich biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXp0fEr0P7wC |title=District Human Development Report, 2013: Kiphire |date=2014 |publisher=Department of Planning and Coordination, Government of Nagaland |language=en}}</ref> The terrain consists of hills, high ridges, green meadows, deep gorges and narrow valleys.<ref name=":1" /> It is composed of thick virgin primary forest of wet temperate to sub-alpine types.<ref name=":5" />

=== Flora ===
In 2017 a research noted 60 tree species, from 40 [[genera]] and 27 families. Amongst these, species from [[lauraceae]] and [[rosaceae]] families were the most dominant.<ref name=":5" /> The sanctuary is thick with [[oak]], [[Khasi pine]], hollock, nahor, [[kachnar]], cane and [[bamboo]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Capila |first=Pranav |date=2018-12-22 |title=The Naga hunter who gave up hunting. And made sure his village did too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/the-naga-hunter-who-gave-up-hunting-and-made-sure-his-village-did-too/article25799098.ece |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Cinnamomum zeylanicum]] and [[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]], [[Betula alnoides]] are some of the most abundant plants in the sanctuary.<ref name=":5" />

Efforts are also underway for the conservation planting of [[Cephalotaxus mannii]], native to the region.<ref name=":4" />

=== Fauna ===
The sanctuary is home to [[slender loris]], [[Panthera pardus tulliana|panthers]], [[Himalayan Bear|Himalayan bears]], [[Jungle cat|jungle cats]], [[Barking deer|barking deers]] and [[Hoolock gibbon|hoolock gibbons]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5CXbqpzmhIC |title=Incredible Himalayas: Environment, Culture, Tourism, and Adventure |date=2005 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-179-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Chinese goral]] and [[leaf muntjac]]<nowiki/>i are also found here.<ref name=":5" /> Sumatran rhino and tigers were once found here.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Capila |first=Pranav |date=2018-12-22 |title=The Naga hunter who gave up hunting. And made sure his village did too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/the-naga-hunter-who-gave-up-hunting-and-made-sure-his-village-did-too/article25799098.ece |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Bird species in the sanctuary include [[Great hornbill|great hornbills]], [[Tragopan|tragopans]], [[Junglefowl|junglefowls]] and [[doves]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife buffs spot rare butterfly 17 times - Group was on an excursion to Fakim sanctuary in Nagaland's Kiphire district bordering Myanmar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/wildlife-buffs-spot-rare-butterfly-17-times-group-was-on-an-excursion-to-fakim-sanctuary-in-nagaland-s-kiphire-district-bordering-myanmar/cid/1312867 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> The state bird, [[Blyth's tragopan]], also live here.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jamir |first=Muzhaba |date=15 July 2019 |title=Blyth’s tragopan: Plight no more as conservation efforts take flight |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/blyths-tragopan-plight-no-more-as-conservation-efforts-take-flight |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Eastern Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=Nagaland names 5 endangered species for recovery programme |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/nagaland-names-5-endangered-species-for-recovery-programme |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Eastern Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=L. |first=Leyamong |title=A Photographic Guide to Birds of Fakim |date=2024}}</ref> It is estimated that the sanctuary has more [[Tragopan|tragopans]] than elsewhere in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solo |first=Thepfulhouvi |date=30 May 2012 |title=What can Fakim Wild Sanctuary do for Nagaland? |url=https://morungexpress.com/what-can-fakim-wild-sanctuary-do-for-nagaland |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> Though rare, [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]], the state bird of Manipur and Mizoram, have been sighted here.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Anwaruddin |date=2005 |title=New sites for Mrs Hume’s Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in north-east India based on hunters’ specimens and local reports |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1ffae803ce64637dbe819b/1545599720658/Choudhury-Humes.pdf |journal=Forktail (now, Journal of Asian Ornithology) |volume=21 |pages=183-186}}</ref> Few instances of the [[scaly laughingthrush]], [[Tibetan serin]], and [[Alpine accentor]] have also been noted in and around the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=David P. |last2=Borah |first2=Joli |last3=Yimchunger |first3=Tsuseki Y. |date=2016 |title=Nagaland, north-east India: three Himalayan species new to the Naga Hills |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joli-Borah/publication/314402014_Nagaland_north-east_India_three_Himalayan_species_new_to_the_Naga_Hills/links/58c1987c45851538eb7ce149/Nagaland-north-east-India-three-Himalayan-species-new-to-the-Naga-Hills.pdf |journal=BirdingAsia |volume=26 |pages=88-90}}</ref> Other avian species include the [[bay woodpecker]], and [[wedge-tailed green pigeon]].<ref name=":5" />

Several [[snake]] species are also found in the sanctuary. In 2010 [[Bella rat snake]] (Maculophis bella) was seen for the first time, expanding the previously known habitat from northern Myanmar to western Yunnan province in China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haralu |first=Banu |author-link=Bano Haralu |date=2010 |title=Nagaland: concerns and challenges |url=https://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB6.2_Haralu_Nagaland.pdf |journal=Indian Birds |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=56-57}}</ref>

== Climate ==
The sanctuary receives rainfall between 200 and 300cm every year. The temperature drops to 5°C in winters and can be as warm as 29°C in summers.<ref name=":5" />

==Conservation efforts==

Nagaland government has encouraged conservation initiatives including hunting bans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Kallol |date=29 April 2019 |title=Nagaland hunts for a way out of its bloody tradition, shows some success |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-hunts-for-a-way-out-of-its-bloody-tradition-shows-some-success-5153875/ |url-status= |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-26 |title=Governor's Award Honours Community Conservation And Social Activism |url=https://nagalandpage.com/governors-award-honours-community-conservation-and-social-activism/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Nagaland Page |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Campaigns by NGOs and activists are also key to the fledgling conservation efforts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Protection & conservation of wildlife 'burning need of the hour': Nagaland CM |url=https://morungexpress.com/protection-conservation-of-wildlife-burning-need-of-the-hour-nagaland-cm |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-10-08 |title=Kiphire: PCCF & HoFF visits Penkim and Fakim villages |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/kiphire-pccf-hoff-visits-penkim-and-fakim-villages/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-03-01 |title=Wildlife body extends financial aid to Nagaland's hunter turned conservationist |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/sanctuary-nature-foundation-extends-financial-aid-nagalands-hunter-turned-conservationist.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Fakim village has resolved to keep additional 384 ha of community land for the ‘Fakim Village Tragopan Conservation Reserve.’<ref name=":2" />

In 2019, Alemba Yimchunger, a forest guard at the sanctuary was recognised with Earth Day Network Star. He has worked for over 30 years in protecting the flora and fauna of the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=29 March 2019 |title=Earth Day award for Nagaland forest guard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/earth-day-award-for-nagaland-forest-guard/article26681252.ece |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He joined the state's forest department as a camp guide. Previously in 2018 he also received a grant from [[Sanctuary Nature Foundation]]. Balipara Foundation, another NGO working in Northeast India, bestowed on him the Forest Rangers and Guards of The Eastern Himalayas Award.<ref name=":2" />

== Recreation ==
Vongtsuwong village is a popular entry point into the sanctuary. The village has around 20 households and is located at an elevation of approximately 2000m.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Nisarg |last2=Singh |first2=Priya |date=2012 |title=Beyond the Last Village |url=https://ticksfleasandleeches.wordpress.com/2015/06/22/in-search-of-the-rare-elusive-mammal/ |journal=[[Sanctuary Asia]]}}</ref> Fakim village is on the hill below the sanctuary and houses 70 families.<ref name=":2" /> Thanamir village is also adjacent to the sanctuary.<ref name=":3" />

The nearest airport to Pungro is [[Dimapur Airport]],<ref name=":1" /> approximately 320km away by road. As of 2024, the state government's helicopter service from Dimapur to Pungro is available once a week on Wednesdays. The flying time is 45 minutes, and the subsidised adult ticket costs ₹2925.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2024 |title=NST notifies on revised schedule for chopper service in Nagaland |url=https://morungexpress.com/nst-notifies-on-revised-schedule-for-chopper-service-in-nagaland |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]] |pages=1}}</ref>

== External links ==

* [https://ebird.org/hotspot/L10225838 eBird database of Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Nagaland]]

YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group

2026-02-18T12:31:49Z

Allen2502: started a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2022}}

'''YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group (Youth Forum for Kashmir)''' (''full name'') is a non-governmental organization working on strategies for peaceful conflict resolution and protection of human rights in the disputed region of Jammu & Kashmir ([[Indian-administered Kashmir|Indian-administered]] and [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]). Headquartered in Islamabad, Pakistan, YFK is a registered NGO run by rotating teams of specialists in human rights, diplomacy, and international law, drawn from university scholars and students, journalists, members of the academia, young political activists, and human rights defenders from mainly [[Pakistan]] and AJK ([[Azad Kashmir]]). This includes young Kashmiris from refugee families that sought exile in Pakistan after escaping [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|violence]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] post-1989. The organization advocates for the right to [[self-determination]] for Kashmiris through a [[plebiscite]] to decide whether [[Kashmir]] joins India or Pakistan, as provisioned under [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47]].The OIC Grneral's Special Envoy for Jammu and Kashmir Ambassador Yousef Aldoubeay delivered a keynote address at a "[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1303928-conflict-resolution-workshop-oic-reiterates-commitment-to-just-cause-of-kashmiri-people Conflict Resolution Workshop] Resolution Workshop" organized by YFK in collaboration with [[Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad|ISSI]].

== History ==
'''YFK''' (''abbreviated'') was founded<ref>{{Cite web|last=Website|first=YFK.org.pk|year=2013|title=Launch of first Kashmir lobby group|url=https://yfk.org.pk/yfk-press-release-310813/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=YFK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=News Agency|first=INP|date=31 August 2013|title=YFK Launching: No Compromise on Self-Determination|work=Pakistan Observer|url=https://issuu.com/pakobserver.net/docs/ep01september2013|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227094309/https://issuu.com/pakobserver.net/docs/ep01september2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 2013 by [[Muhammad Mian Soomro|Muhammed Mian Soomro]], a [[Pakistani]] politician who served as a [[Banking|banker]], and a former [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Senate chairman]]. He currently serves as the [[Ministry of Privatisation (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Privatization]]. The idea stemmed from generational shifts in the conflict<ref>{{Cite news|last=Website|first=RefWorld|date=15 April 2016|title=New Generation of Militants Emerging in Kashmir|publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5724de5a4.html|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> in India, Pakistan, and Kashmir that required a new approach to conflict-resolution without compromising principles. It is one of many Kashmir-related organizations created in Pakistan, a country that is home to the second largest Kashmiri population<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carey|first=Keith|year=2019|title=Kashmiri (Muslim traditions) in Pakistan|work=Joshua Project|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12558/PK|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Direct|first=Science|date=July 2008|title=Genetic analysis of Kashmiri Muslim population living in Pakistan|journal=Legal Medicine|volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=216–219 |doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.12.005 |pmid=18328763 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1344622307001770|access-date=19 June 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref> outside the historic [[Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir|State of Jammu & Kashmir]]. Pakistan is also home to [[Kashmiri diaspora|Kashmiri refugees]] from various [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|India-Pakistan wars]] over the territory. YFK receives donations from Pakistani and Kashmiri businessmen to fund<ref>{{Cite news|last=Website|first=YFK|year=2014|title=Who Funds YFK?|url=https://yfk.org.pk/who-we-are/|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> its operations. The organization is audited by private accountants and it is accountable, as an NGO, to the [[Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan|Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan]] (SECP).

== Conflict and human rights ==
The organization refers to itself as ‘'''YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group'''’ in the long form or simply YFK.<ref>Expanded online survey conducted for the term 'YFK Kashmir' on Microsoft Bing and Google Search on 24 & 23 June 2021. [Results are not shared here due to Wikipedia search result link rules].</ref> It liaises with the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of Pakistan, the [[Government of Azad Kashmir|Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir]], [[United Nations Human Rights Council#Special procedures|United Nations mechanisms]], and likeminded [[INGOs]] to build momentum for the peaceful end to the conflict in Kashmir, and to promote the civil and political rights of Kashmiris. To achieve these objectives, YFK works with media organizations;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saqib|first=Mehreen|date=30 July 2020|title=YFK brings Journalists together to discuss lockdown restrictions|publisher=Baaghi TV|url=https://en.baaghitv.com/yfk-brings-journalists-together-to-discuss-lockdown-restrictions/|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> publishes policy briefs and conducts seminars and workshops.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Website|first=YFK|date=26 February 2015|title=YFK-EU Discuss Kashmir|work=YFK|url=https://yfk.org.pk/press-release-260215/|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2018|title=Australian politician gets briefing on Kashmir issue|work=Pakistan Today|url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/01/australian-politician-gets-briefing-on-kashmir-issue/|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202040/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/01/australian-politician-gets-briefing-on-kashmir-issue/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=New desk|first=YFK|date=6 December 2018|title=UN and Government officials join Pakistani activists in marking Volunteer Day|work=YFK|url=https://yfk.org.pk/yfk-press-release-061218/|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

The organization has listed Kashmiri identity and culture as key concerns, and fears fatigue, time, and other international developments could further diminish<ref>{{Cite news|author=News Desk|date=April 2020|title=Kashmiri and international journalists discuss reporting under lockdown restrictions|work=YFK Official Facebook Page|url=https://www.facebook.com/YFKOfficial/posts/4046792022052692|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2022}} the already limited global interest in this conflict. To generate and circulate knowledge on Kashmir in this long, drawn-out conflict, YFK conducts training sessions to prepare speakers<ref>{{Cite news|author=News Desk|date=22 April 2019|title=Developing Effective Leadership Skills|work=YFK Official Facebook Page|url=https://www.facebook.com/YFKOfficial/posts/2264631600268752|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2022}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=News Desk|date=31 October 2020|title=Be A Successful Lobbyist In Career & Life|url=https://www.facebook.com/YFKOfficial/posts/3535700996495133|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2022}} conversant in various aspects of the conflict (political, legal, women, children, human rights, diplomacy) to engage a global audience.

== Notable staff ==
YFK is a relatively young organization (established in 2013). Some of the notable persons associated with it, currently and in the past, are:

* [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]], founding patron-in-chief
* Sardar Asadullah Khan,<ref>{{Cite news|last=New Agency|first=INP|date=31 August 2013|title="Sardar AsadUllah Khan, a Pakistani Kashmiri"|work=Pakistan Observer|url=https://issuu.com/pakobserver.net/docs/ep01september2013|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227094309/https://issuu.com/pakobserver.net/docs/ep01september2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> a politician from AJK
* Altaf Hussain Wani,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Institute|first=KIIR|year=2019|title=Chairman-Altaf Hussain Wani|publisher=KIIR|url=https://www.kiir.org.pk/chairman|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> a teacher and academic from [[Indian Administered Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]], board member, YFK; chairman, Kashmir Institute of International Relations (KIIR)
* Qaswar Saeed Mirza,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trunkwalas|first=WorldGroup|year=2015|title=QASWAR SAEED MIRZA, M.A LLB AND FORMER DIRECTOR GENERAL PUBLIC RELATION, PRESIDENCY OF PAKISTAN|work=World Group|url=https://worldgroup.pk/team/|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202210/https://worldgroup.pk/team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> former senior communications official, [[President of Pakistan|Presidency of Pakistan]] (''deceased'')
* Nawabzada Riaz Hussain Qureshi,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mirza|first=Muhammad Omar|date=5 January 2020|title=Nawabzada Riaz Hussain Qureshi, son of Governor Punjab Nawabzada SAdiq Hussain Qureshi|work=Geni.com|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Riaz-Qureshi/6000000014773209338|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> agriculturalist, and politician (''deceased'')
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedquraishi Ahmed Quraishi],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zaafir |first=Muhammad Saleh |date=May 7, 2018 |title=Peace seminar: India protects its soldiers |work=The News International |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/313524-peace-seminar-india-protects-its-soldiers-against-their-crimes-in-ihk |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> Pakistani journalist, and former executive director at YFK
* Zaman Bajwa<ref>{{Cite news |last=Qehremanlari |first=Veten |date=12 June 2021 |title=Pakistanda Milli Qurtuluş Günü qeyd olunub |url=https://vetenqehremanlari.az/2021/06/12/pakistanda-milli-qurtulus-gunu-qeyd-olunub/?fbclid=IwAR3GAssn8frLLGFYScZWr6rhelViJ9W5VWbODEcwsSJBBM79DonIXyDrdxE |access-date=3 July 2021 |work=vetenqehremanlari.az |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183111/https://vetenqehremanlari.az/2021/06/12/pakistanda-milli-qurtulus-gunu-qeyd-olunub/?fbclid=IwAR3GAssn8frLLGFYScZWr6rhelViJ9W5VWbODEcwsSJBBM79DonIXyDrdxE |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=International |first=The News |date=6 December 2017 |title=YFK presents Kashmir issue in a global conference |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/252823-yfk-presents-kashmir-issue-in-global-conference |access-date=3 July 2021 |work=The News International}}</ref> Executive Director YFK; Recipient of Journalism award by the government of Azerbaijan
* Sardarzada Umair Hasni,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Department|first=Science and Information Technology|date=4 May 2020|title=Sardarzada Mir Umair Jan Muhammad Hasni|work=Government of Balochistan|url=https://balochistan.gov.pk/call-on-by-mir-umair-jan-muhammad-hasni-focal-person-for-corona/|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> advisor to [[Chief Minister of Balochistan]]
* Shaista Safi,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Official website|first=YFK|year=2018|title=YFK lobbyist Shaista Safi|work=YFK|url=https://yfk.org.pk/shaista-safi/|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=news ahency|first=KMS|date=12 March 2020|title=Shaista Safi warns UN HRC of genocide of Kashmiris|work=Pakistan Observer newspaper|url=https://pakobserver.net/shaista-safi-warns-un-hrc-of-genocide-of-kashmiris/|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> rights activist, and daughter of Kashmiri politician Ghulam Mohammad Safi<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jammu Kashmir|first=Tehreek-e-Hurriyet|year=2019|title=Ghulam Muhammad Safi-Profile|work=THJK|url=http://thjk.org/home/convener|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
* Maria Iqbal Tarana,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Official website|first=PAGE|year=2021|title=Maria Iqbal Taran-Pakistan Alliance for Girls Education|work=PAGE|url=https://page.org.pk/meet-our-role-models/|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Former member YFK, Pakistani woman rights activist and politician from AJK
* Maria Atiq,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Official website|first=MOFA|year=2021|title=Deputy Director at the Counter Terrorism Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=http://mofa.gov.pk/contact-us/|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Pakistani diplomat, interned with YFK during university before joining the [[Foreign Service of Pakistan|foreign service]]
* Ghulam Shabbir,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zaafir |first=Muhammad Saleh |date=July 13, 2020 |title=YFK remembers sacrifices of Kashmiris on Martyrs Day |work=The News International |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/686121-yfk-remembers-sacrifices-of-kashmiris-on-martyrs-day |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=YFK |date=2014 |title=Our Team page |url=http://yfk.org.pk/ghulam-shabbir |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=YFK Official Website |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205132633/https://yfk.org.pk/ghulam-shabbir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Former Pakistani media producer and digital media advocacy activist

== Publications ==
Producing books and papers on Kashmir is a stated YFK objective,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khurshid|first=Tooba|date=30 May 2016|title=Book Launch for "Secrets of the Kashmir Valley". Executive director YFK participated.|work=ISSI website|url=http://issi.org.pk/book-launch-secrets-of-the-kashmir-valley/|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> mainly due to a general scarcity of books on Kashmir in Pakistan, India, and internationally. India's [[Hindustan Times]] notes that, "Unlike [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Northern Ireland]], not much has been written about Kashmir."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mir|first=Hilal|date=26 May 2016|title=The Kashmir reading list: 11 books to understand the conflict|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/the-kashmir-reading-list-11-books-to-understand-the-conflict/story-PKmPCQ5WtigTwp85vvSpRM.html|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=HUSSAIN|first=IMTIYAZ|date=18 September 2019|title=8 Books to Help You Understand the Kashmir Conflict: Nonfiction and novels that illuminate the dispute over the region|work=Electric Literature|url=https://electricliterature.com/8-books-to-help-you-understand-the-kashmir-conflict/|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> YFK representatives have complained at various speaking engagements that the organization's library of books and publications contains few quality works on Kashmir produced in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zaafir|first=Muhammad Saleh|date=2016–2021|title=Various interviews, reports, and newspaper statements by YFK officials and activists|work=The News International|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/search1?cx=014389848304649563256%3Aureyfztd74a&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=YFK|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

Titles of some recent YFK publications:

* [https://yfk.org.pk/global-reactions-to-kashmir-crisis/ Global Reactions to Kashmir Crisis]
* [https://yfk.org.pk/changing-language-and-ethnicity-india-on-a-warpath-in-kashmir/ Changing Language and Ethnicity: India on a Warpath in Kashmir]
* ''I Saw Them Execute My Mother. I Was Eleven. The Story of Aneesa Nabi''
* [https://yfk.org.pk/conflict-through-art-in-kashmir/ Conflict Through Art: Creative Work on Kashmir Lockdown]
* [https://yfk.org.pk/isolated-bitter-and-suicidal-in-kashmir/ Isolated, Bitter, and Suicidal in Kashmir]

== Criticism ==
Critics (mostly on social media) have criticized ''YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group'' for not more robustly criticizing [[Government of Pakistan]] policies on Kashmir. Ideological Kashmiri activists that promote Kashmir independence from both India and Pakistan view YFK as a status quo organization. YFK has also been dubbed a pro-Pakistan lobby group. Variations of these criticisms have been received by YFK accounts on Twitter in the 2014–2020 period.<ref>A general non-academic survey of comments and replies on various YFK social media pages and accounts, conducted between 27 February 2021, to 25 May 2021, covering the 2014–2020 period.</ref>

In their various speaking engagements, YFK lobbyists have defended themselves by citing their varied work, writings, and activism where they criticized Pakistani officials, and where they did not align with official Pakistani positions on contacts with India, insisting on maintaining close contacts with members of Indian civil society when Pakistan and India downgraded their diplomatic relations; also welcoming former [[Donald Trump|President Trump]]’s statements on Kashmir<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saeed|first=Saim|date=5 August 2019|title=Trump stumbles into Kashmir showdown|work=Politico EU edition|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/trump-stumbles-into-kashmir-showdown/|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ratcliffe|first=Rebecca|date=23 July 2019|title=Fury in India over Donald Trump's Kashmir claims|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/23/india-denies-asking-for-donald-trumps-mediation-in-kashmir|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> despite the cool reception<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 February 2020|title=Trump's formula on Kashmir unacceptable: Punjab governor|work=Daily Times newspaper|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/553109/trumps-formula-on-kashmir-unacceptable-punjab-governor/|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> from the Pakistani government and political parties, and taking the lead in showing empathy for the citizens of India during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|2021 COVID surge]] and oxygen shortage.

Some YFK members publicly criticized Pakistan government's diplomatic focus on [[Gaza-Israel clashes (May 2021)|Gaza-Israel conflict in May 2021]], and compared it to what they said was tepid Pakistani diplomacy on Kashmir.

Generally, YFK positions on Kashmir policies of India and Pakistan strike a balance between criticism and lobbying.

== Achievements ==
Between 2013 and 2021, YFK played a role in mobilising Pakistan's media and public opinion on Kashmir, contributing to a noticeable gradual return of interest in Kashmir-related developments to the limelight in Pakistani politics. In the process, several YFK members became authorities on the subject for Pakistani media and Pakistan-based international media.

On 4 February 2021, a senior YFK official announced that "India is not an enemy for Pakistan and Kashmiris." The conciliatory statement was important because it was made at the Presidency of Pakistan in Islamabad in front of a select audience that included the [[President of Pakistan]], the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Minister]], and the [[National Security Advisor (Pakistan)|National Security Advisor]]. The event was broadcast on state-run television.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Official website|first=YFK|date=4 February 2021|title=Statement by AHMED QURAISHI {{!}} Executive Director, YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group|work=YFK|url=https://yfk.org.pk/pakistan-and-kashmiris-are-not-indias-enemies/|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Web administrator|first=ISSI|date=4 February 2021|title=PRESS RELEASE – "Pakistan Stands with Kashmiris"|work=ISSI|url=https://issi.org.pk/press-release-pakistan-stands-with-kashmiris/|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, YFK introduced the term '''‘Kashmir is the unfinished agenda of Pakistani independence'''.’ The term, first used in a YFK press statement on Pakistan Resolution Day in March 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Official website|first=YFK|date=23 March 2014|title=The Unfinished Agenda of Pakistan's Independence|work=YFK|url=https://yfk.org.pk/press-release-230314/|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> captured the imagination of Pakistani media and political elite and was tweeted by the spokesman of Pakistan Armed Forces on 3 June 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Media Office|first=ISPR|date=3 June 2015|title=Major General Asim Saleem Bajwa, Director-General of Inter-Services Public Relations|work=ISPR|url=https://twitter.com/AsimBajwaISPR/status/605983459106897920|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2022}} and borrowed later by former [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Raheel Sharif|Gen. Raheel Sharif]] in a speech he made on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Website|first=Zee News|date=3 June 2015|title=Kashmir is 'unfinished agenda of partition': Pak Army Chief Raheel Sharif|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/kashmir-is-unfinished-agenda-of-partition-pak-army-chief-raheel-sharif_1606736.html|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

On 10 March 2018, a short film produced by YFK on the life of prominent Pakistani human rights activist [[Asma Jahangir]] was screened at a side event at the UN [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] in Geneva.<ref>{{Cite news|last=New desk|first=YFK|date=10 March 2018|title=Kashmir Delegation Screens A Short Film At UN Paying Tribute To Asma Jahangir|work=YFK|url=https://yfk.org.pk/yfk-press-release-10-03-2018/|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.yfk.org.pk}}
* [https://www.thenews.com.pk/search1?cx=014389848304649563256%3Aureyfztd74a&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=YFK YFK | The News International]
* [http://fsa.gov.pk/Events/25ADC/025-09Mar2017.htm YFK | Foreign Service Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan]
* [https://www.oneindia.com/international/india-is-officially-at-war-against-kashmiri-youth-allege-2466978.html YFK | OneIndia.com]

[[Category:Organisations based in Islamabad]]
[[Category:Human rights organisations based in Pakistan]]

Selvapuram

2026-02-17T20:17:17Z

Allen2502: started a page!

{{Short description|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Selvapuram
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
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| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, IndiaIndial
| coordinates = {{coord|10.993310|N|76.938850|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Coimbatore
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Coimbatore
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = Coimbatore Central
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 411
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641008
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91–422
| registration_plate = TN-66
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Thondamuthur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thondamuthur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Selvapuram''' is a major residential locality of the city of [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located on the banks of [[Noyyal]] river, which runs to the northwestern boundary of the locality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coimbatore Corporation collects affidavits from conservancy workers on use of safety gear |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-corporation-collects-affidavits-from-conservancy-workers-on-use-of-safety-gear/article65296033.ece |accessdate=6 April 2021 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> It is situated in the northwestern part of the city, and is a major residential and industrial locality in the city. It is one of the well developed neighborhoods in the city and has been part of Coimbatore Corporation since 1866.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/apr/18/complaints-unanswered-effluent-discharge-into-coimbatores-noyyal-river-unabated-say-farmers-2443372.html|title=Complaints unanswered: Effluent discharge into Coimbatore's Noyyal river unabated, say farmers|publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=18 April 2022}}</ref>

==History==
The locality of "Selvapuram" was previously known as "Pallapalayam". Later it was changed as "Selvapuram" with the name inspired from the nearby "Selva Chinthamani Kulam".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udumalai.com/therindha-kovai-theriyatha-kathai.htm|title=Therinda Kovai Theriyada Kadai|publisher=Vijaya Padipagam|accessdate=18 April 2022}}</ref> It is a part of [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]] since 1866.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Selvapuram,+Tamil+Nadu+641008/@10.9874084,76.9393875,16.25z/data=!4m21!1m15!4m14!1m6!1m2!1s0x3ba859409568f875:0xe1967c0742fe0bb6!2sselvapuram!2m2!1d76.9393146!2d10.9870978!1m6!1m2!1s0x3ba85974e2804e2f:0x4964fc91f86ab201!2skoniamman+temple!2m2!1d76.9637528!2d10.9936512!3m4!1s0x3ba859409568f875:0xe1967c0742fe0bb6!8m2!3d10.9870978!4d76.9393146
|title=Location of Selvapuram|publisher=Google|access-date=}}</ref> It is now part of the south zone of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/development-and-decongestion-define-south-zone-demands/article65046026.ece|title=Development and decongestion dominate South Zone demands|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udumalai.com/therindha-kovai-theriyatha-kathai.htm|title=therintha kovai theriyatha kadai}}</ref>

==Geography==
Selvapuram is located at a distance of {{convert|2.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the centre of the city, [[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Townhall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/selvapuram/koniamman+temple/@10.9889521,76.9339334,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba859409568f875:0xe1967c0742fe0bb6!2m2!1d76.9393146!2d10.9870978!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba85974e2804e2f:0x4964fc91f86ab201!2m2!1d76.9637528!2d10.9936512|title=Distance-1|publisher=Google|access-date=}}</ref> The nerve centre of Selvapuram is Siruvani Road. The other major arterial roads are Ponnaiyarajapuram Road, Ukkadam Bypass Road<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/traffic-diversion-in-coimbatore-city-on-sunday/article65845453.ece|title=Traffic diversion in Coimbatore city on Sunday|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=21 September 2022}}</ref> connecting Selvapuram with [[Ukkadam]], Sundakamuthur Bypass Road and Vadavlli Road. Selvapuram shares its border with [[Perur]] to the west, [[Ukkadam]] to the south, [[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Townhall]] to the east and Ponnaiyarajapuram to the north. It is located about {{convert|14.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Coimbatore International Airport]] and about {{convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Coimbatore Junction|City railway station]], {{convert|7.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]], 3.6{{Nbsp}}km from [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]], {{convert|11.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Singanallur Bus Terminus]] and {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Podanur railway station and is well connected to local bus services to various parts of the city. It shares its border with [[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Townhall]], [[Perur]], Chokkampudur, [[Ukkadam]], Ponnaiyarajapuram and Telugupalayam.

==Locality==
{{Section citations needed|date=September 2022}}

===Restaurants===
*Milan Hotel<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Milan+Hotel/@10.9876365,76.9395285,21z/data=!4m21!1m15!4m14!1m6!1m2!1s0x3ba859409568f875:0xe1967c0742fe0bb6!2sselvapuram!2m2!1d76.9393146!2d10.9870978!1m6!1m2!1s0x3ba85974e2804e2f:0x4964fc91f86ab201!2skoniamman+temple!2m2!1d76.9637528!2d10.9936512!3m4!1s0x3ba85941b4e8cf9d:0x8c25533347b4d0d4!8m2!3d10.9876775!4d76.939586|title=Location of Milan Hotel|publisher=Google|access-date=}}</ref>
*Thirumalai tiffin
*Hotel Chola
*Maran's Homemade biriyani

===Hospitals===
*Snekaram Multi Speciality Hospital
*R.R. Hospital
*Rani hospital
*Selvapuram Urban Primary Health Centre

===Schools===
*Shirushti Vidhyalaya Matric Hr.Sec.School
*Balavikash School
*Milton Matric School
*Sri Sowdeswari Vidyalaya Matric. Hr. Sec. School

==Transport==
Selvapuram has easy access to :
* [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]] : Via Raja Street, Oppanakkara Street, Mill Road and Nanjappa Road
* [[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] : Via Ukkadam Bypass Road, Podanur Road and [[Podanur-Chettipalayam Road|Chettipalayam Road]]
* [[Ukkadam]] : Via Ukkadam Bypass Road
* [[Coimbatore Junction|Railway Station]] : Via Ukkadam Bypass Road and Kottaimedu Road
* [[Coimbatore International Airport]] : Via Ukkadam Bypass Road, Sungam Bypass Road, Redfilelds Road and Eastern [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi Road]]

===Coimbatore Metro===
[[Coimbatore Metro]] feasibility study is completed and one of the route planned from Karunya Nagar to Ganeshapuram via [[Perur]], [[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]], [[Saravanampatti]] covering {{convert|44|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/rs-6683cr-allocated-for-city-metro-rail-project/articleshow/81179584.cms|title=Rs 6,683cr allocated for city metro rail project|publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==TANGEDCO Sub-Power Station==
The Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (Tangedco) is enhancing energy infrastructure in the district by establishing new sub-stations and enhancing capacities at many of the existing one at Selvapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tangedco to develop new sub-stations in Coimbatore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tangedco-to-develop-new-sub-stations-in-coimbatore/article65918276.ece |accessdate=21 September 2022 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Selvapuram is a part of [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency]] and [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/dist-records-68-32-voter-turnout/articleshow/81939982.cms|title=Thondamuthur Legislative Assembly Constituency|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=7 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coimbatore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Coimbatore]]

2013–14 Deodhar Trophy

2026-02-12T14:36:46Z

Allen2502: added new post

{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2013–14 Deodhar Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| champions = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| count = 12
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| most runs = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (WZ) (135)
| most wickets = [[Piyush Chawla]] (CZ) (9)
| website =
| previous_year = 2012–13
| previous_tournament = 2012–13 Deodhar Trophy
| next_year = 2014–15
| next_tournament = 2014–15 Deodhar Trophy
}}
'''2013–14 Deodhar Trophy''' was the 41st season of the [[Deodhar Trophy]], a [[List A cricket|List A]] cricket tournament contested by 5 zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/IND/DEODHAR_WINNERS.html |access-date=19 January 2017 |title=Deodhar Trophy Winners |publisher=ESPNCricInfo}}</ref>

==Schedule==
The 2013–14 Deodhar Trophy consisted of four matches played between the teams, where the two teams that performed the worst in the 2012–13 season of the Deodhar Trophy, East Zone and Central Zone, had to play each other in an additional knockout game to progress to the semifinals.

The schedule:<ref name=espn>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2013-14/content/series/649121.html |title=Deodhar Trophy 2013-14 |access-date=19 January 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
1. 23 March - Quarterfinal - Central Zone vs East Zone
2. 24 March - Semifinal1 - North Zone vs South Zone
3. 25 March - Semifinal2 - West Zone vs Winner Quarterfinal
4. 27 March - Final - Winner Semifinal1 vs Winner Semifinal2

==Squads==
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; border-collapse:collapse;" width=90%
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"
! colspan=5|Squads
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! width=15%|[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]<ref name=espn/>
! width=15%|[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
! width=15%|[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
! width=15%|[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
! width=15%|[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
|-
| [[Faiz Fazal]] || [[Ishank Jaggi]] || [[Gautam Gambhir]] || [[Robin Uthappa]] || [[Kedar Devdhar]]
|-
| [[Jalaj Saxena]] || [[Parvez Aziz]] || [[Virender Sehwag]] || [[Murali Vijay]] || [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Shalabh Srivastava]] || [[Shreevats Goswami]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Unmukt Chand]] || [[Lokesh Rahul]] || [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Naman Ojha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] || [[Prashant Chopra]] || [[Baba Aparajith]] || [[Ambati Rayudu]]
|-
| [[Mahesh Rawat]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Saurabh Tiwary]] || [[Nitin Saini]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Manish Pandey]] || [[Kedar Jadhav]]
|-
| [[Akshdeep Nath]] || [[Natraj Behera]] || [[Mandeep Singh]] || [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Arpit Vasavada]]
|-
| [[Rongsen Jonathan]] || [[Kumar Deobrat]] || [[Nikhil Gangta]] || [[Ricky Bhui]] || [[Sushant Marathe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Urvesh Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Rajat Paliwal]] || [[Sanju Samson]] || [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|-
| [[Amit Paunikar]] || [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Milind Kumar]] || [[Karun Nair]] || [[Yusuf Pathan]]
|-
| [[Puneet Yadav]] || [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] || [[Gurkeerat Singh]] || [[Sagun Kamat]] || [[Akshar Patel]]
|-
| [[Ashish Yadav (cricketer)|Ashish Yadav]] || [[Samar Quadri]] || [[Parvez Rasool]] || [[Pragyan Ojha]] || [[Jesal Karia]]
|-
| [[Jitesh Sharma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Deepak Behera]] || [[Rishi Dhawan]] || [[Rahil Shah]] || [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]
|-
| [[Piyush Chawla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Abu Nechim]] || [[Harbhajan Singh]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Vinay Kumar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|-
| [[Karn Sharma]] || [[Ashok Dinda]] || [[Avishek Sinha]] || [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] || [[Samad Fallah]]
|-
| [[Anureet Singh]] || [[Rahul Shukla]] || [[Abhishek Sakuja]] || [[Yo Mahesh]] || [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|-
| [[Ishwar Pandey]] || || [[Siddarth Kaul]] || [[Prasanth Parameswaran]] ||
|-
| [[Umesh Yadav]] || || [[Ashish Nehra]] || ||
|-
| [[Krishnakant Upadhyay]] || || [[Ishant Sharma]] || ||
|-
| [[Amit Mishra (Uttar Pradesh cricketer)|Amit Mishra]] || || [[Suraj Yadav]] ||
|}

==Results==

===Quarterfinal===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 March 2014
| team1 = [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| score1 = 194 (46.2 overs)
| score2 = 198/8 (43 overs)
| team2 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Kumar Deobrat]] 39 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 5/38 (10.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Naman Ojha]] 65* (84)
| wickets2 = [[Abu Nechim]] 3/36 (9 overs)
| result = Central Zone won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], Visakhapatnam
| motm = [[Naman Ojha]] (CZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2013-14/engine/match/649399.html Scorecard]
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat
| rain = Central Zone advanced to the semifinal
}}

===Semifinal 1===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 March 2014
| team1 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 165 (36.3 overs)
| team2 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 107* (113)
| wickets1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 3/57 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karun Nair]] 51* (57)
| wickets2 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 3/15 (4.3 overs)
| result = North Zone won by 100 runs
| venue = [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], Visakhapatnam
| motm = [[Rajat Paliwal]] (NZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2013-14/engine/match/649401.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to field
| rain = North Zone advanced to the final
}}

===Semifinal 2===

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 March 2014
| team1 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| score1 = 233/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 191 (44.3 overs)
| team2 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 70 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 4/54 (12 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shalabh Srivastava]] 65 (115)
| wickets2 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 4/39 (11 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 42 runs
| venue = [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], Visakhapatnam
| motm = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] (WZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2013-14/engine/match/649403.html Scorecard]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to field
| rain = West Zone advanced to the final
}}

===Final===

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 27 March 2014
| team1 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| score1 = 281/3 (50 overs)
| score2 = 148 (37.1 overs)
| team2 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Kedar Devdhar]] 94 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Rishi Dhawan]] 2/46 (11 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mandeep Singh]] 37 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Arpit Vasavada]] 3/20 (6.1 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 133 runs
| venue = [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], Visakhapatnam
| motm = [[Kedar Devdhar]] (WZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2013-14/engine/match/649405.html Scorecard]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to bat
| rain = West Zone won the Deodhar Trophy for 2013-14
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2013-14/content/series/649121.html ESPNcricinfo page]

{{Deodhar Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2013-14 Deodhar Trophy}}
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2013–14|Deodhar Trophy]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian cricket|Deodhar Trophy]]
[[Category:Deodhar Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Dabboo Ratnani

2026-02-09T14:24:40Z

Allen2502: small changes

{{Short description|Indian fashion photographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dabboo Ratnani
| image = Dabboo Ratnani grace Kallista Spa opening 14.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Dabboo in 2012
| spouse = {{marriage|Manisha D. Ratnani|2004}}
| partner =
| children = 3
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra, India]]
| death_date = 
| other_names =
| known_for = Dabboo Ratnani Annual Calendar
| education = [[M. M. K. College]]
| occupation = [[Fashion photography]], Celebrity Photography
| relatives =
}}

'''Dabboo Ratnani'''(Born Dhaporshankh Ratnani) is an Indian [[fashion]] and commercial [[photographer]],<ref>{{cite news | title = Capturing the X-factor: Daboo Ratnani |work=Deccan Herald | date = 2006-02-03 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb32006/living113218200623.asp | accessdate = 2007-03-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070314001753/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb32006/living113218200623.asp|archivedate = 2007-03-14}}</ref> known for his annual calendar, first published in 1999.<ref>{{cite news | title = 24 frames make a year | publisher = The Telegraph | date = 2006-01-06 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060106/asp/calcutta/story_5684379.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060302002554/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060106/asp/calcutta/story_5684379.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 March 2006 | accessdate = 2007-03-10 | location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Splashing stars | publisher = The Telegraph | date = 2007-01-20 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070120/asp/weekend/story_7284157.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022322/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070120/asp/weekend/story_7284157.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 September 2007 | accessdate = 2007-03-28 | location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> He has shot cover photographs for [[magazine]]s, including [[GQ]], [[Filmfare]], [[Hello! (magazine)|Hello]], [[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]], [[Femina (India)|Femina]], etc.

== Early life ==
Ratnani was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. He studied Commerce, from [[M. M. K. College|M.M.K. College]]. He started practicing photography as a photographer in Mumbai. He worked as an assistant photographer with Sumit Chopra for almost 3 years. He used to shoot for commercial products and then he started his own work in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=बेचने के लिए नहीं होते डब्बू रतनानी के कैलेंडर, फिर इतने तामझाम से होता क्या है? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/movie-know-everything-about-indian-fashion-photographer-dabboo-ratnani-education-career/articleshow/74202818.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Dabboo Ratnani.jpg|left|thumb|Ratnani awarded as [[Mid-Day|Mid-day]] Iconic Photographer of the Year]]

==Career==
In 2006, he was in the jury for the [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] contest.<ref>{{cite news | title = Kaun banegi Miss India? | publisher = Delhi Times | date = 2006-11-01 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/kaun-banegi-miss-india/articleshow/1368003.cms | accessdate = 2007-03-28 | first1=Piyali | last1=Dasgupta}}</ref> Ratnani was a mentor for the ''[[India's Next Top Model]]'' show, which aired on [[MTV India]]. In 2020, Ratnani was featured in the N4M List of Top 10 fashion photographers of India.<ref>[https://news4masses.com/list-top-best-fashion-photographers-india/7/ N4M List of Top 10 fashion photographers of India]. M4M Reviews (2020-04-24). Retrieved on 2021-08-01.</ref>

He has shot cover photographs for ''[[Better Homes and Gardens (magazine)|Better Homes and Gardens]].''<ref>{{cite web|title=Better Homes and Gardens now in India |publisher=Agency FAQs |date=14 March 2007 |url=http://www.agencyfaqs.com/media/media_newslets/Media/13002.html |accessdate=28 March 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317024255/http://www.agencyfaqs.com/media/media_newslets/Media/13002.html |archivedate=17 March 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Calendar===
Ratnani's best known work is his annual calendar.<ref name="miss india">{{cite news|title=Dabboo Ratnani, photographer |publisher=Femina Miss India |year=2004 |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1681222.cms |accessdate=29 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317223216/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1681222.cms |archivedate=17 March 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=147334 From calendars to collectibles (by Sulekha Nair): The Financial Express, 26 November 2006 (Retrieved on 26 May 2007)]. Financialexpress.com (2006-11-26). Retrieved on 2012-05-17.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120115204922/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/I-can-t-not-upset-people-Dabboo-Ratnani/Article1-793457.aspx I can't not upset people: Dabboo Ratnani]. Hindustan Times (2012-01-09). Retrieved on 2012-05-17.</ref> The calendar shows 24 celebrities each year, including [[Bollywood]] stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7066 |title=Dabboo Ratnani's 2004 calendar launched: Screen India, 16 January 2004 (Retrieved on 26 May 2007) |access-date=25 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220913/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7066 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead |website=screenindia.com}}</ref> 18 of the 24 celebrities, including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]], are a constant feature on his calendar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Personal life ==
[[File:The-Ambani-family-arrives-at-Isha-Ambani-Anand-Piramal-wedding-reception-at-Reliance-Jio-Garden-2.jpg|thumb|Ratnani with his wife Manisha and children]]
Ratnani married Manisha D. Ratnani in August 2004. They have a son, and two daughters named Shivaan Ratnani, Myrah Ratnani, Kiara Ratnani.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-25 |title=Dabboo Ratnani celebrates wedding anniversary in Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dabboo-Ratnani-celebrates-wedding-anniversary-in-Jaipur/articleshow/48652323.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dabboo Ratnani, Kiara Ratnani, Shivaan Ratnani, Myrah Ratnani |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/star-kids-enjoy-at-aaradhya-bachchans-birthday-party/dabboo-ratnani-kiara-ratnani-shivaan-ratnani-myrah-ratnani/articleshow/61724963.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.dabbooratnani.com}}
* {{IMDb name|1399003}}
*[http://www.mid-day.com/hitlist/2007/january/149406.htm Dabboo Ratnani's interview on the calendar from Mid-Day]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratnani, Dabboo}}
[[Category:Indian male photographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mohammad Saleem Beg

2026-02-08T17:46:41Z

Allen2502: New

{{Short description|Indian art conservator}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saleem Beg
| image = 
| caption = 
| birth_date = 1949
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| occupation = Art conservator, Historian, Columnist
| education = Gandhi Memorial College, [[University of Kashmir]]
| awards = Highest State Award (2017, Government of Jammu and Kashmir), EEC fellowship (1998)
| notable_works = UNESCO Creative Cities Network inclusion for Srinagar (2021), Restoration of Oont Kadal, Aali Masjid, Thag Baab Sahib shrine
| organizations = Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH, J&K Chapter)
| website = 
}}

'''Mohammad Saleem Beg''' is an Indian art conservator, historian and columnist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2013-11-10 |title=Muhammad Saleem Beg |url=https://kashmirlife.net/muhammad-saleem-beg-48059/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>http://intach.org/chapter/pdf/intach-jk-news.pdf Convener INTACH J&K, M Saleem Beg among 31 given state awards Retrieved on 28 June 2022</ref><ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/india/seven-years-on-jk-still-waits-for-formation-of-heritage-conservation-body/|title=J&K -still waits for formation of heritage conservation body|website=Kashmir Life. Com Jammu & Kashmir India</ref> He is working to conserve / preserve the artworks, architecture, archaeology, besides museum collections mainly connected to [[Kashmir]] heritage.<ref>http://intach.org/chapter/pdf/intach-jk-news.pdf Convener INTACH J&K, M Saleem Beg among 31 given state awards Retrieved on 28 June 2022</ref>
He prepared the research dossier of seven crafts include [[Papier-mâché|papier-mache]], [[Pashmina (material)|pashmina]], Khatamband, [[Woodworking|Woodwork]], Pinjrakari (latticework), Ari and Metal craft which placed the [[Srinagar]] city of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the list of [[UNESCO]] creative cities network for 2021, in the field of craft and folk art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomination dossier of Srinagar as a UNESCO Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art – DRONAH |url=https://www.dronah.org/conservation-sri-harmandar-sahib-amritsar-2-2/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.dronah.org}}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304007892_Issues_of_conservation_and_adaptation_in_protecting_Kashmir's_vernacular_heritage Issues of conservation and adaptation in protecting Kashmir’s vernacular heritage Retrieved on 28 June 2022</ref>

==Early life==
Mohammad Saleem Beg was born in 1949 in [[Srinagar]], the summer capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2013-11-11 |title=Muhammad Saleem Beg |url=https://kashmirlife.net/muhammad-saleem-beg-48059/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was educated at the Gandhi Memorial College and [[University of Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kashmiruniversity.net/ |title=Home |website=kashmiruniversity.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saleem Beg's New Baby {{!}} Kashmir Forum |url=https://www.kashmirforum.org/saleem-begs-new-baby/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.kashmirforum.org|date=26 August 2012 }}</ref>

After studies, Beg joined government service in the year 1975 and retired after rendering 31 years of public service as the Director General of [[Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation|Tourism]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Since 2006 he is convener of the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] – INTACH, J&K Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saleem Beg – Head – Kashmir Chapter of INTACH {{!}} Mpositive.in |date=27 April 2022 |url=https://www.mpositive.in/tag/saleem-beg-head-kashmir-chapter-of-intach/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[http://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=3029 Civil Society Participation > Consultative Status>Profile] ''[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]'' Official website.</ref><ref name="hin">{{Cite web |date=2007-10-31 |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : INTACH gets special status for its efforts |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103051980300.htm |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031222759/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103051980300.htm |archive-date=31 October 2007 }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
For his contribution in preserving, documenting and dissemination of the ethno cultura heritage of [[Kashmir]], Beg won the highest State Award in 2017 from the Government of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>http://jkgad.nic.in/pdf/award.pdf List of STATE AWARD winners</ref> He was awarded an EEC fellowship in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saleem Beg's New Baby {{!}} Kashmir Forum |url=https://www.kashmirforum.org/saleem-begs-new-baby/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.kashmirforum.org|date=26 August 2012 }}</ref> Besides, he has been awarded by a number of universities, NGOs for his outstanding work in the field of research and documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2021-11-08 |title=Srinagar Makes it to UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/srinagar-makes-it-to-unescos-network-of-creative-cities |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

==Work and contribution==
In 2013, Beg was appointed as a member of the organisation of [[India]] - National Monument Authority (NMA), [[Government of India]] where he served for five year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMA |url=https://www.nma.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.nma.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=33183 | title=Saleem Beg joins as a member of NMA - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2018/709/709_saleem_&_sameer.htm | title=709 M. Saleem Beg & Hakim Sameer Hamdani, Craft, Kashmiriyat and commerce }}</ref>
As a conservator-restorer his documentation work has provided a base to declare [[Srinagar]] among 49 cities as part of the creative city network by the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) under the Crafts and Folk Arts category in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://intachjkchapter.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/intach-jk-e-newsletter-june-20171.pdf |title=Intach JK Chapter files Retrieved on June 2022}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2019-05-09 |title=INTACH preparing dossier for Srinagar's heritage city bid |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/intach-preparing-dossier-for-srinagar-s-heritage-city-bid-119050901309_1.html |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2021-11-08 |title=Srinagar Makes it to UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/srinagar-makes-it-to-unescos-network-of-creative-cities |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
Restoration of past glory of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era camel hump-shaped Oont Kadal in middle of [[Dal Lake]] and Aali Masjid an Architecture of 15th Century and Thag Baab Sahib (RA) shrine in [[Srinagar]] District of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was done by him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Arif Shafi |title=CURTAIN RAISER: Germany to fund restoration of 17th century Oont Kadal in Dal Lake |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/curtain-raiser-germany-to-fund-restoration-of-17th-century-oont-kadal-in-dal-lake |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Greater Kashmir |date=30 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Aali Masjid: An architectural marvel of 15th century Kashmir |url=https://www.risingkashmir.com/Aali-Masjid--An-architectural-marvel-of-15th-century-Kashmir-77881 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304007892_Issues_of_conservation_and_adaptation_in_protecting_Kashmir's_vernacular_heritage Issues of conservation and adaptation in protecting Kashmir’s vernacular heritage</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Beg |first=M. Saleem |date=2022-03-08 |title=Debunking an urban myth about Taj Mahal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/debunking-an-urban-myth-about-taj-mahal/article65205195.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shujaat Bukhari]]
* [[Javaid Rahi]]
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.intach.org/ ''Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage'' org. website]
* [https://www.nma.gov.in/ ''National Monuments Authority Ministry of Culture, Government of India'' org. website]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ ''UNESCO -World Heritage List'' org. website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beg, Saleem}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Scholars from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir]]

Jawhar Assembly constituency

2026-02-06T18:09:31Z

Allen2502: Adding some details initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jawhar
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 2,36,964
| mla = Ozare Rajaram Nathu
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Jawhar Assembly constituency ''(formerly Jawahar)'' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Mukane Trimbak Bhau (St) || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Baburao Sadashiv Jadhav
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. S. Karavande
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ramchandra Gopal Bhoye
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kurhada Barkya Lakhya || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=3 | Kom Lahanu Shidva
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | Varatha Ramjee Mahadu
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Ozare Rajaram Nathu
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ozare Rajaram Nathu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 60,050 |percentage = 42.19% |change={{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Harishchandra Sakharam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,819 |percentage = 25.87% |change={{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govind Hemant Ramachandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,721 |percentage = 20.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Phupane Chandrakant Balu |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,423 |percentage = 5.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khetade Kashinath Bhika |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,074 |percentage = 3.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Gopal Anant |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,256 |percentage = 2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,231 |percentage = 16.32% |change= {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 142,345 |percentage = 60.07% |change= {{increase}}0.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,343}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 236,964|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Varatha Ramjee Mahadu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 47,475 |percentage = 41.14% |change={{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vadu Kanchan Ramji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,584 |percentage = 27.37% |change={{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govind Hemant Ramachandra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 27,481 |percentage = 23.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavare Ravindra Yashvant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,855 |percentage = 7.67% |change={{decrease}}21.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,891 |percentage = 13.77% |change= {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,875 |percentage = 59.74% |change= {{decrease}}6.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,395}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,024|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Varatha Ramjee Mahadu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 59,309 |percentage = 45.69% |change={{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Devidas Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,245 |percentage = 29.46% |change={{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wadu Kanchan Ramji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,262 |percentage = 24.85% |change={{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,064 |percentage = 16.23% |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,682 |percentage = 71.08% |change= {{increase}}14.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,816}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,099|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kom Lahanu Shidva |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 39,408 |percentage = 48.19% |change={{decrease}}6.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kom Ladkya Radka |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,060 |percentage = 28.20% |change={{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Sudesh Kakadya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,563 |percentage = 22.70% |change={{increase}}17.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ozare Jayvant Surji |party=Independent politician |votes = 545 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,348 |percentage = 19.99% |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,287 |percentage = 53.17% |change= {{increase}}2.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,782}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,532|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}6.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kom Lahanu Shidva |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 34,882 |percentage = 55.02% |change={{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirkira Tryambak Dhakal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,728 |percentage = 37.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Sakharam Ramji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,393 |percentage = 5.35% |change={{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ozare Jayvant Surji |party=Independent politician |votes = 786 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talpade Shashikant Gangaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 609 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,154 |percentage = 17.59% |change= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,942 |percentage = 51.27% |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,398}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,623|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kom Lahanu Shidva |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 25,671 |percentage = 49.30% |change={{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirkira Tryambak Dhakal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,089 |percentage = 36.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sakharam Ramji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,308 |percentage = 14.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,582 |percentage = 12.64% |change= {{decrease}}10.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,496 |percentage = 45.89% |change= {{decrease}}5.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,765|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kurhada Barkya Lakhya |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 29,934 |percentage = 54.08% |change={{increase}}45.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Ramchandra Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,284 |percentage = 31.23% |change={{decrease}}19.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Revaji Pandu |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,990 |percentage = 10.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Sadashiv Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,144 |percentage = 3.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,650 |percentage = 22.85% |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,240 |percentage = 52.93% |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,352}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,921|ref = |change= {{increase}}34.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Gopal Bhoye |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,508 |percentage = 50.89% |change={{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Somnath Ramawani |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,419 |percentage = 33.19% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Konda Lakhama Phadavale |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,949 |percentage = 8.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang R. Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,525 |percentage = 7.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,089 |percentage = 17.70% |change= {{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,762 |percentage = 44.03% |change= {{increase}}1.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,401}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,497|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=K. S. Karavande |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,874 |percentage = 34.66% |change={{decrease}}9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Gopal Bhoye |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 9,367 |percentage = 32.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Somnath Ramawani |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,250 |percentage = 32.47% |change={{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 507 |percentage = 1.78% |change= {{decrease}}19.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,521 |percentage = 44.23% |change= {{decrease}}2.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,491}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,259|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Sadashiv Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,819 |percentage = 44.21% |change={{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Somnath Ramawani |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,176 |percentage = 22.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Revji Pandu Chaudhari |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,123 |percentage = 19.59% |change={{decrease}}29.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yeshwant Gunaji Ambekar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,142 |percentage = 13.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,643 |percentage = 21.25% |change= {{increase}}19.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,604 |percentage = 48.54% |change= {{increase}}1.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,260}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,347|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jawhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mukane Trimbak Bhau (St) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,751 |percentage = 51.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lakhan Navasu Padu (St) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,276 |percentage = 48.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 475 |percentage = 2.06% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,027 |percentage = 41.25% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,027}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,826|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

India men's national junior ice hockey team

2026-02-04T19:59:52Z

Allen2502: corrected page

{{Infobox national hockey team
| Name = India
| Badge =
| Badge_size = 250px
| Association = [[Ice Hockey Association of India]]
| Nickname =
| General manager = Subrat Mahapatra
| Coach = Mushtaque Giri
| Asst coach = Amit Belwal Gamandeep Singh
| Captain = Tsewang Dorjay
| Most games =
| Top scorer =
| Most points =
| Home stadium = ''Several''
| IIHF code = IND
| IIHF rank =
| IIHF max =
| IIHF max date =
| IIHF min =
| IIHF min date =
| Team_Colors = {{color box|#00009c|border=darkgray}} {{color box|#ff8c00|border=darkgray}} {{color box|white|border=darkgray}} {{color box|#008000|border=darkgray}}
| First game = {{ihj|UAE}} 6–0 {{ihj-rt|IND}} ([[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]; 12 December 2017)
| Largest win =
| Largest loss = {{ihj|HKG}} 14–2 {{ihj-rt|IND}} ([[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]; 25 June 2022)
| World champ2 name =
| World champ2 apps =
| World champ2 first =
| World champ2 best =
| Regional name = [[IIHF U20 Challenge Cup of Asia]]
| Regional cup apps = 2
| Regional cup first = [[2018 IIHF U20 Challenge Cup of Asia|2018]]
| Regional cup best = 5th (2018)
| Record = 0–8–0
}}

The '''India men's national junior ice hockey team''' is the men's national under-20 [[ice hockey]] team of [[India]]. The team is controlled by the [[Ice Hockey Association of India]], and a member of the [[International Ice Hockey Federation]] (IIHF). In December 2017 the team made their international debut at the [[2018 IIHF U20 Challenge Cup of Asia]] where they finished in last place after losing all of their games.

==History==
The India men's national junior ice hockey team debuted at the [[2018 IIHF U20 Challenge Cup of Asia]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref name="2018U20OVERVIEW">{{cite web | url=https://stats.iihf.com/Hydra/682/ | title=2018 Ice Hockey U20 Challenge Cup of Asia | access-date=2018-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103043507/http://www.iihf.com/competition/682/ |archive-date=2018-01-03 | work=[[International Ice Hockey Federation|IIHF]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NTOIHINDIA">{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalteamsoficehockey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/India-U20-All-Time-Results.pdf | title=India U20 All Time Results | publisher=National Teams of Ice Hockey | access-date=2018-01-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103034909/https://www.nationalteamsoficehockey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/India-U20-All-Time-Results.pdf | archive-date=2018-01-03 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Their opening game of the tournament was against the [[United Arab Emirates men's national junior ice hockey team|United Arab Emirates]] which they lost 0–6.<ref name="2018U20OVERVIEW"/> India went on to lose their other three games of the tournament against [[Kyrgyzstan men's national junior ice hockey team|Kyrgyzstan]], [[Malaysia men's national junior ice hockey team|Malaysia]] and the [[Philippines men's national junior ice hockey team|Philippines]], finishing the tournament in last place.<ref name="2018U20OVERVIEW"/><ref name="MALAYSIAWIN2018">{{cite web | url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=12132&cHash=0603a54a16a053b91f78dd89a2fb65aa | title=Malaysian juniors win |first=Martin |last=Merk | date=2017-12-18 | access-date=2018-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230173732/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=12132&cHash=0603a54a16a053b91f78dd89a2fb65aa |archive-date=2017-12-30 | work=[[International Ice Hockey Federation|IIHF]] |url-status=live}}</ref> The loss to Kyrgyzstan of 2–13 was the teams worst on record until 2022, when they lost to Hong Kong.<ref name="NTOIHINDIA"/> Forward Tsewang Dorjay was selected as best Indian player of the tournament.<ref name="2018BESTTEAMPLAYER">{{cite web | url=https://stats.iihf.com/Hydra/682/IHM682000_85J_1_0.pdf | title=Best Players of Each Team Selected by Coaches | date=2017-12-17 | access-date=2018-01-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103071825/http://stats.iihf.com/Hydra/682/IHM682000_85J_1_0.pdf | archive-date=2018-01-03 | work=[[International Ice Hockey Federation|IIHF]] | url-status=live }}</ref>

==International competitions==
*[[2018 IIHF U20 Challenge Cup of Asia]] – 5th
*[[2022 IIHF U20 Asia and Oceania Championship|2022 IIHF U20 Challenge Cup of Asia]] – 8th

==See also==
*[[India men's national ice hockey team]]
*[[India men's national under-18 ice hockey team]]
*[[India women's national ice hockey team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Men's national junior ice hockey teams}}

[[Category:Ice hockey in India]]
[[Category:Junior national ice hockey teams]]
[[Category:National ice hockey teams in Asia]]
[[Category:National youth sports teams of India|Ice hockey]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of India|Ice hockey]]

State Bank of Patiala

2026-01-31T05:52:17Z

Allen2502: improved article as per guidelines as per guidelines

{{Short description|Former associate bank of State Bank of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = State Bank of Patiala
| logo = [[File:SBI-logo.svg|150px|State Bank of India logo]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list |{{BSE was|501061}} |{{NSE was|SBP}} }}
| foundation = [[Patiala]], 1917
| defunct = 2017
| location = Head Office, The Mall, [[Patiala]] 147 002 India
| key_people = {{ubl|Sh. Rajnish kumar (chairman)|Shri. S. A. Ramesh Rangan (managing director)}}
| industry = {{ubl|[[Banking]]|[[Capital Markets]] and allied industries|[[Insurance]]}}
| fate = Merged in [[State Bank of India]] in 2017
| products = {{ubl|Investment vehicles|Loans|Savings}}
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{profit}} {{INRConvert|173000|c}} (2013)<ref name=AR201213>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/500112/5001120313.pdf |title=Annual Report 2012–13 |publisher=SBI |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Fortune_Global500_2013_SBI">{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2013/snapshots/7646.html |title=Fortune 'Global 500' 2013:State Bank of India |access-date=10 October 2013 | work=CNN}}</ref>}}
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{nowrap|{{profit}} {{INRConvert|11358.06|c}} (2013)<ref name=AR201213/><ref name="Fortune_Global500_2013_SBI"/>}}
| assets = {{nowrap|{{profit}} {{INRConvert|116709.10|c}} (2013)<ref name=AR201213/><ref name="Fortune_Global500_2013_SBI"/>}}
| equity = {{nowrap|{{profit}} {{INRConvert|203417.50|c}} (2013)<ref name=AR201213/><ref name="Fortune_Global500_2013_SBI"/>}}
| num_employees = 13178
| parent = [[State Bank of India]]
}}

'''State Bank of Patiala''', founded in 1917, was an associate bank of the [[State Bank of India|State Bank Group]]. It merged with [[State Bank of India]] on 1 April 2017. At the time of its merger, State Bank of Patiala had a network of 1445 service outlets, including 1314 branches, in all major cities of India, but most of the branches were located in the Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]].

==History==
His Highness [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]], [[Maharaja of Patiala]] State, founded the Patiala State Bank on 17 November 1917 to foster growth of agriculture, trade, and industry. The bank combined the functions of a [[commercial bank]] and those of a [[central bank]] for the [[Indian Princely States|princely state]] of [[Patiala]]. The bank had one branch at Chowk Fort, [[Patiala]], [[Undivided India]]. By 1927, it had five branches. It primarily engaged in providing short-term credit to grain dealers and other traders.{{sfnp|Walia|1972|p=39}}

The formation of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union in 1948 led to the bank being reorganized, being brought under the control of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], and being renamed Bank of Patiala. In 1949, the Bank absorbed Bank of Faridkot and Jind Cooperative Bank,<ref name=Bankers>''Bankers Almanac'' (1995), Volume 2, p.3146.</ref>{{efn|Jind Cooperative Bank was opened on 6 December 1922, at Bada Chowk, Sangrur.}} though it subsequently gave up the cooperative business. The two acquired banks had been operating in neighboring princely states.

In 1950, Bank of Patiala started opening offices outside [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]. In 1952 it established a branch at Delhi. By 1959 the bank had 48 offices.{{sfnp|Ray|2009|p=934}}

On 1 April 1960 Bank of Patiala became a subsidiary of [[State Bank of India]] and was renamed State Bank of Patiala. In April it absorbed Kalsia State Bank.<ref name=Bankers/>{{efn|Kalsia State Bank had only one branch and the managing director was also the State Accountant General.{{sfnp|Walia|1972|p=39}}}}

== Logo and slogan ==
The logo of the State Bank of Patiala is a blue circle with a small cut in the bottom that depicts perfection and the small man the common man – being the center of the bank's business. The logo came from National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad, and it was inspired by [[Kankaria|Kankaria Lake]], Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2014/02/19/sbi-logo-was-inspired-by-kankaria-lake/|title="SBI bank logo was inspired by Kankaria lake"|date=19 February 2014|website=Deshgujarat.com|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite book|title=The evolution of the State Bank of India: The era from 1995 to 1980 |volume=4 |last=Ray|first=Abhik |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin Books India}}
* {{cite book |title=Praja Mandal Movement in East Punjab States |last=Walia |first=Ramesh |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1972}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{SBI}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1917]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Patiala]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1917]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Patiala State]]

C. J. Varkey (priest)

2026-01-30T14:05:45Z

Allen2502: Put up new pg...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

[[File:Fr.c.j.varkey.png|thumb|Fr. C. J. Varkey Kuzhikulam]]
[[Monsignor]] '''C. J. Varkey Kuzhikulam''' (1921–2009), also popularly known as "Varkeyachan" ("Father" Varkey), was an Indian priest of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] and the founder of the [[Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of Mary Immaculate]] (MSMI) in 1962.<ref>P.V. ANNIE, Gender and Spirituality: Archaeology of Religious Life in Kerala, (thesis), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam-Kerala 2015, pg. 137.</ref> The family apostolate is its charism.<ref>J. KURAVILANGADU, കോണിപ്പടികൾ: മലബാർ കുടിയേറ്റ ചരിത്രം, (Steps of Ladder: History of Migration to Malabar), Boby Books, Calicut 1991 (Malayalam language), pg. 652.</ref> At present, the congregation has 800 professed sisters working in one hundred communities in India, United States, Germany and Italy, engaged with different apostolic activities like teaching, nursing, orphanage, leprosy center, old age homes, family apostolate, social work, [[pastoral care]], prayer and counselling. He was one of the most admired figures in the Kerala Church and a leader of the [[charismatic renewal]] movement in the state.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.smcim.org/kulathuvayal/priests.htm
| title = Priests from the parish
| accessdate = 2008-10-19
| work = Kerala
| publisher = Thamaraserry Diocese }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dioceseofthamarassery.org/homage%20to%20FRCJ.html
| title = A Homage to Msgr. C. J. Varkey
| accessdate = 2016-03-30
| work = Kerala
| publisher = Eparchy of Thamarassery
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000322/http://www.dioceseofthamarassery.org/homage%20to%20FRCJ.html
| archivedate = 26 July 2011
}}</ref>

==Biography==
Varkey born in Kuzhikulam family Valavoor, PALA and lived in [[Kulathuvayal]], 50 kilometers east of Kozhikode town. He worked within the four districts of Kerala for 58 years. He came to Kulathuvayal in 1951 when the region was an underdeveloped hill area with no roads, schools or churches. Most Christians in Malabar are migrants. Migration began during the economic Depression of the 1930s and continued for decades. He started the first school in [[Kulathuvayal]] in 1954 and encouraged other parishes in the diocese to open schools before building churches. In 1976, Monsignor Varkey started the Malabar region's first charismatic retreat center, it currently attracts thousands of people. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] gave the priest the honorary title of [[monsignor]] in 2007 in recognition of his service to the Church.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.catholicactionworldwide.org/index.cfm/NewsItem?ID=140344&From=Home
| title = MSMI
| accessdate = 2008-10-19
| work = Kerala
| publisher = Catholic Action Worldwide
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725142825/http://www.catholicactionworldwide.org/index.cfm/NewsItem?ID=140344&From=Home
| archivedate = 25 July 2011
}}</ref>

He died on 24 June 2009, at the age of 88. The funeral services were held at the Nirmala Retreat Centre in Kulathuvayal. Retired Archbishop [[Jacob Thoomkuzhy]] of Trichur, Archbishop [[George Valiamattam]] of Tellicherry and Bishop Lawrence Mukkuzhy of Belthangady joined Bishop Chittilappilly at the services, along with hundreds of priests and nuns.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ucanews.com/2009/06/30/church-mourns-death-of-malabar-monsignor/
| title = Church mourns death of Malabar monsignor
| accessdate = 2016-03-30
| work = Kerala
| publisher = UCANEWS
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090701135457/http://www.ucanews.com/2009/06/30/church-mourns-death-of-malabar-monsignor/
| archivedate = 1 July 2009
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varkey, C. J.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Catholic Charismatic Renewal]]

Sikkimese people

2026-01-09T21:19:25Z

Allen2502: small cleaned up structure for clarity and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|People of Sikkim, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg
| caption = [[Flag of Sikkim|Flag of Sikkim (1967–1975)]]
| group = Sikkimese people
| population =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 610,577
| region2 = [[File:Seal of Sikkim.svg|23px]] [[Sikkim]]
| pop2 = 610,577 (2011)
| region3 =
| pop3 =
| region4 =
| pop4 =
| region5 =
| pop5 =
| region6 =
| pop6 =
| region7 =
| pop7 =
| region8 =
| pop8 =
| languages = {{hlist|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|[[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]|[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]|[[Gurung language|Gurung]]|[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|[[Magar language|Magar]]|[[Sunwar language|Sunuwar]]|[[Newari language|Newari]]|[[Rai languages|Rai]]|[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|[[Tamang language|Tamang]]}}
| religions = '''Majority:''' [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] (57.76%) '''significant minority:''' [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] (27.39%) '''Minority:''' {{hlist
|[[File:Christian cross.svg|18px]] [[Christianity]] (9.91%) |[[File:Animism symbol - white.png|12px]] Traditional religion ([[Animism]]/[[Bon]]/[[Mun (religion)|Mun]]/[[Kiratism]]) (2.67%) [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] (1.26%)|[[Sikhism]] (0.31%)|[[Jainism]] (0.03%)|[[Atheism|No religion]] (0.3%)}}<ref name="census2001">{{cite web|title=Census of India – Religious Composition|publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| related = [[Madhesi people|Madhesi Nepalese]], [[Nepalis]] including {{hlist|[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] and [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] speaking people|}}
}}
'''Sikkimese''' are [[Indian people|Indians]] who inhabit the North-east state of [[Sikkim]]. The dominant ethnic diversity of Sikkim is represented by 'Lho-Mon-Tsong-Tsum' that identifies origin of three races since the seventeenth century. The term 'Lho' refers to [[Bhutia]]s (Lhopo) means south who migrated from Southern Tibet, the term 'Mon' refers to [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] (Rong) lived in lower Eastern Himalayas and the term 'Tsong' refers to [[Limbu people|Limbus]],<ref name="tsong">{{cite journal|url=http://jogltep.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/JOGLTEP5.pdf|title=The Tsongs (Limbus) Down the Ages in Sikkim|journal=Journal of Global Literacies, Technologies, and Emerging Pedagogies|volume=5|issue=2|date=1 December 2019|author=Buddhi L. Khamdhak|accessdate= 3 February 2021|quote=The Sikkimi Tsongs, Limbus or Yakthungs, are the Indigenous inhabitants of Sikkim. They are also commonly called 'Tsong' by the Bhutias and Lepchas in Sikkim}}</ref> another tribe of Sikkim. The pre-theocratic phase of Sikkim was inhabited by the [[Kirati people|Kiratis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00699667221091380#:~:text=The%20ethnicity%2Dbased%20preferential%20treatment,a%20reconfiguration%20of%20the%20other.|title=Ethnicity and protective policies in Sikkim - Sage Journals|doi=10.1177/00699667221091380 |s2cid=251647008 }}</ref> “Sikkim is also known as the home of the Kirati tribesmen from the pre-historic times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/4203/1/Population%20of%20sikkim%20a%20geographical%20analysis.pdf|title=Population of Sikkim:A Geographical Analysis}}</ref> Society in [[Sikkim]] is characterised by multiple ethnicity and possesses attributes of a plural society. The present population of Sikkim is composed of different races and ethnic groups, viz., the Lepchas, the Bhutias, the Nepalis and the Plainsmen, who came and settled in different phases of history. The historic 8 May agreement between [[Chogyal]], the [[Government of India]] and political parties of Sikkim defines Sikkimese as Sikkimese of Bhutia-Lepcha origin or Sikkimese of Nepali origin including Tsongs and Schedule castes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pradhan |first1=Nitesh R. |title=May 8: Sikkim's Day Of Democracy |url=https://www.newindian.in/may-8-sikkims-day-of-democracy/ |website=newindian.in |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213080726/https://newindian.in/may-8-sikkims-day-of-democracy/amp/ |archive-date=13 February 2023 |language=en |date=4 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The community in Sikkim is inclusive of three sub-cultural sectors: the [[Kirati people|Kiratis]], the [[Newar people|Newaris]] and the Nepalis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1268/8/08_chapter_02.pdf|title=Ethnic Group of Sikkim In History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/3114/1/Samten%20D%20Bhutia.pdf|title=Political Parties and ethnicity in Sikkim since1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY4bVR9--XAC|title=History Culture And Customes of Sikkim|isbn=9788121209649|last1=Subba|first1=J. R.|year=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref>

== Tribes and Communities of Sikkim ==
[[Sikkim]] is a multi-ethnic society inhabited by different ethnic communities belonging to different racial and linguistic groups. The [[Anthropological Survey of India]] has identified 21 communities in Sikkim and more than 13 different languages belonging to different linguistic stock are spoken in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/4203/1/Population%20of%20sikkim%20a%20geographical%20analysis.pdf|title=Population of Sikkim:A Geographical Analysis}}</ref> {{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|caption=Communities and Tribes of Sikkim<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/158/1/Encyclopaedia%20of%20Sikkim%20vol%201.pdf|title=Encyclopedia of Sikkim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://buddhilkhamdhak.blogspot.com/2014/01/complex-ethnography-of-sikkim_6201.html?m=1|title=Complex Ethnography of Sikkim|date=31 January 2014}}</ref>
|label1=[[Rai people|Rai]]|color1=red|value1=13.4
|label2= [[Chhetri]]|value2=12.22|color2=green
|label3=[[Limbu people|Limbu]]|value3=9.79|color3=salmon
|label4=[[Bhutia]]|value4=8.57|color4=violet
|label5=[[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]|value5=7.94|color5=mediumspringgreen
|label6=[[Bahun]]|color6=orange|value6=6.96
|label7=[[Tamang people|Tamang]]|value7=6.8|color7=darkred
|label8=[[Gurung people|Gurung]]|value8=5.87|color8=palegreen
|label9=[[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]|value9=4.45|color9=yellow
|label10=[[Kami (caste)|Kami]]|value10=4.25|color10=steelblue
|label11=[[Newar]]|value11=3.73|color11=hotpink
|label12=[[Magar people|Magar]]|value12=2.69|color12=plum
|label13=[[Damai ]]|value13=1.96|color13=cornsilk
|label14=[[Thami]]|value14=0.9|color14=darkblue
|label15=[[Bhujel]]|value15=0.6|color15=magenta
|label16= [[Sunuwar]]|value16=0.65|color16=turquoise
|label17=[[Sanyasi]]/Giri|value17=0.46|color17=teal
|label18=[[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]] |value18=0.2|color18=skyblue
|label19=[[Yakkha people|Yakkha]] Dewan|value19=0.003|color19=indianred
|label20=Others|value20=9.34|color20=grey
}}

=== Ethnic Communities ===
[[The People of India]], Sikkim, Voi-XXXIX by [[Kumar Suresh Singh|K.S Singh]] (1993) enumerated altogether three ethnicities and further divided into twenty-five tribes and communities in Sikkim. '''Sikkimese''' are group of three ethnicities - [[Indian Gorkha]]s, [[Bhutia]] and [[Lepcha people|Lepcha or Rongkup]]. While the Report of the Commission for Review of Environmental and Social Sector, Policies, Plans and Programmes (CRESP, 2008) records different communities and tribes of Sikkim such as [[Bhujel]], [[Bhutia]], [[Bahun|Bahun (Khas)]], [[Chhetri|Chhetri (Khas)]], [[Yakkha people|Yakkha]], [[Damai]], [[Gurung people|Gurung]], [[Kami (caste)|Kami]], [[Rai people|Rai]], [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]], [[Magars]], [[Newar people|Newar]], [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]] (Sanyasi/Giri), [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Sunuwar people|Sunuwar]], [[Tamang people|Tamang]], and [[Thami]]. The [[Bhutia]]s constitute 8.57%, [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] 7·94%, [[Limbu people|Limbus]] 9·79%, [[Tamang people|Tamangs]] 6.8%, [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]] 4.45%, [[Magars]] 2.69%, [[Rai people|Rais]] 13.4%, [[Gurung people|Gurungs]] 5.87%, [[Yakkha people|Yakkhas]] 0.003%, [[Jogi (caste)|Jogis]] (Sanyasi/Giri) 0.46%, [[Sunuwar people|Sunuwar]] 0.65%, [[Thami]]s 0.09%, [[Bhujel]]s 0.6%, [[Khas people|Khas]] or [[Bahun]] 6.96%, [[Khas people|Khas]] or [[Chhetri|Chettris]] 12.22%, [[Newar people|Pradhans]] (Newar) 3·73%, [[Kami (caste)|Kamis]] 4.25%, [[Damai]]s 1.96%, [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarkis]] 0.2% and others 9·34% of the total population of Sikkim. The [[Rai people|Rai]] is the single largest ethnic community in Sikkim followed by the [[Chhetri|Chettris]]. Among the Schedule caste, [[Kami (caste)|Kami]] is the largest community followed by [[Damai]] and [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]]. The community with lowest population in Sikkim is [[Yakkha people|Yakkha]] followed by [[Thami]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1543/9/09_chapter_03.pdf|title=LINGUISTIC AND RELIGIOUS MINORITIES UNDER SSP LED GOVERNMENT}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{pie chart|label1=[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|label7=[[Tamang language|Tamang]]|label11=Other|value11=4.2|caption=Languages of Sikkim (2011 census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>|color10=gold|value10=1.14|label10=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|color9=limegreen|value9=1.22|label9=[[Rai languages|Rai]]|color8=red|value8=1.63|label8=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]|color7=skyblue|value7=1.92|color6=purple|value1=62.6|color3=lavender|color1=maroon|label2=[[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]|value2=6.86|color2=deepskyblue|label3=[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|value3=6.34|label4=[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]|value6=2.24|value4=6.27|color4=darkblue|label5=[[Hindi]]|value5=5.58|color5=orange|label6=[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|color11=grey}}

The official languages of the state are [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Bhutia]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] and [[Indian English|English]]. Additional official languages include [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Sunuwar]], [[Newar language|Newar]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Tamang language|Tamang]] for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state.

Nepali is the lingua franca of Sikkim, while Sikkimese (Bhutia) and Lepcha are spoken in certain areas.<ref>indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mini-sikkim-in-making-308081-2016-02-10</ref> English is also spoken and understood in most of Sikkim. Other languages include [[Dzongkha]], [[Groma language|Groma]], [[Hindi]], [[Majhi language|Majhi]], [[Majhwar language|Majhwar]], [[Thulung language|Thulung]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], and [[Yakkha language|Yakkha]].{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=10}} [[Nepali language|Nepali]] is the lingua franca of [[Sikkim]] while [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]] and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] are spoken in certain areas.<ref>indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mini-sikkim-in-making-308081-2016-02-10</ref><ref>thewire.in/article/politics/watch-sikkim-simultaneous-people-elections-and-the-battle-over-the-17th-karmapa/amp</ref><ref>northeasttourism.gov.in/sikkim.html</ref>

==Festivals==
Sikkim Has Various Ethnic Cultural Festivals of [[Indian Gorkha]]s, Bhutias and Lepchas. Hindu and Buddhist both celebrates Local Festivals : [[Dashain]] (Vijaya Dashami), [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar (Dipawali)]], [[Losar]], [[Saga Dawa]], [[Chasok Tangnam]], [[Sakela|Sakewa]], [[Tendong Lho Rumfaat]], [[Losoong Festival|Losoong/Namsoong]], [[Indra Jatra]], [[Sonam Lhosar]], [[Tamu Lhosar]], [[Chasok Tangnam]], [[Maghe Sankranti]], [[Buddha Jayanti]], [[Rama Navami]], Pang-Lhabsol, Lhabab Duechen. Teyongsi Srijunga Sawan Tongnam, Barahimizong, Kagyed Dance, Guru Rimpoche's Thunkar Tshechu, Bhanu Jayanti etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/KnowSikkim/about-sikkim/festivals-in-sikkim|title=festivals of Sikkim govtofsikkimportal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/Publication/Hand%20Book%20of%20Nature%20Based%20Festival%20of%20Sikkim%2005-06-15%20web.pdf|title=Handbook on Nature Based Festivals of Sikkim}}</ref>

== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in Sikkim}}
{{See also|Hinduism in Sikkim}}

[[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]], which accounts for 28.1 per cent of the population, is Sikkim's second-largest, yet most prominent religion. Prior to Sikkim's becoming a part of the Indian Union, Vajrayana Buddhism was the state religion under the [[Chogyal]]. Sikkim has 75 Buddhist monasteries, the oldest dating back to the 1700s.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC|publisher = Mittal Publications|date = 1 January 2001|isbn = 9788170997948|first = Hamlet|last = Bareh}}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] has been the state's major religion since the arrival of the [[Indian Gorkha|Nepali speaking Indian Gorkha]] Hindu population; an estimated 64% per cent of the total population are now adherents of the religion. There exist many Hindu temples. [[Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple]] is very popular, the [[Char Dham]], Sai Mandir altogether.

[[Christians]] in Sikkim are mostly descendants of Lepcha people who were converted by British missionaries in the late 19th century and constitute around 10 per cent of the population. As of 2014, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim is the largest Christian denomination in Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Indian Reformed Fellowship Australia|url = http://irfa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:points-of-ministry&Itemid=41|website = Indian Reformed Fellowship - Australia|access-date = 4 January 2016|language = en-US}}</ref>

[[Muslim]]s (some of them are ''[[Tibetan Muslims]]'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Fabienne Le |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-wyEQAAQBAJ&dq=Sikkim+Muslim&pg=PA50 |title=Tibetan Muslims: A Minority within a Minority. From a Kashmiri Muslim Immigration to Tibet to a Tibetan Muslim Forced Migration to India |date=2023-04-01 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=978-3-643-96445-8 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Jains]], who each account for roughly one per cent of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|title = People of India: Sikkim, Anthropological Survey of India.|last = Singh|first = Kumar Suresh|publisher = Anthropological Survey of India|year = 1992|isbn = 81-7046-120-0|location = New Delhi|pages = 39}}</ref>

The traditional religion of the native Lepcha people is [[Mun (religion)|Mun]], an animist practice which co-exists alongside Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A Grammar Of Lepcha|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC|publisher = BRILL|date = 1 January 2007|isbn = 978-9004155251|first = Heleen|last = Plaisier}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Sikkimese cuisine]]
*[[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim]]
*[[Rabdentse]]
*[[Gangtok]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:People from Sikkim|Sikkimese people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

Gopal Bhar (TV series)

2025-12-28T04:05:34Z

Allen2502: Put up details...

{{Short description|Indian animated TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| name =
| image = Gopal Bhar animated TV series title card.webp
| caption = Title card
| genre = Comedy
| creator = Sourav Mondal Hansa Mondal
| based_on = [[Gopal Bhar]]
| writer = Sourav Mondal Hansa Mondal
| director = Sourav Mondal Hansa Mondal
| voices = {{unbulleted list|Rajendra Prasad Majumder|Partha Pratim Nath|Rabin Seth|Ujjwal Mondal|Parthasarathi Dasgupta|Manojit Bose|Sudipto Mitra|Ashish Ghosh|Hansa Mandal|Shippy Mitra|Shubhechchha Mitra}}
| country = India, Bangladesh
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1,200
| producer = Sourav Mondal Hansa Mondal
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| animator = {{unbulleted list|Sourav Mukherjee|Manoj Kumar Prasad|Banshari Samanta|Somnath Debnath|Subinoy Roy|Swadesh Mondal|Kapil Acharya|Rima Chakraborty|Pabitra Sadhu|Souradip Pradhan|Souma Prasad Yash|Aniruddha Mondal|Abhishek Dhara|Tarapada Chowdhury|Chiranjit Mondal|Bappaditya Das|Shubhadwip Dutta Bonik|Souvik Panchal}}
| editor = Koushik Pyne Koushik Sarkar
| company = Ssoftoons Production
| network = [[Sony AATH]] [[SonyLIV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2015|03|08|df=}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Gopal Bhar''''' is an Indian animated comedy television series based on legendary Bengali court jester [[Gopal Bhar]]. Since 2015, the series start airing on [[Sony AATH]] television channel and after airing episode digitally available on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Hansa |title=How animated content has evolved to have a broader appeal? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/how-animated-content-has-evolved-to-have-a-broader-appeal/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Gopal Bhar Online - All Latest Episodes Online on Sony LIV |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/gopal-bhar-1700000125 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony AATH |url=https://www.sonyaath.com/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.sonyaath.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Gopal Bhar Online, All Seasons or Episodes, Comedy {{!}} Show/Web Series |url=https://www.digitbinge.in/amp/shows/gopal-bhar-4291/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.digitbinge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopal Bhar spotted on the streets of Kolkata ahead of his own movie launch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/gopal-bhar-spotted-on-the-streets-of-kolkata-ahead-of-his-own-movie-launch/cid/1956956 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Characters ==
=== Main ===
* [[Gopal Bhar]] – [[jester]] at the royal court
* [[Krishnachandra Roy]] – King of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]/[[Nadia Raj|Nadia]]/Nabadwip (older episodes)
* ''Rani''/''Maharani'' – Wife of Raja Krishnachandra Roy; queen consort of Krishnanagar and princess of Bijaynagar
* ''Tal Pathar Sepai'' / ''Mantri'' (minister)
* Parbati (Gopal's wife)
* Minister's wife
* ''Raj Bigyani'' (court scientist)
* ''Sabha Kabi'' ([[Kaviraj|court poet]])
* ''Raj Pandit'' (court priest)
* ''Raj Baidya'' (court physician)
* ''Raj Jatishi'' (court [[astrologer]])
* ''Senapati'' ([[commander-in-chief]])
* [[Alivardi Khan]] – [[Nawab of Murshidabad]]/[[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
* ''Wazir'' ( Ooajir)([[Grand Vizier]])
* Gopal's nominal grandchildren:
** Gulte
** Nyapla
** Puti
** Tepa (Puti's younger brother)
** Puchke (Puti's younger brother)
* ''Mantri'''s associates
** Bota
** Ghota
** Bhagaban (acting minister in some later episodes)
* Kelepocha – Gopal's associate, previously a thief
* Bhola moyra –confectioner in Krishnanagar
* Khoka – Gopal's son
* Minu – Gopal's daughter
* Bishwambhar – Gopal's son-in-law
* Ramu – Puti's father
* Puti's mother

=== Minor ===
* ''Amatya'' (Member of the court of King Krishnachandra)
* King of Khambaj (Khambaj Raja)
* Minister of Khambaj Raja
* Gopal's brother-in-law
* Gopal's mother-in-law
* Nawab's ambassador
* ''Raj Pandit'''s wife
* ''Raj Baidya'''s wife
* ''Raj Jatishi'''s wife
* ''Senapati'''s wife
* ''[[Begum]]'' of Murshidabad (Nawab's wife)
* Gopal's grandson

== See also ==
* [[Nut Boltu]]
* [[List of Indian animated television series]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt10375748}}
{{India-tv-stub}}

[[Category:Indian animated television series]]
[[Category:Sony Aath original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]

Cornwallis (1789 ship)

2025-12-15T20:58:12Z

Allen2502: Put up new post...

{{other ships|Cornwallis (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=Great Britain
|flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}}
|name=''Cornwallis''
|namesake=[[Earl Cornwallis]]
|ordered=
|builder=Surat{{efn|Three sources give the location as Surat.{{sfnp|Milburn|1813|p=237}}{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=170}}{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=173}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=28-9}} Two sources give it as Daman or Demaun.<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114782 British Library: ''Cornwallis''.]</ref><ref name=Report2>''Report and Papers...'' (1809), p.242.</ref> One source gives Bombay, but that source distinguishes only two locations, Bombay and Calcutta.{{sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=626}} The shipping registers simply report "India".<ref name=LR1800/><ref name=RS1809/>}}
|owner=*Originally:Lennox & Co.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=28-9}}
* 1803 & 4:Nasserwanji Manockji{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}
* 1809:Nasserwanjee Monackjee<ref name=Report2/>{{sfnp|Milburn|1813|p=237}}<ref name=BL/>
* 1813-1818:Nemchand Amichand{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}
* 1819-1833:Motichand Armichand{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}
* 1841:Khemchand Motichand<ref name=Bombay/>
|laid_down=
|launched=c.1789{{efn|Three sources give the year as 1788.<ref>''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany ..., Volume 8'' (November 1819), "Comparative strengths of ships built in different parts of India", p.447.</ref><ref name=Bombay>''Bombay Calendar and Almanack'' (1841), p.59.</ref>{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=28-9}} Two sources give it as 1789.<ref name=LR1800/><ref name=RS1809/> Three sources give it as 1790.{{sfnp|Milburn|1813|p=237}}{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=170}}{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=173}}<ref name=BL/>}}
|acquired=
|commissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|captured=
|fate=Burnt at Bombay Harbour June 1841
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class=
|tons_burthen=653,{{sfnp|Milburn|1813|p=237}}{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=170}}<ref name=BL/> or 666,<ref name=Bombay/> or 667,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=173}} or 716,<ref name=Report>''Report and Papers...'' (1809), p.238.</ref>{{sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=626}} or 719<ref name=LR1800/><ref name=RS1809/>{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=28-9}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length={{convert|123|ft|m|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=28-9}}
|beam=
|draught=
|hold_depth=
|sail_plan=[[Full-rigged ship]]
|propulsion=
|complement=
|armament=22 guns
|notes=Teak-built
}}
}}
'''''Cornwallis''''' was built probably at [[Surat]] around 1789, or possibly [[Daman, India|Demaun]] in 1790. Her name was originally ''Britannia'', but it was changed to ''Cornwallis'' shortly before her completion.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=28-9}} She served for some years in India as a country ship, before transferring her registry to Britain in 1797. She then served in private trade between Britain and India until 1809 or so when she transferred her registry back to [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Thereafter she served as a country ship, though in both 1810 and again in 1817 she performed a voyage to Britain for the British [[East India Company]]. Thereafter she apparently continued to serve as a country ship with homeport of [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. She burnt there in June 1841 as she was about to take a cargo of cotton to China.

==Career==
''Cornwallis'' was admitted to British Registry on 12 May 1797 as a private vessel employed in the trade between Britain and India.{{sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=626}} On 24 June 1797 the cost of fitting her out in Britain was [[£sd|£]]7475 2[[shilling|s]] 10[[pence|d]].{{sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=716}}

''Cornwallis'' entered ''Lloyd's Register'' in the supplemental pages to the 1800 volume. The entry notes that she had undergone a "good repair" in that year.<ref name=LR1800>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015065522479?urlappend=%3Bseq=94 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1800), Seq. №C621.]</ref>

She served as a transport or troopship to support Major-General [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|Sir David Baird]]'s expedition in 1800 to the Red Sea.{{sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=654}} Baird was in command of the Indian army that was going to Egypt to help General [[Ralph Abercromby]] expel the [[France|French]] there. Baird landed at [[Al-Qusayr, Egypt|Kosseir]], on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. He then led his troops army across the desert to [[Qena|Kena]] on the [[Nile]], and then to [[Cairo]]. He arrived in time for the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|battle of Alexandria]].

{{main|Transport vessels for the British expedition to the Red Sea (1801)}}

''Cornwallis'' underwent a second good repair in 1802. The cost of her repairs in 1802 was £11,273 7s 3d.{{sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=616}}

'''[[Lloyd's Register]]'''
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
! Trade
! Notes
|-
| 1800
| Robertson
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm), 22 guns
|-
| 1801
| Robertson
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm), 22 guns
|-
| 1802
| Robertson R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
| 1803
| R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
| 1804
| R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
| 1805
| R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
| 1806
| R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
| 1807
| R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
| 1808
| R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
| 1809
| R. Elderton
| Lennox & Co.
| London-India
| 719 tons (bm)
|-
|}

Captain Robert Robertson died on 26 March 1802 as ''Cornwallis'' was sailing from India to England.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}

In 1806 and 1808 ''Cornwallis'' sailed to China.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}

The ''Register of Shipping'' for 1809 agrees with ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1809 in almost all particulars, but gives the name of ''Cornwallis''{{'}}s master as R. Eleston.<ref name=RS1809>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024495320?urlappend=%3Bseq=127 ''Register of Shipping'' (1809), Seq.№C689.]</ref>

''Cornwallis'' then disappears from the registers. She had shifted her registry to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India. She appears on a list of ships belonging to or sailing out of Bombay as of 1 January 1811.{{sfnp|Milburn|1813|p=237}} At the time her owner was Nasserwanjee Monackjee.{{sfnp|Milburn|1813|p=237}}<ref name=BL/> Another source gives the name of her owner in 1811 as possibly Porcher & Co.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}

In 1810 ''Cornwallis'' made the first of two voyages for the EIC. She left Bombay on 17 June, reached [[St Helena]] on 3 September, and arrived at Long Reach on 16 November.<ref name=BL/>

She participated as one of the transports in the British [[Invasion of Java (1811)|reduction of Java]], under the auspices of [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]]. She was in the second division, which left Malacca on 7 June 1811.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 27, p.109.</ref>

{{main|Transport vessels for the British invasion of Java (1811)}}

She may have sailed to China either before or after her role in the invasion. During this period her master was Robert Graham.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}

On 25 August 1815 ''Cornwallis'', Graham, master, sailed for London from the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. On 30 September she sailed from St Helena. On 26 November she arrived at [[Gravesend, Kent]].

In 1813 the EIC had lost its monopoly on the trade between India and Britain. British ships were then free to sail to India or the Indian Ocean under a licence from the EIC.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=247}} On 23 January 1816 her agents applied for a licence authorizing ''Cornwallis'' to trade between the United Kingdom and the East Indies. She received the licence on 24 January.{{sfnp|House of Commons|1816}} ''Cornwallis'', Graham, master, sailed from Gravesend 23 February 1816, bound for Bombay.

''Cornwallis'' also sailed to Bengal in 1816 from China.

Her second voyage for the EIC occurred in 1817. Captain Thomas Brown sailed ''Cornwallis'' from Calcutta on 25 March. She was at [[Diamond Harbour]] on 10 May, and [[Chennai|Madras]] on 10 July. She reached the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 27 October, and arrived at Spithead on 17 January 1818.<ref name=BL/>

More voyages to China followed in 1818, 1822, 1825, 1826, and 1827 (two). Robert Graham was again her master until 1825, when D. Hardie replaced him. Hardie remained her master into 1829. P. Keys was ''Cornwallis''{{'}}s master between 1831 and 1833.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=124}}

''Cornwallis'' was reported as still sailing out of Bombay in 1838,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=173}} and in 1841. In 1841 the name of her master was James Clark.<ref name=Bombay/>

==Fate==
In June 1841 ''Cornwallis'' was in Bombay harbour with a cargo of cotton for China when she caught fire. There was "a strong impression that this fine old ship was willfully set on fire."<ref>"Ships burnt and destroyed" (November 1847) ''Nautical Magazine: A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs''. Vol.16, p.588.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Bulley |first=Anne |year=2000 |title=The Bombay Country Ships, 1790–1833 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700712366}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |date=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1816 |title=Parliamentary Papers |volume=10 |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1816}}|url=}}
* {{cite book |last=Milburn |first1=William |year=1813 |title=Oriental Commerce: Containing a Geographical Description of the Principal Places in the East Indies, China, and Japan, with Their Produce, Manufactures, and Trade |volume=1 |publisher=Black, Parry & Company}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott }}
* Anon. (1809) ''Reports and Papers on the Impolicy of Employing Indian Built Ships in the Trade of the East-India Company, and of Admitting Them to British Registry: With Observation on Its Injurious Consequences to the Landed and Shipping Interests, and to the Numerous Branches of Trade Dependent on the Building and Equipment of British-built Ships''. (Blacks and Parry).

{{1841 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornwallis (1789 ship)}}
[[Category:1789 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in June 1841]]
[[Category:Ship fires]]

S. L. Shakdhar

2025-10-29T13:46:30Z

Allen2502: quick update

{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = S. L. Shakdher
|image =
|image_size = 94px
|caption =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 2002
|death_place =
|other_names =
| office = [[6th Chief Election Commissioner of India]]
| term = 1977–1982
| predecessor = [[T. Swaminathan]]
| successor = [[R. K. Trivedi]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| term2 = 3rd, 4th, 5th Lok Sabha
|occupation = Civil Servant
|nationality = Indian
}}

'''S. L. Shakdher''' (1918–2002) was a [[6th Chief Election Commissioner of India]] and former Secretary-General of [[3rd Lok Sabha]], [[4th Lok Sabha]] and [[5th Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of Parliament of India).<ref name="Press Release">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rmay2002/18052002/r180520021.html |title=Press Release: Prime Minister condoles the death of S L Shakdher |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India}}</ref> He was Chief Election Commissioner from 1977 to 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/Audio_VideoClips/previous-ces.asp |title=Previous Chief Election Commissioners |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121060346/http://www.eci.gov.in/Audio_VideoClips/previous-ces.asp |archivedate=21 November 2008}}</ref> He hailed from [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He died in 2002.<ref name="Press Release"/> He was an Expert on Constitution matters and Parliamentary proceeding, he made significant contribution to adaptation and changes in Parliamentary procedures for efficient functioning of Lok Sabha. He has rich knowledge and wide experience in Parliamentary matters is symbolised by his treatise on ''Practice and Procedure of Parliament'', co-authored with Subhash Kashyap, and other publications.

==Positions held==
* Secretary, Lok Sabha, 1964–73
* Secretary-General, Lok Sabha, 1973–77
* Secretary-General of the Indian Parliamentary Group

==References==
Kashyap, Subhash C. (1989) The Office of the Secretary-General – Monograph Series (New Delhi: Lok Sabha Sectt., pp. (25–26)

{{Reflist}}

{{Chief Election Commissioners of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakdher, S. L.}}
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Chief election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Secretaries general of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1918 births]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

South Indians in Fiji

2025-10-24T02:43:40Z

Allen2502: started new stub!

'''Indians in Fiji''' are mainly descendants of the 15,132 contract labourers who were brought to [[Fiji]] between 1903 and 1916. This represents about 25% out of a total of 60,965 contract labourers who were brought to Fiji between 1879 and 1916. They were forced in to ships from [[Madras]] and were mainly recruited in the districts of [[North Arcot]], [[Madras]], [[Krishna District| Krishna]], [[Godavari District| Godavari]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Thanjavur District |Tanjore]], [[Malabar District| Malabar]] and [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]]. More than half of the labourers from South India were recruited from North Arcot and Madras, but most of those recruited in Madras were originally from North Arcot and [[Chingleput]].

{{TOC right}}

== South Indian Languages ==
The language spoken by the South Indian labourers was only included in the emigration passes issued in 1903. Of the 589 labourers from South India in 1903, the number of people speaking each language is shown below.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
!  Language
!  Number
!  Percentage
|-
| align="left" | Telugu
| 318
| 54.0%
|-
| align="left" | Tamil
| 164
| 27.8%
|-
| align="left" | Malayalam
| 31
| 5.4%
|-
| align="left" | Kannada
| 17
| 2.9%
|-
| align="left" | Marathi
| 33
| 5.6%
|-
| align="left" | Hindustani
| 25
| 4.2%
|-
| align="left" | Total
| 589
| 100.0%
|}

In later years more [[Telugu language|Telugu]] than [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers came from South India, as can be seen from subsequent census figures. According to the 1956 census, the number of households speaking each language was as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! language
!   Number
!  Percentage
|-
|-
| align="left" | Hindustani
| 17,164
| 65.9%
|-
| align="left" | Hindi
| 3,644
| 14.0%
|-
| align="left" | Telugu
| 1,498
| 5.8%
|-
| align="left" | Urdu
| 1,223
| 4.7%
|-
| align="left" | Gujarati
| 830
| 3.2%
|-
| align="left" | Tamil
| 797
| 3.1%
|-
| align="left" | Gurumukhi
| 468
| 1.8%
|-
| align="left" | Malayalam
| 134
| 0.5%
|-
| align="left" | Other Languages
| 273
| 1.0%
|-
| align="left" | Total
| 26,031
| 100.0%
|}

Although by 1956 [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Fiji Hindi]]) was being used in most Fiji households, the numbers still using South Indian languages indicate that there were twice as many Telugus than [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s. [[Malayalam]] was the third most common South Indian language. From 1929 to 1963, the ability to read and write in Telugu or Tamil was accepted as a literacy qualification to be a voter for elections to the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]]. In 2005, it was revealed that in the 20 primary schools managed by TISI, out of the 4,940 students, 1,765 took Tamil classes and there were only 489 learning Telugu.<ref>[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=338105 Keep your culture The challenge for South Indians - Fiji Times]</ref>

== Religious Background of South Indians ==
The South Indian immigrants were made up of a smaller population of [[Muslims]] (1,091 Muslims out of 15,132) and a greater proportion of Christians than their North Indian counterparts. The [[Hindus]], who form the majority, belonged to over a hundred different castes.

== Life during Indenture ==
Although South Indians were used to working overseas, most found it difficult to adjust to the [[Indians in Fiji|Fiji Indian]] society already established in Fiji. Language was a major problem as they had to learn Hindustani, the language of the plantation. During indenture, there was a high suicide rate amongst South Indians.

== Revival of South Indian Culture ==
At the end of his indenture period, [[Kuppuswami]], Naidu, an ex-policeman and indentured labourer, took up the cause of the South Indians in Fiji. He gave up worldly pleasures, taking up the life of a ''sadhu'' (holy man). He was a devotee of [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Ramana Maharishi]], [[Ramalinga Swamigal]] and [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]. He later became known amongst his colleagues and South Indians in particular, as Sadhu Swami. He conceived the idea of a South Indian Organisation and worked, towards this goal with the help of other South Indians who could understand his feelings and were prepared to provide assistance towards the cause. According to the data published by TISI in 2002, Tamil was learnt by 1,738 students in 17 schools between grades 1-8 and Telugu by 255 students in 3 schools.

== Birth of Sangam ==
[[Sadhu Kuppuswami]] founded the ''Then India Sanmarga Ikya Sangam'' (TISI Sangam) after travelling to all parts of Fiji where South Indians were settled, and inspiring them to congregate at the [[Nadi]] Sri Siva Subramaniya Swami Temple on Swami Vivekananda's Birthday on 12 January in 1926, where they gave birth to the organisation which is today known as "Sangam". Sadhu Swami was elected the first President of Sangam and he remained its president for his lifetime.

On 26 December 1927, the Madras Maha Sangam, was formed in [[Suva]] by Verrappa Muthiah Pillai in Suva and branches were soon established in [[Levuka]] and [[Labasa]]. In 1937 the Madras Maha Sangam merged with the TISI Sangam.

== Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji (MIAF) ==
{{main article|Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji}}
[[Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji]] (MIAF) represents approximately 30% of the [[Sunni]] Muslims in Fiji who are mostly followers of [[Imam]] [[Shafi]]. The followers of Imam Shafi in Fiji are the descendants of Muslims of [[Malayalam]] origin who came to Fiji under the indenture system from [[Kerala]] (Malabar) in [[South India]] between 1903 and 1916. The organisation originally operated under the name of Then India Maunatul Islam Association of Fiji since it was officially formed in 1942. The original officials were; President: Late Shahbud Dean, Vice President: Late Hajji Moidin Koya, Secretary: Mohammed Shafique, Treasurer: Late Hon [[A. R. Manu]]. One of the most famous past President and Speaker of the Association was the late Hon [[Sidiq Koya|S.M. Koya]], who was the leader of the [[National Federation Party]] and Leader of Opposition in Fiji for a number of years. The name of the Association was changed in 1982 to Maunatul Islam Association when a new constitution was drawn.

== Swami Avinashananda ==
The early years of the Sangam had their share of problems, but the arrival, on 21 May 1937, of Swami Avinashananda from the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] of India, on the invitation of Sadhu Swami, saw the beginning of the golden years of Sangam. Although he spent just a brief period of eleven months in Fiji, Swami Avinashananda was able to consolidate the structure of Sangam and lay down the principles on which it was to function in later years. Swami Avinashananda had the Sangam legally registered as an organisation under the company's act, and [[A. D. Patel]] became its general manager. Thus legalised, Sangam and its community set forth in earnest to develop schools and temples to foster South Indian languages, culture and religion in all parts of Fiji. At present, the Sangam controls 21 Primary and 5 Secondary Colleges with innumerable Temples and Kindergartens spread throughout the country.

== Swami Rudrananda ==
{{main article|Swami Rudrananda}}
Swami Avivashananda was replaced by Swami Rudrananda in 1939. He was soon followed by Ganeshwar Rao, a Telugu teacher, and Rama Krishnan, a Tamil teacher, to teach South Indian mother tongues in the Sangam Schools and to uplift the general standard of Sangam. Rama Krishnan was the first ever graduate teacher to be posted to Nadi Sangam School as its Head Teacher, and Ganeshwar Rao worked with him as his assistant. As a dedicated teacher, the late Rama Krishnan formed the Youth Wing known as the ''Then India Valibar Sangam'' (TIV Sangam) and introduced the Inter-District Competition in Soccer, athletics, and Music and Art to encourage the development of South Indian language and culture.

Swami Rudrananda consolidated and expanded the activities of T.I.S.I. Sangam based at Sangam Ashram in Nadi. He acquired properties for Sangam. These included freehold land at Savusavu ({{convert|130|acres}}) and Madhuvani, Rakiraki (1037 acres). The Sangam Sarada Printing Press was started on 15 August 1948 to cope with the educational needs of the community at large. Publications like ''Sangam'' in Tamil, ''Pacific Review'' in [[English language|English]], ''Jagriti'' in [[Hindi]], and ''Na Pacifica'' in [[Fijian language|Fijian]] were published and circulated to give vent to the voice of the [[India]]n community as a whole.

Swami Rudrananda was fondly called as "SarkkariSami" by people as he was majorly working for the betterment of sugar cane workers.<ref>[http://www.chennaimath.org/category/media/magazines/sri-ramakrishna-vijayam Sri Ramakrishna Vijayam, December 2014, Page 19]</ref>

== Women's Wing ==
A Women's Wing was also formed in 1938 as the ''Then India Sanmarga Maathar Sangam'' which launched the very simple and humble charitable task of ''Pidi Arisi'', (A handful of rice) which every South Indian householder was required to set aside each day for charity before commencing their household cooking. This noble concept was introduced by Swami Avinashananda as one of the projects to assist in running a hostel for children of poor parents and others living far away from Nadi to gain an education at Nadi Sangam School, which was the first and the largest Sangam School for that time.

== Andhra Sangam ==
The TISI Sangam was dominated by the more numerous Tamils, and concern by the minority Telugus about the promotion of their language led to the formation of their own Sangam. Under the leadership of Veeranna, the ''Dakshina India Andhra Sangam'' of Fiji was formed on 20 April 1941 at the Gallau Temple in Ra.

== Shri Vivekananda High School (Now Swami Vivekananda College)==
Source:<ref>[http://www.chennaimath.org/category/media/magazines/sri-ramakrishna-vijayam Sri Ramakrishna Vijayam, December 2014; page 20]</ref>

The Sangam, continued its pursuit to provide higher education to its pupils by becoming the first non-Government Organisation to start a private Secondary School, the Shri Vivekananda High School, on 9 March 1949. Shri Vivekananda High School began in a very humble way in the T.I.V. Sangam's Gymnasium Hall, in the Nadi Sangam Primary School compound, with 25 students, headed by Mr K.S.Reddy as Principal and Messers Gopal Swami Naidu and Krishna Narsingha Rao as the two assistants. Students from all parts of Fiji, even as far away as [[Vanua Levu]], came to attend the school. As this school grew in strength, it had to shift to the premises of Lora Murugan. It was here that Shri Vivekananda High School developed and later moved to its present site in Malolo and is now managed by the Ramakrishna Mission.

Sangam, Schools and Temples sprang up in different villages and settlements. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company assisted the Sangam by providing land to build schools and temples and having its Field Officers act as school managers. Mother tongue was given priority over other subjects in the schools, and the South Indian languages and culture flourished throughout the country for several decades till the Sangam celebrated its Silver Jubilee in 1951.

With the advent of changes in the education system and the introduction of new examinations in Primary Schools, the emphasis gradually shifted from vernacular and creative subjects to mere academic pursuits. Preparing students for the examinations became the hallmark for the teachers, and keen competition developed as to which school got the largest number of passes became the theme for parents, management and teachers alike. This shift in trend became the cause of the gradual decline of the South Indian languages as they were not examination subjects.

== Ramalingar Mission ==
Concern with the decline of South Indian culture and tradition led to the formation of ''Fiji Sutha Sanmarga Sangam'', a branch of Ramalinagar Sangam in Suva on 14 April 1966, under the leadership of Appa Pillai. He conducted a monthly South Indian program on [[Radio Fiji]] and travelled around the country teaching Tamil language and culture and distributing Tamil Readers sourced from India.

== Sangam Rejuvenated ==
With the revival of the Annual Convention, Sangam members from all parts flocked to Lovu during the Easter Holidays of 1976 to rejuvenate the Sangam and later in the same year celebrated its [[Golden Jubilee]] from 8th to 10 October 1976 at Nadi. Once again, the organisation was streamlined, and the management commenced functioning smoothly under the new administration. The next decade, from 1976 to 1986, saw gradual improvement in the management and organisation of Sangam assets and properties, and attention was once again drawn towards the revival of the South Indian Languages, religion and culture. The revival of Sangam activities together with the arrival of Shivacharya Mahalinga Gurukkal, whose services were made available to Nadi Siva Subramaniya Swamy Temple in 1984 by the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]] as the Chief Priest boosted the activities at the Temple, and devotees flocked to the Temple in very large numbers to witness and participate in the many new and unique religious ceremonies conducted at the Temple for the first time.

== Sri Siva Subramaniya Swami Temple ==
{{main article|Sri Siva Subramaniya Temple}}
It was realised that a new and bigger National Temple was needed, and a move to acquire a new site began in earnest. The foundation for a new temple was laid at the old site in 1976 during the Golden Jubilee Celebrations by His Excellency the High Commissioner for the Government of India in Fiji. In 1983 new lease was acquired for the Crown land, and the reconstruction programme began with the ''Bhoomi Pooja'' in January 1984, followed by the inauguration of building work by the late Deputy Prime Minister in April 1984. The construction work moved another step forward in 1986 when the work of pile driving was completed under the chairmanship of Hon. [[Jai Ram Reddy]]. The actual Construction work began in earnest after a lull of some five years under a new Reconstruction Committee led by Narayan Reddy as the chairman. The temple was built in the best traditions of ancient [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian Indian Temple architecture]] as well as the principles of sacred architecture of the [[Vastu]] [[Vedic period|Vedic tradition]]. The consecration ceremonies of their new national temple were held on July 15, 1994.

== Famous South Indians ==
[[Sidiq Koya]], who was the first Muslim to be elected to the Legislative Council, in 1963, was a South Indian. He became leader of the opposition [[National Federation Party]] (NFP) in 1969 and was instrumental in attaining independence for Fiji. He was succeeded as leader of the NFP by another South Indian, [[Jai Ram Reddy]]. Some other famous South Indians were [[M. N. Naidu]], a businessman, [[Sadhu Kuppuswami]], founder of TISI Sangam, [[Swami Rudrananda]], missionary and farmers’ leader and politician [[K. S. Reddy]], [[Muniswamy Mudaliar]], and [[James Madhavan]], [[Manikam Pillai]], Y. P. Reddy, S. V. Chetty.

==See also==
* [[Swami Rudrananda]]
* [[Indo-Fijians]]
* [[Gujaratis in Fiji]]
* [[Sikhism in Fiji]]
* [[Fiji Hindi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sangamfiji.com.fj/ Then India Sanmarga Ikya Sangam Web Site]
* [http://www.murugan.org/research/goundar.htm Murukan worship in Fiji]
* [http://www.pbase.com/image/28663718 Sri Siva Subramaniya Swami Temple]
* [http://www.tamilnation.org/diaspora/fiji.htm Tamils in Fiji]
* [http://www.tisisangam.org/ T.I.S.I. Sangam Religious & Cultural USA, Inc]
* [http://www.flp.org.fj/n030418.htm Labour Leader commends South Indian contribution]

{{Tamil diaspora}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Fiji]]
[[Category:Fijian Tamils]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Fiji]]
[[Category:Fijian people of Telugu descent]]

Ashok Goel (politician)

2025-09-13T21:55:30Z

Allen2502: added stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Ashok Goel
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Model Town Assembly constituency|Model Town]]
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Ashok Goel''' is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]] who is affiliated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Model Town Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Model Town, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Ashok Goel with 52108 defeats AAP's Akhilesh Pati Tripathi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/model-town-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676385-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Model Town Election Result 2025: Ashok Goel of BJP Wins, Defeats Akhilesh Pati Tripathi of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/model-town-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218825.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Model Town Election Result: Ashok Goel Of BJP Wins">{{cite news |title=Model Town Election Result: Ashok Goel Of BJP Wins |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/model-town-election-result-ashok-goel-of-bjp-leads |access-date=9 March 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309174750/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/model-town-election-result-ashok-goel-of-bjp-leads |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi: A manifesto for every seat, BJP begins with Model Town">{{cite news |title=Delhi: A manifesto for every seat, BJP begins with Model Town |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-a-manifesto-for-every-seat-bjp-begins-with-model-town-542074 |access-date=9 March 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309174906/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-a-manifesto-for-every-seat-bjp-begins-with-model-town-542074 |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Model Town">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Model Town |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0518.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309175046/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0518.htm |archive-date=9 March 2025 |access-date=9 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Model Town Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Model Town Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/model-town |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309175048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/model-town |archive-date=9 March 2025 |access-date=9 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goel, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lubanki dialect

2025-09-12T17:43:04Z

Allen2502: small corrected section after review further and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|Extinct Indo-Aryan language}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{confusing|date=May 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Lubanki
| altname = Labanki
| states = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]
| speakers = none
| ref =
| extinct = ?
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabic]]
| fam6 = [[Lahnda]]
| iso3 = none
| glotto = none
| ethnicity = [[Labana]]
| region = [[Punjab]]
}}
'''Lubanki''', also known as '''Labanki''' or '''Lubani''', is an extinct [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] dialect that was formerly spoken by the [[Labana]] tribe in [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Roma |publisher=Roma Publications |year=1983 |volume=7 |quote=Another unique feature was the language. Until lately their spoken language was 'Lubanki".}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Journal of Religious Studies |publisher=Department of Religious Studies, Punjabi University |volume=34 |pages=190 |quote=... Lubanki, dialect of the Lobanas lost its credibility and use, and with it faded off the obsolescent aspects of their culture.}}</ref> The dialect is named thus because it was used by the Labana tribe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Punjab History Conference, Thirty-second Session, March 17-19, 2000: Proceedings |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=2001 |isbn=9788173807220 |pages=143–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |title=Linguistic Survey of India, Volume 9, Part 3 |publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing, India |year=1907 |pages=297–303 |chapter=Labanki of the Punjab}}</ref> It was a [[dialect]] of the Labanas, incorporating elements of [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The dialect is extinct among Labanas in Punjab, but is still spoken by [[Rajasthan]]i Labanas.

The dialect consisted of a mixture of different [[Vernacular|vernaculars]].<ref name=":0" /> Some unique words were ''gauri'' (cow), ''chhora'' (son), ''bhut'' (devil), ''bhau'' (brother), ''dasa'' (hole), ''ladho'', and ''baro''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Review, Volume 32, Issues 361-372 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre |location=Calcutta |pages=47}}</ref> The dialect went into decline after the Lubana tribe started settling into a sedentary lifestyle.<ref name=":0" /> In 1941, the weekly newspaper ''Prem Sandesh'' edited by Bawa Harnam Singh spoke against the dialect and other aspects of Labana culture, such as ''[[Ghagra choli|ghagra]]'', ''[[choli]]'', various ornaments, ''[[purdah]]'', and other cultural aspects.<ref name=":0" />

Among [[Sikh]]s, the famous Labanki quote Guru Ladho Re (Found the Guru) was outspoken when [[Makhan Shah Labana]] identified the ninth successor of [[Nanak]], [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]].

Some Lubanki words are preserved within the Guru Granth Sahib, such as in the following phrases:<ref>{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference (Thirty-Ninth Session, March 2007) |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |isbn=9788130201467 |pages=301}}</ref>

* ''tu bharo thakar mera'' (page 622)
* ''ih jag tago sut ko bhai'' (page 635)
* ''min pakr phankio ar Katio randh kio bahu bani'' (page 658 )
* ''sant jana ka chhora tis charni lag'' (page 811)
* ''phuto anda bharam ka manaih bhaio pargas'' (page 1002)

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080908091840/http://www.labana.org/world/index.php

{{Punjabi dialects}}

[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Labana]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Mehmadpur, Fatehgarh Sahib

2025-09-09T12:27:27Z

Allen2502: New!

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mehmadpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.45|N|76.26|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Fatehgarh Sahib
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1500
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01763
| registration_plate = PB23
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sirhind
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 23%%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Fatehgarh Sahib
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Sirhind
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mehmadpur''' (Village ID 32587) is a village in [[Punjab, India]]. It is located 8 km from [[Fatehgarh Sahib]] on the Sirhind - Chandigarh road near Badali Ala Singh village. Mehmadpur is a big village with a population of over 1500. There are two schools and two [[gurudwara]]s. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 579 living in 108 households. Its main agriculture product is wheat growing.<ref name='Census of India Website'>{{cite web | title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | website=Census of India Website | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html | access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref>

The main profession of people is agriculture. The literacy rate is medium, and few people are in government jobs. The population mainly consists of Sikhs and Hindus, with couple of Muslims families.

The village has its own [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] which was recently{{when|date=June 2015}} elected by consensus. This consists of five Panchayat members and a [[Sarpanch]]. The village lacks many basic facilities like good transportation. Now the condition of roads and streets is not good because of big problem of sewage water. [[middle school|middle standard school]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}

{{Fatehgarh Sahib district}}

[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Paniki (cutting instrument)

2025-07-10T22:01:34Z

Allen2502: created new page with sources

{{About|a cutting instrument from Odisha, India||Paniki (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Panikhi.jpg|thumb|A paniki after being used for cooking]]
'''Paniki''' or '''Panikhi''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]- ପନିକି) is a tool with a cutting edge and a wooden [[footrest]],<ref name="MohantyPatnaik2003">{{cite book|author1=Gopinath Mohanty|author2=Jeeban Kumar Patnaik|author3=Santosha Kumāra Ratha |title=Cultural heritage of [Orissa]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7ZKAQAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad|isbn=978-81-902761-4-6}}</ref> used for chopping vegetables, fish and meat.<ref name="General1967">{{cite book|author=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961: Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwAfAQAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref> Panikis are mostly used in [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref name="Dept1990">{{cite book|author=Orissa (India). Harijan & Tribal Welfare Dept|title=Tribes of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yStuAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Harijan and Tribal Welfare Department, Government Of Orissa}}</ref> A variation of the tool, known as ''[[Boti]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]- বটি), is found in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]], as well as in [[Bangladesh]]. Various tribes of Odisha used for different purposes. The tribe members of the [[Kondha|Mutkia Kondha]] worship paniki as deity and do not keep their feet with their feet. They rather use a special type of paniki with a wooden stand.<ref name="MalinarBeltz2004">{{cite book|author1=Angelika Malinar|author2=Johannes Beltz|author3=Heiko Frese|title=Text and context in the history, literature, and religion of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y0MAQAAMAAJ|date=1 September 2004|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-566-0}}</ref> Panikis of ancient times show engraving of cultural and religious elements.<ref name="Pathy1990">{{cite book|author=Dinanath Pathy|title=Traditional Paintings of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAnrAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Working Artists Association of Orissa}}</ref> Traditionally in rural Odisha, panikis are made from [[wrought iron]] or recycled steel by the [[blacksmith]].<ref name="Behura1978">{{cite book|author=Nab Kishore Behura|title=Peasant potters of Orissa: a sociological study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-AcAAAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sterling|isbn=978-0-89684-072-0 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In murals of the Ushakothi cave painting at [[Samasingha#Ruins_of_Hill_Forts_of_Ulapgarh|Ulapgarh]] depict the use of paniki being used by a woman.<ref name="FischerPathy1996">{{cite book|author1=Eberhard Fischer|author2=Dinanath Pathy|title=Murals for goddesses and gods: the tradition of Osakothi ritual painting in Orissa, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Y3pAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-3-907070-67-3 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cutting]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]
[[Category:Hand tools]]

Atal Shrivastava

2025-03-17T16:50:44Z

Allen2502: added stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Renu Jogi]]
| constituency = [[Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Kota]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Atal Shrivastava''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Kota Assembly constituency]], in [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela Pendra Marwahi district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Kota Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kota-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687730.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shrivastava is from [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], Chhattisgarh. He is the son of late J.P Shrivastav. He completed his bachelor's degree in Engineering in 1989 at M.I.T College, Gondiya, [[Nagpur University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atal Shrivastav(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BILASPUR(CHHATTISGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7792 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shrivastava won from Kota Assembly constituency, representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 73,479 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Prabal Pratap Singh Judev of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 7,957 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Kota Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Atal Shrivastava Wins From Kota |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kota-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647360 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full List of Winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-results-2023-list-of-winners-9050359/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Six candidates from the Royal families, including interim deputy chief minister T. S. Singhdeo, the present Maharaja of erstwhile Surguja state, contested the elections, but all of them lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP yet to taste victory in these 9 Assembly seats of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/chhattisgarh/bjp-yet-to-taste-victory-in-these-9-assembly-seats-of-chhattisgarh-2744719 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The Jashpur Royal family candidate, Prabal Pratap Singh Judeo, son of former union minister Dilip Singh Judeo, contested from Kota on the BJP ticket, but lost to Shrivastava, by a margin of 7957 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-07 |title=Scions' Poll Ambitions To Go Down In History As Commoners Feat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/scions-poll-ambitions-to-go-down-in-history-as-commoners-feat/articleshow/105797122.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shrivastava, Atal}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}

Mugkuchi

2024-04-11T04:54:19Z

Allen2502: New

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mugkuchi
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4327|91.4556|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = Pub Bahjani
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2423
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781334<ref>{{cite web |title=MUGKUCHI Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/mugkuchi-pincode-781334.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303958
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 136.3
| registration_plate = AS-14
}}
'''Mugkuchi''' is a census village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barman |first=Santo |title=The Raijmel : A Study of the Mel System in Assam |publisher=Spectrum |year=2005 |isbn=978-818-7502-95-1 |location=Guwahati |pages=109–111 |language=en}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Mugkuchi village has a total population of 2,423 people including 1,240 males and 1,183 females with a literacy rate of 80.07%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=POPULATION BREAKUP AS PER CENSUS-2011 |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703045835/https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[Government of Assam]] {{!}} [[Nalbari District]]}}</ref>

Mugkuchi village is known for [[Jaapi]] artisans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Sanjay |title=Market Promotion Policies in India |publisher=Sarup & Sons |others=Narendra Shukla |year=2003 |isbn=97-881-76253-85-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 January 2021 |title=Assistance to Lockdown-hit Japi Artisans {{!}} Mugkuchi, Nalbari |url=https://assam.mygov.in/en/talk/assistance-lockdown-hit-japi-artisans-mugkuchi-nalbari/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=MyGov {{!}} Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

Rajput War (1679–1707)

2023-12-26T10:57:17Z

Allen2502: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)]]

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A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India

2017-03-17T03:07:38Z

Allen2502: starting the post w/ infobox

#REDIRECT [[A Feast of Vultures]]

{{R from move}}

Light House (Chennai MRTS)

2013-03-01T00:54:28Z

Allen2502: starting the bio v1!

#REDIRECT [[Light House railway station]]