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Ausgram Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T05:15:45Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ausgram
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Ausgram.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ausgram Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| constituency_no = 273
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Kalita Maji]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 195,953
}}
'''Ausgram''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SC).

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 273 Ausgram (SC) assembly seat covers [[Ausgram I (community development block)|Ausgram I]] and [[Ausgram II (community development block)|Ausgram II]] CD Blocks, and [[Guskara]] municipality.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ausgram assembly segment is part of No. 41 [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Kanai Lal Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Kanai Lal Das
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Manoranjan Bakshi
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"|Krishna Chandra Halder
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=12}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="4"|Sridhar Malik
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="2"|Sreedhar Malik
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3"|Kartick Chandra Bag
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| Basudeb Mete
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Abhedananda Thander]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Kalita Maji]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ausgram}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=Kalita Maji
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=1,07,692
|percentage=47.68
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Shyama Prasanna Lohar
|party=Trinamool Congress
|votes=95,157
|percentage=42.13
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Chanchal Kumar Maji
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes=16,478
|percentage=7.29
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Tapas Baral
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=2,082
|percentage=0.92
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Manasa Mete
|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes=1,138
|percentage=0.50
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Nihar Kumar Hazra
|party=Independent
|votes=914
|percentage=0.40
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party=None of the above (India)
|votes=2,425
|percentage=1.07|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,535
|percentage=5.55
|change=}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes=2,25,886
|percentage=
|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, Abhedananda Thander of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Kalita Maji of BJP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ausgram (SC) constituency<ref name=1vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/ausgram-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Ausgram Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date = 18 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25272.htm?ac=272| title = Assembly Election Result 2021 – West Bengal, Ausgram | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Abhedananda Thander
|votes = 100,392
|percentage = 46.25
|change = {{increase}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalita Maji
|votes = 88,577
|percentage = 40.80
|change = {{increase}}33.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chanchal Kumar Majhi
|votes = 20,399
|percentage = 9.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,039
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Manasa Mete
|votes = 1,972
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sridam Goldar
|votes = 1,701
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 217,080
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Abhedananda Thander of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Basudeb Mete of CPI (M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Ausgram (SC) constituency<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/ausgram-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Ausgram| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/895-Ausgram_(SC)assembly_election_result_2016.html| title = Ausgram| work = Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date = 18 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Abhedananda Thander
|votes = 90,450
|percentage = 45.94
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Basudeb Mete
|votes = 84,198
|percentage = 42.76
|change = {{decrease}}9.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanatan Maji
|votes = 14,686
|percentage = 7.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,817
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kalpana Ankure
|votes = 2,263
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Manasa Mete
|votes = 1,485
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 196,899
|percentage = 87.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Basudeb Mete of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Chanchal Kumar Mondol of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Ausgram<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25273.htm |title = Ausgram |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050858/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25273.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=273| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223244/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=273| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Ausgram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Ausgram |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Basudeb Mete
|votes = 90,863
|percentage = 52.21
|change = {{decrease}}14.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chanchal Kumar Mondal
|votes = 67,767
|percentage = 38.94
|change = {{increase}}10.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shanti Karmakar
|votes = 7,663
|percentage = 4.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nihar Kumar Hazra
|votes = 3,989
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Manasa Mate
|votes = 2,321
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Bireswar Maji
|votes = 1,445
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 174,048
|percentage = 88.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -24.49#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2006 taken together.

===1951-1972===
Sridhar Malik of CPI(M) won the seat in 1972 and 1971. Krishna Chandra Halder of CPI(M) won it in 1969 and 1967. In 1962, it was won by Kanai Lal Das of Congress. In 1952, the first year when this constituency was formed, and 1957, it had two seats, one general and the other reserved for SC. From 1962, it became a constituency reserved for SC. In 1951, the winners were [[Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay]] and Kanai Lal Das both of Congress.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp
|title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections
|access-date=2010-08-29
|work=General Election Results and Statistics
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
|archive-date=5 October 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===1977-2006===
Kartick Chandra Bag of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Ausgram (SC) assembly seat in 2006, 2001 and 1996, defeating his nearest rivals Chhaya Chowdhuri of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Sukumar Mondal of Trinamool Congress and Sukumar Saha of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], in the respective years. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Sreedhar Malik of CPI(M) won the seat in 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1977, defeating his nearest rivals, Chhaya Rani Chowdhury of Congress, Biswambhar Mondal of Congress, Chanchal Kumar Modal of Congress and Madan Lohar of [[Janata Party]], in the respective years.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp267.htm | title = 267 - Ausgram Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

INS Sudarshini

2026-05-07T15:11:13Z

AlizaHyder840: stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Sudarshini}}

{{Short description|Sail Training ship of thee Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Sudarshini (A77) en-route to Sri Lanka.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Sudarshini'' (A77) en-route to [[Sri Lanka]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Sudarshini''
| namesake = [[Sundari Nanda]]
| owner = Indian Navy
| ordered =
| builder = [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 25 January 2011
| acquired =
| commissioned = 27 January 2012
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport = [[INS Venduruthy|Kochi]], [[Southern Naval Command]]
| honours =
| captured =
| identification = *{{IMO Number|1011721}}
*{{MMSI Number|419000297}}
*[[Pennant number]]: A77<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy Surface Ships - Training vessels|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0,12|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref>
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = Three-masted [[barque]]
| displacement = 513 tons
| length = {{convert|54|m|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|8.53|m|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|34.5|m|abbr=on}} ([[mainmast]] above waterline)
| draught = {{convert|4.5|m|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| power = {{convert|320|hp|abbr=on|lk=in}} per engine
| propulsion = 2 Kirloskar Cummins diesel engines
| sail_plan = [[Barque#Barque rig|Barque rig]] (1035 m2 sail area)
| complement = 61<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goashipyard.co.in/products_sail_training_ship.asp|title=Goa Shipyards Products - Sail Training Ship }}</ref>
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sudarshini''''' is a [[sail training]] [[Sailing ship|ship]] built by [[Goa Shipyard Limited|Goa Shipyard]] for the [[Indian Navy]]. The ship is a [[sister ship]] of [[INS Tarangini|INS ''Tarangini'']] which was commissioned in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Tarangini gets a sister sailship: the INS Sudarshini|url=http://ajaishukla.blogspot.in/2012/01/ins-tarangini-gets-sister-sailship-ins.html}}</ref> "Sudarshini" means "beautiful lady [[Nanda (Buddhist nun)|Sundari]]" after the younger half-sister of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaparenting.com/babynames/meaning-of-Sudarshini%20.shtml|title=The name Sudarshini at IndiaParenting.com|accessdate=2011-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723231047/http://www.indiaparenting.com/babynames/meaning-of-Sudarshini%20.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ship was designed by [[Colin Mudie]], a [[Naval architecture|naval architect]] and [[yacht]] designer from the United Kingdom.<ref name=FI>{{cite web|url=http://frontierindia.net/indian-navy-sailing-ship-ins-sudarshini-hits-water|title=Indian Navy sailing ship INS ''Sudarshini'' hits water|publisher=Frontier India|accessdate=2011-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711131217/http://frontierindia.net/indian-navy-sailing-ship-ins-sudarshini-hits-water|archive-date=11 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Design and construction==
''Sudarshini'' is a [[Full-rigged ship|three-masted]] [[sailing ship]] with a [[barque]] rig. It is 54 metres long and has 20 sails, 7.5 km of rope and 1.5 km of steel wire rope. Its sails have a total area of approximately {{convert|1035|m2|sqft}}. Capable of operations under sail or power, and with complement of five officers, 31 sailors and 30 cadets embarked for training, it can remain at sea for at least 20 days at a time.

''Sudarshini''{{'}}s steel hull was launched on 25 January 2011 at the port town of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] on the west coast of India, and by then the major portion of work had been completed. It was commissioned in [[Indian Navy]] on 27 January 2012 by [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] K.N. Sushil, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Southern Naval Command]]. Built for worldwide operations, it will be used as a basic seamanship and character building platform.<ref name=SN>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/navy-commissions-ins-sudarshini-in-its-fleet-news-national-lb0aEeefeja.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212144555/http://www.sify.com/news/navy-commissions-ins-sudarshini-in-its-fleet-news-national-lb0aEeefeja.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-02-12|title=Navy commissions INS ''Sudarshini'' in its fleet|website=Sify News|accessdate=2011-01-26}}</ref>

==Service history==
''Sudarshini'' started its first nine nation voyage of the [[ASEAN]] countries on 15 September 2012 to trace the ancient route taken by Indian mariners to [[South East Asia]]. During the course of the 12,000 mile voyage, she visited 13 ports in 9 ASEAN countries. The ship visited the ports of [[Padang]], [[Bali]], [[Manado]] in [[Indonesia]], Port Muara in [[Brunei]], [[Cebu]], [[Manila]], [[Da Nang]], [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in [[Cambodia]], [[Bangkok]], [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]] in [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]], [[Port Klang]] in [[Malaysia]] and [[Sittwe]] in [[Myanmar]]. While on the voyage, the ship's embarked Indian Naval and [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] cadets, as well as cadets from other ASEAN countries.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/india-ready-to-see-off-sudarshini-on-voyage/article3876410.ece | title=India ready to see off ''Sudarshini'' on voyage | date=9 September 2012 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=S. | last=Anandan | accessdate=6 July 2019 }}</ref> During the ASEAN deployment, the [[commanding officer]] of ''Sudarshini'', [[Commander]] N Shyam Sundar, wrote live blogs from sea. This was the first time the Indian Navy had used [[social media]] to promote a diplomatic naval voyage.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ins-sudarshini-returns-from-odyssey-on-march-25/article4540399.ece INS ''Sudarshini'' returns from odyssey on 25 March] The Hindu 23 March 2013</ref> The ship returned to its home port, Kochi, on 25 March 2013 and was greeted by the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]], [[A. K. Antony]], the then Chief of [[Southern Naval Command]], [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Satish Soni]], ambassadors and heads of missions of ASEAN nations.<ref>[http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=793600 INS ''Sudarshini'' Arrives to Kochi After 6 Months Voyage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031858/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=793600 |date=6 January 2014 }}, ''Outlook India'', 25 March 2013</ref>

''Sudarshini'', the second [[sail training ship]] of the Indian Navy, has already covered {{Convert|140000|nmi|abbr=on}} until 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release|title=INS Sudarshini to embark on Transoceanic Sail Expedition - Lokyan 26|date=2026-01-19|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216218&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2026-01-26}}</ref>

On 20 January 2026, INS ''Sudarshini'' set sail from [[INS Venduruthy|Kochi]], Southern Naval Command for Lokayan 26, a 10-month long transoceanic sail expedition. The deployment will span across 18 ports and 13 countries and a voyage distance of {{Convert|22000|nmi|abbr=on}}. The ship will also participate in two [[tallship]] events including the ''Escale à Sète'' 2026 in [[France]] and the [[Operation Sail#United States Semiquincentennial (2026)|Sail 250]] in [[New York Harbor]]. The Sail 250 event is a special edition to commemorate the [[United States Semiquincentennial|United States' 250th Independence anniversary]] to be held between [[Fourth of July|4 July]] and 8 July. The voyage includes the [[sail training]] of over 200 Indian Navy and Coast Guard cadets.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite press release|title=Indian Navy's Sail Training Ship Sudarshini sets sail for Lokyan 26|date=2026-01-20|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216522&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2026-01-26}}</ref>

She made port calls at [[Salalah]] ([[Oman]]) and [[Safaga]] ([[Egypt]]) on 2 February and 21 February 2026, respectively. The ship travelled a distance of {{Convert|1832|nmi|km|abbr=on}} through the [[Gulf of Aden]] and the [[Red Sea]] in 16 days.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Naval Sail Training Ship INS Sudarshini makes first port call of Lokayan 26 at Salalah, Oman |date=2026-02-04 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2223195&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sudarshini marks historic port call at Safaga, Egypt during Lokayan-26 |date=2026-02-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2231708&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> After sailing through the [[Suez Canal|Suez canal]], she arrived at [[Valletta]] ([[Malta]]) on 12 March 2026. She is to sail to [[France]] later for participation in the [[:fr:Escale à Sète|''Escale à Sète'']] maritime festival.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Naval Sail Training Ship INS Sudarshini arrives at Valletta, Malta, bolstering Mediterranean maritime ties |date=2026-03-14 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2240072&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref> She reached [[Sète]] ([[France]]) on 26 March<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sudarshini arrives at Sète, France |date=2026-03-27 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2246112&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref> and departed on 7 April following participation in the ''Escale à Sète'', an Indian Navy marching contingent participating in the Heritage City Parade, commemorating 400th anniversary of the [[French Navy]] and the ship's rowing team clinching a bronze medal at the Jeux Maritimes.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sudarshini depart Sète, France after participating in Escale à Sète |date=2026-04-08 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2250058&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> The ship arrived at the [[Port of Casablanca]], [[Morocco]] on 15 April for a three day visit.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sudarshini arrives at Casablanca, Morocco |date=2026-04-16 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2252709&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> She reached [[Las Palmas]] of the [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]] on 23 April for a three-day visit. This is the maiden visit of an Indian naval ship to the archipelago. The final African destination before the [[Transatlantic crossing|trans-Atlantic voyage]] would be [[Mindelo]], [[Cape Verde]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=In a historic first, INS Sudarshini arrives at Las Palmas, Spain |date=2026-04-24 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2255252&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sudarshini concludes port call at Las Palmas, Canary Islands |date=2026-04-27 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2255920&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref> The ship reached Mindelo as part of its eighth port call on 4 May.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sudarshini arrives at Mindelo, Cape Verde |date=2026-05-06 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2258441&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commonscat|INS Sudarshini (A77)}}
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships#Training vessels|Training ships of the Indian Navy]]
*[[INS Tarangini (A75)|INS ''Tarangini'']]
*[[School ship]]
*[[ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit]]
*[[ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshini}}
[[Category:Barques of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Tall ships of India]]
[[Category:Training ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Sail training ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Three-masted ships]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:2011 ships]]

INS Tamal

2026-05-05T17:10:36Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{Short description|Indian Navy frigate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}{{italic title|string=Tamal}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Tamal in Naples, Italy.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Tamal'' in [[Naples]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Tamal''
| namesake =
| owner = [[Indian Navy]]
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]
| registry =
| route =
| ordered = 29 October 2018
| awarded =
| builder = [[Yantar Shipyard]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down = 5 November 2013 (as ''Istomin'')<ref name=":6" />
| launched = 24 February 2022
| sponsor =
| completed =
| acquired = May 2025
| commissioned = 1 July 2025
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: F71
| motto = * {{lang|sa|सर्वदा सर्वत्र विजयः}} ([[Sanskrit]])
* "Victorious Always Everytime" (translated)<ref name=":1" />
| nickname = "The Great Bears"<ref name=":2" />
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate =
| status = In active service
| notes =
| badge = [[File:INS Tamal (F71) crest.jpg|150px]]
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| type = {{sclass|Talwar|frigate}}
| displacement = *{{convert|3620|LT|t|0|lk=in|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|4035|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full load
| length = {{convert|124.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|15.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft = {{convert|4.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| propulsion = * [[COGAG]] configuration<ref name=":7" /><ref name=mp26m11>{{cite news|title=Launch of sixth Project 11356 Talwar Class frigate for Indian Navy|url=http://articles.maritimepropulsion.com/article/Launch-of-sixth-Project-11356-Talwar-Class-frigate-for-Indian-Navy.aspx|access-date=19 December 2013|newspaper=Marine Propulsion|date=26 May 2011|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219071123/http://articles.maritimepropulsion.com/article/Launch-of-sixth-Project-11356-Talwar-Class-frigate-for-Indian-Navy.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Zorya-Mashproekt]] M7N1 propulsion plant {{convert|44000|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
** 2 × DS-71 cruise [[gas turbine]]s {{convert|9850|shp|kW|abbr=on}}
** 2 × DT-59 boost gas turbines {{convert|22185|shp|kW|abbr=on}}
** 2 × R063 reduction gears
** 1 × R1063 reduction gears
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}
| range = *{{convert|4850|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn|abbr=on}}
*{{convert|1600|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 180 (18 officers)
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = * 1 × 3Ts-25E Garpun-B surface search radar
* 1 × MR-212/201-1 navigation radar
* 1 × Kelvin Hughes Nucleus-2 6000A radar
* 1 × Ladoga-ME-11356 intertial navigation and stabilisation
* 1 × Fregat M2EM 3D circular scan radar
* 1 × Ratep JSC 5P-10E Puma fire-control system
* 1 × 3R14N-11356 fire-control system FCS
* 4 × MR-90 Orekh
*[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] HUMSA NG (Hull Mounted Sonar Array)
* '''Ship EW:'''
* 1 × TK-25E-5 EWS
* 1 × PK-10 ship-borne [[Chaff (countermeasure)|decoy]] launching systems
* 4 × KT-216 decoy launchers
| armament = *<ref name=":6" />
*'''Anti-air missiles:'''
*24 × VLS [[Buk missile system|Shtil-1]] (3M317ME) 70 KM Range
*8 × [[9K38 Igla#Igla-1|Igla-1E]] ([[SA-16]])
*'''Anti-ship/Land-attack missiles:'''
*8 × VLS launched [[BrahMos]], anti-ship cruise missiles
*'''Guns:'''
*1 × 100 mm A-190E, naval gun
*2 × [[AK-630]] CIWS
*'''Anti-submarine warfare:'''
*2 × double 533 mm torpedo tubes
*1 × [[RBU-6000|RBU-6000 (RPK-8)]] rocket launcher
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 × [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-28]] Helix-A, [[Kamov Ka-31|Ka-31]] Helix B ''or'' [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopter<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />
| notes =
}}
}}'''INS ''Tamal'' (F71)''' is a {{sclass|Talwar|frigate}} of the [[Indian Navy]]. It is the eighth ship of the ''Talwar''-class frigates and the second of the third batch of the class frigates ordered by the Indian Navy. She was built by the [[Yantar shipyard]] in [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]]. This is the 51st Indian naval ship constructed by Russia (and former USSR) over a span of 65 years and also the last warship to be imported by the Indian Navy from any foreign source. The commissioning commander of the ship is [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Sridhar Tata, a specialist in "gunnery and missile warfare".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=INS Tamal, latest stealth frigate commissioned into Indian Navy |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2141361 |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Description and design ==
In September 2016, it was reported that India would acquire additional two {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}}s from Russia and remaining two will be built in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2016 |title=India, Russia discuss $4bn deal for 4 stealth frigates |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India-Russia-discuss-4bn-deal-for-4-stealth-frigates/articleshow/54159343.cms |access-date=2016-09-08 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> These frigates would be based on the ''Talwar'' class and were to be commissioned into the [[Russian Navy]], but after the start of the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], Ukraine refused to supply any more engines for the Russian ships. By then, only two of the six have been commissioned by Russia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novichkov |first=Nikolai |date=4 August 2016 |title=India to acquire three Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates from Russia |url=http://www.janes.com/article/62776/india-to-acquire-three-admiral-grigorovich-class-frigates-from-russia |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=janes.com}}</ref> In August 2017, the Indian Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by the then-[[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Arun Jaitley]], cleared a proposal of {{INRConvert|490|c|lk=on|year=2017}} to buy two gas turbine sets from [[Zorya-Mashproekt]] in [[Ukraine]] for the {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}}s being built in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-17 |title=Defence ministry approves acquisition of six Apache attack helicopters for Indian Army |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/defence-ministry-approves-acquisition-of-six-apache-attack-helicopters-for-indian-army-3941995.html |access-date=2017-08-17 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-17 |title=Defence ministry clears proposal to buy six Apache attack helicopters for Indian Army |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/defence-ministry-clears-proposal-to-buy-six-apache-attack-helicopters-for-indian-army/812628/ |access-date=2017-08-17 |work=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2018, the Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] signed a deal for {{INRConvert|8000|c|lk=on|year=2018}} for procuring two {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}}s, ''Admiral Butakov'' (renamed ''Tushil'') and ''Admiral Istomin'' (renamed ''Tamal'').<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |date=29 October 2018 |title=India inks $950 million deal for Russian frigates |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-inks-950-million-deal-for-russian-frigates/articleshow/66408319.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="gs11356">{{cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=India, Russia sign $500 million navy deal for 2 stealth frigates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-russia-to-hammer-out-mega-navy-deal-in-goa-today/story-sgP4UUXPwkY6XtDkQadNTI.html |access-date=20 November 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-11 |title=Russia to deliver first of two missile frigates by month-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/russia-to-deliver-first-of-two-missile-frigates-by-month-end/articleshow/115152914.cms#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17313347570304&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/russia-to-deliver-first-of-two-missile-frigates-by-month-end/articleshow/115152914.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The two frigates were scheduled to be delivered to the [[Indian Navy]] by 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=India signs USD950 million deal for two Russian-built frigates |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84129/india-signs-usd950-million-deal-for-two-russian-built-frigates |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=India, Russia Sign $950 Million Deal For 2 Guided-Missile Frigates |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/india-russia-sign-950-million-deal-for-2-guided-missile-frigates |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>[[File:F71 firing 9M317ME.png|thumb|INS ''Tamal'' firing Shtil-1 air defence missile during trials.|left]]

This is the first ship of the ''Talwar''-class frigates to feature [[Vertical launching system|vertical launched]] Shtil-1 missiles with two 12 (2×6) VLS configuration having total 24 missiles with an enhanced range of {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=INS Tushil, latest multi role stealth guided missile frigate, commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh in Russia |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082369 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipborne medium-range air defence missile system with 9M317E and 9М317ME surface-to-air missiles Shtil-1 {{!}} Catalog Rosoboronexport |url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/shipborne-weapons/shtil-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724120717/http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/shipborne-weapons/shtil-1/ |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=roe.ru }}</ref>

==Construction==
INS ''Tamal'' was laid down on 15 November 2013 as ''Admiral Istomin''.<ref name="11356-IN">{{cite web |date=2021-06-21 |title=В Индии заложили еще один фрегат проекта 11356 |url=https://flotprom.ru/2021/378800/ |publisher=Flotprom |language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Russia Lays Down New Frigate for Black Sea Fleet |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130713/182213396.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005180359/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130713/182213396.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=5 November 2016 |website=RIA Novosti}}</ref>

Two sets of [[Zorya-Mashproekt]] M7N1 marine powerplant for [[INS Tushil|INS ''Tushil'']] and INS ''Tamal'' were ordered in August 2017 at a cost of around $76 million. Each M7N1 system includes two DT59 top speed (boost) gas turbines, two DS71 cruise turbines, two R063, one R1063 reduction gears and its control system. It can provide a total power output of {{Convert|44000|hp|kW|abbr=on}}. The powerplants were delivered to Kaliningrad Shipyard in late 2020 to early 2021.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Grotnik |first=Tomasz |date=2024-12-09 |title=India Commissions 7th Project 11356 frigate - INS Tushil |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/12/india-commissions-7th-project-11356-frigate-ins-tushil/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ship was launched on 24 February 2022 and sailed for the initial sea trials in November 2024.<ref name=":1" />

On 21 January 2025, reports emerged that INS ''Tamal'', being built by [[Yantar Shipyard]] has started sea trials. The initial Pennant number was spotted as ''445''. In April 2024, a report suggested that INS ''Tamal'' will be delivered to India by February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Russia-Made Warships Set to Join India's Navy, Despite Sanctions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/russiamade-warships-set-to-join-india-s-navy-despite-sanctions-101712313722418.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Delayed Due To War, 2 Navy Warships Being Built In Russia Likely To Be Commissioned By Year End |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delayed-due-to-russia-ukraine-war-2-indian-navy-warships-ins-tamal-ins-tushil-being-built-in-russia-likely-to-be-commissioned-by-year-end-5393580 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Stealth frigates from Russia to be delivered in September 2024, February 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stealth-frigates-from-russia-to-be-delivered-in-september-2024-february-2025/article68407630.ece |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 16 February 2025, a 200 personnel strong Indian crew of the ship reached [[Saint Petersburg]] for training in order to undertake its Delivery Acceptance Trials. The crew was then transferred to [[Kaliningrad]]. Meanwhile, the ship had completed Manufacturer Trials and was undergoing State Committee Trials. The final Delivery Acceptance Trials would be 45 to 50 days long, including manoeuvres both at harbour and sea as well as weapons firings. The trials also included firing of all Russian-origin weapons including Shtil-1 air defence system, naval gun and torpedoes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-02-25 |title=Tamal, India’s last imported warship, likely to be commissioned in June |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamal-indias-last-imported-warship-likely-to-be-commissioned-in-june/article69262725.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830083409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamal-indias-last-imported-warship-likely-to-be-commissioned-in-june/article69262725.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Eventually, following the six-week trials, the frigate was officially handed over to India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Armed With BrahMos, Tamal To Boost Navy Might: Stealth Warship Reaches India May 28 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/india-to-receive-stealth-warship-tamal-on-may-28-navys-last-imported-frigate-article-151567631 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2025, the ship would be commissioned in late June 2025 and would reach India's western shores in September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Russia-built stealth frigate ‘Tamal’ to be commissioned into Navy in June-end |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/russiabuilt-stealth-frigate-tamal-to-be-commissioned-into-navy-in-juneend-101748427522390.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

The ship was commissioned on 1 July 2025 in [[Kaliningrad]], Russia in the presence of [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]], [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]. The ship completed its three month-long trials. The commissioning ceremony was also attended by [[Mikhail Babich]], Deputy Director General of the Federal Service for Military Technical Cooperation of the Russian Federation and Vice Admiral [[Rajaram Swaminathan|R. Swaminathan]], Controller of Warship Production & Acquisition among others. The guard of honour was joined by personnel from Russia's [[Baltic Fleet]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-07-01 |title=INS Tamal commissioned in Kaliningrad, marks end of foreign-built Indian Navy warships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-tamal-commissioned-in-kaliningrad-marks-end-of-foreign-built-indian-navy-warships/article69760222.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2025-07-01 |title=Indian Navy Inducts Last Imported Warship; INS Tamal Commissioned in Russia |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/07/indian-navy-inducts-last-imported-warship-ins-tamal-commissioned-in-russia/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The commissioning commander of the ship, [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Sridhar Tata, has a history of serving on 12 different warships including commanding three of them. Additionally, he participated in [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]], [[Operation Parakram]], and anti-piracy missions. He was one of the founding member of the Maritime Security Wing of the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]] under [[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]] [[Ajit Doval]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Meet the Kargil War hero commanding INS Tamal, India's last foreign-made warship |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-is-captain-sridhar-tata-commanding-indias-last-foreign-made-warship-ins-tamal-2749099-2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Service history ==
In the early hours of 18 July 2025, multiple media reports confirmed INS ''Tamal''<nowiki/>'s unscheduled presence in the Finnish territorial waters. The [[Finnish Navy]] was also reportedly in contact with the vessel since it was spotted in the [[Gulf of Finland]] and ''Tamal'' was reportedly transiting towards [[Bay of Bothnia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-18 |title=Uutta tietoa intialaisesta sotalaivasta Suomen aluevesillä: ”Ei ole kyse ihan tavanomaisesta aluksesta” |url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000011373103.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Ilta-Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tara |date=2025-07-19 |title=Indian warship spotted in Finnish waters after Russian handover |url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/27450-indian-warship-spotted-in-finnish-waters-after-russian-handover.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Helsinki Times |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yan |first=Oleksandr |date=2025-07-18 |title=Indian Warship Enters Finland's Territorial Waters |url=https://militarnyi.com/en/news/indian-warship-enters-finland-s-territorial-waters/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US}}</ref> By 19 July, Saturday, the ship reached the Bay of Bothnia, which in turn is partly in the Swedish territorial waters. While the passage of an Indian warship along this route is unusual, neither Finland nor Sweden suspected the vessel of any unlawful activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Warship INS Tamal Spotted Near Umeå in Gulf of Bothnia {{!}} Sweden Herald |url=https://swedenherald.com/article/indian-warship-ins-tamal-spotted-near-umea-in-gulf-of-bothnia |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=swedenherald.com |language=en}}</ref> Later, the ship turned back southwards and then left the [[Sea of Åland]] on a southwards course in the afternoon of 20 July. As of the morning of 21 July, the ship reached the international waters and was in the [[Baltic Sea]] just north of Sweden's [[Gotland Island]]. However, the reason for the ship’s weekend route remained speculative, though its presence in Finnish waters was deemed permissible under the principle of “innocent passage,” as it posed no threat to the country’s peace or security.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Russian-built Indian warship leaves Finnish waters |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20173614 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Yle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tara |date=2025-07-21 |title=Indian warship exits Finnish waters after monitored Baltic passage |url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/27463-indian-warship-exits-finnish-waters-after-monitored-baltic-passage.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Helsinki Times |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Between 6 and 9 August 2025, INS ''Tamal'' called at [[Port of Casablanca]] of [[Morocco]]. This is one of the port call on the ship's voyage to India from Russia via multiple European and Asian ports. The ship also undertook a Passage Exercise with [[Moroccan frigate Mohammed VI|Moroccan frigate ''Mohammed VI'']] after departure from the port.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Tamal concludes successful port visit to Casablanca, Morocco |date=2025-08-10 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2154860 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref>

Later, ''Tamal'' also participated in a Passage Exercise (PASSEX) with [[Italian landing helicopter dock Trieste|ITS ''Trieste'']] of the [[Italian Navy]] before calling at the [[Port of Naples]] in [[Italy]] between 13 and 16 August 2025. On the occasion of the 79th [[Indian Independence Day]] on 15 August, a ceremonial parade was organised onboard the ship while the crew also visited the [[India–Italy relations|Indian embassy to Italy]]. The port call follows the upgradation of both the country's bilateral ties to Strategic Partnership in 2023 through the India-Italy Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Tamal concludes port call at Naples, Italy |date=2025-08-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2157270 |access-date=2025-08-18}}</ref>

On 19 August, the ship reached [[Crete Naval Base]], [[Souda Bay]], [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Naval Ship Tamal arrived at Souda Bay, Greece |date=2025-08-21 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2159339 |access-date=2025-08-21}}</ref> The crew engaged with their counterparts of the [[Hellenic Navy]] and [[NATO Navy]] while the Commanding Officer called on multiple senior officers like the Base Commander of Souda Bay Naval Base, [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] Dionysios Mantadakis, Head of [[NMIOTC]], [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] Kouplakis Iliias and Commanding Officer of the Naval Support Activity of the US Navy, [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]] Stephen Steacy. A cross-deck visit for the Tamal crew was also hosted onboard ITS ''Trieste'' in Souda Bay. The visit to Greece concluded on 22 August. The ship also undertook a Passage Exercise (PASSEX) with {{HS|Ritsos}}, a {{Sclass|Roussen|fast attack craft}} of the Hellenic Navy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=INS Tamal visits Souda Bay, strengthens maritime ties with Greece |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-tamal-visits-souda-bay-strengthens-maritime-ties-with-greece/articleshow/123468559.cms |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 27 August 2025, INS ''Tamal'' called at [[Jeddah Port]] of [[Saudi Arabia]]. The ship was joined by {{INS|Surat|D69}} the following day, i.e., on 28 August. The ships' crew will also interact with the [[Royal Saudi Navy]] and [[General Directorate of Border Guard|Border Guards]] as part of a goodwill visit along with diplomatic talks, sports fixture and exploring "avenues for further engagement".<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Naval Ships Tamal and Surat arrived at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |date=2025-08-29 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2161817 |access-date=2025-08-30}}</ref>

NS ''Tamal'' participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at Visakapatanam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=India’s indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant to steal the show in IFR 2026 in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-to-steal-the-show-in-ifr-2026-in-vizag/articleshow/128355649.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Talwar class frigate}}
{{Frigates_of_the_Indian_Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talwar (F40)}}
[[Category:Talwar-class frigates]]
[[Category:Frigates of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built at Yantar Shipyard]]

Sheshnaag-150

2026-05-04T21:43:36Z

AlizaHyder840: put up first pg initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian long-range one-way attack drone}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Sheshnaag-150
| image =
| origin = {{IND}}
| type = * [[Loitering munition]]
* [[One-way attack drone]]
| is_ranged = Yes
| is_explosive = Yes
| is_vehicle = Yes
| is_missile = Yes
| used_by = [[Indian Army]] (Intended) [[Indian Air Force]] (Intended)
| wars =
| designer = NewSpace Research and Technologies (NRT)
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| weight = {{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length =
| width =
| filling = [[High-explosive]] [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|25-40|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" />
| engine =
| payload_capacity =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|1000|km|abbr=on}} with 5 hours endurance<ref name=":0" />
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| speed =
| accuracy =
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

The '''Sheshmaag-150''' is an Indian, long-range, [[Swarm drone|swarming]] [[one-way attack drone]], developed by the [[Bengaluru]]-based private company NewSpace Research & Technologies. The design is comparable to the Iranian origin [[Shahed 136]] and the US [[Low-cost Uncrewed Combat Attack System|LUCAS]] drones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=India’s Own Long-Range Swarming Killer Drone Flies - Livefist |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/indian-own-long-range-swarming-killer-drone-flies/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Livefist Defence |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sheshnaag-150 |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/sheshnaag-150/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Background ===
The use of loitering munitions has seen an increased usage and effectiveness during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], the [[Red Sea crisis]], the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022]] and other conflicts. The type of drones were also used during the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]. This made the indigenous development of such platforms necessary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FOUNDATION |first=OBSERVER RESEARCH |title=Countering Hostile Drone Activity on the India-Pakistan Border |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/countering-hostile-drone-activity-on-the-india-pakistan-border |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drones: An Emerging Threat on the Volatile India-Pakistan Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/drones-an-emerging-threat-on-the-volatile-india-pakistan-border/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Development ===
Sheshnaag-150 made its public debut during the [[List of Aero India editions#15th edition (2025)|Aero India 2025]]. The drone will be offered to all the branch of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. It is part of the larger Sheshnaag programme of the NewSpace Research & Technologies (NRT). The startup is developing a family of one-way attack UAVs under the programme with a strike range of {{convert|15-1000|km||abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" />

The development, originally an internal project of NRT, was fast-tracked following [[Operation Sindoor]] when the leadership of the start up was summoned by the Indian military.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aroor |first=Shiv |date=2026-03-03 |title=India Quietly Works On Homegrown Sheshnaag-150 As US And Iran Launch Suicide Drones |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-quietly-works-on-homegrown-sheshnaag-150-as-us-and-iran-launch-suicide-drones-11164340 |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rimjhim |date=2026-03-09 |title=Everything about India's long-range swarm attack drone Sheshnaag-150 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/what-is-sheshnaag-150-drone-india-defence-technology-swarm-warfare-126030900431_1.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>{{Efn|It is developed by NRT.}}

== Design ==
The drone is being developed as a collaborative attack [[Swarm drone|swarming]] system from scratch. The swarm strategy is being adopted to overwhelm enemy air defences and undertake precision strikes. The indigenously developed software and connective systems can autonomously track, detect and destroy adversary targets including infrastructure, vehicles or personnel. It can deliver {{convert|25-40|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead<ref name=":0" /> at a ranges exceeding {{convert|1000|km||abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite tweet |number=2044984573873017187 |user=Notjustheadline |title=MASSIVE: India Tests Its Longest Range Drone “Sheshnag-150”: A Low-Cost Swarm Drone |date=2026-04-17 |access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref>

== Trials ==
The first flight of the drone was completed by February 2025 from the [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]].<ref name=":0" />

Another trial was undertaken during April 2026 at the [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]] without a live warhead. The trial demonstrated a strike range of over {{convert|700|km||abbr=on}} and validated its coordinated swarm attacks, controlled terminal strike, and reliable long-distance flight performance.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harsh |date=2026-04-15 |title=Striking from the Shadows: Successful Test of India’s Sheshnaag 150 |url=https://beatsinbrief.com/2026/04/16/india-sheshnaag-150-swarm-drone-successful-test-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Beats in Brief |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
=== Related development ===
* [[Nagastra-1]]
* [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System]]
* [[HAL CATS Warrior]]
* [[DRDO Nishant]]
=== Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era ===
* {{lwc|HESA Shahed 136}}
* {{lwc|Low-cost Uncrewed Combat Attack System}}- (USA)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Aerial warfare]]
[[Category:Unmanned military aircraft of India]]
[[Category:Loitering munitions]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War military equipment of India]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Tailless delta-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:One-way attack drones]]
[[Category:Weapon development]]
[[Category:Guided weapons]]
[[Category:Drone warfare]]

Wadi-Talaulim

2026-05-01T12:55:19Z

AlizaHyder840: put up initial pg basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Wadi-Talaulim
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| mapsize = 150px
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa State|Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Goa|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa District|South Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Talukas of Goa|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ponda taluka|Ponda]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_total_km2 = 1.61
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2554
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| coordinates = {{coord|15|22|36.42384|N|73|58|23.06244|E|region:IN-GA|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 9
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 403401
| area_code = 08343
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Wadi-Talaulim''' is a village in [[Ponda taluka]] in [[Goa]], [[India]]. As of 2018, it has a population of 3,800.<ref name="LandIsidoreToI" />

== Etymology ==
Wadi Talaulim derives its name from [[Konkani language|Konkani]], in which ''Talaulim'' means ‘land between three mountains and a river’ while ''Wadi'' is a place where a few farmers and other villagers reside.<ref name="LandIsidoreToI" />

==Location==
A 4-kilometre drive from [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] brings you into Wadi-Talaulim. It is located 25 kilometres east of the state capital [[Panaji]]. The village is bordered by [[Borim]], Durbhat and Quela on one side and the [[Zuari River|Zuari river]] on the other.<ref name="LandIsidoreToI" />

==History==
Wadi and Talaulim were two separate villages, as they belonged to separate communidades. A few years after the [[liberation of Goa]] in 1961, they began being governed by the same [[Panchayati raj (India)|panchayat]].

Both, Wadi and Talaulim have many temples, dedicated to [[Hindu]] deities like Narayan Dev, [[Hanuman]], [[Ganpati]], [[Krishna]], Shree Bhutnath, Mahalaxmi and Sateri Ladbai.

Most residents of Wadi-Talaulim are originally from [[Salcete]]’s villages of [[Loutolim]], [[Colva]], etc. Nearly 80% of Talaulim's residents can trace their roots to Colva alone. During the initial years after the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]], many of the residents of the villages of Salcete (which was a part of the [[Velhas Conquistas]]) shifted to Talaulim, to escape religious persecution and the mass [[Christianization of Goa]]. Wadi-Talaulim also has residents from [[Canacona]], who shifted here many years after the Velhas Conquistas for a variety of other reasons.

Bhatwada, Talsal, Vadem, Camara Bhat, Holi Bhat, Bhedxem, Ladbhai Vaddo, Sokol Vaddo, Voilo Vaddo, Pimpla Bhat, Kasswada, Wade Vaddo, Modle Vaddo, Pursha Bhat etc are the various ''wadde'' (wards) of the village.<ref name="LandIsidoreToI">{{Cite web
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/land-between-three-mountains-and-a-river/articleshow/64360839.cms
|title = Land between three mountains and a river
|last = Mendis
|first = Isidore
|date = May 29, 2018
|website = The Times of India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181202132415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/land-between-three-mountains-and-a-river/articleshow/64360839.cms
|archive-date = 2 December 2018
|url-status = live
|access-date = 2018-12-02
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Camurlim has a population of 2554, with 1% belonging to the [[Scheduled tribes]]. About 41% of the population belongs to the [[working class]]. The village has a literacy rate of 92%.<ref name="SouthGoaCensus2011">{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/DDW_PCA3002_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx|title=2011 Census Data - South Goa|last=|first=|date=|website=Census of India|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]

Landlord (film)

2026-04-24T02:48:07Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Landlord
| image = Landlord poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jadesh K Hampi
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* K. S. Suraj Gowda
* K. V. Sathyaprakash
}}
| writer = Jadesh K Hampi
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Jadesh K Hampi
* M M Shrikantha (Dialogues)
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Duniya Vijay|Vijaya Kumar]]
* [[Rachita Ram]]
* [[Raj B. Shetty]]
* [[Rakesh Adiga]]
}}
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = Swamy J. Gowda
| editing = [[K. M. Prakash]]
| studio = Sarathi Films
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹12 crore
| gross = ₹7.6 crore
}}

'''''Landlord''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film|action drama]] film written and directed by Jadesh K Hampi,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/duniya-vijay-starrer-landlord-is-a-film-about-struggle-for-land-and-existence-jadeshaa-k-hampi-exclusive-article-117378292|title=Duniya Vijay-Starrer 'Landlord' Is A Film About Struggle For Land And Existence: Jadeshaa K Hampi|work=Timesnow News|date=20 January 2025}}</ref> and produced by K. S. Suraj Gowda and K. V. Sathyaprakash under the Sarathi Films banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jan/22/vijay-kumar-landlord-draws-inspiration-from-the-people-of-my-village|title=Vijay Kumar: Landlord draws inspiration from the people of my village|work=Cinema Express|date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

The cast includes [[Duniya Vijay|Vijaya Kumar]] in the lead role, alongside [[Rachita Ram]], [[Raj B. Shetty]], Rithanya Vijay, Shishir Baikady, [[Umashree]], [[Bhavana Rao]], [[Rakesh Adiga]], and [[Achyuth Kumar]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Dec/10/kannadanews2025dec09landlord-sets-up-a-smouldering-hero-villain-duel-between-vijay-kumar-and-raj-b-shetty|title=Landlord sets up a smouldering hero-villain duel between Vijay Kumar and Raj B Shetty|work=The New Indian Express|date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

The film was released on 23 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Nov/03/kannadanews2025nov02vijay-kumar-rachita-rams-landlord-locks-release-date|title=Vijay Kumar-Rachita Ram's Landlord locks release date|work=The New Indian Express|date=3 November 2025}}</ref> The film's narrative is set in a rural backdrop of the 1980s, recreating period-specific visuals.

== Plot ==
Set in rural Karnataka in the 1980s, ''Landlord'' follows Rachayya, a quiet and idealistic labourer who lives with his wife Ningavva and daughter Bhagya, aspiring for dignity and a small piece of land of his own. His village, however, is firmly controlled by Sanna Dhani, an influential landlord whose authority extends across land ownership, local politics and social hierarchy. Though Rachayya believes in lawful change and hopes institutions will protect the weak, he increasingly witnesses the exploitation, caste‑based oppression and fear that govern daily life under Dhani’s rule.

When incidents of violence and injustice escalate—most notably the death of an innocent family—the villagers’ long‑standing frustrations erupt. These events force Rachayya to confront the limits of his patience. As the community’s trust in legal remedies fades, the villagers rally behind him, recognising his integrity and quiet strength. Rachayya gradually transforms from a hopeful, rule‑abiding man into a reluctant leader who channels the villagers’ anger into collective resistance against the landlord’s dominance.

The conflict ultimately builds toward a decisive confrontation in which the villagers challenge generations of entrenched power. The struggle becomes not only about reclaiming land but also about restoring dignity and societal balance. By the end, Rachayya’s journey embodies the film’s central theme: that real change in a skewed social order can emerge when a community unites against injustice, even at great personal cost.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Duniya Vijay|Vijaya Kumar]] as Rachayya
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Ningavva
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Sanna Dhani
* [[Rakesh Adiga]]
* Rithnya Vijay as Bhagya
* Shishir Baikady as Devi
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Umashree]]
* [[Bhavana Rao]]
* [[Mithra]]
* Abhi Das
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
* [[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]
* [[Bhavya Gowda]]
* [[B. Suresha]]
* Chayashree Umesh
}}

== Production ==
=== Development and announcement ===
After a 14-year hiatus, Sarathi Films returned to production with ''Landlord'' as their flagship project under director Jadesh Kumar Hampi and producers K. S. Suraj Gowda and K. V. Sathyaprakash. The film was conceptualized to be a socially relevant action‑drama, weaving themes of rural injustice and resistance into a period setting. It was officially launched with a muhurta ceremony in early January 2025, coinciding with lead actor Duniya Vijay's birthday. The project aimed to recreate the rural Karnataka setting of the 1980s. Principal photography began soon after the launch, with elaborate village sets constructed near [[Nelamangala]] under the supervision of art director Ravi Santhehaklu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/22/landlord-draws-inspiration-from-the-people-of-my-village-vijay-kumar|title='Landlord draws' inspiration from the people of my village: Vijay Kumar|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 January 2025}}</ref> The makers adopted a multi-schedule approach, completing two major schedules by mid-January and progressing into the third phase shortly thereafter.

By late January 2025, approximately 75% of the filming was complete, covering key sequences across Nelamangala, [[Mangaluru]], [[Tumakuru]], and parts of [[Uttara Karnataka]] to capture authentic landscapes. The production wrapped up all shooting schedules by August 2025, after nearly eight months of work, and subsequently moved into post-production, including editing and music composition by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. The film's teaser was released in November 2025, confirming its theatrical release for January 2026.

=== Casting ===
[[Duniya Vijay]] was signed early as the lead, drawing on his rural roots to embody the protagonist. [[Rachita Ram]] joined as a young constable pivotal to the plot, while theatre veterans like [[Umashree]] and [[Achyuth Kumar]] were cast for authenticity. [[Raj B. Shetty]] came on board as the antagonist after discussions about the character's emotional depth and period look; he agreed to wear a wig to suit the director's vision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/no-wig-barriers/articleshow/126087242.cms|title=No wig barriers|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Rithanya Vijay, daughter of Duniya Vijay, makes her debut as his on-screen child, and actors such as [[Bhavana Rao]], [[Rakesh Adiga]], and Shishir Baikady complete the ensemble.

== Music ==
The soundtrack and background score for Landlord are composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], with lyrics contributed by [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and others. The album blends folk influences and period-appropriate arrangements to reflect the film's 1980s rural setting. Music rights are held by Anand Audio.

The first single, "Ningavva Ningavva", was released on 18 December 2025 across major streaming platforms and Anand Audio's official YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/videos/2025/Dec/19/landlords-ningavva-ningavva-video-song-released|title=ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾದ 'ನಿಂಗವ್ವ ನಿಂಗವ್ವ' ಸಾಂಗ್ ರಿಲೀಸ್!|work=Kannada Prabha|date=19 December 2025|language=kn}}</ref> Sung by [[Vijay Prakash]] and [[Ananya Bhat]], with lyrics by Yogaraj Bhat, the track features choreography by Bhushan and visuals showcasing lead actors Duniya Vijay and Rachita Ram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/17/ningavva-ningavva-from-landlord-to-drop-on-this-date|title='Ningavva Ningavva' from Landlord to drop on this date|work=Cinema Express|date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Additional singles and the complete soundtrack are scheduled for release ahead of the film's theatrical debut on 23 January 2026.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ningavva Ningavva
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ananya Bhat]]
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Romaanchaka
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Harshika Devanath
| lyrics2 = Nagarjun Sharma
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 =
| extra3 =
| length3 =
| title4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
}}

== Reception ==
Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of [[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] said that "On its surface, Jadeshaa K. Hampi’s Landlord details a land conflict drama, but the treatment of the film — on the subtext level it is very deep into the real incidents, deep philosophy. It is enhanced with great visuals, chest-thumping actions and exhilerating plotting — is such that a simple land rights story grows into a deep study of socialogy, innovative bloodfest."<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Landlord’ Movie Review: A Land Rights Drama That Gets Lost In Melodrama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/landlord-movie-review-a-land-rights-drama-that-gets-lost-in-melodrama |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of [[The News Minute]] said that "Landlord is filled with many opportunities to create drama, writing seems to be aware of them, introducing elements like Adaviraaya and a rich mythology around Raachayya enhances intensity, making the narrative so coherent that you get hooked to track of pretty much everything after a point."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |date=2026-01-23 |title=Landlord review: Duniya Vijay’s film is a potent idea undone by sloppy writing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/landlord-review-duniya-vijays-film-is-a-potent-idea-undone-by-sloppy-writing |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Box Office Collection ==
The film was well received in theatres. On its opening day, the film grossed ₹2.8 crore worldwide, being the highest day-one grossing Kannada film in 2026. In its first three day weekend, the film grossed over ₹16 crore. It grossed around ₹18 crore from Karnataka in 25 days of its release<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Shalmesh |date=2026-02-15 |title=Landlord Box Office: Duniya Vijay Starrer Is A Losing Affair, Suffers A Deficit Of 49% After 23-Day Run |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/landlord-box-office-duniya-vijay-starrer-is-a-losing-affair-suffers-a-deficit-of-49-after-23-day-run/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 10 February 2026, Zee5 acquired the OTT rights for ₹5.2 crore. As of 20 February 2026, the film grossed ₹25 crore worldwide.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35509393}}
[[Category:Kannada-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]

Vellari Pattanam

2026-04-18T01:11:39Z

AlizaHyder840: put up some post initial version - done

{{Short description|2023 Indian Malayalam film}}
{{Cleanup|date=August 2021|reason=Article contains significant spelling, grammatical, formatting, and stylistic errors throughout.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vellaripattanam
| image = Vellaripattanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mahesh Vettiyar
| writer = Sarath Krishna
 Mahesh Vettiyar
| producer = Full on Studios
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Manju Warrier]]
* [[Soubin Shahir]]
* [[Salim Kumar]]
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]
* [[Shabareesh Varma]]
}}
| cinematography = Alex J Pulickal
| narrator = [[Biju Menon]]
| editing = Appu N. Bhattathiri
| music = Sachin Sankor Mannath
| studio = Full on Studios
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|03|24}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Vellari Pattanam''''' ({{translation|Cucumber town}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Political cinema|political-satire]] film directed by Mahesh Vettiyar and produced by Full On Studios. The film stars [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Manju Warrier]], and [[Shabareesh Varma]].

== Plot==

The story takes place in a fictional village called Chakkarakudam. K.P Sunanda and K.P Suresh aka Leader are children of Peethan, a Gandhian and a former panchayat president of UDP. Sunanda is a ward member of Panchayat and Suresh is a youth wing leader of the party.

Both are in two groups in same party. Even though there is a fight between them, they are having good bond and mocking along with the fight. Leader Suresh has an eye on Sunanda's member seat. Sunanda gained immense popularity by selling organic vegetables and doing other beneficial public services for the village and the locals. Suresh is jealous of Sunanda's influence and popularity over the ward.

Yashodha, a poor village woman, pleads Sunanda for medical help for her daughter. Then Sunanda requests about it, but president Pushkaran refuses. Suresh's crooked plans to get behind Sunandha for to gain popularity and fame fall apart due to stupidity.

Suresh remembers the past that during college days, Radhan runs to escape from the opposing party rush to attack him as he tries to tie the party flag. while running, he threw a packet with the flag, Suresh got it, he picked it up and tied it. Baburaj stops his partymen from attacking him and Radhan and saves them. But they hit Suresh's leg. His father, Sunanda and his college friends come to the hospital to see him. Sunanda knows that Alina and Suresh were in love. Knowing this, her father Alex, who doesn't like him, exiles his daughter to another place.

As a part of group fight, Alex's goons threw bombs at house. In that attack sunanda and suresh lost their mother. As a Gandhian, Peethan forgave the culprits. he became the president breaking LDP's strong hold. Then Alex again began to work against him, along with Gunapal and Pushkaran trapped in a vigilance case. Then they didn't accept suresh in place of his father, they strategically placed Sunanda who was not much interest in politics. Suresh misunderstands that She is with those who are opposed him without giving him a party seat. Harilal Choudhary, the national leader of UDP, is coming to visit Chakkarakudam and Suresh thinks that he can meet and impress him to get a seat for himself. But, by welcoming Choudhary and translates his speech, Sunanda impressed than the others.

Alex deliberately doesn't give a chance to Suresh to participate in election for the panchayath member seat. KP meets BRP workers and they invite him to the party. But, Suresh and Radhan join LDP from UDP. Baburaj and LC member send them to the party village to learn party tactics under Kunjikrishnan Mash, an ideologue of the party.

Thus, the election preparations began. Sasi asked the LC member to give a seat in the election under LDP, but the LC member refused. Then Sunanda advised and helped Sasi to contest as an independent candidate. And Suresh got a seat in LDP through Kumar's recommendation.

BRP leader Sathyasheelan and PPDP member Sulaiman plans a communal riot. His wife, Fathima informs Sunanda of this information and so their plan goes awry.

Finally, Aleena and Suresh get married. Then, the high command appointed Sunanda as a candidate for the next by-election. She cunningly move forwarded by sidelined her party enemies. In the end reveals that Keluji's drunken son broke the arm of his father's statue because he did not value family over the welfare of the people.

== Cast ==
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as K. P. Suresh
* [[Manju Warrier]] as K. P. Sunanda
* Ramesh Kottayam as Kalarykkal Peethambaran
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Kunjikannan Mash
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Alex Vettukala aka Alexji
* [[Krishna Shankar]] as Radhan
* [[Shabareesh Varma]] as Baburaj
* Abhirami Bhargavan as Aleena
* Veena Nair as Neena Koshi
* [[Remya Suresh]] as Yashoda
* Pramod Veliyanad as Comrade Chenthamarakshan, LC Member
* Kumar as C. M. Pushkaran
* Harish Pengan as Sasi
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Minister
* Mahesh Vettiyar as Suleiman
* [[Siju Sunny]] as Moscow Sunny
* Sreekanth Vettiyar as Sathyasheelan

=== Family Tree of Kalarykkal family ===
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |||||| }}
{{Tree chart| |Peethambaran|v|Sridevi| |Peethambaran=Kalarykkal Peethambaran |Sridevi=Sreedevi|}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | }}
{{Tree chart|Sunanda|||ALOSHY|-|MARTHA|Sunanda=K. P. Sunanda |RAHEL=Rahel||ALOSHY= K. P. Suresh |MARTHA=Aleena Alex}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

== Production ==

=== Filming ===
The [[principal photography]] of the movie ''Vellaripattanam'' started with a pooja which was held on 6 November 2021, at Palliyarakkavu Temple in [[Vettiyar]] near [[Mavelikkara]]. Manju Warrier lit the lamp and [[M. S. Arun Kumar]] performed the switch-on ceremony and Abhirami Bhargavan gave the first clap for the film.

''Vellaripattanam'' is the directorial debut of Mahesh Vettiyar. He also co-wrote the screenplay with journalist Sarath Krishna. The film was produced by Sajai Sebastian and Kannan Satheesan through the production company Full On Studios. Alex J. Pulickal was the cinematographer, Appu N. Bhattathiri edited the movie. Sameera Saneesh was the costume designer and Sachin Sankor Mannath composed the soundtrack. The film was shot in the rustic beauty of Kallyathra junction Sharngakavu Temple in [[Venmony]], Vettiyar Mavelikkara.

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by Sachin Shankor Mannath. The soundtrack is released and distributed by Manorama Music Songs.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics
|-
| "Enthu Naada" || Gana Bala, Yadhu Krishnan (Rap)|| [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
|-
| "Arikeyonnu Kandoru " || [[K. S. Harisankar|Harishankar]], [[Nithya Mammen]] || [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
|-
| "Oru Nadiyayi" || Pooja Venkataraman, Sachin Shankor Mannath, || [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
|-
| "Ayyada Maname" || Pushpavathi || [[Madhu Vasudevan]]
|}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The poster of the film was released on 30 April 2022 by actor [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Warrier and Soubin Shahir's Vellari Pattanam gears up for release, Mammootty releases first look poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manju-warrier-and-soubin-shahirs-vellari-pattanam-gears-up-for-release-mammootty-releases-first-look-poster/92ba8f2156683 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408001803/https://www.ottplay.com/news/manju-warrier-and-soubin-shahirs-vellari-pattanam-gears-up-for-release-mammootty-releases-first-look-poster/92ba8f2156683 |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser was released on 10 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Vellaripattanam' teaser: Manju Warrier and Soubin Shahir starrer is a complete laugh riot! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vellaripattanam-teaser-manju-warrier-and-soubin-shahir-starrer-is-a-complete-laugh-riot/articleshow/92107051.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420135721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vellaripattanam-teaser-manju-warrier-and-soubin-shahir-starrer-is-a-complete-laugh-riot/articleshow/92107051.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer was released on 19 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir-Manju Warrier starrer Vellaripattanam trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/19/soubin-shahir-manju-warrier-starrer-vellaripattanam-trailer-is-here-41263.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408001802/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/19/soubin-shahir-manju-warrier-starrer-vellaripattanam-trailer-is-here-41263.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was "U" censored. It was released in theatres on 24 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vellari Pattanam' targets March 24 release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/15/vellari-pattanam-targets-march-24-release-2556053.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408001802/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/15/vellari-pattanam-targets-march-24-release-2556053.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital rights of the film is acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and started streaming from 21 April 2023.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} The satellite rights of the film is acquired by [[Amrita TV]] and will premiere on the occasion of [[Onam]] 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asianet Onam Premiers Are Thudarum, Empuraan, Prince and Family, Bromance and Padakkalam|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-onam-premier-films-list/ |website=Kerala TV|date=25 August 2025|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

== Title ==
The film title was initially titled ''Vellarikka Pattanam'', but Maneesh Kurup registered and secured the censor certificate with that title. The production company changed the name to ''Vellari Pattanam''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manju Warrier starrer 'Vellarikka Pattanam' title changed to 'Vellari Pattanam' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-starrer-vellarikka-pattanam-title-changed-to-vellari-pattanam/articleshow/91262216.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414125515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-starrer-vellarikka-pattanam-title-changed-to-vellari-pattanam/articleshow/91262216.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and stated "Manju Warrier has done a brilliant job as Sunanda and Soubin was excellent as Suresh. But he definitely didn't need that wig."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vellaripattanam Movie Review : Underwhelming Vellaripattanam is a cliché political satire |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vellaripattanam/movie-review/98973586.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414125507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vellaripattanam/movie-review/98973586.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "is a stale political satire that doesn't try to do anything new, ending up as a pale imitation of some past hits".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-03-24 |title='Vellaripattanam' movie review: Manju Warrier, Soubin Shahir in a stale political satire |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vellaripattanam-movie-review-manju-warrier-soubin-shahir-in-a-stale-political-satire/article66656985.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331150154/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vellaripattanam-movie-review-manju-warrier-soubin-shahir-in-a-stale-political-satire/article66656985.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=വടംവലി രാഷ്ട്രീയവുമായി മഞ്ജുവും സൗബിനും; ചിരിയും ചിന്തയുമാണ് വെള്ളരിപ്പട്ടണം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/vellari-pattanam-review-manju-warrier-soubin-shahir-film-mahesh-vettiyar-sarath-krishna-1.8422450 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407235751/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/vellari-pattanam-review-manju-warrier-soubin-shahir-film-mahesh-vettiyar-sarath-krishna-1.8422450 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|13080724}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]

St. Gregorios High School

2026-04-11T16:29:45Z

AlizaHyder840: put up the pg basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Gregorios High School
| logo =
| image_size = 10
| location = [[Chembur]]
| address = Gregorios Path, Besides Fairlawn, V.N. Purav Marg, Chembur, Mumbai
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| zipcode = 400071
| coordinates = {{coord|19.050549|72.902402|display=inline}}
| schooltype = Private, Co-Educational
| religious_affiliation = Christian
| established =
| founded = 1994
| faculty = 120+
| avg_class_size = 45
| campus_size = {{convert|2|acre|m2}}
| houses = {{Color box|#0000ff|border=darkgray}} Aqua,
{{Color box|#ff0000|border=darkgray}} Fauna, {{Color box|#008000|border=darkgray}} Flora, {{Color box|#a52a2a|border=darkgray}} Terra
| athletics = NO International
| mascot = None
| affiliations = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]
| website = http://www.stgregorios.school
}}

'''St. Gregorios High School''' is a coeducational secondary school located in Chembur, Mumbai. It is affiliated to the [[Indian
Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) and [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC) and was established in 1992. The principal of the school is Mr. Jamal.

== Overview ==
=== Recognition ===
.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ht-top-schools-survey-the-10-best-schools-in-mumbai-s-east/story-uKLp77NBMWa9CvtgfnEeQK.html|title=HT Top Schools survey: The 10 best schools in Mumbai's east|date=2015-09-15|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/icse-class-x-and-isc-class-xii-results-announced/16219194|title=ICSE (class X) and ISC (Class XII) results announced|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

=== Rankings ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Agency
!Rank
!Year
!Location
|-
| rowspan="5" |Hindustan Times
|3rd<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ht-top-schools-survey-2016-a-different-school-of-thought/story-uqNcrwa46byvm27R2YWlYJ.html|title=HT Top Schools Survey 2016: A different school of thought|date=2016-09-27|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
|2016
| rowspan="5" |Mumbai East
|-
|3rd<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ht-top-schools-survey-the-10-best-schools-in-mumbai-s-east/story-uKLp77NBMWa9CvtgfnEeQK.html|title=HT Top Schools survey: The 10 best schools in Mumbai's east|date=2015-09-15|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
|2015
|-
|3rd<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ht-top-schools-survey-best-schools-in-east-mumbai/story-gRm6gsaC8uGccIXCNi5t1M.html|title=HT Top Schools Survey: Best schools in east Mumbai|date=2014-09-06|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
|2014
|-
|8th<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/best-schools-from-city-s-east/story-YtW8JmZnngE9uK4qzPSIBP.html|title=Best schools from city's east|date=2012-09-13|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
|2012
|-
|9th<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-best-schools-in-the-east/story-uGRyRzq9VCt0p2jYNjm5uK.html|title=The best schools in the east|date=2010-09-27|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
|2010
|-
| rowspan="5" |ClassFever<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.school.classfever.com/St-Gregorios-High-School-Chembur-Mumbai-Chembur-Mumbai-912-details|title=St. Gregorios High School, Chembur, Mumbai|last=Classfever|website=www.school.classfever.com|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
|10th
|2016
|Maharashtra
|-
|6th
|2016
|Mumbai
|-
|1st
|2016
|Chembur
|-
|3rd
|2016
|ISC schools in Mumbai
|-
|3rd
|2016
|ISC Schools in Maharashtra
|}

=== School Features ===
The school follows the ICSE course syllabus, as set out by the CISCE board in Delhi.

It runs classes from kindergarten (officially 'Nursery') to the 12th grade. The classes are divided into 4 parts – Pre-Primary or Pre-School (consisting of Nursery, Junior Kindergarten and Senior Kindergarten), Primary or Elementary (from the 1st to the 5th Grade), Secondary or Middle School (the 6th, 7th and 8th Grades) and High School (from the 9th to the 12th Grade). The average class size is of 40-50 students.

The students are divided among four houses named Aqua, Fauna, Flora and Terra which compete through the year in extracurricular activities. The school has a distinct Student Council and looks after the discipline and organises all events. It is led by the Head Boy and Head Girl, who work together with House Captains, Vice Captains, Sports and Discipline Captains and the Discipline Squad. The middle section maintains its own Student Council. Each house is looked after by a teacher-in-charge. The School is an active participant in sports <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/walkovers-mar-day-one-of-mssa-basketball/15774181|title=Walkovers mar Day One of MSSA basketball|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/yugant-gupta-clinches-mssa-squash-title/16609224|title=Yugant Gupta clinches MSSA squash title|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> and co-curriculars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/morefromlifestyle/word-play-anyone-scrabble-scoring-high-across-generations/story-CAvXc8LYUR7yl4bd5T2lPO.html|title=Word play anyone? Scrabble scoring high across generations|date=2015-07-02|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Gregorios High School}}
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Schools in Chembur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Schools in Mumbai]]

K. P. Vivekanand Goud

2026-04-07T21:31:51Z

AlizaHyder840: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. P. Vivekanand Goud
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1977|10|21|df=yes}}<ref>Telangana members profile</ref>
| birth_place = [[Quthbullapur]]
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Quthbullapur (Assembly constituency)|Quthbullapur Constituency]]
| term_start = 2014 - till
| predecessor = [[Kuna Srisailam Goud]]
| successor =
| spouse = Sowjanya
| children = 2
| parents =
| occupation = Politician brs
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|40px]][[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

'''K. P. Vivekanand Goud''' is an Indian politician who belonged to the TDP but now belongs to the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Quthbullapur (Assembly constituency)|Quthbullapur constituency]] of [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]] district in [[Telangana]] state.<ref>[http://www.telangana.gov.in/legislature/mlas Members of the Legislative Assembly], Telangana State Portal</ref> In the [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014 state assembly elections]], he defeated K Hanmanth Reddy of [[Bharat Rashtra Samiti|BRS]] by a margin of 39,024 votes.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat-Report-Andhra-Pradesh2014.pdf Statistical Report on General Election 2014], Election Commission of India.</ref> In 2018 general elections he won with a majority of 40,000 plus votes on Congress candidate Kuna Srisailam Goud. In 2023 general elections he won with a majority of 85,576 votes on BJP [[Bharatiya Janatha Party]] candidate Kuna Srisailam Goud and later he was appointed BRS Party Whip in Telangana Legislative Assembly on 4 February 2025.<ref name="KCR appoints Satyavathi Rathod, KP Vivekananda as BRS whips">{{cite news |last1= |title=KCR appoints Satyavathi Rathod, KP Vivekananda as BRS whips |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-appoints-satyavathi-rathod-kp-vivekananda-as-brs-whips |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=4 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205044128/https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-appoints-satyavathi-rathod-kp-vivekananda-as-brs-whips |archive-date=5 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BRS appoints Satyavathi Rathod and Vivekanand Goud as Whips for the Legislative Council and Assembly">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BRS appoints Satyavathi Rathod and Vivekanand Goud as Whips for the Legislative Council and Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-appoints-satyavathi-rathod-and-vivekanand-goud-as-whips-for-the-legislative-council-and-assembly/article69178894.ece |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=4 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205044208/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-appoints-satyavathi-rathod-and-vivekanand-goud-as-whips-for-the-legislative-council-and-assembly/article69178894.ece |archive-date=5 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Childhood ==

{{Empty section|date=April 2026}}

== Education ==

He did his schooling from H M T High School, HMT Colony, near Chintal. He completed his B.Eng. from [[Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]] affiliated with [[Osmania University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theleaderspage.com/kp-vivekananda/|title=KP Vivekananda {{!}} MLA {{!}} TRS {{!}} Qutubullapur {{!}} Medchal-Malkajgiri {{!}} Telangana|date=2020-04-17|website=the Leaders Page|language=en-US|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>

== Political Journey ==

As he was connected to politics, which came from his father, he always wanted to serve the people and so he started a Cup Soucer Party after completing his BE and entered active politics in the year 2000.
K. P. Vivekanand Goud won as MLA from TDP (Telugu Desam Party) under the leadership of [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]. He then jumped from TDP to BRS
in the presence of CM [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]].<ref name="TDP legislator joins TRS">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=TDP legislator joins TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/qutbullapur-tdp-mla-joins-trs/article8212209.ece |access-date=25 February 2022 |work= |date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225153859/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/qutbullapur-tdp-mla-joins-trs/article8212209.ece |archive-date=25 February 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Change of colors: Qutbullapur MLA K P Vivekananda Goud joins TRS">{{cite news |title=Change of colors: Qutbullapur MLA K P Vivekananda Goud joins TRS |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/change-colors-qutbullapur-mla-k-p-vivekananda-goud-joins-trs-38740 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work= |date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225154058/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/change-colors-qutbullapur-mla-k-p-vivekananda-goud-joins-trs-38740 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Earlier, in October 2023, K. P. Vivekanand allegedly attacked ex MLA Kuna Srisailam Goud during a news TV debate. https://www.news18.com/elections/land-grabber-brs-mla-grabs-bjp-leader-by-neck-as-remark-sets-off-scuffle-during-live-tv-debate-8634434.html

Vivekananda contested the 2018 Assembly elections as TRS candidate and won by a margin of 41,500 votes<ref name="Quthbullapur Assembly Election Result 2018: TRS' KP Vivekanand wins by 41,500 votes">{{cite news |title=Quthbullapur Assembly Election Result 2018: TRS' KP Vivekanand wins by 41,500 votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/quthbullapur-assembly-constituency-election-2018-telangana-polls-candidates/324701 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work= |date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225161154/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/quthbullapur-assembly-constituency-election-2018-telangana-polls-candidates/324701 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and in 2023 Elections contested as BRS candidate and won by a huge margin of 85,576 votes. He currently represents the Quthbullapur Constituency of Telangana.<ref name="Vivekananda of BRS trumps Harish for record majority">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |title=Vivekananda of BRS trumps Harish for record majority |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/031223/vivekananda-of-brs-trumps-harish-for-record-majority.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221090010/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/031223/vivekananda-of-brs-trumps-harish-for-record-majority.html |archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Rules Committee member ===

More important is that the way he presented himself in a well mannered and disciplined way in the Assembly, which got him good name and he was appointed Rules Committee member in the Telangana State Assembly.

==== US Young Leaders Political Program ====

Shri K. P. Vivekanand Goud was one among the five and only from the Telangana State to represent India in the U.S. Young Leaders Political Program which was held in US. He is growing as a good leader day-by-day and the manner in which he is dealing with public issues is very commendable. He has a great vision to strive for political, social, cultural and economic development of common people which attracts people towards him.

===== Adarsh Yuva Vidhayak Puraskar =====

His well mannered educated behavior was recognized by the Bharathiya Chatra Sansad, Pune and he was awarded the Adarsh Yuva Vidhayak Puraskar for the year 2014 which is a matter of pride for Telangana State. This award was presented by the Hon’ble Speaker of Uttharakand State Legislative Assembly.

'''Public Life:'''

K. P. Vivekanand Goud

Both as the leader and an MLA has a name that he works for the betterment of Quthbullapur constituency all the time and carrying out various programs/activities for the empowerment of women and youth to build a strong society which earned him good name among the people.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://kpvivek.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110104458/http://kpvivek.com/ |date=10 November 2015 }}

tdp

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivekanand, KP}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]

Parvathi Ennai Paradi

2026-04-07T12:06:18Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting New Details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Parvathi Ennai Paradi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Sekhar]]
| writer = V. Sekhar
| producer = [[K. R. Gangadharan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]|Sri Parvathi}}
| cinematography = M. C. Sekar
| editing = K. Shankar V. Jayapal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[KRG Movies International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|07|23}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Parvathi Ennai Paradi''''' ({{translation|Parvathi, look at me}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[V. Sekhar]]. The film stars [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] and Sri Parvathi with [[Janagaraj]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Srividya]], [[Lalitha Kumari]], [[Charle]] and [[Vasu Vikram]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 23 July 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பார்வதி என்னை பாரடி / Parvathi Ennai Paradi (1993) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/parvathi-ennai-paradi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231106075134/https://screen4screen.com/movies/parvathi-ennai-paradi |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=parvathi ennai paradi ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/parvathi%20ennai%20paradi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041213023609/http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/parvathi%20ennai%20paradi.html |archive-date=13 December 2004 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rajadurai ([[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]) is a wealthy man and highly respected figure in his village. He has a spoiled daughter named Parvathi (Sri Parvathi). Venkatraman ([[Janagaraj]]) is a newly appointed Tamil teacher of a college in Rajadurai's village. Unlike other teachers, students like his way of teaching and friendly approach. Parvathi really appreciates Venkatraman and she has private tuitions with the teacher. Venkatraman is married to Gayathri ([[Srividya]]), they have a son named Siva.

Siva is a short-tempered person who cannot tolerate injustice. While studying in college, he beat up the minister's son who raped his classmate and was later expelled from the college. Afterwards, his father found him a job in a newspaper company. One day, the company owner cut the finger of a poor labourer in front of Siva. Siva, in turn, cut the owner's finger and was sent to jail.

Siva comes back from jail and goes back to his parents. At his arrival, Parvathi clashes with Siva, their bickering continues every time they meet. Siva later becomes the manager company of Rajadurai's company. Siva and Parvathi slowly fall in love with each other. Ramesh ([[Vasu Vikram]]), Rajadurai's nephew, is a wicked womaniser and he wants to appropriate Rajadurai's company. So Ramesh decides to marry Parvathi at all costs. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Siva
*Sri Parvathi as Parvathi
*[[Janagaraj]] as Venkatraman
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Rajadurai
*[[Srividya]] as Gayathri
*[[Lalitha Kumari]]
*[[Charle]] as Pattinathar
*[[Vasu Vikram]] as Ramesh
*[[Ganeshkar]]
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]]
*[[Kovai Babu]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Iyer
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as College principal
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Munuswamy
*MLA Thangaraj as the company owner
*[[Singamuthu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2017 |title=Parvathi Ennai Paradi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parvathi-ennai-paradi/5GHth7wuV5k_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206052459/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parvathi-ennai-paradi/5GHth7wuV5k_ |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathi Ennai Paradi / Vaa Vaa Vasanthame |url=https://avdigital.in/products/parvathi-ennai-paradi-vaa-vaa-vasanthame |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206052601/https://avdigital.in/products/parvathi-ennai-paradi-vaa-vaa-vasanthame |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> The song "Muthu There" is set in Pahadi raga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2014 |title=தமிழ்த்திரை இசையில் ராகங்கள் : [ 19 ] : T.சௌந்தர் |url=https://inioru.com/%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%88%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%95-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227132300/https://inioru.com/%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%88%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%95-11/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=Inioru |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Chinna Poongili" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:01
|-
| "Kaadhalil Maataamal" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || rowspan=2|[[Piraisoodan]] || 2:28
|-
| "Kombugal Illa" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]], Chorus || 4:41
|-
| "Maanukkum" || S. Janaki, Chorus || rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]] || 5:04
|-
| "Muthu Therey" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || 4:28
|-
| "Parvathi Ennai Paradi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || rowspan=3|Vaali || 5:04
|-
| "Sooriyana Kandavudan" || S. Janaki || 5:05
|-
| "Valibare" || Malaysia Vasudevan, Chorus || 4:45
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a negative review and labelled the film "cliched".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=30 July 1993 |title=Cliched |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930730&printsec=frontpage |access-date=4 November 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said Ilaiyaraaja was the only saving grace of the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=8 August 1993 |title=பார்வதி என்னைப் பாரடி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-08-08/page/n29/mode/2up |access-date=3 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–29 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{V. Sekhar}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Sekhar]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. R. Gangadharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Ī (Indic)

2026-03-29T14:38:50Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{short description|Letter "Ī" in Indic scripts}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Ī
|mainimg = Devanagari ई.svg
|bengcp = 0988
|tibtcp = 0F68;ཱ&#x0F72
|tamlcp = 0B88
|thaicp = 0E35
|mlymcp = 0D08
|sinhcp = 0D8A
|brahcp = 11008 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ii.svg
|devacp = 0908
| hbchar = ע
| grchar = Ο, Ω
| lachar = O
| cychar = О, Ѡ, Ѿ, Ꙋ, Ю
|ipa = iː |iast = Ī |iscii = A7
}}

'''Ī''' is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ī is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|ng]]. As an Indic vowel, Ī comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The ई sign  ी was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|2}}, but the vowel letter did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>

==Historic Ī==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ī as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gujarat [[Image:Gupta gujarat ii.svg|13px|Ī]]. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ī [[Image:Tocharian letter ii.gif|18px|Ī]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ī are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Ī===
The Brahmi letter Ī [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]], is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Ayin]] [[File:Ayin.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[O]] and Greek [[Omicron]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ī can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ī historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi ii.svg|37px]] || No sample || No sample || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ii.svg|37px]] || No sample
|}

===Tocharian Ī===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter ii.gif|25px|Ī]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]]. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Ī vowel mark
|-
! Kī !! Khī !! Gī !! Ghī !! Cī !! Chī !! Jī !! Jhī !! Nyī !! Ṭī !! Ṭhī !! Ḍī !! Ḍhī !! Ṇī
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter kii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter gii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ghii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cii.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter jii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter jhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nyii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ttii.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ddii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nnii.gif|37px]]
|-
! Tī !! Thī !! Dī !! Dhī !! Nī !! Pī !! Phī !! Bī !! Bhī !! Mī !! Yī !! Rī !! Lī !! Vī
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter tii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter phii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter bii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter bhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter mii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter yii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter rii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter lii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter vii.gif|37px]]
|-
! Śī !! Ṣī !! Sī !! Hī
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter shii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter sii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter hii.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ī===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ī is indicated with the [[I (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī I|I]] vowel mark [[File:Буква I (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign I.svg|15px|Ī]]plus the vowel length mark [[File:Довгий голосний (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg|15px]]. As an independent vowel, Ī is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Ī==

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari ई.svg
| alt1 = Ī vowel
| image2 = Devanagari ii sign.png
| alt2 = Ī vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Ī and Ī vowel sign.
}}
'''Ī''' ('''ई''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ઈ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘃.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. In most of these languages, ई is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|ī|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Bengali Ī==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter Ii.svg
| alt1 = Ī vowel
| image2 = Bengali Ii vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Ī vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Ī and Ī vowel sign.
}}
'''Ī''' ('''ঈ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ii.svg|13px|Ī]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ई.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, ঈ is pronounced as {{IPA|bn|ī|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

==Gujarati Ī==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel Ii.svg
| alt1 = Ī vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign Ii.svg
| alt2 = Ī vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Ī and Ī vowel sign.
}}
'''Ī''' ('''ઈ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ī [[Image:Devanagari ई.svg|13px|ī]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|ī]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઈ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ī|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. In addition to the standard vowel sign, Ī forms a unique ligature when combined with the consonant J:
* જ (j) + ઈ (ī) gives the ligature jī:
[[File:Gujarati letter Jii.svg|100px]]

==Javanese Ī==
{{Empty section|date=October 2023}}

==Telugu Ī==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel Ii.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Ī
| image2 = Telugu Ii vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Ī
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ī.
}}
'''Ī''' ('''ఈ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಈ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.
[[File:Telugu Ii matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Ī vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kī, Khī, Gī, Ghī and Ngī. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.]]

==Malayalam Ī==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel Ii.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Ī
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ii.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ī
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ī.
}}
'''Ī''' ('''ഈ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel Ii.svg|x15px|Ī]] ''ī''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

==Odia Ī==
[[File:Odia alphabet ଈ.svg|thumb|Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Ī]]
'''Ī''' ('''ଈ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ii.svg|x15px|Ī]] ''ī''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.

==Kaithi Ī==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Ii.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi independent vowel Ī
| image2 = Kaithi Ii vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Kaithi vowel sign Ī
| footer = Kaithi independent vowel and vowel sign Ī.
| align = left
}}
'''Ī''' ('''𑂆''') is a vowel of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ii.svg|x15px|Ī]] ''Ī''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.

==Tirhuta Ī==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = TIRHUTA LETTER II.svg
| alt1 = Tirhuta independent vowel Ī
| image2 = TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN II.svg
| alt2 = Tirhuta vowel sign Ī
| footer = Tirhuta independent vowel and vowel sign Ī.
}}
'''Ī''' ('''𑒄''') is a vowel of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ii.svg|13px|Ī]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ii.svg|x15px|Ī]] ''Ii''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Tirhuta usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No consonants are altered in form when adding the ''Ī'' vowel mark, although there are some consonant+vowel ligatures in Tirhuta.

{{clear}}

==Comparison of Ī==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ī, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ī
|devacp = 0908
|bengcp = 0988
|tamlcp = 0B88
|telucp = 0C08
|oryacp = 0B08
|kndacp = 0C88
|mlymcp = 0D08
|gujrcp = 0A88
|gurucp = 0A08

|brahcp = 11008 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ii.svg
|siddcp = 11583 |siddimg = Siddham ii.svg
|grancp = 11308
|newacp = 11403
|bhkscp = 11C03
|shrdcp = 11186
|tibtcp = 0F68;ཱ&#x0F72
|mymrcp = 1024
|lanacp = 1A4E
|lana2cp = 1A66
|khmrcp = 17A6
|khmr2cp = 17B8
|laoocp = 0EB5
|thaicp = 0E35
|sinhcp = 0D8A
|cakmcp = 11129
|ahomcp = 11723
|diakcp = 11903
|saurcp = A885
|chamcp = AA2B
|modicp = 11603
|nandcp = 119A3
|gongcp = 11D63
|kthiimg = Kaithi Ii.svg | kthicp = 11086
|tirhcp = 11484
|mteicp = AAEB
|takrcp = 11683
|dogrcp = 11803
|khojcp = 1122E
|sindcp = 112B3
|balicp = 1B08
|javacp = A987
|gonmcp = 11D03
| armiimg = Ayin.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Ii.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana ii.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ī==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ī in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ī from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ī
|devacp = 0908
|bengcp = 0988
|tamlcp = 0B88
|telucp = 0C08
|oryacp = 0B08
|kndacp = 0C88
|mlymcp = 0D08
|gujrcp = 0A88
|gurucp = 0A08
|iscii = A7

|brahcp = 11008 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ii.svg

|siddcp = 11583 |siddimg = Siddham ii.svg
|grancp = 11308

|newacp = 11403
|bhkscp = 11C03
|shrdcp = 11186
|mymrcp = 1024
|lanacp = 1A4E

|khmrcp = 17A6


|thaicp = 0E35
|sinhcp = 0D8A


|diakcp = 11903
|saurcp = A885

|modicp = 11603
|nandcp = 119A3
|gongcp = 11D63
|kthicp = 11086 |kthiimg = Kaithi Ii.svg
|tirhcp = 11484

|takrcp = 11683
|dogrcp = 11803

|sindcp = 112B3
|balicp = 1B08
|javacp = A987
|gonmcp = 11D03
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ii (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Mali (singer)

2026-03-24T07:15:19Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Indian name|Maalavika|Manoj}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mali
| image = Maalavika Manoj 2017.jpg
| caption = Mali, pictured in 2017
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| birth_name = Maalavika Manoj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|9|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sid Shirodkar|2025}}
}}
'''Maalavika Manoj''' (born 16 September 1993) known professionally as '''Mali''' ({{IPAc-en|m|æ|l|ɪ}}),<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=Cty-1_uglK0 |user=maalavikamanoj |title=So go ahead, go stream it over, over and over again #MaliWalkAway |author=Mali |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/maalavikamanoj/3130841080417899188 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> is an Indian singer-songwriter based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].

== Early and personal life ==
Maalavika Manoj was born on 16 September 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali (Maalavika) {{!}} About |url=https://www.facebook.com/Malimanojmusic/info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130718202939/https://www.facebook.com/Malimanojmusic/info |archive-date=18 July 2013 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=CFNFBEujujH |user=maalavikamanoj |title=The dreaded 27th birthday with a much deserved drink. Thanks for all the wishes and presents! I love you all. Cheers 🥂 |author=Mali |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250714065428/https://www.instagram.com/p/CFNFBEujujH/ |archive-date=14 July 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to [[Malayali]] parents from [[North Malabar]].<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{Cite news |date=16 June 2013 |title=The joy of sharing |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130616/entertainment-tvmusic/article/joy-sharing |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120023742/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130616/entertainment-tvmusic/article/joy-sharing |archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Maalavika had been listening to music heavily since childhood. Though her parents were not musicians, they would play a lot of 1970s and 1980s style music to her. Maalavika grew up listening [[electronic music]]. When she was five years old, her parents decided to enroll her in various classes ranging from swimming and [[Bharatanatyam]] to piano and drawing classes. A few years later, she quit all of her classes other than piano, which she learned till she was 17 years old. Around that time, she also decided to try learning the guitar, because at that point she felt it was "cool".<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |date=26 December 2012 |title=Musician with a message |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/musician-with-a-message/article4241215.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203155233/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/musician-with-a-message/article4241215.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

Maalavika said she never had to seriously tell her parents that she wanted to be a musician, because "they're happy if I'm doing something I want and can sustain myself and be comfortable with a career in music."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Nandita |date=2 May 2013 |title=They're the four who rock |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130502/entertainment-tvmusic/article/theyre-four-who-rock |url-status=dead |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120023556/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130502/entertainment-tvmusic/article/theyre-four-who-rock |archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Her first singing performance was at a party when she was 12 years old. At the party, she sang [[Ella Fitzgerald]]'s version of "Fever", with some of the lyrics changed to "suit the occasion".<ref name="maliTOIjuly2016">{{Cite news |date=22 July 2016 |title=Maalavika Manoj: I didn't know I had it in me to be a singer |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Maalavika-Manoj-I-didnt-know-I-had-it-in-me-to-be-a-singer/articleshow/53318668.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414055737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Maalavika-Manoj-I-didnt-know-I-had-it-in-me-to-be-a-singer/articleshow/53318668.cms |archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> She did her schooling at [[Sacred Heart Matriculation School]]<ref name="Three">{{Cite news |date=13 January 2011 |title=Three's Company |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/threes-company/article1089704.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217141517/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/threes-company/article1089704.ece |archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> and studied for a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA) at [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news |date=26 July 2013 |title=Deceptive Maalavika |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/t2/story_17156490.jsp#.UuHzu87hUdX |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154116/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/t2/story_17156490.jsp#.UuHzu87hUdX |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In mid-2013, she left for France to complete her BBA degree, but returned to Chennai a year later after graduating.<ref name="Band-baaja">{{Cite news |last=Suraksha |first=P. |date=28 July 2014 |title=Band-baaja, Bunking & Bloopers |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Band-baaja-Bunking--Bloopers/2014/07/28/article2348488.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119223015/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Band-baaja-Bunking--Bloopers/2014/07/28/article2348488.ece |archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suraksha |first=P. |date=11 August 2014 |title=The Need for Recognition |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/The-Need-for-Recognition/2014/08/11/article2370841.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815171426/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/The-Need-for-Recognition/2014/08/11/article2370841.ece |archive-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> She graduated from Loyola in the same year,<ref name="Band-baaja" /> and moved to [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to pursue a career in music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Nandita |date=27 January 2017 |title=Beyond Bass-in-Bridge |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/beyond-bass-in-bridge/section/66247 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202030435/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/beyond-bass-in-bridge/section/66247 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |work=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref>

In late June 2024, Maalavika was engaged to composer Sid Shirodkar.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=C8jJsCvtuii |user=maalavikamanoj |title=It's a yes 💍🥲 |author=Mali |date=23 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/maalavikamanoj/3396601152991062178_3396601145181106500 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=C8lxNLSsUeI |user=rollingstonein |title=Indian singer-songwriter Mali and composer Sid Shirodkar are engaged 💍 Congratulations to the couple! 📸 |author=Rolling Stone India |author-link=Rolling Stone India |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/ijY1J |archive-date=24 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> She married him in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DFutGBGNgzr |user=maalavikamanoj |title=Aaand we're married ♥️ 02-02-2025 #SidGotMaal |author=Mali |date=6 February 2025 |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/mLG6Q |archive-date=24 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2010, Maalavika performed at Maithri (the cultural events of [[Chettinad Vidyashram]]), and was named the "Best Vocalist". RJ Arjun Thomas heard her there and suggested that she form a band to join the radio station Chennai Live's band hunt that was taking place at the time.<ref name="Three" /> The band was eventually formed under the name "Bass-in-Bridge" in September 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing BASS – IN BRIDGE |url=http://thamarai.co.uk/news-details/450589450/introducing-bass-in-bridge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727135723/http://thamarai.co.uk/news-details/450589450/introducing-bass-in-bridge.html |archive-date=27 July 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Thamarai.co.uk}}</ref> with Arjun as the guitarist,<ref name="Three" /> Sajith Satya as the bassist, [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] as the keyboardist, Maalavika as the vocalist and Shashank Vijay as the drummer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bass-in Bridge Bio |url=https://www.reverbnation.com/artist_1008221/bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119214627/https://www.reverbnation.com/artist_1008221/bio |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=ReverbNation}}</ref> The name is a pun on "Basin bridge".<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2011 |title=Meet the band {{sic|nolink=y|Baas-in Bridge}} |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Meet-the-band-Baas-in-Bridge/articleshow/8437596.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530040148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Meet-the-band-Baas-in-Bridge/articleshow/8437596.cms |archive-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Bass-in-Bridge was one of five underground bands (the other four being Wolf's Lair, Nailed, Blues Conscience, Blacklisted and Off the Record) that qualified for the event's finals which took place in November 2010, but Wolf's Lair emerged the winning band, with Blues Conscience and Off the Record as runners-up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghunandan |first=Siddharth |date=10 November 2010 |title=Strumming for the top slot |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/strumming-for-the-top-slot/article877990.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901231243/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/strumming-for-the-top-slot/article877990.ece |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> Maalavika called being a finalist at the band hunt her "claim to fame".<ref name="Three" /> Bass-in-Bridge have also performed live at Chennai's Pasta Bar Veneto, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]'s "Sec Saturday concert" and Yamaha Music Square's "Up on the Roof".<ref name="Three" /> In June 2011, Bass-in-Bridge performed at a music festival called "Fete de la Musique" at the Goethe Institute, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bozuwa |first1=Johanna |last2=Shaddick |first2=Edwina |date=22 June 2011 |title=When music hit the streets! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/when-music-hit-the-streets/article2125613.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152511/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/when-music-hit-the-streets/article2125613.ece |archive-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> The band dissolved in the same year, with Leon, Maalavika and Sajith becoming solo artists.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fathima |first=Hafsa |date=5 June 2015 |title=Taking the next step |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/taking-the-next-step/article7286350.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152511/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/taking-the-next-step/article7286350.ece |archive-date=8 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2015 |title=Leon to Compose Music for Ko-2 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Leon-to-Compose-Music-for-Ko-2/2015/05/12/article2809246.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030131846/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Leon-to-Compose-Music-for-Ko-2/2015/05/12/article2809246.ece |archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>

Maalavika was featured in the "[[Sachin Tendulkar|Sachin]] Anthem" composed by [[Dhanush]],<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=TEDxYouth@Chennai |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/4697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155456/http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/4697 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=[[TED (conference)|TED]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2015 |title=A life versed in song |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-life-versed-in-song/article6895543.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318083606/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-life-versed-in-song/article6895543.ece |archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> which was released in February 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2012 |title='Kolaveri di' Dhanush makes Sachin anthem |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/-1902213.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417060754/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/-1902213.html |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> In June 2012, she performed at the World Music Day celebrations organised by Goethe Institute and Alliance Française de Chennai in association with Unwind Center.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2012 |title=Music in the air |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/music-in-the-air/article3584588.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152512/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/music-in-the-air/article3584588.ece |archive-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> In December 2012, she performed a few songs at a "Christmas Extravaganza" organised by Dr. John Joseph Foundation at YMCA, Vepery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2013 |title=A season for sharing gifts |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/a-season-for-sharing-gifts/article4278269.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831173254/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/a-season-for-sharing-gifts/article4278269.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>

Maalavika's debut album ''Deceptive'' was to be released on 16 June 2013 at Chipstead, [[Taj Coromandel]],<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Sonali |date=12 June 2013 |title=Behind the music |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Behind-the-music/2013/06/12/article1630504.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112545/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Behind-the-music/2013/06/12/article1630504.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> but was released on [[iTunes]] a day in advance. She chose the stage name Mali.<ref name="itunes">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2013 |title=Deceptive – EP by Mali |url=https://itunes.apple.com/album/deceptive-ep/id663528028 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725115239/https://itunes.apple.com/album/deceptive-ep/id663528028 |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> It was mixed by the US-based composer/mixer/producer Anton Pukshansky. The album also features other artists like [[Ujjayinee Roy]], Karthick Iyer, "Ghatam" Karthik and Ed DeGenaro, all of whom helped Mali with the instrumentals. According to Mali, the album has "a mix of styles such as jazz, electronic, blues and so on" and she compares it to "a box of assorted chocolates – something for everyone".<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2013 |title=A medley of genres |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-medley-of-genres/article4856539.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232721/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-medley-of-genres/article4856539.ece |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The song "No Place Like Home", which Mali considers "the tune dearest to her on the album" was composed over a period of three years; she wrote it when she was 16 years old.<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> It took her 15 months to finish the whole album.<ref name="telegraph" /> The album has six songs, which include "This One's for You", "Deceptive", "It's Not the Same", "No Place Like Home", "Wannabe" and "Undefined".<ref name="itunes" /> In July 2013, Mali performed at "Thank You for the Music", a tribute concert to [[ABBA]] held at Chennai's Museum Theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2013 |title=Music and memories |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/music-and-memories/article4932653.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831024914/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/music-and-memories/article4932653.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2013 |title=Thank you for the music |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/thank-you-for-the-music/article4945078.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112125041/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/thank-you-for-the-music/article4945078.ece |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

In April 2015, Mali performed with Sapta, an independent electro-acoustic world music act, at the event "Daddy's Toxic Thursdays" in Tap Resto Bar, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2015 |title=The Mint Planner, 17 April 2015 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ltIdL1ZlVBOTVgWPzwkdNK/The-Mint-Planner-17-April-2015.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723153747/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ltIdL1ZlVBOTVgWPzwkdNK/The-Mint-Planner-17-April-2015.html |archive-date=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2015 |title=Sapta presents a mix of music |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Sapta-presents-a-mix-of-music/articleshow/46959534.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325213219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Sapta-presents-a-mix-of-music/articleshow/46959534.cms |archive-date=25 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sairaj |date=17 April 2015 |title=Gig Review: Sapta Live at Tap Resto Bar, Mumbai |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/gig-review-sapta-live-at-tap-resto-bar-mumbai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185553/http://rollingstoneindia.com/gig-review-sapta-live-at-tap-resto-bar-mumbai/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref> In the same month she performed at Mercedes Luxe Royale, a show sponsored by [[Mercedes-Benz]] and organised by designer Vivek Karunakaran in association with the Madras Midtown Round Table-42 at [[The Park Hotels|The Park]] in [[Nungambakkam]], Chennai,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2015 |title=In a Military Mood |work=[[Indulge Express]] |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/in-a-military-mood/chennai/29076 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708002130/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/in-a-military-mood/chennai/29076 |archive-date=8 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2015 |title=A fashionable helping hand |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/a-fashionable-helping-hand/article7122831.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152512/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/a-fashionable-helping-hand/article7122831.ece |archive-date=8 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2015 |title=It's Hot Inside Out |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Its-Hot-Inside-Out/2015/04/21/article2774232.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119224003/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Its-Hot-Inside-Out/2015/04/21/article2774232.ece |archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> and also at the launch event of Anams Man's Spring-Summer Collection held at [[ITC Grand Chola Hotel|ITC Grand Chola]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2015 |title=Bringing spring to life |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/bringing-spring-to-life/article6962742.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152512/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/bringing-spring-to-life/article6962742.ece |archive-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> Mali performed the song "Walk Away" during the third season of the [[Kappa TV]] show ''Music Mojo''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykRmMbfHcbo |title=Walk Away – Mali – Music Mojo Season 3 |date=10 September 2015 |publisher=KappaTV |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205071833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykRmMbfHcbo |archive-date=5 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November, she performed the song "Deen", in collaboration with rapper [[Sofia Ashraf]] and Sapta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Religion is not for everybody |work=The Asian Age |url=http://www.asianage.com/music/religion-not-everybody-578 |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119084403/http://www.asianage.com/music/religion-not-everybody-578 |archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Nabeela |date=7 November 2015 |title=Exclusive Stream: Sapta's New Electro/Folk/Rap Song 'Deen' ft. Sofia Ashraf |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-stream-saptas-new-electrofolkrap-song-deen-ft-sofia-ashraf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119182715/http://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-stream-saptas-new-electrofolkrap-song-deen-ft-sofia-ashraf/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fathima |first=Hafsa |date=20 November 2015 |title=Sapta and Sofia Ashraf create a tuneful conversation |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/sapta-and-sofia-ashraf-create-a-tuneful-conversation/article7900042.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123130704/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/sapta-and-sofia-ashraf-create-a-tuneful-conversation/article7900042.ece |archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> By January 2016, Mali had joined "The Diva Collective", a collaboration between several Chennai-based female vocalists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2015 |title=Born to be divas! |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151030/lifestyle-offbeat/article/born-be-divas |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411155200/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151030/lifestyle-offbeat/article/born-be-divas |archive-date=11 April 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, she released a single titled "Dreaming".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=7 September 2016 |title=Listen: Mumbai Singer-Songwriter Mali's Delightful New Single 'Dreaming' |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-mumbai-singer-songwriter-malis-delightful-new-single-dreaming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128212027/http://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-mumbai-singer-songwriter-malis-delightful-new-single-dreaming/ |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>

The five-track [[Extended play|EP]] ''Rush'', which had been in development as early as October 2015,<ref name="Bruce Lees">{{Cite news |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=1 October 2015 |title=The tale of two Bruce Lees |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-tale-of-two-bruce-lees/article7711724.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152610/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-tale-of-two-bruce-lees/article7711724.ece |archive-date=8 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="maliTOIjuly2016" /> was released on 27 January 2017. "Dreaming", originally released as a single, was included on this EP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=27 January 2017 |title=Exclusive Premiere: Hear Singer-Songwriter Mali's Acoustic-Pop Debut EP 'Rush' |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-hear-singer-songwriter-malis-acoustic-pop-debut-ep-rush/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127063405/http://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-hear-singer-songwriter-malis-acoustic-pop-debut-ep-rush/ |archive-date=27 January 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref> The title track of this album was later ranked second in ''[[Rolling Stone India]]''{{'}}s list of "10 Best Indian Singles of 2017".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=10 Best Indian Singles of 2017 |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-singles-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112155953/http://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-singles-2017/ |archive-date=12 January 2018 |access-date=12 January 2018 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref> In February 2017, [[Sony Music India]] released "Onnume Aagala", a duet single between Mali and [[Anirudh Ravichander]] on YouTube.<ref name="Onnume Aagala">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zShYUbbZzOM |title=Onnume Aagala |date=12 February 2017 |publisher=[[Sony Music India]] |access-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214095011/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zShYUbbZzOM |archive-date=14 February 2017 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> In April 2018, Mali released "Play", a single which had her grandfather M. C. Rammohan as featured artist, playing the harmonica.<ref name="play">{{Cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Sonali |date=5 May 2018 |title=This Mumbai singer got her 79-year-old grandfather to collab on her new music video! |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/may/05/this-mumbai-singer-got-her-79-year-old-grandfather-to-collab-on-her-new-music-video-7178.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153908/http://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/may/05/this-mumbai-singer-got-her-79-year-old-grandfather-to-collab-on-her-new-music-video-7178.html |archive-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> In August 2019, she released a new single titled "Mango Showers".<ref name="Mango Showers">{{Cite web |last=Xalxo |first=Jessica |date=5 August 2019 |title=Exclusive Premiere: Mali Weaves a Cautionary Tale in 'Mango Showers' Music Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-mali-weaves-cautionary-tale-mango-showers-music-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190808170910/https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-mali-weaves-cautionary-tale-mango-showers-music-video/ |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref> In March 2020, Mali was selected to be part of [[Spotify]]'s prestigious RADAR program<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=Radar is Spotify's new program to promote emerging artists |url=https://musically.com/2020/03/09/radar-spotify-program-emerging-artists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406194047/https://musically.com/2020/03/09/radar-spotify-program-emerging-artists/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Musically}}</ref> "Age of Limbo", the first single from her next album ''Caution to The Wind'', was released in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sonali |date=29 April 2020 |title=Mumbai singer Mali's quarantine-inspired music video features empty streets from South Bombay to Sao Paulo |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/apr/29/mumbai-singer-malis-quarantine-inspired-music-video-features-empty-streets-from-south-bombay-to-sao-24501.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152545/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/apr/29/mumbai-singer-malis-quarantine-inspired-music-video-features-empty-streets-from-south-bombay-to-sao-24501.html |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=1 May 2020 |title=How A TV Show Inspired Mali's New Cinematic Single 'Age of Limbo' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/how-a-tv-show-inspired-malis-new-cinematic-single-age-of-limbo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152546/https://rollingstoneindia.com/how-a-tv-show-inspired-malis-new-cinematic-single-age-of-limbo/ |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref> In February 2021, Mali was featured in India's ''[[Forbes 30 Under 30]]'' list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Aishwarya |date=12 February 2021 |title=Maalavika Manoj: Bridging The Gap Between Familiarity And Newness With Her Music |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2021/maalavika-manoj-bridging-the-gap-between-familiarity-and-newness-with-her-music/66405/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212210714/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2021/maalavika-manoj-bridging-the-gap-between-familiarity-and-newness-with-her-music/66405/1 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref> The complete ''Caution to The Wind'' album was released in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=Popular indie artiste Mali releases Caution to the Wind, her first full-length album |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/apr/09/popular-indie-artiste-mali-releases-caution-to-the-wind-her-first-full-length-album-32887.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409065224/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/apr/09/popular-indie-artiste-mali-releases-caution-to-the-wind-her-first-full-length-album-32887.html |archive-date=9 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref>

In 2023, Mali performed at the first edition of Lollapalooza India in Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lollapalooza India |url=https://lollaindia.com/line-up.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330061849/https://lollaindia.com/line-up.php |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=lollaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2023 |title=6 Homegrown Artists To Look Out For At Lollapalooza India |work=[[Grazia India]] |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/fashion/news/6-homegrown-artists-to-look-out-for-at-lollapalooza-india-10458.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127104931/https://www.grazia.co.in/fashion/news/6-homegrown-artists-to-look-out-for-at-lollapalooza-india-10458.html |archive-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> and at the opening of the [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre|Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Center]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Britto |first=David |date=3 April 2023 |title=NMACC's New Venue The Cube In Mumbai Will Host Performances By Indie Artists |work=[[Rolling Stone India]] |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/nmacc-nita-mukesh-ambani-cultural-centre-the-cube-indie-artists/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420015023/https://rollingstoneindia.com/nmacc-nita-mukesh-ambani-cultural-centre-the-cube-indie-artists/ |archive-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> She was also chosen to represent [[Apple Music]] India and showcase her music-making process to Apple CEO [[Tim Cook]] during his visit to India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mali |date=24 April 2023 |title=Singer-Songwriter Mali Narrates Her Heartwarming Rendezvous With Tim Cook |work=[[Rolling Stone India]] |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/singer-songwriter-mali-narrates-her-heartwarming-rendezvous-with-tim-cook/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428033737/https://rollingstoneindia.com/singer-songwriter-mali-narrates-her-heartwarming-rendezvous-with-tim-cook/ |archive-date=28 April 2023}}</ref> Mali also appeared in a commercial promoting [[Škoda India]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swutEAIwP5c |title=Škoda. Let's Explore. |date=20 July 2023 |publisher=[[Škoda India]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929045044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swutEAIwP5c |archive-date=29 September 2023 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KAQI Entertainment |title=Mali's Inspiring Journey with Skoda: Embracing Life's Every KM |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/malis-inspiring-journey-skoda-embracing-lifes-every-km |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929045414/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/malis-inspiring-journey-skoda-embracing-lifes-every-km |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> Later that year, she received a nomination at the [[2023 MTV Europe Music Awards|EMA Awards]] in the category of Best India Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=5 October 2023 |title=MTV EMA 2023 Best India Act Nominees Out: DIVINE, Mali, Tsumyoki and More |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/mtv-ema-2023-best-india-act-nominees-divine-mali-when-chai-met-toast-vote/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013093638/https://rollingstoneindia.com/mtv-ema-2023-best-india-act-nominees-divine-mali-when-chai-met-toast-vote/ |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=4 October 2023 |title=Taylor Swift, Olivia Rodrigo and SZA Lead 2023 MTV EMAs Nominations: See List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-mtv-emas-nominations-list-1235432723/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009150344/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-mtv-emas-nominations-list-1235432723/ |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Carl |date=4 October 2023 |title=MTV Reveals Nominations For The 2023 MTV EMA's |url=https://thefutureoftheforce.com/2023/10/04/mtv-reveals-nominations-for-the-2023-mtv-emas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019132128/https://thefutureoftheforce.com/2023/10/04/mtv-reveals-nominations-for-the-2023-mtv-emas/ |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=Future of the Force}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Swift Leads 2023 MTV European Music Awards Nominations, Followed by Olivia Rodrigo and SZA |url=https://people.com/taylor-swift-leads-2023-mtv-emas-nominations-followed-by-olivia-rodrigo-sza-8347517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006120754/https://people.com/taylor-swift-leads-2023-mtv-emas-nominations-followed-by-olivia-rodrigo-sza-8347517 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> In 2024, Mali won the [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best India Act|MTV Europe Music Award for Best Indian Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2024 |title=MTV EMAs 2024: See the Complete Winners List! |url=https://people.com/mtv-emas-2024-complete-winners-list-8741964 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=People.com |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241111045823/https://people.com/mtv-emas-2024-complete-winners-list-8741964 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Musical style ==
Mali's songs are usually inspired by melancholy. She describes "over-thinking" as "[o]ne of [her] weaknesses or strengths". On her songwriting style, she told ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'', "When I start over-thinking, my best form of closure is writing it down. Once I write it all down, I feel I have expressed myself... literally crying to your friend when you are sad."<ref name="telegraph" /> In an interview with ''The Hindu'', she described [[Skrillex]], [[Hillsong United|Hillsong]], [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Alanis Morissette]] as some of her influences in music, but noted that her "real inspiration to write music comes from situations or feelings that really strike a chord deep inside me".<ref name="thehindu1" /> According to Suraksha P of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Mali also takes inspiration from artists like [[Stevie Nicks]], [[Joss Stone]], [[Norah Jones]], [[Katie Melua]] and Ella Fitzgerald.<ref name="Band-baaja" /> In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', the latter described Stone, Melua, [[Andrea Corr]], Fitzgerald and [[Sara Bareilles]] as her favourite artists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2011 |title=When the Rocks turn Pink in Chennai |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/When-the-Rocks-turn-Pink-in-Chennai/articleshow/10790875.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065701/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/When-the-Rocks-turn-Pink-in-Chennai/articleshow/10790875.cms |archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Mali described [[The Corrs]], Morissette, [[Savage Garden]], [[Backstreet Boys]] and ABBA as her early inspirations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Nandita |date=7 May 2013 |title=Four the love of music |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130507/entertainment-tvmusic/article/four-love-music |url-status=dead |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120023612/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130507/entertainment-tvmusic/article/four-love-music |archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> According to Garvita Sharma of ''The Times of India'', Mali's compositions are inspired by the changes in her life, which include "moving to a different place" or "going through a break-up".<ref name="maliTOIjuly2016" />

== Other works ==
Although primarily an independent musician, Mali has sung for a few feature films in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]].<ref name="Bruce Lees" /> Her first film song was "Come on Girls", composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for ''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]'' (2012), although she considers her role in the song to be small.<ref name="telegraph" />{{efn|Although ''3'' was released in March 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Tweet Review: Tamil film '3', 1st day, 1st show |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/tweet-review-tamil-film-3-1st-day-1st-show-460515.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044141/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/tweet-review-tamil-film-3-1st-day-1st-show-460515.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> its album was released in December 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2011 |title=3 (Original Soundtrack) by Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/3-original-soundtrack/490980545 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119221630/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/3-original-soundtrack/id490980545 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=iTunes}}</ref>}} Her other film songs include "Yeda Kuda..." from ''Kaliyugam'', "Vaazhkaiye" composed by [[Vijay Antony]] for ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' (2013), "Yaen Endral" from ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'',<ref name="Balakumara">{{Cite web |title=Idharkuthaane Aasaipattai Balakumara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/idharkuthaane-aasaipattai/915299307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202213107/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/idharkuthaane-aasaipattai/id915299307 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=iTunes}}</ref> and "Hi My Name Is Malini" by Aravind-Shankar ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'' (2014).<ref name="Malini 22 Palayamkottai">{{Cite news |date=23 November 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Malini 22 Palayamkottai – Catalyst for change |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-malini-22-palayamkottai-catalyst-for-change/article5383285.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126051647/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-malini-22-palayamkottai-catalyst-for-change/article5383285.ece |archive-date=26 November 2013}}</ref> After a brief hiatus, she returned to singing for films with two [[Harris Jayaraj]] compositions: "Irumugan Settai" for ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' (2016), and "He's My Hero" for ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'' in the same year. In November 2012, Mali was a speaker at the TEDxYouth@Chennai conference.<ref name="ted" /> In March 2013, she was a speaker at ''Ventura 2013'', an international business plan competition organised by the Entrepreneurship Cell of [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2013 |title=Business plan competition of NIT-T attracts 400 entries |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/business-plan-competition-of-nitt-attracts-400-entries/article4497001.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522032106/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/business-plan-competition-of-nitt-attracts-400-entries/article4497001.ece |archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>

== Discography ==
;Singles and albums
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Song
!Year
!Single/Album
!Ref.
|-
|"Dr. Dust"
|2025
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=24 April 2025 |title=Mali Turns Cult Leader in Eerie 'Dr. Dust' Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/mali-dr-dust-song-video/ |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714065020/https://rollingstoneindia.com/mali-dr-dust-song-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Just for Once"
|2024
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriram |first=Pranav |date=10 May 2024 |title=Yohan Marshall and Mali's newly released single, 'Just For Once', is a musical balm for distressed souls |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/May/10/yohan-marshall-and-malis-newly-released-single-just-for-once-is-a-musical-balm-for-distressed-souls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511081200/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/May/10/yohan-marshall-and-malis-newly-released-single-just-for-once-is-a-musical-balm-for-distressed-souls |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Semi Automatic Butane"
|2023
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=18 October 2023 |title=Mali Turns into A Badass in New Video For 'Semi Automatic Butane' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/mali-turns-into-a-badass-in-new-video-for-semi-automatic-butane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019132053/https://rollingstoneindia.com/mali-turns-into-a-badass-in-new-video-for-semi-automatic-butane/ |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Walk Away"
|2023
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=25 June 2023 |title=Mali's 'Walk Away' Gets Immersive Studio Treatment |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/malis-walk-away-gets-immersive-studio-treatment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831085249/https://rollingstoneindia.com/malis-walk-away-gets-immersive-studio-treatment/ |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Absolute (Apple Music Home Session)"
|2023
|''Apple Music Home Session: Mali''
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Fresh Indie Fridays #80 Featuring Apoorva, Natasha Noorani and Mali |work=[[Rolling Stone India]] |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/new-indie-music-releases-apoorva-natasha-noorani-mali/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331083717/https://rollingstoneindia.com/new-indie-music-releases-apoorva-natasha-noorani-mali/ |archive-date=31 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|"Mundane (Apple Music Home Session)"
|2023
|''Apple Music Home Session: Mali''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|"[[Never Gonna Give You Up]] (Apple Music Home Session)"
|2023
|''Apple Music Home Session: Mali''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|"Ashes"
|2023
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Britto |first=David |date=25 November 2022 |title=How A Breakup Inspired Mali's New Song 'Ashes' |work=[[Rolling Stone India]] |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/how-a-breakup-inspired-malis-new-song-ashes/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317195909/https://rollingstoneindia.com/how-a-breakup-inspired-malis-new-song-ashes/ |archive-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|"Live Again"
|2021
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Nishtha |date=8 April 2021 |title=Mali breaks out as a formidable force of pop on Caution to the Wind |url=https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/mali-breaks-out-as-a-formidable-force-of-pop-on-caution-to-the-wind/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206202311/https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/mali-breaks-out-as-a-formidable-force-of-pop-on-caution-to-the-wind/ |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=1 May 2023 |url-status=usurped |website=A Humming Heart}}</ref>
|-
|"Cabaret"
|2021
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Sitting on the Fence"
|2021
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Mundane"
|2020
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Absolute"
|2020
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Age of Limbo"
|2020
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai singer-songwriter Mali's Age of Limbo is India's lockdown anthem |work=[[Onmanorama]] |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2020/05/07/maalavika-manoj-mali-age-of-limbo-song-caution-to-the-wind.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123004043/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2020/05/07/maalavika-manoj-mali-age-of-limbo-song-caution-to-the-wind.html |archive-date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|"Horoscope"
|2020
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Really? Not Really"
|2020
|''Caution To The Wind''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Mango Showers"
|2019
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|<ref name="Mango Showers" />
|-
|"Play"
|2018
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|<ref name="play" />
|-
|"Dreaming"
|2017
|''Rush''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Britto |first=David |date=7 September 2016 |title=Listen: Mumbai Singer-Songwriter Mali's Delightful New Single 'Dreaming' |work=[[Rolling Stone India]] |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-mumbai-singer-songwriter-malis-delightful-new-single-dreaming/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422222704/https://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-mumbai-singer-songwriter-malis-delightful-new-single-dreaming/ |archive-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|"Poor Girl's Dream"
|2017
|''Rush''
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Britto |first=David |date=27 January 2017 |title=Exclusive Premiere: Hear Singer-Songwriter Mali's Acoustic-Pop Debut EP 'Rush' |work=[[Rolling Stone India]] |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-hear-singer-songwriter-malis-acoustic-pop-debut-ep-rush/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422192641/https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-hear-singer-songwriter-malis-acoustic-pop-debut-ep-rush/ |archive-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|"Changed Situations"
|2017
|''Rush''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Rush"
|2017
|''Rush''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Sooner or Later"
|2017
|''Rush''
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

;Film songs
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Year
! Album
! Composer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| "Come on Girls"
|2011|| ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| "Vaazhkaiye"
|2012|| ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' || [[Vijay Antony]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| "Yaen Endral"
| 2013
| ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]''
| [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Balakumara" />
|-
| "Hi My Name is Malini"
|2013|| ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'' || Aravind-Shankar
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Malini 22 Palayamkottai" />
|-
| "Irumugan Settai"
|2016|| ''[[Iru Mugan]]''
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cn|date=June 2025}}
|-
| "He's My Hero"
|2016|| ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]''
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cn|date=June 2025}}
|-
|"Onnume Aagale"
|2017
|''Independent Album For Valentines Day''
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Onnume Aagala" />
|-
|"Surviva"
|2017
|''[[Vivegam]]''
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravichander |first=Anirudh |author-link=Anirudh Ravichander |title=Vivegam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/vivegam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1249405161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804142011/https://music.apple.com/in/album/vivegam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1249405161 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Peela Peela"
|2018
| ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]''
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravichander |first=Anirudh |author-link=Anirudh Ravichander |title=Thaanaa Serndha Koottam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/thaanaa-serndha-koottam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1331075042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804142001/https://music.apple.com/in/album/thaanaa-serndha-koottam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1331075042 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Dei Machan Dev"
|2019
|''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]''
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraj |first=Harris |author-link=Harris Jayaraj |title=Dev (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dev-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1447900232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152554/https://music.apple.com/us/album/dev-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1447900232 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=4 August 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Mange Manzooriyan (Female)"
|2022
|''[[Badhaai Do]]''
|Khamosh Shah
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 November 2022 |title=Winning hearts with her dulcet voice, singer-songwriter Mali is ready to take off |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/celebrity/story/winning-hearts-with-her-dulcet-voice-singer-songwriter-mali-is-ready-to-take-off-564735-2022-11-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013093607/https://www.harpersbazaar.in/celebrity/story/winning-hearts-with-her-dulcet-voice-singer-songwriter-mali-is-ready-to-take-off-564735-2022-11-24 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |publication-place=India}}</ref>
|-
| "You and Me" || 2023 || ''[[Irugapatru]]'' || [[Justin Prabhakaran]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Irugapatru jukebox out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/11/irugapatru-jukebox-out-48519.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240511080140/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/11/irugapatru-jukebox-out-48519.html |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|user=MaliManojMusic|Mali}}
{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Indian Act}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]

CID (Indian TV series)

2026-03-20T20:10:33Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{Short description|Indian crime television series}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = CID (Indian TV series).png
| caption =
| genre = {{unbulleted list|[[Crime Fiction]]|[[Suspense]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]}}
| creator = [[B. P. Singh]]
| creative_director = Christabelle D'Souza
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Nitika Kanwar
*Chirag Salian
*Tanmay Singh
*Gopal Kulkarni
*Shridhar Raghavan
*Shashank Shekhar}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shivaji Satam]]
*[[Aditya Srivastava]]
*[[Dayanand Shetty]]
*[[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]]
*[[Dinesh Phadnis]]
*[[Shraddha Musale]]
*[[Hrishikesh Pandey]]
*[[Ajay Nagrath]]
*[[Ansha Sayed]]
*[[Janvi Chheda]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1,651
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|B.P. Singh (season 1–2)|Pradeep Uppoor (season 1)|Deepak Dhar (season 2)|Rajesh Chadha (season 2)|Akshay Singh (season 2)}}
| location =
| runtime = 40–46 minutes
| company = Fireworks Productions (season 1) 
Banijay Asia (season 2) Fiction Factory (season 2)
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1998|1|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|12|14|df=y}}
| director = {{unbulleted list|Ishwar Singh|Santosh Shetty|Sachindra Vats|Siba Misra|Salil Singh}}
| related = ''[[C.I.D. Kolkata Bureau]]''
}}

'''''CID''''' is an Indian [[police procedural]] television series that premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] on 21 January 1998. The series was created by [[B. P. Singh]] and produced by Singh and [[Pradeep Uppoor]] under the banner of Fireworks Productions in season 1; Deepak Dhar, Rajesh Chadha, Akshay Singh and B.P. Singh under Banijay Asia in season 2 alongside Fiction Factory. It features [[Shivaji Satam]] as ACP Pradyuman, [[Aditya Srivastava]] as Sr. Inspector Abhijeet, [[Dayanand Shetty]] as Sr. Inspector Daya, [[Dinesh Phadnis]] as Inspector Fredricks and [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]] as Dr. Salunkhe.

The location of ''CID'' is set in [[Mumbai]]. The series is one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running television series in India]]. The series first premiered on 21 January 1998 and aired its 500th episode on 18 January 2008, 1000th episode on 13 September 2013, 1500th episode on 4 March 2018, last episode on 27 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|work=Firstpost|accessdate=28 September 2021|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cid-sonys-cult-police-procedural-show-to-go-off-air-after-21-years-confirms-actor-dayanand-shetty-5427971.html|title=CID, Sony's cult police procedural show, to air its last episode on 27 October|date=23 October 2018}}</ref> The series renewed for a second season, which aired from 21 December 2024<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sominder |first1=Aadrika |date=25 October 2024 |title=Crime show CID returns with original cast after 6 years: Fans say 'itni khushi mujhe aaj tak nahi hui' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/crime-show-cid-returns-with-original-cast-after-6-years-fans-say-itni-khushi-mujhe-aaj-tak-nahi-hui-101729844055100.html |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> to 14 December 2025.<ref>https://www.news18.com/movies/television/cid-2-finale-tonight-fans-react-as-sony-tv-teases-season-end-episode-cid-3-buzz-grows-ws-kl-9769379.html</ref>The second season also started streaming simultaneously on [[Netflix]] from 21 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-21 |title=CID Season 2 On Netflix: Know when and how to watch the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-season-2-on-netflix-know-when-and-how-to-watch-the-show/articleshow/118436846.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as ACP Pradyuman (1998–2018; 2024–2025). Initially referred as Sr. Inspector Pradyuman in the first few episodes after which he got a promotion to ACP in episode "The Case of the Thief Within – I" and had been referred to ACP Pradyuman since. In "CID Par Grahan – II" , it was revealed that his full name is ACP Pradyuman Naik Satam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/exclusive-shivaji-satam-on-inception-of-kuch-toh-gadbad-hai-line-cid-memes-and-the-team-s-bond-with-lata-mangeshkar-101618916577213.html|title=Exclusive: Shivaji Satam on inception of 'Kuch toh gadbad hai' line, CID memes and the team's bond with Lata Mangeshkar|date=21 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021013619/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/exclusive-shivaji-satam-on-inception-of-kuch-toh-gadbad-hai-line-cid-memes-and-the-team-s-bond-with-lata-mangeshkar-101618916577213.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Dinesh Phadnis]] as Inspector Fredricks "Freddy" (1998–2018). He first appeared in episode "Kissa Raat Ke Shikhar Ka – I", but his role as Sub-Inspector started in episode "The Case of the Third Man – I" where he was initially referred as Sub Inspector Prince/Michael/Joseph but referred as Fredricks from episode "The Case of the Last Five Minutes – I".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/to-actor-dinesh-phadnis-tributes-from-team-cid-we-will-miss-you-freddy-sir-4635560|title=To actor Dinesh Phadnis, tributes from team CID: "We Will Miss You Freddy Sir"|website=NDTV India|access-date=5 December 2023|date=11 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Dayanand Shetty]] as Sr. Inspector Daya (1998–2018; 2024–2025). He first appeared in episode "''The Case of the Anonymous Threats – I''" as Sub Inspector Daya. He is referred to as Senior Inspector Daya in later episodes.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Daya Never Wanted To Become An Actor, Had Even Rejected CID That Made Him The Star He Is Today |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/daya-never-wanted-to-become-an-actor-had-rejected-cid-that-made-him-the-star-he-is-today-543923.html |website=IndiaTimes |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021015851/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/daya-never-wanted-to-become-an-actor-had-rejected-cid-that-made-him-the-star-he-is-today-543923.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]] as Dr. R. P. Salunkhe (1998–2003, 2005, 2007–2018; 2024–2025). He made his debut in the episode "''The Case of the Incomplete Letter''", where he was initially referred to as Dr. Verma but referred to as Dr. Salunkhe from episode "''The Case of the Burnt Letter – I''".<ref>{{Cite news |title=I miss my CID family like a child would miss his father, says Narendra Gupta who has joined Mauka-E-Vardaat – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-miss-my-cid-family-like-a-child-would-miss-his-father-says-narendra-gupta-who-has-joined-mauka-e-vardaat/articleshow/87018092.cms |website=The Times of India |date=14 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021015851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-miss-my-cid-family-like-a-child-would-miss-his-father-says-narendra-gupta-who-has-joined-mauka-e-vardaat/articleshow/87018092.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Aditya Srivastava]] as Sr. Inspector Abhijeet (1998; 1999–2018; 2024–2025). He first appeared as character named 'Paresh', who stole ACP's gun in episode "''The Case of the Stolen Gun''". His role as Inspector Abhijeet started in the episode "''The Case of the Stolen Dynamite – I''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=CID Actor Aditya Srivastava On His 25 Years, Says I Wasn't Here To Become A Hero But An Actor |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/aditya-srivastava-talks-about-his-25-years-of-journey-says-i-wasnt-here-to-become-a-mainstream-hero-but-an-actor-545475.html |website=IndiaTimes |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021015851/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/aditya-srivastava-talks-about-his-25-years-of-journey-says-i-wasnt-here-to-become-a-mainstream-hero-but-an-actor-545475.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Shraddha Musale]] as Dr. Tarika (2007–2018; 2025). Her debut episode was "The Don's Final Revenge". She re-entered in Season-2 through the episode ''"Death in the Jungle"''.
* [[Ansha Sayed]] as Inspector Purvi (2006-2008; 2011–2018; 2024–2025); she was first seen in episodic roles—as Chanda in ''"Case of the Double Identity"'', Khushi in ''"Case of the Bomb Robbery"'', Pallavi in ''"7 Days to Die"'', and Pamela in ''"The Gift"''. Her first episode as Sub-Inspector Purvi was ''Kissa Paagal Ashiq Kaa''.
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]] as Inspector Sachin (2010–2016; 2025). He first appeared in episode "''Khooni Deewar''" under the alias Siddharth, but is later revealed to be an undercover cop and is introduced by ACP as Inspector Sachin in episode "''Maut ka Aashirwad''". He was last seen in episode "''Bank Robbery''". He re-entered season 2 through the episode "Gilheri Rakshas". Also in CID Special Bureau, he played the role of Inspector Abhimanyu.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/cid-to-be-revamped-these-three-cops-will-be-out-of-the-show-317636-2016-04-12|title=CID to be revamped: These three cops will be out of the show|last1=India Today Web Desk|date=12 April 2016|website=India Today|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021043451/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/cid-to-be-revamped-these-three-cops-will-be-out-of-the-show-317636-2016-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ajay Nagrath]] as Inspector Pankaj (2012–2018; 2024–2025); He made his debut in the episode ''"CID Par Grahan – III"''
* [[Janvi Chheda]] as Inspector Shreya (2012–2016; 2018; 2025); She made her debut in episode ''"Raaz Sar Aur Haath Ka"'' where she was introduced along with Sub-Inspector Vineet. She was last seen in episode ''"Maut Ka Hathoda"''. She returned as an Intelligence Bureau Inspector in episode ''"CID 20 Saal Baad"''. She returns in Season 2 through the episode ''"ACP Pradyuman tricks CID"''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Faces, Old Shows: Janvi Chheda is all set to join CID|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-faces-old-shows/articleshow/13078063.cms|date=10 May 2012|accessdate=15 September 2021}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Afshan Khan as Sub-Inspector Mridula (1998). She first appeared in episode "''Case of the Thief Within – I''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/family-ties/cid/1543634|title=Family Ties|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174735/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/family-ties/cid/1543634|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] as Sr. Inspector Virendra (1998–1999). He first appeared in episode "''The Case of the Thief Within – I''". His last episode in the show was episode "''The Case of Missing Fugitive – II''". He was transferred.<ref>P{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/ashutosh-gowariker-on-why-he-will-never-escape-lagaan-1816079-2021-06-17|title=Ashutosh Gowariker on why he will never escape Lagaan|first1=Suhani|last1=Singh|date=17 June 2021|website=India Today|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021015853/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/ashutosh-gowariker-on-why-he-will-never-escape-lagaan-1816079-2021-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Sub-Inspector Asha (1998–2004). She first appeared in the episode "''The Case of Second Statement – I''". Her last episode was episode "''Case of the Dazed Man – II''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/ashwini-back-on-cid/articleshow/15686963.cms|title=Ashwini back on CID|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182806/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/ashwini-back-on-cid/articleshow/15686963.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Manoj Verma as Sub Inspector Vikram Shinde/Sub Inspector Sawant (1998). He first appeared in episode "''Case of the Poison - I''".
* Kaushal Kapoor as Sub Inspector Shailesh Kumar (1998)
* Ramdas Jadhav as Sub Inspector Rajan/Sub Inspector Rodriguez (1998)
* Narendra Sachar as Sub Inspector (1998)
* Nasir Sheikh as Sub Inspector (1998)
* Dhananjay Mandrekar as Sub-Inspector Sudhakar (1998–2005). He appeared as Sub Inspector Bhonsle in starting episodes but after episode 35 he was referred as Sub Inspector Sudhakar. He was last seen in "''The Case of the Stolen Ring – I''".
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]] as Inspector Jeet (1998). He appeared in episode "''The Case of the Contract Killer''"
* Sanjay Shemkalyanee as Sub-Inspector Desai (1998)
* Dilip Kulkarni as DCP Dipankar Deshmukh (1998–2005). He was first seen in episode ''"The Thief Within - I"'' and was last seen in ''"The Case of the Invisible Bullet- II"''.
* [[Sanjeev Seth]] as Sub-Inspector Sanjeev (1998). He first appeared in episode "''The Case of the Anonymous Threats – I''". Additionally, he also appeared as a case victim named Sanjeev in episode "''The Case of The Red Cloth – I''".
* Anuj Gupta as Sub Inspector Vivek
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Inspector Jayant (1999). He first appeared in "''The Case of Cross Connection – I''". He was last seen in "''The Case Of Stolen Dynamite – ll''".
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Inspector Daksh (2004–2005) His first episode as a cop was "''The Case of the Flashing Light – I''". His last episode was "''Trail in London – II''". He was killed by Nakul.
* [[Smita Bansal]] as Inspector Aditi (2004–2005) Her first episode was "''The Case of the Haunted Building – I''". Her last episode was "''Mad Bomber – II''". She died in the episode.
* [[Surendra Pal]] as DCP (2005). His first episode was "''The Case of the Killer Lake – l''". He was last seen in episode "''Face Off – lll''".
* [[Kavita Kaushik]] as Sub-Inspector Anushka (2005–2006). She appeared in episodes "Trail in London" (all parts) as a Central Intelligence Sub-Inspector who secretly helps ACP Pradyuman. She enters CID in episode "Poison In The Nail – l". Her last episode was "Secret of the Code No. 571E1115".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kavita-kaushik-shares-throwback-video-from-cid-takes-a-dig-at-bigg-boss-1774020-2021-02-28|title=Kavita Kaushik shares throwback video from CID, takes a dig at Bigg Boss|first1=Shweta|last1=Keshri|date=28 February 2021|website=India Today|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021043433/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kavita-kaushik-shares-throwback-video-from-cid-takes-a-dig-at-bigg-boss-1774020-2021-02-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sai Deodhar]] as Sub-Inspector Priyanka (2005) Her first episode was "''Case of the Dead Waiter – I''". Her last episode was "''Trail in London – lll''"
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as ACP Prithviraj (2005, 2008) He appeared as the ACP in episodes: "''Face Off – lll & lV''" and "''Trail in London''" (all parts) when ACP Pradyuman was in London for the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-star-is-reborn/cid/1270340|title=A star is reborn|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174750/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-star-is-reborn/cid/1270340|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also in the episode "''The Case of the Missing Bride''" as himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVewgyeysyY|title=CID (सीआईडी) Season 1 - Episode 519 - The Case Of A Missing Bride - Full Episode|date=15 December 2021 |accessdate=19 February 2024|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* [[B. P. Singh]] as DCP Shamsher Singh Chitrole (2005; 2012–2016). His first appearance was as DIG Shamsher Singh in the episode "''Face Off-lll''". After a long time he appears as DCP Shamsher Singh Chitrole, the senior of the CID team in "''Kissa Daya Aur Lapata Bacche Ka''" He is an egoistic man who is also quite funny sometimes. He was a friend of ACP Pradyuman in college. He was last seen in ''"Karo Ya Maro"'' series.
* Vivek Mashru as Sub-Inspector Vivek (2006–2012). His first episode was "''The Case of the Killer Eyes''". He was last seen in episode "''Rahasyamay Bullet – III''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/inspector-vivek-of-cid-fame-goes-viral-reveals-transition-from-actor-to-professor-and-entrepreneur-101687855471038.html|title=Viivek Mashru, the CID guy going viral: I was originally signed for 3 months in CID, ended up at 6 years|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] as Inspector Rishi (2006). He appeared as an inspector in episode "Murder in the Safety Vault". He joined the CID in that episode when he came to Mumbai for spend holidays. He was also seen as a supporting character named Harry in episode "Return of the Clown".
* [[Alka Verma]] as Sub-Inspector Muskaan (2006–2007). Her first episode was episode "Red Rose Killer". "The Case of Inspector Daya's Abduction" was her last episode. She was transferred.
* [[Megha Gupta]] as Sub-Inspector Devyana (2007–2008) Her first episode was "The Don's Final Revenge" and she played her character till episode 492 "Mystery Of A Train Passenger". But then she was not seen again for 11 consecutive episodes and officially her last episode was "Bhoot Bangala".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/14megha.htm|title='I cannot sacrifice my life for others'|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173922/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/14megha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Parinita Seth as Sub-Inspector Kaveri (2008). She first appeared as Shreya in episode "The Great Diamond Robbery" and as Rohini in episode "The Curse of the Rose Queen", but as a cop her first appearance was in Episode "Khoon Bhari Holi", recruited by ACP Pradyuman through interview. In Episode 524 she was revealed to have gone for a Special Training in Delhi. But she made a comeback in episode "Triangular Bullet's Mystery". Her last episode was "Khooni Goli Ka Rahasya".
* [[Jimmy Nanda]] as Sub-Inspector Lavanya (2008–2009) She was first seen spying on the CID team in episode "''Khoon Bhari Holi''". She was revealed as the new CID officer in episode "''Katil Kaun Dohri Uljhan''". She was last seen in episode "''Students Mass Murderer''".
* [[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]] as Sub-Inspector Tasha Kumar (2009–2010). She first appeared as an episodic character named Nathalia in episode "''Qaatil Dank''". Her first episode as a CID cop was episode "''Anjaan Laash''". Her final appearance was the episode "''Khatre Mein Tasha''" in which she dies.
* [[Jasveer Kaur]] as Sub-Inspector Kajal Kumar (2010–2012); she was first seen in ''"The Case of the Dangerous Virus"'', then as a contract killer in the episode ''"The Case of the Mysterious Gift"'', and as a drug seller in the episode ''"The Case of the Talking Parrot"''. Her first episode as a cop was "Maut Ka Aashirwad"; her last episode was ''"Khoon Ka Deewana"''.
* [[Abhay Shukla]] as Inspector Nikhil (2011–2016); his first appearance was as a reporter in ''"Traitors in CID"'', then as security guard Ishaan in the episode ''"Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai"'', and as a shopkeeper in ''"Bhutiya Ladki Ka Raaz"''. He also played a negative role under his own name, Abhay, in the episode ''"AKAKR Part-9"''. His first episode as a CID sub-inspector was ''"Qatl Ka Raaz Mare Hue Qatil Ke Paas"''; he was last seen in the episode ''"Raaz Machli Ka"''.<ref name="auto2" />
* [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] as Sub-Inspector Vineet (2012–2013); His first episode was ''"Raaz Sar Aur Haath Ka"'' where he was introduced along with Sub-Inspector Shreya. He was last seen in episode ''"Raaz Teen Laashon Ka"''
* [[Vikas Kumar]] as Senior Inspector Rajat (2012–2013); He joined in episode "Khooni Paani" as Inspector. He was last seen in episode ''"Ped Ka Rahasya"''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/interviews/i-am-equally-passionate-about-being-an-actor-and-a-dialogue-coach-vikas-kumar/|title=I am equally passionate about being an actor and a dialogue coach – Vikas Kumar|website=Planet Bollywood|date=20 August 2021 |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Deepak Shirke]] as EX-ACP Digvijay (2012–2013); He was brought into CID by DCP Chitrole as the new ACP in place of Pradyuman in episodes: ''"CID Par Grahan – II, III, IV"''. It was later revealed that he had committed a crime long ago and was suspended by DCP Chitrole .
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Inspector Suraj (2012–2013); He first appeared as a supporting character named Rohan in episode ''"Gawah Bana Shikaar"'' and as Rajveer in ''"Case of the Hotel Murder Mystery"''. His first episode as a cop was ''"CID Par Grahan – III"''. He was last seen in episode ''"Raaz Haddiyo Ki Crockery Ka"''
* Neha Gadoria as Trainee Officer Roma (2012); Her first episode was ''"Khoon Khabri Ka"''. She died in episode ''"Khatre Mein CID Officer – II"'' due to being kidnapped and excessive blood loss
* [[Maninder Singh (actor)|Maninder Singh]] as Inspector Dushyant Hemraj (2014); His first episode was ''"Bus Hijack – I"''. His last episode was ''"Kulhaadi Ka Raaz"''
* [[Gaurav Khanna]] as Senior Inspector Kavin (2014); His first episode was ''"Bus Hijack – II"''. His last episode was ''"Band Kamre Mein Laash"''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gaurav-khanna-maninder-singhs-dhamakedar-entry-on-cid/articleshow/33191317.cms|title=Gaurav Khanna and Maninder Singh's dhamakedar entry in CID|website=Times of India|access-date=31 December 2020|date=3 April 2014}}</ref>
* Tanya Abrol as Sub-Inspector Jaywanti Shinde (2014–2016); Her first episode was ''"Action Jackson"''. She was last seen in episode ''"Bank Robbery"''<ref name="auto2" />
* Jagjit Athwal as Assistant Sub-Inspector Vansh (2014–2016); His first episode was ''"Mumbai Ki Chawl Ka Rahasya – I"''. He was last seen in ''"Ek Anokha Qatil"''
* Ankur Sharma Kabir as Assistant Sub-Inspector Karan (2014–2015); His first episode as a cop was ''"Mumbai Ki Chawl Ka Rahasya – I"''
* Vikas Salgotra as Assistant Sub-Inspector Mayur (2014–2016); His first episode was ''"Mumbai Ki Chawl Ka Rahasya – I"''. He was last seen in ''"Gumshuda Bachchi ka Raaz"''
* Pooja Khatri as Assistant Sub-Inspector Ishita (2014–2016); Her first episode was ''"Mumbai Ki Chawl Ka Rahasya – I"''. She was last seen in ''"Karo Ya Maro – III"''
* Amaani Satrala as Assistant Sub-Inspector Divya (2014–2015); Her first episode was ''"Mumbai Ki Chawl Ka Rahasya – I"''. She was last seen in ''"Badle Ki Aag"''
* Abid Shaikh as Assistant Sub-Inspector Vikram (2014); His first episode was ''"Mumbai Ki Chawl Ka Rahasya – I"''
* [[Vivana Singh]] as Cyber Inspector Ritu (2016–2017); She was initially seen in ''"Khooni Chupata Nahi"''. She was last seen in ''"Raaz Nakli Pistol Aur Asli Khooni Ka"''
* [[Shweta Salve]] as Supervisor Sheetal (2018); She appeared as a supervisor who monitored the CID team in the episode ''"Rahasyamai Gavah"''. She died in episode ''"Rahasyamayi Hathyar"'' while saving many lives from a mysterious weapon
* Dr. Pritam Phatnani as Dr. Phatnani. He first appeared in "''The Case of the Poison – I''". His last appearance was in "''The Case of the Talkative Skeleton – II''".
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] as Dr. Amrita (2002). She appeared as junior Forensic Doctor in episode "''The Case Of the Invisible Bullet – I''" when Dr. Salunkhe was accused by ACP for hiding the bullet used in the murder.
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Dr. Niyati Pradhan (2003; 2005–2007). She first starred in "''The Case of Nailing the Suspect – I''". She was last seen in "''The Case of Perfect Murder''".
* Mandeep Bhandar as Dr. Vrinda Wagle (2003–2004). She first appeared in "''The Case of the Red Rain – l''". Her last appearance was in "''The Case of the Dazed Man – II''".
* [[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Dr. Anjalika Deshmukh (2004–2005) Her first episode was episode "''Case of the Invisible Bomb – I''". She was last seen in "''Murder By Marriage – I''".
* [[Priya Wal]] as Dr. Nyla Rajadhyaksha (2006–2007). Her first episode was "The Case of the Killer Statues". Her last episode was "The Case of the Dangerous Lady".
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Dr. Sonali Barwe (2010–2011); she was first seen as actress Khushi in the episode ''"The Secret of the Deadly Chest"'', and as fashion designer Menka in the episode ''"Zehrily Dress"''. Her first episode as a forensic expert was ''"Rahasyamayi Darwaza"''.
* [[Saanand Verma]] as Lab Assistant (2012);
* [[Kuldeep Singh (actor)|Kuldeep Singh]] as Dr. Vaibhav (2014–2015); He appeared as a junior forensic doctor. His first episode was ''"Mumbaicha Dabbawala"''
* Parul Rai as Dr. Gargi (2024–present). She was initially seen in the episode ''"Sniper Rifle Murderer"''.
* Shweta Kanoje as Neha (1998)
* [[Rahil Azam]] as Nakul Pradyuman / Rajeev (2004–2005; 2015) ACP Pradyuman's criminal son first seen in episode "''Murders at Sunrise – II''" and killed by Pradyuman in episode "''Trail in London – III''".<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/acp-pradyuman-s-son-rahil-azam-returns-to-cid/story-aSAMBR0S1RhjcNXjiDPBoL.html|title=ACP Pradyuman's son Rahil Azam returns to CID|date=30 December 2014|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021015851/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/acp-pradyuman-s-son-rahil-azam-returns-to-cid/story-aSAMBR0S1RhjcNXjiDPBoL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sparsh Khanchandani]] as Shreya, Abhijeet's mute adoptive daughter (2009; 2014; 2024-2025). She was initially seen in "Nanhi Gavah", later in the episodes "Innocent in Danger Part 1 & 2". Reintroduced in Season 2's "Sniper Rifle Murderer" and is a recurring character. Reprises her role from Season 1.
* [[KK Goswami]] as Dhenchu (2013–2014; 2016–2018; 2024); He is an informer introduced by DCP Chitrole in episode ''"CID Ke Chhote Fans"'' of CID Chhote Heroes.<ref>{{cite web |title=पूरी सीआईडी टीम के चहेते अभिनता हैं केके, जानिए कुछ खास बातें! |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/bih-kk-goswami-is-part-of-tv-serial-cid-4256265-nor.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=18 June 2025 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* Bhavesh Balchandani as Jimmy(2018). He died in the episode ''"Rahasmayi Hatyar - 1"''.
* [[Yagya Bhasin]] as Arjun (2018); Nakul's son, ACP Pradyuman's grandson (2018)
* [[Saumya Saraswat]] as Sub-Inspector Avni (2024–present) She was initially seen in the episode ''"Sniper Rifle Murderer"''.
* [[Priyasha Bhardwaj]] as Inspector Bhoomi (2025–present) She was initially seen in the episode " ''Ticket to Heaven'' ".
* Lekha Prajapati as Sub-Inspector Kritika (2025–present) She was initially seen in the episode "''Ticket to Heaven''".
* Devender Chaudhary as DIG Pratap (2025) He was initially seen in the episode ''"Mechanical Trap"''.
{{div col end}}

=== Guest ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* Shashi Kiran as Librarian (1998)
* Sahil Chaddha as Ajay Sethia (1998)
* Sanjay Swaraj as Prakash Kapoor, Lalit (1998) Puneet (2014) Abhay (2016)
* [[Milind Gawali]] as Sailesh (1998), Alok (1999), Devdhar (1999), Anupam (2002), Kuber (2003), Shyaman (2004)
*Girish Sonar as Tipnis (1998), Reporter Raghu (1999)
* [[Mohan Gokhale]] as Suvarna (1998), Kavi (1999)
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Kundan Seth (1998)
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Mr. Chitnis (1998)
* Shailendra Srivastav as Kidnapper (1998) Sudhir (1999) Paresh (2002) Kimu And Bacchu (2003) Security Guard (2006) Chotu (2009) Shera (2012) Vidhaan (2013) Mannu (2014) Gang Leader (2015) Balbir (2016) Adv Jayant (2017)
*[[Anant Jog]] as Adv. Jagtap, Shashank (1998), Chandresh (2006)
*[[Nagesh Bhonsle]] as Jeeva (1998) Babulal (1999) Gangaram (2000) Kalia (2007) krakota (2018)
*[[Madan Jain]] as Naveen Kumar (1999)
*[[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Hariah Kidnaper (1999) as Thief Baala (2004)
*[[Pavan Malhotra]] as Jeevan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/pavan-malhotra-to-come-back-with-laagi-tujhse-lagan/story-4BQQDR3wFiH7X8t3OHeOHL.html|title=Pavan Malhotra to come back with Laagi Tujhse Lagan|date=26 December 2009|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175127/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/pavan-malhotra-to-come-back-with-laagi-tujhse-lagan/story-4BQQDR3wFiH7X8t3OHeOHL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>/kailash (1999), Ramesh (2001), Mahesh (2001), Satish (2002), Robin (2007)
*[[Rajesh Khera]] as Jagdish (1999), Mangal (2000), Dushyant (2000), Dr Alok (2001), Badshah (2001), Johnny (2002), Kedar (2002), Rajiv (2004), Film Director (2004), Dance Choreographer (2004), Jaan (2006), Vishwajeet (2006)
*[[Ravi Jhankal]] as Nagesh (1998), Kamalkant (1999), Kishore lal (1999), Kumar (1999), Dr. Brijendra (real) (2001), Moti (2002), ACP's friend (2004), Dr. Vikas (2006), Virendra (2010)
*[[Akshay Anand]] as Bharat Saxena (1999), Rajeev (2004)
*[[Aman Verma (actor) | Aman Verma]] as Anuj (1998) Akash (1999) Johnny (2006)
* Pradeep Kabra as Babu • Madan • Amardeep • Amrish • Ashok • Balwant's Employee • Birju • Deenbandhu's Employee • Dinesh • Don's Goon • Draco • Drug Seller • Duhikanda • Goon • Jabban • Jackie • Katarpatia • Kedar • Kedar's Driver • Makarand • Nimesh • Pantu Nishana • Pirate DVD Seller's Employee • Poacher • Pradeep • Prakash • Prateek • Shera • Subbu (2000-2018)
*[[Manav Kaul]] as Neeraj (2000), Vikrant's brother (2000), Kantora (2003), Suraj (2006).
*[[Shrivallabh Vyas]] as CBI Officer Shamsher (2000), Baldev (2001), Dr. Sahil (2001), DIG Baldev Raj (2002), Retd. Judge Raja Rao (2005), Lalchand (2007), Mr.Trout (2007), Jeevan Das (2007)
*[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Ranjan (2000), Drug lord (2000), Mahesh (2002), Dr Kanu (2002)
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] as Varun Episodes : "The Case of the Mysterious Truck PART I-II" (2005 ), as Raghav Episode : "Paheli Laash Ke Tukdon Ki" (2009)
*[[Adi Irani]] as Deepak (2001), Radio Manager Raman (2006), Tejpal (2016)
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Alex (2001)
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Raj (2001)
*[[Om Puri]] as Sunder alias ACP Jose Santos in episode "The Case of the Counterfeit Cop".(2001)
*[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Rajesh (2001)
*[[Kashmera Shah]] as Kinnari (2001)
*[[Milind Gunaji]] as Johnny (2001)
*[[Sarita Joshi]] as Advocate Suhasini (2001)
*[[Sanjay Batra]] as Vinay (2001)
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Bacchu (2001)
*[[Madhukar Toradmal]] as Business man Gupta, victim's father
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Builder Chunnilal (2001)
*[[Gufi Paintal]] as Chander (2001)
*[[Viju Khote]] as Judge (2002), Deaf man (2006)
*[[Bhagyashree]] as Nupur (2001)
*[[Shishir Sharma]] as Dr Kumar, Arjun , Prakash (1998), Shailesh, Parmod (1998)
*[[Arif Zakaria]] as Chandan (2002)
* Deepak Qazir as Taxi Driver (2000)
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Kishor Bus Driver (2004)
*[[Satyajit Sharma]] as Sectary (2004)
*[[Kapil Dev]] as himself in episode "Howzzat?" (2003)
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Dr Kailash / Jinjaar/ Mr. Eliott (2003)
*[[Ananya Khare]] as Shilpa (2002), Sunita (2004)
*[[Rajesh Khattar]] as Pramod (2000), Rajesh (2006)
*[[Bhairavi Raichura]] as Reshma (2005)
*[[Abhijeet Sawant]] as himself (2005)
*[[Makarand Deshpande]] as Director Man Eater (2005)
*[[Rajat Kapoor]] as Tanuj (2005)
*[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Madhu (1998) Nanhe (2002) Baba (2005)
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Subbu (2005)
*[[Baba Sehgal]] as himself (2006)
*[[Mandira Bedi]] as Reshma (2001), Sagarika (2005)
*[[Bharat Kapoor]] as Sudhakar (1998) and Intelligence Officer Raman Kapoor (2002)
*[[Kunika]] as Rakhi (2001)
*[[Rajiv Paul]] as Jeevan (2000)
*[[Murli Sharma]] as Giri (2000), Govinda (2004), Contract killer(2006), Dr O (2007)
*[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Karan (2006), Don (2007)
*[[Kanwarjit Paintal]] as mute man (2006)
*[[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]] as Blind Man (2006)
*[[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Lavanya Dineja a Tarot Card Reader Ep: Maut Ka Saudagar, Vyoma, Sudeep's Wife, Ep430:The Invisible Eye Witness (2006)
*[[Shilpa Shinde]] as Sheetal in "The Case of Mysterious Shadows" (2006)
*[[Vishal Kotian]] as RJ Sunny (2006)
*[[Melissa Pais]] as Alice in episode: Murder in FM 97.1 (2006)
*[[Mihir Mishra]] as Keni Raj in "Body in the Suitcase". (2006)
*[[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Reshma/Neha in "Body in the Suitcase" (2006), Sreeja in "The Invisible Eye Witness" (2006), Julie / Sandhya in "Hand in the Fish" (2006), Poonam in "Aatank" (2006).
*[[Narayani Shastri]] as Sunanda, Abhijeet's Friend Parthav's Wife in "The Mysterious Gift". (2006)
*[[Salman Khan]] as himself (2009) Khooni Piracy Racket in (Episode 583) and (2014) Salman Ki Kick in (Episode 1107 and 1108)<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Salman Khan weaves his magic on the audience |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/salman-khan-weaves-his-magic-on-the-audience/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2014 |title=Kick: Salman Khan promotes the film on CID |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/kick-salman-khan-promotes-the-film-on-cid/photostory/38973291.cms |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[R. Madhavan]] as himself (2009) Mystery Code Murders in (Episode 556)
*[[Avantika Shetty]] as Mansi(2009) in Students Mass Murder, as Ruhi(2009) in Bhoola bhatka
*[[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]] as himself (2009)
*[[Mahek Chahal]] as herself (2009)
*[[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Deven, Hiten (2009)
*[[Inder Kumar]] as himself (2009)
*[[Sarfaraz Khan (actor)|Sarfaraz Khan]] as himself (2009)
*[[Yami Gautam]] as Ananya (2010) (episode 642, "Girl in Coffin")
*[[Lavanya Tripathi]] as Sakshi in the case 'Maut ka Ashirvad' (Episode 619) (2010)
* Nikhil Guha Roy as Vijay (2009), Aman (2009), Anuj (2010), Sid (2011), Nitin (2011), Kunal (2012), Rishi (2013), Dr. Harshit (2013), Arun (2013), Hardik (2014), Sarthak, Randhir, Sundar and Vikram. He also appeared in "Maut ka Ashirwad" (2010) and "Aakhri Chunauti" (2010) as Sub-Inspector Kajal's brother Rahul Kumar.
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as H.D. (Herpes Dongara) (2010) He acted as a dangerous criminal who kidnapped all the CID officers and forensic experts and left India. Later in episode 664 Abhijeet shot him and he died.
* [[Dino Morea]] as Nitin (2010), himself (2011)
*[[Emraan Hashmi]] as himself (2010), Director Abraham (2011) and Raghuram "Raghu" Rathore aka [[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]] (2015).<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/once-upon-a-time-in-cid/articleshow/6237037.cms|title=Once upon a time in CID – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 July 2010 |access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029055921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/once-upon-a-time-in-cid/articleshow/6237037.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/emraan-hashmi-mr-x-shivaji-satam-cid-tv-show-promotion-vikram-bhatt-375031-2015-04-13 |title=Mr. X aka Emraan Hashmi helps ACP Pradyuman solve a case on TV show CID |date=13 April 2015 |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021043449/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/emraan-hashmi-mr-x-shivaji-satam-cid-tv-show-promotion-vikram-bhatt-375031-2015-04-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Sonalika Prasad]] as Sheela in "Jhagdalu Aurat" (2015).
*[[Prachi Desai]] as herself (2010).<ref name="auto" />
*[[Ronit Roy]] as K.D Pathak from ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' (2010, 2012, 2014)
*[[Rani Mukerji]] as herself (2011)
*[[Shaji Choudhary]] as Gangster (2003), Trilok (2008), Heera (2009), Nibo, Goga (2011), Shera, Vikram, Mewaram (2012)
*[[Aamir Khan]] as Senior Inspector Surjan Singh Shekhawat (2012)
*[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as herself (2012)
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Shiva (2012) and as Rowdy Rathore (2012).
*[[Sonakshi Sinha]] as Paro (2012), herself (2013)
*[[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] as himself (2013)
*[[Tushar Kapoor]] as Sukhi (2013),as Vikash Singh (2014)
*[[Vinay Pathak]] as Mintoo Hassan (2013)
*[[Vishakha Singh]] as Manpreet (2013)
*[[Akanksha Puri]] as Nandita Menon (2015)
*[[Sunny Deol]] as Saran Jeet Singh Talwar aka Singh Saab (2013) and Ajay Mehra (2016)
* Chandan Madan as Akhil/Tej/Sumeet/Samrat/Manav/Sameer (2011–2018)
*[[Dilip Joshi]] as Jethalal Champaklal Gada from ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' (2014)
*[[Disha Vakani]] as Daya Jethalal Gada from ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'' (2014)
*Gurucharan Singh as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi from ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'' (2014)
*[[Shyam Pathak]] as Informer (2004) as Patrakaar Popatlal from ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'' (2014)
*[[Munmun Dutta]] as Babita Krishnan Iyer from ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'' (2014)
*[[Mandar Chandwadkar]] as Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide from ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'' (2014)
*[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Vishnu Sharma (2014)
*[[Anu Malik]] as himself (2014)
*[[Jas Arora]] as Sunny / Pathan
*[[Jackky Bhagnani]] as Abhimanyu Kaul (2014)
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Armaan (2014)
*[[Saif Ali Khan]] as Yudi Jaitely (2014)
*[[Shraddha Kapoor]] as herself (2014)
*[[Sidharth Malhotra]] as himself (2014)
*[[Sunny Leone]] as Ragini (2014)
*[[Faisal Khan (dancer) | Faisal Khan]] (2014)
*[[Thakur Anoop Singh]] as Daya (2014) in episode: Daya v/s Daya
*[[Varun Dhawan]] as himself (2015) in episode : ''Varun Dhawan Khatre Mein''<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2015 |title=Varun Dhawan Teams Up With C.I.D |url=https://www.yahoo.com/video/varun-dhawan-teams-c-d-145450758.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAIbOhLU8KblKXcHD9lBiyxyzk_HToCR9lgyH6UXtgiONF9PLlmKEbj9VFVm4Vz7DMiPqjycEANzmJWpMw7I4Wr0YYPKHJHXjQJIP7bAaSagxSswQMsZXmlNG2edfHeWEpXRLsr2zKVlQ6Nb_tbfliJms6fR7byFIwV3J-BnId-Oq |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=in.lifestyle.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]] as himself in Episode 1316 (Hotel Red Star) (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/shah-rukh-khan-to-save-in-trouble-acp-pradyuman-on-cid-dring-dilwale-promotions-kajol-varun-dhawan-kriti-sanon-276731-2015-12-11|title=Here's how Shah Rukh Khan saves ACP Pradyuman from trouble, on CID|last1=India Today Web Desk|date=11 December 2015|website=India Today|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021043434/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/shah-rukh-khan-to-save-in-trouble-acp-pradyuman-on-cid-dring-dilwale-promotions-kajol-varun-dhawan-kriti-sanon-276731-2015-12-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ajay Devgn]] as [[Singham]] in CID Mein Singham (2014), [[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]] (Episode 1162).
*[[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] (2015)<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/when-sushant-singh-rajput-helped-acp-pradyuman-and-daya-solve-a-murder-on-cid-watch-1813588-2021-06-11|title=When Sushant Singh Rajput helped ACP Pradyuman and Daya solve a murder on CID. Watch|first1=Grace|last1=Cyril|date=11 June 2021|website=India Today|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021042458/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/when-sushant-singh-rajput-helped-acp-pradyuman-and-daya-solve-a-murder-on-cid-watch-1813588-2021-06-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Anand Tiwari]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi|Ajit Kumar Bandhopadhyay]] (2015)<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as himself in ''Ali Ki Khalbali'' (2015)
*[[Diganth]] as himself (episode 1288) (2015)
*[[Karan Grover]] as himself (episode 1288) (2015)
*[[Anushka Ranjan]] as herself (episode 1288) (2015)
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Katori Damta. He played the role in ''Karo Ya Maro'' story arc.<ref name=KYM /> (2016)
* Gauri Tonk as Dolly Herpes Dongara, wife of Herpes Dongara taking revenge from Abhijeet for Herpes's death in the ''Karo Ya Maro'' story arc.<ref name=KYM>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dayanand-shetty-promises-more-action-thrills-in-c-i-d/|title=Dayanand Shetty promises more action, thrills in 'C.I.D.'|website=The Indian Express|date=2 February 2016|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216154642/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dayanand-shetty-promises-more-action-thrills-in-c-i-d/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2016)
*[[John Abraham]] as Rocky Handsome (2016)
*[[Abbas–Mustan]] as themselves (2017)
*[[Kiara Advani]] as herself (2017)
*[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] as Barbosa, Leader of The Eye Gang (2018; 2025-present)
*Kumar Kanchan Ghosh as Harshvardhan from Home Ministry (2024)
* [[Parth Samthaan]] as ACP Ayushmaan (2025). He was initially seen in the episode ''"Purze"''. He was last seen in the episode "''Accident or Murder''"
*Aarushi Thakkar as Neena (2025)
*[[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Rajan Aulakh (2025)
*[[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as Vikram Patel (2025)
*[[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)]] as a member of the Golden Eye Gang (2025)
* [[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Superintendent Omkar Sawant (2025). He was initially seen in the episode "''Omkar Sawant Joins The Team''". He is nicknamed "SOS". He is last seen in the episode " ''Double Agent Daya'' "
* Aniruddh Roy as Chessmaster (2025)
* Lakshya Handa as Dhruv (2025)
{{div col end}}

=== CID: Special Bureau cast (2004–2006) ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Anup Soni]] as ACP Ajatshatru<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/a-model-beginning/cid/1540431|title=A model beginning|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006131532/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/a-model-beginning/cid/1540431|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Salil Ankola]] as Sr. Inspector Akshay
* [[Nimai Bali]] as Sr. Inspector Pratap
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]] as Inspector Abhimanyu
* Sushmita Daan as Inspector Jasmine Prakash
* [[Manasi Varma]] as Inspector Tejali Krutia
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Inspector Jehan
* Mahi as Inspector Gargi
* Mugdha Godbole as Inspector Akanksha
* Amita Chandekar as Inspector Ashwini
* Sachin Sharma as Inspector Samar
* [[Kushal Punjabi]] as Inspector Kushal
* [[Ravindra Mankani]] as Dr. Bharadwaj
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Dr. Niyati Pradhan
* [[Dilip Joshi]] as Bob
* unknown as Ishika, A.C.P. Ajatshatru's adopted daughter
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Billa, Ishika's biological father
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Yashwant
{{div col end}}

=== CID 111 – The Inheritance ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Vinod Sagar<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=25 years of CID: The case of famous cameos |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/25-years-of-cid-the-case-of-famous-cameos-acp-pradyuman-daya-abhijeet-sriram-raghavan-ashutosh-gowariker-kay-kay-menon-om-puri-shah-rukh-khan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609152043/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/25-years-of-cid-the-case-of-famous-cameos-acp-pradyuman-daya-abhijeet-sriram-raghavan-ashutosh-gowariker-kay-kay-menon-om-puri-shah-rukh-khan |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=Film Companion}}</ref>
* [[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as Johnson
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Kishore
* [[Kruttika Desai]] as Ketki
* [[Mukesh Rawal]] as Vishwanath
* Kunal Tavri as Kapil
* Seema Pandey as Sharmila
* Swati Anand as Susheela
* Sharmilee Raj as Reena
* Swati Mitra as Loveleen
* Jaydutt Vyas as Bhargav
* Shahid Khan as Raghu
* Tirthesh Thakkar
* Mayur Bhavsar
* Akshay Dhond child artist
* Rohit tailor in various roles.
{{div col end}}

==Episodes==
{{Further|List of CID episodes: 1998–2009{{!}}List of ''CID'' episodes: 1998–2009|List of CID episodes: 2010–2014{{!}}List of ''CID'' episodes: 2010–2014|List of CID episodes: 2015–2018{{!}}List of ''CID'' episodes: 2015–2018|List of CID episodes: 2024–present{{!}}List of ''CID'' episodes: 2024–present}}

{{Series overview
| color1 = #7FFFD4
| link1 =
| episodes1 = 1,547
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|1998|1|21}}<ref>{{cite web|work=Film Companion|accessdate=17 February 2024|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/cid-best-episodes-as-explained-by-their-writers-sony-liv-dayanand-shetty-shivaji-satam-shridhar-raghavan-the-invisible-bomb-beherupiya|title=The best CID episodes, as explained by their writers|date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2018|10|27}}
| color2 = #4DBEE8
| link2 =
| episodes2 = 104
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|21}}<ref>{{cite web|work=Lokmat Times |accessdate=4 December 2024|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/cid-2-promo-acp-pradyuman-and-his-team-return-this-december-fans-relive-the-nostalgia-watch-video-a510/|title=CID 2 promo: ACP Pradyuman and his team return this December, fans relive the nostalgia|date=2 December 2024}}</ref>
| end2 = {{End date|df=yes|2025|12|14}}
}}

===''CID Special Bureau''===
''CID Special Bureau'' is an Indian Hindi [[Spin-off (media)|spinoff]] series of ''CID'' created by Fireworks Productions for Sony TV. The series premiered on Monday, 3 January 2005, and ended on Thursday, 2 March 2006, with 168 episodes. The series first aired on Monday and Tuesday nights, split each case into two episodes.Three cases of the series:"Bullet .11mm","Mad Bomber" and "Anokha Intequam" had crossover episodes with ''CID''.From 29 August 2005, the series aired 4 days a week on Monday to Thursday nights with each case split across four episodes. The running time of the series was 20–22 minutes. A repeat telecast of the series aired on 6 March 2006 and ended on 27 April 2006.

{{Episode table |background=#C5C6C7 |overall=5 |overallT=Episode |title=20 |airdate=15 |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Case of Missing Heroine (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|3}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Case of Missing Heroine (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Case of Lost Memory (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Case of Lost Memory (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|11}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = 2015 Bones and More (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|17}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = 2015 Bones and More (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = The Case of the Poisonous Panther (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Case of the Poisonous Panther (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Minutes Before Death (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|31}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Minutes Before Death (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Mysterious Letters (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|7}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Mysterious Letters (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Murder At The Lake (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Murder At The Lake (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Clue In The Ring Finger (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = Clue In The Ring Finger (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Sunday Picnic (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Sunday Picnic (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = Bullet .11mm (Part - 1)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|7}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = Bullet .11mm (Concluding part)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Curse of the Mummy (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Curse of the Mummy (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = Gold Coins in a Skull (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = Gold Coins in a Skull (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Exchange (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = Exchange (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|Title = Silent Witness (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|Title = Silent Witness (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|Title = Bank Robbery (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|11}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|Title = Bank Robbery (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|Title = Murder in Trance (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|Title = Murder in Trance (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|Title = Drunken Killer (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|Title = Drunken Killer (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|Title = The Case of the Strange Skeleton (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|Title = The Case of the Strange Skeleton (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|3}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|Title = Betrayal (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|9}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|Title = Betrayal (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|Title = The Case of Party (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|16}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|Title = The Case of Party (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|17}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|Title = The Jinxed Case (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|Title = The Jinxed Case (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|Title = Secret of the Coffin (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|Title = Secret of the Coffin (Concluding part)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|31}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|Title = Bone Marrow (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|6}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|Title = Bone Marrow (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|7}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|Title = Bone Marrow (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|Title = Bone Marrow (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|Title = Bone Marrow (Part - 5)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|Title = Bone Marrow (Part - 6)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|Title = Mystery of the Black Hole (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|Title = Mystery of the Black Hole (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|Title = Mystery of the Black Hole (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|Title = Mystery of the Black Hole (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|Title = Mystery of the Black Hole (Part - 5)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|11}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|Title = Mystery of the Black Hole (Part - 6)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|Title = Mystery of Smiling Cat (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|Title = Mystery of Smiling Cat (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|Title = Mystery of Smiling Cat (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|Title = Mystery of Smiling Cat (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|7|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|Title = The Case of the Surprised Return (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|Title = The Case of the Surprised Return (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|Title = The Case of the Surprised Return (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|Title = The Case of the Surprised Return (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|9}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|Title = Mad Bomber (Part - 2)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|Title = Mad Bomber (Part - 3)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|16}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|Title = Bodies in Wax (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|Title = Bodies in Wax (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|Title = Strange Revenge (Part - 2)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|Title = Strange Revenge (Part - 3)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 71
|Title = Strange Revenge (Part - 4)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|8|31}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 72
|Title = Strange Revenge (Part - 5)
'''^'''
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 73
|Title = Hand in the Fish (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 74
|Title = Hand in the Fish (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|6}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 75
|Title = Hand in the Fish (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|7}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 76
|Title = Hand in the Fish (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 77
|Title = Killer in the Lab (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 78
|Title = Killer in the Lab (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 79
|Title = Killer in the Lab (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 80
|Title = Killer in the Lab (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 81
|Title = Eye Donor (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 82
|Title = Eye Donor (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 83
|Title = Eye Donor (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 84
|Title = Eye Donor (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 85
|Title = Punarjanam (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 86
|Title = Punarjanam (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 87
|Title = Punarjanam (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 88
|Title = Punarjanam (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 89
|Title = The Bride Who Wore Black (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|3}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 90
|Title = The Bride Who Wore Black (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 91
|Title = The Bride Who Wore Black (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 92
|Title = The Bride Who Wore Black (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|6}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 93
|Title = Million Dollar Jacket (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 94
|Title = Million Dollar Jacket (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|11}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 95
|Title = Million Dollar Jacket (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 96
|Title = Million Dollar Jacket (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 97
|Title = Missing corpse (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|17}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 98
|Title = Missing corpse (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 99
|Title = Missing corpse (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 100
|Title = Missing corpse (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 101
|Title = Hypnotic Trail (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 102
|Title = Hypnotic Trail (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 103
|Title = Hypnotic Trail (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 104
|Title = Hypnotic Trail (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 105
|Title = The Vanishing Girl (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|31}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 106
|Title = The Vanishing Girl (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 107
|Title = The Vanishing Girl (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 108
|Title = The Vanishing Girl (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|3}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 109
|Title = Khel Khel Main (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|7}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 110
|Title = Khel Khel Main (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 111
|Title = Khel Khel Main (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|9}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 112
|Title = Khel Khel Main (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 113
|Title = Khooni Mehmaan (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 114
|Title = Khooni Mehmaan (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 115
|Title = Khooni Mehmaan (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|16}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 116
|Title = Khooni Mehmaan (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|17}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 117
|Title = Raat 10:30 Ki Local (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 118
|Title = Raat 10:30 Ki Local (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 119
|Title = Raat 10:30 Ki Local (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 120
|Title = Raat 10:30 Ki Local (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 121
|Title = The Unknown Reporter (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 122
|Title = The Unknown Reporter (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 123
|Title = The Unknown Reporter (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|11|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 124
|Title = The Unknown Reporter (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 125
|Title = Kidnap (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 126
|Title = Kidnap (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 127
|Title = Kidnap (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 128
|Title = Kidnap (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 129
|Title = The Unclaimed Body (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 130
|Title = The Unclaimed Body (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 131
|Title = The Unclaimed Body (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 132
|Title = The Unclaimed Body (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 133
|Title = Terror (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 134
|Title = Terror (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|3}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 135
|Title = Terror (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 136
|Title = Terror (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 137
|Title = The Invisible Killer (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|9}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 138
|Title = The Invisible Killer (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 139
|Title = The Invisible Killer (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|11}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 140
|Title = The Invisible Killer (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 141
|Title = Jaws of Death (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|16}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 142
|Title = Jaws of Death (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|17}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 143
|Title = Jaws of Death (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 144
|Title = Jaws of Death (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 145
|Title = Beautiful is Ugly (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 146
|Title = Beautiful is Ugly (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 147
|Title = Beautiful is Ugly (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 148
|Title = Beautiful is Ugly (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 149
|Title = Aatank (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 150
|Title = Aatank (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|1|31}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 151
|Title = Aatank (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 152
|Title = Aatank (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 153
|Title = Shoes Trail (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|6}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 154
|Title = Shoes Trail (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|7}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 155
|Title = Shoes Trail (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 156
|Title = Shoes Trail (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|9}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 157
|Title = Saazish (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 158
|Title = Saazish (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 159
|Title = Saazish (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 160
|Title = Saazish (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|16}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 161
|Title = Double Suicide (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 162
|Title = Double Suicide (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 163
|Title = Double Suicide (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 164
|Title = Double Suicide (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 165
|Title = Swimmer (Part - 1)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 166
|Title = Swimmer (Part - 2)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|2|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 167
|Title = Swimmer (Part - 3)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|3|1}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 168
|Title = Swimmer (Part - 4)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|3|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0000FF
}}
}}
'''^''' ''Denotes crossover with CID''

===''CID Chhote Heroes''===
''CID Chhote Heroes'' is another Indian Hindi sub-series of ''CID'' created by Fireworks Productions for Sony TV. The series premiered on Friday, 1 February 2013 and ended on Friday, 24 May 2013, with a total of 17 episodes. The series was aired on every Friday nights, with each case being shown in a single episode. Two cases of the series "Daya in Danger" and "Little Comedian Kidnapped" had crossover episodes with ''CID''. The running time of the series was 44–49 minutes.

{{Episode table |background=#979797 |overall=5 |overallT=Episode |title=20 |airdate=15 |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Little Fans of CID
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|2|1}}
|ShortSummary = Five kids in the Suryakiran Apartments play the role of their favourite CID characters in order to find their lost cat Sweety. However, their adventure is cut short as one of them named Micky stumbles upon the dead body of Jay.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Devil Robbers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|2|8}}
|ShortSummary = While a young girl waits for her friend, Happy, who has entered the departmental store to come out, she sees a gang of thieves with masked faces enter and take over the store, holding those inside hostage.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Secret of Rebirth
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|2|15}}
|ShortSummary = The CID team finds a skeleton chained to a big rock in the water. They come over to Namitha's house to ask why her and Baljeet's relationship broke.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Bus Hijack
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|2|22}}
|ShortSummary = Freddie takes all of the children in his colony on a summer camp. On the way to the summer camp, the driver stops the bus because the road will be blocked with barricades. Freddie and the driver get off the bus to check and a man comes from behind and holds Freddie at gun point while a few other armed men enter the bus.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Case of the Mark
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|1}}
|ShortSummary = Kunal witnesses two robbers escaping from the society with a bag and a bloody knife. CID arrive to investigate the robbery and find out that a second robbery has taken place in the society, along with a murder.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Brave Kid
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|8}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv who was upset with his exam result. He gets lost on his way to school and while finding his way back, he sees a man exhausted from running and helps him. He gets himself in deep trouble by helping the stranger.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Heroine in Danger
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|15}}
|ShortSummary = Tinu, who works with a tea seller, is a huge fan of Bindiya, an actress. But, Bindiya dislikes acting and is only doing it because her stepmother pressurises her. Tinu goes to the C.I.D s bureau to tell them about the imminent threat to Bindiya s life, as he fears that she may be kidnapped.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Neighbor in Danger
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|22}}
|ShortSummary = Micky sees a woman locked in a room, as another woman drives off in a silver-coloured car. Meanwhile, the CIDs find a dying man who has been on the road. With the help of Dhenchu, the CIDs find the man s killer.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Mystery of the Tifin Box
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|29}}
|ShortSummary = A school teacher has been poisoned, and the CID team investigate. The man was poisoned while having food from a pupil, Guddu s lunchbox. Guddu is missing, and his friends tell the CID's that they had offered Guddu s lunchbox to the sir, without Guddu's permission.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Kidnap in the Airport
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|4|5}}
|ShortSummary = Airport managers find a child, Tanya, who is lost and weeping miserably. On checking her boarding-pass they find that she has come from Mumbai to Delhi. They decide to send Tanya back to Mumbai with an air hostess to hand her over to her parents. On reaching Mumbai, Tanya goes missing again from the wash room.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Daya in Danger
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|4|12}}
|ShortSummary = Ravi, a former offender, tries to kill Daya by dropping a huge concrete slab on Daya s car, but he escapes in the nick of time. Then, Daya remembers a drawing that he had got with the morning newspaper, that depicts the scene exactly.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Innocent Killer
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|4|19}}
|ShortSummary = From the Autopsy, the doctor finds a piece of betel nut from Aakash's body. Taking this as a cue and with clever investigation the CID team finds the tool, which was used to murder Aakash.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Murder in a Car Race
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|4|26}}
|ShortSummary = A young man dies in a mysterious go-karting accident, witnessed by his own friends & a few youn boys. However, one of the boys claim that it may not have been an accident but murder, as a few days ago all of them had almost been killed in another car accident.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Little Comedian Kidnapped
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|5|3}}
|ShortSummary = Rajat learns that Roma had undergone a failed kidney transplant, and Daya and the others go their separate ways searching for the hospital where Roma had undergone the surgery for the transplant. Later, the CIDs learn that Rajat s vehicle has met with an accident, and Rajat is missing.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = The Secret of Absconding Girls
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|5|10}}
|ShortSummary = Damini is assumed to have eloped with a stranger. Damini's neighbour, Sunita, too is missing and is assumed to have eloped with another boy. Later, Damini's younger sister identifies a dead body as Sunita.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = The Secret of Treasure Hunt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|5|17}}
|ShortSummary = Tourists, Randeep and Savita, take their daughter, Tanya, on a tour of an island. However, Randeep is forced to call the CID team when he finds his daughter missing. The CID, on their investigation, find that Tanya was involved in a treasure hunt.
|LineColor = 979797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Code of Remote
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|5|24}}
|ShortSummary = As the CID team investigates a kidnapping case, Ajit, the director of a bio plant company whose daughter, Poonam, was kidnapped, receives a call from the culprit who asks him to produce the remote that controls the cooling plant as a ransom for Poonam. However, upon handing over the remote, he learns that Poonam has been relocated and poisoned. Ajit is then told that unless he produces the code to activate the remote within three hours, she will not be given the antidote to the poison and will be left to die.
|LineColor = 979797
}}
}}
'''^''' ''Denotes crossover with CID''

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''CID'' was created by producer [[B. P. Singh]], who co-produced it with Pradeep Uppoor under Fireworks Production.<ref>{{cite news |title=Busting Crime: Of iconic status |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/121686/of-iconic-status.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 December 2010 |accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> Singh in an interview, said, "The premise was simple: Seven cops and one dead body. All our episodes are based around this fact."<ref>{{cite news |title=Eighteen years later, it is business as usual on the sets of 'CID' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/823170/eighteen-years-later-it-is-business-as-usual-on-the-sets-of-cid |work=Scroll.in |date=10 December 2016 |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref> The second season of the show is produced by Deepak Dhar, Rajesh Chadhaa, Akshay Singh and B. P. Singh under Banijay Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nostalgia alert: Shivaji Satam, Daya Shetty and Aditya Srivastava return with CID 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/shivaji-satam-daya-shetty-aditya-srivastava-cid-2-teaser-promo-2622627-2024-10-24 |work=India Today |date=24 October 2024 |accessdate=25 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Cid2010Team.jpg|thumb|2010 cast of ''CID'' from an excerpt of an episode. L-R: [[Jasveer Kaur]], [[Shraddha Musale]], [[Dinesh Phadnis]], [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]], [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]], Vivek Mashru, [[Maninee De]], [[Hrishikesh Pandey]], [[Dayanand Shetty]] and [[Aditya Srivastava]].]]
''CID'' is primarily shot in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]. During the long course of the show, the series has been shot in various locations all over India. Other locations include — [[Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/team-cid-shoots-new-murder-mystery-in-the-capital/|title=Team CID shoots new murder-mystery in the capital|website=The Indian Express|access-date=13 July 2015|date=26 September 2021}}</ref> [[Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-team-visited-ahmedabad-for-a-special-two-part-episode/articleshow/29255876.cms|title=CID team visited Ahmedabad for a special two-part episode|website=Times of India|access-date=11 January 2018|date=24 January 2014}}</ref> [[Agra]], [[Mathura]], [[Rishikesh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lakshman-jhula-in-rishikesh-closed-to-traffic-119071200655_1.html|title=CID shoot in Rishikesh: Lakshman Jhula closed to traffic|website=Business Standard|access-date=12 July 2019|date=20 December 2022}}</ref> [[Haridwar]], [[Kullu]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/film-shoots-in-himachal-to-become-easier-368165.html|title=Film and television shoots in Himachal to become easier|website=News18 India|access-date=5 May 2012|date=29 November 2019}}</ref> [[Matheran]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-team-in-matheran/articleshow/21366017.cms|title=CID: Inspector Daya, Abhijeet, Shreya and Nikhil shoot in Matheran|website=Times of India|access-date=12 June 2023|date=26 October 2023}}</ref> [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Mahabaleshwar]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/a-straight-shooter-on-the-hip-news-282910|title=CID: A straight shooter on the hip |website=Outlook India |access-date=28 August 2023|date=5 February 2022}}</ref> ''CID'' has also been shot in foreign countries. Some locations outside India include places like [[Uzbekistan]], [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Switzerland]], which included tourist attractions like [[Interlaken]] as well as cities such as [[Bern]] and [[Zürich]]. A major Paris–Switzerland shoot was done for a 2 hour special episode "Aakhri Chunauti", and a part of the production team's 13th anniversary celebration plan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Unnikrishnan|first=Chaya|title=Cops in demand|url=https://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cops-in-demand/506937/|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=28 August 2009|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042720/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cops-in-demand/506937/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== CID 111 – The Inheritance ====
''CID'' got into both the [[Limca Book of Records]] and the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] on 7 November 2004 for its record-breaking single shot episode of 111 minutes (1 hour and 51 minutes), entitled "The Inheritance" without a cut which writer – director – producer [[B. P. Singh]] feels "every Indian should be proud of because no one has achieved this before".

=== Broadcast ===
The first season of ''CID'' was broadcast on [[Sony Entertainment Television]], through its run and now the second season. The series is also aired on [[Sony Max]], ever since it went off air. Currently, the series re-airs on [[Sony Pal]], [[Sony Wah]], [[Sony Max]], [[Sony Aath]] (with Bengali dubbing) and [[Sony Marathi]] (with Marathi dubbing).<ref>{{cite web|work=Lokmat|accessdate=21 November 2024|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/acp-pradyuman-daya-inspector-abhijeet-shivaji-satam-cid-crime-series-to-be-telecast-in-marathi-on-sony-tv-a-a971/|title=कुछ तो गडबड है दया! गाजलेली CID मालिका आता मराठीत; लवकरच होणार सुरु|date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Cancellation ===
[[File:CID TV Serial Team 2.jpg|thumb|The cast of ''CID'' during the shoot]]
The show was decided to end suddenly by the channel and on 27 October 2018, the last episode was aired.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/cid-case-is-closed/article25400869.ece|title=CID: Case is closed|website=The Hindu|date=2 November 2018|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716085613/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/cid-case-is-closed/article25400869.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Rumours of the show getting cancelled was going rounds while the official statement by the channel stated the show will go off air for three months to give the producers enough time to reboot it. Further it was reported that "CID is not wrapping up. But it is going on a short break and that's only for a creative reason. The makers haven't received any closure letter from the channel that proves that they are still in contract with them. The break has been decided mutually by the makers and channel as they want to reboot the show."<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|date=23 October 2018|title=Sony's iconic CID to air final episode on October 27 before returning in all-new avatar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sony-s-iconic-cid-to-air-final-episode-on-october-27-before-returned-in-all-new-avatar/story-3z8y8I90UOmlHkBmTr6keJ.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127171906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sony-s-iconic-cid-to-air-final-episode-on-october-27-before-returned-in-all-new-avatar/story-3z8y8I90UOmlHkBmTr6keJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> But no announcement of it returning was made since then. Actor [[Dayanand Shetty]] who played Daya quoted that the show would not return after this break saying, "No, I don't think it's coming back. I doubt it's coming back. There can't be a break. It's just a convenient way of killing the show."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=Dayanand Shetty on CID going off-air: 'The channel should have informed us about it in advance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/exclusive-dayanand-shetty-on-cid-going-off-air-the-channel-should-have-informed-us-about-it-in-advance-tv-news/304911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127171903/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/exclusive-dayanand-shetty-on-cid-going-off-air-the-channel-should-have-informed-us-about-it-in-advance-tv-news/304911 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=Times Now News}}</ref>

=== Revival ===
On 24 October 2024, a teaser was released showcasing the return of the show on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]], with a second season. The teaser revealed [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Dayanand Shetty]] and [[Aditya Srivastava]] reprising their roles as ACP Pradyuman, Senior Inspector Daya and Senior Inspector Abhijeet respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2024 |title=CID 2 Promo Teaser: Shivaaji Satam to reunite with his team - Dayanand Shetty and Aditya Srivastava as the dramatic investigative series marks its return |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/cid-2-promo-teaser-shivaaji-satam-reunite-team-dayanand-shetty-aditya-srivastava-dramatic-investigative-series-marks-return/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2024 |title='CID' returns after 6 years. Fans rejoice comeback of ACP Pradyuman, Inspector Daya; When and where to watch new season |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/cid-returns-after-6-years-fans-rejoice-comeback-of-acp-pradyuman-inspector-daya-when-and-where-to-watch-new-season/articleshow/114576060.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The second season started airing on 21 December 2024 and launched on Netflix as well on 21 February 2025.

The second season aired its final episode on 14 December 2025.

== Other initiatives ==
On 7 July 2006, a nationwide talent hunt by Sony India. called ''Operation Talaash'' was launched in search of a new officer to join the ''CID'' team. This concluded on 1 September 2006, with Vivek V. Mashru being chosen to play Sub-Inspector Vivek.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_another-hero-enters-cid_1053164 |title=Another hero enters CID – Entertainment – DNA |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=15 September 2006 |access-date=6 August 2010 |archive-date=7 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907081256/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_another-hero-enters-cid_1053164 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] had launched ''CID: Gallantry Awards'', an initiative to encourage and honour acts of bravery in society on 26 January 2010 [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Honour to ordinary|url=https://archive.indianexpress.com/news/honour-to-ordinary/681974/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=17 September 2010|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419121257/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/honour-to-ordinary/681974/|url-status=live}}</ref> The second edition of this initiative was aired on 23 January 2011. The third and fourth editions were aired on 1 April 2012 and 14 April 2013 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=An award night for valiants on TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/An-award-night-for-valiants-on-TV/articleshow/19527055.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210092726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/An-award-night-for-valiants-on-TV/articleshow/19527055.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 July 2015; [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] announced the Shaatir Lekhak Contest, in which 3 incomplete stories and clues were presented. Contestants were required to complete any one story out of three. The contest ended on 26 July 2015. The winning story appeared in episodes and prizes were also given to the winner. From the total entries, 3 winners were selected, one for each story. The result for the winners were declared during one of the episodes of ''CID'' prior to 1 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/chance-to-give-a-twist-to-cid-episode/|title=Chance to give a twist to 'CID' episode|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=9 July 2015|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005454/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/chance-to-give-a-twist-to-cid-episode/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Crossovers ==
''CID'' had three crossover episodes with the series ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'', once on 13–14 November 2009, second time on 12–13 February 2010, and third time on 25–26 June 2010. It also had crossover episodes with ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'', once on 3–4 December 2010; second time on 14–15 July 2012 titled CID Viruddh Adaalat<ref name="KD Pathak defends DCP Samsher Singh Chitrole">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KD-Pathak-defends-DCP-Samsher-Singh-Chitrole/articleshow/14863438.cms|title=KD Pathak defends DCP Samsher Singh Chitrole|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2012|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103200342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KD-Pathak-defends-DCP-Samsher-Singh-Chitrole/articleshow/14863438.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and third time on 20 December 2014 titled ''CID V/S Adaalat – Karmyudh''.<ref name="Sony to screen a telefilm with CID and Adaalat's cast">{{cite news|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42807_Sony-to-screen-a-telefilm-with-CID-and-Adaalats-cast|title=Sony to screen a telefilm with CID and Adaalat's cast|newspaper=afaqs!|date=19 December 2014|access-date=14 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820034826/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42807_Sony-to-screen-a-telefilm-with-CID-and-Adaalats-cast|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, it had a crossover with ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' titled ''Mahasangam'', it started and ended in July 2014.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=CID & Tarak Mehta Ka Oolta Chashma to have a Mahasangram episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/CID-Tarak-Mehta-Ka-Oolta-Chashma-to-have-a-Mahasangram-episode/articleshow/37645778.cms|access-date=3 June 2020|website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref>. CID Team has also appeared in episode 23 of [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]] Season 8 which aired on 24 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=THROWBACK: CID cast appears on Kaun Banega Crorepati; Amitabh Bachchan makes THIS special request to team |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/updates/throwback-cid-cast-appears-on-kaun-banega-crorepati-amitabh-bachchan-makes-this-special-request-to-team-1340469 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the series 4.5 / 5 stars, and stated, "Much of the credit for CID's success should go to [[B. P. Singh|Singh]], and its cast, especially [[Shivaji Satam]] who plays ACP Pradyuman". It stated, "Its actors, or at least the core of the cast who have been a part of the series since its inception are so popular they have become household names."<ref name="The TV show with the highest ratings">{{cite news|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/27/tv-cid-a-hit-with-viewers.htm|title=The TV show with the highest ratings|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510093531/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/27/tv-cid-a-hit-with-viewers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul Hegde of ''Rediff'' giving the same ratings stated, "The crime detective series is still going strong".<ref>{{cite news|title=Just What Makes CID So Popular?|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-what-makes-cid-so-popular-tv/20120320.htm|access-date=20 March 2012|newspaper=Rediff|author=Rahul Hegde|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323000735/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-what-makes-cid-so-popular-tv/20120320.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, "CID which has constantly entertained its viewers with unique and challenging cases is also known for its different jokes in the world of internet."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Most-popular-jokes-on-CID/photostory/33440197.cms|title=Most popular jokes on CID|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=27 July 2010|archive-date=13 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313155211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Most-popular-jokes-on-CID/photostory/33440197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kristina Das of ''[[India Today]]'' in a retrospective review in 2020, wrote, "The show had a cult following, even the non-viewers had shown interests. Except for logic, the show had everything, literally. The concept of the show was different, a tad bit too different, you may say. But at times, the makers dragged the episodes with unnecessarily lengthy dialogues when there was no content available."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/wahiyat-wednesday-how-cid-duped-indian-audiences-for-two-decades-1637066-2020-01-15|title=Wahiyat Wednesday: How CID duped Indian audiences for two decades|website=India Today|date=15 January 2020 }}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
==== Season 1 ====
Throughout its run, first season of ''CID'' was one of the most viewed series on Indian television. The series had an average TRP rating of 3 to 3.5 for several years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 October 2018|title=18 lesser-known facts about TV show CID that makes it one of the most iconic show of all time!|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/18-lesser-known-facts-about-tv-show-cid-that-makes-it-one-of-the-most-iconic-shows-of-all-time-342850.html|website=India Times|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915171906/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/18-lesser-known-facts-about-tv-show-cid-that-makes-it-one-of-the-most-iconic-shows-of-all-time-342850.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
Unlike first season, the second season of the show received lukewarm responses and had an average TRP rating of 0.8<ref>{{Cite web|title=CID Season 2 Wins Big, Goes Head To Head With Amitabh Bachchan’s Kaun Banega Crorepati In Television Ratings|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/cid-season-2-wins-big-goes-head-to-head-with-amitabh-bachchans-kaun-banega-crorepati-in-television-ratings/|website=Koimoi|date=2025-02-16|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en-US|first=Shreshtha|last=Chaudhury}}</ref> which is low as compared to the predecessor<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 January 2025|title=CID season 2: Show fails to attract viewers; records a lower television rating|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-season-2-show-fails-to-attract-viewers-records-a-lower-television-rating/articleshow/117544778.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>.However, Season 2 got huge response from audience on [[Sony LIV|Netflix]],[[Sony LIV]] and also remained in the top ten TV shows of [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CID season 2 takes Netflix India by storm; becoming the top trending show|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/cid-season-2-takes-netflix-india-by-storm-becoming-the-top-trending-show-article-12953059.html|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2025-11-29|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250405122917/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/cid-season-2-takes-netflix-india-by-storm-becoming-the-top-trending-show-article-12953059.html|archive-date=2025-04-05|language=en-US}}</ref>It also became top rated scripted show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=CID Season 2 Becomes Top-rated Scripted Show |url=https://indian.community/cid-season-2-becomes-top-rated-scripted-show/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ [[Indian Telly Awards]]
! Year !! Awards !! Category !! Nominee !! Ref
|-
| 2002
| rowspan="14" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Continuing TV Programme
| Fireworks Production
| <ref name="The Winners of The Indian Telly Awards 2002">{{cite web|url=https://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|title=The Winners of The Indian Telly Awards 2002|work=Indian Television|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128175311/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|archive-date=28 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a lead role]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shivaji Satam]]
| <ref>{{citation|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|title=ITA Awards 2002 Winner list|work=Indian Telly Awards|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025256/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| <ref>{{citation|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|title=ITA Awards 2003 Winner list|work=Indian Telly Awards|access-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115836/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| Best Director
| [[B. P. Singh]]
|
|-
| 2004
| Best Thriller Programme
| rowspan="8" | [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
| rowspan="8" | <ref name="The Winners of The Indian Telly Awards 2002" />
|-
| 2006
| Best Weekly Serial
|-
| 2007
| Best Thriller Programme
|-
| 2009
| Best Weekly Serial
|-
| 2010
| Best Thriller Programme
|-
| 2012
| Best Thriller Programme
|-
| 2013
| Best Weekly Serial
|-
| 2015
| Best Weekender Show
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
! Year !! Awards !! Category !! Nominee !! Ref
|-
| 2002
| rowspan="12" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Drama|Best Drama]]
| [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002|title=Hero Honda Indian Television Academy Awards 2002|work=Indian Television Academy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222232/https://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002|archive-date=29 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Teleplay|Best Teleplay]]
| [[Rajat Arora]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004|title=ITA Award 2004 winners list|work=Indian Television Academy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526071531/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004|archive-date=26 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Videography|Best Videography]]
| [[B. P. Singh]]
|
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[B. P. Singh]]
|
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Thriller / Horror Serial|Best Thriller / Horror Serial]]
| [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
|
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Drama|Best Drama]]
| [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
|
|-
| 2005
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| [[Makrand Deshpande]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005|title=The Hero Honda Indian Television Academy Awards 2005|work=Indian Television Academy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215552/https://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005|archive-date=4 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Thriller / Horror Serial|Best Thriller / Horror Serial]]
| [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
| <ref name="indiantelevisionacademy3">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2009|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909212242/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009|archive-date=9 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Special Awards|Milestone Award]]
| [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=The ITA Milestone Awards 2010 |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-ita-milestone-awards-2010/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The Indian Television Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Thriller / Horror Serial|Best Thriller / Horror Serial]]
| [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10th ITA Awards 2010 |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-10th-ita-awards-2010/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The Indian Television Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Thriller / Horror Serial|Best Thriller / Horror Serial]]
| [[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]] (Fireworks Production)
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th ITA Awards 2015 |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-15th-ita-awards-2015/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The Indian Television Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Special Awards|ITA Scroll of Honour]]
| [[Shivaji Satam]]
| <ref name="ITA2025">{{cite web |title=The 25th ITA Awards 2025 – Special Awards |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-25th-ita-awards-2025/ |website=Indian Television Academy |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ e4m Prime Time Awards
! Year !! Awards !! Category !! Nominee !! Ref
|-
| 2025
| rowspan="10" | e4m Prime Time Awards
| Best Relaunch Of Program
| Banijay Asia
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DKOto16yOda/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#endemolshineindia #biggbossmarathi #cidseason2 #wearebanijay {{!}} Banijay Entertainment |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/banijay_endemolshineindia-biggbossmarathi-cidseason2-activity-7340694460034347008-y4B0 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ RAPA Awards
! Year !! Awards !! Category !! Nominee !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| rowspan="2" | Radio And TV Professionals Association Trust Awards
| Best Director
| Santosh Shetty, Sachindra Vats
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQ00s4YDIcu/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
| Best Serial
| Banijay Asia
|}

== Other media ==
=== Spin-offs ===
A spin-off ''CID – Special Bureau'', a series about the special branch of CID which deals with cases that were left unsolved for many years aired from 2004-2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/dec/dec115.htm|title='CID Special Bureau' to debut on 27 December on Sony|date=14 December 2004|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172800/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/dec/dec115.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another spin-off, ''CID – Chhote Heroes'' in which kids solve crimes with the help of CID aired in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/double-dhamaaka-with-cid-cid-chote-heroes/articleshow/18255221.cms|title=Double Dhamaaka with CID & CID Chote Heroes – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 January 2013 |access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028161210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/double-dhamaaka-with-cid-cid-chote-heroes/articleshow/18255221.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

A Bengali-language adaptation of ''CID'' known as ''[[C.I.D. Kolkata Bureau]]'' aired on [[Sony Aath]] from 2012-2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sony TV's CID, now in Bengali|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/television/sony-tvs-cid-now-in-bengali-629385|access-date=31 October 2012|newspaper=NDTV Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122151404/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/sony-tvs-cid-now-in-bengali-629385|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bengali 'CID' to hit small screen Nov 12|url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/bengali-cid-hit-small-screen-nov-12-141605003.html|access-date=31 October 2012|newspaper=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|archive-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211095833/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/bengali-cid-hit-small-screen-nov-12-141605003.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An animated series titled ''CID Squad'' based on the characters of CID began airing on [[Sony YAY!]] from 17 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |date=2025-03-13 |title=CID goes to toon town: Sony YAY! brings teenage sleuths to the small screen |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/cid-goes-to-toon-town-sony-yay-brings-teenage-sleuths-to-the-small-screen/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-03-12 |title=India’s Sony Yay! Launches ‘CID Squad’ as Part of Strategic ‘HUB’ Expansion: ‘Animation for All’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/india-sony-yay-cid-squad-expansion-1236334067/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mobile games ===

''CID - The Game'', a [[mobile video game]] developed by Vroovy (a joint venture of [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] and Gameshastra) was developed as a [[tie-in]] to the TV series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CID - The Game|url=http://vroovy.com/Vroovywebsite/v8/cid-the-game.html |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=vroovy.com}}</ref>

''CID Heroes - Super Agent Run'', a [[Running game (video game)|running]] mobile video game has been released by [[Zapak]] and features the characters of Abhijeet, Daya and Pradyuman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CID Heroes - Super Agent Run - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.zapak.sony.cid.runner.daya.abhijeet.run&hl=en_US |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=play.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Impact and legacy ==
[[File:CID TV Serial Team.jpg|thumb|(From L-R) [[Dayanand Shetty]], [[Ansha Sayed]], [[Janvi Chheda]], [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] and [[Aditya Srivastava]], the cast of ''CID''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/cid-reunion-inspector-daya-abhijeet-fredricks-unite-for-fun-filled-evening-with-food-and-wine-101655006463723.html|title=CID reunion: Inspector Daya, Abhijeet, Fredricks, Shreya unite for fun-filled evening with food and wine|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 June 2023|date=26 October 2023}}</ref>]] ''CID'' has gained a cult status and following among the audience, owing to its episodes, cast, characters, comedy and story.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes|title=CID trivia, quirks, facts and clichés we bet you didn't know|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 October 2021|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704161951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes|url-status=live}}</ref> ''CID'' entered in both [[Guinness World Records]] and [[Limca Book of Records]], for shooting uncut for 111 minutes for the episode named "The Inheritance", in October 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Longest television shot |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/80159-longest-television-shot |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/when-cid-created-world-record-with-111-minute-single-shot-episode-was-aired-without-break-on-tuesday-trivia-2322808-2023-01-17|title=When CID created world record with 111-minute single-shot episode, was aired without break|website=India Today|access-date=12 February 2023|date=17 January 2023}}</ref> Singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] admitted to being a fan of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/lata-mangeshkar-fan-of-televsion-show-cid-2544944-2024-05-28|title=Did you know Lata Mangeshkar was a fan of popular TV show 'CID'?|website=India Today|access-date=31 May 2024|date=28 May 2024}}</ref>

Abhishek Raghunath of ''[[Forbes India]]'' noted: "Millions of Indians wait for CID to play out on their TV screens three nights a week on Sony. The characters—ACP Pradyuman, Sr. Inspectors Abhijeet and Daya, forensic expert Dr Salunkhe, and a host of others—have attained cult status. In an age obsessed with sex, the show is entirely devoid of it and there is no melodrama, a staple of successful Indian soaps since 1999."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/beyond-business/sonys-cid-fifteen-years-and-counting/33955/1|title=Sony's CID: Fifteen Years and Counting|website=Forbes India|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111161951/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/beyond-business/sonys-cid-fifteen-years-and-counting/33955/1|url-status=live}}</ref> Rhea Candy from ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated the chemistry of the cast members and it being a family show, the main reason behind ''CID''{{'}}s success. She added, "Today, the show incites mixed reactions. There is an acknowledgement of the institution it is; of the actors, directors and writers it has nurtured, and the efforts it has poured into churning out consistent entertainment. There are also unabashed memes inspired by ''CID''{{'}}s peculiarities."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/25-years-of-cid-cops-as-buddies-dayas-pink-shirts-and-cracking-the-code-of-cids-popularity|title=25 years of CID: Cops as buddies, Daya's pink shirts and cracking the code of CID's popularity|website=Film Companion|date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810161951/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/25-years-of-cid-cops-as-buddies-dayas-pink-shirts-and-cracking-the-code-of-cids-popularity|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]
* [[Midsomer Murders]]– A British series featuring UK CID

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|C.I.D. (Indian TV series)}}
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/cid-1700000196 CID episodes] on [[Sony LIV]]
*
*
*{{IMDb title|0401916|C.I.D.}}

{{SET Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:C.I.D. (Indian TV series)}}
[[Category:1998 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television shows shot in Madh Fort]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Detective television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India franchises]]
[[Category:Police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]

Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684)

2026-03-16T19:20:49Z

AlizaHyder840: Stub

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Campaign against Goa and Bombay of Portuguese India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Maratha–Portuguese War 1683–1684
| image = File:Mapa Topografico das Ilhas e Provincias de Goa.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Portuguese topographic map of Goa, 18th century.
| place = [[Konkan]], India
| date = April 1683 – 6 February 1684
| result =
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} [[Maratha Empire]] '''Supported by:''' {{ubl|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]}}
| strength1 = 11,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} [[Sambhaji]] Yesaji Kank Krishnaji Kank{{KIA}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name="pissurlencar81-118" />
| casualties1 = Unknown
| combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Portugal|1667}} [[Portuguese Empire]] {{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} [[Sawantwadi State|Kingdom of Sawantwadi]] '''Supported by:''' [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| strength2 = 3,700 infantry, 20 cannons, Unknown naval vessels [[Desai]] rebels
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Portugal|1667}} [[Francisco de Távora, 1st Count of Alvor|Count of Alvor]]
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Maratha–Portuguese War of 1683–1684''' or '''Sambhaji's Invasion'''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC&dq=sambhaji%27s+invasion&pg=PA332 | title=The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 | isbn=978-0-8047-2271-1 | last1=Alden | first1=Dauril | date=1996 | publisher=Stanford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV6-EAAAQBAJ&dq=sambhaji%27s+invasion&pg=PA224 | title=The Portuguese in India and Other Studies, 1500-1700 | isbn=978-1-000-94158-6 | last1=Disney | first1=A. R. | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MMBAAAAMAAJ&q=sambhaji%27s+invasion | title=History of Bombay, 1661-1708 | last1=David | first1=M. D. | date=1973 }}</ref> refers to the Maratha invasion of the Portuguese-controlled portions of [[Velhas Conquistas|Goa]] and [[Portuguese Bombay|Bombay]] areas of [[Konkan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=Herald: Did Shivaji think of conquering 'Portuguese' Goa? |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/UPFRONT/Did-Shivaji-think-of-conquering-Portuguese-Goa/157309 |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409160610/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/UPFRONT/Did-Shivaji-think-of-conquering-Portuguese-Goa/157309 |archive-date=9 April 2022 }}</ref> The conflict between the [[Mahratta Confederacy]] and the [[Portuguese in Goa and Bombay]]; continued on various fronts in between 1683 and 1684.

The Portuguese had maintained relations with the Marathas under [[Shivaji]], in order to check the [[Deccan Sultanates]]. In 1682, two years after the death of Shivaji, [[Sambhaji]] started arming & fortifying the border along Portuguese territories. The concerned Portuguese then aligned themselves with the [[Moghal empire|Moghals]].

Their concern materialised in a series of Maratha [[raid (military)|raid]]s on [[Goa]], [[Bombay]] & other parts of the Konkan region. Sambhaji invaded Goa, temporarily occupied many forts, ports & razed villages there. His forces pillaged [[Salcette]] and [[Bardes]] in South Konkan for 26 days, burned down villages, destroyed churches, raped Konkani women, captured men and women as slaves, and sold them to Arabs and the [[Dutch India|Dutch]] later on.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://goanews.com/what-govt-of-goa-books-say-on-sambhaji-attacking-goa-st-francis-xavier | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209141005/https://goanews.com/what-govt-of-goa-books-say-on-sambhaji-attacking-goa-st-francis-xavier | archive-date=9 December 2023 | title=What Govt of Goa books say on Sambhaji attacking Goa & St Francis Xavier | date=9 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/By-invitation/Goa-Marathas-and-Goencho-Saib/214587 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213165603/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/By-invitation/Goa-Marathas-and-Goencho-Saib/214587 | archive-date=13 December 2023 | title=Goa, Marathas and Goencho Saib | date=3 December 2023 }}</ref> Sambhaji also plundered or [[ransack]]ed places of North Konkan near Bombay,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw4IAQAAIAAJ&q=sambhaji+plundered+north+of+bassein&pg=PA479 | title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na (2 PTS.) | date=1882 }}</ref> he besieged the fortresses of [[Chaul]], [[Daman district, India|Damaon]] & [[Bassein (Vasai)]] in the north.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DZciX6WxgUC&dq=sambhaji+Portuguese+north+Konkan&pg=PT223 | title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History | isbn=978-0-470-67291-4 | last1=Subrahmanyam | first1=Sanjay | date=30 April 2012 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> The Maratha forces were preemptively mobilised, and the Portuguese situation eventually became dire. Sambhaji had intended to capture the city of [[Old Goa]], but the violence ceased, his forces retreated from most Portuguese lands in the Konkan, on 2 January 1684, to avoid the [[Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)|large Moghal army]] led by [[Shah Alam I]] (''Muazzam'').<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304312 | jstor=44304312 | title=A Portuguese Embassy to Sambhaji—1684 | last1=Moraes | first1=George | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | date=1959 | volume=22 | pages=303–313 }}</ref>

The [[Desai]]s of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]] rebelled and sided with the Portuguese in the conflict,{{sfn|Pissurlencar|1983|p=}}{{pn|date=September 2025}} as they were forced to give up their political privileges due to Maratha supremacy. According to the Portuguese: This was the first time when the British, secretly aided the enemy, by providing the [[Mahrattas]] with weapons, artillery & munitions.<ref name="lobato"/>

== Background ==
The [[Portuguese Empire]] was a powerful naval empire that had established several enclaves on the west [[coast of India]]. The Portuguese territories of [[Daman district, India|Damaon]], [[Chaul]], [[Vasai (Bassein)]] & several others bordered the [[Mahratta Confederacy]]; including the capital at [[Old Goa]].

The Marathas during the lifetime of Shivaji had maintained relations with Portuguese India, as Shivaji's famous Bhavani and Firangi swords were of Portuguese origin.{{cn|date=October 2023}} However, his [[expansionist]] successor [[Sambhaji]], wanted to check the Portuguese by constructing forts at strategic locations, such as the island of [[Anjediva]], off the coast of present-day [[North Canara]]; and [[Parsik Hill]] in modern-day [[New Bombay]]. Sambhaji also fostered good relations with the [[Ya'rubids|Yarubid]] Omanis, an enemy of the Portuguese.<ref name="pissurlencar81-118"/> The Portuguese were alarmed at the mobilisation of Maratha forces at their borders and attempted to stop the construction of the forts in 1683.<ref name=Pis82>{{harvnb|Pissurlencar|1983|pp=82–85}}</ref> On 5 May 1682 the Portuguese fortified Angediva Island.<ref name="pissurlencar81-118"/> and later also fortified Parsik Hill.<ref name="pissurlencar81-118"/> In December 1682, the Portuguese allowed the Mughal army to pass through their northern territories to attack the Marathas.<ref name="pissurlencar81-118">Pissurlencar 1983, p. 81-118</ref> The Portuguese also annexed Parsik in January 1683, the Portuguese viceroy received at Goa a letter from Aurangzeb requesting that the Portuguese declare war on the Marathas, but the viceroy refused and said that the Portuguese did not declare wars unless for very serious reasons, which was not the case.<ref name="lobato"/>

The Portuguese Viceroy [[Francisco de Távora]] in turn wanted the capture of Sambhaji.<ref name=Pis82/>

==Bassein theatre==
[[File:Fortaleza de bacaim.jpg|thumb|The Portuguese fortress of Bassein.]]
Between April and May 1683, the Marathas invaded Portuguese Konkan in the north and plundered Portuguese-controlled towns and villages at [[Dahanu]], [[Asheri]], Trapor, & [[Vasai (Bassein)]].<ref name=Pis82/> Sambhaji's Peshwa Nilopant Pingle devastated, plundered and occupied 40 miles of Portuguese territory including the villages of Chembur, Talode, Kolve, [[Mahim]], Dantore & Sargaon.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Mahrattas also temporarily occupied some forts around Bassein and Damaon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw4fAAAAIAAJ|title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original sources|publisher=Longmans, Green and company|year=1920|isbn=|volume=IV|location=London|pages=331}}</ref>

==Chaul theatre==
The Brahmin [[Peshva]] Nilopant Pingle kept the pressure on [[Revdanda fort|Chaul]]. The Marathas plundered the villages in July 1683. On 10 August 1683 they sieged Chaul with 2000 horsemen and 6000 infantry in the siege of Chaul.<ref name="lobato">Alexandre Lobato: ''Relações Luso-Maratas 1658-1737'', Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, Lisboa, 1965, pp. 28-34.</ref> On August 18, they attempted to storm the fortress, however they were repulsed.<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_20210214/page/82/mode/1up?view=theater Portuguese-Mahratta Relations]''. p. 82.</ref>

==Goa theatre==
[[File:AMH-6577-KB Bird's eye view of the city of Goa.jpg|thumb|Portuguese Goa]]
Because that year Portugal did not send soldiers to India, Maratha forces were able to invade the mainland Portuguese districts of [[Bardes]] in the north and [[Salcete]] to the south, raiding and burning everything in their path and sacking churches.<ref name="lobato"/> This was the first time the Marathas employed their tactic of attacking Goa as a diversionary tactic to their operations further north.<ref name="lobato"/>

According to an account by Padre Francisco de Souza, Marathas looted, destroyed Churches and raped Christian women. After they had completed sacking, they carried off with themselves many men, women and children whom they later sold to Arabs and Dutch.<ref>{{cite book|title= Portuguese Mahratta Relations|first= P.S|last=Pissurlencar|translator=T.V Parvate| orig-date=1967|year=1983|publisher= Originally published in Marathi by University of Poona, English translation published by Maharashtra state board of literature and culture|publication-place=Poona,Bombay|page=89|chapter=During Sambhaji's reign and after|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_202102/page/76/mode/1up|url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_202102}}</ref> Jadunath Sarkar notes that the Marathas were notorious for gang-raping women during invasions, including the invasion of Goa under Sambhaji. He elaborates on this by quoting a contemporary account of the event.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | title=Fall of the Mughal Empire | publisher=Orient Longman | publication-place=Hyderabad | date=2007|volume=1 | isbn=978-81-250-3245-8 | page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n78/mode/1up 54-55]|orig-date=1932}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|These enemies were so barbarous that when a woman appeared very beautiful (lit., best) to them, five or six of them violated her by lying with that woman alone, Up to now nowhere else in India has such barbarity been seen, nor even among the Kafris (Negroes). For this reason, many women of Margaon ... threw themselves into pools, where they died of drowning. Others who bravely resisted the lewd intentions of some of the enemy soldiers, were killed with strokes of the broadsword, and of some others the breasts were cut off.}}

In response, the Portuguese arrested the Maratha envoy in Goa Yesaji Gambhir.{{sfn|Kulkarni|Khare|1982|p=365}} Maratha merchant ships were also arrested.

The Portuguese viceroy Francisco de Távora mobilised the civilians and clergymen in the city into a defensive force of militias and established a last line of defense at [[Mormugão fort]].<ref name="lobato"/>

=== Battle of Ponda ===
[[File:Maratha Light Horseman.jpg|thumb|Maratha horseman.]]
The [[Ponda Fort]] near the capital city of [[Velha Goa]] was a strategic Maratha position. Hence the Portuguese viceroy [[Francisco de Távora]] led an attack on it in October 1683, attempting to prevent [[raid (military)|raid]]s on Goa. The Portuguese viceroy attacked [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] to compel the [[Marathas]] to lift the siege of Chaul and heavily damaged the Ponda Fort; so that they may go back to the inland [[Panhala Fort]] near Chaul.<ref name="Pis82" /> He marched towards the fort with 1206 Portuguese soldiers and 2500 Christian auxiliaries from Salcete.<ref name="pissurlencar81-118"/> Most of the Konkan [[Desai]]s (lords) maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese; the Desai of Bicholim and the Ranas of Sanquelim lived in Portuguese territory; the Dulba Desai of Ponda, and the vatandar of Revode, Nanonde, and Pirna Satroji Rane joined the Portuguese against the Marathas.<ref name="pissurlencar81-118"/>

The viceroy camped at the border village of [[Agaçaim]] on 27 October 1683. They crossed the river and reached the villages west of Ponda on 7 November. Veteran Maratha general Yesaji Kank and his son Krishnaji were stationed at Ponda with a force of 600 [[Mavala]]s. The Marathas resisted the initial Portuguese infantry charges. In one of these skirmishes Krishnaji Kank was wounded heavily, he died a few days later. However, The Portuguese heavy bombardment managed to break through the walls of the fort, severely damaging it. Heavy rains however impeded Portuguese movements.<ref name="lobato"/>

[[Sambhaji]] ordered [[reinforcements]] to press on the advantage of the Portuguese retreat at Ponda and elsewhere. By 9 November Maratha reinforcements, which included [[Sambhaji]] himself, arrived from [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to rescue the fort. He had 800 cavalry and 600 infantry.<ref name="lobato"/> The viceroy thought that Sambhaji would attack him to the rear to cut his line of communication with Goa, hence on 10 November, he called for a general retreat towards the [[Durbhat]] port. The Marathas attacked the retreating Portuguese by attacking them from a hill above a nearby creek. The viceroy was wounded during this skirmish.<ref name="lobato"/> On 12 November most of the Portuguese army reached Goa.{{sfn|Kulkarni|Khare|1982|p=386}} The Portuguese conducted an organised withdrawal and returned safely without the loss of equipment.<ref name="pissurlencar81-118"/> Portuguese praised the victory of Sambhaji and they described him as a war-like prince.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Kolarkar|first=S.G.|title=History of Marathas|publisher=Mangesh Publishers|year=1995|isbn=|location=Nagpur|pages=133}}</ref>

=== Siege of Goa ===
[[File:Divar (Ilha de Piedade), India Portuguesa.png|thumb|Islands of Goa with Santo Estêvão (Jua) on the right.]]
On the night of 24 November 1683, when the tide was low, Sambhaji's full force attacked the unsuspecting fort and village on [[St Estevam|Santo Estêvão]] island. They captured [[Fort Santo Estevão]] by killing its garrison, looted the native [[Goan]] villagers, and burned down the parish church. The following day a battalion of 200 men marched from Goa to Santo Estevão under the personal command of the Viceroy in order to recapture the island. They engaged in fighting but soon after retreated.<ref name="lobato"/> Seeing the size of the Maratha army, and the devastation caused by them, the battalion retreated.<ref name=Pis89>{{harvnb|Pissurlencar|1983|pp=89–92}}</ref>

After the arrival of the retreating army and the fall of Santo Estêvão, the Portuguese broke the bunds of rice fields on the outskirts of the city of Goa. This flooded the fields with river water and increased the width of the river. Sambhaji had intended to assault Goa but was prevented by the rising tide combined with the flood of the rice fields. The Marathas later retreated due to the probability of a Portuguese naval attack.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahu Virupaksha |url=http://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_20210214 |title=Portuguese Mahratta Relations |date=2021-02-14 |pages=88}}</ref>
[[File:D. Francisco de Távora, Conde de Alvor (Archaeological Survey of India, Goa).png|thumb|The Portuguese viceroy of Goa, Count of Alvor Dom Francisco de Távora.]]
The viceroy Dom Francisco de Távora wrote to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb informing him of the attack on Goa and urging him to move against the Marathas.<ref name="lobato"/> News reached both Sambhaji and the viceroy, that a Mughal prince, Muazzam, had entered into Maratha territory with a 100,000 strong force. The Mughals took advantage of Sambhaji's war with the Portuguese. Sambhaji tried to bribe Muazzam to get him to use his army against the Portuguese before the Mughal army could reach Goa. With this failing, Sambhaji prepared to storm Portuguese territory and attack poorly defended villages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Glenn|first=Joseph Ames|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfMNfsOMUHwC&pg=PA155|title=Renascent Empire?: The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia c.1640-1683|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-90-5356-382-3|location=Amsterdam|pages=155}}</ref>

On 11 December 1683, 6000 Maratha cavalry and 8000-10000 infantry attacked the areas of [[Salcette]] and [[Bardes]].<ref name="pissurlencar81-118"/> The Portuguese successfully defended the inner territories of [[Ilhas de Goa]] and [[Mormugão]] from the onslaught of Marathas. All the other villages and forts were temporarily occupied by the Marathas. The Commissioner of the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]], [[François Martin (Pondicherry)|François Martin]], described the poor condition of the Portuguese during this time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martineau|first=Alfred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAJXAAAAMAAJ|title=Memoires de Francois Martin|publisher=Societe d'editions geographiques, maritimes et coloniales|year=1932|isbn=|volume=2|location=Paris|pages=340}}</ref> After having laid waste to the outer districts of Salcete and Bardez, the Marathas had started closing in towards the Islands of Goa. The viceroy was concerned that if things remain unchanged, Sambhaji would soon capture Goa. During this time, Muazzam was pillaging Maratha territory as he made his approach towards Sambhaji. When Sambhaji learned of Muazzam's arrival at Ramghat, fearing the large Moghul army, he retreated all his forces back to [[Raigad Fort]] on 2 January 1684.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Contemporary sources give credit to [[Francis Xavier]] for saving Goa: the Portuguese viceroy had placed a request in the saint's hands for Xavier to take over governance of Goa and save it from the Maratha army, along with his baton. Xavier then caused the Mughal army to threaten the Marathas, which in turn saved Goa.<ref name=brockey>{{cite journal|title=The Cruelest Honor: The Relics of Francis Xavier in Early-Modern Asia|author1-first=Liam Matthew|author1-last=Brockey|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=101|issue=1|publisher=Catholic Material Culture|year=2015|pages=41–64|jstor=43900075|doi=10.1353/cat.2015.0001}}</ref>

== Treaty of Ponda 1684 ==
Since he was unable to fight a war on two fronts, [[Sambhaji]] asked the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] for a peace treaty. He sent Prince Akbar and Kavi Kalash to negotiate with the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. After long negotiations, a final treaty was approved at Mardangad in [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], between 25 January and 4 February.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahu Virupaksha |url=http://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_20210214 |title=Portuguese Mahratta Relations |date=2021-02-14 |pages=91}}</ref>

The Luso-Maratha Treaty of Ponda of 1684 stipulated that 1) All lands, forts, artillery, and weapons would restitute to Portugal; 2) All captured vessels would be returned; 3) All prisoners would be returned; 4) [[Sambhaji]] would be paid a pension in exchange for helping defend Portuguese territory; 5) Mutual free trade and liberty of movement; 6) Prohibition of Mughal trade ships to pass within range of the artillery of Portuguese fortresses; 7) Pardon from [[Sambhaji]] to the Desai's in Goa; 8) On the request of the Portuguese, Sambhaji was prohibited from building forts along the Portuguese border.<ref name="lobato"/>

The Marathas retreated from all their new possessions, in order to concentrate their forces against the Mughals. Hostilities ceased on 6 February.<ref name="lobato"/>

==Aftermath==

The campaign was a severe breach of trust in Maratha–Portuguese relations. On 12 January 1684, the viceroy called a meeting of the state council to shift the capital Goa to [[Mormugão fort|Mormugao fortress]] further west. This proposal was rejected, and the capital continued to be the [[Old Goa|City of Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pissurlencar|first=P.S.|title=Assentos do Conselho do Estado|publisher=Rangel Publishers|year=1953–1957|isbn=|volume=IV|location=Bastora, Goa|pages=417–26}}</ref>

The Marathas did not willingly return occupied territory to Portugal, and parts of it, like Caranja island, had to be forcibly recaptured.<ref name="lobato"/> The Marathas did not respect the peace treaty for very long and conflicts between the two powers continued in the following years, as Marathas continued raiding Portuguese territory.<ref name="lobato"/> The viceroy, therefore, promoted a coalition with the rebellious Konkan Desai's, and signed with them a secret treaty against the Marathas on 8 February 1685.<ref name="lobato"/>

[[File:Basilica of Bom Jesus 7 (Old Goa).jpg|thumb|Bom Jesus Basilica]]
It is said that when the Marathas occupied Santo Estêvão island, the viceroy went to see the body of [[Francis Xavier]], in the [[Bom Jesus shrine]] in the Velha Goa city, placed his [[sceptre]] on the dead saint's [[relic]] and prayed for his grace to avert the Maratha threat.<ref name=Pis89/>

==See also==
*[[Hindutva terror]]ism
*[[Luso–Maratha War (1729–1732)]]
* [[Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)]]
* [[Military history of Portugal]]
* [[Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)]]
*[[Mahratta Invasion of Bassein]]
*[[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
*[[Sack of Surat]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulkarni|first1=A.R.|title=History of Marathas|last2=Khare|first2=G.H.|publisher=Maharashtra universities board|year=1982|editor-last=Gokhale|editor-first=Kamal|location=Nagpur}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Conflicts in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1683|Goa]]
[[Category:Battles fought by Marathas under Sambhaji|Goa]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:History of Vasai]]
[[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:1683 in India]]
[[Category:1680s in the Mughal Empire]]

Paulson Pulikottil

2026-03-06T05:26:24Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting Info

{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend|The Reverend Dr]]
| name = Paulson Pulikottil
| image = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|06}}
| birth_place = Kerala, India
| occupation = Pastor, Theologian, Professor, Author
| discipline = Biblical Studies<ref name="scholar">{{cite web |title=Paulson Pulikottil – Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?hl=en&user=NU4e_oIAAAAJ |website=Google Scholar |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
| sub_discipline = Old Testament Studies, Pentecostalism, Postcolonial Theology
| workplaces = {{unbulleted list |[[Union Biblical Seminary]]| [[Faith Theological Seminary, Manakala]]| [[New Life College, Bangalore]]}}
| education = {{unbulleted list |[[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.(Chemistry)]], [[Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur]]|
[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]], [[Union Biblical Seminary]], Pune|
[[Master of Theology|M.Th]], [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]], Bangalore|
Master of Psychology (Clinical), [[IGNOU]]|
[[Ph.D.]], [[University of Sheffield]], UK}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Sheffield]]
| thesis_title = Transmission of Biblical Texts in Qumran: The Case of the Large Isaiah Scroll 1QIsa
| thesis_year = 1995
| doctoral_advisor = [[Philip R. Davies]]
| notable_works = ''Beyond Dalit Theology: Searching for New Frontiers''; ''Transmission of Biblical Texts in Qumran: The Case of the Large Isaiah Scroll 1QIsa.''
}}

'''Paulson Pulikottil''' (born November 6, 1958) is an Indian [[biblical scholar]], [[theologian]], and author, specialising in [[Old Testament]] studies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VVmEAAAQBAJ |title=Beyond Dalit Theology: Searching for New Frontiers |date=2022 |publisher=Augsburg Fortress Publishers |isbn=978-1-5064-7885-2 |language=en}}</ref> He has published widely on Old Testament scholarship,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Berquist |first=Jon L. |date=2005 |title=Review of Transmission of Biblical Texts in Qumran: The Case of the Large Isaiah Scroll 1Qlsa (JSPSup 34) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43727541 |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=507–508 |jstor=43727541 |issn=0008-7912 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Pentecostal theology and Postcolonial interpretations of the Bible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=NU4e_oIAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Dalit Theology: Searching for New Frontiers |url=https://www.fortresspress.com/store/product/9781506478852/Beyond-Dalit-Theology |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Fortress Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAiBAgAAQBAJ |title=Psalms 1-150 A Commentary in Malayalam: Sankeerthanangal. Oru Vyakhyanam |date=2014-01-20 |publisher=Fountain Press |isbn=978-81-88784-08-0 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pulikottil is from [[Pengamuck]], [[Kerala]], India. He was raised in a Christian [[Pentecostal]] family. He is an ordained minister of the [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|Indian Pentecostal Church]]. During his college days he was actively involved with the Union of Evangelical Students of India (UESI).

He earned a Bachelor of Science in chemistry from [[Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur]], followed by a Bachelor of Divinity at the [[Union Biblical Seminary]], Yavatmal/Pune. He went on to complete a Master of Theology in Old Testament studies at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], Bangalore. He later obtained a Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Studies from the [[University of Sheffield]], United Kingdom, for his work on the transmission of the Biblical manuscripts from [[Qumran]].

== Career ==
He has served for more than four decades as a seminary professor in India, most prominently at the [[Union Biblical Seminary]], Pune. During this time he has held senior academic positions, including Academic Dean and Head of the Department of Biblical Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living as the Chosen People of God - Dr. Paulson Pulikottil |url=https://www.ytmatrimony.com/blog/living-as-the-chosen-people-of-god/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=YT Christian Matrimonial |language=en}}</ref> He was also involved, alongside [[David Clines]], in the production of the multi-volume Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, published by Sheffield Academic Press.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0002unse |title=The dictionary of classical Hebrew |date=1993 |publisher=Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85075-244-8}}</ref>

Pulikottil has also taught at the [[Faith Theological Seminary, Manakala]], the [[COTR Theological Seminary]], and the [[New Life College, Bangalore]], in addition, he continues to serve as adjunct and visiting faculty in theological institutions both within India and overseas. Beyond his academic roles, he is the Senior Pastor of the Community of the Redeemed Church and serves as the editor of the online news magazine ''the Lodestar''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-02 |title=Career |url=https://paulsonp.net/career/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Paulson Pulikottil |language=en}}</ref>

== Research ==
Pulikottil's research spans several fields within theology and biblical studies. He is recognised as an authority on the [[Qumran]] manuscripts, particularly the Large Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transmission of Biblical Texts in Qumran: The Case of the Large Isaiah Scroll 1QIsaa |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/review/transmission-of-biblical-texts-in-qumran-the-case-of-the-large-isaiah-scroll-1qisaa/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Gospel Coalition |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ready |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUKjDwAAQBAJ&dq=Paulson+Pulikottil&pg=PT339 |title=Orality, Textuality, and the Homeric Epics: An Interdisciplinary Study of Oral Texts, Dictated Texts, and Wild Texts |date=2019-07-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-257194-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His work includes postcolonial interpretations of Christian theology,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Graham Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBEsEQAAQBAJ&dq=Paulson+Pulikottil&pg=PA235 |title=World Christianity: An Introduction |date=2024-10-08 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=979-8-3852-0130-3 |language=en}}</ref> and significant contributions to biblical studies with a particular focus on the [[Old Testament]].<ref name="ubs">{{cite web |title=Paulson Pulikottil – Academia.edu |url=https://ubs.academia.edu/PaulsonPulikottil
|website=Academia.edu |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williamson |first=H. G. M. |date=2003 |title=Review of Transmission of Biblical Texts in Qumran. The Case of the Large Isaiah Scroll 1QIsa a. (Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series, 34.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23969768 |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1093/jts/54.2.641 |jstor=23969768 |issn=0022-5185}}</ref> He has also engaged critically with Dalit theology, most notably in his book ''Beyond Dalit Theology: Searching for New Frontiers'' (2022), where he evaluates its development and suggests new directions for Christology, pneumatology, ecclesiology, and public theology in the Indian context.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |title=Beyond Dalit Theology: Searching for New Frontiers |year=2022 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1506478852}}</ref> In addition, his scholarship addresses the intersection of psychology and religion, especially in relation to demonology and psychopathology, and examines [[Pentecostalism]] in Kerala within its postcolonial setting.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&dq=Paulson+Pulikottil&pg=PA2223 |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices [6 volumes] |last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |date=2010-09-21 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==

* {{cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |title=The Prince and the Emperor: Selected Themes from the Book of Isaiah |publisher=Fountain Press |location=India |year=2023 |isbn=9788188784141}}
* {{cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |title=Beyond Dalit Theology: Searching for New Frontiers |publisher=Fortress Press |location=Michigan |year=2022|isbn=9781506478852}}
* {{cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |title=Psalms – A Commentary (Malayalam) = Sankeerthanangal: Oru Vyakhyanam |publisher=Fountain Press |year=2014 |isbn=9788188784080 |language=ml}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pulikottil |first1=Paulson |last2=Jacob |first2=Grace |title=Beyond Borders: Challenging Boundaries of Philosophy, Faith and Education |publisher=Primalogue |location=Bangalore |year=2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |title=Transmission of Biblical Texts in Qumran: The Case of the Large Isaiah Scroll 1QIsa |publisher=T & T Clark |year=2001 |isbn=9781841271408}}
* {{cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |chapter=Isaiah |editor=Brian Wintle |title=South Asia Bible Commentary: A One-Volume Commentary on the Whole Bible |publisher=Zondervan |year=2015 |isbn=978-0310286868}}
* {{cite book |last=Pulikottil |first=Paulson |contribution=Research Associate |title=Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, Vol. 2 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |location=Sheffield |year=1994 |isbn=9781910928363}}
* {{cite book |last=Synan |first=Vinson |title=In the Latter Days (Malayalam): പിൻമഴയുടെ നാളുകൾ |publisher=Good News Publications Society |location=Kottayam |year=1992 |translator=Pulikottil, Paulson}}

== See also ==
* [[Union Biblical Seminary]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pulikottil, Paulson}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sheffield]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in England]]
[[Category:Old Testament scholars]]
[[Category:Indian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]

Padagotti

2026-03-04T05:18:16Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting A Pg - done

{{short description|1964 film by T. Prakash Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Padagotti.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| screenplay = [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]]
| story = Nannu
| producer = G. N. Velumani
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = P. L. Roy
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Saravana Films
| released = {{film date|1964|11|3|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Padagotti''''' ({{translation|[[Coxswain]]}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[social problem film]] directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]] and produced by G. N. Velumani. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[S. V. Ramadas]], [[Nagesh]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] in supporting roles. It deals with the enmity between two fishing communities in a village, which is fuelled by the village's ''[[zamindar]]'', who stands to gain the most from it all.

''Padagotti''{{'}}s screenplay was written by [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]], based on a story by Nannu, and cinematography was handled by P. L. Roy, while editing was handled by C. P. Jambulingam. The film was shot predominantly on locations near the seashore, including [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]. It was released on 3 November 1964, coinciding with the festival of [[Diwali]]. Despite facing competition from other films released on the same day, ''Padagotti'' became a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 100 days.

== Plot ==
Manickam is the leader of a fishing community named ''Thirukaai Meenavargal'' (Turbot fisherman). In the same area lives Alaiyappan, the leader of the opposing fishing community ''Sura Meenavargal'' (Shark fishermen). While Manickam is honest, compassionate and principled, Alaiyappan is the opposite, driven mainly by greed. Manickam's father wishes to see the enmity between the two groups end, and he persuades them to be friends. The ''Sura Meenavargal'' refuse, and beat him to death. Manickam promises to fulfill his father's wish, and works hard to end the enmity. The person responsible for fuelling this enmity is the village ''[[zamindar]]'' Neelamagam, who stands to gain the most from it all. Alaiyappan's blind allegiance is to Neelamagam.

Manickam falls in love with Alaiyappan's daughter Muthazhagi, and she reciprocates. However, their romance is disapproved of by their communities. When Manickam goes to ''Sura Meenavargal'' to seek peace, he is beaten to his apparent death. Because of this, his men nearly kill Alaiyappan, who is then saved by a mysterious old man. Thankful to the old man, Alaiyappan allows him to stay for the night at his home. Muthazhagi later realises the old man is actually Manickam in disguise, but conceals it from everyone. Even when there is a boat race between the two communities, the disguised Manickam chooses to go with ''Sura Meenavargal'', and they win. However, his cover is blown soon after, and an enraged Alaiyappan forces him to leave Muthazhagi.

Neelamagam wants to marry Muthazhagi, and Alaiyappan reluctantly agrees due to lack of funds, but Muthazhagi is unwilling. She is kept at Neelamagam's mansion and is unable to escape, as even Manickam (in a new disguise) fails to save her. Neelamagam's wife Meenvizhi secretly helps Muthazhagi out of the mansion. For doing so, she is killed by Neelamagam. He begins to chase Muthazhagi, but is cornered by Manickam and a fight ensues between the duo. Shortly after, the local police arrive and arrest Neelamagam for murdering his wife. With both the communities reconciling, Alaiyappan agrees for Muthazhagi and Manickam to be married.

== Cast ==
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Manickam
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Muthazhagi
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Neelamagam<ref name="BFTP" />

* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Alaiyappan<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Ponvandu
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Pavalam<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Meenvizhi<ref name="BFTP" />

== Production ==
''Padagotti'' was directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]], and produced by G. N. Velumani under the banner of Saravana Films.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> It was the company's first colour film,<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=8 March 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100: 16 – அர்ப்பணிப்புடன் கூடிய உழைப்புக்கு சொந்தக்காரர்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74484-100-16.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084610/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74484-100-16.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> being colourised through [[Eastmancolor]].<ref name="BFTP" /> The screenplay was written by [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]], based on an original story by Nannu, and cinematography was handled by P. L. Roy,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 1964 |title=Padagotti |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641103&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> while C. P. Jambulingam was chosen as editor.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Padagotti |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Saravana Films |year=1964 |time=0:00 to 3:09 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref> While [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]] were cast as the lead pair, [[Nagesh]] was cast as Ponvandu, a comical character who beats people whenever a gramophone plays a certain music. This subplot was adapted from an episode of [[The Three Stooges]]. Most of the film was shot on actual locations near the seashore,<ref name="BFTP" /> including [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Sreejith K. |date=15 December 2017 |title=Alappuzha cherishes its date with MGR |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2017/12/15/alappuzha-mgr-padagotti-beach.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119041518/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2017/12/15/alappuzha-mgr-padagotti-beach.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> It was poet [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] who chose the title ''Padagotti'' for this film.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=91}}

== Themes ==
''Padagotti'' is a [[social problem film]] that deals with groupism among fishermen,<ref name="BFTP" /> the problems of fishermen in general,{{sfn|Jagathrakshakan|1984|p=45}} and moneylenders bleeding the poor.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=188}} [[Tamil Canadians|Tamil Canadian]] journalist D. B. S. Jeyaraj wrote that Ramachandran portrayed different roles in his films "so that different segments of the population could relate to and identify with him", citing his role of a [[coxswain]] in ''Padagotti'', an agriculturist in ''[[Vivasayi]]'' (1967), and a [[rickshaw]] puller in ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' (1971) as examples.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=20 February 2016 |title=Kandy-born actor-politico "MGR" reigned supreme in Tamil Nadu cinema and politics |url=http://www.ft.lk/columns/kandy-born-actor-politico-mgr-reigned-supreme-in-tamil-nadu-cinema-and-politics/4-526498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180830065439/http://www.ft.lk/columns/kandy-born-actor-politico-mgr-reigned-supreme-in-tamil-nadu-cinema-and-politics/4-526498 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=[[Daily FT]]}}</ref> S. Rajanayagam, author of the book ''Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth'', felt the title ''Padagotti'', like the titles of many other Ramachandran films, was "sober, occupation-oriented and positive".{{sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=129}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by the duo of [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], while the lyrics were written by Vaali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1964 |title=Padagotti (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/padagotti-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1328409178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210055808/https://music.apple.com/us/album/padagotti-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1328409178 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Thottal Poo Malarum" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Suddhadhanyasi]], and according to singer [[Charulatha Mani]], this song "changed the outlook of this raga in films".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=9 December 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – Soulful Suddhadhanyasi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-soulful-suddhadhanyasi/article2701250.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170731075453/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-soulful-suddhadhanyasi/article2701250.ece |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was later re-tuned by [[A. R. Rahman]] for the 2004 film ''[[New (film)|New]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 July 2004 |title=New |url=https://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/07/16/stories/2004071602120300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170731075807/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/07/16/stories/2004071602120300.htm |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Tharaimel Pirakka" was composed in [[Bilaskhani Todi]], a [[Hindustani raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=30 July 2015 |title=More on MSV's favourite raag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/msvs-tamil-songs-in-hindustani-raag/article7481178.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117043145/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/msvs-tamil-songs-in-hindustani-raag/article7481178.ece |archive-date=17 November 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Koduthadellam Koduthan" was originally written by Vaali for ''[[Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar]]'' (1960) which was rejected by the director of that film and later it was used in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2017 |title=சினிமாவுக்கு வாலியின் முதல் பாட்டு: சுசீலா பாடினார் |trans-title=Vaali's first song in film: Susheela sang |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/04/02220430/1077641/cinima-history-susila.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170731124006/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/04/02220430/1077641/cinima-history-susila.vpf |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Velumani felt the song "nicely captured MGR's characteristics" through the lyrics "Koduthadellam koduthan, Avan yaarukaaga koduthaan, Orutharukka koduthaan illai oorukaaga koduthaan" which translate to "He gave all that he gave, to whom did he give? Did he give for just one? No, he gave for everyone".{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=98}} The song "Naanoru Kuzhandhai" is based on [[Desh (raga)|Desh]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

"Thottal Poo Malarum" was included by ''[[The Hindu]]'' in their list ''Best of Vaali: From 1964–2013''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2013 |title=Interactive graphic: Best of Vaali: From 1964–2013 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article4931802.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731125213/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article4931802.ece |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Azhagu Oru Ragam
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ennai Eduthu
| extra2 = P. Susheela
| length2 =
| title3 = Kalyana Ponnu
| extra3 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Koduthellam Koduthaan
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length4 =
| title5 = Naan Oru Kuzhandhai
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length5 =
| title6 = Paattukku Patteduthu
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length6 =
| title7 = Tharaimel Pirakka
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length7 =
| title8 = Thottal Poo Malarum
| extra8 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length8 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Padagotti'' was released on 3 November 1964,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> during that year's [[Diwali]]. Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases such as ''[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]'' and ''[[Muradan Muthu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 1964 |title=Deepavali releases |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641025&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> it became commercially successful, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="BFTP" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 14 November 1964, "A bright piece of acting by Ramadas and P. L. Rai's excellent outdoor photography which bares the bountiful beauty of the backwaters of Kerala are the only two redeeming features of the film. But they are as much a consolation as having enjoyed the cool breeze during a day-long futile angling."<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 1964 |title=Padahotti |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641114&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', N. Ramakrishna gave the film a mixed review, calling the photography one of its few redeeming features.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ராமகிருஷ்ணா |first=என். |date=29 November 1964 |title=படகோட்டி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/nov/29-11-1964/p30.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724054859/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/nov/29-11-1964/p30.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=15 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=30 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 February 2016 |title=Padagotti (1964) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301062219/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1964 – படகோட்டி – சரவணா பிலிம்ஸ் (கலர்) |trans-title=1964 – Padagotti – Saravana Films (colour) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails21.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170731110253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails21.asp |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Jagathrakshakan |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Padagotti |title=Dr. M.G.R., a Phenomenon |publisher=Apollo Veliyeetagam |year=1984 |oclc=568936093}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-14-342934-0 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajanayagam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FHeCQAAQBAJ |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-82203-0}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254648}}

[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about uxoricide]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Vazhkai Vazhvatharke

2026-03-04T05:13:54Z

AlizaHyder840: minor updated information after review also and improved wording

{{short description|1964 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vazhkai Vazhvatharke
| image = Vazhkai Vazhvatharke.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| story = [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| producer = Kamaludheen
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Kamal Brothers
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1964|2|7}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vazhkai Vazhvatharke''''' ({{translation|Life is for living}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]] from a story by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. It was released on 7 February 1964.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
Cousins Kandan and Valli have been lovers since childhood. As a boy, Kandan leaves the home of Valli after being insulted and ridiculed by her mother as good-for-nothing and as the offspring of mother whose fidelity has been questioned by her husband. Picked up by a race horse owner, Kandan grows up into a jockey and when he becomes rich, he goes to Valli's home to claim her in marriage. He is again rebuffed and, after several moments of anguish, he clears up the stigma attached to his mother and, when all doubts and misunderstandings are cleared, he re-unites with Valli. With the re-union of the family members, his sister also finds a solution to the problem of her marriage with her lover, a [[zamindar]].

== Cast ==
;Male cast
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Kandan
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as the robber and the [[zamindar]]
* [[S. A. Ashokan]]
* [[T. S. Muthaiah]]

;Female cast
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Valli
* [[M. V. Rajamma]]
*[[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]]
*[[G. Sakunthala]]
*[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] as Chandra
*K. Malathi
*[[Kutty Padmini|Baby Padmini]]

== Production ==
''Vazhkai Vazhvatharke'' was directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]] (a duo consisting of R. Krishnan and S. Panju) and produced by Kamaludheen under the banner Kamal Brothers.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> The story was written by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] and the dialogue by [[Murasoli Maran]]. Cinematography was handled by [[S. Maruti Rao]], and the art direction by A. K. Sekhar.<ref name="IndianExpress" /> The length of the film was {{convert|4550|metres|feet}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] (a duo consisting of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]) while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref name="IndianExpress" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNQ1hMMHdjOUZWNGM/view |title=வாழ்க்கை வாழ்வதற்கே |publisher=Kamal Brothers |year=1964 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=2020-11-06}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Pachai Kuthalaiyo
| extra1 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Aathoram Manaleduthu
| extra2 = Latha, Ramamani
| length2 =
| title3 = Aadakkaanbathu Kaaviri Vellam
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Azhagu Rasippatharke
| extra4 = P. Susheela, chorus
| length4 =
| title5 = Avan Porukkup Ponaan
| extra5 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. Susheela
| length5 =
| title6 = Nenjathil Iruppathu Enna Enna
| extra6 = P. B. Sreenivas, P. Susheela
| length6 =
| title7 = Aathoram Manaleduthu
| note7 = Pathos
| extra7 = P. B. Sreenivas, P. Susheela
| length7 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vazhkai Vazhvatharke'' was released on 7 February 1964.<ref name="IndianExpress" /> On the same day, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described the story as lacking "life" and the direction as "amateurish", concluding, "The producers, perhaps, want us to believe that this is life and it is worth living."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 1964 |title=''Vazhkai Vazhvatharke'' lacks life |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640207&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 21 March 1964, T. M. Ramachandran of ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' dismissed the film as a [[potboiler]], but praised the performances of Ganesan and Saroja Devi, while describing Thangavelu, in his dual role performance, as "the real life and soul of the picture".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=21 March 1964 |title=Ganesh Sustains His Name |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98084/page/n667/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230310064859/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98084/page/n667/mode/2up |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=18}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' panned the film, criticising virtually every aspect including the story, songs, characters and the confusing screenplay.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=1 March 1964 |title=வாழ்க்கை வாழ்வதற்கே |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/mar/01-03-1964/p61.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724061554/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/mar/01-03-1964/p61.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=21 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1964 – வாழ்க்கை வாழ்வதற்கே – கமால் பிரதர்ஸ் |trans-title=1964 – Vazhkai Vazhvatharke – Kamal Brothers |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails29.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171006043222/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails29.asp |archive-date=6 October 2017 |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite news |date=7 February 1964 |title=Vazhkai Vazhavatharke |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640207&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Krishnan–Panju}}
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s romance films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Odahuttidavaru

2026-03-03T22:06:28Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting New Info

{{distinguish| Odahuttidavaru (1969 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Odahuttidavaru
| image = Odahuttidavar.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]
| producer = S. P. Varadaraj
| writer = S. K. Bhagavan [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Ambareesh]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] Srishanti
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Art Combines
| released = {{Film date|1994|2|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Odahuttidavaru''''' ({{translation|Siblings}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Dorai–Bhagavan]] and was jointly written by [[S. K. Bhagavan|S. K Bhagavan]] and [[Chi. Udayashankar|Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Ambareesh]] in lead roles, along with [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], Srishanti, [[Vajramuni]] and [[K. S. Ashwath]] in supporting roles. The film revolves around the two farmer brothers who undergo many traumas in their relationships due to external forces and fight them to reunite again.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11831/sandalwood/sk-bhagwan-discipline-and-dedicated-exclusives-details |title=S. K. Bhagwan – Simple & Dedicated |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429003240/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11831/sandalwood/sk-bhagwan-discipline-and-dedicated-exclusives-details |archive-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The film was produced and distributed by S. P. Varadaraj under the banner of Sri Lakshmi Art Combines. The film marked the final script of Chi. Udaya Shankar was released after his death on 2 July 1993. It was his final collaboration with director duo [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]. The film features original songs composed by [[Upendra Kumar]], with lyrics written unusually using six lyricists, namely M. N. Vyasa Rao, [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]], Sri Ranga, [[Geethapriya]], [[Hamsalekha]] and [[Vijaya Narasimha]]. The film featured the last song written by the lyricist Vijaya Narasimha. The cinematography of the film was done by [[B. C. Gowrishankar]] and the editing was done by P. Bhaktavatsalam. <ref name=":0" />

The film opened to widespread critical acclaim. The film was released with high expectations as it marked the first collaboration of veteran actors Rajkumar and Ambareesh. It was a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] at the box office and emerged as the highest-grossing Kannada film of 1994. The film completed 100 days in 33 first-release theaters. The feat was matched by ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' in 2002 (also 100 days in 33 first-release theaters), and was superseded by ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'' in 2005 which ran for 100 days in 61 first-release theaters. The film overall completed a theatrical run of 25 weeks. Dr. Rajkumar won his ninth and final [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/a-rare-picture-of-the-triple-ceremony-of-dr-rajkumar-s-3-movies-045361.html|title = ಅಪರೂಪದ ಫೋಟೋ: ಒಂದೇ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರು ಹಿಟ್ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಸಕ್ಸಸ್ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮ|date = 22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |title=:: Welcome to Chitatara :: |website=www.chitratara.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=All-Time Blockbusters Posters & Data {{!}} Shivu aDDa Forum - Kannada Movie Discussion |url=https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/all-time-blockbusters-posters-data.3742/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221123414/https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/all-time-blockbusters-posters-data.3742/ |archive-date=21 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ramanna lives with his father Venkanna, wife Ganga and an educated younger brother Sridhar in a village. Venkanna has made Ramanna promise him that no matter what, he would not let his family split up. A few years later, Ramanna had two children, and the whole family is living happily. Sridhar falls in love with Rathna, daughter of a rich man named Rudrayya. Unwillingly, Rudrayya lets his daughter marry the man of her choice. However, he poisons her mind to create a rift between the brothers and the whole family. To not let the family divide and to keep his promise made to his father, Ramanna and his family leave the house. Upon finding this out, Sridhar realizes his mistake, and the plots of Rathna's father are revealed. The whole family reconciles and forgives each other's follies.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Ramanna
* [[Ambareesh]] as Sridhar
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Ganga
* Srishanti as Rathna
* [[T. N. Balakrishna]] as Puttappa
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Venkanna
* [[Vajramuni]] as Rudrayya
* [[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]] as Devayya
* [[Umashree]] as Kamakshi
* [[Sathyabhama (Kannada actress)|Sathyabhama]]
* Shyamala
* Kala
* [[Shanthamma]]
* [[Vinay Rajkumar|Master Vinay Raghavendra]] as Vinu, Ramanna and Ganga's elder son
* [[Yuva Rajkumar|Master Guru Raghavendra]] as Ramanna and Ganga's younger son
* [[Shani Mahadevappa]] as Dharma
* Prithviraj
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
}}

==Production==
The massive race with 40 bullock carts was filmed at Lalitha Mahal, Mysore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana |url=https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf |title=Filmi Escapes in Karnataka |publisher=Lonely Planet |page=18 |chapter=Best of Karnataka |access-date=4 July 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318102230/https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Odahuttidavaru
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1994|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:05
| label = Sangeetha
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]], with lyrics of each of the six songs penned by six different lyricists – M. N. Vyasa Rao, [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]], Sri Ranga, [[Geethapriya]], [[Hamsalekha]] and [[Vijaya Narasimha]] - a rarity for Rajkumar movie. The album consists of six soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Odahuttidavaru (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/odahuttidavaru-original-motion/id931225076 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141226233951/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/odahuttidavaru-original-motion/id931225076 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 December 2014 |publisher= iTunes |access-date= 10 November 2014}}</ref> It was received exceptionally well by the critics and the audience.

{{Track listing
| total_length = 29:05
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Madhura Ee Kshana
| lyrics1 = M. N. Vyasa Rao
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = Nambi Kettavarillavo
| lyrics2 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra2 = Rajkumar
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Bennina Hinde
| lyrics3 = Sri Ranga
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sangeetha Katti]]
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Sole Geluvendu Baalali
| extra4 = Rajkumar
| lyrics4 = [[Geethapriya]]
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Naanu Naanu Neenu
| extra5 = Rajkumar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Manjula Gururaj, Sangeetha Katti
| lyrics5 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length5 = 4:57
| title6 = Janakana Maatha
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics6 = [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
| length6 = 5:19
}}

== Awards ==
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] – [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12213088}}

{{Dorai–Bhagavan}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Chi. Udayashankar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dorai–Bhagavan]]

Periya Thambi

2026-03-03T04:48:07Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting New Article - done

{{short description|1997 film by Chitra Lakshmanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Periya Thambi
| image = Periya Thambi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Chitra Lakshmanan]]
| producer = Chitra Lakshmanan Chithra Ramu
| writer = S. A. Abirama Moorthy (dialogues)
| screenplay = Chitra Lakshmanan
| story = Kesavan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Nagma]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = [[Ilavarasu]]
| editing = N. Chandran
| studio = [[Gayathri Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|01|14}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Periya Thambi''''' ({{translation|Big brother}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-produced by [[Chitra Lakshmanan]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Nagma]]. It was released on 14 January 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=periya thambi ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=periya%20thambi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029124631/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=periya%20thambi |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=22 June 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Siva ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]) lives with his father Soundarapandian ([[Thalaivasal Vijay]]), a police officer, and his little sister Geetha in the city. Geetha gets engaged and Siva notes that his father will not invite his family to the wedding. Hence, Siva finds out the village of his family and decides to go there. At his father's village, Siva is insulted by his uncle Sankarapandian ([[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]), while his aunt Kamachi ([[Vadivukkarasi]]) welcomes him. Soon, Kamachi's daughter Selvi ([[Nagma]]) and Siva fall in love with each other. How Siva reconciles his uncle and marries Selvi forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Siva
*[[Nagma]] as Selvi
*[[Goundamani]] as Azhagu Sundaram
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sankarapandian
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Muthu
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Sundarapandian, Siva's father
*[[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as Thangarasu
*[[Ponvannan]] as Rathnam
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Kamachi, Selvi's mother
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Sivagami
*[[Rudra (actress)|R. V. Aswini]] as Meena, Sankarapandian's daughter
*[[Suvarna Mathew]] as Kannamma
*[[Chitra Lakshmanan]]
*K. K. Soundar as Muthu's father
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*Jaya Mani
*Mahanadi Dinesh
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Periya Thambi |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7fJ1ldrCL7dvULRnMnjEKs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103053249/https://open.spotify.com/album/7fJ1ldrCL7dvULRnMnjEKs |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Aavaram Poovu" || Krishnaraj || 5:22
|-
| "Left Right" || [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:13
|-
| "Poovukku Oru Kalyanam" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Swarnalatha || 5:17
|-
| "Taj Mahale" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || 5:12
|-
| "Vellikizhamai" || Swarnalatha || 5:09
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released in [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] 1997 alongside ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'', ''[[Iruvar]], [[Bharathi Kannamma]]'' and ''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2021 |title=பொங்கலும் தமிழ் சினிமாவும் |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17615&id1=3&issue=20210110 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123172340/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17615&id1=3&issue=20210110 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''R. P. R. of [[Kalki (magazine)|''Kalki'']] praised the first half as natural but criticised the second half as cliched and routine.''<ref>{{cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=16 February 1997 |title=பெரிய தம்பி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-02-16/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230531120134/https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-02-16/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=30 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=2 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chitra Lakshmanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Time (1999 film)

2026-03-03T04:45:20Z

AlizaHyder840: general improve layout for consistency and corrected details for consistency

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Time 1999 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Geetha Krishna]]
| producer = Vaddi Veerabadhra Rao
| screenplay = Geetha Krishna
| story = Geetha Krishna
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Gokula Krishnan]] Geetha Krishna}}
}}
| starring = [[Prabhu Deva]] [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] [[Radhika Chaudhari]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]]
| distributor = Life Line Films
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| released = {{film date|1999|12|3|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Time''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Geetha Krishna]]. The film stars [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Radhika Chaudhari]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by Vaddi Veerabadhra Rao, with cinematography by [[M. V. Panneerselvam]] and editing by [[Suresh Urs]]. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=18 December 1999 |title=Clarity missing in 'Time' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=axQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4493%2C5316325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727080559/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=axQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4493,5316325 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Reel Stuff 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The locales are exotic, the frames beautiful and the costume colourful. But what the film lacks is cohesive narration".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov11.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030710145247/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov11.asp |archive-date=10 July 2003 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Time was released theatrically on 3 December 1999 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=டைம் / Time (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231115195814/https://screen4screen.com/movies/time |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Srinivasa Murthy ([[Prabhu Deva]]) is a cheerful and carefree young man who lives with his widowed mother ([[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]). He spends most of his time with his close group of friends including Chittappa ([[Charle]]), Harikumar ([[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]]), Gopi (Gopi), Johnny (Johnny), Ajay (Ajay), Krishna (Krishna), and another close associate (Thadi Balaji). Srinivasa Murthy strongly believes that time determines destiny and that patience and honesty will eventually be rewarded.

Thulasi ([[Simran (actress)|Simran]]) is a gentle and traditional young woman who is the daughter of Govindarajan ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]) and Lakshmi (Manga Reddy). She has a younger brother (Master Bharathkumar). Though Thulasi develops feelings for Srinivasa Murthy, she hesitates to express her love due to her family’s conservative values and her father’s strict nature.

Priya ([[Radhika Chaudhari]]), the daughter of a wealthy businessman ([[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]) and his wife (Sharmili), becomes infatuated with Srinivasa Murthy. Priya lives with her younger sister ([[Nancy Jennifer|Baby Jennifer]]) and is surrounded by household servants ([[Vaiyapuri]] and Bhanusri). Her affection for Srinivasa Murthy gradually turns obsessive when he does not reciprocate her feelings.

Dhilip ([[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]), Priya’s possessive lover, becomes intensely jealous of Srinivasa Murthy. Dhilip is encouraged by his father Seetharaman ([[Devan (actor)|Devan]]), his mother ([[Sabitha Anand]]), and his controlling grandmother (Radhabhai), which fuels his aggressive behavior. Dhilip begins creating serious problems in Srinivasa Murthy’s life.

Several supporting characters influence the unfolding events. Natarajan ([[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]]) and his wife ([[Kovai Sarala]]) often attempt to mediate family disputes. Appasamy ([[Manivannan]]) provides comic relief while also offering philosophical reflections on fate and time. Srinivasa Murthy’s life also intersects with ordinary people such as a car driver ([[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]), a shop owner ([[J. V. Ramana Murthi]]), postmen ([[Kallu Chidambaram]], Sahadevan, and Mahadevan), and Govindarajan’s friend (Raviraj), reinforcing the theme that time connects lives in unexpected ways.

As tensions escalate, Priya seeks the help of a local don ([[Anandaraj]]) in a guest appearance, further complicating matters. Despite mounting pressure and threats, Srinivasa Murthy remains firm in his values and refuses to compromise his integrity.

In the climax, the truth behind Priya’s manipulations and Dhilip’s hostility is revealed. Govindarajan recognizes Srinivasa Murthy’s sincerity and accepts him as a suitable partner for Thulasi. Priya finally comes to terms with reality and understands that love cannot be forced. The film concludes with Srinivasa Murthy and Thulasi united, reinforcing the central message that time ultimately rewards truth, patience, and genuine love.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu Deva]] as Srinivasa Murthy
*[[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Thulasi
*[[Radhika Chaudhari]] as Priya
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Dhilip
*[[Charle]] as Chittappa, Srinivasa Murthy's friend
*[[Manivannan]] as Appasamy
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Govindarajan, Thulasi's father
*[[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]] as Natarajan
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Seetharaman, Dhilip's father
*Bobby Poonia as David
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Priya's father
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Servant
*Thadi Balaji as Srinivasa Murthy's friend
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Srinivasa Murthy's mother
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Natarajan's wife
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Dhilip's mother
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Car driver
*[[J. V. Ramana Murthi]] as Shop owner
*Raviraj as Govindarajan's friend
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Postman
*Sharmili as Priya's mother
*Radhabhai as Dhilip's grandmother
*Bhanusri as Servant
*Lekhasri
*Manga Reddy as Lakshmi, Thulasi's mother
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Chittappa's mother
*[[Nancy Jennifer|Baby Jennifer]] as Priya's sister
*Master Bharathkumar as Thulasi's brother
*Sahadevan as Postman
*Mahadevan as Postman
*[[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] as Srinivasa Murthy's friend
*Gopi as Srinivasa Murthy's friend
*Johnny as Srinivasa Murthy's friend
*Ajay as Srinivasa Murthy's friend
*Krishna as Srinivasa Murthy's friend
*[[Anandaraj]] as Local don (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the directorial debut of Geetha Krishna in Tamil, and began as a quadrilingual venture in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu and Malayalam. [[Prashanth]] was initially announced as the hero in the film as early as November 1997 when the film's launch took place. Prashanth started working for the film in Kodaikanal during October 1998 but later backed out, while [[Ajith Kumar]] also refused the film due to lack of time. After several delays, [[Prabhu Deva]] was subsequently selected to play the lead role and the film was shot only in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=28 October 1998 |title=Prashant makes his point |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/28ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206182255/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/28ss.htm |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Potti Tamil Movie News (Films in Production in 1999) |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/99/January/pnews_151836.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609010134/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/99/January/pnews_151836.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |website=Indolink}}</ref> Two debutant actresses were announced to portray the lead female roles, Menaka Senail and [[Radhika Chaudhari]], though the former was later replaced by [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]. Model Bobbu Poonai made his acting debut as the antagonist. Filming mainly took place in and around [[Annavaram]], [[Vishakhapatnam]] and [[Srikakulam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], while minority of scenes were shot in and around [[Alappuzha]] and [[Pathanamthitta]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 1998 |title=On the sets |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/old/dec4/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302001827/http://www.screenindia.com:80/old/dec4/south.htm |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Time: Second schedule at Vizag |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301142626/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm |archive-date=1 March 2000 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> Malaysian Tamil director Sandosh Kesavan worked as an assistant cameraman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://varnam.my/6380/exclusive-i-want-to-bring-malaysian-content-to-the-world-sandosh-kesavan/|title=EXCLUSIVE: “I Want To Bring Malaysian Content To The World,” – Sandosh Kesavan|author=Sandy|work=Varnam Malaysia|date=26 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and lyrics were written by [[Palani Bharathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time (1999) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/time-songs-T0000001 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230727075515/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/time-songs-T0000001 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> To compose the songs, Ilaiyaraaja and Geetha Krishna went on a recce to Maldives and had longlisted thirty songs for the film, before picking six.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=10 November 1998 |title=An embarrassment of musical riches |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/10ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325145635/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/10ss.htm |archive-date=25 March 2018 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12/14 – An embarrassment of Ilayaraja |url=http://tamilmovies.com/news/pages/19.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000303020833/http://tamilmovies.com/news/pages/19.html |archive-date=3 March 2000 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=Tamil Movie Online}}</ref> For the Telugu version, the lyrics were written by [[Veturi]] and [[Vanamali]].<ref name="T" /> The song "Kadhal Neethana" later used as a background score in the 2022 film ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=5 November 2022 |title=Love Today review: A rollicking new-age entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Nov/05/love-today-review-a-rollicking-new-age-entertainer-2514997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120161324/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/nov/05/love-today-review-a-rollicking-new-age-entertainer-2514997.html |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kadhal Neethana" || [[Unni Krishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || 05:01
|-
| "Muthu Nilave" || [[Karthik Raja]], [[Bhavatharini]] || 05:50
|-
| "Naan Thanga Roja" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 05:10
|-
| "Ninachapadi" || [[Unni Menon]], [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Malgudi Subha]] || 05:42
|-
| "Niram Pirithu" || Sujatha || 05:16
|-
| "Thavikkiren Thavikkiren" || [[Bhavatharini]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 05:11
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Two aspects of ''Time'' stand out – Ilaiyaraja's re-recording and M. V. Paneer's camera work. As for the rest, there isn't much to be said".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 December 1999 |title=Cinema: Time \ Unnarugae Naanirunthal |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/12/10/stories/09100222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010216174043/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/12/10/stories/09100222.htm |archive-date=16 February 2001 |access-date=27 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote the film has shades of ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' (1996), but "the story gets a little muddled in the end".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=18 December 1999 |title=Clarity missing in 'Time' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=axQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4493%2C5316325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727080559/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=axQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4493,5316325 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Reel Stuff 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The locales are exotic, the frames beautiful and the costume colourful. But what the film lacks is cohesive narration".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov11.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030710145247/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov11.asp |archive-date=10 July 2003 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

Regarding the Telugu dubbed version, Grdiddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that this is not a typical love story and also praised the music and cinematography.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=31 December 1999 |title="''టైమ్''" చిత్రానికి కలిసిరాని టైమ్ |trans-title=''Time'' is an integral part of the film |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Dec/31-dec-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913111231/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Dec/31-dec-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9 |language=te}}</ref> Reviewing the same, Kiran of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote, "The movie has a wafer thin story line. The first half is too slow. The story doesn't move anywhere. The second half is too confusing and complex. The ending is abrupt. Probably, Geetakrishna should go back to some film institute and learn direction".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kiran |title=Time |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/time.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606031110/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/time.html |archive-date=6 June 2002 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rekha Ratheesh

2026-02-22T09:32:03Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting New Entry - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2013}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rekha Ratheesh
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2020/05/04/rekha-ratheesh-serial-actor-home-life-memories.html |title=മകനും ഞാനും മാത്രമുള്ള കൊച്ചുലോകം; ലോക്ഡൗൺ കാലത്തെ ജീവിതം ഇങ്ങനെ: രേഖ രതീഷ് |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| spouse = {{Ubl
|{{Marriage|Yousaf|2000|2000|reason=divorced}}
|{{Marriage|Nirmal Prakash|2001|2010|reason=died}}
|{{Marriage|Kamal Roy|2012|2017|reason=divorced}}
|{{Marriage|Abhilash|2019|2020|reason=separated}}
}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Rekha Ratheesh<ref>{{Cite web |title='എന്നെ ഉപേക്ഷിച്ചപ്പോൾ ആരും പറഞ്ഞില്ല, ഞാൻ ചെയ്ത കുറ്റം എന്താണെന്ന്'? പണത്തോട് മാത്രമായിരുന്നു അവരുടെ പ്രേമം! രേഖയുടെ ജീവിതം ഇപ്പോൾ മകനു വേണ്ടി | rekha satheesh actress special interview |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/rekha-satheesh-actress-special-interview.html |website=vanitha.in}}</ref>''' is an Indian television actress known for her work in Malayalam productions. She is best known for her roles in the television series ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'' and ''[[Manjil Virinja Poovu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='സ്‌ട്രോങ്ങായിരിക്കണം, ആത്മഹത്യയല്ല പ്രതിവിധി' : രേഖ രതീഷ് പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/rekha-ratheesh-talks-about-the-need-of-women-empowerment-qv785g |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why serials chase the 1000 episode mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/why-serials-chase-the-1000-episode-mark/articleshow/64349607.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=parasparam-team-celebrate-its-last-day-of-screening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/parasparam-team-celebrate-its-last-day-of-screening/articleshow/65634538.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=September 2018 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Rekha Ratheesh was born in 1982 to Ratheesh, a dubbing artist, and Radhadevi, an actress and dubbing artist. Her father was from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and she was raised in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debut at 2, marriage at 18 and 7 year old son - Rekha Satheesh on life and career |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2019/10/01/rekha-ratheesh-malayalam-actor-life-and-career.html |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=onmanorama.com|date=4 June 2019 }}</ref> Her parents separated when she was 10 years old, and she chose to live with her father.

==Career==
Rekha Ratheesh began her acting career at the age of four, portraying the childhood version of [[Revathi]] in the film ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]''. At the age of fourteen, she made her television debut in the Malayalam serial ''Nirakoottu<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=30 July 2015 |title=Making the right choice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/quick-five-column-rekha-ratheesh/article7477081.ece |newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref>'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], directed by Srivalsan, after being introduced by [[Captain Raju]]. After a break, she appeared in several other television serials, including ''Manasu'', ''Devi'', ''Kavyanjali'', and ''Swantham''. She later gained wider recognition with her role in the serial ''Aayirathil Oruval'' on Mazhavil Manorama.

In 2013, Rekha took on the lead role in the soap opera [[Parasparam (TV series)|''Parasparam'']], which became one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running Malayalam television series]]. Her performance in this role earned her several awards, including five consecutive Asianet Television Awards from 2013 to 2018.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Personal life ==
Rekha was married in April 2000, but the marriage ended in December of the same year. She had three subsequent marriages, all of which also ended in separation. She currently resides in Thiruvananthapuram with her son Ayan, who was born in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Every day I am happily playing the roles of a father, grandpa, sibling and BFF for my son, says Rekha Ratheesh - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/every-day-i-am-happily-playing-the-roles-of-a-father-grandpa-sibling-and-bff-for-my-son-says-rekha-ratheesh/articleshow/75655877.cms |website=The Times of India|date=10 May 2020 }}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year (s) !! Title !! Channel !!Role!!Notes
|-
|1999||''Nirakkootukal''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||||Debut Soap Opera
|-
|||''Oru Swapnam Pole''|||| Annie||Telefilm
|-
|2000||''Alakal''||[[DD Malayalam]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003||''Swantham''||Asianet||||
|-
|''Manassu''||||Subhadra||Comeback
|-
|2004||''Devi''||||Devi||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2005||''Pakalmazha''||[[Amrita TV]]||||
|-
|''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]''||Asianet||Itanpada Nair's wife||
|-
|''Kavyanjali''||[[Surya TV]]||||
|-
|''Vikramadithyan''||Asianet||||
|-
|2006||''Unniyarcha''||Asianet||Kunji||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008||''Sree Mahabhaghavatham'' ||Asianet||Didi Devi||
|-
|''Shrikrishna Leela'' ||Asianet||||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009||''Adiparasakthi''||Surya TV||||
|-
|''Rahasyam''||Asianet||Nirmala/Niranjana||
|-
|''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''||Asianet||Dr. Nirmala Prakash||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010||''Randamathoral''||Asianet||Vimala Das||
|-
|''Mattoruval''||Surya TV||Keerthi Mohandas||
|-
|2011||''Nakshtradeepangal''||[[Kairali TV]]||Host||Reality show
|-
|2011–2012||''Snehakkoodu''||Surya TV||Radha||
|-
|2012–2013||''Aayirathil Oruval''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Madathilamma||
|-
|2013–2018||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''||Asianet||Padippuraveetil Padmavathy||{{Won}} [[Asianet Television Awards]] -Best actress 2014{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Best Character Actress 2015,2016,2017{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Special Jury award 2018{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
|2014||''[[Badai Bungalow]]''||Asianet||||Talk show
|-
|2015–2016||''My Marumakan'' ||Surya TV||Lakshmi||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/my-marumakan-serial-on-surya-tv/ |title=My Marumakan Serial On Surya TV From 28th September At 8.30 P.M |date=25 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015||''[[Meghasandesham]]''||Kairali TV||||
|-
|''Kenal Sasiyude Onam''||Asianet||||Telefilm
|-
|2015||''Aswamedham''||Kairali TV||Participant||
|-
|2015–2016||''Taste Time''||Asianet||Host||Cookery show
|-
|2017||''Run Baby Run''||[[Asianet Plus]]||||Talk show
|-
|2017–2018||''[[Mamangam (TV series)|Mamagam]]''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||Manimangalath Neelambari||
|-
|2017||''[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]]''||Asianet||Contestant||
|-
|2018–2019||''[[Neelakuyil (TV series)|Neelakuyil]]''||[[Vijay TV]]||Radhamani||Tamil serial
|-
|2018||''Urvashi Theaters''||Asianet||Participant||
|-
|2019–2024||''[[Manjil Virinja Poovu ]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Mallika Prathap||
|-
|2019||''[[Sthreepadham]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Mallika Prathap||Cameo Appearance
|-
|2019–2021||''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]''||[[Zee Keralam]]||Parvathy||Replaced by [[Reshmi Boban]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020||''[[Aksharathettu (TV series)|Aksharathettu]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Vasundhara Devi||
|-
|''[[Aksharathettu (TV series)|Suryakanthi]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Vasundhara Devi||Cameo Appearance
|-
|2020–2021||''W with Rekha''||[[YouTube]]||Host||Web series
|-
|2021–2023||''[[Sasneham (TV series)|Sasneham]]''||Asianet||Indira||{{Won}}, AIMA - Best actress 2022{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} ,[[Asianet Television Awards]] - Best Character Actress{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021||''Valkkanadi''||Asianet||Participant||
|-
|''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Season 3]]''||Asianet||Participant||
|-
|2022–2025||''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]''||Surya TV||Gayathri||<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAlVhGq_b-M |title=Rekha Mohan as Bhavana's Mother {{!}} Bhavana {{!}} Digital Exclusive {{!}} Stephy Leon {{!}} Rayjan Rajan {{!}} SuryaTV |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |date=24 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |people=Rekha Ratheesh}}</ref>
|-
|2024||''[[Swayamvaram (TV series)|Swayamvaram]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Indira||
|-
|2025||''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]''||[[Zee Keralam]]||Rekha (Judge)||extended Cameo appearance
|-
|}

==Filmography==
* ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' (1984) as Young Indumathi
* ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]'' (1999) as Vasundhara's sister
* ''[[Mampazhakkalam]]'' (2004) as Sethu's wife
* ''April Fool'' (2010) as Sara
* ''Oru Nunakkadha'' (2011) as Savithri
* ''[[Subharathri]]'' (2019) as Sreeja's mother
* ''Ammakkorumma'' (2020) – album as Mother

== Controversies ==

In February 2026, Rekha Ratheesh alleged that she had been subjected to sustained cyberbullying and defamatory content on social media platforms, particularly YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rekha Satheesh harassment plea online abuse |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/02/17/rekha-satheesh-harassment-plea-online-abuse.html |work=Onmanorama |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref> In a video statement, she appealed to the [[Government of Kerala]] and Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] to take action against individuals and channels that she claimed were circulating abusive videos and thumbnails targeting her.<ref>{{cite news |title=TV actor Rekha Ratheesh faces harassment from YouTubers, seeks government’s help|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/rekha-ratheesh-cyberbullying-kerala-govt-action-tcmqcr8b |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref> She stated that the harassment had severely affected her mental health and personal life, and said she had not received acting work for the previous nine months, which she attributed to the ongoing online attacks. She also warned that those responsible should be held accountable if any harm came to her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rekha Ratheesh pleads to the government to take action on cyberbullying saying ‘I can’t take this anymore’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rekha-ratheesh-pleads-to-the-government-to-take-action-on-cyberbullying-saying-i-cant-take-this-anymore/amp_articleshow/128421272.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10525178|section=bio}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratheesh, Rekha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Datta Phuge

2026-02-19T03:04:28Z

AlizaHyder840: added new entry

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1968–2016)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dattatrey Phuge
| occupation = Businessman
| birth_date = {{birth date|1968|07|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|07|14|1968|07|14|df=y}}
| spouse = Seema Phuge
| death_cause = Beaten to death
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| children = 1
}}

'''Dattatrey D. Phuge''' (14 July 1968 – 14 July 2016) was an Indian businessman and millionaire. He gained fame in 2012 after having a $240,000 customized gold shirt made, earning him the nickname '''Gold Man''', and '''Pimpri Goldman'''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2016-07-16 |title=India's 'man with the golden shirt' found beaten to death |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/india-s-man-with-the-golden-shirt-found-beaten-to-death-1.161744 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012230545/http://www.thenational.ae/world/south-asia/indias-man-with-the-golden-shirt-found-beaten-to-death |archive-date=2016-10-12 |access-date=2016-10-12 |url-status=live |publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> Phuge was murdered by being beaten to death on the 14 July 2016 over a [[Finance|financial dispute]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Phuge ran the Vakratund Chit Fund Pvt. Ltd. along with his wife Seema Phuge, a former corporator who belonged to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite news |date=July 16, 2016 |title=Pune's 'Golden Man' murdered |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punes-golden-man-dattatrey-phuge-murdered/article8855731.ece |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref> He also ran a co-operative credit society and financial institutions.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 Jun 2013 |title=The world's costliest shirt is made of 3.5kgs [sic] gold and costs Rs 1.27 crore |publisher=[[DNA India]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-the-world-s-costliest-shirt-is-made-of-35kgs-gold-and-costs-rs-127-crore-1854603 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India, ucciso l'uomo dalla maglietta d'oro (pagata 180 mila euro) |publisher=[[Corriere della Sera]] |url=http://www.corriere.it/esteri/16_luglio_17/india-ucciso-l-uomo-maglietta-d-oro-pagata-180-mila-euro-fe98e08a-4c46-11e6-9b53-09d4e26665fb.shtml |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref>

== Gold Shirt ==
In late 2012, Phuge had an opulent $240,000, 22-karat gold shirt made for him, decorated with seven [[Swarovski]] crystal buttons and an accompanying flashy gold belt in a matching design.
In 2013, he thereby gained an entry in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for the most expensive shirt.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's 'Man with the Golden Shirt' seeks entry into Guinness World Record|url=http://www.arabnews.com/india%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98man-golden-shirt%E2%80%99-seeks-entry-guinness-world-record|accessdate=12 October 2016|publisher=[[Arab News]]|date=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=This Indian Man Got Himself A Rs 1.3 Crore Gold Shirt On His Birthday|url=http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/23578-this-indian-man-got-himself-a-rs-13-crore-gold-shirt-on-his-birthday.html|accessdate=12 October 2016|publisher=Mensxp|date=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Most expensive shirt: Datta Phuge breaks Guinness world record|url=http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/business/most_expensive_shirt_Datta_Phuge_breaks_Guinness_world_record_213462.html|website=World Record Academy|accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=9 Of The Most Expensive Menswear Pieces Ever Made|url=http://www.fashionbeans.com/2016/most-expensive-menswear-pieces/|accessdate=12 October 2016|publisher=FashionBeans|date=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=El trágico final del "hombre de la camisa de oro"|url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-36811147|accessdate=12 October 2016|publisher=[[BBC Mundo]]|date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Asesinan al indio con la camisa de oro más cara del mundo|url=http://ultimahora.es/sucesos/ultimas/2016/07/15/204132/asesinan-indio-camisa-oro-mas-cara-del-mundo.html|accessdate=12 October 2016|publisher=[[Ultima Hora (Spain)|Ultima Hora]]|date=15 July 2016}}</ref> In 2013 Phuge said of his love of gold that "Everybody knows me as the 'gold man' in the whole region. Other rich people spend one crore (10 million rupees) to buy Audis or Mercedes, to buy what they like. What crime have I done? I just love gold. Gold has always been my passion since a young age. I've always worn gold as jewellery in the form of bracelets, rings, chains."<ref name=":1" />
== Death ==
On 14 July 2016, Phuge was murdered after being lured to an open ground in the Dighi area of Pune under the guise of a birthday celebration; he and his son had been invited via text message by one of the suspects.<ref name="Mumbai Mirror">{{cite news |date=July 16, 2016 |title='I saw them attack dad and smash his head with a stone' |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/I-saw-them-attack-dad-and-smash-his-head-with-a-stone/articleshow/53234971.cms |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref> Upon arrival, a group of approximately twelve assailants pulled Phuge from his vehicle and attacked him with sickles, swords, knives, and rods.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2016-07-16 |title=Indian businessman famed for $240,000 gold shirt 'beaten to death' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/indian-businessman-famed-for-240000-gold-shirt-beaten-to-death |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|title=Pune 'Goldman' murder: Nine in police|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/pune-goldman-murder-nine-in-police/891325|accessdate=12 October 2016|publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=July 17, 2016}}</ref> He was subsequently bludgeoned to death with large stones before the attackers fled the scene.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pune's 'Gold Man' Datta Phuge Beaten To Death In Front Of Son, Nephew Arrested |url=https://www.ndtv.com/pune-news/punes-gold-man-bludgeoned-to-death-in-front-of-son-1431749 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=[suspicious link removed]}}</ref> Phuge's son witnessed the assault but managed to escape unharmed.<ref name=":4">{{cite news|title='I saw them attack dad and smash his head with a stone'|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/I-saw-them-attack-dad-and-smash-his-head-with-a-stone/articleshow/53234971.cms|accessdate=12 October 2016|publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=July 16, 2016}}</ref>

Police investigators suggested the motive was related to a dispute over financial transactions, citing reports of financial misappropriation and irregularities allegedly involving Phuge.<ref name=":5">{{cite news|title=सोने की कमीज के लिए मशहूर हुए भारतीय व्यापारी की हत्या|url=http://www.dw.com/hi/pune-gold-man-datta-phuge-beaten-to-death-in-front-of-son/a-19402040|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=15 July 2016}}</ref> Phuge's son stated that the killers were known associates of his father and believed they may have been contracted for the killing.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

Following the discovery of his body, a manhunt was launched and roadblocks were established across the district.<ref name=":3" /> Nine individuals were eventually arrested, including Phuge’s nephew, while three other suspects initially avoided capture.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phuge, Datta}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Financial services in India]]
[[Category:Informal finance]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Gold objects]]

Gora Kumbhar

2026-02-18T10:59:13Z

AlizaHyder840: update

{{Short description|13th century saint from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Sant Gora Kumbhar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1267
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{circa}} 1317
| death_place =
| nationality =
| spouse = 
| children = 
| relatives = 
| honors =
| founder = 
| sect = [[Varkari]]
| order =
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Bhakti movement]]
| literary_works = 
| disciple = 
| known_for = 
| influenced = 
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| module = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sant Gora Kumbhar''' (also known as '''Goroba''') was a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ''[[Hindu saint|sant]]'' associated with the [[Bhakti movement]] and the [[Varkari]] sect of [[Maharashtra]], India. He was a [[Pottery|potter]] by trade and devotee of [[Vithal]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man |first=Eugenia |last=Vanina |authorlink=Eugenia Vanina|publisher=Primus Books |year=2012 |isbn=9789380607191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA188 |page=188}}</ref> Gora Kumbhar, along with other saints, wrote and sung hundreds of [[Abhang]]s.

Gora Kumbhar is traditionally believed to have lived in the village of Satyapuri, presently known as Goraba Ter in [[Dharashiv district]] of [[Maharashtra]] State. He is believed to have been a contemporary of [[Namdev]]. He is thought to have lived between {{circa}} 1267 and {{circa}} 1317 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Novetzke |first1=Christian Lee |title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India |date=2008 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-14184-0 |location=New York |pages=65}}</ref><ref name="nic">{{cite web |title=Osmanabad District |url=http://osmanabad.nic.in/newsite/touristPlaces/SaintGorobaKakaMandir.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611012601/http://osmanabad.nic.in/newsite/touristPlaces/SaintGorobaKakaMandir.htm |archive-date=11 June 2015 |website=osmanabad.nic.in Official website of Dist. Admin |publisher=Osmanabad District Administration |accessdate=11 August 2015}}</ref> A small temple named after him was built in the village and is visited by devotees.<ref name="nic" />

==In popular culture==
Several motion pictures have been produced in India, about the life and ''bhakthi'' of Gora Kumbhar:

* K. S. Gopalakrishnan{{efn|name=a|Not [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]}} directed the Telugu movie entitled ''Chakradhari'' in 1948. It starred [[V. Nagayya]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1492764/ 1948 film Chakradhari at IMDb.]</ref>
* K. S. Gopalakrishnan{{efn|name=a}} directed the Tamil movie entitled ''[[Chakradhari (Tamil Film)|Chakradhari]]'' in 1948. It starred [[V. Nagayya]] and [[Pushpavalli]].
* 1974 Kannada film ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]'' starring [[Dr. Rajkumar]], became a blockbuster.
* [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] directed another Telugu movie entitled ''[[Chakradhari (1977 film)|Chakradhari]]'' in 1977.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0312541/ 1977 film Chakradhari at IMDb.]</ref> It starred [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and was a remake of 1974 Kannada film ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]''.
* Dinesh Raval directed Gujarati film ''Bhagat Gora Kumbhar'' in 1978, starring [[Arvind Trivedi]], Sarla Yevlekar, Kalpana Diwan, Shrikant Soni, Mahesh Joshi and others.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India |first=Christian Lee |last=Novetzke |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780231512565 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:Indian potters]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:1267 births]]
[[Category:1317 deaths]]

Banjara

2026-02-14T16:12:16Z

AlizaHyder840: update content for consistency and updated info for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Banjara people]]

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{{R from move}}
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Tamil calendar

2026-02-13T20:03:32Z

AlizaHyder840: adjust information for consistency for consistency

{{Short description|Sidereal Hindu calendar used by the Tamil people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
[[File:TamilMonths-SanskritMonths-English.png|thumb|Months of the Tamil calendar]]

The '''Tamil calendar''' is a [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] [[solar calendar]] used by the [[Tamil people]].<ref>S.K. Chatterjee, Indian Calendric System, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1998</ref><ref>Sewell, Robert and Dikshit, Sankara B.: The Indian Calendar – with tables for the conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into a.d. dates, and vice versa. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., Delhi, India (1995). Originally published in 1896</ref> It is used in the [[Indian subcontinent]], and other countries with significant Tamil population like [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Mauritius]]. It is used in contemporary times for cultural, religious and agricultural events, with the [[Gregorian calendar]] largely used for official purposes.<ref>Indian Epigraphy, D.C. Sircar, TamilNet, Tamil New Year, 13 April 2008</ref>

== History ==
There are several references to the calendar in early [[Tamil literature]]. [[Nakkeerar]], the [[Sangam period]] author of the ''[[Neṭunalvāṭai]]'', wrote in the third century CE that the Sun travels each year from [[Mesha (month)|Mesha]]/[[Chaitra|Chittirai]] in mid-April through 11 successive signs of the zodiac.<ref>{{cite book|author=JV Chelliah|title=Pattupattu: Ten Tamil Idylls. Tamil Verses with English Translation|location=[[Thanjavur]]|publisher=[[Tamil University]]|year=1985|chapter=Neṭunalvāṭai (lines 160 to 162)}}</ref> The same is referenced to by Kūdalūr Kiḻar in ''[[Puṟanāṉūṟu]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, The Purananuru|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|date=13 August 2013|chapter=Poem 229}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vaiyapuri Pillai|title=History of Tamil Language and Literature|location=[[Chennai]]|year=1956|pages=35, 151}}</ref> ''[[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]]'', the oldest surviving Tamil grammar text, divides the year into six seasons and Chittirai marks the start of the "ilavenil" (summer) season.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tolkappiyam Porulatikaram, Peraciriyam|editor=R.P.C Pavanantam Pillai|publisher=Longmans, Creen and Co|year=1917}}</ref> The fifth century CE treatise of ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'' mentions the 12 [[rāśi]]s (zodiac signs) that correspond to the Tamil months.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Parthasarathy|title=The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India: The Cilappatikāram of Iḷaṅko Aṭikaḷ|location=[[New York city]]|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|quote=Canto 26. Canto 5 also describes the foremost festival in the Chola country – the Indra Vizha celebrated in Chitterai}}</ref> The sixth century epic ''[[Manimekalai]]'' alludes to this to the Hindu solar calendar.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Lakshmi Holmström|Lakshmi Holmstrom]]|title=Silappadikaram, Manimekalai|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|location=[[Madras]]|year=1996}}</ref>

Inscriptional evidences from [[Pagan, Myanmar|Pagan]] in Myanmar from the 11th century CE and in [[Sukhothai (city)|Sukhothai]] in Thailand from the 14th century CE point to South Indian courtiers being tasked with defining the traditional calendar that followed a similar cycle.<ref>{{cite book|author=G.H. Luce|title=Old Burma – Early Pagan|location=Locust Valley, New York|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=A.B. Griswold|title=Towards a History of Sukhodaya Art|location=[[Bangkok]]|year=1967|pages=12–32}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Tamil calendar is based on the Hindu system of calendrics that was used to calculate date and time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wijk, Walther E. van|title=On Hindu Chronology, parts I–V|publisher=Acta Orientalia|year=1922–1927}}</ref> The ''Tirukkanida [[Panchanga]]'' derived from astronomical data is used as a basis for the same.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Helena Blavatsky|H.P. Blavatsky]]|title=The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion and Philosophy|pages=49–51|publisher=Theosophical University Press|year=1888}}</ref> The calendar is similar to traditional calendars followed in other parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Underhill, Muriel M.|title=The Hindu Religious Year|publisher=Association Press|location=[[Kolkata]]|year=1921}}</ref>

The Tamil calendar follows a 60-year cycle similar to the other traditional calendars of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=The Tamil Calendar – 60-Year Cycle |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> The [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]] follows the ''[[Nirayana system]]'', and usually falls on 13 or 14 April in the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/tamil-calendar|title=Tamil Calendar |work=Speaking Tree |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> The new year starts on the date arrived by adding the days corresponding to the 23 degrees of trepidation (oscillation) to the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]], when the Sun begins its transition as per the Hindu sidereal calendar.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Nachum Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Nachum]] and [[Edward Reingold|Reingold, Edward M.]]|title=Calendrical Calculations|edition=third|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008}}</ref>{{pn|date=February 2020}} A Tamil calendar year might consist of 365 or 366 days in a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0047959/TVA_BOK_0047959_South_Indian_chronological_tables_1889.pdf|title=South-Indian Chronological Tables (1889) |work=Tamil Digital Library |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

==Sixty-year cycle==
{{further|Samvatsara}}

The 60-year cycle is common to Hindu traditional calendars, with similar names and sequence of years. The earliest reference of the same is in ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', dated between 4th and 9th century CE. There are parallels to the [[sexagenary cycle]] used in the [[Chinese calendar]],<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Samuel Wells Williams]]|title=The Middle Kingdom|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=[[New York city]]|year=2005|pages=69–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Kekai Manansala|title=Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan|year= 2006|page=236}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Terrien de Lacouperie|title=Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization: From 2,300 BC to 20 AD|publisher=Asher and Co|location=[[London]]|year=1894|page=78}}</ref> though which influenced the other has been subject to debate.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[George Gheverghese Joseph]]|title=Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2011|pages=304–305}}</ref>

After the completion of a cycle of sixty years, the calendar re-starts with the first year of a new cycle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anaadi.org/post/indian-calendar-part-3-the-panchangam|title=Indian Calendar Part 3 – The Panchangam |work=Anaadi Foundation |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> As per the Hindu ''[[Panchangam]]'', it represents the year in which ''[[Shani]]'' [[Saturn]] (which takes 30 years to complete one cycle round the Sun) and ''[[Brihaspati|Vyalan]]'' ([[Jupiter]]) (which takes 12 years to complete one cycle round the Sun) come to a same position after 60 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedivineindia.com/samvatsara/7082|title=Samvatsara – The Name of the Hindu Year |work=The Divine India |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://culkey.org/blog/samvatsara/|title=Samvatsara |work=CulKey Foundation |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

The following list presents the current 60-year cycle of the Tamil calendar:<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami|Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]]|title=Vedic calendar: Kadavul Hindu Panchangam|publisher=Himalayan Academy|location=Kapaa, Hawaii|year=1997|pages=5–6, 10}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
! style="width:20px" | No.
! style="width:150px" | Name
! style="width:100px" | Transliteration
! style="width:100px" | Gregorian Year
! style="width:75px" |
! style="width:20px" | No.
! style="width:150px" | Name
! style="width:100px" | Transliteration
! style="width:100px" | Gregorian Year
|-
| 01.
| பிரபவ
| ''Prabhāva''
| 1987–1988
|
| 31.
| ஹேவிளம்பி
| ''Hēvilaṃbi''
| 2017–2018
|-
| 02.
| விபவ
| ''Vibhāva''
| 1988–1989
|
| 32.
| விளம்பி
| ''Vilaṃbi''
| 2018–2019
|-
| 03.
| சுக்ல
| ''Śuklā''
| 1989–1990
|
| 33.
| விகாரி
| ''Vikāri''
| 2019–2020
|-
| 04.
| பிரமோதூத
| ''Pramadutā''
| 1990–1991
|
| 34.
| சார்வரி
| ''Śarvarī''
| 2020–2021
|-
| 05.
| பிரசோற்பத்தி
| ''Prachopati''
| 1991–1992
|
| 35.
| பிலவ
| ''Plava''
| 2021–2022
|-
| 06.
| ஆங்கீரச
| ''Āṅgirasa''
| 1992–1993
|
| 36.
| சுபகிருது
| ''Śubhakṛt''
| 2022–2023
|-
| 07.
| ஸ்ரீமுக
| ''Śrīmukha''
| 1993–1994
|
| 37.
| சோபக்ருத்
| ''Śobhakṛt''
| 2023–2024
|-
| 08.
| பவ
| ''Bhava''
| 1994–1995
|
| 38.
| க்ரோதி
| ''Krodhī''
| 2024–2025
|-
| 09.
| யுவ
| ''Yuva''
| 1995–1996
|
| 39.
| விசுவாசுவ
| ''Viśvāvasuva''
| 2025–2026
|-
| 10.
| தாது
| ''Dhātu''
| 1996–1997
|
| 40.
| பரபாவ
| ''Parapāva''
| 2026–2027
|-
| 11.
| ஈஸ்வர
| ''Īśvara''
| 1997–1998
|
| 41.
| ப்லவங்க
| ''Plavaṅga''
| 2027–2028
|-
| 12.
| வெகுதானிய
| ''Vehudānya''
| 1998–1999
|
| 42.
| கீலக
| ''Kīlaka''
| 2028–2029
|-
| 13.
| பிரமாதி
| ''Pramāti''
| 1999–2000
|
| 43.
| சௌம்ய
| ''Saumya''
| 2029–2030
|-
| 14.
| விக்ரம
| ''Vikrama''
| 2000–2001
|
| 44.
| சாதாரண
| ''Sādhāraṇa''
| 2030–2031
|-
| 15.
| விஷு
| ''Viṣu''
| 2001–2002
|
| 45.
| விரோதகிருது
| ''Virodhikṛti''
| 2031–2032
|-
| 16.
| சித்திரபானு
| ''Citrabhānu''
| 2002–2003
|
| 46.
| பரிதாபி
| ''Paritapi''
| 2032–2033
|-
| 17.
| சுபானு
| ''Subhānu''
| 2003–2004
|
| 47.
| பிரமாதீச
| ''Pramādīca''
| 2033–2034
|-
| 18.
| தாரண
| ''Dhārana''
| 2004–2005
|
| 48.
| ஆனந்த
| ''Ānanda''
| 2034–2035
|-
| 19.
| பார்த்திப
| ''Partibhā''
| 2005–2006
|
| 49.
| ராட்சச
| ''Rākṣasaḥ''
| 2035–2036
|-
| 20.
| விய
| ''Viya''
| 2006–2007
|
| 50.
| நள
| ''Nala''
| 2036–2037
|-
| 21.
| சர்வஜித்
| ''Sarvajit''
| 2007–2008
|
| 51.
| பிங்கள
| ''Piṅgāla''
| 2037–2038
|-
| 22.
| சர்வதாரி
| ''Sarvadhārī''
| 2008–2009
|
| 52.
| காளயுக்தி
| ''Kālayukti''
| 2038–2039
|-
| 23.
| விரோதி
| ''Virodhī''
| 2009–2010
|
| 53.
| சித்தார்த்தி
| ''Siddhidātrī''
| 2039–2040
|-
| 24.
| விக்ருதி
| ''Vikṛti''
| 2010–2011
|
| 54.
| ரௌத்திரி
| ''Rautrī''
| 2040–2041
|-
| 25.
| கர
| ''Kara''
| 2011–2012
|
| 55.
| துன்மதி
| ''Dhūnmatī''
| 2041–2042
|-
| 26.
| நந்தன
| ''Nandhana''
| 2012–2013
|
| 56.
| துந்துபி
| ''Dundubhi''
| 2042–2043
|-
| 27.
| விஜய
| ''Vijaya''
| 2013–2014
|
| 57.
| ருத்ரோத்காரி
| ''Rudhirōtgāri''
| 2043–2044
|-
| 28.
| ஜய
| ''Jaya''
| 2014–2015
|
| 58.
| ரக்தாட்சி
| ''Rākṣasī''
| 2044–2045
|-
| 29.
| மன்மத
| ''Manmatha''
| 2015–2016
|
| 59.
| க்ரோதன
| ''Krodhanā''
| 2045–2046
|-
| 30.
| துன்முகி
| ''Dhuṇmūkī''
| 2016–2017
|
| 60.
| அட்சய
| ''Akṣayā''
| 2046–2047
|}

==Months==
There are twelve months in the Tamil calendar, with 29 to 32 days per month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindudevotionalblog.com/2009/05/tamil-months-calendar-with-names-in.html|title=Tamil Months Calendar with names in Sanskrit, Malayalam & English|date=May 2009|work=Hindu Devotional Blog|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> Tamil months start and end based on the Sun's shift from one [[Rāśi|rasi]] to the other, and the names of the months are based on the [[nakshatra]] (star) that coincides with the start of the [[Purnima|pournami]] (full moon) in that month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Apr/13/cultural-chronicles-in-calendar-2438764.html|title=Cultural Chronicles in Calendar|quote=On the full moon day … the nakshatra (star) that is regarded–be ascendant … hence the month is named|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> The Tamil calendar month starts a few days after the corresponding [[Hindu calendar]] month as the Tamil calendar is a [[solar calendar]], while the other is a [[lunisolar]] calendar.<ref name="Kielhorn">{{cite journal|author=[[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|Kielhorn, Franz]]|title=Festal Days of the Hindu Lunar Calendar|journal=The Indian Antiquary|volume=XXVI|pages=177–187|year=1897}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
! Month (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]])
! English transliteration
! [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[Lunar calendar]]
! [[Nakshatra]]
! [[Gregorian calendar]]
! Days
|-
| [[:ta:சித்திரை|சித்திரை]]
| ''[[Chithirai|Chittirai]]''
| ''[[Chaitra]]''
| [[Spica|Chittirai]]
| April–May
| 30–31
|-
| [[:ta:வைகாசி|வைகாசி]]
| ''[[Vaikasi|Vaikāsi]]''
| ''[[Vaisakha]]''
| [[Vishākhā|Visakam]]
| May–June
| 31–32
|-
| [[:ta:ஆனி|ஆனி]]
| ''[[Aani (month)|Āni]]''
| ''[[Jyestha]]''
| [[Jyeshtha (nakshatra)|Anusham]]
| June–July
| 31–32
|-
| [[:ta:ஆடி (மாதம்)|ஆடி]]
| ''[[Aadi (month)|Ādi]]''
| ''[[Asadha]]''
| [[Purva Ashadha|Pooradam]] or [[Uttara Ashadha|Uthiradam]]
| July–August
| 31–32
|-
| [[:ta:ஆவணி|ஆவணி]]
| ''[[Avani (month)|Āvaṇi]]''
| ''[[Shravana (month)|Shravana]]''
| [[Shravana|Thiruvonam]]
| August–September
| 31–32
|-
| [[:ta:புரட்டாசி|புரட்டாசி]]
| ''[[Purattasi|Puraṭṭāsi]]''
| ''[[Bhadrapada]]''
| [[Purva Bhadrapada|Pooratathi]] or [[Uttara Bhadrapada|Uthiratathi]]
| September–October
| 30–31
|-
| [[:ta:ஐப்பசி|ஐப்பசி]]
| ''[[Aipasi|Aippasi]]''
| ''[[Asvina]]''
| [[Ashvini]]
| October–November
| 29–30
|-
| [[:ta:கார்த்திகை (தமிழ் மாதம்)|கார்த்திகை]]
| ''[[Karthigai|Kārtikai]]''
| ''[[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]''
| [[Kṛttikā|Kartikai]]
| November–December
| 29–30
|-
| [[:ta:மார்கழி|மார்கழி]]
| ''[[Margazhi|Mārgaḻi]]''
| ''[[Margashirsha]]''
| [[Mrigashīrsha|Mirgashirsham]]
| December–January
| 29–30
|-
| [[:ta:தை|தை]]
| ''[[Thai (month)|Tai]]''
| ''[[Pausha]]''
| [[Pushya|Pusham]]
| January–February
| 29–30
|-
| [[:ta:மாசி|மாசி]]
| ''[[Masi (month)|Māsi]]''
| ''[[Magha (month)|Magha]]''
| [[Maghā|Magham]]
| February–March
| 29–30
|-
| [[:ta:பங்குனி|பங்குனி]]
| ''[[Panguni]]''
| ''[[Phalguna]]''
| [[Uttara Phalguni|Uttiram]]
| March–April
| 30–31
|}

==Seasons==
A Tamil year is divided into six seasons, each of which lasts two months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamilandvedas.com/2014/07/21/six-seasons-same-for-south-north-indians/ |title=Six Seasons: Same for South & North Indians |work=Tamil & Vedas |date=21 July 2014 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/tamil-calendar|title=Tamil Calendar – Seasons |work=SpeakingTree |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Season (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]])
! English transliteration
! English translation
! [[Hindu calendar]]
! Common season
! Tamil month(s)
! [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian month(s)]]
|-
| இளவேனில் || ''Ila-venil'' || Light warmth || ''[[Vasanta (season)|Vasanta]]'' || [[Spring (season)|Spring]] || ''Chittirai'', ''Vaikāsi''|| April–June
|-
| முதுவேனில் || ''Mudhu-venil'' || Harsh warmth || ''[[Grishma]]'' || [[Summer]] || ''Āni'', ''Ādi''|| June–August
|-
| கார் || ''Kār'' || Dark clouds || ''[[Varsha (season)|Varsha]]'' || [[Monsoon]] || ''Āvaṇi'', ''Puraṭṭāsi''|| August–October
|-
| குளிர் || ''Kulir'' || Cold || ''[[Sharada (season)|Sharda]]'' || [[Autumn]] || ''Aippasi'', ''Kārtikai''|| October–December
|-
| முன்பனி || ''Mun-pani'' || Early mist || ''[[Hemanta (season)|Hemanta]]'' || [[Winter]] || ''Mārgaḻi'', ''Thai''|| December–February
|-
| பின்பனி || ''Pin-pani'' || Late mist || ''[[Shishira]]'' || [[Vernal (season)|Pre-vernal]] || ''Māsi'', ''Panguni''|| February–April
|-
|}

==Days of a week==
The days of week (Kiḻamai) in the Tamil calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the [[Solar System]]: [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[Mars]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Jupiter]], [[Venus]], and [[Saturn]], in that order. A week usually starts with Sunday, and ends in a Saturday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Days of the Week |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tamilandvedas.com/2023/04/23/who-named-the-days-of-the-week-post-no-11998/|title=Who Named the Days of the Week? |work=Tamil and Vedas |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
! Day (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]])
! English transliteration
! [[Shaka Calendar]]
! [[Navagraha|Deity]]
! [[Celestial body]]
! [[Gregorian Calendar]]
|-
| ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழமை
| ''Nyayitru-kiḻamai''
| ''Ravivāra''
| [[Surya]]
| [[Sun]]
| [[Sunday]]
|-
| திங்கட்கிழமை
| ''Tingat-kiḻamai''
| ''Somavāra''
| [[Chandra]]
| [[Moon]]
| [[Monday]]
|-
| செவ்வாய்க்கிழமை
| ''Chevvai-kiḻamai''
| ''Mangalavāra''
| [[Mangala]]
| [[Mars]]
| [[Tuesday]]
|-
| புதன்கிழமை
| ''Budhan-kiḻamai''
| ''Budhavāra''
| [[Budha]]
| [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
| [[Wednesday]]
|-
| வியாழக்கிழமை
| ''Vyaḻa-kiḻamai''
| ''Guruvāra''
| [[Brihaspati]]
| [[Jupiter]]
| [[Thursday]]
|-
| வெள்ளிக்கிழமை
| ''Velli-kiḻamai''
| ''Śukravāra''
| [[Shukra]]
| [[Venus]]
| [[Friday]]
|-
| சனிக்கிழமை
| ''Sani-kiḻamai''
| ''Śanivāra''
| [[Shani]]
| [[Saturn]]
| [[Saturday]]
|}

==Significance==
The various days and months of the Tamil Calendar are of specific significance to [[Tamil Hindus]]. The ''[[Vākyapañcāṅga|Vakiya Panchangam]]'' is employed for calculation of sacred days, while the ''[[Tirugaṇita-pañcāṅgam|Tirugaṇita Panchangam]]'' is employed for [[Hindu astrology|astrological]] calculations.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.hss.ruh.ac.lk/JFHSS/Vol9Iss2/Volume%209%20Issue%202_Paper%202.pdf|title=Hindu Almanacs: Sentential and Mathematical in Sri Lanka|journal=Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|date=December 2020|volume=9|issue=2|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

The months and their significant events and festivals are listed below.<ref name="Kielhorn"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Underhill, Muriel M.|title=The Hindu Religious Year|publisher=Association Press|location=[[Kolkata]]|year=1921}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"

! Month
! Events/festivals
|-
| [[Chithirai|Chittirai]]
| [[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitra Pournami]], [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam]], [[Puthandu]]
|-
| [[Vaikasi|Vaikāsi]]
| [[Vaikasi Visakam]]
|-
| [[Aani (month)|Aani]]
| Aani Thirumanjanam, [[Mangani Festival|Mangani]]
|-
| [[Aadi (month)|Āadi]]
| Chevvai (Tuesdays) and Velli (Fridays) dedicated to [[Mariamman]]; [[Amavasya|Aadi Amavasai]], [[Aadi Perukku]], [[Pooram]]
|-
| [[Avani (month)|Āvaṇi]]
| [[Avani Avittam]], [[Gokulashtami]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayakar Chaturti]]
|-
| [[Purattasi|Puratāsi]]
| Shani (Saturdays) dedicated to [[Vishnu]]; [[Navarathri]]
|-
| [[Aipasi|Aippasi]]
| [[Deepavali]]
|-
| [[Karthigai|Kārtikai]]
| Thingal (Mondays) dedicated to [[Shiva]]; [[Karthigai Deepam]], [[Kartika Purnima|Karthigai Pournami]]
|-
| [[Margazhi|Margaḻi]]
| [[Hanuman Jayanti]], [[Thiruvathirai]], [[Vaikuntha Ekadasi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achuthananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Margali+vishnu&pg=PA107 |title=The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma |date=2018-08-27 |publisher=Relianz Communications Pty Ltd |isbn=978-0-9757883-3-2 |page=107}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thai (month)|Thai]]
| [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Thaipusam]]
|-
| [[Masi (month)|Māsi]]
| [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Mahamaham|Masi Maham]], [[Poochoriyal]]
|-
| [[Panguni]]
| [[Panguni Uthiram]], [[Rama Navami]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Chandravakyas]]
* [[Malayalam calendar]]
* [[Pambu Panchangam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tamil.panchangam.org/ Tamil Calendar with Daily Panchangam]
* [https://dheivegam.com/tamil-calendar/ Tamil Calendar for each year]

{{Calendars}}
{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Tamil calendar|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Solar calendars]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Time in India]]

Tattva (Shaivism)

2026-02-12T20:11:29Z

AlizaHyder840: put up some stub from scratch

{{Short description|Elements or principles of reality}}
{{Saivism|expanded=Philosophy}}

The '''tattvas''' in [[Indian philosophy]] are elements or principles of reality.<ref name="kasj">{{cite book | title=Kashmir Shaivism | publisher=SUNY Press | author=Jagadish Chandra Chatterji | year=1914 | isbn=9780887061790}}</ref><ref name="bhagavad">{{cite web | url=http://www.bhagavadgitausa.com/TATTVAS-36.htm | title=Tattvas-36 | publisher=Veeraswamy Krishnaraj | access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Tattvas are the basic concepts to understand the nature of absolute, the souls and the universe in [[Samkhya]] and [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] philosophies. [[Samkhya]] philosophy lists 25 tattvas while later Shaivite philosophies extend the number to 36.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbAvAAAAIAAJ | title=Philosophy East & West | publisher=University Press of Hawaii | year=1983 | pages=223}}</ref>

Tattvas are used to explain the structure and origin of the Universe. They are usually divided into three groups: ''śuddha'' (pure tattvas); ''śuddhāśuddha'' (pure-impure tattvas); and ''aśuddha'' (impure tattvas). The pure tattvas describe internal aspects of the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]]; the pure-impure tattvas describe the soul and its limitations; while the impure tattvas include the [[Prakriti|universe]] and living beings that assist the existence of soul.<ref name="Mathchan">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8182202582 | title=Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics | publisher=Global Vision Publishing House | author=Mathew Chandrankunnel | year=2008 | isbn=9788182202580}}</ref>

==Overview==
''[[Tattva]]'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|t|v|ə}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] word meaning 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth'.<ref>"tattva - of the truth" from [http://vedabase.net/bg/2/16/en1 BG 2.16] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223113452/http://vedabase.net/bg/2/16/en1 |date=2007-02-23 }}</ref> [[Samkhya]] philosophy enumerates only 25 ''tattva''s; twenty-four ''ātma tattva''s along with ''purusha'', which is ''ātman'' or the soul.<ref>{{cite book|title=Philosophical Series, Issue 7|publisher=University of Madras|year=1960}}</ref> Shaivite philosophies elaborate on these, taking the twenty-four ''ātma tattva''s as the ''aśuddha'' (impure) tattvas and adding to them the ''śuddhāśuddha'' (pure-impure) and ''śuddha'' (pure tattvas), enumerating thirty-six distinct ''tattva''s, with ''purusha'' being counted among the ''śuddhāśuddha tattva''s.

According to the early Shaivite philosophies, [[Parameshwara (god)|Parameshwara]] or [[Parashiva]] (also spelled Paramashiva, Paramshiva, Parmshiva) is the [[ultimate reality]] or [[Parabrahman]], "the one form where everything emerges".<ref name="sou">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kNuAAAAMAAJ | title=South Indian studies | publisher=Geetha Book House | author=T. V. Mahalingam | year=1990}}</ref> The [[nondualist]]ic [[monism]] school of Shaivism, [[Kashmir Shaivism]], describes the tattvas as Paramshiva manifests himself by a process of descent from ''Paramashiva'' to ''jiva'', through the 36 ''tattvas''.<ref name="PLRaina">[http://shaivism.net/articles/11.html Piyaray L. Raina, ''Kashmir Shaivism versus Vedanta – A Synopsis'']</ref> The vibrant creative energy of Parashiva, known as Spanda, moves him to manifest himself these 36 ''tattva''s as a ''[[līlā]]'' or divine play.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0595293891 | title=The Sutras on the 5-Fold Act of Divine Consciousness | author=Acharya Kedar | year=2003 | isbn=0595293891}}</ref> Some teachings treat Parameshwara and Parashiva, along with [[Parashakti]], as three separate aspects of [[Shiva]].

Another important sect of Shaivism, [[Shaiva Siddhanta]], a school that show both [[monism|Monistic]] and [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]] qualities, describes the ''tattva''s in a different perspective. Passive Parameshwara is activated itself by ''śuddha [[Maya (religion)|māyā]]'' or divine grace ([[Shakti]]) of him. Like that, the universe, ([[Prakriti]]) is activated by ''aśudda māyā'' (physical body and all aspects of universe), another aspect of divine grace - [[Shakti|Mahamaya]]. The interaction of Pure Maya and Impure Maya is the Pure - impure Maya where the souls ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Pashus]]) attain knowledge which leads to the existence of whole universe.<ref name="bhagavad" />
[[File:36tattvas.jpg|thumb|center|500px|The thirty six [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] tattvas are divided into three groups - pure, impure and pure-impure tattvas]]
''Mahāmāyā'' divides itself into three aspects: ''śuddha māyā'', ''śuddha-aśuddha māyā'', and ''aśuddha māyā'', and causes five, seven, and twenty-four tattvas respectively.<ref name="phi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8120806328 | title=Philosophical Anthropology in Śaiva Siddhānta: With Special Reference to Śivāgrayogin | author=Jayandra Soni | year=1989 | isbn=8120806328}}</ref>

== Five pure tattvas ==
[[File:Shiva%27s_statue_at_CERN_engaging_in_the_Nataraja_dance.jpg|thumb|The five pure Saiva tattvas are associated with the five acts of Lord Shiva in his [[Nataraja]] depiction.]]
''Suddha tattvas'', also known as '''Śaiva tattvas''' are functioning in the absolute level which leads to the '''Panchakritya''' (Five acts) - Creation - Maintenance - Destruction - Concealment - Grace of almighty.<ref>{{cite book | title=Concepts of Time, Ancient and Modern | publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts | author=Kapila Vatsyayan | year=1996 | isbn=9788120716445 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ka_WAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Suddha tattvas are called pure because they are directly created by Shiva himself.<ref name="PLRaina" />

===Śiva===
Also known as Nāda tattva. One of the two aspects of the omniscient, omnipresent, conscious Absolute. In this essence, the Absolute doesn't consist of any desire (''icchā''), action (''kriyā'') or Knowledge (''jnāna'') related properties. It is in its pure conscious state.

===Śakti===
Another aspect of the Absolute which is known as Bindu Tattva. Pairing of Śiva-Śakti causes the creation of all the lower tattvas. The paired Śiva-Śakti is omniscience and consistently active. These two properties of Śiva-Śakti are known as [[jnana|''jnāna'']] and [[kriya|''kriyāa'']] respectively.

=== Sadākhya ===
Also called [[Sadasiva|Sadāśiva]] tattva or Śiva-Śakti tattva. This tattva is responsible for the appearance of ''aham'' or [[self]]. This tattva is when ''kriyāśakti'' and ''jnānaśakti'' of the Absolute are in equilibrium.

===Iśvara===
Also known as Ishwara tattva. The tattva where the fourth act of ''Panchakritya'' - delusion or concealment happens. [[Ishvara|Iśvara]] tattva activates the souls which are concealed by ''[[pāśa]]''. ''Idam'', "this is myself", i.e., the objectivation of self-awareness is caused by Iśvara tattva.<ref name="PLRaina" />

=== Śuddha Vidyā ===
Also known as Sadvidyā or Kriyā. In this tattva the tri-murthis manifest. Jnānaśakti is more initiative than kriyaśakti in Śuddhavidyā tattva. Here, "self-ness" and "this-ness" become balanced.<ref name="PLRaina" /> The other three acts of Panchakritya - creation, maintenance and destruction happen at the suddhavidya.

These five tattvas are the Absolute which leads to the [[moksha]] of souls. These five tattvas can also be seen as the retrogradation of souls from their lower state to their higher steps towards liberation.

== Seven pure-impure tattvas==
[[Image:Tattvas36.gif|thumb|right|300px|Chart of the 36 tattvas in Kashmir Shaivism]]
{{main|Shuddhashuddha tattvas}}
Pure-impure tattvas or Vidya tattvas are described as the "instruments" that assist the souls for their liberation. Soul or Atman is considered as "Purusha tattva" here, while the final manifestation of almighty is known as "Maya tattva". Maya manifests into five more tattvas known as "kanchukas"<ref>{{cite book | title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications | author=Chandradhar Sharma | year=2000 | pages=389 | isbn=9788120803657}}</ref> and these six tattvas adjoins the pusursha tattva and thus, produce seven vidya tattvas.

=== Māyā ===
{{main|Maya (religion)#Hinduism}}
Maya hides the divine nature of created beings as it creates the sense of separateness from the Divine and from each other.

===The five ''kanchukas''===
''Kanchukas'' can be fairly translated as veils. They block the subject from recognising the divine nature of the Universe.
* [[Kāla (time)|''kāla'']] - the veil of time
* [[Vidya (Knowledge)|''vidyā'']] - the veil of limited knowledge
*''rāga'' - the veil of desire
*''niyati'' - the veil of causality
*''kalā'' - the veil of being limited<ref name="PLRaina" />

=== Purusha ===
{{main|Purusha}}
{{further|Atman (Hinduism)}}
Purusha is the soul. It pairs with maya, the final manifestation of god along with five kancukas. These five vidya tattvas are idle in nature. So, Śiva joins with Maya and Śakti joins with three kancukas - Kāla, Niyati, Kalā. Sadasiva joins with purusha and śuddhavidya operates vidya tattva. Raga is operated by Ishvara.<ref name = phi/> The activated purusha with other vidya tattvas cannot solely exist in the universe, and comes with the assistance of upcoming 24 asuddha tattvas.

== Twenty-four impure tattvas ==
Impure tattvas or Atma tattvas are aspects of Universe and physical body.

===The Four Antahkarana ===
{{main|Antahkarana}}
Antahkarana is a collective term for the 4 tattvas-prakṛti,buddhi,ahamkāra and manas.Consciousness within the limited ''purusha'' forms the ''[[citta]]'' made of Intellect (''buddhi''), Ego (''ahamkāra''), and Mind (''manas''), known collectively as the ''antahkarana'', or "inner organ". ''Buddhi'' is the first evolute of ''prakṛti''. It represents the capacity of discernment. It evolves into ''ahamkāra'' after ''buddhi'' differentiates a notion of a limited individual self. That external sense of self is then experienced through the sensory mind (''manas''). Ten ''indriyas'' (five sense organs and five action organs), five ''tanmātras'' (subtle elements), five ''mahābhūtas'' (gross elements), and the sensory mind evolve from ''ahamkāra'' as it modifies into [[sattva|''sattvic'']] (sensory), [[rajas|''rajasic'']] (active) and [[tamas (philosophy)|''tamasic'']] (material) modes. These 24 lowest tattvas that evolve from individual consciousness are known as the impure tattvas (''aśuddha'').<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqoTzwdeTN4C | title=A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana | publisher=SUNY Press | author=Abhinavagupta, Jaideva Singh | isbn=9780791494127}}</ref>

===Five sense organs===
The five sense organs (''jñānendriya'') are the most ''sattvic'' functions of manas and include:
*''ghrāna'' (nose), i.e., the medium to experience smell
*''rasana'' (tongue), i.e., the medium to experience taste
* ''caksus'' (eye), i.e., the medium to experience sight
* ''tvāk'' (skin), i.e., the medium to experience touch
*''śrotra'' (ear), i.e., the medium to experience sound

===Five motor organs===
The five motor organs (''karmendriya''), each corresponding to a sense organ, represent the physical organs of action. They are the most rajasic functions of manas.

* ''pāyu'' (anus) - the organ responsible for excretion
* ''upasthā'' (sexual organ) - the organ that enables procreation and sexual enjoyment<ref>Introduction to Kashmir Shaivism, Gurudev Siddha Peeth, Ganeshpuri, 1975, pag. 33</ref>
* ''pāda'' (leg) - the organ that makes ambulation possible
* ''pāni'' (hand) - the organ that enables grabbing and touching
* ''vāk'' (mouth) - the organ that makes sound/speech possible

===Five subtle elements===
The five subtle elements (''tanmātra'') are the most tamasic functions of ''manas'' and represent the reflection of the corresponding five gross elements in the mind:

* ''gandha'' (smell)
* ''rasa'' (taste)
* ''rūpa'' (form)
* ''sparśa'' (touch)
* ''śabda'' (sound)

=== Five gross elements===
{{Main|Panchabhuta}}
The five gross elements (''mahābhuta'') represent the final point of manifestation:

*''prthvi'' (earth)
*''jala'' (water)
*''tejas'' (fire)
*''vāyu'' (air)
*''ākāśa'' (ether or space)

While ''mahābhūtas'' are the basis for the material world, ''tanmātras'' are but limited aspects and views of it, in no way able to fully describe it. We cannot actually perceive the reality, all we can access are limited "bands" of information that form a [[Direct and indirect realism|description of reality]]. These bands of information are the five ''[[tanmatras|tanmātras]]''.

This restriction however applies only to the limited beings (''jiva'', or ''{{IAST|aṇu}}''). For one who has gone beyond ''māyā'', in the realm of the ''pure tattvas'', there can be direct perception of reality, because as one's self is [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]], so are the external objects. In such a state an enlightened being can perceive the world beyond the five senses (direct perception), in a state of diversity in unity and [[unity in diversity]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOrWAAAAMAAJ | title=Ultimate Reality and Meaning, Volume 24 | publisher=Van Gorcum | author=Institute for Encyclopedia of Human Ideas on Ultimate Reality and Meaning | year=2001 | pages=9}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anda (Kashmir Shaivism)|{{IAST|Aṇḍa}}, the four spheres of reality]]
* [[Samkhya#Philosophy|Tattva (Samkhya)]]
* [[Shaiva Siddhanta]]
* [[Trika]]
* [[Three Bodies Doctrine (Vedanta)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=Swami|last=Lakshman Joo|title=Kaśmir Śaivism|year=1988}} pag. 1
* {{cite book|first=Mircea|last=Eliade|title=Theory and History of Religion}} cap. 6 and 7
* Singh, Jaideva (1979). ''Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bhagavadgitausa.com/TATTVAS-36.htm Tattvas-36]
* [http://shaivism.net/articles/11.html Piyaray L. Raina, ''Kashmir Shaivism versus Vedanta – A Synopsis''] (includes an overview of the tattvas)
* [http://www.danielodier.com/english/enparam.php Daniel Odier, ''SHIVA AND HIS UNIVERSAL MANIFESTATION'']

{{Shaivism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tattvas, 36}}
[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Spiritual faculties]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Tantric practices]]

Raghav Juyal

2026-02-12T07:52:41Z

AlizaHyder840: correct section also and added references

{{Short description|Indian actor and dancer (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raghav Juyal
| image = Raghav Juyal at the Zee5 event in Mumbai (cropped).jpg
| caption = Juyal in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|07|10}}
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| alma_mater = [[D.A.V. Post Graduate College, Dehradun|DAV College]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|dancer|choreographer|television presenter}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
| other_names = Crockroaxz<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/raghav-juyal-chills-in-his-hometown-dehradun/articleshow/53189457.cms |title=Raghav Juyal chills in his hometown, Dehradun – Times of India |website=The Times of India|date=13 July 2016 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915072354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/raghav-juyal-chills-in-his-hometown-dehradun/articleshow/53189457.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Raghav Juyal''' (born 10 July 1991) is an Indian actor, dancer, choreographer, and television presenter. He is known as the ''"King of Slow Motion"'' for his surreal dance moves in [[slow motion]] style and for his reinvention of the Slow Motion Walk in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Raghav Juyal: Lesser-known Facts about the 'King of Slow Motion' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-raghav-juyal-lesser-known-facts-about-the-king-of-slow-motion-3946955.html|access-date=12 September 2021 |website=News18 |language=en|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912070433/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-raghav-juyal-lesser-known-facts-about-the-king-of-slow-motion-3946955.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He rose to fame after being a contestant and finalist in [[Zee TV]]'s dance reality show ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance 3]]'' and a skipper for the team Raghav Ke Rockstars in ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2]]'' and ''[[Dance Ke Superkids]]'' where his team was declared the winner under his captainship.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dance-india-dance--dance-ke-superkids-team-yahoo-lifts-the-winners-trophy/294667-44-124.html |title=Dance Ke Superkids: Team Yahoo lifts the winner's trophy |publisher=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329093358/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dance-india-dance--dance-ke-superkids-team-yahoo-lifts-the-winners-trophy/294667-44-124.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>'' Juyal was a contestant on ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]'' (2016). In 2024, he garnered recognition with the action thriller ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web|title=raghav juyal- it has been a crazy ride since kill released|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/raghav-juyal-it-has-been-a-crazy-ride-since-kill-released-101721651670303.html|date=August 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web|title=Raghav Juyal is the hero you didn't see coming in The Ba***ds of Bollywood|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/raghav-juyal-is-the-hero-you-didnt-see-coming-in-the-bads-of-bollywood-aryan-khan-2791402-2025-09-23|date=September 2025|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==

===Dance India Dance (season 3)===
Juyal became known when his audition video went viral on YouTube. He was a contestant on ''[[Dance India Dance#Seasons|Dance India Dance 3 (2012)]]'', which aired on [[Zee TV]]. He was not professionally trained by anyone prior to coming on the show. Juyal showcased a new dance style but wasn't selected in the Top 18 by the Grand Master in Mega Audition. Later, on public demand, Grand Master [[Mithun Chakraborty]] made an exception in the format by reintroducing him on the show as his "trump card" in the wild-card round, through which he entered the competition again.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/A-twist-in-the-tale-of-Dance-India-Dance/articleshow/11821141.cms |title=A twist in the tale of 'Dance India Dance' |access-date=15 September 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213956/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-09/tv/31041494_1_cheeks-slow-motion-wild-card |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

Thereafter, Juyal created different dance-forms and reached the finale. He was the most popular contestant of the season having garnered the most No. 1 positions in weekly voting. At the Grand finale, he was voted with {{formatnum:3481685}} votes in the 2nd runner up position.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

===DID Li'L Masters (season 2)===

After DID, Raghav became the skipper of team Raghav Ke Rockstars in ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2|DID Li'l masters (season 2)]]'' where he choreographed for Saumya Rai and Rohan Parkale.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Dance-is-a-different-religion-says-Croackroaz/articleshow/13131439.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103182616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/tv/31700843_1_dance-journey-dance-style-dance-india-dance |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title='Dance is a different religion,' says Croackroaz |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>{{Failed verification |date=February 2024}} He was the only skipper to lead both of his students to the Grand finale, in which Rohan and Saumya attained 2nd and 3rd runner up positions respectively.{{Citation needed |date=February 2024}}

===Dance Ke Superkids===

Raghav then choreographed for Zee TV's show ''[[Dance Ke Superkids]]'' as the Captain of [[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2|DID Li'l Masters (season 2)]] team ''Yahoo'' and competed against [[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters|DID Li'l Masters (season 1)]] team ''Wakao'' – with [[Dharmesh Yelande]] as the Captain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Farah-Khan-and-Geeta-Kapoor-team-up/Article1-913431.aspx |title=Farah Khan and Geeta Kapoor team up |publisher=hindustantimes.com |access-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003055624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Farah-Khan-and-Geeta-Kapoor-team-up/Article1-913431.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2012 }}</ref> In the Grand Finale, his team was declared the winner.

===2014–present===
In 2014, Juyal debuted as an actor by playing a pivotal role in the comedy film ''[[Sonali Cable]]'', co-starring [[Rhea Chakraborty]] and [[Ali Fazal]], produced by [[Ramesh Sippy|Ramesh Sippy Entertainment]] which was released on 17 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2014 |title=Sonali Cable movie review: It could have been a modern day fable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sonali-cable-movie-review/ |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815125609/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sonali-cable-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> One reviewer singled out Raghav's vivacious performance and praised his screen presence,<ref name="ndtv.jha.2014.10.18">{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/sonali-cable-movie-review-1035 |title=Sonali Cable Movie Review |first1=Subhash K |last1=Jha |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=18 October 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018122256/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/sonali-cable-movie-review-1035 |url-status=dead |quote=While most of the performances are played out against a layer of tenability, newcomer Raghav Juyal stands out with his veneer of vivacity.}}</ref> while another says he "steals every scene he's in"<ref name="ibnlive.masand.2014.10.18">{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sonali-cable-review-the-film-has-got-its-moments-but-theyre-few-and-far-between/506854-47-84.html |title='Sonali Cable' review: The film has got its moments, but they're few and far between |first1=Rajeev |last1=Masand |date=18 October 2014 |agency=[[CNN-IBN]] |website=[[IBN Live]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019142833/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sonali-cable-review-the-film-has-got-its-moments-but-theyre-few-and-far-between/506854-47-84.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |language=en |quote=There's a nice bonhomie between Sonali and her two associates, one of whom is played by first-timer Raghav Juyal, a wise-cracking, nimble-footed charmer who steals every scene he's in.}}</ref> and another says he is "better than the leads".<ref name="koimoi.basu.2014.10.17">{{Cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/sonali-cable-review/ |title=Sonali Cable Review |date=17 October 2014 |last1=Basu |first1=Mohar |website=Koimoi |language=en |quote=In his little stint, the actor does a good job enough to be remembered despite the movie being nothing short of a dud.}}</ref> The next year he starred in the dance film, ''[[ABCD 2]],''<ref name="pinkvilla.2022.04.11">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/raghav-juyal-shares-glimpses-brother-yashasvi-rachita-s-engagement-ceremony-pics-1065456 |title=Raghav Juyal shares glimpses of brother Yashasvi & Rachita's engagement from the ceremony; PICS |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=11 April 2022 |quote=Raghav Juyal worked in movies like Sonali Cable, ABCD 2, Nawabzaade, Street Dancer 3D. He was last seen as the host of the dance reality show Dance Plus season 6 and Dance Deewane season 3. |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126181045/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/raghav-juyal-shares-glimpses-brother-yashasvi-rachita-s-engagement-ceremony-pics-1065456 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was released on 19 June 2015, directed by [[Remo D'Souza]] co-starring [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]].
Later, he also hosted the dance reality show ''[[Dance Plus]]'' which aired on [[Star Plus]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} In the same year, he co-hosted ''Prem Ki Diwali'' along with [[Karishma Tanna]] which was broadcast on [[Life Ok]].

In 2016, he was seen in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' season 7 as a contestant which aired on [[Colors TV]]. Later, he hosted ''[[Dance Plus (season 2)]]''. In the same year, he also co-hosted and appeared on ''Star Parivaar Awards'' and ''Colors Golden Petal Awards''. Later he hosted and performed on the show, ''Timeless Aisha'' which was aired on Zee Classic.
The following year he co-hosted the singing reality show, ''[[Rising Star (Indian TV series)|Rising Star]]'' along with [[Meiyang Chang]] which aired on Colors TV. In mid 2017 he has hosted ''[[Dance Plus (season 3)]]''. In the same year, he began co-hosting the dance reality show, ''[[Dance Champions]]'' with [[Ridhima Pandit (actress)|Ridhima Pandit]].

In 2018, he co-hosted the second season of the singing reality show, ''[[Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' along with [[Mukti Mohan]]. He then starred in the romantic comedy film, ''[[Nawabzaade]]''<ref name="pinkvilla.2022.04.11"/> along with [[Dharmesh Yelande]], [[Punit Pathak]] and [[Isha Rikhi]] directed by Jayesh Pradhan which was released on 27 July 2018. Later in the year, he co-hosted ''[[Dance Plus (season 4)]]'' along with [[Sugandha Mishra]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vaibhavi-merchant-recreates-kajrare-on-dance-champions/articleshow/60884983.cms |title=Vaibhavi Merchant recreates Kajrare on Dance Champions |work=Times of India|date=29 September 2017 |access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007211301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vaibhavi-merchant-recreates-kajrare-on-dance-champions/articleshow/60884983.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, he hosted the dance reality show ''[[Dance Plus (season 5)]]''.

In 2020, he appeared in dance film ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''<ref name="pinkvilla.2022.04.11"/> with [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Prabhu Deva]], and [[Nora Fatehi]]. Then he appeared in the second season of the [[Zee5]] dark crime thriller series [[Abhay (TV series)]] directed by [[Ken Ghosh]], which was released on 14 August 2020, playing the negative dark character for the first time. He played the lead role in the satirical comedy film ''[[Bahut Hua Samman]]'' produced by [[Yoodlee films]] and directed by Ashish R. Shukla, shared screen space with [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Misra]].<ref name="ie.jain.2020.09.30">{{cite web | last=Jain | first=Arushi | title=Bahut Hua Sammaan trailer: Raghav Juyal and Sanjay Mishra are all set to tickle your funny bone | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=30 September 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bahut-hua-sammaan-trailer-raghav-juyal-sanjay-mishra-6649237/ | access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> The movie was released on 2 October 2020 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] due to COVID-19 pandemic and received positive reviews from the audience and critics.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Raghav next starred opposite [[Ankita Sharma]] in a romantic movie titled ''Wedlock'' directed by Sachin Karande and the film is Produced by Blue Orchid Entertainment and Creo Brains Motion Pictures, the shoot was completed in various locations of Mumbai in 25 days shoot schedule. The film is set to release in August 2021

On 15 February 2021, [[Farhan Akhtar]] dropped the first teaser of his new film, and announced ''Yudhra'' to be produced by his company, [[Excel Entertainment]]. Raghav along with [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Malavika Mohanan]]. The film is directed by Ravi Udyawar.Yudhra's story and screenplay have been penned jointly by Farhan Akhtar and Shridhar Raghavan. The film is slated to release in summer 2022.

In 2025, Juyal felicitated with [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] (IIFA) for [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]] at [[25th IIFA Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA 2025 Winners List: ‘Laapataa Ladies’ Dominates With 10 Awards, Kartik Aaryan & Nitanshi Goel Win Big |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/iifa-2025-winners-list-laapataa-ladies-dominates-with-10-awards-kartik-aaryan-nitanshi-goel-win-big |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA's Silver Jubilee Edition: Full List of 2025 Popular Category Nominations Unveiled! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifas-silver-jubilee-edition-full-list-of-2025-popular-category-nominations-unveiled |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>

==Influences==

His signature step was Slow Motion Walk. Choreographers like Geeta Kapoor and Remo D'Souza and Terrence Lewis have stated that they had never seen anyone emulate the slow motion walk in India, as realistically, before Raghav. Raghav is a trained actor, mentored by the actor and acting coach Saurabh Sachdeva.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==Personal life==
Raghav Juyal was born to Deepak Juyal, an advocate, and Alka Bakshi Juyal, his mother is a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]. He was born and brought up in [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand. Born in a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Brahmin]] family he belongs to his ancestral village Khetu in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Meet-the-Crockroaz-family/articleshow/12546921.cms |title=Meet the Crockroaz family |access-date=15 September 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113050415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-05/tv/31293615_1_elder-brother-slow-motion-dehradun |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

Juyal never had any formal training in dance but picked it up from watching performances from the internet and television. He started winning laurels as a dancer right from his days in Doon International School. Later, he joined DAV (PG) College to pursue his B.Com.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out Raghav Juyal's struggle for claiming his million-dollar dream... |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/check-out-raghav-juyals-struggle-claiming-his-million-dollar-dream-210424 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815180022/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/check-out-raghav-juyals-struggle-claiming-his-million-dollar-dream-210424 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sonali Cable]]'' || Sada ||
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[ABCD 2]]'' || Raghav ||
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Nawabzaade]]'' || Karan ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'' || Poddy ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bahut Hua Samman]]''|| Bony ||
|<ref name="ie.jain.2020.09.30" />
|-
|2023
|''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''|| Ishq ||
|<ref name="ie.2022.05.16">{{cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=Raghav Juyal joins the cast of Salman Khan's Kabhi Eid Kabhi Diwali |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali-raghav-juyal-join-salman-khan-film-7918116/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|- 
| rowspan="2" |2024 || ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]''||Fani
|
|-
|| ''[[Yudhra]]'' || Shafiq ||
|
|-
|2026 || {{pending film|King}} || {{Small|TBA}}||
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=2025-05-24 |title=Raghav Juyal roped in for Shah Rukh Khan and Suhana Khan's King? Here's what we know |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/raghav-juyal-roped-in-for-shah-rukh-khan-and-suhana-khans-king-11748092774025.html |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}} || {{pending film|Hasal}} || {{small|TBA}} ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-09-15 |title=Sanjay Mishra, Ranvir Shorey and Raghav Juyal starrer Hasal is set to go on floors : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-mishra-ranvir-shorey-raghav-juyal-starrer-hasal-set-go-floors/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}} || {{pending film|The Paradise}} || {{small|TBA}} || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-15 |title=Raghav Juyal's 'The Paradise' : Actor set for major makeover in Nani-Srikanth Odeal film; says 'staying quiet till we reveal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raghav-juyals-the-paradise-actor-set-for-major-makeover-in-nani-srikanth-odeal-film-says-staying-quiet-till-we-reveal/articleshow/124585095.cms |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''Chak Dhoom Dhoom 2''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance 3]]''|| 2nd runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Dance Ke Superkids]]''
| rowspan="2" |Captain|| Winner
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Dance India Dance 4]]''
|Himself|| Guest
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance Super Moms]]''
|rowspan="2" |Captain||
|-
|2014
| ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 3]]''
||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Dance Plus]]''
|Host||
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]''
| rowspan="2" |Himself|| rowspan="2" | Guest
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance Super Moms|Dance India Dance Super Moms 2]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''
|Contestant|| 6th place
|-
|''[[Dance Plus season 2|Dance Plus 2]]''
|Host
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
|''[[Super Dancer]]''
| rowspan="2" |Himself
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|-
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|-
|''[[Dance Champions]]''
| rowspan="6" |Host
|
|-
|''[[Dance Plus 3]]''
|
|-
|''[[Rising Star (Indian TV series)|Rising Star]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Dance Plus 4]]''
|
|-
|''[[Dil Hai Hindustani 2]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Dance Plus season 5|Dance Plus 5]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
| rowspan="4" |Himself|| rowspan="4" | Guest
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|-
| 2020
| ''[[India's Best Dancer]]''
|-
| rowspan=4| 2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
|-
| ''[[Dance Deewane season 3|Dance Deewane 3]]''
|Host
|<ref name="pinkvilla.2022.04.11"/>
|-
| ''[[Super Dancer (Season 4)|Super Dancer 4]]''
|Himself
|Guest
|-
| ''[[Dance Plus season 6|Dance Plus 6]]''
|Host
|<ref name="pinkvilla.2022.04.11"/>
|-
| rowspan=2| 2025
| [[India's Best Dancer|''India's Best Dancer'']]
| rowspan="2" |Himself|| rowspan="2" | Guest
|-
| ''Hip Hop India Season 2''
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Raghav Juyal music video credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2020 || ''Hum Tum'' || [[Sukriti Kakar]], [[Prakriti Kakar]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Hum Tum' Sung By Sukriti Kakar And Prakriti Kakar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-hum-tum-sung-by-sukriti-kakar-and-prakriti-kakar/videoshow/79321494.cms |access-date=26 May 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526064321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-hum-tum-sung-by-sukriti-kakar-and-prakriti-kakar/videoshow/79321494.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{nowrap|List of Raghav Juyal web series credits}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay 2]]''
| Samar
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Gyaarah Gyaarah]]''
| Inspector Yug Arya
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title=Raghav Juyal to play villain for the first time in Abhay 2, says his character has 'so many layers' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/raghav-juyal-to-play-villain-for-the-first-time-in-abhay-2-says-his-character-has-so-many-layers/story-qM7AO65irAllEnd1brkuCO.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526064321/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/raghav-juyal-to-play-villain-for-the-first-time-in-abhay-2-says-his-character-has-so-many-layers/story-qM7AO65irAllEnd1brkuCO.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
| Parvaiz
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5644335}}
* {{Instagram|raghavjuyal}}

{{Dance India Dance}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juyal, Raghav}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Popping dancers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University alumni]]
[[Category:Dancers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Murder of Gokulraj

2026-02-06T14:53:21Z

AlizaHyder840: Stub

{{Short description|2015 murder in India}}
{{Use MDY dates|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox event
| date = June 23, 2015
| time =
| Location = Pallipalayam, [[Namakkal district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| type = [[Murder]], [[Honor killing]]
| cause = [[Inter-caste marriages in India|Inter-caste marriage]]
| title = Murder of Gokulraj
| convicted = Yuvaraj and 7 others
| convictions = [[Murder]]
| sentence = [[Life imprisonment]]
}}
Gokulraj was kidnapped on June 23, 2015 and murdered in Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. Gokularaj, a [[Dalit]], was in love with Swathi. Gokularaj was murdered in an [[honor killing]] by Yuvaraj and others.<ref name="q172">{{cite web | title=Gokulraj murder case: Madras HC upholds life imprisonment for Yuvaraj | website=The News Minute | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/gokulraj-murder-case-madras-hc-upholds-life-imprisonment-yuvaraj-177984 | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="d369">{{cite web | last=Ranjani | first=Lalitha | title=What is the Gokulraj murder case all about? | website=The Hindu | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/explained-what-is-the-dalit-youth-gokulraj-murder-case-in-tn-namakkal-all-about/article66922944.ece | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>

Vishnupriya a [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] in Tiruchengode, Namakkal district committed suicide. She was investigating the murder case of Gokulraj.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Nov/22/cjm-court-orders-to-investigate-seven-persons-in-dsp-vishnupriyas-suicide-case-2065462.html</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/court-accepts-cbis-closure-report-in-dsp-vishnupriya-case/article30527380.ece</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/66928926-DSP-Vishnupriya-suicide-note.PDF</ref> It is alleged that she committed suicide due to stress from the higher officials of the police in this case. DMK, Congress, and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Nadu are protesting for a CBI probe into the case. However, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] announced in the Legislative Assembly that there is no need for a CBI probe and that the police will investigate.

Vishnupriya's police friend and Keezhakkarai Deputy Superintendent of Police Maheshwari said, "Honest people are treated poorly by higher authorities. The police can do whatever they want; whatever they want will happen" (September 20, 2015 - Tamil The Hindu). She alleged that higher authorities pressured Vishnupriya in the Gokulraj murder case and pressured her to arrest unrelated people and charge them under the Prevention of Gangsters Act.

==Background==
Gokulraj, an engineering student, was abducted on June 23, 2015 from the Arthanareeswarar temple in Tiruchengode where he was visiting, along with his friend Swathi, by Yuvaraj and others. Yuvaraj ran a network which would work towards preventing inter-caste marriages, especially between Gounder women and men of lowered castes. Gokulraj's headless body was found at the railway tracks in Pallipalayam.<ref name="q172">{{cite web | title=Gokulraj murder case: Madras HC upholds life imprisonment for Yuvaraj | website=The News Minute | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/gokulraj-murder-case-madras-hc-upholds-life-imprisonment-yuvaraj-177984 | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="b442">{{cite web | title=கோகுல் ராஜ் கொலை வழக்கு: "சாதி என்கிற பேயின் பிடியில் நடந்த கொலை” | website=BBC News தமிழ் | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cqvq2g36l2yo | language=ta | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="c759">{{cite web | last=விஜயானந்த் | first=ஆ | title=கோகுல்ராஜ் கொலை: `சாதி வெறியின் மற்றொரு ரத்த சரித்திரம்' -தீர்ப்பின் முக்கிய அம்சங்கள் | website=BBC News தமிழ் | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-60677519 | language=ta | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>

==Court proceedings==
[[Madras High Court]] upheld the life imprisonment on Yuvaraj and 7 others.<ref name="q535">{{cite web | last=Madhav | first=Pramod | title=Gokulraj murder case: Madras High court upholds life sentence of 8 convicts | website=India Today | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/gokulraj-murder-case-madras-high-court-upholds-life-sentence-of-8-convicts-2388138-2023-06-02 | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="a802">{{cite web | last=Ahmed | first=Z Shabbir | title=Conviction in Gokulraj murder should deter caste criminals, say activists | website=The News Minute | date=8 March 2022 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/conviction-gokulraj-murder-should-deter-caste-criminals-say-activists-161698 | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="z665">{{cite web | title=Gokulraj murder: Family slams parole for convict Yuvaraj | website=The News Minute | date=20 March 2025 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-dalit-youth-gokulrajs-family-slams-parole-and-felicitation-of-his-murderer | access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Honor killing victims]]

Roxy Cinema (Kolkata)

2026-02-04T21:25:18Z

AlizaHyder840: Article enhanced with better details

{{short description|Single-screen theater in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name =Roxy Cinema
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| status = Active
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| caption =
| image_map =
| map_type = India Kolkata
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| altitude =
| building_type = Cinema hall, Heritage building
| architectural_style =
| client =
| owner =
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location = [[Chowringhee]] Place. near [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] Metro
| address = 12 B, Chowringhee Place
| location_town = Kolkata
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5622|88.3499|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date =
| completion_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date = 2005
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| seating_type =
| seating_capacity =
| elevator_count =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
}}
'''Roxy Cinema''' is a single screen cinema hall located in [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] Metro, Chowringhee Place, [[Dharmatala]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India.<ref name="Rise and fall of dream theatres">{{cite news|title=Rise and fall of dream theatres|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120702/jsp/calcutta/story_15680643.jsp#.UDTV4M95MxB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709021330/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120702/jsp/calcutta/story_15680643.jsp#.UDTV4M95MxB|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|access-date=22 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=India|date=2 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Roxy Cinema Location">{{cite web |title=Roxy Cinema Location |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/movie_listings/Kolkata+Roxy+Cinema+Hall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511044845/https://entertainment.oneindia.in/movie_listings/Kolkata+Roxy+Cinema+Hall.html |archive-date=2012-05-11 |access-date=22 August 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=One India}}</ref>

== History ==
Roxy Cinema started as an Opera House. In early 1940s the house was converted into a cinema. The hall had high banisters but during this conversion stage height was removed. In 1941 the first film screened in this theatre was Ashok Kumar-starrer ''Naya Sansar''. [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] came to this theatre to watch Ashok Kumar-starrer ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'' (1943),<ref name="Rise and fall of dream theatres" /> which ran for 108 weeks at Roxy.<ref name="SaranAlvi2008">{{cite book|author1=Santhya Saran|author2=Abrar Alvi|title=Ten Years With Guru Dutt: Abrar Alvi's Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVD7dajMt3YC&pg=PA37|access-date=17 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08221-6|page=37}}</ref>

In 2005 the theatre was renovated by its owners. In 2011, Kolkata Municipal Corporation seized the theatre as the theatre owners did not pay lease agreement renewal dues.<ref name="Rise and fall of dream theatres" />

== Current status ==
{{As of|July 2012}} this cinema is owned by Bengal Properties Private Ltd and the director of this hall is Arun Mehra and the theatre is active. The hall has AC tower, Dolby Digital sound and a 2K projection silver screen. Sitting capacity of this hall is 730.<ref name="Rise and fall of dream theatres" />

== See also ==
* [[Cinema in Kolkata]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Cinemas in Kolkata]]

Amshipora

2026-01-20T07:14:02Z

AlizaHyder840: Adding some details first draft

{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amshipora
| native_name = Amashpur
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.68|N|74.84|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Jammu and Kashmir}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]
| established_title = Settled
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 1.951
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 59.3%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Shopian
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|6.5|km|mi}}
| elevation_m = 1594
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,712
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 192303
}}

'''Amshipora''' or '''Amshi Pora''' (locally known as '''Amashpoor''') is a village situated in [[Shopian district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/DataEntry/HabitationDirectory/Reports/Rep_DirectoryList.aspx?Condition=P50votMRqBU%3D&id=rv7zif4VMn3WvddU6RkVVw%3D%3D&StateName=WnDkXXGG7DfCRzL86M0imSGSDkJghC4%2B&DistrictName=UwqikSg0P58%3D&level=cMpX3xtH%2BqA%3D&sublevel=a5JzOi%2F3L2g%3D |title=List of Habitations |website=indiawater.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/people/how-valley-s-young-sons-lose-to-the-gun/588276.html |title=How Valley's young sons lose to the gun |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=13 May 2018 |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034910/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/people/how-valley-s-young-sons-lose-to-the-gun/588276.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
It is situated {{cvt|6|km}} to the South of Shopian town, the district headquarters. The village is connected to Shopian by a metalled road & is bounded by Saidpora Bala and Saidpora Payeen in the north, Vehil-Shamsipora in the east, Ramnagri (Jumnagar) in the south and Sedow in the west.

== Demographics & Economy ==
According to [[2011 Census of India]], Amshipora hosts about 300 households, with a population of about 2000. Islam is the religion of its entire population.The main occupation of its people is cultivation of fruits, especially apple.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Shopian district]]

A. K. D'Souza

2026-01-14T19:13:40Z

AlizaHyder840: Adding first post first draft.

{{Short description|Indian playwright and actor (1925–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. K. D'Souza
| image = A. K. D'Souza (Antonio D'Souza).jpg
| caption = D'Souza in an undated photo released by [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] in 2012
| birth_name = Andre Antonio D'Souza
| birth_place = [[Goa Velha]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|6|13|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|director|actor|composer|singer|sailor}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]] (now Mumbai), India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|5|25|1925|6|13|df=y}}
| other_names = Anthony D'Souza
| employer = [[P&O]]
| spouse = Innocencia Alves D'Souza<ref>{{Cite book |title="Kolakarak Bhett" Fatima D'Souza |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2021 |location=Panjim, Goa, India |publication-date=24 March 2021 |pages=2}}</ref>
| children = {{hlist|[[Antonette Mendes|Antonette]]|[[Fatima D'Souza|Fatima]]}}
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]] (son-in-law)
* [[Romeo Mendes]] (son-in-law)}}
}}

'''Andre Antonio D'Souza''' (13 June 1925 – 25 May 1978),<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=167}}</ref> known professionally as '''A. K. D'Souza''', was an Indian playwright, [[theatre director|director]], actor, composer, singer, and sailor known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions in the 1950s.

==Career==
During the 1950s, D'Souza directed ''[[tiatr]]s'', a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]], and organized a series of performances in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and London. Among his popular creations were ''Dilolo Jurament'' (The Given Promise) and ''Hanv To Tarvotti'' (It's me, the Seaman).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-25 |title=TAG to remember artistes of yesteryears |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/06/25/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-artistes-of-yesteryears-2/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref> His [[rehearsal]]s for the ''tiatrs'' in Bombay were conducted at his residence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Desk |first1=NT |date=2019-06-23 |title=Bombay to Goa… …for the love of tiatr |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/23/magazines/buzz/bombay-to-goa-for-the-love-of-tiatr/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref> D'Souza shared a close affiliation with [[Minguel Rod]], a Goan singer and composer, as well as the [[Trio (music)|trio]] of ''tiatr'' performers called Kid Young Rod,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A voice that is eternal |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-that-is-eternal/114352 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> which was formed in 1947 and consisted of [[Kid Boxer]], Young Menezes, and Minguel Rod.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Desk |first1=NT |date=2019-08-27 |title=Remembering tiatrists of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/08/27/magazines/buzz/remembering-tiatrists-of-yesteryears-2/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Described by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] as a distinguished individual with a fine personality, D'Souza was known as a gentleman who maintained a polished appearance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=TAG Completes One Year of 'Somplolea Tiatristancho Ugddas' |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-10 }}</ref> [[Wilson Mazarello]], a Konkani singer and historian, describes him as a relatively modest writer and director of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatrs'' during the early days, but who consistently produced ''tiatrs'' at regular intervals.<ref name=":3" />

D'Souza played a pivotal role in shaping the career of his elder daughter, [[Antonette Mendes|Antonette]], on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. It was through one of his popular tiatrs, ''Hanv To Tarvotti'', staged at the Princess Street Theatre in Bombay, that Antonette made her debut at the age of 15.<ref name=":1" /> D'Souza himself had a maritime background and, with the support of fellow [[sailor|seamen]] from the [[P&O]] Company, had the honor of presenting his ''tiatr Hanv to Tarvotti'' in 1957 at [[Southampton]]. The performance featured the Konkani ''[[tiatrist]]'' and [[Bollywood]] artist, Miss Mohana.<ref name=":2" /> It was during this production that Antonette made her directorial debut under the guidance of D'Souza,<ref name=":1" /> who served as the writer.

==Personal life==
Information regarding the personal life of D'Souza remains limited, and few details are available. He was born on 13 June 1925<ref name=":5" /> and hailed from the town of [[Goa Velha]] in [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] and is presently located in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=182–186 |language=en}}</ref> D'Souza entered into matrimony with Innocencia, a homemaker<ref name=":1" /> and singer.<ref name=":0" /> Eventually, he departed from Goa and settled in [[Bombay]], where he and his wife established their residence. Both of their daughters, [[Fatima D'Souza|Fatima]] and Maria (later known as [[Antonette Mendes|Antonette]]), were born in Bombay and subsequently gained recognition as singers and actresses in the [[Tiatr|Konkani theatrical domain]]. Antonette, in due course, married [[Romeo Mendes]], a fellow Konkani actor and singer originally from [[Assonora]] but based in Bombay,<ref>{{Cite web |title=No more goals for the Queen of Hearts |url=https://www.thegoan.net//no-more-goals-for-the-queen-of-hearts/2342.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> and the couple had three children. Fatima, on the other hand, wedded [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], a Konkani actor and producer hailing from [[Chandor]], Goa,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-02-07 |title=Tiatrist Anil Kumar passes away – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/02/07/goanews/tiatrist-anil-kumar-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> and they had one son together.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
On multiple occasions, D'Souza has been commemorated as part of the "''Somplolea Tiatristancho Ugddas''" program organized by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG). This initiative strives to pay tribute to the contributions and dedication of deceased [[tiatrist]]s. These events took place in June of various years, including 2012,<ref name=":2" /> 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering tiatr artistes of yore |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Other-Voices/20th-jun-2013/66114 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-15 |title=Tiatr artists remembered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/feast-of-st-anthony-at-siolim-today/articleshow/36590711.cms?_gl=1*1953du3*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwNTgyMjU0Mi4xMTEuMC4xNzA1ODIyNTQzLjU5LjAuMA..#_ga=2.215103575.159991920.1705751399-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 2017,<ref name=":4" /> and 2019. The program featured other artists such as [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], Tony Fernandes, Jephsis Hitler, [[Reginald Fernandes]], C. P. Dias, Ulhas Buyao, [[Romeo Mendes]], [[Anthony Gonsalves]], Chico D'Costa, C. A. Gomes, and [[Eddison Fernandes]]. The commemorative events were held at TAG's Conference Hall in Campal Trade Centre, [[Campal]], [[Panjim]], and were attended by D'Souza's daughter, [[Fatima D'Souza|Fatima]], who delivered an address highlighting the lives and legacies of several late ''tiatr'' artistes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-30 |title=Late tiatr artistes remembered – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/30/magazines/buzz/late-tiatr-artistes-remembered-2/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1957
|''Hanv to Tarvotti''
|Writer
|
|
|-
|
|''Dilolo Jurament''
|Writer
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, A. K.}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

Keerthi Chawla

2026-01-12T19:14:15Z

AlizaHyder840: updated page

{{short description|Indian actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2009}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keerthi Chawla
| image = Keerthi Chawla (cropped).JPG
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Keerthi Chawla
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2002–2025
| spouse =
| website =
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Keerthi Chawla''' is an Indian actress, who worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Kannada]] film industry. She has appeared in some well-known films, such as ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]'', ''[[Aalwar]]'', ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' and ''[[Uliyin Osai]]''.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]'' || Vidya || rowspan="3" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Himmatwala (1998 film)|Himmatwala]]'' || Kajal ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Trishakti]]'' || Priyanka || Credited as Radhika
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002 || ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]'' || Nandu Reddy || rowspan="3" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"|2004 || ''Dharma'' || ||
|-
|''Bidalaare'' || Gowri || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaasi (2004 film)|Kaasi]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''Sravana Masam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aanai]]'' || Sandhya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Iddaru Attala Muddula Alludu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Dattha]]'' || Kavya|| Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007 || ''[[Aalwar]]'' || Madhu || rowspan="6" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' || Rani Das ||
|-
| ''[[Piragu]]'' || Thulasi ||
|-
| rowspan="7"|2008 || ''[[Uliyin Osai]]'' || Chamundi, Panchavan Mahadevi ||
|-
| ''Nalla Ponnu Ketta Paiyyan'' || Savithri Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Suryaa (2008 film)|Suryaa]]'' || Jyothi ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Tata Naa Birla]]'' || Vandana|| Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Nayagan (2008 film)|Nayagan]]'' || Divya || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mahesh, Saranya Matrum Palar]]'' || Herself || special appearance
|-
| ''[[Swetha 5/10 Wellington Road]]'' || Swetha || Tamil Telugu || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Keerthi-doesnt-mind-exposing/articleshow/4565073.cms? |title=Keerthi doesn't mind exposing |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2009 || ''[[Mast Maja Maadi]]'' ||Herself || Kannada ||special appearance in song "Shakalaka Bhoom"
|-
| rowspan="1"|2010|| ''[[Sadhyam]]'' || Anita || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011||''[[Mudhal Idam]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Broker (2010 film)|Broker]]'' || Vadani || Telugu ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Kasi Kuppam'' || || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]'' || Charumathi ||
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]'' || ||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Ilamai Oonjal]]'' || Herself ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]''
|Sita
|Telugu
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=2461300}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawla, Keerthi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rani Kamalapati–Rewa Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-23T06:33:16Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting Article - done

{{Short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Rani Kamalapati - Rewa Terminal ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = 2023-06-27 102345 RKMP JBP VB.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Mini VB Express train on standby at [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date|2023|06|27|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|28 June 2023|df=yes}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways (WCR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}} '''(RKMP)'''
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Rewa Terminal}} '''(REWA)'''
| distance = {{convert|569|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20173 / 20174
| line_used = *[[Bhopal–Nagpur section|Bhopal–Itarsi line]]
*[[Jabalpur–Bhusaval section|Itarsi–Jabalpur line]]
*[[Prayagraj–Jabalpur section|Jabalpur–Rewa line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}}
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|72|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[West Central Railway zone|Rewa (REWA)]]
| map = {{Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)-Rewa VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20173/20174 '''Rani Kamalapati - Rewa ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 22nd [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Bhopal]] with [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] city in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vande Bharat Express between Jabalpur and Bhopal to run from June 27|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-vande-bharat-express/na20230615135716373373847 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=english}}</ref> This train was flagged off by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 27 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Launches Bhopal-Indore, Bhopal-Jabalpur Vande Bharat Express Trains |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-modi-launches-bhopal-indore-bhopal-jabalpur-vande-bharat-express-trains-2627530.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> On 8 October 2023, it was announced that starting on 10 October, the train would be extended till [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]. Earlier the train used to run from [[Bhopal]] to [[Jabalpur]].<ref name="Jabalpur Vande Bharat extended to Rewa">{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/bhopal/bhopal-jabalpur-vande-bharat-train-go-to-rewa-from-10-october-train-timings-and-routes-changed/mp20231009092320087087682|title=Vande Bharat Bhopal To Rewa|work=ETV Bharat|accessdate=9 October 2023}}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Rani Kamalapati railway station|Rani Kamalapati]], [[Narmadapuram railway station|Narmadapuram]], [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Jn]], [[Pipariya railway station|Pipariya]], [[Narsinghpur railway station|Narsinghpur]], [[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur Jn]], [[Katni Junction railway station|Katni Jn]], [[Maihar railway station|Maihar]], [[Satna Junction railway station|Satna Jn]] and [[Rewa Terminal railway station|Rewa]]. It will be operated with train numbers 20173/20174 on 6 days a week basis. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore: समय नहीं बदला तो इंदौर सेे नहीं मिलेंगे इंदौर-भोपाल वंदे भारत ट्रेन को ज्यादा यात्री |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/indore-bhopal-vande-bharat-train-will-not-get-more-passengers-if-time-does-not-change-2023-06-15 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Jabalpur Vande Bharat extended to Rewa"/>

==Rakes==
It is the twentieth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and the eighth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20173/20174 Rani Kamalapati - Rewa Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|568|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|70|km/h}}. The service has 8 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Narmadapuram railway station]]
* [[Jabalpur Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

Danish India

2025-12-19T23:49:28Z

AlizaHyder840: general corrected formatting per standard format

{{short description|Former settlements and trading posts of Denmark and Norway on the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name|da|Dansk Ostindien}}
| conventional_long_name = Danish India
| common_name = Danish India
| status = Colonies
| status_text = {{plainlist|
* [[Danish East India Company]] (1620–1777)
* [[Denmark–Norway#Dano-Norwegian colonies|Dano-Norwegian colonies]] (1777–1814)
* [[Danish overseas colonies]] (1814–1869)}}
| empire = Denmark
| era = [[Colonial India|Colonial period]]
| p1 =
| s1 = Company rule in India
| s2 = British Raj
| year_start = 1620
| year_end = 1869
| title_leader = [[List of Danish monarchs|King of Denmark]] (and Norway until 1814)
| leader1 = [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]]
| year_leader1 = 1620–1648
| leader2 = [[Christian IX of Denmark|Christian IX]]
| year_leader2 = 1863–1869
| title_deputy = [[Governor]]
| deputy1 = Ove Gjedde
| year_deputy1 = 1620–1621
| deputy2 = Sivert Cortsen Adeler
| year_deputy2 = 1673–1682
| deputy3 = Christian Frederik Høyer
| year_deputy3 = 1759–1760
| deputy4 = Peter Anker
| year_deputy4 = 1788–1806
| deputy5 = Hans de Brinck-Seidelin
| year_deputy5 = 1825–1829
| deputy6 = [[Peder Hansen (governor)|Peder Hansen]]
| year_deputy6 = 1841–1845|
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark (state).svg
| flag_border = no
| image_map = Map of Danish India.png
| image_map_caption = Danish settlements in India|
| common_languages = {{ubl|[[Danish language|Danish]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Odia language|Odia]]|[[Hindi]]}}
| capital = [[Fort Dansborg]]
| currency = [[Danish Indian rupee|Danish Indian Rupee]]
| today = [[India]]
}}
[[File:Danish Colonial Merchant Ensign India.png|thumb|Danish Colonial Merchant Ensign India, (1620-1845/1869).]]
{{Colonial India}}'''Danish India''' ({{Langx|da|Dansk Ostindien}}) was the name given to the forts and [[Factory (trading post)|factories]] of [[Denmark–Norway]] ([[Denmark]] after 1814) in the [[Indian subcontinent]], forming part of the [[Danish overseas colonies]]. Denmark–Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, including the town of [[Tharangambadi]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] state, [[Serampore]] in present-day [[West Bengal]], and the [[Nicobar Islands]], currently part of India's [[union territory]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The Danish and Norwegian presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Rasmussen|first=Peter Ravn|title=Tranquebar: The Danish East India Company 1616–1669|url=http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html|publisher=University of Copenhagen|year=1996|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120144/http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dano-Norwegian ventures in India, as elsewhere, were typically undercapitalized and never able to dominate or monopolize trade routes in the same way that British, French, and Portuguese ventures could.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Felbæk |first=Ole |url=https://tidsskrift.dk/historisktidsskrift/article/view/53283/71019 |title=Den danske Asienhandel 1616–1807: Værdi og Volumen |journal=Historisk Tidsskrift|volume=90|issue=2|year=1990 |pages=320–324}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity|publisher=Springer|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4614-6201-9|editor-last=Magdalena|editor-first=Naum|series=Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology|volume=37|page=8|quote=Denmark and particularly Sweden struggled with upholding overseas colonies and recruiting settlers and staff willing to relocate.|editor-last2=Nordin|editor-first2=Jonas|via=SpringerLink}}</ref>
[[File:Contract between Christian IV of Denmark and Raja of Ceylon- 1618.jpg|left|thumb|The treaty signed between [[Christian IV of Denmark]] and Boshouwer (on behalf of [[Senarat of Kandy|Adahasin]]) in 1618. According to Adahasin, Boshouwer was not authorized to sign such a treaty on his behalf, hence it was null and void. Subsequently, the Danes demanded that the king honor the contract. The king failed to do so, and hence a new treaty was signed, granting Trincomalee to the Danish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauring |first=Kåre |title=Marchells Michielsz Boschouver – imperlebygger eller svindler |url=http://mfs.dk/sites/default/files/documents/1988MarchelisMichielsz71-114.pdf |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Danish Maritime Museum |pages=93–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062814/http://mfs.dk/sites/default/files/documents/1988MarchelisMichielsz71-114.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
Despite these disadvantages, the Danish-Norway concerns managed to cling to their colonial holdings and, at times, to carve out a valuable niche in international trade by exploiting wars between larger countries and offering foreign trade under a neutral flag.<ref>{{cite book|last=Poddar|first=Prem|title=A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalcompan00podd|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2394-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalcompan00podd/page/n153 99]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Feldbæk|first=Ole|authorlink=Ole Feldbæk|title=The Danish trading companies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Scandinavian Economic History Review|journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review|year=1986|volume=34|issue=3|pages=204–218|doi=10.1080/03585522.1986.10408070|doi-access=free}}</ref> For this reason, their presence was tolerated for many years until the rise of [[British Empire|British imperial power]] led to the sale of all Danish holdings in India to Britain during the nineteenth century.

== History ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The success of Dutch and English traders in the 17th-century [[spice trade]] was a source of envy among Danish and Norwegian merchants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bredscdorff |first=Asta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sFMlG26RhQC&pg=PA10 |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel: An Account of the Danish East India Company in TRanquebar, 1639–49 |publisher=Museum Tusculuanum Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-87-635-3023-1 |location=Copenhagen |page=10 |quote=In 1616 Danish merchants began to speculate on how they might get a share of some of the huge profits to be made out of the East India trade.}}</ref><ref>Olafsson, Jon (1907). "Indledning" [Introduction]. ''[https://archive.org/details/jonolafssonsopl00ristgoog/page/n12/mode/2up?view=theater Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv]'' [''Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself''] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag. p. I. "Danmark-Norges Handel og Søfart var under den foretagsomme Christian IV i mægtig Opkomst, og de Efterretninger, der kom Kongen for Øre om de euro- pæiske Expeditioner til Ostindien, – vel ikke mindst gennem de Fortællinger, som de mangfoldige danske og norske Søfolk, der i hollandsk Tjeneste havde deltaget i Sejladsen paa Indien, bragte hjem med sig – bevægede ham til, nu da Krigen med Sverrig var endt, ogsaa at gøre et Forsøg paa at faa et dansk-ostindisk Kompagni oprettet. Flere hollandske Købmænd, der var bosatte i Kjøbenhavn, først og fremmest [[Roland Crappé]]<nowiki/>støttede Kongen i disse Bestræbelser. [During the reign of Christian IV, Denmark-Norway's Trade and Shipping was in mighty rise, and the intelligence which came to the King's ear about the European expeditions to the East Indies, not least about the tales which the diverse Danes and Norwegian Seamen, who in Dutch Service had partaken on the voyage to India, moved him to, now that the War with Sweden had ended, also to make an attempt to get a Danish East-Indian Company created. Several Dutch merchants who were residents of Copenhagen, first and foremost Roland Crappe supported the King in these endeavors.]"</ref> On 17 March 1616, [[Christian IV]] the King of Denmark-Norway, issued a charter creating a [[Danish East India Company]] with a monopoly on trade between [[Denmark–Norway|Denmark-Norway]] and [[Asia]] for 12 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olafsson |first=Jon |url=https://archive.org/details/jonolafssonsopl00ristgoog/page/n12/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv |publisher=Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag |year=1907 |location=Copenhagen |page=I |language=Danish |trans-title=Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself |chapter=Indledning |trans-chapter=Introduction |quote=Ved Oktroj af 16. Marts 1616 blev det dansk-ostindiske Handels-Kompagni oprettet med det hollandske Kompagni som Forbillede. [By 16 October 1616, the Danish-East India Trade Company was established with the Dutch Company as a Model.]}}</ref> It would take an additional two years before sufficient capital had been raised to finance the expedition, perhaps due to a lack of confidence on the part of Danish investors. It took the arrival of the Dutch merchant and colonial administrator, Marchelis de Boshouwer, in 1618 to provide the impetus for the first voyage. Marcelis arrived as an envoy (or at least claimed to do so) for the king of [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]], [[Senarat of Kandy|Cenerat Adassin]], seeking military assistance against the Portuguese and promising a monopoly on all trade with the island.<ref>Olafsson, Jon (1907). "Indledning" [Introduction]. ''[https://archive.org/details/jonolafssonsopl00ristgoog/page/n14/mode/2up?view=theater Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv]'' [''Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself''] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag. p. II. "Der skulde nu udrustes et Togt til Ostindien, og Kongen fik end mere Blod paa Tanden, da der til Kjø- benhavn ankom en Gesandt fra selve Kejser Ceneradt Adassin paa Ceylon. Gesandten var en Hollænder ved Navn Marcelis Boshonwerj der i flere Aar havde været den ceylonske Kejsers Yndling og Raadgiver i hans mange Stridigheder med Portugiserne. Kejseren havde udnævnt ham til Admiral og Prins af Migomme og nu sendt ham afsted til Europa for at søge Bistand mod Portugiserne. Efter at være bleven afvist i Holland, begav Boshouwer sig til Danmark, hvor han opholdt sig et Aars Tid, og afsluttede en Handels- og Venskabs- Traktat mellem Kejseren af Ceylon og Kongen af Danmark-Norge". ["A voyage to the East Indies was now to be made, and the king got even more blood on his teeth when an envoy from the emperor Ceneradt Adassin himself arrived in Copenhagen. The envoy was a Dutchman by the name of Marcelis Boshonwerj, who for several years had been the favorite adviser of the Ceylonese emperor in his many disputes with the Portuguese. The emperor had appointed him Admiral and Prince of Migomme and now sent him off to Europe to seek assistance against the Portuguese. After being rejected in the Netherlands, Boshouwer went to Denmark, where he stayed for a year, concluding a Treaty of Trade and Friendship between the King of Kandy and the King of Denmark-Norway."]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer samt enkele andre fremtraedende personer i de tidligere Danske Tropekolonier |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen |page=15 |oclc=1629536|language=Danish |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Managers as well as some other significant persons in the former Danish Tropical Colonies |quote=Efter Kontrakten med Kejseren skulde Danmark have Monopol paa Ceylonhandelen i 12 Aar [According to the contract with the king, Denmark was to have a monopoly on the Ceylon trade for 12 years]}}</ref> His appeal had been rejected by his countrymen, but it convinced the Danish King.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Sanjay|year=1989|title=The Coromandel Trade of the Danish East India Company, 1618–1649|journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review|volume=37|issue=1|pages=43–44|doi=10.1080/03585522.1989.10408131|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Olafsson, Jon (1907). "Indledning" [Introduction]. ''[https://archive.org/details/jonolafssonsopl00ristgoog/page/n14/mode/2up?view=theater Jon Olafssons oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV, medskrevne of ham selv]'' [''Jon Olafsson's experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV, written by himself''] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Glydensalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag. p. II. "Senere viste det sig jo rigtignok, at han havde handlet vel meget paa egen Haand, og den nævnte Traktat fik ingen Betydning. [Later it turned out that he had acted very much on his own, and the said treaty had no significance.]"</ref>

=== First expedition (1618–1620) ===
{{See also|Action of 19 February 1619|Conquest of Koneswaram Temple}}
The first expedition set sail in 1618 under Admiral [[Ove Gjedde]], taking two years to reach Ceylon and losing more than half their crew on the way. Upon arriving in May 1620, they found the king no longer desiring any foreign assistance – having made a peace agreement with the Portuguese three years earlier. Nor, to the dismay of the admiral, was the king of Kandy the sole, or even the "most distinguished king in this land".<ref>Esther Fihl (2009). "Shipwrecked on the Coromandel:cThe first Indo–Danish contact, 1620". ''Review of Development and Change'' 14 (1&2): 19–40</ref>

Failing to get the Dano-Norwegian-Ceylonese trade contract confirmed, the Dano-Norwegians briefly occupied the [[Koneswaram Temple]] before receiving word from their trade director, Robert Crappe.<ref>Barner Jensen, U. "Danish East India. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. 11–12; Holden Furber "Imperi rivali nei mercati d'oriente, 1600–1800", note n° 66, p. 326: "[[Senarat of Kandy]] sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove Giedde."</ref>

Crappe had sailed on the scouting freighter ''Øresund'' one month before the main fleet. ''Øresund'' had attacked Portuguese vessels off the coast of [[Karaikal]] and was himself sunk, with most of the crew killed or taken prisoner. The heads of two crew members were placed on spikes on the beach as a warning to the Dano-Norwegians. Crappe and 13 of the crew had escaped the wreck, making it to shore where they were captured by Indians and taken to [[Raghunatha Nayak]], the [[Nayak of Tanjore]] (now [[Thanjavur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Tranquebar – A piece of Denmark on the coast of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-danish-history-and-coastal-charms-of-tharangambadi-or-tranquebar-near-puducherry-in-tamil-nadu/cid/1870111 |access-date=12 October 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=15 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/b29352678_0001/page/n49/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The English Factories in India (1618–1621) |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1906 |volume=1 |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |page=xlv |chapter=Introduction |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> The Nayak turned out to be interested in trading opportunities, and Crappe negotiated a treaty granting them the village of [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar (or Tharangamabadi)]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Larsen|first=Kay|title=Volume 1 of Dansk-Ostindiske Koloniers historie: Trankebar|year=1907|publisher=Jørgensen|pages=167–169}}</ref> the right to construct a "stone house" ([[Fort Dansborg]]), and permission to levy taxes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bredsdorff|first=Asta|title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel: An Account of the Danish East India Company in Tranquebar, 1639–48|year=2009|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|isbn=978-87-635-3023-1|page=13}}</ref> This was signed on 20 November 1620.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laursen |first=L. |url=https://runeberg.org/danotrak/3/0372.html |title=Traites du Danemark et de la Norvege. Danmark-Norges Traktater 1523–1750 Med dertil horende aktstykker: Tredie Bind (1589–1625) |publisher=L. Laursen, Calsberg Foundation |year=1916 |volume=3 |location=Copenhagen |pages=360–366 |language=Danish |trans-title=Treaties of Denmark-Norway (1523–1750) with Associated Acts – Volume 3 (1589–1625) |chapter=1620. 19. Nov. (Tanjore). Traktat mellem Admiral Ove Gjedde paa Kong Christian IVs Vegne og Kongen af Tanjore. |trans-chapter=1620. 19. Nov. (Tanjore). Treaty between Admiral Ove Gjedde on behalf of King Christian IV and the King of Tanjore. |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Early years (1621–1639) ===
The early years of the colony were arduous, with poor administration and investment, coupled with the loss of almost two-thirds of all the trading vessels dispatched from Denmark.<ref>Of the 18 ships that departed from Denmark between 1622 and 1637, only seven returned. Kay Larsen: Trankebar, op.cit., pp. 30–31.</ref> The ships that did return made a profit on their cargo, but total returns fell well short of the costs of the venture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brdsgaard|first=Kjeld Erik|title=China and Denmark: Relations Since 1674|year=2001|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-87062-71-8|pages=9–11}}</ref> Moreover, the geographical location of the colony was [[wikt:vulnerable|vulnerable]] to high tidal waves that repeatedly destroyed what people built – roads, houses, administrative buildings, markets, etc.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jeyaraj|first=Daniel|title=Bartholomus Ziegenbalg, the Father of Modern Protestant Mission: An Indian Assessment|year=2006|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-920-8|pages=10–27|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZYAOyJ-6SMC&q=danish%20traders%20Tanjore%20Tranquebar%20india%20colony&pg=PA10|chapter=Trancquebar Colony: Indo-Danish Settlement}}</ref> Although the intention had been to create an alternative to the English and Dutch traders, the dire financial state of the company and the redirection of national resources towards the [[Thirty Years' War]] led the colony to abandon efforts to trade directly for themselves and, instead, to become neutral third-party carriers for goods in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

By 1625 a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] had been established at [[Masulipatnam]] (present-day [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]), the most important [[emporium (antiquity)|emporium]] in the region. Lesser trading offices were established at [[Pipli]] and [[Balasore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbqs7b4.10 |title=Jan Company in Coromandel 1605–1690: A Study in the Interrelations of European Commerce and Traditional Economies |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1962 |location=The Hague |page=113 |chapter=Rivals in Trade |volume=38 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctvbqs7b4.10 |author-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri}}</ref><ref>Diller, Stephan (1999). "Faktoreien, Kronkolonien oder Europäische Freihandelsplätze?: Malabarküste" [Factories, crown colonies or European free trade centers?: Malabar Coast]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA215 Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620–1845)]'' [''The Danes in India, South-East Asia and China (1620–1845)''] (in German). Wiesbaden: Harassowitz Verlag. p. 217. {{ISBN|978-3-447-04123-2}}. Retrieved 27 May 2022. "Nachdem erste Verhandlungen 1633 zunächst fehlgeschlagen waren, wurde um 1636 die erste danische Faktorei in Balasore gegrundet". ["After initial negotiations in 1633 initially failed, the first Danish trading post was founded in Balasore around 1636."]</ref><ref>Wellen, Kathryn (2015). "[https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642–1698]" (PDF). ''Journal of Early Modern History''. '''19''': 448 – via Brill. "Despite unfulfilled requests for compensation for these losses, the Danes established a manned factory at Pipli in 1626 which, according to Dutch reports, did well during its first year.</ref> Despite this, by 1627 the colony was in such a poor financial state that it had just three ships left and was unable to pay the agreed-upon tribute to the ''Nayak'', increasing local tensions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subrahmanyan |first=Sanjay |author-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyan |date=1989 |title=The coromandel trade of the Danish East India Company, 1618–1649 |journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review |volume=37 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1080/03585522.1989.10408131 |quote="The poor financial position of his Company in 1627 led to a failure on bis part to pay revenues to the Nayaka of Tanjavur, both on Tranquebar and on Puducheri, which the Danes farmed for a brief period in the 1621–5." |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Danish-Norwegian presence was also unwanted by English and Dutch traders. They saw the Danes and Norwegians as benefiting from the protection of their navies, without bearing any of the cost. However, the English and Dutch could make no moves to decisively quash the Danish-Norwegian trade, owing to the entanglement of all these trading nations in wars in Europe – most notably, the Thirty Years' War; the consequent ramifications to each nation's foreign policy effectively muted the English and Dutch reactions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald|title=Trade, missions, literature, Volume 3|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46753-5|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vk04ZSIZDAEC&q=sale%20of%20Tranquebar%20to%20the%20dutch&pg=PA92}}</ref>

===Dutch influence (1640–1649)===
* 1640 – Denmark-Norway attempt to sell [[Fort Dansborg|Fort Danesborg]] to the Dutch for a second time.
* 1642 – Danish-Norway colony [[Dano-Mughal War|declares war]] on the [[Mughal Empire]] and commences raiding ships in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Within a few months they had captured one of the Mughal emperor's vessels, incorporated it into their fleet (renamed ''Bengali Prize'') and sold the goods in [[Tranquebar]] for a substantial profit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |date=2015 |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642–1698 |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=19 |issue=5 |page=448 |doi=10.1163/15700658-12342470 |quote=Appalled, Pessart sent a formal declaration of war in 1642 and sent two of Tranquebar's best ships north to attack Bengal, where they captured a ship they renamed Den Bengalske Prise. |via=Brill}}</ref>
* 1643 – [[Willem Leyel]], designated the new leader of the colony by the company directors in [[Copenhagen]] arrives aboard the ''Christianshavn'' and [[Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg|besieges Dansborg]] to insure his succession. (see [[Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart]])... Holland and [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] [[Torstenson War|declare war]] on [[Denmark–Norway|Denmark-Norway]].
* 1645 – Danish-Norway factory holdings fall increasingly under Dutch control. The [[Siege of Dansborg (1644)|Nayak sends small bands to raid Tranquebar.]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanner |first=Michael |date=2012 |title=Tranquebar – Economic, Culture and Power Centre of Danish India 1620–1845 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43252693 |journal=Prague Papers on the History of International Relations |publisher=Institute of World History, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague |page=41 |quote=Yet still the dissatisfaction with the gifts and paying the tariffs resulted in two attacks on Tranquebar led by the Nayak's troops between 1645 and 1648.}}</ref>
* 1648 – [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]], patron of the colony, dies. [[Danish East India Company]] bankrupt.

=== Abandonment and isolation (1650–1669) ===
The lack of financial return led to repeated efforts by the major stockholders of the company to have it dissolved. The King, [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]], resisted these efforts until his death in 1648.<ref>{{cite book|title=Companies and Trade: Essays on Overseas Trading Companies During the Ancien Regime|chapter=The Organization and Structure of the Danish East India, West India and Guinea Companies in the 17th and 18th Centuries|last=Feldbæk|first=Ole|editor-last1=Blussé|editor-first1=Leonard|editor-last2=Gaastra|editor-first2=Femme|location=Leiden|publisher=Leiden University Press|year=1981|page=140|isbn=978-94-009-8617-6}}</ref> Two years later his son, [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]], abolished the company.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feldboek|first=Ole|year=1991|title=The Danish Asia trade 1620–1807|journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review|volume=39|issue=1|page=3–27|doi=10.1080/03585522.1991.10408197|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Although the company had been abolished, the colony was a royal property and still held by a [[garrison]] unaware of court developments back at home. As the number of Danes-Norwegians declined through desertions and illness, Portuguese and Portuguese-Indian natives were hired to garrison the fort until eventually, by 1655, Eskild Anderson Kongsbakke was the commander and sole remaining Dane in Tranquebar.<ref name=":0" />

An illiterate commoner, Kongsbakke was loyal to his country and successfully held the fort under a Danish-Norwegian flag<ref>Larsen, Kay (1940). ''[https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf Guvernører, Residenter, Kommadanter og Chefer samt enkele andre fremtradende personer i de tidligere Danske Tropokolonier]'' [''Governors, Residents, Commanders and Managers as well as some other significant persons in the former Danish Tropical Colonies''] (PDF) (in Danish). Copenhagen: Arthur Jensens Forlag. p. 19. Retrieved 27 May 2022. "Da ophørte Besejlingen af Trankebar aldeles en Aarrække; dog holdt Kolonien sig ved egne Kræfter under dansk. Flag, takket være den jævne, brave Guvernør Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke, indtil en dansk Hjælpeekspedition naaede ud i 1669. [Then the sailing of Trankebar ceased for a number of years; However, the colony maintained its own forces under Danish Flag, thanks to the smooth, brave Governor Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke, until a Danish Auxiliary Expedition reached out in 1669.]"</ref> against [[Sieges of Tranquebar (1655–1669)|successive sieges by the Nayak]] for non-payment of tribute, whilst seizing ships in the Bay of Bengal. Using the proceeds of the sale of their goods to repair his defenses, he built a wall around the town and negotiated a settlement with the Nayak.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Larsen |first1=Kay |last2=Green-Pedersen |first2=Sv. E. |date=18 July 2011 |title=Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Eskild_Andersen_Kongsbakke |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Danish Biographical Lexicon}}</ref>

Kongsbakke's reports, sent to Denmark via other European vessels, finally convinced the Danish-Norwegian government to relieve him. The frigate ''Færø'' was dispatched to India, commanded by Capt Sivardt Adelaer, with an official confirmation of his appointment as colony leader. It arrived May 1669 – ending 19 years of isolation.<ref name=":0" />

=== The Second Danish East India Company (1670–1732) ===
Trade between [[Denmark–Norway|Denmark-Norway]] and [[Tranquebar]] now resumed, a new Danish East India Company was formed, and several new commercial outposts were established, governed from Tranquebar: [[Edava|Oddeway Torre]] on the [[Malabar coast]] in 1696,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diller |first=Stephan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA236 |title=Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620–1845) |publisher=Harassowitz Verlag |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-447-04123-2 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=236–237 |language=German |trans-title=The Danes in India, South-East Asia and China (1620–1845) |chapter=Faktoreien, Kronkolonien oder Europäische Freihandelsplätze?: Malabarküste |trans-chapter=Factories, crown colonies or European free trade centers?: Malabar Coast |quote=Der Danische Gouverneur Tranquebars, Claus Voigt (1694–1701), grundete gegen 1695/6 in Eddowa, an der Malabarkuste zwischen Quilon und Anjengo gelegen, auf einem stuck land, das der zweiten Danischen Ostindien-Kompanie von der Konigin von Attingal uberlassen worden war, eine faktorei, die 1721/2 nach einem streit zwischen dem Danischen opperhoved und dem lokalen machthaber aufgegeben werden musste [The Danish governor of Tranquebar, Claus Voigt (1694–1701), founded a factory around 1695/6 in Eddowa, located on the Malabar coast between Quilon and Anjengo, on a piece of land that had been given to the second Danish East India Company by the Queen of Attingal, a trading post that had to be abandoned in 1721/2 after a dispute between the Danish Chief and the local ruler] |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>Hamilton, Alexander (1744). "26. Gives an account of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Couchin]] its Government and Strength, its ancient and present State, its Produce and Commerce, with some account of the Jews inhabiting there." ''[https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast01hamigoog/page/n367/mode/2up?view=theater A New Account of the East Indies]''. Vol. 1. London: C. Hitch, A. Millar. p. 333. <q>Erwa lies two Leagues to the Southward of [[Quilandy|Coiloan]] where the Danes have a small Factory standing on the Sea Side. It is a thatch'd House of a very mean Aspect, and their Trade answers, every Way, to the Figure their Factory makes.</q></ref> and [[Gondalpara|Dannemarksnagore]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommadanter og Chefer samt enkele andre fremtradende personer i de tidligere Danske Tropokolonier |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen |page=19 |language=Danish |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Managers as well as some other significant persons in the former Danish Tropical Colonies |quote=Guvernementet i Trankebar købte 1698 et Stykke Land ved Hugli Floden i Bengalen for 30.000 Rupier [In 1698, the government of Trankebar bought a piece of land by the Hugli River in Bengal for 30,000 Rupees] |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>Wellen, Kathryn (2015). "[https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642–1698]" (PDF). ''Journal of Early Modern History''. '''19''': 448 – via Brill. "Furthermore, Andræ signed a lease to a piece of land at Gondalapara near French Chandernagore for 30,000 rupees to be paid over ten years. This became Dannemarksnagore where the Danes established a factory which served as the basis for their presence in Bengal."</ref> southeast of [[Chandernagore]] in 1698. The settlement with the Nayak was confirmed and Tranquebar was permitted to expand to include three surrounding villages.

* Nayak of Thanjavur tried to [[Siege of Tranquebar (1699)|besiege Tranquebar]]

* 9 June 1706 – [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV, king of Denmark-Norway]] sends two German [[Lutheran]] missionaries to India, [[Heinrich Plütschau]] and [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] – the first Protestant missionaries in India. Previously priests had not attempted to convert, and Indians denied entry to European churches. Arriving in 1707, they were not welcomed by their countrymen who suspected them of being spies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Suresh K.|title=Leiden University Press|year=2004|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-959-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKgPNp8YEhEC&q=danish%20traders%20Tanjore%20Tranquebar%20india%20colony&pg=PA72}}</ref>
* Ziegenbalg gains converts among the Indians who, by royal decree, are freed to encourage further [[Christianization|Christianisation]] amongst the Indians. Christianity becomes associated with lower caste people and rejected by upper caste Hindus.
* Tensions arise between Ziegenbalg, who came under the authority of the King, and the local governor, John Sigismund Hassius who eventually feels Ziegenbalg is undermining Tranquebar's slave trade and jails him for 4 months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shantz |first=Douglas H. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40wB2kGLm28C&pg=PA245 |title=An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4214-0830-9 |location=Baltimore, Maryland |page=245 |chapter=Pietism, World Christianity and Missions to South India and Labrador |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>
* Ziegenbalg attempts to learn as much as possible of the language of the inhabitants of Tranquebar, hiring tutors to learn [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and buying Hindu texts. He finds ways to create rifts in the local society in collusion with a few new converts to Christianity. He eventually writes the first Tamil [[glossary]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[German language|German]] dictionary, and translations of Hindu books. He translates parts of the [[Bible]] into Tamil. He completes the New Testament in prison, and the Old Testament later. Receiving funds from [[Europe]] he sets up a [[printing press]] and prints [[Tamil Bible]]s and [[book]]s. He becomes a book printer in India and produces paper. He establishes a [[seminary]] for Indian priests in Tranquebar before his death in Tranquebar 1719.
* This [[Tranquebar Mission]] leads to missionaries spreading outside the colony, despite opposition from the kings of Tranquebar.
* 1729 – Danish-Norwegian King forces the Danish East India Company to loan him money. His failure to repay the loan and inconsistency of Indian trade forces the company into liquidation.

=== Trade stabilises under Danish Asiatic Company (1732–1772) ===
[[File:Danish Colonial Merchant Ensign India.png|left|thumb|Colonial Merchant Ensign of Denmark]]
[[File:Tranquebar - Skoklosters slott - 86273.tif|thumb|upright=1.2|A view of the Danish colony of Tranquebar with the Dansborg fortress in south east India, 1658.]]
* 12 April 1732 – [[Christian VI of Denmark|King Christian VI]] signs charter of new Asiatic Company with 40-year monopoly on Asian trade with India and China. Both previous companies had failed due to the lack of continuity in trade. This time, the intention of the investors was "to place this Asiatic Trade in Our Realms and Territories on a more constant footing in time to come."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feldbæk|first=O|date=1986|title=Danske handelskompagnier 1616–1843|journal=Oktrojer og Interne Ledelsesregler|pages=91–92}}</ref>
* 1730s – Denmark's Chinese and Indian trade stabilises, with cargo from India dominated by cotton fabrics from the [[Coromandel Coast]] and [[Bengal]].
* 1752–1791 – Pepper procurement lodge established at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9ZLGRcx4ksC&pg=PA104 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Other Papers of Importance Relating to British Affairs in Malabar |publisher=Asian Education Services |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-206-0449-0 |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi |page=104 |chapter=115. Powers given by the King Samoorin to the Factory of the (Danish) Royal Company. |author-link=William Logan (author)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/505/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Malabar Manual |publisher=Asian Education Services |year=2010 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |page=505 |quote=But in 1788, when Tippu began his religious persecutions in Malabar, the Danish Factor (Manuel Bernardes) under the orders of Tippu's Fouzdar Arsad Beg Khan precipitately fled from the place, abandoning his trust. The Governor-General, to whom the matter was referred, expressed in 1795 an opinion adverse to the Danish interests, as it was clear that the Danish Factor had voluntarily abandoned the possession in 1788 in Tippu's time. |author-link=William Logan (author)}}</ref>
* November 1754 – A meeting of Danish-Norwegian officials is held in Tranquebar. A decision is made to colonise the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to plant [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[cinnamon]], [[sugarcane]], [[Coffee bean|coffee]] and [[cotton]].
* December 1755 – Danish-Norwegian settlers arrive on Andaman Islands. The colony experiences outbreaks of [[malaria]] that saw the settlement abandoned periodically until 1848, when it was abandoned for good. This sporadic occupation led to encroachments of other colonial powers onto the islands including [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]].<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h34xv9i0CWIC&q=danish+india&pg=PA82|title = Andaman and Nicobar Islands: A Security Challenge for India|last = Kukreja|first = Dhiraj|date = 1 September 2013|journal = Indian Defence Review|isbn=978-81-7062-183-6}}</ref>
* October 1755 – Frederiksnagore in [[Serampore]], in present-day [[West Bengal]].<ref>Baggesen, August (1840). ''[https://www.kb.dk/e-mat/dod/130021592650_bw.pdf Den danske stat eller kongeriget danmark med tilhørende ilande, samt hertugdommerne slesvig, holsteen og lauenborg betragtet geographik og statistisk, ifaer fra et militairt standpunst]'' [''The Danish state or the kingdom of Denmark with associated islands, as well as the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg considered geographically and statistically, from a military standpoint''] (in Danish). p. 188. Copenhagen: [[Bianco Luno]]. "og 1755 erhvervedes og anlagdes i Bengalen Byen Frederiksnagor eller Serampore." ["And in 1755, the Bengali city of Frederiksnagore or Serampore was established."]</ref>
* 1 January 1756 – The Nicobar Islands are declared Danish-Norwegian property under the name [[Frederiksøerne]] (Frederick's Islands).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baggesen |first=August |url=https://www.kb.dk/e-mat/dod/130021592650_bw.pdf |title=Den danske stat eller kongeriget danmark med tilhørende ilande, samt hertugdommerne slesvig, holsteen og lauenborg betragtet geographik og statistisk, ifaer fra et militairt standpunst |publisher=[[Bianco Luno]] |year=1840 |location=Copenhagen |page=476 |language=Danish |trans-title=The Danish state or the kingdom of Denmark with associated islands, as well as the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg considered geographically and statistically, from a military standpoint |chapter=De Nikobarske eller Der Frederiksoerne |trans-chapter=The Nicobar Islands or Frederiksoerne |quote=Vel har det danske Flag vajer paa disse Der siden 1756, da Gouverneuren i Trankebar tog dem i Besiddelse ved kieutcnant Lhanck, men koloniseringen har aldrig havt nogen Fremgang paa samme. [Well, the Danish flag has been waving there since 1756, when the governor of Trankebar took them in possession by Lieutenant Lhanck, but colonization has never had any progress on the same.] |via=Royal Danish Library}}</ref>
* [[Cattle War]] starts over the stealing of cattle
* 1756–1760 – All colonisation efforts on the islands fail with settlers wiped out by [[malaria]]. Danish-Norwegian claims to the islands were later sold to the British.
* 1763 – Danish factory at [[Balasore]], which was first opened in 1636, reopens again after receiving a [[Firman|farman]] from the Marathas.<ref>Diller, Stephan (1999). "Faktoreien, Kronkolonien oder Europäische Freihandelsplätze?: Malabarküste" [Factories, crown colonies or European free trade centers?: Malabar Coast]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA217 Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620–1845)]'' [''The Danes in India, South-East Asia and China (1620–1845)''] (in German). Wiesbaden: Harassowitz Verlag. p. 217. {{ISBN|978-3-447-04123-2}}. Retrieved 27 May 2022. "Obwohl der geheime rat Gert Kohlendahl aus Tranquebar am 13. mai 1684 eine bestatigung des Parwanas von 1676 erlangte, blieb die Danische faktorei bis zum erhalt eines neuen Farmans durch die das Mogulreich ablosenden Marathen am 4. mai 1762 geschlossen." [Although the privy councilor Gert Kohlendahl from Tranquebar obtained confirmation of the Parwana of 1676 on 13 May 1684, the Danish factory remained closed until the receipt of a new [[Firman|farman]] by the Maratha, who replaced the Mughal empire, on 4 May 1762.]</ref> [[British occupation of Serampore (1763)|The British occupy Serampore for the year.]]

=== The Golden Age of Danish India (1772–1808) ===
[[File:Nicobar 2.jpg|thumb|A map of the Nicobar Islands under Danish administration, in June 1845]]
* Danish-Norwegian trade grew substantially during these decades due to three key factors
**The loss of the Danish Asiatic Company's monopoly on trade with India in 1772, opening up the trade to all Danish-Norwegian merchants. Administration of Tranquebar, Serampore, and factories in Bengal and along the Malabar Coast was taken over by the Crown in 1777.<ref>Hansen, C. Rise (2011). "List of Danish Governors in the Colonial Territories of Asia". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EL77Dk9jyaQC&pg=PA703 Sources of the History of North Africa, Asia and Oceania in Denmark]''. Munich, Germany: K. G. Saur Verlag. p. 703. {{ISBN|978-3-11-097036-4}}. Retrieved 25 May 2022. <q>The fortress Dansborg at Tranquebar established in 1620. In 1777 the Danish crown took possession of the colony. 1801–02 and 1808–1815 occupied by British forces.</q></ref><ref>Strandberg, Elisabeth (1983). "Letter from Raja Simvharaja Narasimha Pamdita to [[Hermann Abbestée|Hermann Abbestee]]". ''[https://archive.org/details/modi-documents-in-the-tanjore-archive/page/n325/mode/2up?view=theater The Modi Documents from Tanjore in Danish Collections]''. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH. p. 303 fn#3. Retrieved 26 May 2022. "In 1777 was signed the royal ordinance about the take over by the Danish crown of the administration of the Danish possessions and factories in India. In 1779, the actual take over was effected and Hermann Abbestee was installed as the new Company's first governor."</ref> This freed the company from the colonial expenses but did not change the conditions of trade with India – leaving it in a better financial position.
**The growth in both international trade and the increase in wars between the trading nations of [[England]], [[France]] and [[Holland]]. This meant that during these wars, trade from the warring nations would be carried by neutral nations like Denmark Norway to avoid seizure by the warring parties.
**The expansion of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in India, particularly after the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. After this victory many employees of the company acquired vast private fortunes at the expense of the company itself. Both the company and the British Government made considerable effort to prevent these fortunes from being transported back to England on British vessels, leading to massive laundering through French, Dutch, and Danish Norwegian competitors. This injected enormous amounts of capital into Danish Norwegian trade during the 1770s. The value of the trade, however, remained extremely volatile.
**1799 – Dispute between Denmark-Norway and Britain over the rights of a neutral nation to carry out trade with foreign colonies to which it did not normally have access during peacetime. Essentially, Britain was trying to prevent Denmark from carrying out the trade of countries Britain was at war with. At the time Denmark-Norway was able to make exorbitant profits from fetching colonial products from [[French India|French]] and [[Dutch India|Dutch]] possessions in the [[Indian Ocean]] and discharging them into the European market through [[Copenhagen]].
**In 1789, the [[Andaman Islands]] became a [[British Raj|British]] possession.

=== Napoleonic Wars and decline ===
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Denmark-Norway practiced a policy of [[armed neutrality]] whilst carrying French and Dutch goods from the [[Dutch East Indies]] to Copenhagen. This led to the [[English Wars (Scandinavia)|English Wars]] during which Britain defeated the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|Danish-Norwegian fleet]], cut off the Danish East India Company's India trade, and occupied Dansborg, Balasore and Frederiksnagore from 1801 to 1802,<ref>Carey, W. H. (1907). "Chapter 14: The Danes in India". [https://indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/31937 ''The Good Old Days of Honorable John Company: Being Curious Reminiscences Illustrating Manners and Customs of the British in India During the Rule of East India company from 1600 to 1858 Vol. II''.] Calcutta: R. Cambray and Co. p. 278. "The first interruption which the trade of Serampore received, after a course of uninterrupted prosperity for forty-five years, was in the year 1801, when, in consequence of hostilities between England and Denmark, it was sequestered by the English authorities. But it was restored almost immediately after, at the peace of Amiens, and the loss was rapidly repaired."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strandberg |first=Elisabeth |url=https://archive.org/details/modi-documents-in-the-tanjore-archive/page/n353/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Modi Documents from Tanjore in Danish Collections |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH |year=1983 |location=Wiesbaden |page=332 |chapter=Letter from Raja [[Serfoji II |Serfoji II Bhonsle]] to [[Peter Anker]] |quote=Further, it was a great pleasure for us to hear that on the 17th August A. D. 1802, the Danish flag was (again) hoisted on the fort of Tranquebar. |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> and again, from 1808 to 1815.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gani |first=Shahabuddin M. |date=1959 |title=Danish Settlement of Balasore |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304322 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Historical Congress |volume=22 |page=356 |jstor=44304322 |quote="Mr. N. B. Edmonstone, Secretary to Govt. in the Political Govt. Dept., Fort William also sent orders on 27 January 1808, to the Magistrate of Cuttack, 'to issue orders to the officer commanding at Balasore to take possession in the name of His Majesty of all factories and buildings, all property and also all papers, accounts and records belonging to His Danish Majesty or the Danish East India Company situated in or near Balasore." }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasten |first=Simon |date=2009 |title=The Tranquebar tribute during the reign of Rajah Serfoji II |url=https://natmus.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Editor/natmus/forskning/dokumenter/Tranquebar/RDC_XIV_Tranquebar.pdf |journal=Review of Development and Change |edition=1 |volume=14 |page=44 |doi=10.1177/0972266120090104 |s2cid=199933051 |quote="On 14 January 1814, the peace treaty was signed in Kiel, and in June 1815 the British Government in Madras received orders to surrender Tranquebar to the Danes. Subsequently, a special commission was appointed to take care of the formalities. The official transfer of sovereignty took place on 20 September when the newly arrived Danish Governor, Gerhard Sievers Bille took command of Tranquebar."}}</ref> In 1814 [[Kingdom of Norway (1814)|Norway gained independence from Denmark]].

[[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] made an attempt at buying the Nicobar Islands from Denmark between 1864 and 1868. In an attempt to gain colonies for the nascent kingdom, the Nicobar Islands were a prospect since it was about to be vacated by the Danes anyway.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Battaglia |first=Roberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XMcAAAAMAAJ |title=La prima guerra d'Africa |publisher=Einaudi |year=1958 |isbn=978-88-06-35626-2 |location=Torino |page=68 |trans-title=The First War in Africa |oclc=797811924 |quote=Poiché la Danimarca intendeva disfarsi di quelle isole deserte poste sotto la sua sovranità}}</ref> Biago Caranti, subordinate to the Italian Minister of Agriculture and Commerce [[Luigi Torelli]], first proposed the idea in his report to Torelli in 1865, where he mentioned that apart from establishing a penal colony, the islands were also valuable due to their location and potential for growing tobacco plantations.<ref>Caranti, Biago (1879). "Relazione a S. E. il Ministro di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio Commendatore Luigi Torelli: Sulla Convenienza Della Colonizzazione Penitenziera" [Report to S. E. the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Commander Luigi Torelli: On the Convenience of a Penal colony]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t7JBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 Pagine Raccolte]'' [''Collected Works''] (in Italian). Via Ospendale, Torino: Tip. e. lit. Camilla e Bertolero. pp. 37–61. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</ref> Such a distant outpost would also bring prestige to the Italian state. Torelli started a negotiation that looked promising, but failed due to the fall of the [[Second La Marmora government]] and his resulting departure from office. The negotiations were interrupted and never brought up again.<ref>Mavropoulos, Nikolaos (2019). [https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/handle/11573/1154711/793306/Tesi%20dottorato%20Mavropoulos The Japanese expansionism in Asia and the Italian expansion in Africa: A comparative study of the early Italian and Japanese colonialism]. (Thesis) p. 58. Rome: Sapienza University of Rome.</ref>

The Danish colonies went into decline, and the British ultimately took possession of them, making them part of [[British India]]: [[Serampore]] was sold to the British in 1839, and Tranquebar and most minor settlements in 1845 (11 October 1845 Frederiksnagore sold; 7 November 1845 other continental Danish India settlements sold);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carey |first=W. H. |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/31937 |title=The Good Old Days of Honorable John Company: Being Curious Reminiscences Illustrating Manners and Customs of the British in India During the Rule of East India company from 1600 to 1858 Vol. II |publisher=R. Cambray and Co. |year=1907 |location=Calcutta |page=279 |chapter= 14: The Danes in India}}</ref> on 16 October 1868 all Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands, which since 1848 had been gradually abandoned, were sold to Britain. The islands were formally annexed by Britain in 1869.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Sirdar Mahomed Ismail |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100136851548.0x000011 |title=India Office Records: Abstract of Letters from India |publisher=Government of India |year=1869 |location=London |page=191 |chapter=Annexation of the Nicobar Islands |quote=Under the authority of your Despatch of 20th January last, we have given directions that one of Her Majesty's Vessels should at once proceed to the Nicobar Islands, in order formally to take possession of them in the name of the Government of India. |access-date=26 May 2022 |via=Qatar Digital Library}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
After the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]] was ceded to the British, it lost its special trading status and had its administrative roles transferred to Nagapattinam. The town rapidly dwindled in importance,<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Grønseth|first=Kristian|date=2007|title='A Little Piece of Denmark in India', The Space and Places of a South Indian Town, and The Narratives of Its Peoples|type=Master's|chapter= |publisher=University of Oslo |docket= |page=4|oclc=761236629 |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/16719
|access-date=29 May 2022|quote=After becoming part of British India Tranquebar (renamed by the British) lost its special trade privileges and rapidly dwindled in importance. Today it is mainly a fishing village surrounding a small town with historical buildings and ruins from the Danish era.}}</ref> although the expansion of the British into South India led to Tranquebar becoming a hub for missionary activity for some time and a place particularly known for training native priests. By the end of the 19th century, the mission established by [[Ziegenbalg]] was functioning entirely independently and lives on today as the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]].<ref name="Rangan"/>
[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|left|[[Fort Dansborg]] at [[Tranquebar]] was established in 1620.]]
Now primarily a fishing village, the legacy of the Dano-Norwegian colonial presence is entirely local but can be seen in the architecture of the small town that lies within the boundaries of the old (and long gone) city walls.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Grønseth|first=Kristian|date=2007|title='A Little Piece of Denmark in India', The Space and Places of a South Indian Town, and The Narratives of Its Peoples|type=Master's|chapter= |publisher=University of Oslo |docket= |oclc=761236629 |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/16719
|access-date=29 May 2022|page=10|quote=Tranquebar is different from Tarangambadi in almost every detail: Architecturally it resembles a European colony more than an Indian fishing village, the population is demographically different (the majority inside the city walls are Christian, and no fishermen live here) and the soundscape is less Indian than museum-like: Compared to Main Street a couple of hundred meters away, King Street is nearly silent.}}</ref> Journalist [[Sam Miller (disambiguation)|Sam Miller]] describes the town as the most recognisably European of the former colonial settlements.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Strange Kind of Paradise|last=Miller|first=Sam|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|year=2014|isbn=978-0-670-08538-5|location=India|page=203|quote=Indeed, the coastal village of Tranquebar is the most recognisably European of the former colonial settlements built by five nations: the British, the French, the Portuguese, the Dutch and the Danes.}}</ref>

Although only a handful of colonial buildings can be definitely dated to the Danish era, many of the town's residential buildings are in classical styles that would not be dissimilar to those of the era and that contribute to the historic atmosphere. The remaining Dano-Norwegian buildings include a gateway inscribed with a Danish royal seal, a number of colonial bungalows, two churches and principally – [[Fort Dansborg]], constructed in 1620. The fort was declared a protected monument by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 1977 and now houses a [[museum]] dedicated to the Dano-Norwegians in India.<ref name="Rangan"/>

There are no known descendants of the Dano-Norwegian settlers in or around the town. Since 2001, [[Danes]] have been active in mobilising volunteers and government agencies to purchase and restore Danish colonial buildings in [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]].

[[St. Olav's Church, Serampore]] still stands. In 2017 a major heritage restoration project commenced in [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-danes-are-back-how-a-bengal-town-is-restoring-its-european-legacy/story-lzWjnk1hh9cfeHMrwhLhmI.html|title=The Danes are back: How a Bengal town is restoring its European legacy|last=Dasgupta|first=KumKum|date=13 December 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Denmark|Norway|India}}
* [[Colonial India]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Dutch India]]
* [[French India]]
* [[British Raj]]
* [[Danish East India Company]]
* [[Danish Asia Company]]
* [[Danish Mission College]]

== Notes and references ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Uno Barner |title=Trankebar blykas fra Christian 4. |url=https://www.danskmoent.dk/artikler/ubjc4bly.htm |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Dansk Mønt}}

{{Danish overseas empire}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Danish India| ]]
[[Category:Former Danish colonies|India]]
[[Category:Colonial India]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Asia]]
[[Category:1620 establishments in India]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Danish India]]
[[Category:1869 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1869 disestablishments in the Danish colonial empire]]
[[Category:Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1869]]

Palkulangara Ambika Devi

2025-12-17T17:31:25Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic musician (born 1939)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Ambika Devi|Palkulangara|lang=Malayali}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Palkulangara K. Ambika Devi
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name = K. Ambika Devi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1939|12|03}}
| birth_place = [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Singer
| father = K. N. Kesava Pillai
| mother = C. K. Karthayaini Amma
| spouse = Chennithala Krishnankutty Nair
| children = 4
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo singer
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| website =
| years_active =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (1992)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] (2010)}}
}}
'''Palkulangara K. Ambika Devi''' is an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] singer and music teacher from Kerala. She won the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 1992 and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] for the year 2010, from the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Government of Kerala. She also won many other awards and honors including Best Musician Award (1973) and ''Sangeetha Kala Acharya'' title from the [[Madras Music Academy]], Chennai.

== Biography ==
K. Ambika Devi was born on December 3, 1939, in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, to K. N. Kesava Pillai and C.K. Karthayaini Amma.<ref name="MMA">{{Cite web |title=Palkulangara K Ambika Devi |url=https://www.musicacademymadras.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Sangita-Kala-Acharya-.pdf |website=musicacademymadras.in |publisher=[[Madras Music Academy]] |access-date=2025-08-20 |archive-date=2024-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004152618/https://www.musicacademymadras.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Sangita-Kala-Acharya-.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Although her father, Kesava Pillai, who was the head accountant in the [[Travancore]] palace, and her other brothers were very strict, seeing her interest in music, everyone agreed to teach her music.<ref name="Kaumudi">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=പുരസ്‌കാര നിറവിൽ ശെമ്മാങ്കുടിയുടെ പ്രിയ ശിഷ്യ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1032156&u=local-news--thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=ml}}</ref> Her mother Karthiyaniyamma was also a singer.<ref name="Kaumudi"/> She started studying classical music from the age of nine.<ref name="pressclub">{{cite news |title=പാൽക്കുളങ്ങര അംബികാദേവിക്ക് സംഗീതജ്ഞ പുരസ്കാരം |url=https://pressclubvartha.com/2023/06/20/palkulangara-ambikadevi-got-sangeethangna-award/ |work=Press Club Vartha |date=20 June 2023}}</ref>

She started her musical studies at a very young age and later joined the [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]], Thiruvananthapuram for higher studies, from where she passed the Gana Bhushanam and Vidwan courses with first rank in 1959.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{Cite news |date=2013-08-04 |title=ശുദ്ധസംഗീതത്തിനൊരു ഫെലോഷിപ്പ്‌ - articles,features - Mathrubhumi Eves |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-157400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222193026/https://archive.ph/20130804061635/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-157400 |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MMA"/> When she passed seventh grade, it was her brother Sethuraman who took her to a music college.<ref name="Kaumudi"/> She studied music under the tutelage of eminent people like [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], C. S. Krishna Iyer, [[Parassala B. Ponnammal]], and Nellai T. V. Krishnamoorthy.<ref name="MMA"/>

=== Personal life ===
Ambika Devi married Chennithala Krishnankutty Nair, who was a professor of [[mridangam]] at the Swathi Thirunal Government Music College where she studied.<ref name="MMA"/> They have four children, Harikrishnan, Shyamakrishnan, Swathi Krishnan and Purandarakrishnan.<ref name="Kaumudi" /> Their son Harikrishnan R., a Carnatic violinist was also worked and retired as principal of the Swathi Thirunal College of Music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UR |first=Arya |date=2021-06-11 |title=A life dedicated to music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/Jun/11/a-life-dedicated-to-music-2314436.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721003138/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/jun/11/a-life-dedicated-to-music-2314436.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another son Shyamakrishnan is a mridangam player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2013 |title=അംബികാദേവി രാഗവിസ്മയം തീര്‍ത്തു |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/2294564/2013-05-22/kerala |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=2025-08-20 |archive-date=2013-08-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130804061525/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/2294564/2013-05-22/kerala |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She lives in her house 'Shaleenam' in Thycaude, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

==Career==
Ambika Devi, who qualified from the College of Music, worked as a teacher in the same institution and retired from there in 1995, as the department head of music, after 32 years of service.<ref name="Kaumudi" /><ref name="MMA"/> She then served as a reader at [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] and as a visiting guest faculty in the music department of the [[University of Kerala]].<ref name="MMA"/> Vaiyankara Madhusudhanan, Mavelikkara Subramaniam, singer [[G. Venugopal]], Varkala C.S. Jayaram and many other are among her disciples.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

Ambika Devi also performed concerts while working as a music teacher. She is one of the prominent people who popularized [[Malayalam]] [[kirtans]] at a time when [[Sanskrit]] was prevalent in the Carnatic music scene.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> She used the works of [[Swathi Thirunal]] and others for this.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

Ambika Devi, who has performed at various venues across the country, is famous for her 'Kshetranjali' music program, which brings together prominent temples in Kerala.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

== Awards and honors ==
Ambika Devi, who won first place at the national level in a music competition conducted by [[All India Radio]], in 1958, is also the first [[Malayalis|Malayali]] to receive an award from the President of India.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> She received award from [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], first president of India.<ref name="Kaumudi" /> She won the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1992.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> In 2012, she received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] for the year 2010, the highest award of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Government of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Akademi fellowships, awar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Feb/05/kerala-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-fellowships-awar-224913.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531201316/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Feb/05/kerala-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-fellowships-awar-224913.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, she received MS Subbulekshmi Award instituted by the Sree Krishna Natya Sangeetha Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards for Ambika Devi, Rajendran |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/awards-for-ambika-devi-rajendran-467194.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, she received the Sangeetha Prabhakara award.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-09-24 |title=Carnatic singer Ambika Devi honoured |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/Sep/24/carnatic-singer-ambika-devi-honoured-2362890.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, she has been awarded the Srinatraja Sangeetha Sabha Award instituted by the Srinatraja Sangeetha Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=ശ്രീനടരാജ സംഗീതസഭ പുരസ്‌കാരം പാൽക്കുളങ്ങര കെ.അംബികാദേവിക്ക് |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1521873&u=local-news--thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref>

Ambika Devi received the Best Musician Award from the [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1973.<ref name="Kaumudi" /> In 2024, the Madras Music Academy conferred on her the title of Sangeetha Kala Acharya.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-01 |title=Sangita Kalanidhi conferred on Carnatic vocalist Bombay Jayashri Ramnath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangita-kalanidhi-conferred-on-carnatic-vocalist-bombay-jayashri-ramnath/article67696229.ece |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410102605/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangita-kalanidhi-conferred-on-carnatic-vocalist-bombay-jayashri-ramnath/article67696229.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

While speaking at a felicitation ceremony organized by the Vayalar Ramavarma Cultural Centre to honour Ambika Devi on World Music Day, Kerala state Food Minister [[G. R. Anil]] has said that Palkulangara Ambika Devi is a great musician who Kerala should respect.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-21 |title=പാൽക്കുളങ്ങര അംബികാദേവി കേരളം ആദരിക്കേണ്ട സംഗീതജ്ഞ- മന്ത്രി ജി.ആർ. അനിൽ. |url=https://santhigirinews.org/2023/06/21/231429/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Santhigiri News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambika Devi, Palkulangara}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]

Baidyapur

2025-12-09T01:29:30Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baidyapur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Baidyapur street.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|09|35|N|88|14|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| nickname =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total = 4,065
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713122
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baidyapur''' is a village in [[Kalna II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Kalna subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]], India.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|17|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Kalna subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: Historical/ religious centre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|20|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Kalna | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Kalna, India]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|24|20|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Srirampur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Srirampur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Hatsimla | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Hatsimla]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|20|30|N|88|20|44|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jaluidanga | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jaluidanga]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|18|54|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Gopinathpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|18|36|N|88|20|20|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nasratpur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nasratpur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|16|43|N|88|18|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dhatrigram | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dhatrigram]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|27|N|88|20|32|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Piarinagar | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Piarinagar]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|15|4|N|88|19|21|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Uttar Goara | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Uttar Goara]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|22|45|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Shashpur | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Shashpur]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|22|35|N|88|15|6|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nadanghat| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nadanghat]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|28|0|N|88|19|58|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Purbasthali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Purbasthali]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|21|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Monteswar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Monteswar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|14|30|N|88|20|27|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Rangapara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Rangapara, Kalna]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|10|15|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Singarkone| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singarkone]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|26|57|N|88|18|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Parulia| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Parulia, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|16|32|N|88|16|36|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Atgharia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Atgharia]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|24|N|88|16|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Badla| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Badla, Purba Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|55|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Samudragarh| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Samudragarh]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|34|7|N|88|17|15|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Patuli| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Patuli]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|9|20|N|88|14|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Baidyapur Jora Deul| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Baidyapur Jora Deul]] (H)| shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.1327|88.4529}}| label22=Hooghly| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=-90| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.1787|88.4579}}| label23=River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-45| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.4564|88.2065}}| label24=Khari River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=55| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none}}

The village is 12 meters above sea level. It has a post office, but the local police station is in [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]. The village consists of several areas, including Rathtala, Rastala, Gholar Par and Nandipara.

==Education==
The village has 2 primary schools, 2 higher secondary schools and a school for the deaf and dumb. One of the higher secondary schools, Baidyapur Ramkrishna Vidyapith, is over 100 years old, the other Higher Secondary School is Baidyapur Rajrajeswar Girls' High School. The primary schools are Ranjan Club & Basic School. The school for the deaf & dumb is Baidyapur Bikash Bharati Muk Badhir Pratibandhi Vidyalaya.

==Transport==
[[Boinchi]] is the nearest railway station of Baidyapur. [[Boinchi]]-[[Kalna, India|Kalna]] road passed through middle of this village.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Baidyapur had a total population of 4,065, of which 2,049 (50%) were males and 2,016 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 335. The total number of literates in Baidyapur was 3,134 (84.02% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Culture==
The main festivals of this village are Rathyatra and [[Saraswati Puja]]. Narkeldanga, a village on the outskirts of Baidyapur celebrates Jagatgouri Jhanpan.

The main places of worship in Baidyapur are: the [[Navaratna (architecture)|navaratna]] (nine towers) temple of Vrindaban Chandra, the [[Shiva]] temple of the Nandi family and the Shalagram Shila of Raj Rajeswar.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol II, page 608, Radical Impression, Kolkata. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions the Bengal deul (1598) with [[terracotta]] designs on four sides, the Jora Shiva temple and Shiva temple of the Nandi family (1802) with rich terracotta [[façade]], the straight corniced navaratna temple (1845) of Vrindavana Chandra with plaster festoons and the brick-built, ridged twin deul [[Krishna]] temple (1598) with rich terracotta on all sides. He also mentions the navaratna {{lang|bn-Latn|dolmancha}} with ‘baroque’ vase turrets at Amdabad, near Baidyapur.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 22, 37, 53, 54, 70, 76. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

According to the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] the two ancient temples (joined) at Baidyapur or [[Baidyapur Jora Deul]] is a monument of national importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 46|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Baidyapur (with 15 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="250" heights="200">
File:Ancient twin temples WLM2016-5718.jpg|Jora Deul
File:WLM@WB-Terracotta Panel 06 of Two Ancient Temples of Baidyapur.jpg|Terracotta panels at Jora deul
File:Panchratna Brick Temple at Baidyapur 01.jpg|Pancharatna Temple
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Baidyapur}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

List of airports in West Bengal

2025-12-07T21:17:37Z

AlizaHyder840: corrected details for consistency and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Air transportation in West Bengal}}
This is a list of airports in [[West Bengal]], a state in eastern [[India]], grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports in the state.
[[File:Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg|thumb|[[Administrative divisions of West Bengal]]]]

== Classification ==
This list contains the following information:
* '''City served''' - The city generally associated with the airport. This is not always the actual location since some airports are located in smaller towns outside the city they serve.
* '''Division''' - Location of the airport, the particular division it serves
* '''ICAO''' - The [[International Civil Aviation Organization airport code|location indicator]] assigned by the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO)
* '''IATA''' - The [[International Air Transport Association airport code|airport code]] assigned by the [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA)
* '''Airport name''' - The official airport name. Those shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.
* '''Operational/ Note''' - Functional status of the airport

==Airports==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- valign=baseline
! City served || Division || [[IATA Airport code|IATA]] || [[ICAO Airport Code|ICAO]] || Airport name || Note
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| International airports
|-
| [[Kolkata]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || CCU || VECC || [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] || International connections to [[China]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Qatar]], [[Thailand]], [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and domestic flights to all Indian cities
|-
| [[Siliguri]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || IXB || VEBD || [[Bagdogra International Airport]] || International flights to [[Singapore]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]],<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-bagdogra-ixb | title=Bagdogra Flight Connections }}</ref> and domestic flights to multiple Indian cities
|-
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || — || Proposed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-31 |title=West Bengal to seek AAI nod for relaxation of 40km-distance rule for second airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-to-seek-aai-nod-for-relaxation-of-40km-distance-rule-for-second-airport/articleshow/89231775.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Domestic airports
|-
|[[Durgapur]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || RDP || VEDG || [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] || Domestic airport. Commercial flights to [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Siliguri]] and [[Guwahati]].
|-
| [[Cooch Behar]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || COH || VECO || [[Cooch Behar Airport]] || Domestic airport. Commercial flight to [[Kolkata]], [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Bhubaneswar]].
|-
| [[Balurghat]] || [[Malda Division|Malda]] || RGH || VEBG || [[Balurghat Airport]] || Under construction
|-
| [[Kolkata]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || VEBA || [[Behala Airport]] || [[Flying club]], VVIP landing station
|-
| [[English Bazar|Malda]] || [[Malda Division|Malda]] || LDA || VEMH || [[Malda Airport]] || Construction on hold
|-
| [[Purulia]]|| [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]]|| — || — || [[Charra Airfield]]|| Abandoned [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip. Planned to be revived.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Bengal govt to develop new airport in Purulia, access to several industrial areas in Jharkhand to get easier |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-govt-to-develop-new-airport-in-purulia-access-to-several-industrial-areas-in-jharkhand-to-get-easier-10367610/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Private airstrips
|-
| [[Asansol]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || VEBB || [[Burnpur Airport]] || [[Steel Authority of India Limited]]
|-
| [[Durgapur]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || Durgapur Steel Plant Airstrip || [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Military airbases
|-
| [[Barrackpore]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || VEBR || [[Barrackpore Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Alipurduar]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || — || VEHX || [[Hasimara Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Kalaikunda]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || VEDX || [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Kanchrapara]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || VBKP || [[Air Force Station Kanchrapara]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Panagarh]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || VEPH || [[Panagarh Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Salua, Paschim Medinipur|Salua]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || VESX || [[Air Force Station Salua]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Rampurhat]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || Surichua Aerodrome || [[Indian Air Force]] (planned)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/iaf-plans-to-make-birbhum-aerodrome-permanent-base/cid/1792130 | title=IAF plans to make Birbhum aerodrome permanent base }}</ref>
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Closed airstrips/runways
|-
| [[Asansol]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || [[Asansol Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Hijli]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || Hijli Airfield || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Bishnupur (West Bengal)|Bishnupur]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || [[Piardoba Airfield]] || World War II [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Bagrakote]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || — || — || Leesh River Airstrip || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Dhubulia]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || Dhubulia Airstrip || No. 99 Squadron RAF during World War II
|-
| [[Garhbeta]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || Digri Airfield || [[World War II]] RAF 159 Squadron
|-
| [[Guskara]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || [[Guskhara Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Jhargram]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || [[Dudhkundi Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] 444th Bombardment Group
|-
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || Kalyani Airfield ||[[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Pandaveswar]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || [[Pandaveswar Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Salboni]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || Salboni Airfield || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:External view of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport.jpg|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
Bagdogra_International_Airport.jpg|Bagdogra International Airport
The front facade of Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, Andal, Durgapur.jpg|Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport
COB airport.jpg|Cooch Behar Airport
40bg-42-6310takeoff-from-Chakulia-6-1944.jpg|Chakulia Airport in June, 1944
Subhas Chandra Bose arrives at Dum Dum aerodrome.jpg|Subhas Chandra Bose arriving at Kolkata Airport

</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of airports by ICAO code: V#VA VE VI VO - India]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]
* [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Asia#India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web | url=http://dgca.nic.in/aerodrome/aero_list.pdf | title=Licensed Aerodromes in India | publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] of India | date=2008-11-10 | access-date=2010-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926172324/http://dgca.nic.in/aerodrome/aero_list.pdf | archive-date=2019-09-26 | url-status=dead }}
* [[Airports Authority of India]] website: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105152053/http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/airports.jsp AirportsIndia.org.in] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212002941/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/airports.jsp AAI.aero]
* {{cite web |url = http://www.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf |title = ICAO Location Indicators by State |publisher = [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] |date = 2006-01-12 |access-date = 2010-04-07 |archive-date = 2007-09-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235554/http://www.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/in.htm |title = UN Location Codes: India |work = [[UN/LOCODE]] 2009-1 |publisher = [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]] |date = 2009-09-23}} - includes IATA codes
* [http://gc.kls2.com/cgi-bin/gclookup?Q=country:IN Great Circle Mapper] - IATA and ICAO codes
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/airbase.htm List of Indian Air Force Stations] at GlobalSecurity.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231108/http://www.aai.aero/misc/Kolkata_A_2013_01.pdf]-AAI NOTAM summary January 2013
* [http://www.midnapore.in/arifield/hijli-airfield.html] - Old airfields of Midnapore


{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in West Bengal|Airports]]

Premi (band)

2025-10-11T12:22:46Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting A Article - done

{{Short description|British Asian bhangra band}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Premi
| image =
| caption =
| alias =
| origin = United Kingdom
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
| occupation =
| instrument =
| years_active = 1981–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| current_members = Johal Premi [[Kuljit Bhamra]] Pali Cheema
}}
'''Premi''' is a [[British Asians|British Asian]] [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] band from Southall originally founded by singer/poet Johal Premi in 1981, with toombi player and poet Pali Cheema, with [[Kuljit Bhamra|Kuljit Bhamra MBE]] producing and also on keyboards and percussion.<ref name=":1" /> The band recorded their first album ''Chhammak Jehi Mutiar Da'' in 1983. The group's songs, Tina O Tina, Giddha Pa Nikkiey and Nachdi di Gooth Khulgaye are still enjoyed on some British South Asian wedding dance floors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Premi |url=https://kedarecords.com/artist/premi/#1487737663838-886b7f01-3bb2 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Keda Records |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==
Premi was formed in [[Southall]] in the early 1980s by singer and lyricist Johal Premi, with poet and [[tumbi]] player Pali Cheema also taking part in the group’s beginnings. Their first album, ''Chhamak Jehi Mutiar Da'', came out in 1983 with music arranged by [[Kuljit Bhamra|Kuljit Bhamra]]. Immediately after mixing, Johal Premi took a cassette tape of the songs to show his singer-friend Kumar Heera, who lived nearby (he was setting up [[Heera Group UK|Heera Group]].<ref name=":1" />

Premi's catalogue includes several songs that continue to be played more than three decades later at weddings and community events.<ref name=":1" />

Radio 1 DJ [[John Peel]] saw the band play live at the [[Institute of Contemporary Arts|ICA]] in June 1987, stating that Premi played a "blinder" in particular highlighting the "storm of rhythm" around the [[Dholak|dholak drum]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peel |first1=John |title=The Olivetti chronicles : three decades of life and music |date=2009 |isbn=9780552157049 |url=https://archive.org/details/olivettichronicl0000peel/page/46/mode/2up?q=%22Premi%22+}}</ref> Later that year in August 1987 the band were invited to record a [[Peel Session]] for broadcast on [[BBC Radio 1]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC - Radio 1 - Keeping It Peel - 04/08/1987 Premi |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/sessions/1980s/1987/Aug04premi/ |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=20 September 2025 |date=4 August 1987}}</ref> Band member Raju cited the recording as his "biggest highlight" while in the group.<ref name="eye">{{cite news |title=A concert not to be missed |work=Eastern Eye |date=25 January 2019|id={{Proquest|2259305028}}}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper, Premi are one of the "most famous" UK bhangra acts, selling significant quantities of records but not attracting mainstream media attention.<ref name="guard">{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Vivek |title=The big bhangra |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/aug/15/shopping.popandrock |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 August 2003}}</ref> In 2013 the [[BBC Asian Network]] ran a poll to find the ''50 Greatest Bhangra Anthems''. Premi track "Nachdi Di Gooth Khul Gaye" was listed at number 42.<ref>{{cite web |title=50 Greatest Bhangra Anthems |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5pQQSJB6LRG7CvVNhBNc0gq/50-greatest-bhangra-anthems |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=21 September 2025 |date=2013}}</ref> In an [[Allmusic]] album review the group was called a "pioneer of pop bhangra", and in 2019 the ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' newspaper stated Premi were "Legendary".<ref name="eye"/><ref name="AM10"/>

As of 2019, the band continues to perform. The line-up, although changing over the years, includes original members Jaswinder Singh Matharu and Harmesh Singh Johal.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Difference in our voices made us gel together’ |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=136452912&lang=en-gb&site=eds-live&scope=site |work=[[Eastern Eye]] |date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Johal Premi solo career ===
Johal Premi gained recognition with songs such as ''“O Tina O Tina”'', which continues to appear on streaming platforms. He has also performed under the name '''Premi Johal''', releasing singles including ''“Tu Meri Sardarni”'' and appearing in radio and video interviews discussing his music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay's Urban Podcast - The legendary Punjabi singer Premi Johal joins Akshay to chat about new track 'Tu Meri Sardarni' produced by Popsy|url=http://sabrasradio.com/player-podcasts/urban-star-interviews-with-akshay/episode/premi-johal1/ |website=sabrasradio |access-date=22 September 2025 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhangra legends Premi on the show |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01c9gps |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=22 September 2025 |date=22 February 2012}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===
* Chhammak Jehi Mutiar Da (1983, Not On Label)
* Mein Tere Hogayee (1986, Multitone Records)
* I Love ❤ Premi ~ Nachdi Di Gooth Khulgaye ~ The World Favourite (1987, Multitone Records)
* At The Front Line (1988, Multitone Records)
* World Favourite Premi No. 1 (1988, Multitone Records)
* Strikes Again (1989, Multitone)
* Nalai Manidhan (with Srini) (1989, Nahata)
* Record Breaker (1990, Multitone)
* Around the World (1991, Multitone)
* IndiFuse 1 (with Bindu) (1991, Multitone)
* Dior Da Viyah (1991)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=John Storm |title=Dior Da Viyah Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/dior-da-viyah-mw0000934864#review |website=[[Allmusic]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
* The Super Power (1993, Multitone)
* Let’s Dance (1993, Magik Roundabout)
* Bhangra Ten Years On (1994)<ref name="AM10">{{cite web |last1=St. Pierre |first1=Raissa |title=Bhangra Ten Years On Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/bhangra-ten-years-on-mw0000921003#review |website=[[Allmusic]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
* Julie (1995, Multitone)
* Untitled (1999, Audiorec)
* Bhangra Mania X (date unknown)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs artist}}
* {{Allmusic}}
* [https://www.vads.ac.uk/digital/collection/SADAA/id/5354/ Nachdi Di Gooth Khulgaye, by Premi - LP Sleeve] at [[VADS (organisation)|VADS]]
* [https://www.vads.ac.uk/digital/collection/SADAA/id/431/ Chhamak Jehi Mutiar, by Premi - Cassette Sleeve] at [[VADS (organisation)|VADS]]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1981]]
[[Category:British Asian musical groups]]

Janapav

2025-09-25T12:57:45Z

AlizaHyder840: new.

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Janapav
| other_name = Janapav Kuti
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =Janapavkuti.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Janapav Kuti Mhow
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 881m
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 453441
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya_Pradesh|MP]]-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Janapav''' also known as '''Janapav Kuti''' is a mountain at altitude of 854m from sea level and the highest peak in the Vindhayanchal range. It is located on the [[Indore]]-[[Mumbai]] highway, near the village of Janapav Kuti in [[Mhow]] Tehsil, [[Indore]] district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="db">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084808/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/JM-why-did-lord-parshuram-kill-his-mother-4259376-PHO.html?seq=1 Why did Lord Parshuram kill his mother?]</ref> It is 45 [[kilometers]] from Indore. The mountain is surrounded by dense forests. The place is quite popular among trekkers.<ref name="news18">[http://www.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/top-monsoon-getaways-544755.html 15 July 2014, Anjali Mangal, News18, Top monsoon getaways]</ref> The place is also known for being the birthplace of Lord [[Parshurama]] and for a fair that is held here every year on [[Kartik Purnima]] which is the first full moon after [[Diwali]].<ref name="mptourism" />

==Historical importance==
[[File:View from Janapav.JPG|thumb|A view from the top of Janapav]]
As per the legend, it is the birthplace of [[Parashurama|Parshurama]], the sixth [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], and is considered sacred by the [[Hindu]] community. At the top of the hill is an ashram of Jamadagni, the father of Parashurama. His mother Renuka was a renowned medical practitioner and had then grown a variety of herbs on the hill and its surroundings. As per some reports, even today, many [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] alternative medicine practitioners from across the country arrive at the hill in search of herbs.<ref name="test">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Janapao-all-set-for-Parashuram-Jayanti/articleshow/20022306.cms Janapao all set for Parashuram Jayanti]</ref>

As per the folklore, twelve rivers originate from the tank situated on this hill, including Chambal, Saraswati & Nakheri.<ref name="mptourism">{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.196.72/mptourism/pages/99/choral.html |title=Official website of Madhya Pradesh tourism |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041021/http://164.100.196.72/mptourism/pages/99/choral.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Development==
As many devotees visit the temple every year, a road was constructed from highway to the top of the mountain to facilitate easy transport.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mp-cm-to-pay-obeisance-at-lord-parshuram-s-temple-115042000825_1.html MP CM to pay obeisance at Lord Parshuram's temple], 20 April 2015, Business Standard.</ref> In May 2008, the government of Madhya Pradesh announced to develop the site into an international pilgrimage centre. The development package was sanctioned for the construction of road, electrification, arrangement of drinking water, renovation of the pond, construction of a temple, ambulatory path, museum, and a research seat.<ref>[http://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/08/janapav-to-be-developed-into-international-pligrim-centre-1210264311.html Janapav to be developed into international pilgrim centre], 8 May 2008, One India.</ref><ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/mp-cm-to-pay-obeisance-at-lord-parshurams-temple_1581987.html MP CM to pay obeisance at Lord Parshuram's temple], 20 April 2015, Zee News.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093511/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-srh/MP-IND-state-govt-to-develop-janapav-as-tourist-place-4209235-NOR.html State govt to develop Janapav as tourist place], 16 March 2013, Dainik Bhaskar.</ref>

==Travel and accommodation==

The place is well connected and transport is available to visit Janapav from Indore and [[Mhow]]. Popular for its scenery, Janapav is also a popular trekking and cycling destination.{{fact|date=November 2023}} Good connectivity with [[Indore]] helps with tourism.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:New Temple in 2022 of Janapav Kuti.jpg|New Temple of Parshuram in Janapav Kuti
File:New Temple of Parshuram in Janapav Kutii.jpg |New Temple of Parshuram in Janapav Kuti
File:New Temple of Parshuram in Janapav Kutiiii.jpg|New Temple of Parshuram in Janapav Kuti
File:New Temple of Parshuram in Janapav Kutiiiii.jpg| New Temple of Parshuram in Janapav Kuti
File:Fauna at Janapav.JPG| This is the common sight while travelling to Janapav
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Indore district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Mhow]]

Diocese of Ahmedabad

2025-08-31T06:51:03Z

AlizaHyder840: added new details

{{Short description|Latin Catholic jurisdiction in India}}
{{For|the Church of North India diocese based in Ahmedabad|Diocese of Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{one source|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Ahmedabad
|latin = Dioecesis Ahmedabadensis
|local = अहमदाबाद के सूबा ''Hindi'' અમદાવાદ ડાયોસિઝ ''Gujarati''
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan =
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Gandhinagar]]
|rite = [[Latin Church]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in [[Ahmedabad]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = [[St Francis Xavier]] [[Sacred Heart]]
|established = {{start date and age|5 May 1949}}
|parishes = 45
|area_km2 = 14,791
|population = 10,274,000
|population_as_of = 2014
|catholics = 71,800
|catholics_percent= 0.7
|pope =
{{Incumbent pope}} 
|bishop = [[Athanasius Rethna Swamy Swamiadian]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Thomas Ignatius MacWan]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website =
}}
The '''Diocese of Ahmedabad''' ({{langx|la| Ahmedabaden(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical territory or [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in Indian. It is a [[suffragan]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Archdiocese of Gandhinagar]], yet depends on the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]].

Its cathedral is (Our Lady of) Mount Carmel Cathedral, in the city of [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]] state, western India.

== Statistics ==
{{As of|2014}}, it pastorally served 71,800 Catholics (0.7% of 10,274,000 total) on 14,791 km² in 45 parishes and 2 missions with 164 priests (89 diocesan, 90 religious), 455 lay religious (130 brothers, 325 sisters) and 11 seminarians.

== History ==
* Established in 1934 as Mission ''sui iuris'' of Ahmedabad from the Metropolitan [[Archdiocese of Bombay]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/DiocesesofIndiaDispFull.aspx?DID=192|title = Apostolic Nunciature, India & Nepal}}</ref>
* Elevated on 5 May 1949 as Diocese of Ahmedabad / Ahmedabadensis (Latin adjective)
* Lost territory on 26 February 1977 to establish the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rajkot|Diocese of Rajkot]]
* Lost territory on 11 October 2002 to establish the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Archdiocese of Gandhinagar]], which became its Metropolitan.

== Prelates ==
;Ecclesiastical superior of Ahmedabad
* Fr. Joaquin Vilallonga, [[Society of Jesus|SJ]]

;Bishops of Ahmedabad
(all native Indians except the first)
* [[Edwin Pinto]], [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits, S.J.) (born 1901 in present [[Pakistan]], then also [[British India]]) (5 May 1949 – retired 1973), died 1978
* Charles Gomes, S.J. (1 July 1974 – 21 May 1990), died 2002
* [[Stanislaus Fernandes]], S.J. (21 May 1990 – 11 November 2002), next Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Gandhinagar]] (India) (11 October 2002 – 12 June 2015), [[Apostolic Administrator]] ''sede plena'' of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baroda|Diocese of Baroda]] (Gujarat, India) (23 May 2016 – ...)
* Thomas Ignatius MacWan (11 November 2002 – 12 June 2015), next Metropolitan Archbishop of above Gandhinagar (12 June 2015 – ...)
* Athanasius Rethna Swamy Swamiadian (29 January 2018 – ...).

== References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/ahme0.htm GCatholic.org, with Google HQ satellite picture - data for all sections] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dahme.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|23.0307|N|72.5847|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad, Roman Catholic diocese}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1949|Religious organizations established in 1949]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Gujarat|Christianity in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Religion in Ahmedabad|Culture of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Ahmedabad|Organisations based in Ahmedabad]]

Kawai, Rajasthan

2025-07-16T16:00:09Z

AlizaHyder840: new.

{{refimprove|date=March 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kawai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hadoti
| other_name = Salpura
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7575083|N|76.7122933|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baran district|Baran]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 313.64
| population_total = 12,900
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| area_code = 07451
| postal_code = 325219
| registration_plate = Rj28
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kawai''' is a town in the southeast of northern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is located around 40 kilometers south of the Baran district. There are many facilities like a railway station, a hospital, schools, and markets, as well as roads for traffic.[[Chhipabarod#cite note-1|[1]]]

== Climate ==
The town has a dry climate except during monsoon season. The summer runs from March to mid-June, as in most parts of the country. The period from mid-June to September is the monsoon season, and the period from October to mid-November constitute the post-monsoon or retreating monsoon season. January is generally the coldest month with an average daily maximum temperature of 24.3 °C (75.8 °F), and an average daily minimum temperature of 10.6 °C (51.1 °F). Usually, the town has a dry climate except during monsoon season, when the weather becomes humid. The months from November to February constitute winter. The average rainfall experienced by the town is around 895.2 mm (35.2 inches).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weather |first=Kawai |date=2023-03-06 |title=Weather of Kawai Salpura |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/kawai/3057998/weather-forecast/3057998 |website=Accuweather}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kawai Census Town City Population Census 2011-2023 {{!}} Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/102952-kawai-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Education ==

=== Institute ===
Schools in Kawai are either "government schools" (run by the [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan Government]]) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:

* [[Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education|Board of Secondary Education Rajasthan, Ajmer (RBSE)]]
* The [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)
* The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE)

=== Misconduct in schools ===
{{Main Article|PM Shri Government Senior Secondary School Kawai}}
A 15-year-old student, Sunil Meena, was brutally beaten by his physical education teacher, Ravi Bindal, at [[PM Shri Government Senior Secondary School Kawai|PM Shri Government Senior Secondary School in Kawai]], Baran district, India. The incident occurred while Sunil was going to get a drink of water during prayer time. He was kicked and punched by the teacher, resulting in injuries requiring hospitalization. The teacher was suspended and posted to CBEO Dug and will be paid only half salary as subsistence allowance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskar |first=Dainik |date=2025-03-12 |title=कवाई पीएम श्री स्कूल में पिछले दिनों छात्र से मारपीट के मामले में जांच में दोषी मिलने पर की कार्रवाई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/baran/news/action-was-taken-after-being-found-guilty-in-the-investigation-of-the-recent-case-of-assault-on-a-student-at-kawai-pm-shri-school-134456538.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Baran News: पीएम श्री विद्यालय में दलित छात्र को पानी पीना पड़ा भारी, पीटीआई ने कर दी बेरहमी से पिटाई, नाजुक हालत में इलाज जारी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/baran/dalit-student-plight-brutal-beating-by-pti-in-pm-shri-school-sparks-outrage/2639031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210152547/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/baran/dalit-student-plight-brutal-beating-by-pti-in-pm-shri-school-sparks-outrage/2639031 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पानी पीने पर पिटाई? बारां स्कूल में PTI की क्रूरता का शिकार हुआ दलित छात्र, सड़क पर पटक-पटक कर पीटा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/baran/baran-dalit-student-brutally-beaten-in-pm-shri-school-by-pti-demand-action-against-teacher/articleshow/118072075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210153610/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/baran/baran-dalit-student-brutally-beaten-in-pm-shri-school-by-pti-demand-action-against-teacher/articleshow/118072075.cms |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान में दलित छात्र के साथ फिर दिखी शिक्षक की दरिंदगी, पानी-पीने की बात पर सड़क पर पटक-पटक कर पीटा |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-baran-district-teacher-beat-up-dalit-student-see-photos-7664290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210154621/https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-baran-district-teacher-beat-up-dalit-student-see-photos-7664290 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi }}</ref>

== Adani Power Plant ==
The plant is located at village Kawai in Atru Tehsil of Baran district in the state of Rajasthan. It is located at a distance of 16 km from Atru towards 50 km south of District headquarter of Baran and 300 km from State capital, Jaipur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adanipower.com/Power%20Thermal |title=Power generation thermal |website=www.adanipower.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423232041/http://www.adanipower.com/Power%20Thermal |archive-date=23 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Adani Power Rajasthan Limited (APRL) is the largest power producer plant in Rajasthan at a single location with a generation capacity of 1320 MW (2X660 MW). It is coal-based thermal power plant on supercritical technology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-05 |title=Adani Power fully commissions 1,320-MW Kawai project in Rajasthan |work=ibnlive.in.com |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/adani-power-fully-commissions-1320mw-kawai-project-in-rajasthan/443500-3-239.html |access-date=2014-01-05 |archive-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105204704/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/adani-power-fully-commissions-1320mw-kawai-project-in-rajasthan/443500-3-239.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Baran district|Towns in Baran District]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats and Villages in Atru|villages in Atru Tehsil]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats and Villages in Atru Tehsil]]

Manvinder Bisla

2025-06-27T15:28:11Z

AlizaHyder840: improved article

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Manvinder Bisla
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Manvinder Sultansingh Bisla
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|12|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| heightft = 6
| heightinch = 1
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = [[Wicket-keeper]]
| club1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| year1 = 2002/03
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| year2 = 2003/04–2011
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| year3 = 2009
| clubnumber3 = 36
| club4 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year4 = 2010
| clubnumber4 = 36
| club5 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year5 = 2011–2014
| clubnumber5 = 36
| club6 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year6 = 2015
| clubnumber6 =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 49
| runs1 = 2207
| bat avg1 = 30.23
| 100s/50s1 = 4/11
| top score1 = 168
| deliveries1 = 120
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 81/12
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 48
| runs2 = 1132
| bat avg2 = 26.95
| 100s/50s2 = 1/6
| top score2 = 104
| deliveries2 = 290
| wickets2 = 10
| bowl avg2 = 20.30
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/23
| catches/stumpings2 = 29/40
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 65
| runs3 = 1324
| bat avg3 = 21.70
| 100s/50s3 = 0/6
| top score3 = 92
| deliveries3 = 0
| wickets3 = –
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 40/15
| date = 5 April
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/27280.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Manvinder Sultansingh Bisla''' (born 27 December 1984) is an Indian [[cricket]]er. He is a [[wicket-keeper]] and right-handed [[batsman]] who currently plays for [[Goa cricket team|Goa]].
Bisla is one of the lesser known of the [[Wicket-keeper|wicketkeeper]] batsman that Indian cricket unearthed from the junior and India-A ranks in the last decade, the others being [[Ajay Ratra]], [[Parthiv Patel]], [[M.S Dhoni]] and [[Dinesh Karthik]]. Bisla was the stand-in captain of the U-19 test team during their tour to [[England cricket team|England]] in 2002 season. The match ended in a draw.

==Playing career==

Bisla made his debut in [[Ranji Trophy]] domestic cricket in 2002 for his home state – [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]. He moved to [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] in 2003/04 season and currently represents Goa in Indian domestic cricket, having joined them in 2012. He was part of the IPL-winning [[Deccan Chargers]] team in 2009, was picked by Kings XI Punjab in 2010. He made his debut in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishtra |first=Nabeen |date= |website=ESPN CRIC INFO |title=Manvinder Bisla batting bowling stats, averages and cricket statistics, 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/manvinder-bisla-27280/bowling-batting-stats}}</ref>

In 2011 he was signed by the IPL franchise Kolkata Knight Riders. He played as the wicket keeper of KKR in first 5 matches as [[Brad Haddin]] was not available. He opened the batting with all rounder [[Jacques Kallis]] from [[South Africa]] and also made a partnership of 145 with Kallis. In IPL 2012, he played 7 matches and scored 213 runs with 1 half century in the final match of the tournament. He took 6 catches and 2 stumpings behind the stumps.

He played a match winning innings of 89 off 48 balls against the [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the final of the [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012 IPL]] to guide his team to a 5 wicket win. He received the [[Player of the match|Man of the Match]] award for this [[innings]].<ref>{{cite web|title=In Premier League – Final Kolkata Knight Riders v Chennai Super Kings. He has played the first match of dlf ipl 5 2012.|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548381.html|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528110612/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548381.html|archive-date=28 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-manvinder-bisla-the-trophy-was-the-perfect-birthday-gift-for-my-wife-1264228 Manvinder Bisla: 'It was the perfect birthday gift for my wife'- ESPNcricinfo]</ref>

He was transferred from [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] to the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for the 2015's edition of the Indian Premier League. He no longer plays the IPL. In October 2020, he was drafted by the Colombo Kings for the [[2020 Lanka Premier League|inaugural edition]] of the [[Lanka Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30148161/lanka-premier-league-2020-chris-gayle-andre-russell-shahid-afridi-big-names-taken-lpl-draft |title=Chris Gayle, Andre Russell and Shahid Afridi among big names taken at LPL draft |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Bisla was educated in [[D.A.V. Public School, Faridabad|D.A.V. Public School]], sector 14, Faridabad, and married Arpita on 11 March 2007<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Cricket/IPL/Chunk-HT-UI-IPL2012-DontMiss/Bisla-Surprise-hero-of-final-who-powered-KKR-to-maiden-IPL-title/SP-Article10-862278.aspx |title=Manvinder Bisla: IPL5 final hero who powered KKR to win title |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Rohit |last=Bhaskar |location=Chennai |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529073740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Cricket/IPL/Chunk-HT-UI-IPL2012-DontMiss/Bisla-Surprise-hero-of-final-who-powered-KKR-to-maiden-IPL-title/SP-Article10-862278.aspx |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Seasons by seasons at IPL==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; align="center" width:"200%"
|-
! colspan="9"|IPL Batting Statistics of Manvinder Bisla
|-
! width="50"|Year !! width="240"|Team !! width="120"|Innings !! width="80"|Runs !! width="40"|HS !! width:40"|100s !! width="40"|50s !! width="40"|4s !! width="40"|6s
|-
| 2010 || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || 10|| 218|| 75 || 0 || 1|| 12 ||6
|-
| 2011 || rowspan="3"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 5 || 72 || 27 || 0 || 0 || 8 || 0
|-
| 2012 || 7 || 213 || 89 || 0 || 1 || 16 || 10
|-
| 2013 || 14 || 255 || 92 || 0 || 2 || 31 || 12
|-
| colspan="2"|'''2010–2013 Total''' ||'''36''' || '''758''' || '''92''' || '''0''' || '''4''' || '''87''' || '''28'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=27280}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisla, Maninder}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Haryana cricketers]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir cricketers]]
[[Category:Goa cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:Abahani Limited cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]

Toran (art)

2025-06-18T04:54:16Z

AlizaHyder840: cleaned up layout per standard format and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Decorative door hanging}}
{{for|the Pashtun tribe|Toran (Pashtun tribe)}}
{{for|the Indian architectural gateways|Torana}}
{{rewrite|date=June 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
[[Image:Alter Cloth (Toran), Saurashtra, Gujarat, India, 20th Century, cotton, metal and mirror pieces. plain weave with embroidery and mirror work, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|thumb|Toran from [[Gujarat]], 20th Century, plain cotton weave with embroidery and mirror work, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The hanging pieces are stylized mango leaves.]]

'''Torana''' (Kannada: ತೋರಣ), also known as '''Bandanwal''', refer to a decorative door hanging in [[Hinduism]], usually decorated with [[Tagetes|marigolds]] and [[mango]] leaves, or a string that is tied on the door with the flower on it as a part of traditional [[Hindu culture]] on the occasion of festivals and weddings. A toran may feature colours such as green, yellow and red. They can be made of fabrics or metals which are usually made to resemble [[mango]] leaves. [[Peepal]] tree leaves are also used to make torans at some places in India. They also have other decorative features depending on the region.<ref name=VZR>{{Cite journal|url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A375370256/GPS?sid=wikipedia|title = The torans of Gujarat and Rajasthan: meanings and origins|last =Rivers |first =Victoria Z. |date = June 2014|journal = Marg, A Magazine of the Arts|pages = 78–80}}{{subscription required|via=Academic OneFile}}</ref>

The origin of torans can be traced to Puranas (Hindu Scriptures). Torans are used to decorate the main entrance of the home. The main idea behind decorating the homes is to please and attract the goddess of wealth, [[Lakshmi]]. These torans are the first thing that welcomes guests.

==See also==
* [[Thoranam]], hanging decorations in Tamil Nadu
* [[Torana]], in Hindu-Buddhist Indian-origin also found in Southeast Asia and East Asia

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

[https://grihasajjablog.com/diy-handmade-diwali-decorations-home/ Torans you can make at home]

[[Category:Textile arts of India]]

Anantapuri Express

2025-06-07T19:34:22Z

AlizaHyder840: enhance citations for accuracy further and improved wording to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Ananthapuri Express]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Mangalagiri Municipality

2025-05-28T06:17:56Z

AlizaHyder840: expanded lead and fixed typos after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = [[Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = 1969
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction =
| merger = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| type =
| status = [[Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation]]
| purpose = Civic administration
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Mangalagiri]]
| location = [[Mangalagiri]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coords =
| region =
| services =
| membership =
| membership_year =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name2 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = Committee
| parent_organization =
| budget =
| budget_year =
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| staff_year =
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| website = {{URL|http://cdma.ap.gov.in/MANGALAGIRI/}}
| remarks =
| formerly =
| footnotes =
}}
[[Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]] is the [[Self-governance|local self government]] in [[Mangalagiri]], [[Tadepalle, Guntur district|Tadepalle]] towns of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is classified as a ''Municipal Corporation''.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>

== Administration ==

The [[municipality]] was established in the year 1969 and has an extent of {{convert|17.53|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Mangalagiri/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810134959/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/MANGALAGIRI/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="civicbody" /> Mangalagiri municipality and its outgrowths of Navuluru and Atmakur are a part of Vijayawada urban agglomeration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Name of Urban Agglomeration and its State constituent Units-2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/AP/Chapter_I.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=21 September 2015|page=23 }}</ref> In March 2021 Mangalagiri Municipality and Tadepalli Municipality are merged and formed [[Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]].

The ''Elected Wing'' of the municipality consists of a [[municipal council]], which has elected members and is headed by a [[Chairperson]].<ref name="composition">{{cite web |title=Composition of the Municipality |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Mangalagiri/Composition_of_%20the_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> Whereas, the ''Executive Wing'' is headed by a [[municipal commissioner]].<ref name="composition" />

Mangalagiri municipality has a total of 32 election wards. The below table shows the composition of municipal wards with unreserved and reserved (women, SC's, ST's and BC's) categories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipality wards|url=http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/Andhra%20Elected%20councilors%20List,%202014.pdf|website=Andhra PRadesh – State Election Commission|access-date=27 June 2016|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906174718/http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/Andhra%20Elected%20councilors%20List,%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> AP government introduced new GO to merge Atmakuru, Nowluru, Bethapudi, Yerrabalem and Chinakakani in Mangalagiri Municipality.

==Civic works and services==
The municipality works on improving civic needs such as, sewerage, storm water drains, solid waste management,<ref>{{cite news|title=State nod for VMC's urban mission works|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/state-nod-for-vmcs-urban-mission-works/article1828218.ece|access-date=29 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=14 April 2007}}</ref> and it even takes care of laying cement roads, providing drinking water, internal road widening etc.<ref>{{cite news|title=Development works sans additional taxes: Minister|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/19/stories/2005081913610300.htm|access-date=29 March 2016|date=19 August 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Guntur}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Raghavendra|first1=V|title=Negotiating this stretch is a nightmare for motorists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/negotiating-this-stretch-is-a-nightmare-for-motorists/article2816547.ece|access-date=29 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=20 January 2012|location=Mangalagiri}}</ref> The municipality also takes up the process of beautification, which certain works like, tree plantations, maintaining parks, laying dividers and pavements.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guntur, Mangalagiri to be beautified shortly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/Guntur-Mangalagiri-to-be-beautified-shortly/articleshow/48739457.cms|access-date=29 March 2016|work=Times of India|date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

The town has a water pumping station, which draws water from the nearby [[Prakasam Barrage]] and is supplied to the filtration plants for water supply.<ref>{{cite news|title=Water metering set to become a reality soon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/water-metering-set-to-become-a-reality-soon/article8383910.ece|access-date=29 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=22 March 2016|location=Guntur}}</ref>

'''Projects'''

Mangalagiri is one of the seven municipalities, along with [[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation|Vijayawada]] and [[Guntur Municipal Corporation]]s to be a part of a ''15 [[Megawatt|MW]] [[waste-to-energy plant]]'' project. It is planned to be set up with the collaboration of the ''JITF Urban Infrastructure Limited''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Waste-to-energy plant to be set up in Guntur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/wastetoenergy-plant-to-be-set-up-in-guntur/article8205532.ece|access-date=18 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
In 2015, the municipality received ''Green Leaf Awards 2015'' in the category of ''Best Municipality'', which was organised by ''NGO Sukuki Exnora''.<ref>{{cite news|title=TS and AP NGOs sweep Green Leaf awards|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-06-08/TS-and-AP-NGOs-sweep-Green-Leaf-awards-155893|access-date=13 March 2016|work=The Hans India|date=8 June 2015}}</ref> The city is one among the 31 cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as ''[[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT)''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vadlapatla|first1=Sribala|title=Amaravati among 31 AP cities selected for Amruth development|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.c/2010/may/d2010051103.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=22 September 2014}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1969 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh]]

Chak Sarai

2025-05-23T07:34:02Z

AlizaHyder840: added entry

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Chak Sarai'''<ref>Altitude: 269 meters above sea level, Telephone Code: 01628, Pin code: 141421</ref> ({{langx|pa|ਚੱਕ ਸਰਾਏ}}) is a [[village]] in [[Ludhiana district]] of the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The people speak the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language. It is 3 km from the [[Delhi]]–[[Amritsar]] highway and 77 km from the state capital. [[Doraha, Ludhiana|Doraha]] is the nearest city, with two international restaurants, [[McDonald's]] and [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], alongside [[Café Coffee Day|Cafe Coffee Day]].{{fact|date=June 2023}}

Most of the families are from an agricultural background. Multinational company [[Coca-Cola]] is located near the village including some other factories like Ganga textile, Arisudana textiles and DFL-Unbrako. There are many villagers who migrate to foreign countries. Most of them go to [[Canada]] or to [[America]], [[Australia]] and [[Europe]].{{fact|date=June 2023}}

The population<ref>Female Population 48.6 %</ref> of the village is 1544, with a 70% literacy rate. Present sarpanch is Mr. Sukhdev Singh Bittu and Ex panch Sr. Darshan Singh Deol. Most of the people belong to [[Deol]] Jatt [[Sikhism|Sikh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eleanor|first=Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2005|isbn=9780192806017|location=|pages=176}}</ref> The village contains two [[Gurdwara|gurudwaras]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=List of Gurudwaras in World|url=https://www.worldgurudwaras.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421181537/http://www.worldgurudwaras.com:80/ |archive-date=2012-04-21 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> one [[mosque]] and one [[temple]]. There is a large [[grain trade|grain market]] and rice mill located in the village.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

==References==
<references />

{{coord|30|47|55|N|76|05|15|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]

Padera

2025-03-30T03:18:07Z

AlizaHyder840: Starting New Post

{{For|the mango cultivar from the Philippines|Pico (mango)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padera
| other_name = Pandera
| settlement_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| image_map = Harchandpur block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Padera (#249) in Harchandpur CD block
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2936|N|81.1364|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow division|Lucknow]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rae Bareli district|Rae Bareli]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rae Bareli]]
| subdivision_type5 = Block
| subdivision_name5 = [[Harchandpur]]
| subdivision_type6 = Police Station
| subdivision_name6 = [[Harchandpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| leader_title1 = CSC Officer
| leader_name1 = Mr. Anurag Singh
| leader_title2 = Village Head
| leader_name2 = Mr. Ramakant Singh| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3034
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, English
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title1 = Literacy
| demographics2_info1 =76.9
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 229303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-535
| registration_plate = UP-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = Post Office
| blank1_info_sec1 = Padera B.O.
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 934 [[female|♂]]/ 1000[[male|♀]]
| website = {{URL|raebareli.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Padera''', also spelled '''Pandera''', is a village in [[Harchandpur]] block of [[Raebareli district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=168–84 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population is 3,034, in 564 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

Padera is also a [[Gram Panchayat]] under the district of Raebareli. The Pin Code of the village is 229303 and there are 5 village under Padera. A Government Agriculture Area is also situated in Padera semi-urban village.

==About Padera==
According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Padera Gram Panchayat is 144249. Padera semi-urban village is located in [[Raebareli]] Tehsil of [[Raebareli district]] in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated 12 km away from [[Raebareli]] via Gangaganj Route and 60 km away from Lucknow (45 Min Drive from Lucknow), which is both district & sub-district headquarter of Padera semi-urban village. Padera Gram Panchayat has a total population of 4,600 peoples. There are about 664 houses in Padera semi-urban village. Padera semi-urban village sits on the South shore of the Sai River.
[[Raebareli]] is nearest city to Padera.

==Demographic history==
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Padera (as "Pandera") as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 1,189 people (619 male and 570 female), in 258 households and 233 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xxxviii-xxxix of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,144 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Padera (as "Pandera") as having a population of 1,796 people, in 301 households, and having an area of 459.33 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=84–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==Transport==

===Bus===
The nearest Bus station is [[Achleshwar Market]] (2.5 km) and [[Harchandpur]] (10 km) and UPSRTC buses also run here.

===Rail===
The nearest Railway Station is [[Rae Bareli]] (14 km) and [[Harchandpur]] (10 km).

===Air===
The nearest Airport is [[Raebareli Airport]] (24 km) and [[Lucknow International Airport]] (65 km).

==External links==
* [http://services.indg.in/vlecorner/main.php CSC Officer List]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Sillanatham

2024-09-03T17:00:06Z

AlizaHyder840: put up basic stub nd citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Sillanatham
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Sillanatham, [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|8.8748|N|78.0702|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 54.05
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 628402
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
|area_code = +91461*******
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other [[Neighbourhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Puthiamputhur]], [[Ottapidaram]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukudi]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sillanatham''' is a neighbourhood in [[Ottapidaram taluk]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sillanatham village in Ottapidaram taluka, Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu |url=https://vill.co.in/tamil-nadu/thoothukkudi/ottapidaram-627058650/sillanatham-058656424460/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref> in [[Thoothukudi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWEwAQAAIAAJ&dq=sillanatham |title=Tamil Nadu State: Thoothukudi District |date=2007 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Print |language=en}}</ref> state in the peninsular [[India]].

== Location ==
Sillanatham is located at an altitude of about {{convert|54.05|m|ft}} with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|8.8748|N|78.0702|E}}) in the Thoothukudi district. The Thoothukudi district is southeast of the Tamil Nadu state.<ref name="Map of thoothukuri">{{cite web |last1=N/A |first1=Apoorv |title=Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) District Map |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tamilnadu/districts/tuticorin.htm#:~:text=Thoothukudi%20district%20is%20located%20on%20south%20east%20of%20Tamil%20Nadu |website=mapsofindia.com |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=3 September 2024 |ref=zed}}</ref>

{{Location map many | Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Sillanatham
| pos1 = top
| bg1 = gold
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|8.8748|N|78.0702|E}}
}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Sillanatham had a population of 1,594 of which males constituted 795 and females 799, with children representing 10.1% of the population. The literacy rate is 90.39%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sillanatham Village Population - Ottapidaram - Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/642446-sillanatham-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Industry ==
Sillanatham has an industrial estate of 380 acres owned by SIPCOT ([[State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu]]) where the ground breaking ceremony was held on February 25, 2024, for manufacturing electric vehicles and batteries by the Vietnamese electric vehicle manufacturer [[VinFast]] and the SIPCOT (joint venture).<ref>{{Cite web |author=ETB Sivapriyan |title=VinFast breaks ground for its first Indian EV factory in Tamil Nadu's Thoothukudi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/vinfast-breaks-ground-for-its-first-indian-ev-factory-in-tamil-nadus-thoothukudi-2909424 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2024-02-25 |title=T.N. CM Stalin lays foundation stone for VinFast’s electric car unit in Thoothukudi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-cm-stalin-lays-foundation-stone-for-vinfasts-electric-car-unit-in-thoothukudi/article67884665.ece |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Sillanatham area falls under the [[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SILLANATHAM Village in THOOTHUKKUDI |url=https://www.etamilnadu.org/sillanatham-village-11610.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.etamilnadu.org}}</ref> Also, this area belongs to [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottapidaram Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners Tamil nadu Ottapidaram Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/tamil-nadu-election-results-2021/tn-ottapidaram-constituency-217.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi]]

Pallikondeswara Temple, Surutupalle

2024-07-18T14:28:31Z

AlizaHyder840:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name =
Pallikondeswara Temple
|native_name = పళ్ళికొండేశ్వరా దేవస్థానం
| image =Suruttupalli1.JPG
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|13|9|N|80|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district]]
| location = [[Surutupalle]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Pallikondeswara ([[Shiva]])
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| date_built =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Pallikondeswara Temple'''(also Pradosha kshetram) is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the god [[Shiva]] located in [[Surutupalle]],<ref>[[#V.|V. 2006]], p. 26</ref> a village in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The presiding deity Pallikondeswara, unlike other Shiva temples, is sported in reclining posture lying on the lap of his consort [[Parvati]].

The temple house a three-tiered gateway tower known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Valmeegeeswarar and Maragathambigai being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and three precincts. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a.m. to 9 p.m., and five yearly festivals on its calendar. The Aipassi Annabishekam is the major festival in the temple. The temple was built by [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara king]] Harihara Bukka Raya (1344-47). In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by State Institute of Temple Administration (SITA) of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

== Legend ==
During the [[Samudra manthan]] (churning of the ocean of milk) by the gods and demons, many treasures along with the [[Amrita]] (elixir of the gods) and the poison [[Halahala]] rose from the ocean. To rescue the beings of the world from the poison, Shiva consumed it. When the poison was just going down the throat of Shiva, his consort Parvati stopped it there by tightly holding Shiva’s throat, turning Shiva's neck blue. After the episode, Shiva proceeded to his abode [[Kailash]] with Parvati. On the way, he felt exhausted and slightly uncomfortable, when he reached a place in the bounds of Andhra, which came to be called Suruttappalli. There, he lay down to relax, keeping his head in the lap of Parvati. The gods, who were concerned about Shiva's well-being, assembled there and stood around him, waiting for the Lord to open his eyes. This lying posture of Shiva is rare and unique, almost similar to Vishnu’s reclining posture.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Pallikondeeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=90|publisher=Dinamalar|accessdate=4 November 2021|year=2014}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Suruttupalli4.JPG|thumb|A temple sculpture depicting the central icon|left]]
The temple was built by [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara king]] Harihara Bukka Raya (1344-47). The temple has an inscription stating the temple was renovated by Kalahasti princess in 1833. Sri [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati]] of [[Kanchi Mutt]] camped here for 40 days in 1976, he showed a place and asked people to dig it, when they did, they found the stone and Mahaperiyava disclosed that the footprints are those of [[Rama|Rama's]] twins [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]. [[Jayendra Saraswati|Sri Jayendra Saraswati]] and [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Sri Vijayendra Saraswati]] performed the Kumbabhishekam of the temple on June 23 2002. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by State Institute of Temple Administration (SITA) of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. Palli Kondeswarar translates to reclining deity. Shiva as Palli Kondeswarar is seen in a reclining posture in the lap of his consort [[Parvati]] as Sarva Mangalambika, which is typical of [[Ranganatha]] form of the god [[Vishnu]]. The temple was built during the late [[Vijayanagara]] period and the deity here is termed as ''Bhoga sayana Siva''.<ref>A. Satyanarayana, Pedarapu Chenna Reddy, ''Recent trends in historical studies: festschrift to Professor Ravula Soma Reddy'', p. 253</ref> The temple house a three-tiered gateway tower known as ''[[gopurams]]''. This icon of Shiva is unusual; most Shiva temples contain a [[Lingam]], his aniconic symbol, as the central icon. The gods [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]], [[Surya]], [[Chandra]], [[Indra]] and sages such as [[Narada]] are seen standing around Shiva.<ref name=tv9>{{cite news|title=Pallikondeswara Temple: What is the rare glory of Lord Shiva lying on the lap of Goddess Parvati .. Do you know how to reach ..!|url=https://tv9telugu.com/spiritual/history-of-pallikondeswara-temple-surutapalli-428993.html|accessdate=4 November 2021|date=1 March 2021|publisher=TV9}}</ref>

The temple has many icons, besides the central icon for [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Chandra]], [[Kubera]], [[Surya]], [[Indra]], [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] with consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devayanai]]. There are icons for sages [[Bhrigu]], [[Markandeya]], [[Narada]], [[Agastya]], [[Pulastya]], [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]], [[Tumburu]], [[Vashista]], [[Viswamitra]] and [[Valmiki]]. [[Adishankara]], another form of Shiva, in a separate niche. There are shrines for [[Navagraha]], the nine planetary deities and [[Nidhi|Sanganidhi and Padumanidhi]] with their consorts Vasundara and Vasumadhi respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pallikondeeswarar temple Surutapalli|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=4 November 2021|publisher=Malaimalar|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/12/13075349/1217771/Palli-Kondeswarar-Temple-Surutapalli-Andhra-Pradesh.vpf|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104151250/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/12/13075349/1217771/Palli-Kondeswarar-Temple-Surutapalli-Andhra-Pradesh.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Deities inside the Temple==
* [[Shiva|Palli Kondeswara]] with [[Parvati|Sarvamangalambika]]
* [[Shiva|Valmikeswara]]
* [[Parvati|Maragathambika]]
* Ramalingeswara
* [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]]
* [[Ganesha|Varasiddhi Vinayaka]]
* [[Subrahmanya]] with [[Devasena]] and [[Valli]]
* Saligrama Vinayaka
* Bala Subramanya Swamy
* [[Tripura Sundari|Rajarajeshwari]]
* [[Mahalakshmi]]
* [[Saraswathi]]
* [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapoorni]]
* [[Durga|Durga Devi]]
* [[Lingodbhava]]
* [[Brahma]]
* [[Bhairava]]
* [[Valmiki]]
* [[Kubera]]
* [[Aiyanar]] with Poorna and Pushkala
* [[Ayyappan]] with Gajavahanam
* Thambathya [[Dakshinamurthy]]
* Jwarahareswara
* [[Vishnu]]
* Kasi Vishwanathar
* Vishalakshi Amman
* [[Krishna|Venugopalaswamy]]
* [[Ekapada|Ekapadha Trimurti]]
* [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Adhikara Nandi]]
* [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]]
* [[Matangi|Raja Matangi]]
* [[Matrikas|Sapthamatrikas]]
* [[Navagrahas]]
* [[Nataraja]] and Sivakami
* Footprints of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]
* [[Sambandar]]
* [[Appar]]
* [[Sundarar]]
* [[Manikkavacakar]]
* In Pallikondeswara shrine he is seen in reclining posture on [[Parvati|Parvati's]] lap. [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Markandeya]], [[Narada]], [[Chandra]], [[Kubera]], [[Indra]], [[Surya]], [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] with consorts [[Valli]] and [[Deivanai]], [[Bhrigu]], [[Agastya]], [[Pulastya]], [[Tumburu]], [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]], [[Vasishta]], [[Vishwamitra]] and [[Valmiki]] were surrounded.
* In Ramalingeswara shrine there are shrines for [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Hanuman|Anjaneya]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and [[Shatrughna]].
* In Maragathambikai shrine instead of Dwarashaktis [[Kalpavriksha]] and [[Kamadhenu]] were present.
* In Valimikeswara shrine instead of Dwarapalakas [[Nidhi|Sankhanidhi]] and [[Nidhi|Padmanidhi]] with their consorts were present.

==Worship practices ==
[[File:Nandi Infront of Pallikondeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|Nandi in front of Pallikondeswara Temple]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Valmeegeswarar and Maraganthibigai. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.
Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (September – October), Thiruvadhirai during the month of ''{{lang|te-Latn|Margazhi}}'' (December – January) and Annabhishekam during the Tamil month of ''{{lang|te-Latn|Aippasi}}'' are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar/> Pradosham, the fortnightingly festival is celebrated in all the south Indian temples. This temple garners around 15,000 visitors during pradosham and around 30,000 during the [[Sivarathri]] festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/02/28/stories/2003022801290600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615023339/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/02/28/stories/2003022801290600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title= Deities in rare form|date=28 February 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Subburaj|first=V. |title=Tourist Guide to Chennai |year=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=t. Krishna Press|isbn=81-7478-040-8|ref=V.}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Andhra Pradesh]]

Battle of Negapatam

2023-06-18T06:51:55Z

AlizaHyder840:

'''Battle of Negapatam''' may refer one of the third battles between French and British fleets off the coast of [[Negapatam]] in India :

* [[Battle of Negapatam (1746)]] during the First Carnatic War (part of the War of the Austrian Succession)
* [[Battle of Negapatam (1758)]] during the Third Carnatic War (part of the Seven Years' War)
* [[Battle of Negapatam (1782)]] during the Anglo-French War of 1778-1783

==See also==
*[[Nagapattinam (disambiguation)]]

{{disamb}}