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Vasna Barrage

2023-10-09T15:28:08Z

Alihaiderhusain:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Vasna Barrage
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Gujarat
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Vasna Barrage
| coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Ahmedabad district]], [[Gujarat]]
| purpose = Irrigation
| status = o
| construction_began = 1972
| opening = 1976
| demolished =
| cost = {{estimation|{{INRconvert|887.48|l}}}}
| owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| dam_type = [[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]
| dam_height =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation= {{convert|20.75|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}
| dam_length = {{convert|611|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Sabarmati River]]
| spillway_count = 24 vertical
| spillway_type = Broad crest
| spillway_capacity = 21000 m3/s
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment = {{convert|10619|km2|sqft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}
| res_surface = {{convert|107|km2|sqft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website = [https://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1869&lang=english Vasna Barrage]
| extra =
}}

'''Vasna Barrage''' is a [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] on the [[Sabarmati river]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Constructed in 1976, the barrage is meant for strengthening the existing irrigation system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 gates of Vasna barrage are opened |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/15-gates-of-vasna-barrage-are-opened/81864166.html |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gg"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/nrld06042019.pdf |title=National Register of Large Dams - 2019 |date=June 2019 |publisher=Dam Safety Monitoring Directorate, Central Dam Safety Organisation, Central Water Commission, Government of India |location=New Delhi |pages=74}}</ref>

==Features==
The barrage holds the water in the part of river in [[Ahmedabad]] throughout the year and supplies drinking water to the city. It also feeds underground water aquifers in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Dr Rita N. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TtVzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12&dq=vasna+barrage&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi17cORiueBAxVoTWwGHUDOBLQQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=vasna%20barrage&f=false |title=Pollution Studies of Sabarmati River and Kharicut Canal, Ahmedabad, Gujarat |last2=Solanki |first2=Dr Rajal |last3=J.I |first3=Prof Dr Nirmal Kumar |last4=Soni |first4=Dr Hiren B. |publisher=Google Book Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR1sFWlUpPUC&dq=dams+on+sabarmati+river&pg=PA43 |title=Water Resources Systems Planning and Management |last2=Singh |first2=V. P. |date=2003-09-12 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080543697 |language=en}}</ref> The bedrock is of river deposits. Total 87 villages of [[Ahmedabad district]] fall under its command area. The right bank irrigation canal called Fatehwadi canal is 6.9 km long and was completed in 1978. It has discharge capacity of 45.35 cubic metre per second.<ref name="gg">{{cite web | url=https://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1869&lang=english | title=Vasna Barrage Water Resources Project | publisher=Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department (Water Resources Division) | work=Government of Gujarat | accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xt9KHerkrkAC&pg=PA165&dq=vasna+barrage&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi17cORiueBAxVoTWwGHUDOBLQQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=vasna%20barrage&f=false |title=Environment, Development and Society in Contemporary India:An Introduction |date=February 2008 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-230-63530-2 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref> The canal supplies water only when the river overflows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elzen |first=Floor van den |date=2016-12-19 |title=The Vasana Barrage - Downstream the Sabarmati part I. |url=https://www.duurzamestudent.nl/2016/12/19/the-vasana-barrage-downstream-the-sabarmati-part-i/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Duurzame Student |language=nl-NL}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
* [[Dharoi dam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}
{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dams in Sabarmati River basin]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1976]]
[[Category:Barrages in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Jaydev Unadkat

2023-10-03T19:31:03Z

Alihaiderhusain: Update

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jaydev Unadkat
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| fullname = Jaydev Dipakbhai Unadkat
| height = 6 ft 3 in <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/players/1298-jaydev-unadkat-playerprofile|title=Jaydev Unadkat Profile|access-date=8 January 2022|website=NDTV Sports|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|10|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[Medium bowler|medium]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2010–present
| testdebutdate = 16 December
| testdebutyear = 2010
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 267
| lasttestdate = 22 December
| lasttestyear = 2022
| lasttestagainst = Bangladesh

| odidebutdate = 24 July
| odidebutyear = 2013
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 197
| lastodidate = 1 August
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| odishirt = 91 (formerly 77)

| T20Idebutdate = 18 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2016
| T20Idebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| T20Icap = 64
| lastT20Iagainst = Bangladesh
| lastT20Idate = 18 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2018
| T20Ishirt = 77

| club1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| year1 = 2010–present
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2010–2012, 2016
| club3 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year3 = 2013
| club4 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year4 = 2014–2015
| club5 = [[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
| year5 = 2017
| club6 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year6 = 2018–2021
| club7 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year7 = 2022
| club8 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year8 = 2023
| club9 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]
| year9 = 2023
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 29
| bat avg1 = 14.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 14[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 156
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 56.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/42
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 7
| runs2 = –
| bat avg2 = –
| 100s/50s2 = –
| top score2 = –
| deliveries2 = 312
| wickets2 = 8
| bowl avg2 = 26.12
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/41
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 101
| runs3 = 1,848
| bat avg3 = 18.48
| 100s/50s3 = 0/8
| top score3 = 92
| deliveries3 = 17,403
| wickets3 = 382
| bowl avg3 = 22.41
| fivefor3 = 22
| tenfor3 = 5
| best bowling3 = 8/39
| catches/stumpings3 = 45/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 116
| runs4 = 503
| bat avg4 = 10.93
| 100s/50s4 = 0/1
| top score4 = 57
| deliveries4 = 6,134
| wickets4 = 168
| bowl avg4 = 28.97
| fivefor4 = 2
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/23
| catches/stumpings4 = 28/–
| date = 24 March
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390484.html CricInfo
}}
'''Jaydev Dipakbhai Unadkat''' (born 18 October 1991) is an Indian professional [[cricket]]er who has played for the [[India national cricket team|Indian national team]]. He plays for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] in domestic cricket. He represented India in the [[Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] in 2010. In March 2020, Unadkat became the first man to captain Saurashtra to the Ranji Trophy title.In December 2022, Unadkat returned in the Test XI after 12 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/interview/exclusive-how-we-won-the-ranji-trophy/20200320.htm|title='How We Won the Ranji Trophy'|first=Kotian|last=Harish|date=24 March 2020|website=Rediff.com}}
</ref>

== Domestic career ==
Domestically Unadkat plays for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]. He has played for a number of teams in the [[Indian Premier League]]. When he was selected by [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in 2013 he was one of the costliest Indian players.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/603194.html|title=IPL player list at 2013 auction|date=3 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPN Cricinfo]]}}</ref> In May 2013 he achieved his best T20 career bowling figures of 5/25 playing against Delhi Daredevils and was named Player of the Match.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130615222623/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/207594-ipl-6-match-57-delhi-daredevils-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore Jaydev Unadkat's five-wicket haul sees Bangalore home by four runs against Delhi]</ref>

In 2014, he was selected by Delhi in that year's IPL auction, and in February 2016 Kolkata Knight Riders made the winning bid in that auction, {{INRConvert|160|l}}, to secure Unadkat's services.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Watson goes for whopping 9.5 cr, Negi emerges costliest Indian buy|url = http://www.thehindu.com/sport/live-ipl-auctions/article8201714.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 February 2016|access-date = 6 February 2016|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> In February 2017, he moved again, this time to [[Rising Pune Supergiants]].<ref name="IPL">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1083407.html |title=List of players sold and unsold at IPL auction 2017 |access-date=20 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In the 10th IPL he took a hat-trick against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] during the final over of the match which was a wicket maiden over.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1096517.html|title=Unadkat in the 20th over: 0 W W W 0 0|work=Cricinfo|access-date=29 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1082634.html|title=44th match: Sunrisers Hyderabad v Rising Pune Supergiant at Hyderabad (Deccan), May 6, 2017 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>

In July 2018, he was named in the squad for India Blue for the [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy]]<ref name="Duleep18">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24173214/sanju-samson-picked-india-passing-yo-yo-test |title='Fit' Samson returns to India A squad|work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=23 July 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> and in October 2018 was named in India B's squad for the [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1162570.html |title=Rahane, Ashwin and Karthik to play Deodhar Trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref>

In January 2019, he became the second bowler for Saurashtra to take 200 wickets in the [[Ranji Trophy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2018-19-semi-final-2-jaydev-unadkat-dharmendrasinh-jadeja-peg-karnataka-back-795805 |title=Unadkat, Jadeja peg Karnataka back |work=Cricket Country |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> and in August 2019 was named in the India Red team's squad for the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27331972/shubman-gill-priyank-panchal-faiz-fazal-lead-duleep-trophy-sides |title=Shubman Gill, Priyank Panchal and Faiz Fazal to lead Duleep Trophy sides |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/duleep-trophy-2019-shubman-gill-faiz-fazal-and-priyank-panchal-to-lead-duleep-trophy-2019-squad-fixtures-schedule-876560 |title=Duleep Trophy 2019: Shubman Gill, Faiz Fazal and Priyank Panchal to lead as Indian domestic cricket season opens |work=Cricket Country |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> before being named for [[India A cricket team|India A]] for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> He was the leading wicket-taker in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]], with 67 dismissals in ten matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/interview/my-stars-are-aligned-at-the-moment/20200323.html|title=Jaydev Unadkat: 'My stars are aligned at the moment'|first=Kotian|last=Harish|date=23 March 2020|website=Rediff.com}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13223;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2019/20: Most wickets |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

Jaydev Unadkat has not played a Test since his debut in 2010.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=May 26, 2021 |title=Kumar Sangakkara wanted me to start afresh: Jaydev Unadkat opens up about IPL journey, India comeback chances|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jaydev-unadkat-india-comeback-rajasthan-royals-sangakkra-inputs-ipl-1807169-2021-05-26|access-date=29 August 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

On 23 December 2022, he was bought by the [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the [[List of 2023 Indian Premier League personnel changes|IPL auction]] for the [[2023 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite news |last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|title=IPL Auction 2023 {{!}} Unadkat sold at base price; here's all you need to know |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-auction-2023-jaydev-unadkat-sold-at-base-price-to-lucknow-super-giants-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-2022-12-23-833532 |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
After playing for India's under-19 side in England in 2010, taking 13 wickets on his [[first-class cricket]] debut against West Indies under-19s at [[Grace Road]], Unadkat was used as a net bowler for the [[India national cricket team|Indian national side]] in Sri Lanka before making his international debut for India against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in December 2010 in the first Test at [[Centurion cricket ground|Centurion]].<ref name=ci>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/390484.html|title=Jaydev Unadkat|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

In the 2nd Test against Bangladesh on 22 December 2022 at [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Mirpur]], Unadkat was named as a replacement to [[Kuldeep Yadav]]. Jaydev Unadkat made his comeback to the Test side after 12 years.<ref name="Jaydev Unadkat">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/india-vs-bangladesh-playing-xi-jaydev-unadkat-makes-test-comeback-after-12-years-replaces-kuldeep-yadav-11852601.html|title=Jaydev Unadkat replaces Kuldeep Yadav to make Test comeback after 12 years |date=22 December 2022 }}</ref>

Unadkat made his [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) debut [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016|against Zimbabwe]] at [[Harare Sports Club]] in June 2016.<ref name="T20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1007655.html |title=India tour of Zimbabwe, 1st T20I: Zimbabwe v India at Harare, Jun 18, 2016 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Jaidev-Unadkat/4175.html Jaidev Unadkat]'s profile page on Wisden
* [http://www.royalchallengers.com/jaydev-unadkat Jaydev Unadkat Royal Challenger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822012427/http://www.royalchallengers.com/jaydev-unadkat |date=22 August 2014 }}

{{Lucknow Super Giants squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unadkat, Jaydev}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Saurashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers]]
[[Category:Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Sussex cricketers]]

Umesh Yadav

2023-10-01T16:32:44Z

Alihaiderhusain: Update

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use Indian English|date = July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Umesh Yadav
| image = UmeshYadav.jpg
| caption = Umesh Yadav in 2021
| country = India
| fullname = Umeshkumar Tilak Yadav
| nickname = Vidarbha Express, Paplu, Strongman<ref>{{cite web |title=Umesh Yadav|url= https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals/squad/59/umesh-yadav|website=www.iplt20.com |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|5|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/players/1258-umesh-yadav-playerprofile |title=Umesh Yadav |website=sports.ndtv.com |publisher=New Delhi Television Limited |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
| height = 5 ft 11 in<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/umesh-yadav Umesh Yadav’s profile] on [[Sportskeeda]]</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| family =
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2010–present

| testdebutdate = 6 November
| testdebutyear = 2011
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 272
| lasttestdate = 7 June
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| odidebutdate = 28 May
| odidebutyear = 2010
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 184
| lastodidate = 24 October
| lastodiyear = 2018
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| odishirt = 19 (formerly 73)

| T20Idebutdate = 7 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2012
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| lastT20Idate = 4 October
| lastT20Iyear = 2022
| lastT20Iagainst = South Africa
| T20Ishirt = 70 (formerly 19 and 73)
| T20Icap = 42

| club1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2008–present}}
| club2 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2010–2013}}
| club3 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|2014–2017}}
| club4 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year4 = {{nowrap|2018–2020}}
| club5 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year5 = {{nowrap|2021}}
| club6 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year6 = {{nowrap|2022–present}}
| club7 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| year7 = {{nowrap|2022}}
| club8 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]
| year8 = 2023
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 57
| runs1 = 460
| bat avg1 = 11.21
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 31
| deliveries1 = 8,979
| wickets1 = 170
| bowl avg1 = 30.95
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 6/88
| catches/stumpings1 = 19/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 75
| runs2 = 79
| bat avg2 = 7.90
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 18[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 3,558
| wickets2 = 106
| bowl avg2 = 33.63
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/31
| catches/stumpings2 = 22/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 9
| runs3 = 22
| bat avg3 = 22.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 20[[Not Out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 180
| wickets3 = 12
| bowl avg3 = 23.33
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/19
| catches/stumpings3 = 3/–
| column4 = [[First class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 112
| runs4 = 1,211
| bat avg4 = 14.76
| 100s/50s4 = 1/1
| top score4 = 128[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 18,647
| wickets4 = 347
| bowl avg4 = 29.49
| fivefor4 = 15
| tenfor4 = 2
| best bowling4 = 7/48
| catches/stumpings4 = 38/–
| date = 11 June
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/376116.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|2013 England & Wales]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2017 ICC Champions Trophy|2017 England & Wales]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC World Test Championship]]}}
{{MedalRU|[[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2021 England]]|}}
{{MedalRU|[[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2023 England]]|}}
}}

'''Umeshkumar Tilak Yadav''' (born 25 October 1987) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Vidarbha cricket team]], [[India national cricket team|Indian national team]], [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the Indian Premier League. Yadav was a member of the team that won the [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy]].

A right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]], Yadav has played for [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] at domestic level since 2008 and is the first player from the team to have played [[Test cricket]]. He made his [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in May 2010. The following year, in November, Yadav made his Test debut against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. He was the highest wicket-taker for India and third highest overall in the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2015- Highest wicket takers|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6537&type=tournament|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2015 Cricket World Cup Leading Wicket-Takers: Mitchell Starc becomes No 1 in the list of top-10 bowlers in WC 2015|url=https://www.india.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/2015-cricket-world-cup-leading-wicket-takers-list-of-top-bowlers-in-wc-2015-292464/|access-date=18 May 2021|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref> He holds the record of the [[Strike rate|highest strike rate]] in an innings in Test cricket after scoring 31 runs in 10 balls at a strike rate of 310 against South Africa in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/umesh-yadav-breaks-stephen-flemings-15-year-old-record20191020191844/|title=Umesh Yadav breaks Stephen Fleming's 15-year-old record|website=ANI News|language=en|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life and domestic career==
Before becoming a professional cricketer, Umesh unsuccessfully applied to join the army and the police force. Yadav tried to make a place in his college cricket team but was refused because he did not play for any club. Then, in the year 2007, having previously only ever played tennis ball cricket, Yadav joined Vidarbha Gymkhana (club affiliated to VCA; established in 1969 by J.A. Karnewar) and first time began bowling with a leather ball in Guzder League 'A' Division cricket tournament organised by Vidarbha Cricket Association (VCA). [[Pritam Gandhe]], Vidharbha's Ranji trophy team captain, supported Yadav and ensured he represented Air India in a [[Twenty20]] tournament. Of Yadav's early career, Gandhe remarked: "He was raw and wayward. But he was really quick – too quick. I thought that if he lands at least three out of six balls in line with the stumps, he will trouble batsmen."<ref name="fast track">{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/567657.html |title=The fast track from Khaparkheda |first=Abhishek |last=Purohit |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 June 2012 |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref>

On 3 November 2008, Yadav made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] against [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2008–09 Ranji Trophy]]. His first wicket was that of Himalaya Sagar who was out bowled; Yadav did not bowl in Madhya Pradesh' second innings, but in the first claimed four wickets for 72 runs (4/75) as his team lost by ten wickets.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/188/188424.html |title=Madhya Pradesh v Vidarbha: Ranji Trophy 2008/09 (Plate Group B) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> He played in four of Vidarbha's Ranji matches that season, taking 20 wickets at an average of 14.60 with best figures of 6/105.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_2008-09/Batting_by_Average.html |title=Batting and fielding in Ranji Trophy 2008/09 (ordered by average) |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_2008-09/Bowling_by_Average.html |title=Bowling in Ranji Trophy 2008/09 (ordered by average) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> Also in the 2008/09 season, Yadav made his [[list A|one-day]] debut.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/188/188595.html |title=a19522 Rajasthan v Vidarbha: Vijay Hazare Trophy 2008/09 (Central Zone) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

From playing for Vidarbha, Yadav was selected to represent the [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]] in his first season.<ref name="fast track" />

On 16 April 2013, Umesh got engaged to Delhi-based fashion designer Tanya Wadhwa, and they were married on 29 May 2013. The couple have two daughters born in January 2021 and March 2023 respectively. Initially Umesh had troubled family life as his brother was acquitted in a robbery case.In his early years he moved from Jharkhand to Nagpur.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-16/off-the-field/38585152_1_delhi-daredevils-umesh-yadav-t20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418143111/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-16/off-the-field/38585152_1_delhi-daredevils-umesh-yadav-t20 | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 April 2013 | title=Umesh Yadav to tie knot with Delhi girl Tanya | date=16 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=17 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mymarriagewebsite.com/wedding-of-cricketer-umesh-yadav-to-tanya-wadhwa | title=Umesh Yadav's Wedding To Tanya Wadhwa | access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>

In January 2019, in the first semi-final of [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy#Semi-finals|2018/19 Ranji Trophy]] against [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]], he gave his career-best performance of 7/48 in the first innings and then returned with figures of 5/31 in the second innings, and ended the match with career-best figures of 12/79 which sailed Vidarbha to the Ranji Trophy final.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-domestic/ranji-trophy/umesh-yadav-stars-as-vidarbha-blow-away-keralas-challenge-to-reach-ranji-trophy-final/articleshow/67686695.cms?|title=Umesh Yadav stars as Vidarbha blow away Kerala's challenge to reach Ranji Trophy final|work=PTI|date=25 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Umesh Yadav Biography, Achievements, Career Info, Records & Stats - Sportskeeda|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/umesh-yadav|access-date=26 June 2021|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref>

===Indian Premier League===
Umesh was signed by [[Delhi Daredevils]] in 2010 and played for the franchise for four seasons. He was the fourth highest wicket-taker in the [[2012 IPL]] with 19 wickets from 17 matches at an average of 23.84.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website- Highest wicket takers- IPL 2012|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2012/most-wickets|access-date=13 May 2021|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Umesh Yadav profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/umesh-yadav-376116|access-date=7 May 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2014 IPL|2014 season]], Umesh was bought by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IPL 2014 Players Auction: Sold Players List In IPL 7|url=http://sports.mercenie.com/ipl-2014/ipl-2014-players-auction-sold-players-list-ipl-7/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Sports|language=en-US}}</ref> He played for the side for four season before being released ahead of the [[2018 IPL auction]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=IPL 2018 player retention: Kolkata Knight Riders release skipper Gautam Gambhir|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2018-player-retention-kkr-release-gautam-gambhir-5012479/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> during which he was bought by [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL Auction 2018- List of sold and unsold players|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1134446|access-date=7 May 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He took 20 wickets from 14 matches in 2018.<ref name="iplt20.com">{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website- Umesh Yadav|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore/squad/59/umesh-yadav|access-date=7 May 2021|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vote for your IPL 2018 team of the tournament|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vote-for-your-ipl-2018-team-of-the-tournament-1148237|access-date=18 May 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricbuzz team of the tournament- IPL 2018|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/102276/cb-xi-team-of-ipl-2018-indian-premier-league-cricket-csk-srh-cricbuzzcom|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref> In 2019 he took eight 8 wickets from 11 matches<ref name="iplt20.com"/> and in 2020 only played in two matches.{{why|date=October 2021}}<ref name="iplt20.com"/>

Umesh was released by RCB ahead of the [[2021 IPL auction]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 January 2021|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore IPL 2021: Full list of retained and released players|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-ipl-2021-full-list-of-retained-and-released-players-7155729/|access-date=7 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and was bought by Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021 auction: The list of sold and unsold players|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1252152|access-date=7 May 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> In 2022 he gave best performance of his IPL career by taking 4 wicket against Punjab Kings.

==International career==
[[File:Umesh Yadav, Wasim Akram.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Umesh Yadav (left) and [[Wasim Akram]] (right), in a training session in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] ([[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]) ]]
[[File:Manish Pandey, Umesh Yadav.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Manish Pandey]] (left) and Umesh Yadav (right), in an ad during IPL [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]]]
In May 2010, Yadav was called into India's squad for the [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] in place of the injured [[Praveen Kumar]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-twenty20-2010/content/story/458673.html |title=Injured Praveen out of World Twenty20 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 May 2010 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> but did not go on to play in the tournament. Later that month, he was included in the squad to play a [[Tri-nation series in Zimbabwe in 2010|tri-nation ODI series]] in Zimbabwe against the hosts and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]. India sent an under-strength squad with nine first-choice players either rested or injured.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zim-tri2010/content/story/459056.html |title=Raina to lead India in Zimbabwe |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 May 2010 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> Yadav made his ODI debut in the tournament during India's loss to Zimbabwe, a team ranked tenth by the ICC at the time. Defending a score of 285, Yadav bowled eight wicketless overs while conceding 48 runs.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/287/287320.html |title=o2981 a20592 Zimbabwe v India: Zimbabwe Tri-Series 2010 |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zim-tri2010/content/story/461152.html |title=Taylor and Ervine seal terrific win |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |first=Sidharth |last=Monga |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/match_zone/odi_ranking.php?year=2010 |title=2010 ODI Rankings |publisher=ICC |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> Playing in three matches, Yadav took a single wicket.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/zim-tri2010/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=5802;type=tournament |title=Zimbabwe Triangular Series, 2010 / Records / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

After the tri-series in Zimbabwe, Yadav returned to the fringes of the team. He was included as a practice bowler when India toured Sri Lanka in July to gain experience of bowling to [[Test cricket|Test]] batsmen.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2010/content/story/466924.html |title=Net bowlers reinforce India sans Sreesanth, Harbhajan |first=Sidharth |last=Monga |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 July 2010 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> He would have to wait until October 2011 before his next international match.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/356/356989/One-Day_International_Matches.html |title=One-Day International matches played by Umesh Yadav |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716023128/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/356/356989/One-Day_International_Matches.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> After India toured South Africa in [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11|December 2010]], Yadav was dropped out of the national squad.<ref name=return2011>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2011/content/story/534294.html |title=Harbhajan dropped for first two ODIs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=29 September 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

Yadav returned to the national set-up in September 2011 for a [[English cricket team in India in 2011–12|five-match ODI series]] against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref name=return2011/> An injury to his left hand meant Yadav missed the last two ODIs. At times expensive though regularly fast,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2011/content/story/537379.html |title=Mithun to replace injured Umesh Yadav |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> he managed four wickets at an [[bowling average|average]] of 38.25 from three matches.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6683;type=series |title=Mithun to replace injured Umesh Yadav |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

When the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] toured in November 2011, the Indian selectors opted to change the team's fast bowlers. [[Sreesanth]] and [[Praveen Kumar]] were left out of the squad and Yadav and [[Varun Aaron]] were chosen based on their performances in the ODIs against England earlier that year.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/content/story/538351.html |title=Harbhajan out of Test squad; Kohli, Ashwin in |date=28 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> Yadav made his Test debut in the first match and opened the bowling alongside [[Ishant Sharma]] in the first innings, though failed to take a wicket. In the second innings, the [[spin bowling|spinners]] opened the bowling and Yadav took two wickets for 36 runs (2/36) to help India to a five-wicket victory.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/356/356308.html |title=f53504 t2015 India v West Indies: West Indies in India 2011/12 (1st Test) |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> Yadav was the first cricketer to play for Vidarbha who went on the play Test cricket.<ref name="fast track"/> India also won the second Test,<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/356/356309.html |title=f53545 t2017 India v West Indies: West Indies in India 2011/12 (2nd Test) |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> and Yadav finished with nine wickets in the series, the most amongst India's fast bowlers and less than half the total of either of the team's spinners.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6930;type=series |title=Records / West Indies in India Test Series, 2011/12 / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> In the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2011–12#ODI Series|five-match ODI series]] that followed, he managed six wickets at an average of 24.33 from three appearances.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6938;type=series |title=Records / West Indies in India ODI Series, 2011/12 / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

Yadav was selected as one of India's pace bowlers for their [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2011–12|tour of Australia]] in 2011–12. He played in all four Tests, taking 14 wickets at an average of 39.35 as India lost the series 4–0.<ref>{{citation|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6636;type=series|title=Records / Border-Gavaskar Trophy, 2011/12 / Most wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> In the third Test at the [[WACA Ground]] in [[Perth]], he took his first five-wicket haul in Test cricket, with figures of 5/93 in Australia's first and only innings.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/518952.html|title=India tour of Australia, 2011/12 / Scorecard: Third Test|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> In the triangular ODI series with Australia and Sri Lanka that followed, Yadav managed 5 wickets from 6 matches at an average of 59.80.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/commonwealth-bank-series-2012/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6632;type=tournament |title=Commonwealth Bank Series, 2011/12 / Records / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>

In May 2013, Umesh was named in India's 15 member squad for the [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2013 ICC Champions Trophy- Indian squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-champions-trophy-2013/content/squad/633964.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Cricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2013|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2013 - squads|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/22045866|access-date=18 May 2021|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> He didn't have a great tournament as he had picked up just 4 wickets from all the 5 matches that he played in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2013- Highest wicket takers|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-champions-trophy-2013/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=7371&type=tournament|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

In December 2014, Umesh was named in India's 20 member squad for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=World Cup 2015 squads|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/30346127|access-date=18 May 2021|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2015- Indian Squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/squad/817409.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Cricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He was India's highest wicket-taker in the tournament with 18 wickets from 8 matches and was also the third highest wicket-taker in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2015- Highest wicket takers|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6537&type=tournament|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

In May 2021, Umesh was named in India's 20 member Test squad for India's [[World Test Championship]] final against New Zealand and for India's 4 match Test series [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|against England]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's squad for WTC Final and Test series against England announced|url=http://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154375/india-s-squad-for-wtc-final-and-test-series-against-england-announced|access-date=13 May 2021|website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=India name squad for England tour|work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/56971324|access-date=13 May 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jadeja, Bumrah return in India squad for WTC final|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2131213|access-date=13 May 2021|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Bowling style==
Umesh is the fastest Indian bowler with his top speed being 152.5 km/h. Writing for [[ESPNcricinfo]] in January 2012, Sidharth Monga commented that

{{blockquote|Yadav is fit, strong, quick, and gets the ball to swing late. More importantly, he attacks the stumps and doesn't wait for edges. Eleven of his 21 Test wickets have been bowled. Another has been lbw. Five matches is a short career for a bigger statistical analysis, but it is worth mentioning that he takes a wicket every 39.2 balls. It is not at large odds with his overall first-class strike-rate of 46.8. Attacking the stumps also leaves less control on the run flow, which shows in his economy rate of 4.24 in Tests.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2011/content/current/story/550366.html |title=Yadav stands tall amid the rubble |first=Sidharth |last=Monga |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>}}

Former Australian bowler [[Glenn McGrath]] was impressed with Yadav's performance in the first Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in January. McGrath said

{{blockquote|He was quite impressive. He bowls at a good pace. He seems to have a great attitude and most importantly, he's a wicket-taking bowler. Perhaps, the direction and control are not there quite yet, but it's not far away.

He's got that raw talent, good pace and can generate good bounce. He's got a lot going for him at the moment.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Umesh-Yadav-s-bowling-at-MCG-was-impressive-Glenn-McGrath/9821 |title=Umesh Yadav's bowling at MCG was impressive: Glenn McGrath | publisher=CricketCountry |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>}}

Former Indian cricketer Aakash Chopra, impressed by Umesh's performance in the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] in 2017, said,

"It's not often that you see an Indian seamer outpace and outbowl his Australian counterparts but the spell that sealed the deal for India in Dharamshala did just that. Umesh Yadav bowled with a lot of steam on the third-day pitch and dismissed both openers before half the lead was wiped out.
There are certain spells in Test matches that leave an indelible mark on one’s memory and his spell in Dharamshala will go down as one of them."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chopra|first1=Aakash|title=Aakash Chopra – Umesh Yadav Has Arrived|url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/2017/03/29/india-vs-australia-test-series-kohli-umesh-smith|website=www.thequint.com|date=29 March 2017 |publisher=The Quint|access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=376116}}
* [http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Umesh-Yadav/4092.html Umesh Yadav]'s profile page on Wisden

{{India Squad 2013 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{India Squad 2015 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Kolkata Knight Riders squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Umesh}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Middlesex cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Essex cricketers]]

Mariana Kujur

2023-09-08T09:59:23Z

Alihaiderhusain: Added a new release to the collection.

'''Mariana Kujur''' (24 April 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariana Kujur Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/mariana-kujur-profile-1768 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's hockey team]]. She plays for the Railway Sports Promotion Board in the domestic hockey tournaments. Kujur plays as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Want to become world's best midfielder, says Odisha-born Mariana Kujur {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/want-to-become-worlds-best-midfielder-says-odisha-born-mariana-kujur/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mariana Kujur hails from Timna village in Sundergarh district, Odisha. She is a product of Panposh Sports Hostel and one of her first coaches who taught her basics was Amulyananda Bihari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTk5MQ== |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>

== Hockey career ==
She made her Junior India debut in December 2016 at the 4th Under-18 Women's Asia Cup tournament held at Bangkok, Thailand where India got a bronze medal. In July 2018, she was part of the silver medal-winning India Youth team at the 6-Nation Under-23 Women's Hockey tournament at Antwerp, Belgium. In April 2019, she took part in the under-21 4 Nations Junior Women Invitational Tournament in Dublin. Later she was part of the gold medal-winning Indian team in the under-21 3-Nations Invitation Tournament in Canberra, Australia in December 2019. She made her Senior India debut in December 2021 at the Donghae Women's Asian Champions Trophy 2021 and also took part in the Women's Asia Cup in January 2022. She took part in the 2021-22 FIH Hockey Pro League (W) from June 2022. In between, Senior Hockey5s debut at the Hero FIH Hockey5s Lausanne tournament in June 2022 and the Women's Hockey5s Asia Cup Salalah 2023 at Oman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kujur Mariana {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/hockey5s-lausanne-2022/teams/women/player/kujur-mariana-23143 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kujur, Mariana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]

Mark Antony (2023 film)

2023-07-20T15:04:59Z

Alihaiderhusain: Wrote an insightful manuscript.

{{Infobox film
| name = Mark Antony
| image = Markantonyreleaseposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Adhik Ravichandran]]
| producer = S. Vinod Kumar
| writer = Adhik Ravichandran
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[S. J. Suryah]] [[Ritu Varma]]
| cinematography = [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]]
| editing = Vijay Velukutty
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = Mini Studio
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2023|09|15}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mark Antony''''' is an upcoming Tamil-language [[period film|period]] [[Science fiction film|science-fiction]] [[Action film|action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Adhik Ravichandran]], produced by S. Vinod Kumar under Mini Studio. The film stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[S. J. Suryah]] and [[Ritu Varma]] alongside [[Selvaraghavan]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] in supporting roles. The film's music is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The cinematography and editing are handled by [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] and Vijay Velukutty.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mark Antony |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/mark-antony/movieshow/91779869.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714073716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/mark-antony/movieshow/91779869.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] in [[dual role]] as Mark and Antony
* [[S. J. Suryah]] in [[dual role]] as Jackie Pandian and Madhan Pandian
* [[Ritu Varma]]
* [[Selvaraghavan]] in an [[incognito]] role as actor Megastar Chiranjeevi
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]]
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
* [[Redin Kingsley]]
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]]

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In September 2021, it was reported that [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] would team with [[Adhik Ravichandran]] for a movie and woule be produced by S. Vinod Kumar under Mini Studio.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal to team up with director Adhik Ravichandran |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-to-team-up-with-director-aadhik-ravichandran/articleshow/86502999.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2021-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927174752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-to-team-up-with-director-aadhik-ravichandran/articleshow/86502999.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In December, it was officially confirmed by the team that they are teaming up for the tentatively titled project ''Vishal 33.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal and Adhik Ravichandran team up for Vishal 33 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-and-adhik-ravichandran-team-up-for-vishal-33/articleshow/88323060.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429092317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-and-adhik-ravichandran-team-up-for-vishal-33/articleshow/88323060.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, [[S. J. Suryah]] was reported to play the main [[antagonist]] role in the movie, and was confirmed on [[New Year's Day]] along with the title ''Mark Antony''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SJ Suryah to play the villain in Vishal’s next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-to-play-the-villain-in-vishals-next/articleshow/88449331.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421214150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-to-play-the-villain-in-vishals-next/articleshow/88449331.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SJ Suryah joins Vishal's film with Adhik Ravichandran |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-joins-vishals-film-with-adhik-ravichandran/articleshow/88630329.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101070230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-joins-vishals-film-with-adhik-ravichandran/articleshow/88630329.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal's film with Adhik Ravichandran titled Mark Antony |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-film-with-adhik-ravichandran-titled-mark-antony/articleshow/88635899.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304125110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-film-with-adhik-ravichandran-titled-mark-antony/articleshow/88635899.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Later on, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] was added to the crew to compose the soundtrack and background scores.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GV Prakash to compose music for Vishal's 'Mark Antony' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gv-prakash-to-compose-music-for-vishals-mark-antony/articleshow/88860087.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530021341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gv-prakash-to-compose-music-for-vishals-mark-antony/articleshow/88860087.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2022, the team announced [[Ritu Varma]] in female lead role, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] and [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] in prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal, SJ Suryah's 'Mark Antony' begins shoot; Ritu Varma plays the female lead |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-sj-suryahs-mark-antony-begins-shoot-ritu-varma-plays-the-female-lead/articleshow/91340916.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-sj-suryahs-mark-antony-begins-shoot-ritu-varma-plays-the-female-lead/articleshow/91340916.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] started on 5 May 2022 with a muhurat [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal, SJ Suryah's 'Mark Antony' begins shoot; Ritu Varma plays the female lead |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-sj-suryahs-mark-antony-begins-shoot-ritu-varma-plays-the-female-lead/articleshow/91340916.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-sj-suryahs-mark-antony-begins-shoot-ritu-varma-plays-the-female-lead/articleshow/91340916.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule took place in Chennai, with Ritu joining them in July.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ritu Varma joins Vishal's 'Mark Antony' shoot in Chennai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ritu-varma-joins-vishals-mark-antony-shoot-in-chennai/articleshow/93135564.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924212156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ritu-varma-joins-vishals-mark-antony-shoot-in-chennai/articleshow/93135564.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting was placed on hold because Vishal got injured during shooting in August, and was resumed in October with the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Next schedule of Vishal's 'Mark Antony' begins today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/next-schedule-of-vishals-mark-antony-begins-today/articleshow/94582105.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015012103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/next-schedule-of-vishals-mark-antony-begins-today/articleshow/94582105.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The final schedule started in January 2023 and was nearing shooting completion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal's 'Mark Antony' nearing completion |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mark-antony-nearing-completion/articleshow/97351251.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130043555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mark-antony-nearing-completion/articleshow/97351251.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> S. J. Suryah completed shooting his portions in April.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SJ Suryah's portions in 'Mark Antony' wrapped up |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryahs-portions-in-mark-antony-wrapped-up/articleshow/99581260.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511084557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryahs-portions-in-mark-antony-wrapped-up/articleshow/99581260.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In May, Vishal and Sunil finished their portions, with a cake-cutting.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal and Sunil finish shooting for 'Mark Antony'; Check out the cake cutting video here! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-and-sunil-finish-shooting-for-mark-antony-check-out-the-cake-cutting-video-here/articleshow/100240521.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531221109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-and-sunil-finish-shooting-for-mark-antony-check-out-the-cake-cutting-video-here/articleshow/100240521.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
Vishal had met [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] to show a teaser from the film which was released by the team on the evening of 27 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puratchi Thalapathy Vishal meets Thalapathy Vijay |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/puratchi-thalapathy-vishal-meets-thalapathy-vijay/articleshow/99806450.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519141152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/puratchi-thalapathy-vishal-meets-thalapathy-vijay/articleshow/99806450.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Vishal started dubbing for his portions in May.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal dubs in 3 different languages for 'Mark Antony'; shares a BTS video |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-dubs-in-3-different-languages-for-mark-antony-shares-a-bts-video/articleshow/100050089.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524024508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-dubs-in-3-different-languages-for-mark-antony-shares-a-bts-video/articleshow/100050089.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In July, the team had announced that the film is releasing on [[Vinayagar Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal's 'Mark Antony' to release for Vinayagar Chaturthi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mark-antony-to-release-for-vinayagar-chaturthi/articleshow/101491633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714073714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mark-antony-to-release-for-vinayagar-chaturthi/articleshow/101491633.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The same month, Vishal, via twitter, stated that the dubbing was in the final stages.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Mark Antony' in final stages of dubbing; Vishal shares BTS video |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mark-antony-in-final-stages-of-dubbing-vishal-shares-bts-video/articleshow/101628606.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714073714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mark-antony-in-final-stages-of-dubbing-vishal-shares-bts-video/articleshow/101628606.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music and background score is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in his second collaboration with Vishal after ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]] (2014)'' and second with Adhik after ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]] (2015).''<ref>{{Cite news |title=GV Prakash to compose music for Vishal's 'Mark Antony' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gv-prakash-to-compose-music-for-vishals-mark-antony/articleshow/88860087.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530021341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gv-prakash-to-compose-music-for-vishals-mark-antony/articleshow/88860087.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The first single "Adhirudha" released on 15 July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@VishalKOfficial |title=#TR Sir, Man of energy always. Thank you for being a part of #WorldOfMarkAntony. Betting on it straight on that people are going to love it, GB. #AdhridhuMaame #BayankaramanaSambavam #MarkAntony |url=https://twitter.com/VishalKOfficial/status/1679112204409241601?t=QdPcuiTCkvqd-OMc6BHhew&s=19 |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714073716/https://twitter.com/VishalKOfficial/status/1679112204409241601?t=QdPcuiTCkvqd-OMc6BHhew&s=19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adhirudha
| lyrics1 = Asal Kolaar
| extra1 = [[T. Rajendar]], Asal Kolaar
| length1 = 4:00
| total_length = 4:00
}}

== Release ==
''Mark Antony'' is scheduled for a theatrical release on 15 September 2023, coinciding [[Vinayagar Chathurthi]], clashing with ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal's 'Mark Antony' to release for Vinayagar Chaturthi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mark-antony-to-release-for-vinayagar-chaturthi/articleshow/101491633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714073714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-mark-antony-to-release-for-vinayagar-chaturthi/articleshow/101491633.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Home media===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film was bought by [[ZEE5]] and the satellite rights of the film was bought by [[Zee Tamil]] and [[Zee Thirai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital rights of Mark Antony sold|url= https://m.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/24/digital-rights-of-mark-antony-sold-42638.amp|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt23052532}}
* [[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]

1982 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2023-02-24T05:19:34Z

Alihaiderhusain: Page updated.

#REDIRECT [[1982 Rajya Sabha elections]]

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1969 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2022-07-16T14:14:43Z

Alihaiderhusain: Fresh page format.

#REDIRECT [[1969 Rajya Sabha elections]]

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History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent

2022-05-13T22:36:24Z

Alihaiderhusain: Developed unique content.

{{Short description|Aspect of history}}
{{Infobox
| title = History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
| image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=180|height=150
| image1 = SamudraguptaCoin.jpg|caption1=Coin of [[Samudragupta]] (c. 350—375) with Garuda pillar. [[British Museum]].
| image2 = QtubIronPillar.JPG|caption2=[[Iron pillar of Delhi|The iron pillar of Delhi]] (375—413).
| image3 = NatarajaMET.JPG|caption3=[[Bronze]] [[Chola]] Statue of ''[[Nataraja]]'' at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City]].
| image4 = Dagger India Louvre MR13434.jpg|caption4=Dagger and its scabbard, India, 17th—18th century. Blade: [[Damascus steel]] inlaid with gold; hilt: jade; scabbard: steel with engraved, chased and gilded decoration.
}}
}}
{{Science and technology in India}}
The '''history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent''' began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref>See ''Tewari (2003)'' and ''Arnold, 100-101''.</ref> [[Metal]]s and related concepts were mentioned in various early [[Vedic age]] texts. The [[Rigveda]] already uses the [[Sanskrit]] term Ayas(आयस) (metal). The [[History of India|India]]n cultural and commercial contacts with the [[Near East]] and the [[Greco-Roman world]] enabled an exchange of metallurgic sciences.<ref>For Near East see ''Edgerton, 56'' and ''Prasad, chapter IX''. Greco-Roman world: ''Mondal, 2-3''.</ref> The advent of the Mughals (established: April 21, 1526—ended: September 21, 1857) further improved the established tradition of metallurgy and metal working in India.<ref>Gommans (2002)</ref> During the period of British rule in India (first by the [[East India Company]] and then by the [[The Crown|Crown]]), the metalworking industry in India stagnated due to various colonial policies, though efforts by industrialists led to the industry's revival during the 19th century.

==Overview ==

Recent excavations in Middle Ganga Valley done by archaeologist Rakesh Tewari show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE.<ref>e.g. R. Tewari 2003</ref> Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and [[Lahuradewa]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE - 1200 BCE. Sahi (1979: 366) concluded that by the early 13th century BCE, iron smelting was definitely practiced on a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's inception may well be placed as early as the 16th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore|title=The origins of Iron-working in India|website=Archaeology Online}}</ref>

The [[Black and red ware culture|Black and Red Ware culture]] was another early Iron Age archaeological culture of the northern [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is dated to roughly the 12th – 9th centuries BCE, and associated with the post-[[Rigvedic]] [[Vedic civilization]]. It extended from the upper [[Gangetic plain]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the eastern [[Vindhya]] range and [[West Bengal]].

Perhaps as early as 300 BCE, although certainly by 200 CE, high quality steel was being produced in [[South India|southern India]] by what Europeans would later call the [[crucible steel|crucible technique]]. In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in crucibles and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. The resulting high-carbon steel, called '''''fūlāḏ فولاذ''''' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and '''''[[wootz steel|wootz]]''''' by later Europeans, was exported throughout much of Asia and Europe.

[[Will Durant]] wrote in ''[[The Story of Civilization]] I: Our Oriental Heritage'':

{{blockquote|"Something has been said about the chemical excellence of [[cast iron]] in ancient India, and about the high industrial development of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] times, when India was looked to, even by [[Roman Empire|Imperial Rome]], as the most skilled of the nations in such chemical [[Industry (economics)|industries]] as [[dye]]ing, [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]], [[soap]]-making, [[glass]] and [[cement]]... By the sixth century the [[Hindu]]s were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry; they were masters of [[calcination]]s, [[distillation]], [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]], [[steaming]], [[Fixation (alchemy)|fixation]], the production of [[light]] without [[heat]], the mixing of [[Anesthesia|anesthetic]] and [[Sleep|soporific]] powders, and the preparation of [[metal]]lic [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]s, [[Chemical compound|compounds]] and [[alloy]]s. The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India to a perfection unknown in Europe till our own times; [[King Porus]] is said to have selected, as a specially valuable gift for [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], not gold or silver, but thirty pounds of steel. The Moslems took much of this Hindu chemical science and industry to the [[Near East]] and [[Europe]]; the secret of manufacturing [[Damascus steel|"Damascus" blades]], for example, was taken by the [[Arab]]s from the [[Persian people|Persians]], and by the Persians from India."}}

==Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and other texts ==
The Sanskrit term Ayas means [[metal]] and can refer to [[bronze]], [[copper]] or [[iron]].

===Rigveda ===

The [[Rig Veda|Rigveda]] refers to ayas, and also states that the [[Dasyu]]s had Ayas (RV 2.20.8). In RV 4.2.17, "the gods [are] smelting like [[copper]]/metal ore the human generations".

The references to Ayas in the Rig Veda probably refer to bronze or copper rather than to iron.<ref>(e.g. Frawley 1991)</ref> Scholars like Bhargava<ref>"Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", Sudhir Bhargava, International Conference, 20–22 Nov. 2009, "Saraswati-a perspective" pages 114–117, [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.</ref> maintain that Rigveda was written in the Vedic state of Brahmavarta and Khetri Copper mines formed an important location in Brahmavarta. Vedic people had used Copper extensively in agriculture, Water purification, tools, utensils etc., [[D. K. Chakrabarti]] (1992) argued: "It should be clear that any controversy regarding the meaning of ayas in the Rgveda or the problem of the Rgvedic familiarity or unfamiliarity with iron is pointless. There is no positive evidence either way. It can mean both copper-bronze and iron and, strictly on the basis of the contexts, there is no reason to choose between the two."

===Arthashastra ===

The [[Arthashastra]] lays down the role of the Director of Metals, the Director of Forest Produce and the Director of Mining.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1992">Chakrabarti 1992</ref> It is the duty of the Director of Metals to establish factories for different metals. The Director of Mines is responsible for the inspection of [[mining|mines]]. The Arthashastra also refers to [[counterfeit]] [[coins]].<ref name="Chakrabarti 1992" />

===Other texts ===

There are many references to Ayas in the early Indian texts.<ref>A review of literary references to Ayas in the early Indian texts can be found in Chakrabarti 1996 and Chakrabarti 1992.</ref>

The [[Atharvaveda]] and the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] refer to ''krsna ayas'' ("black metal"), which could be iron (but possibly also iron ore and iron items not made of smelted iron). There is also some controversy if the term syamayas ("black metal) refers to iron or not. In later texts the term refers to [[iron]]. In earlier texts, it could possibly also refer to darker-than-copper [[bronze]], an [[alloy]] of copper and [[tin]].<ref>(Sethna 1992: 235)</ref><ref>{{citation | last=Agarwal| first=Vishal | title=A Reply to Michael Witzel's 'Ein Fremdling im Rgveda' | journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies | volume=31 | issue=1–2 | year=2003 | pages=107–185 | url=http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/english/documents/ReplytoWitzelJIES.pdf}}</ref> Copper can also become black by heating it.<ref name="Kazanas, Nicholas">Kazanas, Nicholas: Addendum to The AIT and Scholarship</ref> Oxidation with the use of sulphides can produce the same effect.<ref name="Kazanas, Nicholas" /><ref>In AV 11.3.7. Lohita (red copper) is compared with blood, and syama (swarthy metal) with flesh (maam-sa). This could be an analogy that describes how black metal (flesh) is produced by red metal (blood). Kazanas, Nicholas: Addendum to The AIT and Scholarship</ref>

The [[Yajurveda]] seems to know iron.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1992" /> In the [[Taittiriya Samhita]] are references to ayas and at least one reference to [[smith (metalwork)|smiths]].<ref name="Chakrabarti 1992" /> The [[Satapatha Brahmana]] 6.1.3.5 refers to the smelting of metallic ore.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996">Chakrabarti 1996</ref> In the Manu Smriti (6.71), the following analogy is found: "For as the impurities of metallic ores, melted in the blast (of a furnace), are consumed, even so the taints of the organs are destroyed through the suppression of the breath." Metal was also used in [[agriculture]], and the Buddhist text [[Suttanipata]] has the following analogy: "for as a [[ploughshare]] that has got hot during the day when thrown into the water splashes, hisses and smokes in volumes..."<ref name="Chakrabarti 1992" />

In the [[Charaka Samhita]] an analogy occurs that probably refers to the [[lost wax]] technique.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996" /> The [[Silpasastras]] (the [[Manasara]], the [[Manasollasa]] (Abhilashitartha Chintamani) and the [[Uttarabhaga]] of [[Silparatna]]) describe the lost wax technique in detail.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996" />

The [[Silappadikaram]] says that copper-smiths were in [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] and in [[Madura]].<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996" /> According to the History of the Han Dynasty by [[Ban Gu]], [[Kashmir]] and "Tien-chu" were rich in metals.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996" />

An influential Indian metallurgist and [[List of alchemists|alchemist]] was [[Nagarjuna (metallurgist)|Nagarjuna]] (born 931). He wrote the treatise ''Rasaratnakara'' that deals with preparations of ''rasa'' ([[mercury (element)|mercury]]) compounds. It gives a survey of the status of metallurgy and [[alchemy]] in the land. Extraction of metals such as silver, gold, tin and copper from their ores and their purification were also mentioned in the treatise. The Rasa Ratnasamuccaya describes the extraction and use of copper.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_copper_frameset.htm|title=Copper Technology in the Central Himalayas Goes Back to 2000BC|website=www.infinityfoundation.com}}</ref>

==Archaeology ==

Chakrabarti (1976) has identified six early iron-using centres in India: [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]], the Northwest, the Indo-Gangetic divide and the upper [[Gangetic]] valley, eastern India, [[Malwa]] and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] in central India and the megalithic south India.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1992" /> The central Indian region seems to be the earliest iron-using centre.<ref>e.g., Cf. Chakrabarti 1992; Erdosy 1995</ref>

According to Tewari, iron using and iron "was prevalent in the Central [[Ganges|Ganga]] Plain and the Eastern [[Vindhyas]] from the early 2nd millennium BC."<ref>Rakesh Tewari 2003</ref>

The earliest evidence for smelted iron in India dates to 1300 to 1000 BCE.<ref>(see Bryant 2001: 246-248)</ref> These early findings also occur in places like the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and the earliest evidence for smelted iron occurs in Central India, not in north-western India.<ref>(Bryant 2001: 246)</ref> Moreover, the dates for iron in India are not later than in those of Central Asia, and according to some scholars (e.g. Koshelenko 1986) the dates for smelted iron may actually be earlier in India than in Central Asia and Iran.<ref>(see Bryant 2001: 247)</ref> The [[Iron Age]] did however not necessary imply a major social transformation, and [[Gregory Possehl]] wrote that "the Iron Age is more of a continuation of the past then a break with it".<ref>cited in Bryant 2001</ref>

Archaeological data suggests that India was "an independent and early centre of iron technology."<ref>Rakesh Tewari 2003; Chakrabarti 1976, 1992:171; Tripathi, Vibha. 2001; Erdosy 1995</ref> According to Shaffer, the "nature and context of the iron objects involved [of the BRW culture] are very different from early iron objects found in Southwest Asia."<ref>Shaffer 1989, cited in Chakrabarti 1992:171</ref> In Central Asia, the development of iron technology was not necessarily connected with Indo-Iranian migrations either.<ref>[[H. P. Francfort]], Fouilles de Shortugai, Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique Paris: Diffusion de Boccard, 1989, p. 450</ref>

[[J.M. Kenoyer]] (1995) also remarks that there is a "long break in [[tin]] acquisition" necessary for the production of "tin bronzes" in the Indus Valley region, suggesting a lack of contact with [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]] and northern Afghanistan, or the lack of migrants from the north-west who could have procured tin.

===Indus Valley Civilization ===

The [[copper]]-[[bronze]] metallurgy in the Harappan civilization was widespread and had a high variety and quality.<ref>Jim Shaffer 1992 "The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age." In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology. Second Edition. R.W. Ehrich, (Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. I:441-464, II:425-446., cited in Possehl 1992</ref> The early use of iron may have developed from the practice of copper-smelting.<ref>Gregory Possehl, The Indus Civilization, 2002:94</ref> While there is to date no proven evidence for smelted iron in the [[Indus Valley civilization]], [[iron ore]] and iron items have been unearthed in eight Indus Valley sites, some of them dating to before 2600 BCE.<ref>(see Bryant 2001: 246-248, 339)</ref> There remains the possibility that some of these items were made of smelted iron, and the term "krsna ayas" might possibly also refer to these iron items, even if they are not made of smelted iron.

Lothali copper is unusually pure, lacking the [[arsenic]] typically used by coppersmiths across the rest of the Indus valley. Workers mixed tin with copper for the manufacture of [[celt (tool)|celt]]s, arrowheads, fishhooks, chisels, bangles, rings, drills and spearheads, although weapon manufacturing was minor. They also employed advanced metallurgy in following the ''cire perdue'' technique of casting, and used more than one-piece moulds for casting birds and animals.<ref>S. R. Rao, ''Lothal'' (ASI, 1985), pp. 42</ref> They also invented new tools such as curved saws and twisted drills unknown to other civilizations at the time.<ref>S. R. Rao, ''Lothal'' (ASI, 1985), pp. 41-42</ref>

==Metals ==

===Copper ===
Copper technology may date back to the 4th millennium BCE in the [[Himalaya]] region.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
It is the first element to be discovered in [[metallurgy]],
[[Copper]] and its [[alloys]] were also used to create copper-bronze images such as Buddhas or Hindu/[[Mahayana]] Buddhist deities.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996" /> [[Xuanzang]] also noted that there were copper-bronze Buddha images in [[Magadha]].<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996" /> In [[Varanasi]], each stage of the image manufacturing process is handled by a specialist.<ref>Chakrabarti 1996, with reference to Mukherjee, M. 1978</ref>

Other metal objects made by Indian artisans include [[Oil lamp|lamp]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/artscene/craftpalace/history/lamps.asp |title=The Brilliance of Traditional Lamps |website=www.chennaionline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001203063700/http://chennaionline.com/artscene/craftpalace/history/lamps.asp |archive-date=2000-12-03}}</ref> Copper was also a component in the razors for the [[tonsure]] ceremony.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1996" />

One of the most important sources of history in the Indian subcontinent are the royal records of grants engraved on [[copper-plate grant]]s (tamra-shasan or tamra-patra). Because copper does not rust or decay, they can survive indefinitely. Collections of archaeological texts from the copper-plates and rock-inscriptions have been compiled and published by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during the past century. The earliest known copper-plate known as the Sohgaura copper-plate is a [[Maurya]] record that mentions famine relief efforts. It is one of the very few pre-[[Ashoka]] [[Brahmi]] inscriptions in India.

===Brass ===
Brass was used in Lothal and Atranjikhera in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |title=The Bill of Contentions |url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_khara_zinc_frameset.htm |website=www.infinityfoundation.com}}</ref> Brass and probably zinc was also found at Taxila in 4th to 3rd century BCE contexts.<ref name="Craddock et al. 1983">Craddock ''et al.'' 1983</ref>

===Gold and silver ===

The deepest gold mines of the Ancient world were found in the [[Maski]] region in Karnataka.<ref>They date to the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan. 2004</ref> There were ancient silver mines in northwest India. Dated to the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. gold and silver were also used for making utensils for the royal family and nobilities.the royal family wore costly fabrics that were made from gold and silver thin fibres embroidered or woven into fabrics or dress.

===Iron===
{{see also|Iron pillar of Delhi|Dhar iron pillar}}
[[File:QtubIronPillar.JPG|thumb|upright|The iron pillar of Delhi.]]
Recent excavations in Middle Ganges Valley show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE.<ref name=Tewari/> In the 5th century BCE, the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] historian [[Herodotus]] observed that "Indian and the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] army used [[arrow]]s tipped with iron."<ref name="Srinivasan and Rangnathan 2004">Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan. 2004</ref> [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] used [[armour]] and [[cutlery]] made of Indian iron. [[Pliny the Elder]] also mentioned Indian iron.<ref name="Srinivasan and Rangnathan 2004" /> Muhammad al-Idrisi wrote the Hindus excelled in the manufacture of iron, and that it would be impossible to find anything to surpass the edge from Hindwani steel.<ref>Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan. 2004; W. Egerton, Indian and Oriental Armour, London (1896).</ref> [[Quintus Curtius]] wrote about an Indian present of steel to Alexander.<ref>J.M. Heath 1839, quoted by Chakrabarti 1992; G. N. Pant, Indian Arms and Armour, Vol. I and II, National Museum, New Delhi (1980)</ref> ''Ferrum indicum'' appeared in the list of articles subject to duty under [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Commodus]].<ref name="Chakrabarti 1992" /> Indian [[Wootz steel]] was held in high regard in Europe, and Indian iron was often considered to be the best.<ref>e.g. James Stodart 1818, Robert Hadfield, quoted by Chakrabarti 1992:3-6, 119; Robert Hadfield, Sinhalese iron and steel of ancient origin, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 85 (1912).</ref>

====Wootz and steel ====
{{main|Wootz steel|Damascus steel}}

The first form of [[crucible steel]] was [[wootz steel|wootz]], developed in [[India]] some time around 300 BCE. In its production the iron was mixed with [[glass]] and then slowly heated and then cooled. As the mixture cooled the glass would bond to impurities in the steel and then float to the surface, leaving the steel considerably purer. [[Carbon]] could enter the iron by diffusing in through the porous walls of the crucibles. [[Carbon dioxide]] would not react with the iron, but the small amounts of [[carbon monoxide]] could, adding carbon to the mix with some level of control. Wootz was widely exported throughout the [[Middle East]], where it was combined with a local production technique around 1000 CE to produce [[Damascus steel]], famed throughout the world.<ref>C. S. Smith, A History of Metallography, University Press, Chicago (1960); Juleff 1996; Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan 2004</ref> Wootz derives from the Tamil term for steel ''urukku''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm |title=Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World |access-date=2007-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603191948/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm |archive-date=2007-06-03 }}</ref> Indian wootz steel was the first high quality steel that was produced.

[[Henry Yule]] quoted the 12th-century Arab Edrizi who wrote: "The South Indians excel in the manufacture of iron, and in the preparations of those ingredients along with which it is fused to obtain that kind of soft iron which is usually styled Indian steel. They also have workshops wherein are forged the most famous sabres in the world. ...It is not possible to find anything to surpass the edge that you get from Indian steel (al-hadid al-Hindi).<ref name="Srinivasan and Rangnathan 2004" />

As early as the 17th century, [[Europe]]ans knew of India's ability to make crucible steel from reports brought back by travelers who had observed the process at several places in southern India. Several attempts were made to import the process, but failed because the exact technique remained a mystery. Studies of wootz were made in an attempt to understand its secrets, including a major effort by the famous scientist, [[Michael Faraday]], son of a [[blacksmith]]. Working with a local [[cutlery]] manufacturer he wrongly concluded that it was the addition of [[aluminium oxide]] and [[silica]] from the glass that gave wootz its unique properties.

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], many Indian wootz steel swords were ordered to be destroyed by the [[East India Company]]. The metalworking industry in India went into decline during the period of [[British Raj|British Crown control]] due to various colonial policies, but steel production was revived in India by [[Jamsetji Tata]].<ref name="Srinivasan and Rangnathan 2004" />

===Zinc ===

Zinc was extracted in India as early as in the 4th to 3rd century BCE. Zinc production may have begun in India, and ancient northwestern India is the earliest known civilization that produced zinc on an industrial scale.<ref>Craddock ''et al.'' 1983. (The earliest evidence for the production of zinc comes from India. Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan. 2004)</ref> The distillation technique was developed around 1200 CE at Zawar in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=autogenerated3 />

In the 17th century, China exported Zinc to Europe under the name of totamu or tutenag. The term tutenag may derive from the South Indian term ''Tutthanagaa'' (zinc).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_zinc_frameset.htm|title=India Was the First to Smelt Zinc by Distillation Process|website=www.infinityfoundation.com}}</ref> In 1597, Libavius, a metallurgist in England received some quantity of Zinc metal and named it as Indian/Malabar lead.<ref>[http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/zn.html][[Arun Kumar Biswas]], Zinc and related alloys {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004203147/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/zn.html}}</ref> In 1738, [[William Champion (metallurgist)|William Champion]] is credited with patenting in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] a process to extract zinc from calamine in a smelter, a technology that bore a strong resemblance to and was probably inspired by the process used in the Zawar zinc mines in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Srinivasan and Rangnathan 2004" /> His first patent was rejected by the patent court on grounds of plagiarising the technology common in India. However, he was granted the patent on his second submission of patent approval. [[Postlewayt]]'s Universal Dictionary of 1751 still wasn't aware of how Zinc was produced.<ref name="Craddock et al. 1983" />

The Arthashastra describes the production of zinc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/kharakwal_book.htm|title=TKS Book Series}}</ref> The [[Rasaratnakara]] by [[Nagarjuna]] describes the production of brass and zinc.<ref>[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_zinc_frameset.htm]; Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan. 2004</ref> There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the [[Charaka Samhita]] (300 BCE). The [[Rasaratna Samuchaya]] (800 CE) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/zn.html |title=Mining Archaeology and Smelting Related to Indian Zinc Ore |access-date=2008-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004203147/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/zn.html |archive-date=2008-10-04 }}</ref> It also describes two methods of zinc distillation.<ref name="Craddock et al. 1983" />

==Early history (—200 BCE) ==

Recent excavations in Middle [[Ganges]] Valley conducted by archaeologist Rakesh Tewari show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE.<ref name=Tewari/> Archaeological sites in India, such as [[Malhar]], Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE-1200 BCE.<ref name=Tewari/> Sahi (1979: 366) concluded that by the early 13th century BCE, iron smelting was definitely practiced on a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's early period may well be placed as early as the 16th century BCE.<ref name=Tewari>Tewari (2003)</ref>

Some of the early iron objects found in India are dated to 1400 BCE by employing the method of radio carbon dating.<ref name=Ceccarelli/> [[Nail (fastener)|Spikes]], [[knife|knives]], [[dagger]]s, [[arrow]]-heads, [[bowl (vessel)|bowls]], [[spoon]]s, [[saucepan]]s, [[axe]]s, [[chisel]]s, [[tongs]], door fittings etc. ranging from 600 BCE—200 BCE have been discovered from several archaeological sites.<ref name=Ceccarelli>Ceccarelli, 218</ref> In [[Southern India]] (present day [[Mysore]]) iron appeared as early as the 12th or 11th century BCE.<ref name=UCP/> These developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.<ref name=UCP>Drakonoff, 372</ref>

The earliest available [[Bronze age sword]]s of copper discovered from the [[Harappa]]n sites in [[Pakistan]] date back to 2300 BCE.<ref name=allchin111-114>Allchin, 111-114</ref> Swords have been recovered in archaeological findings throughout the [[Ganges]]-[[Yamuna River|Jamuna]] [[Doab]] region of India, consisting of [[bronze]] but more commonly [[copper]].<ref name=allchin111-114/> Diverse specimens have been discovered in [[Fatehgarh]], where there are several varieties of hilt.<ref name=allchin111-114/> These swords have been variously dated to periods between 1700 and 1400 BCE, but were probably used more extensively during the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=allchin111-114/>

The beginning of the 1st millennium BCE saw extensive developments in iron metallurgy in India.<ref name=UCP/> Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy was achieved during this period of peaceful settlements.<ref name=UCP/> The years between 322 and 185 BCE saw several advancements being made to the technology involved in metallurgy during the politically stable [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] period (322—185 BCE).<ref>Richards etc., 64</ref> [[Greece|Greek]] historian [[Herodotus]] (431—425 BCE) wrote the first [[Western world|western]] account of the use of iron in India.<ref name=Ceccarelli/>

Perhaps as early as 300 BCE—although certainly by 200 CE—high quality steel was being produced in southern India by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique.<ref name=Juleff>Juleff 1996</ref> In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.<ref name=Juleff/> The first crucible steel was the [[wootz steel]] that originated in India before the beginning of the common era.<ref name=Ranganathan>Srinivasan & Ranganathan</ref> Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe, China, the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the [[Middle East]], where it became known as [[Damascus steel]]. Archaeological evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in South India well before the common era.<ref name=Srinivasan>Srinivasan 1994</ref><ref name=Griffiths>Srinivasan & Griffiths</ref>

[[Zinc]] mines of Zawar, near [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], were active during 400 BCE.<ref name=Craddock>Craddock (1983)</ref> There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the [[Charaka Samhita]] (300 BCE).<ref name=Craddock/> The [[Rasaratna Samuccaya]] (800 CE) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.<ref name=Craddock/> The ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' mentions weapons of Indian iron and steel being exported from India to Greece.<ref name=prasad>Prasad, chapter IX</ref>

==Early Common Era—Early Modern Era ==

The world's first iron pillar was the [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]—erected at the times of [[Chandragupta II]] Vikramaditya (375–413) ,often considered as one of the finest pieces of ancient metallurgy.<ref>Balasubramaniam, R. (2002)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=An introduction to ancient india metallurgy}}</ref> The swords manufactured in Indian workshops find written mention in the works of [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] (flourished 1154).<ref>Edgerton, 56</ref> Indian Blades made of [[Damascus steel]] found their way into [[Persia]].<ref name=prasad/> European scholars—during the 14th century—studied Indian casting and metallurgy technology.<ref name=Mondal/>
[[File:QtubIronPillar.JPG|thumb|The [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Iron pillar]] in the Qutb Complex]]
[[File:Brahma mirpur khas.jpg|thumb|The [[Brahma from Mirpur-Khas]],5th century metal sculpture]]
[[File:The Defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa by the Mughal Troops, 1561, Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Akbarnama]]''—written on August 12, 1602—depicts the defeat of [[Baz Bahadur]] of [[Malwa]] by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] troops in 1561. The Mughals extensively improved metal weapons and armor used by the armies of India.]]
Indian metallurgy under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] (reign: 1556-1605) produced excellent small firearms.<ref>Gommans, 154</ref> Gommans (2002) holds that Mughal handguns were probably stronger and more accurate than their European counterparts.<ref>Gommans, 155</ref>

Srivastava & Alam (2008) comment on [[Indian coinage]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] (established: April 21, 1526 - ended: September 21, 1857) during Akbar's regime:<ref name=s&a>Srivastava & Alam (2008)</ref>

{{Blockquote|Akbar reformed Mughal currency to make it one of the best known of its time. The new regime possessed a fully functioning trimetallic (silver, copper, and gold) currency, with an open minting system in which anyone willing to pay the minting charges could bring metal or old or foreign coin to the mint and have it struck. All monetary exchanges were, however, expressed in copper coins in Akbar's time. In the 17th century, following the silver influx from the [[New World]], silver rupee with new fractional denominations replaced the copper coin as a common medium of circulation. Akbar's aim was to establish a uniform coinage throughout his empire; some coins of the old regime and regional kingdoms also continued.}}

Statues of ''[[Nataraja]]'' and ''[[Vishnu]]'' were cast during the reign of the imperial [[Chola dynasty]] (200-1279) in the 9th century.<ref name=Mondal>Mondal, 2-3</ref>The casting could involve a mixture of five metals: copper, zinc, tin, gold, and silver.<ref name=Mondal/> [[File:NatarajaMET.JPG |thumb|right| [[Nataraja]] Statue , [[chola dynasty]]]]
[[File:Qa'im Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Allahdad Lahuri, Lahore, 1627.jpeg|thumb|right|Seamless [[celestial globe]] made in [[Lahore]], 1627]]
Considered great feat in metallurgy, the hollow, Seamless, [[celestial globe]] was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (1589-90 CE), and twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=Emilie/> These Indian metallurgists pioneered the method of [[lost-wax casting]], and disguised plugs, in order to produce these globes.<ref name=Emilie>Savage-Smith (1985)</ref>

==Colonial British Era—Republic of India ==
Modern steel making in India began with the setting of first blast furnace of India at Kulti in 1870 and production began in 1874, which was set up by Bengal Iron Works. The [[Ordnance Factory Board]] established Metal & Steel Factory (MSF) at Calcutta, in 1872<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Metal and Steel Factory |url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=msf&page=about&lang=en |access-date=2022-04-07 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126181737/http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=msf&page=about&lang=en |archive-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta / TNN / |first=Jayanta |title=Water leakage may have caused blast at Metal and Steel Factory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/water-leakage-may-have-caused-blast-at-metal-and-steel-factory/articleshow/57634451.cms |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Tata Steel|Tata Iron and Steel Company]] (TISCO) was established by [[Dorabji Tata]] in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate. By 1939 Tata operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire, and accounted for a significant proportion of the 2 million tons pig iron and 1.13 of steel produced in British India annually.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=K.N.P |title=BRIEF HISTORY OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN INDIA |page=4 |url=http://eprints.nmlindia.org/5558/1/1-7.PDF |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>Chikayoshi Nomura, "selling steel in the 1920s: TISCO in a period of transition," ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' (2011) 48: 83–116, doi:10.1177/001946461004800104</ref>

=== Native arms production ===
The first iron-cased and metal-cylinder [[rocket]]s ([[Mysorean rockets]]) were developed by the Mysorean army of the South Indian [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in the 1780s.<ref name=r&ms/> The Mysoreans successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the [[Presidency armies]] of the East India Company during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].<ref name=r&ms>"Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron the Mysoreans used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. The Mysoreans continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at [[Seringapatam]] in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British." - Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''rocket and missile.''</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="180px" heights="145px">
Rocket warfare.jpg|A painting showing the Mysorean army fighting the British forces with Mysorean rockets, which used metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder.<ref>{{cite news|title=Missiles mainstay of Pak's N-arsenal|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-21/india/27784965_1_cruise-missile-missile-program-hatf-viii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-21/india/27784965_1_cruise-missile-missile-program-hatf-viii|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2012|access-date=2011-08-30|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
Indian soldier of Tipu Sultan's army.jpg|A Mysorean soldier using his Mysorean rocket as a flagstaff ([[Robert Home]], 1793/4).
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Related topics
** [[Ancient iron production]]
** [[Crucible steel]]
** [[Damascus steel]]
** [[Dhar iron pillar]]
** [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
** [[Coinage of India]]
** [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
** [[Iron Age India]], [[Iron Age]]
** [[Rasayana]]
** [[Wootz steel]]
* Other similar topics
** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
** [[History of India]]
** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
** [[List of Edicts of Ashoka]]
** [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
** [[Outline of ancient India]]
** [[Science and technology in ancient India]]
** [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
{{col div end}}

==References ==
<references />

==Terminology for ayas==
{|
| valign="top" |
*ayas, loha: [[metal]]
*arakutah, riti, pitala: [[brass]]
*bhaskara: [[copper]]
*hiranya: [[gold]]
*kasye, kamsa, kamsya: [[bell metal]]/[[bronze]]
*krsnayasa, karsnayasa: "black metal"
*jasada: [[zinc]]
| valign="top" |
*lohayasa, lohitayas, lohitam, loha, loham: "red metal", [[copper]], [[bell metal]]
*naga: [[lead]]
*raitya: [[brass]]
*ravi: [[copper]]
*sisaga: [[lead]]
*syamayas, syama, syamam, syamenayasa: "black metal".
*sisa, sisam, sisaka: [[lead]]
| valign="top" |
*sulva, sulvaka: [[copper]]
*tala: [[bell metal]]
*tamram, tamra, tamba, tamba loha: [[copper]]
*tamrarajas: finely divided [[copper]]
*trapu, taua: [[tin]]
*tutha: [[blue vitriol]] ([[copper sulphate]])
*vanga: [[tin]]
|}

===Other terms ===
*Prastarika: metal trader
*Sulbhadhatusastra: science of metals
*panchaloha, sarva loha: the five base metals (tin, lead, iron, copper, [[silver]])

==Further reading==
*[[D. P. Agarwal|Agarwal, D.P.]] 2000. Ancient Metal Technology and Archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Aryan Books International. {{ISBN|81-7305-177-1}}
*[[Arun Kumar Biswas|Biswas, Arun Kumar]]. 1994. Minerals and Metals in Ancient India. Vol. 1 Archaeological Evidence. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd. [http://www.indianscience.org/reviews/t_rv_minerals_metals.shtml] [http://www.indianscience.org/reviews/BIswas%20review.pdf]
*[[Dilip K. Chakrabarti]]. The Early use of Iron In India. 1992. New Delhi: The Oxford University Press. [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_rv/t_rv_agraw_iron2.htm Review: The Early use of Iron In India]
*Chakrabarti D.K. (1996a). Copper and its Alloys in Ancient India. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private Limited
*Mukherjee, M. 1978 Metalcraftsmen of India, Calcutta
*Rakesh Tewari, 2003, [http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/tewari/tewari.pdf The origins of iron-working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas]
*Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan. 2004. India's Legendary Wootz Steel. Bangalore: Tata Steel.[http://www.indianscience.org/reviews/Review%20Wootz.pdf] [http://met.iisc.ernet.in/~rangu/frontpage.pdf] [http://met.iisc.ernet.in/~rangu/text.pdf]
*[[Vibha Tripathi|Tripathi, Vibha]] (Ed.). 1998. Archaeometallurgy in India. Delhi: Sharada Publishing House. [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_rv/t_rv_agraw_metal_frameset.htm Review: Archaeometallurgy]
*Tripathi, Vibha. 2001. The Age of Iron in India. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_rv/t_rv_agraw_asia_frameset.htm] [http://www.indianscience.org/reviews/t_rv_agraw_iron.shtml]
* Allchin, F.R. (1979), ''South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Held in Paris'' edited by J.E.van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, Brill Academic Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-05996-2}}.
* Arnold, David (2004), ''The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-56319-4}}.
* Balasubramaniam, R. (2002), ''Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights'', Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, {{ISBN|81-7305-223-9}}.
* Ceccarelli, Marco (2000), ''International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings HMM Symposium'', Springer, {{ISBN|0-7923-6372-8}}.
* Craddock, P.T. etc. (1983). "Zinc production in medieval India", ''World Archaeology'', '''15''' (2), Industrial Archaeology.
* Drakonoff, I. M. (1991), ''Early Antiquity'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0-226-14465-8}}.
* Edgerton etc. (2002), ''Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour'', Courier Dover Publications, {{ISBN|0-486-42229-1}}.
* Gommans, Jos J. L. (2002), ''Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-23989-3}}.
* Juleff, G. (1996), [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v379/n6560/abs/379060a0.html;jsessionid=C12F168C7DE98DE4F8C7337D1C20E6F4 "An ancient wind powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka"], ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', '''379''' (3): 60–63.
* Mondal, Biswanath (2004), ''Proceedings of the National Conference on Investment Casting: NCIC 2003'', Allied Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7764-659-1}}.
* Prasad, P. C. (2003), ''Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India'', Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|81-7017-053-2}}.
* Richards, J. F. etc. (2005), ''The New Cambridge History of India'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-36424-8}}.
* [[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press.
* Srinivasan, S. & Ranganathan, S., [https://web.archive.org/web/20190211082829/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm ''Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World''], Indian Institute of Science.
* Srinivasan, S. (1994), ''Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in South India'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, '''5''': 49–61.
* Srinivasan, S. and Griffiths, D., ''South Indian wootz: evidence for high-carbon steel from crucibles from a newly identified site and preliminary comparisons with related finds'', Material Issues in Art and Archaeology-V, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series, Vol. 462.
* Srivastava, A.L. & Alam, Muzaffar (2008), ''India'', Encyclopædia Britannica.
* Tewari, Rakesh (2003), [http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/tewari/tewari.pdf "The origins of Iron Working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga plain and the Eastern Vindhyas"], ''Antiquity'', '''77''': 536–544.
* P. Yule–A. Hauptmann–M. Hughes. 1989 [1992]. The Copper Hoards of the Indian subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, ''Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz'' 36, 193–275, ISSN 0076-2741 = http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/509/
*Tripathi, V., Chakrabarti, D. K., & Infinity Foundation (Princeton, N.J.). (2008). History of iron technology in India: From beginning to pre-modern times. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. in association with Infinity Foundation.
*Chattopadhyay, P. K., Sengupta, G., & Infinity Foundation (Princeton, N.J.). (2011). History of metals in eastern India and Bangladesh. New Delhi: Pentagon Press in association with Infinity Foundation.
*Kharakwal, J. S. (2011). Indian zinc technology in a global perspective. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, in association with Infinity Foundation.
*Balasubramaniam, R., & Infinity Foundation (Princeton, N.J.). (2008). Marvels of Indian iron through the ages. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. in association with Infinity Foundation.
*Chakrabarti D.K.''A note on the use of metals in ancient Bengal, Pratnasamiksha'' (1994) Bulletin of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of West Bengal, 2 & 3:pp. 155–158
* Metalworking History [https://www.metalworkingsuppliers.com/history/ ''History from 9000 BC''], Metal Works Inventions.
* {{cite book
| title = The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
| author = Edwin Bryant
| year = 2001
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 0-19-516947-6}}
*Craddock, P.T. ''et al.'', Zinc production in medieval India, World Archaeology, vol.15, no.2, Industrial Archaeology, 1983
* G. Juleff, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v379/n6560/abs/379060a0.html "An ancient wind powered iron smeting technology in Sri Lanka"], ''Nature'' '''379''' (3), 60-63 (January 1996)
*Erdosy, George: 1995; "The Prelude to urbanization", in The Archaeology of the Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of cities and states. [[F. Raymond Allchin|Allchin, F. R.]] ''et al.'' (eds.), Cambridge 1995.
*Frawley, David (1995). Gods, Sages and Kings. 1991.Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-910261-37-7}}
*Kenoyer, J.M. (1995). Interaction Systems, Specialized crafts and Culture Change. In: Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia. Ed. George Erdosy.. {{ISBN|3110144476}}
* [[K.D. Sethna|Sethna, K.D.]] 1992. [[The Problem of Aryan Origins]]. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-85179-67-0}}
*[[S. R. Rao]], Lothal (published by the Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, 1985)
*Shaffer, Jim. Mathura: A protohistoric Perspective in D.M. Srinivasan (ed.), Mathura, the Cultural Heritage, 1989, pp. 171–180. Delhi.
*J.D. Verhoeven, A.H. Pendray, and W.E. Dauksch. (1998). ''The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades.'' Journal of Metals. 50(9). pp. 58–64. [http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9809/Verhoeven-9809.html]
*Lynn Willies ''et al.'' 1984, Ancient Zinc and Lead Mining in Rajasthan, India. World Archaeology, Vol.16, No. 2, Mines and Quarries.

==External links ==
*[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore.html The origins of Iron-working in India]
*[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_copper_frameset.htm Copper Technology in the Central Himalayas Dates Back to 2000 BCE]
*[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_rs/t_rs_metal_bibliog.htm TKS Metallurgy Bibliography]
*[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_khara_zinc_frameset.htm Zinc production in Ancient India] [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/kharakwal_book.htm]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070603191948/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm Wootz steel: an advanced material of the ancient world]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070424183044/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/Ind-heritage.html Indian heritage in metallurgy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081004203147/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/zn.html Zinc and related alloys]
*[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_zinc_frameset.htm Smelting of Zinc by Distillation Process]
*[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_iron_frameset.htm Iron In Kumaun Goes Back To First Millennium BC] D.P. Agrawal and Manikant Shah

{{Indianscience}}
{{Science and technology in Pakistan}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Metallurgy In The Indian Subcontinent}}
[[Category:Bronze Age Asia]]
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]
[[Category:History of metallurgy|Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in India|Metallurgy]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in Pakistan|Metallurgy]]
[[Category:History of India by topic|Metallurgy]]
[[Category:Metallurgical industry in India|*]]
[[Category:Industrial history of India]]

Fishing in India

2022-04-25T01:48:20Z

Alihaiderhusain: Added a new addition to the collection.

{{Short description|Major industry employing 14.5 million people}}
[[File:India - Fishing boats - 7250.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats]]
[[File:Fishing activities at Thangassery, Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|Fishing boats near [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]]]]
'''Fishing in India''' is a major sector within the [[economy of India]] contributing 1.07% of its total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref name=":2"/> The fishing sector in [[India]] supports the livelihood of over 28 million people in the country, especially within the marginalized and vulnerable communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 279 - economic_survey_2021-2022 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook_es2022/files/basic-html/page279.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in}}</ref> India is the third largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.96% of the global production and second largest producer of fish through aquaculture, after [[China]]. The total fish production during the {{Abbr|FY|Fiscal Year}} 2020-21 is estimated at 14.73 million metric tonnes. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying |first=Government of India |title=Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://dof.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-04/Annual_Report_2021_22_English.pdf |page=9 }}</ref> According to the National Fisheries Development Board the Fisheries Industry generates an export earnings of Rs 334.41 billion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/indias-blue-economy-net-getting-bigger-country-ranks-third-in-fisheries-and-second-in-aquaculture/1867607/|title=India's Blue Economy net getting biger|publisher=Financial Express|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref> Centrally sponsored schemes will increase exports by Rs 1 lakh crore in FY25. 65,000 fishermen have been trained under these schemes from 2017 to 2020. Freshwater fishing consists of 55% of total fish production.<ref name=":2" />

According to
the [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Dairying]], fish production increased from 7.52 lakh tonnes in years 1950–51 to 125.90 lakh tonnes in years 2018–19, a 17 times increase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fish production in india every year|url=http://dof.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/HandbookonFS2018.pdf}}</ref> Each year, India celebrates 10, July as the National Fish Farmers day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/national-fish-farmers-day-celebrations-from-july-9-in-port-city/states/news/1282450.html|title=National fish farmers day celebrations from July 9 in Port City|newspaper=United News of India|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> [[Koyilandy]] harbour in [[Kerala]] is the largest fishing harbour in [[Asia]]. It has the longest [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]].

India has {{convert|7516|km||abbr=}} of marine coastline, 3,827 fishing villages and 1,914 traditional fish landing centers. India's fresh water resources consist of {{convert|195210|km}} of [[river]]s and [[canal]]s, 2.9 million hectares of minor and major reservoirs, 2.4 million hectares of [[pond]]s and [[lake]]s, and about 0.8 million hectares of flood plain [[wetlands]] and water bodies.<ref name="fao1">{{cite web|title=India - National Fishery Sector Overview|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|year=2006|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_IN/en}}</ref> As of 2010, the marine and freshwater resources offered a combined sustainable catch fishing potential of over 4 million metric tonnes of fish. In addition, India's water and natural resources offer a tenfold growth potential in [[aquaculture]] (farm fishing) from 2010 harvest levels of 3.9 million metric tonnes of fish, if India were to adopt fishing knowledge, regulatory reforms and [[sustainability]] policies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Earning Animals|last=Sasmita Panda, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi|first=Surendra nath Padhi|publisher=Anchor Academic|year=2016|location=Germany|pages=70}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Macchi, a Muslim caste of fishermen - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.204v - BL Add. 27255.jpg|thumb|Macchi, a traditional Muslim caste of fishermen - ''Tashrih al-aqvam'' (1825)]]
[[File:Kerala backwater 20080218-11.jpg|thumb|A fisherman in the backwaters of [[Kerala]]]]
Historical texts like [[Kautilya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (321–300 B.C.) and King [[Someshvara III|Someswara]]'s ''[[Manasollasa]]'' (1127 A.D.) refer to fish culture.<ref name="afao">{{cite web|title=National Aquaculture Sector Overview: India|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|year=2009|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_india/en}}</ref> For centuries, India has had a traditional practice of fish culture in small ponds. Significant advances in productivity were made in the early nineteenth century with the controlled breeding of carp in tanks where river conditions are simulated. Brackishwater farming was done on an old system where man-made impediments in coastal wetlands and salt resistant deep water paddy fields. Moreover, traditional fishing methods have been in practise in central and south India for 2000 years.<ref name=afao/>

==Economic benefits==
[[File:Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|Fish boats in Tamil Nadu]]
Fishing in India contributed over 1% of India's annual [[gross domestic product]] in 2008. Fishing in India employs about 14.5 million people.<ref name=fao1/> To harvest the economic benefits from fishing, India has adopted exclusive economic zone, stretching {{convert|200|nmi|km}} into the [[Indian Ocean]], encompasses more than 2 million square kilometers. In addition to this marine zone, India has about 14,000 km2 of brackish water available for aquaculture, about 16,000 km2 of freshwater lakes, ponds, and swamps; and nearly 64,000 kilometers of [[river]]s and [[streams]]. In 1990, there were 1.7 million full-time fishermen, 1.3 million part-time fishermen, and 2.3 million occasional fishermen, many of whom worked as saltmakers, ferrymen, seamen, or operated boats for hire.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Area Handbook Series, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies Volume 550 of DA pam|last=Area Handbook|first=series|publisher=American University, Foreign Area Studies|year=1996|isbn=0-8444-0833-6|location=United States|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiacountrystud0000unse/page/416 416]|url=https://archive.org/details/indiacountrystud0000unse/page/416}}</ref> In the early 1990s, the fishing fleet consisted of 180,000 traditional craft powered by sails or oars, 26,000 motorized traditional craft, and some 34,000 mechanized boats.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Area Handbook Series Volume 550 of DA pam|last=American University|first=(Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies|publisher=American University, Foreign Area Studies|year=1996|isbn=0-8444-0833-6|location=United States|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiacountrystud0000unse/page/416 416]|url=https://archive.org/details/indiacountrystud0000unse/page/416}}</ref>

Fish production rose from 800,000 tons in FY 1950 to 4.1 million tons in the early 1990s. From 1990 through 2010, Indian fish industry accelerated, reaching a total marine and freshwater fish production to about 8 million metric tons. In 2006, Indian central government initiated a dedicated organization focused on fisheries, under its [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture.]] Special efforts have been made to promote extensive and intensive inland [[fish farming]], modernize coastal fisheries, and encourage [[deep-sea fishing]] through joint ventures. These efforts led to a more than fourfold increase in [[coastal fish]] production from 520,000 tons in FY 1950 to 3.35 million tons in FY 2013. The increase in inland fish production was even more dramatic, increasing almost eightfold from 218,000 tons in FY 1950 to 6.10 million tons in FY 2013. The value of fish and processed fish exports increased from less than 1 percent of the total value of exports in FY 1960 to 3.6 percent in FY 1993. Between 1990 and 2007, fish production in India has grown at a higher rate than food grains, [[milk]], eggs, and other food items.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fisheries|year=2007|publisher=Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/fishery/fish_introduction.html}}</ref> Indian inland waters (rivers, reservoirs, wetlands, lakes and ponds) contribute 62–65% of the total fisheries production.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10668-017-0037-3 | title=Technicalities to be considered for culture fisheries development in Indian inland waters: seed and feed policy review | year=2017 | journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability | volume=21 | pages=281–302 | last1 = Roy | first1 = Koushik| s2cid=158126876 }}</ref>

==Law and regulations==
National laws include the British-era Indian Fisheries Act, 1897, which penalizes the killing of fish by poisoning water and by using explosives; the [[Environment Protection Act, 1986]], being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environment related issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture industry in India, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]]. The [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]] prevents the fishing of rare species of fishes.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/aug/04/critically-endangered-sawfish-sold-by-fishermen-for-meat-2013819.html|title=Critically endangered sawfish sold by fishermen for meat|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> In 1996, the Indian Supreme Court prohibited the setting up of Shrimp farm ponds except traditional and improved traditional types of ponds on the Coastal Regulation Zone and on the [[Chilka Lake]] and [[Pulicat Lake]]. The Order No 722 (E) of 2002 prohibited the use of certain antibiotics and pharmacologically active substances in hatcheries of production of the juveniles and larvae, or in manufacturing the fish feed or in processing fish products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/legalframework/nalo_india/en|title=National Aquaculture Legislation|publisher=Food And Agriculture Organisation of United Nations|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> In 2017, the Indian government banned selling of 158 fish species of ornamental fishes and also made it mandatory that a full-time fishery expert be present in the Ornamental fish farm for inspecting the health of the fishes. Regulations regarding the tank size, stocking density of fish and volume of water were also introduced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/ornamental-fish-industry-hit-by-new-regulations/articleshow/59174671.cms|title=Ornamental fish industry hit by new regulations|newspaper=Economic Times|last=Krishnakumar|first=P.K.|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

In India, annually fishing is officially banned for 47 days (shortened from 61 days prior to 2020) during first two months of monsoon season for the breeding and spawning of the fishes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deep sea fishing ban perioreduced from 61 days to 47|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/deep-sea-fishing-ban-periodreduced-from-61-days-to-47/article31705138.ece|access-date=2021-01-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During this time mechanised fishing vessels like trawlers are banned from fishing<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/goa/goa-prepares-for-annual-61-day-fishing-ban/articleshow/69527452.cms|title=Goa prepares for annual 61-day fishing ban|author=Bindiya Chari|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/apr/15/annual-fishing-ban-along-tamil-nadu-coast-comes-into-effect-1964597.html|title=Annual fishing ban along Tamil Nadu coast comes into effect|author=New Indian Express|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, a separate ministry named the [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]] was formed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/gcmmf-welcomes-separate-ministry-for-animal-husbandry/article27400480.ece|title=GCMMF welcomes separate ministry for animal husbandry|newspaper=Hindu Business Line|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

==Research and training==
[[File:CMFRI Headquarters in Kochi.jpg|thumb|Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute in [[Kochi]]]]
Fisheries research and training institutions in India are supported by central and state governments. The major fisheries research institutions operating under the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] are
* [[Fishery Survey of India]],
* [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute]] at [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
* [[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]] at [[Mumbai]],
*[[Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute]] at [[Barrackpore]] in [[West Bengal]],
* Central Fisheries Corporation at [[Kolkata]], the Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fisheries at [[Bangalore]], and
*[[Central Institute of Fisheries Technology]] at [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]].

Fishery training is provided by the [[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]] in [[Mumbai]], which has ancillary institutions at Barrackpore in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] in [[Telangana]].

The Government of India established the National Fisheries Development Board in 2006 with its headquarters in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Activities of NFDB|year=2008|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board - Govt of India|url=http://nfdb.ap.nic.in/html/activities.htm|access-date=2011-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125030853/http://nfdb.ap.nic.in/html/activities.htm|archive-date=2012-01-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> The NFDB works from a four-story tin-clad building shaped like a fish; built in 2012 and reportedly based on a 1992 sculpture by [[Frank Gehry]] in Barcelona, the building is considered an example of [[Novelty architecture|mimetic architecture]].

The [[Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training]] with facilities in [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]] and [[Vishakapatnam]] trains operators of deep-sea fishing vessels and technicians for shore establishments. Fisheries Institute of Technology and Training (FITT) was established in [[Chennai]] in collaboration [[Tata Group]] to improve the socioeconomic condition of fishermen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/pdf/fisheries.pdf|title=FITT}}</ref> The Integrated Fisheries Project was established to research on processing, popularizing and marketing of unusual fish. At present there are 19 Fisheries colleges run by state Governments.

==Issues==
Despite rapid growth in total fish production, an individual fish farmers’ average annual production in India is only 2 tonnes, compared to 172 tonnes in [[Norway]], 72 tonnes in [[Chile]], and 6 tonnes per fisherman in China.<ref name="fao2">{{cite web|title=The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, 2010|year=2010|publisher=FAO of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf}}</ref> In India, fishing and selling of critically endangered fish species are banned. But sometimes, due to a lack of awareness drives from fisheries department officials, critically endangered species are killed.<ref name="New Indian Express"/> The annual fishing (trawling) ban is done during the monsoon season for breeding and spawning of fish species. But some fish species like Cuttlefish and squid breed and spawn during October. So there have been suggestions to increase the trawling ban to 90 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/932402/net-profit-or-loss-keralas-trawling-ban-during-the-monsoon-has-become-a-bone-of-contention|title=Net profit or loss? Kerala's trawling ban during the monsoon has become a bone of contention|newspaper=Scroll|author=Haritha John|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

Indian fishermen sometimes get captured by the navies of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Pakistan]]. Skirmishes with the Sri Lankan navy often result in casualties and damage of boats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sri-lankan-navy-attacks-tamil-nadu-fishermen-20-boats-damaged-4829922/|title=Sri Lankan navy attacks Tamil Nadu fishermen, 20 boats damaged|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> As of 2014, out of the 281 Indian prisoners in Pakistan jails 232 are Indian fishermen. In 2013, an Indian fisherman died in Pakistan jail. In 2014, another Indian fisherman died in Pakistan jail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/665406/the-cynical-politics-behind-why-india-and-pakistan-keep-arresting-fishermen|title=The cynical politics behind why India and Pakistan keep arresting fishermen|author=Shivam Vij|newspaper=Scroll|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> In 2020 the Pakistan Marines fired on two Indian boats near the international maritime boundary line (IMBL) in an incident in which one fisherman was injured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-slams-pakistan-for-deliberate-attack-and-firing-on-indian-fishermen/577646|title=India slams Pakistan for 'deliberate' attack and firing on Indian fishermen|newspaper=Timesnow News|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

There has been an increase in the number of Chinese deap-sea fishing trawlers in the Southern Indian Ocean which has caused concerns in India. Between 2015 and 2019, around 500 Chinese trawlers were sighted in the region<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chinese-trawlers-in-southern-indian-ocean-worry-india/article29368989.ece|title=Chinese trawlers in southern Indian Ocean worry India|newspaper=The Hindu|author=Dinakar Peri|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

==Aquaculture==
===Carp===
Carp farming in the country started between 1970 and 1980 due to the demonstrated high production levels of 8 to 10 tonnes/hectare/year in an incubation center. Late 1980s saw the dawn of aquaculture in India and transformed fish culture into a more modern enterprise. With the economic liberalization of the early 1990s, fishing industry got a major investment boost.<ref name=":0" />

India's breeding and culture technologies include primarily different species of carp, including the important Indian major carp species (notably [[catla]], [[Mrigal carp|mrigal]] and [[rohu]]); other species such as [[catfish]], [[murrel]] and prawns are recent additions. The culture systems adopted in the country vary greatly depending on the input available in any particular region as well as on the investment capabilities of the farmer. While extensive aquaculture is carried out in comparatively large water bodies with stocking of the fish seed as the only input beyond utilising natural productivity, elements of fertilisation and feeding have been introduced into semi-intensive culture. The different culture systems in Indian practice include:<ref name=afao/>
*Intensive pond culture with supplementary feeding and aeration (10–15 tonnes/ha/yr)
*Composite carp culture (4–6 tonnes/ha/yr)
*Weed-based carp polyculture (3–4 tonnes/ha/yr)
*Integrated fish farming with poultry, pigs, ducks, horticulture, etc. (3–5 tonnes/ha/yr)
*Pen culture (3–5 tonnes/ha/yr)
*Cage culture (10–15 kg/m2/yr)
*Running-water fish culture (20–50 kg/m2/yr)

=== Prawn or shrimp ===
Freshwater prawn farming in India has grown rapidly since 2000 with [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]] contributing to approximately 60 percent of the total water area dedicated to prawn farming, followed by [[West Bengal]].<ref name="afao" /> In [[Fiscal year|fiscal]] 2016, India became the biggest exporter of shrimps by overtaking [[Vietnam]]. Frozen shrimp is the top item of export among seafood, accounting for 38.28 per cent in quantity and 64.50 per cent of the total earnings in dollar terms in 2016–17. The overall export of shrimp during 2016-17 was pegged at 434,484 MT, worth US$3.726 billion. [[United States|USA]] was the largest import market for frozen shrimp (165,827 MT), followed by the [[European Union]] (EU) (77,178 MT), [[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]] (1,05,763 MT), [[Japan]] (31,284 MT), [[Middle East]] (19,554 MT), China (7,818 MT) and other countries (27,063 MT). Shrimp exports from India are expected to nearly double to US$7 billion by 2022, driven by strong demand, high quality, improved product mix, and an increase in aquaculture area in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Gujarat]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=164454|title=India's Seafood Export at all-time High in 2016-17 :MPEDA|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisil.com/en/home/newsroom/press-releases/2017/12/indian-shrimp-exports-set-to-nearly-double-to-dollar7-billion-by-2022.html|title=Indian shrimp exports set to nearly double to $7 billion by 2022|website=CRISIL|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

The [[Penaeus monodon|giant tiger prawn]] (''Penaeus monodon'') is the dominant species chosen for aquaculture, followed by the [[Indian prawn|Indian white prawn]] (''Fenneropenaeus indicus'') and [[Whiteleg shrimp|Pacific white shrimp]] (''Litopenaeus vannamei).'' In 2015–16, West Bengal (61,998 MT) was the largest producer of tiger shrimp for export, followed by Odisha (9,191 MT). Andhra Pradesh (295,332 MT) was the largest producer of Pacific white shrimp.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/big-bengal-boost-to-indias-no-1-shrimp-exporter-tag/articleshow/62071760.cms|title=Big Bengal boost to India's No. 1 shrimp exporter tag|last=Gupta|first=Jayanta|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Freshwater aquaculture ===
Freshwater aquaculture accounts for nearly 55% of the total fish production in India and Second Largest Producer of Inland fish in the world.<ref>http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/I9540EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF }}</ref><ref>https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2017/04/aquaculture-in-india-report-2017.pdf pg.3</ref> Aquaculture resources in India include 2.36 million hectares of ponds and tanks, 1.07 million hectares of ''beels'', ''jheels'' and derelict waters plus in addition 0.12 million kilometers of [[canal]]s, 3.15 million hectares of reservoirs and 0.72 million hectares of upland lakes that could be utilised for aquaculture purposes. [[Pond]]s and tanks are the prime resources for freshwater aquaculture in India. However, less than 10 percent of India's natural potential is used for aquaculture currently. For bringing more areas under scientific fisheries and aquaculture, the Indian government and premier fisheries research institutes are trying hard to sensitize the fish farmers and entrepreneurs regarding the package of practices and prospects of the highly promising ‘culture-based fisheries technology (CBF)’ in inland waters. Utilization of untapped inland waters through CBF is one of the foremost strategies for achieving blue revolution. CBF is generally practiced in inland waters having areas between 100 and 1000 ha (lakes, wetlands and small reservoirs) and cautiously in 1000–5000 ha (medium-sized reservoirs)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Brackishwater aquaculture ===
The [[FAO]] of the [[United Nations]] estimates that about 1.2 million hectares of potential brackishwater area available in India is suitable for farming, in addition to this, around 8.5 million hectares of salt affected areas are also available, of which about 2.6 million hectares could be exclusively utilised for aquaculture due to the unsuitability of these resources for other agriculture based activities. However, just like India's fresh water resources, the total brackishwater area under cultivation is only just over 13 percent of the potential water area available. Carp hatcheries in both the public and private sectors have contributed towards the increase in seed production from 6321 million fry in 1985–1986 to over 18500 million fry in 2007. There are 35 freshwater prawn hatcheries in the coastal states producing over 200 million seed per annum. Furthermore, the 237 shrimp hatcheries with a production capacity of approximately 11.425 billion post larvae per year are meeting the seed requirement of the brackish water shrimp farming sector.<ref name=afao/>

===Ornamental Fish===
India's domestic ornamental fish Industry is 300 crore rupees worth. In 2017, India exported ornamental fish worth Rs 9.5 crore, a 40% increase from the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/ornamental-fish-industry-hit-by-new-regulations/articleshow/59174671.cms|title=Ornamental fish industry hit by new regulations|newspaper=Economic Times|author=P K KRISHNAKUMAR|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

===Sea Weed===
Karnataka is the largest producer of seaweed in India producing 22 thousand tonnes followed by Gujarat, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep. The red seaweed is the most cultivated variety of seaweed in India. In 2018 the Indian government set up 10,000 seaweeds culture units in Andhra Pradesh under the Central government's Blue Revolution scheme.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/visakhapatnam/10000-seaweed-culture-units-to-be-set-up-in-the-state-soon/articleshow/64738750.cms|title=10,000 seaweed culture units to be set up in the state soon|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Vellayil Fishing Harbour 2.jpg|thumb|Vellayil Fishing Harbour]]

There are ten main fishing harbors at:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fish Economics and Fish Biotechnology|last=Shashikala|first=Bhalkare|publisher=Lulu Publications|year=2016|location=USA|pages=136}}</ref>

* [[Mangalore]] in [[Karnataka]],
* [[Chellanam]], [[Vypeen]], [[Koyilandy]], [[Neendakara]], [[Vizhinjam]] in [[Kerala]],
* [[Tuticorin]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]],
* [[Vishakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and
* [[Raichak]] in [[West Bengal]]

23 minor fishing harbours and 95 fish-landing centres are designated to provide landing and berthing facilities to fishing craft.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Leading fish producing states in India, 2019–2020
! Rank<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2020/feb/01/andhra-stands-first-in-fish-production-shows-economic-survey-2097351.amp|title=Andhra stands first in fish production, shows Economic Survey|author=S Guru Srikanth|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>!! State !! Total production (lakh metric tonnes)
|-
| 1 || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 34.5
|-
| 2 || [[West Bengal]] || 17.42
|-
| 3 || [[Gujarat]] || 8.34
|-
| 4 || [[Odisha]] || 6.85
|-
| 5 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 6.82
|}

=== Top ten states fish production every year<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian States fish production|url=http://dof.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/HandbookonFS2018.pdf}}</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
| rowspan="2" | '''States'''
| colspan="3" |'''2013-14'''
| colspan="3" |'''2014-15'''
| colspan="3" |'''2015-16'''
| colspan="3" |'''2016-17'''
| colspan="3" |'''2017-18'''
|-
|'''Inland'''
|'''Marine'''
|'''Total'''
|'''Inland'''
|'''Marine'''
|'''Total'''
|'''Inland'''
|'''Marine'''
|'''Total'''
|'''Inland'''
|'''Marine'''
|'''Total'''
|'''Inland'''
|'''Marine'''
|'''Total'''
|-
|'''Andhra Pradesh'''
|15.8
|4.38
|20.18
|15.03
|4.75
|19.79
|18.32
|5.2
|23.52
|21.86
|5.8
|27.66
|28.45
|6.05
|34.5
|-
|'''West Bengal'''
|13.92
|1.88
|15.81
|14.38
|1.79
|16.17
|14.93
|1.78
|16.71
|15.25
|1.77
|17.02
|15.57
|1.85
|17.42
|-
|'''Gujarat'''
|0.98
|6.96
|7.93
|1.11
|6.98
|8.1
|1.12
|6.97
|8.1
|1.17
|6.99
|8.16
|3.34
|12.11
|15.45
|-
|'''Kerala'''
|1.94
|3.2
|4.14
|1.36
|3.33
|4.7
|1.77
|4.45
|5.21
|5.55
|5.53
|10.08
|5.35
|10.00
|15.35
|-
|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|1.92
|4.32
|6.24
|2.4
|4.57
|6.98
|2.43
|4.67
|7.09
|1.97
|4.72
|6.69
|1.85
|6.97
|8.82
|-
|'''Uttar Pradesh'''
|4.64
|0
|4.64
|4.94
|0
|4.94
|5.05
|0
|5.05
|6.18
|0
|6.18
|6.29
|0
|6.29
|-
|'''Maharashtra'''
|1.35
|4.67
|6.03
|1.44
|4.64
|6.08
|1.46
|4.34
|5.8
|2
|4.63
|6.63
|1.31
|4.75
|6.06
|-
|'''Odisha'''
|1.98
|3.57
|5.55
|2.23
|4
|6.23
|1.69
|4.12
|5.81
|1.59
|3.99
|5.57
|1.88
|4.14
|6.03
|-
|'''Bihar'''
|4.32
|0
|4.32
|4.8
|0
|4.8
|5.07
|0
|5.07
|5.09
|0
|5.09
|5.88
|0
|5.88
|-
|'''Karnataka'''
|1.86
|5.22
|7.09
|2.02
|5.24
|7.26
|2.11
|5.17
|7.28
|1.61
|4.31
|5.93
|1.48
|4.14
|5.63
|-
|'''India'''
|'''61.36'''
|'''34.43'''
|'''95.79'''
|'''66.91'''
|'''35.69'''
|'''102.6'''
|'''71.62'''
|'''36'''
|'''107.62'''
|'''78.06'''
|'''36.25'''
|'''114.31'''
|'''89.02'''
|'''36.88'''
|'''125.9'''
|}

==See also==
{{portal | India }}
* [[Forestry in India]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[Coastal India]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]
* [[Outline of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/107.htm|work=U.S. Library of Congress (released in [[public domain]])|title=Library of Congress Country Studies|access-date=2007-10-06}}
*[https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJF/issue/archive Indian Journal of Fisheries] ([https://icar.org.in/ Indian Council of Agricultural Research])

{{Economy of India related topics}}
{{Asia topic|Fishing in}}
{{fishing by country}}
{{fisheries and fishing}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Fishing in India| ]]
[[Category:Aquaculture in India]]

EUobserver

2022-01-21T23:48:06Z

Alihaiderhusain: Published a new article outline.

{{Short description|European online newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = EUobserver
| logo = EUobserver logotype.svg
| type = [[Online newspaper]]
| owners = EUobserver.com [[Association without lucrative purpose|ASBL]]
| founder = Lisbeth Kirk
| publisher =
| chiefeditor =
| foundation = 2000
| circulation =
| website = {{URL|euobserver.com}}
| circulation_ref =
}}
'''''EUobserver''''' is a European [[online newspaper]], launched in 2000 by the [[Brussels]]-based organisation EUobserver.com [[Association without lucrative purpose|ASBL]].

The newspaper provides both daily reports and in-depth coverage on international affairs related to the [[European Union]] (EU).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Government and Politics of the European Union|last=Nugent|first=Neill|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2011|isbn=9780230241183|edition=7th|series=The European Union Series|pages=464|chapter=Guide to Further Reading|oclc=745517862|quote='''''EUobserver''''' provides an extremely useful report on daily issues concerning the EU.}}</ref> It is regarded as one of the first English language media outlets dedicated to the reporting of EU affairs,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Euro-English : assessing variety status|last=Mollin|first=Sandra|publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag|year=2006|isbn=9783823362500|location=Tübingen|pages=56|oclc=804963256|quote=Every newspaper stand in Europe provides English-language newspapers and magazines, yet none of them are produced on the European Continent expressly with the intention of reaching a Continental European audience. Rather, newspapers such as the ''International Tribute'' or magazines such as ''Time'' or ''Newsweek'' are intended for a readership of English native speakers abroad and an international elite of non-native speakers. Thus, we cannot really group these under the heading of ‘English in European media’. The only first development in this direction is, to the author’s knowledge, the online news magazine '''''EU Observer''''', which presents EU-related news to a European audience in English.}}</ref> since joined by ''[[The Brussels Times]]'', ''[[EURACTIV]]'' and ''[[Politico Europe]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Think Tanks in Europe|last=Kelstrup|first=Jesper Dahl|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138918320|pages=124|oclc=935193101|quote=One of the factors that restrict advocacy think tanks in the EU from emerging is the lack of widely read European media, not disregarding Politico.eu, EUobserver, and EurActiv.}}</ref> <nowiki/>

==Organisation==

The website was first launched in 2000 by [[Lisbeth Kirk]], a Danish journalist.{{cn}}

There is much academic debate over whether ''EUobserver'', along with other similar publications, can be considered to be contributing to the creation of a pan-European [[public sphere]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Arguing about justice: Essays for Philippe Van Parijs|last=Sinardet|first=Dave|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Louvain|year=2011|isbn=9782874632754|editor-last=Gosseries|editor-first=Axel|pages=312|chapter=Multilingual democracy and public sphere: what Belgium and the EU can learn from each other|oclc=904310256|quote=A European public sphere can be imagined in two ways. The first is a pan-European public sphere, carried by pan European media, available across the entire EU territory. Some of these exist today (''Arte, Euronews, European Voice, '''EUobserver''''', …), but reach a very limited audience […] A problem for the rise of such European media is obviously the absence of a common language in the EU as English cannot (yet) be considered the lingua franca of all its social classes and geographical areas.|author-link=Dave Sinardet|editor-last2=Vanderborght|editor-first2=Yannick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.silchestermarketing.com/EU_Oserver_Media_Kit.pdf|title=EU Observer Media Kit|website=Silchester Marketing}}</ref>

Kirk served as both editor-in-chief and business chief of the paper until 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/list/the-women-who-shape-brussels/media-moguls-sheherazade-semsar-de-boisseson-euractiv-daniela-vincenti-eu-observer-lisbeth-kirk/|title=The Women Who Shape Brussels|last=Heath|first=Ryan|work=Politico Europe|access-date=2017-05-28|language=en-US}}</ref> after which she was replaced by Eric Maurice, who took over as editor-in-chief of the publication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/static/about|title=EUobserver About Section|website=EUobserver}}</ref> In 2019, Koert Debeuf was appointed as new editor-in-chief of EUobserver.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/politico-eu-influence/politico-eu-influence-trumps-effect-on-eu-lobbying-strategic-duel-bayers-backflip/|title=Politico EU Influence|work=Politico|access-date=2019-10-01|language=en}}</ref>
The British American journalist [[James Kanter]] took over as editor-in-chief from February 2022 until March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title= James Kanter, Shada Islam are new editors at EUobserver|url= https://euobserver.com/news/154090|work= EUobserver|location= |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://euobserver.com/static/about|title= About Us|last= |first= |website= |publisher= EUobserver |access-date= 1 April 2022|quote=}}</ref> At the same time, the Brussels-based commentator Shada Islam joined EUobserver as editor of the EUobserver magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.coleurope.eu/whoswho/person/shada.islam|title= Shada Islam|last= |first= |website= College of Europe |publisher= |access-date= 24 February 2022|quote=}}</ref>

==Readership==
The newspaper claims both financial independence from [[Institutions of the European Union|EU institutions]] and a daily circulation of 60,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voxeurop.eu/en/content/source-information/74011-euobservercom|title=EUobserver.com|work=VoxEurop.eu|access-date=2017-05-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.silchestermarketing.com/EU_Oserver_Media_Kit.pdf|title=EU Observer Media Kit|website=Silchester Marketing}}</ref>

In a 2008 poll of 100 Brussels-based [[Journalist|journalists]] by [[APCO Worldwide|APCO]], one third claimed to use the publication as their source for EU news, making it, at the time, the "second most influential" media outlet reporting on EU affairs behind the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mapping foreign correspondence in Europe|last=Terzis|first=Georgios|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9780415719001|pages=27|oclc=955586223|quote=Of these media the ''Financial Times'' has a stable position as the leading news source […] The second most influential media among journalists is '''''EUobserver''''', a Brussels-based online news source. A third of correspondents said they got their EU news from the '''''EUobserver''''' in the APCO poll, while 53 per cent said they read news on the site at least once a week, according to the ComRes ZN survey.}}</ref> Also, in a 2016 media survey, conducted by [[ComRes]] and [[Burson-Marsteller]] on ‘What Influences the Influencers’, it was found that ''EUobserver'' tended to be the preferred source of news for EU officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.burson-marsteller.eu/latest-news/what-influences-the-influencers-comresburson-marsteller-2016-eu-media-poll-findings-unveiled/|title=What Influences the Influencers? 2016 EU Media Poll findings unveiled|website=Burson Marsteller EU|archive-date=January 28, 2016}}</ref>

Since ''EUobserver'' is an online medium, with the exception of its quarterly magazine editions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecolorclub.dk/portfolio_page/euobserver-magazine-degsign/|title=The Color Club EUobserver Magazine Design|website=The Color Club}}</ref> it relies on a growing social media following on [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]] and [[LinkedIn]], reaching 330,000 followers in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/euobs-media/assets/mediakit.pdf|title=EUobserver Media Kit 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[E!Sharp]]''
*''[[EURACTIV]]''
*[[Euronews]]
*''[[EU Scream]]''
*''[[Politico Europe]]''
*''[[The Brussels Times]]''
*''[[Voxeurop]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:EUobserver}}
[[Category:Mass media in the European Union]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Brussels]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Belgium]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2000]]
[[Category:Belgian news websites]]