Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ayub Khan

2026-05-27T10:25:05Z

Alicolours: creating a stub basic info

{{short description|President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]]
| name = Ayub Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPk]]&ensp;[[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]]&ensp;[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]]&ensp;[[Order of the British Empire#Current classes|MBE]]
| native_name = ایوب خان
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = File:Muhammed Ayub Khan.JPG
| caption = Khan in 1961.
| office = 2nd [[President of Pakistan]]
| term_start = 27 October 1958
| term_end = 25 March 1969
| predecessor = [[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
| successor = [[Yahya Khan]]
| office2 = 1st [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]
| term_start2 = 7 October 1958
| term_end2 = 8 June 1962
| president2 = [[Iskander Mirza]] ''Himself''
| predecessor2 = [[Feroz Khan Noon]] (as Prime Minister)
| successor2 = Yahya Khan (1969)
| office3 = 10th [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start3 = 28 October 1958
| term_end3 = 21 October 1966
| president3 = ''Himself''
| deputy3 = Muhammad Khurshid S. Fida Hussain Nazir Ahmed S. I. Haque ([[Pakistan Secretary of Defence|Defence Secretary]])
| predecessor3 = [[Muhammad Ayub Khuhro]]
| successor3 = [[Afzal Rahman Khan]]
| office4 = 4th [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start4 = 24 October 1954
| term_end4 = 11 August 1955
| governor_general4 = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]] [[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
| prime_minister4 = [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]
| deputy4 = [[Akhter Husain]] ([[Pakistan Secretary of Defence|Defence Secretary]])
| predecessor4 = Mohammad Ali Bogra
| successor4 = [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]
| office5 = 12th [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
| term_start5 = 23 March 1965
| term_end5 = 17 August 1965
| deputy5 = [[Interior Secretary of Pakistan|Interior Secretary]]
| president5 = ''Himself''
| predecessor5 = [[Khan Habibullah Khan]]
| successor5 = [[Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan]]
| office6 = 3rd [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
| term_start6 = 23 January 1951<ref name=Ankit />
| term_end6 = 27 October 1958
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]
| 1namedata6 = {{Collapsible list|title=See list|1={{plain list|Maj. Gen. Yusuf Khan (1951–1953) Maj. Gen. [[Mian Hayaud Din]] (1953–1955) Maj. Gen. [[Sher Ali Khan Pataudi]] (1955–1957) Maj. Gen. [[Yahya Khan]] (1957–1958)
}}
}}
| predecessor6 = [[General Gracey]]
| successor6 = [[General Musa Khan]]
| governor_general6 = {{ubl|[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]|[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]|[[Iskander Ali Mirza]]|''Office abolished; succeeded by [[President of Pakistan|President]]''}}
| president6 = [[Iskander Ali Mirza]]
| prime_minister6 = {{ubl|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]]|[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]|[[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]|[[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]|[[H. S. Suhrawardy]]|[[I. I. Chundrigar]]|[[Feroz Khan Noon]]}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|5|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Haripur District|Haripur]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|4|19|1907|5|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place = [[Haripur District|Haripur]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]
| party = [[Convention Muslim League]] (before 1974)
| other_party = [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (1962)
| spouse = Zaidi Khatoon
| children = 6, including [[Gohar Ayub Khan]]<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/>
| relatives = [[Sardar Bahadur Khan]] (brother) [[Omar Ayub Khan]] (grandson) [[Arshad Ayub Khan]] (grandson) [[Yousuf Ayub Khan]] (grandson)
| branch = {{army|British Raj}} (1928–1947) {{army|PAK}} (1947–1958)
| service_years = 1928–1958{{efn|Ayub retired from active service in 1958; however, he made himself field marshal in 1959. See "Military Ruler Gets Himself Elevated",<ref name="dawn2Sep2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1355171#tab-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415014027/https://www.dawn.com/news/1355171#tab-1 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |title=Special report: The Changing of the Guard 1958–1969 |author=S. Akbar Zaidi |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>
{{blockquote

President Ayub made Field Marshal

General Mohammad Ayub Khan was conferred the rank of Field Marshal by the presidential cabinet. The communique said that the conferment of this rank will serve to demonstrate to the world in a humble way the high esteem in which he is held by his people and how grateful the nation is to its saviour. The rank of Field Marshal is the highest rank of armies built on the patron of the British Army. The press communique added that by a peaceful revolution last year, the President had not only defended the territorial integrity of Pakistan but had also saved the very existence of the nation.<ref name="dawn2Sep2017"/>
}}}}
| rank = [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]]{{efn|Ayub never had an active regular military appointment of the rank of field marshal, his last military appointment was the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the rank of full general.}} [[Service number]]: '''PA-10'''
| unit = [[14th Punjab Regiment]]
| commands = [[Adjutant General]] [[G.O.C|GOC]], [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|14th Infantry Division]] [[7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|10th Infantry Brigade]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)]]
*[[World War II]]
**[[Pacific War]]
***[[Burma campaign]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
*[[Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
**[[Bajaur Campaign]]
*[[Operation Desert Hawk]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
{{tree list/end}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Ayub Khan sidebar}}

[[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]] '''Mohammad Ayub Khan''' {{small|[[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPk]]&ensp;[[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]]&ensp;[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]]&ensp;[[Order of the British Empire#Current classes|MBE]]}} (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974) was a Pakistani politician and military officer who served as the 2nd [[President of Pakistan]] from 1958 until his resignation in 1969. He was the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]], serving from 1951 to 1958. Khan's presidency started in 1958 when he overthrew President [[Iskander Mirza]] in [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|a coup d'état]], and ended in 1969 when he resigned amid [[1968–69 Pakistan revolution|mass protests and strikes across the country]].

Born in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Khan was educated from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and trained at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<ref name="nyt21Apr1974">{{cite news |title=Field Marshal Ayub Dead; Ex-President of Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/21/archives/field-marshalayub-deadexpresident-of-pakistan-stability-in.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 April 1974 |access-date=12 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708103628/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/21/archives/field-marshalayub-deadexpresident-of-pakistan-stability-in.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> He fought in the [[Second World War]] on the British side against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. After the [[Partition of British India]] in August 1947, he joined the Pakistan Army and was posted in [[East Bengal]]. In 1951, he became the first native commander-in-chief, succeeding [[General Gracey]]. From 1953 to 1958, he served in the [[Ministry of Talents|civilian government]] as [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence]] and [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home Minister]] and supported [[President Iskandar Ali Mirza]]'s decision to impose martial law against prime minister [[Feroz Khan Noon]]'s administration on 7 October 1958. Three weeks later, Ayub Khan seized the presidency in a [[1958 Pakistani military coup|military coup]], the [[Military coups in Pakistan|first in the country's history]].<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/>

As president, Khan appointed [[General Musa Khan]] to replace him as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]], who served as Army Chief for 8 years under President Khan.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2015 |title=Of false pride and misbelief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/of-false-pride-and-misbelief-125197 |work=The Tribune India |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2016 |title=Four of 13 army chiefs were senior-most when appointed |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168018-four-of-13-army-chiefs-were-senior-most-when-appointed |work=[[The News International]] |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> He [[Baghdad Pact|aligned]] Pakistan with the United States, and allowed American access to air bases inside Pakistan, most notably the [[Peshawar Air Station|airbase]] outside of [[Peshawar]], from which [[U-2 incident|spy missions]] over the [[Soviet Union]] were launched. [[China–Pakistan relations|Relations with neighboring China]] were strengthened, but his alignment with the US worsened relations with the [[Pakistan-Soviet Union relations|Soviet Union]] in 1962. He launched [[Operation Gibraltar]] against India in 1965, leading to an [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|all-out war]]. It resulted in a stalemate, and peace was restored via the [[Tashkent Declaration]]. Domestically, Ayub subscribed to the [[laissez-faire]] policy of Western-aligned nations at the time. Ayub Khan [[Privatisation in Pakistan|privatised]] state-owned industries and liberalised the economy generally. Large inflows of [[foreign aid]] and investment led to the fastest-growing economy in South Asia. His tenure was also distinguished by the completion of [[List of power stations in Pakistan|hydroelectric stations]], [[List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan|dams, and reservoirs]]. Under Khan, Pakistan's [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|space program]] was established, and the country launched its first uncrewed space mission by 1962. However, the failure of [[land reform]]s and a weak taxation system meant that most of this growth landed in the hands of the elite. In 1965, Khan entered the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|presidential race]] as the [[Convention Muslim League]]'s candidate to counter the opposition candidate [[Fatima Jinnah]]. Khan won the elections and was re-elected for a second term. In 1967, disapproval of [[Price/wage spiral|price hikes]] of food prompted demonstrations across the country led by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Following the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|protests in East Pakistan]], Khan resigned on 25 March 1969 and appointed General [[Yahya Khan]] as his successor. Later, fighting a brief illness, he died in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 1998 |title=Biography, Reforms, & Martial Law |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Ayub-Khan |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

Ayub Khan remains the country's longest-serving president and second-longest serving [[List of heads of state of Pakistan|head of state]]. His legacy remains mixed; his era is often referred to as the "Decade of Development." Khan is credited with [[Economic boom|economic prosperity]] and industrialisation. He is denounced by critics for beginning the first of the [[Pakistani Intelligence Community|intelligence agencies' incursions]] into [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]], for concentrating wealth in a corrupt [[Oligarchy|few hands]], and for geographically [[discriminatory]] policies that later led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

== Early life and education ==
Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 in [[Rehana, Haripur|Rehana]], a village in the [[Haripur district]] of the [[North-West Frontier Province]] of [[British India]] into a [[Hindko]]-speaking family of [[Pashtun]] descent, belonging to the [[Tareen]] tribe.<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Gauhar |first=Altaf |author-link=Altaf Gauhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?newbks=0&id=ouRtAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Rehana+ |title=Ayub Khan: Pakistan's First Military Ruler |publisher=[[Sang-e-Meel Publications]] |location=Lahore |year=1993 |page=35 |isbn=978-969-35-0295-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |title=Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRW_M_xybyYC&pg=PA74 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2005 |page=74 |access-date=22 August 2010 |isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Amir |first=Intikhab |title=Where pragmatism holds sway (Haripur District politics and Tareen clan) |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1025073/where-pragmatism-holds-sway |newspaper=Dawn |location=Pakistan |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2025 |quote=When it comes to Haripur's significance to the national political scene, one can't help but refer to the country's first military dictator, Field Marshal Ayub Khan. A member of the politically significant Tareen clan of Haripur, General Ayub's heirs are known for not shying away from changing loyalties in their pursuit of a prolonged stay in the corridors of power.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Caroe |first1=Olaf Kirkpatrick |author1-link=Olaf Caroe |title=The Pathans, 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |isbn=978-0-19-577221-0 |page=453 |quote=NOTES "13a. President Ayub is one of these Tarins."}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2004">{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA69 |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 2002 |page=69 |access-date=5 April 2023 |isbn=978-1-84331-149-2 |quote=Ayub Khan, who had been army commander-in-chief since 1951, embodied this military institution better than anyone. His ethnic origin was Pashtun, he was born in the Punjab — like Ghulam Muhammad — and he believed in a centralized state dominated by the Punjab, to which he was keen to rally members of his community. |quote-page=69}}</ref>

He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan, a [[Risaldar-Major]] (an armoured corps [[junior commissioned officer|JCO]] which was then known as [[viceroy's commissioned officer|VCO]]) in the [[9th Hodson's Horse]] which was a cavalry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Forming the govt : PML-N seeks Haripur tehsil triumph through bloodlines |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/897889/forming-the-govt-pml-n-seeks-haripur-tehsil-triumph-through-bloodlines |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in [[Sarai Saleh]], which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on a [[mule]]'s back and was shifted to a school in [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]], where he started living with his grandmother.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

He went on to study at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU)<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/> and while pursuing his college education, he was accepted into the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] on the recommendation of General [[Andrew Skeen]]; he trained first in India and then departed for Great Britain.<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Malik">{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar Haider |title=The History of Pakistan |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-313-34137-3 |page=146}}</ref> Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, Pashto, English, and his native Hindko language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=Gowher |author-link=Gowher Rizvi |editor-last1=Clapham |editor-first1=Christopher S. |editor1-link=Christopher Clapham (Africanist) |editor-last2=Philip |editor-first2=George D. E. |chapter=Riding the Tiger: Institutionalising the Military Regimes in Pakistan and Bangladesh |title=The Political Dilemmas of Military Regimes |year=1985 |publisher=Croom Helm |page=203 |isbn=978-0-7099-3416-5}}</ref>

== Military service ==
=== British India ===
Ayub Khan was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1926.<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/><ref name="Leonard2006p125" /> He was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as a [[second lieutenant]] on 2 February 1928 in the [[19th Punjabis|1st Battalion]] of the [[14th Punjab Regiment]] (better known as 1/14th Punjab Regiment) of the [[British Indian Army]] – before this he was attached to the [[Royal Fusiliers]].<ref name="Leonard2006p125" /><ref>Indian Army List, 1928 Dec</ref> Amongst those who passed out with him was [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]], who served as [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of India from 1962 to 1966 while Ayub was the president of Pakistan.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33353|page=766|date=3 February 1928}}</ref> After the standard probationary period of service in the [[British Army]], he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment ''Sherdils'', now known as the 5th Punjab Regiment.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33510|page=4274|date=28 June 1929}}</ref>

He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to [[Captain (army)|captain]] on 2 February 1937.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33613|page=3572|date=6 June 1930}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34381|page=1827|date=19 March 1937}}</ref> During [[World War II]], he was promoted to the temporary rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]] in 1942 and was posted in Burma to participate in the [[Burma Campaign 1942–1943|first phase]] of the [[Burma Campaign]] in 1942–43. He was promoted to the permanent rank of major on 2 February 1945.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37085|page=2577|date=18 May 1945}}</ref> Later that year, he was promoted to temporary [[colonel]] and assumed the command of his own regiment in which he was commissioned to direct operations in the [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|second phase]] of the Burma Campaign.

In 1946, he was posted back to British India and was stationed in the [[North-West Frontier Province]]. In 1947, he was promoted to [[Brigadier#British tradition|brigadier]] and commanded a [[brigade]] in [[South Waziristan]].

=== Early career in Pakistan ===
[[File:Ayub khan wih quaid.PNG|thumb|upright|left|Brigadier Ayub with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in [[Dhaka Cantonment|Dacca Cantonment]], {{circa}} 1948]]
When the United Kingdom [[Indian Independence Act 1947|announced]] the [[Partition of British India]] into India and Pakistan, he was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who [[Pakistani citizenship|opted]] for Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="Leonard2006p125">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kassim |first=Husain |editor-last=Leonard |editor-first=Thomas M. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |title=Ayub Khan, Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA125 |access-date=8 December 2023 |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-57958-388-0 |page=125}}</ref> At the time of his joining, he was the tenth ranking officer in terms of seniority with [[service number]] PA-010.{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=33}}

In the early part of 1948, he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division in the rank of acting major-general stationed in [[Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]].{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=79}} In 1949, he was decorated with the [[Hilal-i-Jurat]] (HJ) by Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] for non-combatant service and called back to [[GHQ (Pakistan)|General Headquarters]] as the [[Adjutant General]] of the army on November of the same year.

=== Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army ===
[[File:PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm|thumb|right|300px|[[King Zahir Shah]] arrives at [[PAF Station Mauripur]] with [[President Iskandar Mirza]] and [[Nahid Mirza]], greeted by [[C-in-C of the PAF]] [[Asghar Khan]] and [[Nur Khan]]. In attendance were chiefs from the Iraqi, Turkish, and Iranian Air Forces. General Ayub Khan is seen in the footage from 0:37–0:39. The [[World record loop]] is showcased towards the end of the video. (2 February 1958)]]

As the tenure of [[General Gracey]] was nearing its end at the close of 1949, the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan government]] had called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of the army, [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]], and [[Pakistan Navy|navy]] and dismissed deputation appointments from the [[British military]].<ref name="Springer, Reimer">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz I. |author1-link=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema |last2=Riemer |first2=Manuel |title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58 |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA82 |year=1990 |page=82 |isbn=978-1-349-20942-2}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press, Tudor">{{cite book |last=Tudor |first=Maya |title=The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2-9ahosP94C&q=commander+in+chief+pakistan+ayub+1953&pg=PA30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=30 |isbn=978-1-107-03296-5}}</ref> General Headquarters sent the nomination papers to the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]] for the appointment of [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief]]. There were four major generals in the race: [[Muhammed Akbar Khan]], [[Iftikhar Khan]], [[Ishfakul Majid]], and [[Nawabzada Agha Mohammad Raza]]. Among these officers, Akbar was the senior, having been commissioned in 1920.<ref>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=A.R. |author-link=A.R. Siddiqui |date=25 April 2004 |title=Army's top slot: the seniority factor (scroll down to this title in the article) |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065891 |newspaper=Dawn |location=Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926122141/https://www.dawn.com/news/1065891 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muhammad Ayub Khan profile |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107041804/http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Story of Pakistan website}}</ref><ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II">{{cite web |date=1 June 2003 |title=Ouster of President Iskander Mirza |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/ouster-of-president-iskander-mirza/ |website=Story of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205133011/http://storyofpakistan.com/ouster-of-president-iskander-mirza/ |archive-date=5 December 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kal Tak – 25 May 2011 | Pakistan Politics |url=http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011515/http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/ |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Pkpolitics.com}}</ref>

That year, Gracey approached Akbar Khan to succeed him. However, Akbar declined, citing that the position was beyond his competence. The next candidate in line was Akbar's younger brother, Iftikhar Khan. However, Iftikhar died in an air crash in December 1949 before he could take office, resulting in Gracey's extension. On 23 January 1951, General Ayub Khan succeeded him.<ref name=Ankit>{{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=The Defiant Douglas |newspaper=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=1 |pages=46–47 |date=January 2010 |url=https://issuu.com/epilogue/docs/january_10 |quote=Deeply concerned about shepherding the Pakistan army through its early years, General Douglas Gracey wanted to continue till 1953 but had to relinquish his post two years earlier on 23 January 1951 bowing down to the rising chorus for 'nationalisation' of the army to which the Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, had to acquiesce.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbas |first1=Hassan |author-link=Hassan Abbas (scholar) |title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/GiKm-ahTpS8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA33 |year=2005 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=0-7656-1496-0 |page=33}}</ref><ref name="countrystudies">{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Ayub Khan Era |encyclopedia=Pakistan: A Country Study |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/pa/pakistancountrys00bloo_0/pakistancountrys00bloo_0.pdf |year=1995 |edition=6th |editor-last=Blood |editor-first=Peter R. |page=44 |isbn=0-8444-0834-4}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Defence Secretary [[Iskandar Mirza]] at that time played a crucial role in lobbying for the army post selection, by presenting convincing arguments to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to promote the most junior major-general, Ayub Khan (commissioned in 1928), to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list. Ayub's papers of promotion were approved, and he was appointed the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=80}} This ended the transitional role of British military officers in the army.{{Sfn|Haqqani|2010|p=34}} The events surrounding Ayub's appointment set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion and the most loyal to civil government at that time.<ref name=TheNation>{{cite news |title=The rule of seniority (in the Pakistan Armed Forces) |author=Kamal Azfar |date=5 March 2006 |url=http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/5/columns5.php |newspaper=The Nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040129/http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/5/columns5.php |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 1953, Ayub visited Turkey in his capacity as army chief. The Turkish defence minister was the only civilian leader with whom he met. Ayub wanted a military pact with Turkey, but found their government reluctant to talk in detail about regional defence. Thereafter, he went to the United States. Although nominally a "medical visit", while there he made a strong plea for military aid. The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] and [[The Pentagon]] considered the idea, but nothing came of it due to India's opposition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeşilbursa |first=Behçet Kemal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKRAgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+medical+visit&pg=PA26 |title=The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950–59 |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-76686-3 |pages=26–27}}</ref>

=== Cabinet and defence minister ===
{{further|Ministry of Talents|One Unit|Interservice rivalry}}

In 1954, Prime Minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]'s relations with the military and Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] deteriorated on issues of the economy.<ref name="Bahadur1998" /> Pressure built up to reconstruct the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|cabinet]] which eventually witnessed General Ayub Khan becoming the [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|defence minister]] and [[Iskander Mirza]] as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|home minister]] in October 1954.<ref name="Bahadur1998" /><ref name="Routledge, Dixit">{{cite book |last1=Dixit |first1=J. N. |author-link=Jyotindra Nath Dixit |year=2003 |title=India-Pakistan in War and Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |publisher=Routledge |page=124  |isbn=978-1-134-40758-3}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=April 2026|reason=Bahadur says on 24 October 1954 Bogra was forced to reconstruct his cabinet, with Ayub Khan becoming defence minister. Dixit says that by 1955 Iskander Mirza had become interior minister. Neither source says exactly when Mirza became interior minister.}}

On 24 February 1955, Ayub signed the [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) pact for Pakistan and his role in national politics, along with that of Mirza, began to grow.<ref name="Bahadur1998">{{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Kalim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191 |title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts |year=1998 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0083-7 |page=191 |language=en}}</ref> Ayub Khan disdained civilian politicians, whose factional infighting had for years prevented the adoption of a constitution. He wrote that he reluctantly joined the cabinet as defence minister with "two clear objectives: to save the armed forces from the interference of the politicians, and to unify the provinces of West Pakistan into one unit."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG302 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=302–303 |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5}}</ref>

The controversial [[One Unit]] Scheme integrated the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four western provinces]] into one political entity, [[West Pakistan]], as a counterbalance against the numerically superior population of [[East Bengal]], which was renamed East Pakistan. The province of Punjab supported the project, but all the other provinces protested against it and its centralisation of power. Opposition was particularly strong in East Bengal, where it was seen as an attack on the democratic principle of [[political egalitarianism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG124 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=124, 211 |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5}}</ref>

In 1955, Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad, and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] as the Defence Minister.{{Sfn|Shah|2014|p=167}}

After the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 provincial elections in East Pakistan]], the [[Awami League#Founding and early Pakistan era (1949–66)|Awami League]] formed the government there while West Pakistan was governed by the PML, but the PML government collapsed in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizvi |first1=Hasan Askari |last2=Shah |first2=Aqil |last3=Paul |first3=T.V. |last4=Fair |first4=C. Christine |year=2015 |title=The Military and Pakistan's Political and Security Disposition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905306 |journal=Asia Policy |issue=19 |pages=147–151 |jstor=24905306 |issn=1559-0968}}</ref> He was called on to join the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister [[H. S. Suhrawardy|H.S. Suhrawardy]] and maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza, who had now become the [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|first]] [[President of Pakistan|President]] of the country after the successful promulgation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution]] in 1956. In 1957, President Mirza promoted him from acting full general to the substantive rank of full general.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sridharan |first1=E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128 |title=International Relations Theory and South Asia (OIP): Volume I: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-908939-0 |pages=232}}</ref>

Around this time, the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|MoD]], led by General Ayub Khan, began to see the serious [[interservice rivalry]] between the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] staff and the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Naval Headquarters]] staff.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382 |title=The Military Factor in Pakistan |year=2008 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4 |pages=381–382 |language=en}}</ref> [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)|Commander in Chief]] of Navy Vice-Admiral [[HMS Choudri]] and his NHQ staff had been fighting with the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] and the [[Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)|MoD]] over the issues of rearmament and contingency plans.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382 |title=The Military Factor in Pakistan |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4 |pages=383 |language=en |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

He reportedly complained about Admiral HMS Choudri to President Mirza and criticized Admiral Choudri for "neither having the brain, imagination, or depth of thought to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make any contribution."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghani |first1=Nadia |title=NON-FICTION: The narcissist |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/826646 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=Dawn |date=11 July 2010}}</ref> The impasse was broken with Admiral Choudri resigning from the navy in protest as a result of having differences with the navy's plans of expansion and modernization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=Pervaiz Iqbal |author-link=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Vice+Admiral+choudri+1953&pg=PA93 |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |year=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5 |page=93 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382 |title=The Military Factor in Pakistan |year=2008 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref>

== Presidency (1958–1969) ==

=== 1958 military coup ===
{{Main|1958 Pakistani military coup}}

[[File:Mr. and Mrs. S.N. Bakar with General Ayub Khan and Mr. H.S. Suhrawardy (1958)..jpg|thumb|Ayub Khan in 1958 with [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] and Mr. and Mrs. [[Shaikh Nazrul Bakar]]]]

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|alt=A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven prime ministers in evening dress or national costume.|Ayub Khan (back row, second from the right) with [[Elizabeth II]], former [[Queen of Pakistan]] at the 1960 [[Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference]], [[Windsor Castle]]]]

[[H. S. Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]] and Feroz began campaigning to become prime minister and president in the upcoming general elections. Meanwhile, the conservative [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|Pakistan Muslim League]], led by its President [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]], was threatening to engage in civil disobedience.<ref name="Rizvi2000">{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Hasan-Askari |author-link=Hasan Askari Rizvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=978-0-230-59904-8 |page=83 |language=en}}</ref> These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II" />

On 7 October 1958, [[President Iskandar Ali Mirza]] abrogated the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]] after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroz announcing a coup d'état and appointed General Ayub Khan as [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]].

On 13 October, General Ayub Khan assigned Lt. General [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki]] the task of improving the efficiency of hospitals and health agencies. Within days, Karachi hospitals showed significant improvement, and the medical services took on a new outlook.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Times |date=28 November 1958}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=News In Brief |magazine=Pakistan Affairs |volume=XII |date=1 February 1959 |pages=140–141 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_Affairs/p1AdAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=+ayub+khan+assigned&pg=PP140}}</ref>

Two weeks later, on 27 October 1958, Ayub Khan carried out [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|his own coup d'état]] against Mirza.<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/> Most of the country's politicians only became aware of the coup the next morning;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Hasan-Askari |author-link=Hasan Askari Rizvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=978-0-230-59904-8 |pages=82–83 |language=en}}</ref> only U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan [[James M. Langley]] was kept fully informed of political developments in the country.<ref name="Rizvi2000" /><ref name="Simon and Schuster, Oborne">{{cite book |last1=Oborne |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Oborne |title=Wounded Tiger: A History of Cricket in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXXGBwAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+martial+law&pg=PA157 |access-date=3 November 2016 |year=2014 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=157 |isbn=978-0-85720-074-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Ayub justified his part by declaring that: "History would never have forgiven us if the present chaotic conditions were allowed to go on any further," and that his goal was to restore a democracy that the "people can understand and work", not to rule indefinitely.<ref name="Jalal 2014 98-100">{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-05289-5 |pages=98–100}}</ref> When the public ''was'' informed, public reactions were mixed. The immediate crackdown on smuggling, corruption, and trafficking won Ayub plenty of support from the commoners. The middle-class and the upper-middle class were more apprehensive.

President Mirza himself was apprehensive, though for a different reason. He had been contemplating replacing Ayub Khan, and it seems that Ayub knew. Immediately after the Supreme Court's Chief [[Justice Munir]] justified the coup under the [[doctrine of necessity]], Ayub sent the military into the presidential palace and exiled Mirza to England.<ref name="Jalal 2014 101">{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-05289-5 |page=101 |quote=The joint authority of president and commander-in-chief was untenable and did not last more than a few weeks. Even before the coup, Mirza had been conspiring to replace Ayub as commander-in-chief. By appearing to go along with the president, Ayub bought precious time. Once the Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice Munir, dignified the coup as a revolutionary necessity, Ayub sprang into action to establish himself as the undisputed leader of Pakistan. With the backing of his top military commanders, he packed off Mirza to permanent exile.}}</ref> This was largely done with the support of: [[Afzal Rahman Khan|Admiral A. R. Khan]], General [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]], Nawab of Kalabagh [[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan|Amir Khan]], General [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki|Wajid Khan]], General K. M. Sheikh, and General Sher Bahadur. Air Vice Marshal [[Asghar Khan]] was asked by [[General Ayub Khan]] to join the Generals to demand Mirza's resignation, but Asghar Khan declined the request, stating that he "found the whole exercise distasteful."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Asghar%20Khan%20recalls%22 |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |year=2008 |first=Shuja |last=Nawaz |page=161 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6}}</ref>

The regime came to power with the intent of instituting widespread reform and 'to bring the country back to sanity'.<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/> Like Mirza, Ayub advocated for greater centralization of power, and his ruling style was more American than British. He "vowed to give people access to speedier justice, curb the crippling birth rate, and take appropriate steps, including land reforms and technological innovation, to develop agriculture so that the country could feed itself."<ref name="Jalal 2014 98-100" />

Ayub finally "restored civil administration", although he maintained the Presidency and relied on an intricate web of spy agencies to maintain supremacy over the bureaucracy, including calling upon civilian intelligence agencies.

In 1960, a referendum,<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/> that functioned as the [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]], was held that asked the [[Pakistani society|general public:]] ''"Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?"'' The [[voter turnout]] was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Martial law">{{cite web |date=1 June 2003 |title=Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan/ |website=Story Of Pakistan, Martial law}}</ref> Ayub Khan was elected president for the next five years and decided to pay his first [[State visits to the United States|state visit to the United States]] with his wife and also daughter Begum Naseem Aurangzeb in July 1961.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Martial law" /> Highlights of his visit included a state dinner at [[Mount Vernon]], a visit to the [[Islamic Center of Washington]], and a ticker tape parade in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |title=America Welcomes President Ayub |url=http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub |website=Gordon Wilkison Collection |publisher=Texas Archive of the Moving Image |access-date=28 July 2011 |date=July 1961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120163452/http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Domestic policy ===

==== Constitutional and legal reforms ====
{{further|Constitution of Pakistan of 1962}}
A constitutional commission was set-up under the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] to implement the work on the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|constitution]] that was led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] and [[List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court justices]]. The commission reported in 1961 with its recommendations, but President Ayub remained unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution so that it was entirely different from the one recommended by the Shahabuddin Commission. The constitution reflected his personal views on politicians and the restriction on using religion in politics. His presidency restored the [[writ]] of government through the promulgated constitution and restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since 1958.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)"/><ref name="Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962">{{cite web |date=1 June 2003 |title=The Constitution of 1962 Provided for a unicameral legislature |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1962/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Story Of Pakistan website}}</ref>

The new constitution respected [[Islam]], but did not declare Islam as the [[state religion]] and was viewed as a liberal constitution.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962" /> It also provided for election of the president by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) Basic Democrats who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control. He justified this as analogous to the [[Electoral College (United States)|American Electoral College]] and cited [[Thomas Jefferson]] as his inspiration.<ref name="Routledge, Jackson">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Roy |title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-95036-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMotCgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+thomas+jefferson&pg=PA75 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref> The Ayub administration "guided" the [[Newspapers in Pakistan|print newspapers]] through his takeover of key opposition papers and, while Ayub Khan permitted a National Assembly, it had only limited powers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic Pakistan |url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=ghazali.net}}</ref>

In 1961, he promulgated the "Muslim Family Law Ordinance."<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Moghissi">{{cite book |last=Haq |first=Farhat |editor-last=Moghissi |editor-first=Haideh |chapter=Women, Islam and the State in Pakistan |title=Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&q=Muslim+family+law+ayub&pg=PA204 |year=2005 |volume=3 |publisher=Routledge |page=204 |isbn=978-0-415-32421-2}}</ref> Through this ordinance, unmitigated [[polygamy]] was abolished. Consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, and brakes were placed on the practice of instant divorce under Islamic tradition, where men could divorce women by saying: "I divorce you" three times.

The Arbitration Councils were set up under the law in the urban and rural areas to deal with cases of: (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ghazali |first=Abdul Sattar |url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm |title=Islamic Pakistan: Illusions & Reality (Chapter IV – The First Martial Law) |website=Ghazali.net |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

==== Economy ====
[[File:Kaptai dam in East Pakistan being visited by Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Ayub Khan visits the [[Kaptai Dam]] in [[East Pakistan]], 1962]]

Industrialization and rural development through constructing modern [[National Highways of Pakistan|national freeways]] are considered his greatest achievements, and his era is remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country. Strong emphasis on capitalism and [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in the industry is often regarded as the "Great Decade" in the history of the country (both [[Economic history of Pakistan|economical]] and [[Political history of Pakistan|political history]]).<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)">{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/field-marshal-ayub-khan-becomes-president/ |title=Field Marshal Ayub Khan Becomes President |website=Story of Pakistan website |date=1 June 2003 |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062752/http://storyofpakistan.com/field-marshal-ayub-khan-becomes-president/}}</ref>

The "Decade of Development" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of Ayub's rule, the private consortium companies and industries, and is credited with creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)" /> This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2015 |title=Democratising Pakistan? |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/97215/democratising-pakistan-ii/ |work=Daily Times |language=en-US |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as [[List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan|hydroelectric dams]], [[List of power stations in Pakistan|power stations]], and [[List of barrages and headworks in Pakistan|barrages]] all over the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Mason |title=A Short History of Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCRHEAAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan++hydroelectric+dams&pg=PA181 |year=2014 |orig-year=First published 2000 |edition=3rd |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-34061-0 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref> During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%.<ref name="SAGE, Kukreja">{{cite book |last1=Kukreja |first1=Veena |title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdVNL2_DUtYC&q=Ayub+Khan+economy&pg=PA304 |page=304 |language=en |year=2003}}</ref>

Several hydroelectric projects were completed, including the [[Mangla Dam]] (one of the world's largest dams), several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan, and one dam in East Pakistan, the [[Kaptai Dam]]. President Ayub authorized the planning of [[nuclear power plant]]s.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33 |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |year=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref> [[Abdus Salam]], supported by the President, personally approved the project in Karachi while the project in East Pakistan never materialized.<ref name="Shahid-ur-Rehman p. 21">{{cite book |last1=Shahid-ur Rehman |author1-link=Shahid-ur Rehman |title=Long road to Chagai |year=1999 |publisher=Shahid-ur Rehman |location=Islamabad |isbn=978-969-8500-00-9 |page=21}}</ref>

Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out, and 'scientific development efforts' were also supposedly made during his years. These policies could not be sustained after 1965, when the economy collapsed and leading to economic declines that he was unable to control.<ref name="dawn1Nov2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1293604 |title=What they never tell us about Ayub Khan's regime |first=Murtaza |last=Haider |date=1 November 2016 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan}}</ref>

Ayub introduced new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools. Many public-sector universities and schools were built during his era.<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Lall">{{cite book |last1=Lall |first1=Marie |last2=Vickers |first2=Edward |year=2010 |title=Education as a Political Tool in Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAI-G2EuBr0C&pg=PA183 |page=183 |isbn=978-0-415-59536-0}}</ref> He also introduced [[Agriculture in Pakistan|agricultural reforms]] preventing anyone from occupying more than 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. His administration redistributed approximately 23 percent of the country's [[farmland]] to onetime tenant farmers.<ref name="time14Apr1961">{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/archive/6809901/pakistan-ayub-s-acid-test/ |title=Pakistan: Ayub 's Acid Test |date=14 April 1961 |magazine=Time}}</ref> In [[Karachi]], around 100,000 refugees displaced by the [[partition of India]] were moved from [[slum]]s to new housing colonies.<ref name="time14Apr1961"/> His administration also eliminated the need for bribes, known as "tea money" in Pakistan, to access government officials, contributing to a reduction in corruption within Pakistan's government relative to other Asian nations during his tenure.<ref name="time14Apr1961"/>

An [[Pakistan Refinery|oil refinery]] was established in Karachi. These reforms led to 15% [[Gross national product|GNP growth]] of the country, which was three times greater than that of India. Despite the increase in the [[GNP]] growth, the profit and revenue was gained by the famous 22 families of the time that controlled 66% of the [[Industry of Pakistan|industries]] and land of the country and 80% of the [[Banking in Pakistan|banking]] and [[Insurance in Pakistan|insurance]] companies of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1974 |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/3amendment.html |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=pakistani.org}}</ref>

==== Defence spending ====
During the Ayub era, the navy was able to introduce submarines and slowly modified itself by acquiring warships.<ref name="Springer, Reimer" /> However, Ayub drastically reduced funding of the military in the 1950s and de-prioritized [[nuclear weapon]]s in the 1960s.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Zafar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22 |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-67601-0 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref> The military relied on donations from the United States for major weapons procurements.<ref name="Routledge, Zafar Khan">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Zafar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22 |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-67601-0 |page=22 |language=en |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Major funding was made available for military acquisitions and procurement towards [[conventional weapon]]ry for [[Conventional warfare|conventional defence]]. In the 1960s, the Pakistani military acquired American{{nbh}}produced conventional weapons such as [[Jeep CJ]]s, [[M48 Patton]] and [[M24 Chaffee]] tanks, [[M16 rifle]]s, [[F-86]] fighter airplanes, and the submarine [[PNS Ghazi]]; all through the US [[Foreign Military Sales]] program.<ref name="Routledge, Zafar Khan" /> In 1961, President Ayub started the nation's full{{nbh}}fledged space program in cooperation with the air force, and created the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Suparco]] civilian space agency that launched [[Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests|sounding rockets]] throughout the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33 |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |year=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=235–236 |language=en}}</ref>

Ayub prioritized [[nuclear power]] generation over the use of [[nuclear technology]] for military purposes. He reportedly spent [[Pakistani rupee|₨.]] 724 million on the civilian [[Karachi Nuclear Power Plant]] and related education of engineers and scientists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33 |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |year=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=53, 60 |language=en}}</ref>

Ayub Khan filled more and more civil administrative positions with army officers, increasing the military's influence over the bureaucracy. He expanded the size of the army by more than half from the early 1960s to 1969, and maintained a high level of military spending as a percentage of GDP during that period, peaking in the immediate aftermath of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG309 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=309–310 |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
{{See also|List of international presidential trips made by Ayub Khan}}
==== U.S. alliance and 1960 U-2 incident ====
[[File:Motorcade in Arrival Ceremonies for Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan use.jpg|thumb|right|225px|President Ayub with [[President Kennedy]] in Washington D.C., 1961]]
[[File:Tsjou En Lai in Pakistan, Bestanddeelnr 916-0891.jpg|thumb|Khan with Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] in 1964]]
The main feature of Ayub Khan's foreign policy was prioritizing [[Pakistan–United States relations|relations with the United States]] and Europe. Foreign [[Pakistan–Soviet Union relations|relations with the Soviet Union]] were downplayed. He enjoyed support from President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in the 1950s and, working with Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]], forged a military alliance with the United States against regional communism. His obsession towards modernization of the armed forces in the shortest time possible saw relations with the United States as the only way to achieve his organizational and personal objectives, as he argued against [[Civilian control of the military|civilian supremacy]] that would affect American interests in the region as a result of an election.

The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] leased [[Peshawar Air Station]] in the 1950s, and spying into the Soviet Union from the air station grew immensely, with Ayub's full knowledge, during his presidency. When these activities were exposed in 1960 after a U-2 flying out of the air station was [[1960 U-2 incident|shot down and its pilot captured]] by the USSR,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2012 |title=Timeline: History of US-Pakistan relations |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/731670/timelinehistory-of-us-pakistan-relations |newspaper=Dawn |location=Pakistan |language=en |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224163754/https://www.dawn.com/news/731670/timeline-history-of-us-pakistan-relations}}</ref> President Ayub was in the United Kingdom on a state visit. When the local CIA station chief briefed President Ayub on the incident, Ayub shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this would happen at some point.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 March 2012 |title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm |access-date=14 January 2025 |magazine=Defence Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304115412/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm |archive-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead |author=Hamid Hussain}}</ref>

Soviet Secretary General [[Nikita Khrushchev]] threatened to bomb Peshawar if the United States continued to operate aircraft from there against the Soviet Union. Ayub Khan apologised for the incident when he visited the Soviet Union five years later.<ref name="Khan2012">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33 |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |year=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=37, 43 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Muhammed Ayub Khan and Alexei Kosygin.jpg|thumb|left|260px|President Ayub Khan meeting Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] in the 1960s]]
President Ayub directed his [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union by facilitating state visits by Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] and Soviet Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko]] and agreeing to downplay relations with the United States.<ref name="Khan2012" />

In 1963, Ayub signed the historic [[Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement]] with China despite US opposition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Sayed Wiqar Ali |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=Pakistan People's Party: The Twin Legacies of Socialism and Dynastic Rule |title=Political Parties in South Asia |publisher=Praeger |page=157 |isbn=0-275-96832-4}}</ref>

During 1961–65, Ayub lost much of his support from President [[John F. Kennedy]] and President [[Lyndon Johnson]] as they sought [[Indo-U.S. relations|closer relations with India]]. President Johnson placed an embargo on both nations during the war in 1965.{{Sfn|Haqqani|2010|pp=44–45}} Relations with the Soviet Union were eventually normalized when the Soviets facilitated a [[Tashkent Agreement|peace treaty]] between Pakistan and India in 1965, and reached a trade treaty with Pakistan the following year.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)"/><ref name="Springer, Malik">{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Hafeez |author-link=Hafeez Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oliwCwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+Soviet+union&pg=PA171 |title=Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy towards South Asia and the Middle East |year=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-11318-7 |pages=171–175 |language=en |access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> In 1966–67, Ayub wrestled with the United States' attempt to dictate Pakistan's foreign policy, while he strengthened relations with the Soviet Union and China.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, McGarr">{{cite book |last1=McGarr |first1=Paul M. |title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-29226-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286 |access-date=6 November 2016 |language=en |year=2013}}</ref> Despite initiatives to normalize relations with the Soviet Union, Ayub Khan remained inclined towards the United States and the western world, receiving President Johnson in Karachi in 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Hafeez |author-link=Hafeez Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oliwCwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+Soviet+union&pg=PA171 |title=Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy towards South Asia and the Middle East |year=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-11318-7 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1961–62, Ayub paid a state visit to the United Kingdom. He attracted much attention from the British public when his involvement in the [[Christine Keeler]] affair was revealed.<ref>{{cite news |last=von Tunzelmann |first=Alex |author-link=Alex von Tunzelmann |date=11 July 2012 |title=Scandal: someone was taking notes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jul/11/scandal-keeler-profumo |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ali |first1=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ali |title=The General in his Labyrinth |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v29/n01/tariq-ali/the-general-in-his-labyrinth |magazine=London Review of Books |language=en |date=4 January 2007}}</ref>

==== Relations with India and 1965 war ====
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}

{{See also|Operation Gibraltar}}

In 1959, Ayub Khan's interest in building defence forces had already diminished when he made an offer of joint defense with India during the [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indo clashes]] in October 1959 in Ladakh, in a move seen as a result of American pressure and a lack of understanding of foreign affairs<ref>{{cite news |last=Iqbal Ahmad Khan |title=Bhutto's foreign policy legacy |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/845159/bhutto-s-foreign-policy-legacy |access-date=11 February 2012 |newspaper=Dawn |date=5 April 2009}}</ref> Upon hearing this proposal, India's Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] reportedly countered, "Defence Minister Ayub: Joint Defence on what?"<ref name="Cambridge University Press, McGarr" />{{Rp|84–86}} India remained uninterested in such proposals and Prime Minister Nehru decided to [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement|push his country's role]] in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGarr |first=Paul M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286 |title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965 |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-29226-0 |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref> In 1960, President Ayub, together with Prime Minister Nehru, signed the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] brokered by the [[World Bank]].<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/03/kashmir.india1 War over water] ''The Guardian'', Monday 3 June 2002 01.06 BST</ref> In 1962, after India was defeated by China, Ayub Khan disguised a few thousand soldiers as guerillas and sent them to Indian Kashmir to incite the people to rebel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Rashid |title=Pakistan on the Brink |year=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1-84614-585-8 |page=47}}</ref> In 1964, the [[Pakistan Army]] engaged with the [[Indian Army]] in several [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|skirmishes]], and clandestine operations began.

The war with India in 1965 was a turning point in his presidency, and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub Khan at Tashkent, called the [[Tashkent Declaration]], which was facilitated by the Soviet Union. The settlement was perceived negatively by many Pakistanis and led Foreign Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] to resign his post and take up opposition to Ayub Khan.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} According to diplomat [[Morrice James, Baron Saint Brides|Morrice James]], "For them [Pakistanis] Ayub had betrayed the nation and had inexcusably lost face before the Indians."<ref name="Schofield2003">{{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |year=2003 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |page=112 |isbn=1-86064-898-3}}</ref>

According to [[Sartaj Aziz]], deputy chairman of the [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]], it was Foreign Minister Bhutto who had inadvertently set Pakistan on the road to war with India. During a cabinet meeting, Bhutto had gone on a populist [[Indophobia in Pakistan|anti-Indian]] and [[Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan|anti-American]] binge and succeeded in spellbinding President Ayub into thinking he was becoming a world statesman fawned upon by the enemies of the United States. When Ayub authorized [[Operation Gibraltar]], the fomenting of a Kashmiri insurgency against India, Aziz famously told the President: "Sir, I hope you realise that our foreign policy and our economic requirements are not fully consistent, in fact they are rapidly falling out of line". Aziz opposed Operation Gibraltar, fearing the economical turmoil that would jolt the country's economy, but was in turn opposed by his own senior bureaucrats. In that meeting, Foreign Minister Bhutto convinced the president and the finance minister [[Muhammad Shoaib (politician)|Muhammad Shoaib]] that India would not attack Pakistan due to [[Kashmir]] being a [[Kashmir dispute|disputed territory]], and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistan's incursion into [[Indian-occupied Kashmir]], at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory." This theory proved wrong, when India launched a full-scale war against West Pakistan in 1965.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Khaled |date=9 August 2009 |title=Book Review: Sartaj Aziz on 'excessive' leaders |newspaper=Pakistan Times |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/09-Aug-2009/book-review-sartaj-aziz-on-excessive-leaders-by-khaled-ahmed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063953/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/09-Aug-2009/book-review-sartaj-aziz-on-excessive-leaders-by-khaled-ahmed |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Chief of the Army Staff General [[Muhammad Musa (general)|Musa Khan]] held off launching [[Operation Grand Slam]], waiting for President Ayub Khan's go ahead. The operation didn't get underway until after the Indian Army had captured [[Haji Pir pass]] in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |author-link=Dilip Hiro |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |year=2015 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |pages=182–183 |language=en}}</ref> He faced serious altercations with, and public criticism from, [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Air Force)|air chief]] [[Air Marshal Asghar Khan]] for hiding the details of the war. The [[AHQ (PAF)|Air Headquarters]] began fighting the president over the contingency plans, and this inter-services rivalry ended with Asghar Khan's resignation.<ref name="dawn6Sep2005">{{cite news |date=6 September 2005 |title=Nur Khan reminisces '65 war |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |type=Editorial |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/155474/nur-khan-reminisces |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>

About the 1965 war's contingency plans, Air Marshal [[Nur Khan]] briefly wrote that "Rumours about an impending operation were rife but the army had not shared the plans with other forces."<ref name="dawn6Sep2005" />

Ayub Khan's main sponsor, the United States, did not welcome the move, and the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson administration]] placed an economic embargo that caused Pakistan to lose US$500 million in [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|aid and grants]] that had been received through consortium.<ref name="Oxford University Press" /> Ayub Khan could not politically survive in the aftermath of the 1965 war with India and fell from the presidency after surrendering presidential power to Army Commander General [[Yahya Khan|Yahya]] in 1969.<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/>

'''Afghanistan'''

In the 1950s, partly due to the complicated bilateral relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the [[Durand Line]] dispute, Ayub Khan along with the Royal family of Afghanistan under [[King Zahir Shah]] proposed the [[Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan|Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan]] to merge Afghanistan with Pakistan under a single confederation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reality or Paranoia: Why is Pakistan afraid of India – Afghanistan ties? |url=https://www.hudson.org/foreign-policy/reality-or-paranoia-why-is-pakistan-afraid-of-india-afghanistan-ties- |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Hudson Institute |language=en}}</ref> This merger was proposed on the basis of mutual distrust and fears of security threats by the Indian government and the Soviets, which wasn't able to amount to fruition due to the eventual [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] and the formation of a new communist Afghan regime.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-10 |title=Afghanistan and Pakistan's oft-ignored history – 1947–1978 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/97165/afghanistan-and-pakistans-oft-ignored-history-1947-1978 |access-date=2023-02-20 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1965 presidential election ===

{{Main|1965 Pakistani presidential election}}

In 1964, President Ayub Khan was confident in his apparent popularity and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately led him to announce presidential elections in 1965. He earned the nomination of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML) and was shocked when [[Fatima Jinnah]] was nominated by the [[Combined Opposition Parties]].<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)"/><ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965">{{cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Presidential Election were held on 2 January 1965 |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/presidential-election#prettyPhoto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127023305/https://storyofpakistan.com/presidential-election/#prettyPhoto |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Story Of Pakistan website |archive-date=27 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ayub Khan's son, [[Gohar Ayub Khan]], launched attacks on Fatima Jinnah supporters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmar |first1=Moonis |title=Ethnicity and State Power in Pakistan: The Karachi crisis |year=1996 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=36 |issue=10 |page=1032 |doi=10.2307/2645632 |jstor=2645632}}</ref> During this time, Ayub Khan used the [[Pakistani intelligence agencies|Pakistani intelligence community]] for his own advantage. [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]] actively monitored politicians and political gatherings and the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] taped politicians' telephone conversations.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965" />

It was reported that the elections were widely [[Vote rigging|rigged]] by the state authorities and machinery under the control of Ayub Khan and it is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats. They were easily manipulated by President Ayub Khan, who won the bitterly contested elections with 64% of the Electoral College vote.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029212804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2007 |title=Trouble with Mother |magazine=Time |date=25 December 1964 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> According to journalists of the time, the election did not conform to international standards; many viewed the election results with great suspicion.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965" />

=== 1969 protests and resignation ===
{{Main|1969 East Pakistan uprising}}

[[File:Sheikh Mujib and Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|President Ayub and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] after the Round Table Conference in [[Rawalpindi]], 26 February 1969]]
The controversial victory over [[Fatima Jinnah]] in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]] and the outcome of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war]] with India in the same year brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency. Khan's foreign minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] believed the Tashkent Declaration was a "political surrender" which turned a military victory into defeat.{{Sfn|Haqqani|2010|p=49}} Bhutto began criticizing Ayub Khan openly and resigned in June 1966. In [[Karachi]], public resentment towards Ayub had been rising since the 1965 elections and his policies were widely disapproved.<ref name="Routledge Rath">{{cite book |last=Rath |first=Saroj Kumar |title=Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-56251-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh7ICQAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+tashkent+agreement&pg=PT51 |access-date=4 November 2016 |year=2015}}</ref>

In 1967, Bhutto formed the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) and embarked on a nationwide tour where he attacked the Ayub administration's economic, religious, and social policies. Bhutto was arrested for these activities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196 |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |year=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |pages=196}}</ref> His detention further inflamed the opposition, and demonstrations were sparked all over the country. The East Pakistani Awami League charged the Ayub administration with [[Discrimination|discriminatory policies]] towards the East. Labour unions called for strikes against Ayub Khan's administration, and dissatisfaction was widespread in the country's middle class by the end of 1968. When Ayub Khan was confronted with the [[Six point movement]] led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and with the criticism by Bhutto's PPP, he responded by imprisoning both leaders but that made matters worse for Ayub's administration.<ref name="Wynbrandt2009p197">{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196 |year=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |page=197}}</ref>

In 1969, Ayub Khan opened negotiations with the opposition parties in what was termed as a "[[Round table (discussion)|Round Table Conference]]" where he held talks with all major opposition parties. However, these discussions yielded no results and strong anti-Ayub demonstrations calling for his resignation were sparked all over the country.<ref name="Wynbrandt2009p197" /> During this time, Ayub Khan survived a near-fatal cardiac arrest that put him out of the office, and later survived a [[paralysis]] attack that put him in a [[wheelchair]].<ref name="Mittal Publications, Akbar">{{cite book |last=Akbar |first=M.K. |title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif |year=1997 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170996743 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37 |pages=43–47}}</ref> The [[Police Service of Pakistan|police]] were unable to maintain [[Law and order in Pakistan]], especially in East Pakistan where [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan|riots and a serious uprising]] were quelled. At one point, [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home]] and [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] Vice-Admiral Rahman told journalists that the "country was under the mob rule and that police were not strong enough to tackle the situation."<ref name="Springer, Siddiqui">{{cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Kalim |author-link=Kalim Siddiqui (writer) |title=Conflict, Crisis and War in Pakistan |year=1972 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-01339-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f86uCwAAQBAJ&q=AR+Khan+minister+resigned&pg=PA130 |page=130}}</ref>

Elements in the [[Pakistani military|military]] began supporting the opposition political parties; it was this that finally brought about the demise of Ayub Khan's era. On 25 March 1969, President Ayub Khan resigned from office and invited the commander-in-chief of the army General [[Yahya Khan]] to take over control of the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Ayub Khan Era |encyclopedia=Pakistan: A Country Study |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/pa/pakistancountrys00bloo_0/pakistancountrys00bloo_0.pdf |year=1995 |edition=6th |editor-last=Blood |editor-first=Peter R. |pages=54 |isbn=0-8444-0834-4}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Akbar |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37 |title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif |year=1997 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-674-3 |page=48}}</ref>

[[Asghar Khan]] and [[Khyber Khan]] were considered among the likely successors to President Ayub Khan during the collapse of his regime. Khyber was described as "a young, energetic, and popular air force officer in his early forties, who happens to look very much like a younger Ayub Khan."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_MuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Khyber%20Khan%22 |title=Reports Service: South Asia Series |publisher=American Universities Field Staff |year=1968 |volume=12–13}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
=== Death ===
Ayub Khan died of a heart attack on 19 April 1974 at his [[villa]] near [[Islamabad]] at age 66.<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Ex President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, Dies |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19740419&id=kJxjAAAAIBAJ&pg=4149,2977014 |access-date=21 August 2016 |work=Lawrence Journal-World |agency=Associated Press |issue=95 |date=20 April 1974 |volume=116 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |pages=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayub Khan dead at 67 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19740420&id=tmE0AAAAIBAJ&pg=3105,5096342 |access-date=21 August 2016 |work=Star-News |agency=United Press International |issue=28 |date=20 April 1974 |volume=44}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
Ayub Khan's presidency allied Pakistan with the American-led [[CENTO|military alliance]] against the Soviet Union which helped Pakistan develop its strong economic background and its long-term political and strategic relations with the United States.<ref name="countrystudies" /> Major [[Foreign direct investment|economic aid and trade]] from the United States and [[European Union|European Communities]] ultimately led Pakistan's industrial sector to develop rapidly but the consequences of [[cartel]]ization included increased [[Income inequality metrics|inequality]] in the [[distribution of wealth]]. After 1965, he became extremely concerned about the arrogance and bossiness of the US over the direction of [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|Pakistan's foreign policy]] when the US publicly criticized Pakistan for building [[Pakistan-China relations|ties with China]] and the [[Pakistan-Soviet Union relations|Soviet Union]]; he authored a book over this issue known as ''Friends not Masters''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ayub |title=Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9K6AAAAIAAJ |access-date=5 November 2016 |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-19-211178-4}}</ref><ref name="forum">{{cite news |author=Megasthenes |title=The Field Marshal from Beyond the Grave |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/December/revolution.htm |access-date=5 November 2016 |work=Daily Star |date=December 2011}}</ref>

=== Diary ===
Ayub Khan began his diary in September 1966 and ended his recordings in October 1972 due to his failing health. The diary covers events such as his resignation from office, the assumption of power by [[Yahya Khan]], the independence of Bangladesh, and the replacement of Yahya by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. After he died in 1974, the diary was not released to the public for thirty years due to opinions that would have been detrimental to the reputation of powerful individuals at the time. Ayub Khan wanted his diary to be edited by his close associate [[Altaf Gauhar]], but after Ayub Khan's death, the six-year-long diary was entrusted to Oxford University Press (OUP) to edit and publish. At OUP, ''Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972'' was edited and annotated by American historian [[Craig Baxter]].<ref>The power of US in Pakistan</ref>

=== Development projects ===
The federal capital was relocated under the Ayub administration from the port city of Karachi to the new and carefully planned city of Islamabad in the mountains in 1965.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)"/> Facilitated by the World Bank, the Ayub administration became a party to the Indus Waters Treaty with archrival India to resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the six rivers in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] Doab that flow between the two countries. Khan's administration also built a major network of irrigation canals, high-water dams, and thermal and hydroelectric power stations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ayub |title=Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography |year=1967 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-211178-4}}</ref>

=== Modernization of agriculture and industrialization ===
He subsidized fertilizers and modernized agriculture through irrigation development and spurred industrial growth with liberal tax benefits.<ref name="countrystudies" /> In the decade of his rule, the [[Gross national product|GNP]] rose by 45% and manufactured goods began to overtake such traditional exports as jute and cotton.<ref name="forum" /> However, the economists in the [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]] alleged that his policies were tailored to reward the elite families and major landowners in the country. In 1968, his administration celebrated the so-called "Decade of Development" when the mass protests erupted all over the country due to an increasingly greater divide between the rich and the poor.<ref name="forum" /><ref name="dawn1Nov2016"/><ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2012 |title=Pakistan's first rocket soars 80 miles high |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/724785/pakistans-first-rocket-soars-80-miles-high |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan}}</ref>

=== Global policy ===
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1971 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt a [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution: Global Strategies & Solutions |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==
=== Despotism, nepotism and corruption ===
After 1965, the [[Government corruption|corruption in government]], [[nepotism]], and suppression of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]], [[Freedom of thought|thought]], and [[Freedom of press|press]] increased unrest and turmoil in the country against the Ayub administration.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)" /> The [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]], where Ayub Khan was opposed by Fatima Jinnah, was allegedly rigged. In 2003, the nephew of the [[Quaid-i-Azam]], Akbar Pirbhai, re-ignited the controversy by suggesting that [[Fatima Jinnah]]'s death in 1967 was an assassination by the Ayub Khan establishment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/fatima-jinnah-1174 |title=Fatima Jinnah | Mother Of Nation (Mader-e Millat) |work=Pakistan Herald |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809194823/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/fatima-jinnah-1174 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]] criticised Gohar Ayub Khan for leading a victory parade after the 1965 election into the heart of opposition territory in Karachi, despite the prohibition, under [[Section 144]], of holding processions there. Fierce clashes ensued, resulting in many deaths.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mazari |first1=Sherbaz Khan |author1-link=Sherbaz Khan Mazari |title=A journey to Disillusionment |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-579076-6 |pages=124–125, 618}}</ref> He was faced with allegations of widespread intentional [[vote rigging]]s, organizing political murders in Karachi. His peace with India was considered by many Pakistanis an embarrassing compromise.

[[Gohar Ayub Khan]] also faced criticisms during that time on questions of family corruption and cronyism through his business links with his father-in-law, retired Lieutenant General [[Habibullah Khan Khattak]]. One Western commentator in 1969 estimated Gohar Ayub's personal wealth at the time at $4 million, while his family's wealth was put in the range of $10–20 million.<ref>(Pick April 1969).</ref> Public criticism of Gohar's personal wealth and that of the President increased. All these criticisms harmed President Ayub Khan's image.

=== Mishandling of East Pakistan ===
He is also blamed for not doing enough to tackle the significant economic disparity between East and West Pakistan. Whilst he was aware of the acute grievances of East Pakistan, he did try to address the situation. However, the Ayub Khan regime was so highly centralized that, in the absence of democratic institutions, densely populated and politicized East Pakistan province continued to feel it was being slighted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan-The Ayub Khan Era |url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/pakistan/pakistan-the_ayub_khan_era.html |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=Mongabay.com}}</ref>

During his presidency, differences between [[West Pakistan|West]] and [[East Pakistan]] arose to an enormous degree, that ultimately led to the independence of [[Bangladesh]] following the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

=== Weakening of constitutional government ===
On 13 May 2024, [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]] [[Khawaja Asif]] delivered a speech on the floor of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in which he stated that Ayub was the first dictator who violated the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] and overthrew a democratically elected government; hence, Ayub was the root cause of all the confusion and chaos which ensued.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Dig up Ayub Khan's body and hang it for constitutional violations: Asif |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2466420/dig-up-ayub-khans-body-and-hang-it-for-constitutional-violations-asif |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Minister Asif supported the demand(s) for Article 6 proceedings against violators of the Constitution of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2024 |title=Ex-dictator Ayub Khan's body should be exhumed, hanged for Constitution violation |url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087314664-ex-dictator-ayub-khan-s-body-should-be-exhumed-hanged-for-constitution-violation-asif |publisher=Samaa TV}}</ref> Consequently, Minister Asif called for the corpse of dictator Ayub to be dug out of his grave and be hung for the offence of high treason in accordance with Article 6 of the Constitution of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Heated NA session as govt, opposition advocate Article 6 from different perspectives |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1833276 |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I: "Introductory" |url=https://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part1.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=pakistani.org}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ayub was married to Zaidi Khatoon and they had four sons and two daughters.<ref name="nyt21Apr1974"/> His son, [[Gohar Ayub Khan]], served as a [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|foreign minister]].<ref name="tft-photoarchive" /> Ayub's daughter Nasim did not enter politics and married [[Miangul Aurangzeb]], the [[Wali of Swat]].<ref name="tft-photoarchive">{{cite news |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110916&page=30 |title=Photo Archive: Ayub Khan visits the US (1961) |work=The Friday Times |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=16 January 2025 |archive-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925185823/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110916&page=30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another son, Shaukat, was a businessman and had four children: three sons, [[Akbar Ayub Khan|Akbar]], [[Arshad Ayub Khan|Arshad]], Yousaf, and one daughter.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II" /> His grandsons, [[Omar Ayub Khan|Omar]] and [[Yousuf Ayub Khan|Yousaf]] are also politicians.

His health began to deteriorate in early 1968. In late January 1968, he contracted [[influenza]], which led to viral [[pneumonia]], and by the third week of February he had a pulmonary embolism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/03/03/archives/ayub-khan-they-call-him-asias-de-gaulle.html |title=Ayub Khan; They Call Him Asia's de Gaulle |first=Terence |last=Smith |date=3 March 1968 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
| colspan="2" |'''[[Nishan-e-Pakistan]]'''
(''Order of Pakistan'')
|
|-
|'''[[Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''
(''Crescent of Courage'')
|'''[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]'''
''(HPk)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal]]'''
(''Pakistan Tamgha)''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria]]'''
(''Republic Commemoration Medal'')

'''1956'''
|-
|'''[[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]'''
'''(MBE)'''
|'''[[Legion of Merit]]'''

'''(Degree of Chief Commander)'''

'''''(US)'''''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)]]'''
|'''[[1939–1945 Star]]'''
|-
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939–1945]]'''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
'''1939–1945'''
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
'''(1953)'''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |Foreign Awards
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[Order of St Michael and St George]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian Distinguished Service Medal.png|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (MBE)'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|US}}
|'''[[Legion of Merit]] (Degree of Chief Commander)'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[1939–1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[War Medal 1939–1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[India Service Medal]] 1939–1945'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=60}}
|-
!{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=60}}
|-
!{{Flag|THA}}
|[[Order of Rama|'''Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Rama''']]
|[[File:Order of Rama 1st Class ribbon.svg|60x60px]]
|-
!{{Flag|YUG}}
|'''[[Order of the Yugoslav Great Star]]'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 1961 |title=Југословенско-пакистански политички разоговри |url=http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp|issue:UB_00064_19610114|page:2|query:%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5 |newspaper=Borba |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2}}</ref>
|[[File:Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|60x60px]]
|}

== Honours ==

=== National honours ===
* {{flag|Pakistan}}:
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=60}} Recipient of the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] '''(NPk)'''
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=60}} Recipient of the [[Hilal-i-Jur'at|Hilal-e-Jurat]] '''(HJ)'''
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=60}} Recipient of the [[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] '''(HPk)'''

=== Foreign honours ===
* {{flag|British India}}:
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=60}} Member of the Most Excellent [[Order of the British Empire]] '''(MBE)'''
* {{flag|Nepal}}:
** [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Order of Ojaswi Rajanya]]
* {{flag|Indonesia}}:
** [[File:Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna rib.svg|60px]] First Class of the [[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]] (1960)<ref>{{cite journal |date=December 1960 |title=Dasar-Dasar Persahabatan dan Kerdjasama Indonesia-Pakistan |trans-title=Foundations of the Friendship and Cooperation between Indonesia-Pakistan |language=id |journal=Mimbar Penerangan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmEdAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Departemen Penerangan Republik Indonesia |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=796 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}:
** [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] '''(GCMG)''' (1961)
** [[File:Royal Victorian Chain Ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]] (1966)
* {{flag|Malaya}}:
** [[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|60x60px]] Honorary Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] '''(D.M.N.(K))''' (1962)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1962.pdf |title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1962}}</ref>

== Books ==
Among the books Ayub Khan authored or which were based on his speeches, talks and other output, are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=34 Works authored by Ayub Khan |url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4168A/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Open Library]] website}}</ref>

=== Authored ===
* ''[[Friends Not Masters|Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography]]'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1967.
* ''Ideology and Objectives'', Rawalpindi: Ferozesons, 1968.
* ''Agricultural Revolution in Pakistan'', Karachi: Rana Tractors & Equipment, 1968.

=== Edited by others ===
* ''Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007. Edited by [[Craig Baxter]].
* ''Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan: A Selection of Talks and Interviews, 1964–1967'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010. Edited by Nadia Ghani.

== See also ==
* [[Cold War]]
* [[Ayub National Park]]
* [[Ayub Medical College]]
* [[Americanism (ideology)|Americanism]]
* [[Pakistan–United States relations#Cultural influence|American cultural influence in Pakistan]]

== Notes ==
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Cloughly |first=Brian |chapter=Chapter 2, "Ayub Khan, Adjutant General to President" |title=A History of the Pakistan Army |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |author-link1=Husain Haqqani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |access-date=18 July 2024}}
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Ayub |title=Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |year=1966 |pages=599 |isbn=978-0-19-547442-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Ayub |title=Friends Not Masters |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1967 |isbn=0-19-211178-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Aqil |title=Military and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-134-40758-3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Muhammad Ayub Khan}}
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P017 Ayub Khan Bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100824193937/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=145 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045354 Video clip of Ayub Khan in Paris]----use QuickTime Player.
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045361 Video clip of Ayub Khan with General De Gaulle]
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=AFE86000182 Video clip in Rawalpindi]
* {{London Gazette|issue=42035 |date=17 May 1960 |page=3465}} Creation as an [[List of honorary British knights and dames|Honorary Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] on 26 April 1960
*{{IMDb name| 0044038}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[General Gracey]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[C-in-C of the Pakistan Army]]|years=1951–1958}}
{{s-aft|after=[[General Musa Khan]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1954–1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Iskander Mirza]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Pakistan]]|years=1958–1969}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Yahya Khan]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]|years=1958–1969}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ayub Khuhro]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1958–1966}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Afzal Rahman Khan]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khan Habibullah Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of the Interior]]|years=1965}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}
{{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}}
{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ayub}}
[[Category:Ayub Khan]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindkowan people]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Haripur District]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Punjab Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-communists]]
[[Category:1950s in Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani military personnel]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Pakistan Army]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Cricket Board presidents and chairmen]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Pakistani autobiographers]]
[[Category:Pakistani financiers]]
[[Category:Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1965–1969]]
[[Category:Pakistani people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Politicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan]]
[[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]]

Konni Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T15:44:27Z

Alicolours: New Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Konni
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 114
| map_image = Konni Elephant Training Centre Cage03.jpg
| map_caption = [[Elephant Training Center, Konni|Elephant Training Centre]] in Konni Assembly constituency
| established = 1965
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,02,728 (2021)
| mla = [[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019]]
| district = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
}}
'''Konni State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://pathanamthitta.nic.in/ml/elected-members-and-constituencies
|website = pathanamthitta.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], the current MLA is [[K. U. Jenish Kumar]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M).]]

==Local self-governed segments==
Konni Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pathanamthitta.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Pathanamthitta District
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Aruvappulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://pathanamthitta.nic.in/subdivisions-taluks-and-villages
|website = pathanamthitta.nic.in
|title = Villages and Curresponding Talukas in Pathanamthitta district.
}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Konni, Kerala|Konni]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|3
|[[Malayalappuzha|Malayalapuzha]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|4
|[[Pramadom]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|5
|[[Mylapra]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|6
|[[Vallicode]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|7
|[[Thannithode]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|8
|[[Seethathodu]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|9
|[[Kalanjoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|10
|[[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]]
|Grama panchayat
|Konni
|-
|11
|[[Enadimangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|Adoor
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Konni Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/konni-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Konni
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| [[P. R. Madhavan Pillai]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| rowspan="2" |P. J. Thomas
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| rowspan="2" |V. S. Chandra Sekhar Pillai
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| Chittoor Sasankan Nair
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| A. Padmakumar
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| rowspan="5" |[[Adoor Prakash]]
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |14th
| 2016 - 2019
|-
| [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|* 2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2019 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[Incumbent]]
|}

* *by-election

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Konni}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]|votes=60380 |percentage=44.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=INC|candidate=Satheesh Kochuparambil|votes=58542|percentage=43.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=T. P. Sundareshan|votes=15278|percentage=11.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Varughese Oommen|votes=400|percentage=.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=805|percentage=06|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1838
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 2,02,728 registered voters in Konni Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala - Voter Turnout - 2021|url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Konni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]
|votes = 62,318
|percentage = 41.62
|change = {{gain}}2.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Robin Peter
|votes = 53,810
|percentage = 35.94
|change ={{gain}}4.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]
|votes = 32,811
|percentage = 21.91
|change = {{decrease}}6.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 372
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
Due to the election of the sitting MLA [[Adoor Prakash]] as the [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency]], Konni Assembly constituency held a by-election in 2019. There were 1,97,956 registered voters in Konni Assembly constituency for this election.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/assembly-bypolls-likely-after-onam/article28462693.ece
|newspaper = The Hindu
|title = Konni Niyamasabha Constituency goes to bypoll, www.thehindu.com
|date = 16 July 2019
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|archivedate=2021-03-09|url-status=dead|title=LOCAL BODY ELECTIONS KERALA - TREND 2020 |publisher=State Election Commission Kerala|website=trend.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Konni}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]
|votes = 54,099
|percentage = 38.96%
|change = {{gain}}2.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = P. Mohanraj
|votes = 44,146
|percentage = 31.79%
|change = {{loss}}19.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = K. Surendran
|votes = 39,786
|percentage = 28.65%
|change = {{gain}}16.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 469
|percentage = 0.34%
|change = {{gain}}0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Joemon Joseph Srampickal
|votes = 235
|percentage = 0.17%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sivanandan
|votes = 124
|percentage = 0.09%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 9,953
|percentage = 7.17%
|change = {{loss}}7.31
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,859
|percentage = 70.07%
|change = {{loss}}2.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{gain}}2.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,96,309 registered voters in Konni Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Adoor Prakash]]|votes=72,800|percentage=50.81%|change={{increase}}0.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=R. Sanal Kumar|votes=52,052|percentage=36.33%|change={{decrease}}7.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Asoka Kumar D.|votes=16,713|percentage=11.66%|change={{increase}}7.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=474|percentage=0.33%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Reyash|votes=401|percentage=0.28%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Joshy Joseph|votes=365|percentage=0.25%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Suresh V.|votes=249|percentage=0.17%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Biju Elamannoor|votes=133|percentage=0.09%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Vishnu S.|votes=97|percentage=0.07%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 20,748
|percentage = 14.48%
|change ={{increase}}8.55
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,283|percentage=72.99%|change={{increase}}1.13}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{increase}}0.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,82,384 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Konni}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Adoor Prakash]]|votes=65,724|percentage=50.15%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. S. Rajendran|votes=57,950|percentage=44.22%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. S. Harish Chandran|votes=5,994|percentage=4.57%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Sinto Stephen|votes=655|percentage=0.50%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Thattayil Saraswathi|votes=276|percentage=0.21%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Lekshmi R. Shekhar|votes=247|percentage=0.19%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Renjini C. T.|votes=207|percentage=0.16%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,774
|percentage = 5.93%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,31,053|percentage=71.86%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]]
* [[Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]

Trinkat-class fast attack craft

2026-05-06T14:02:57Z

Alicolours:

{{Short description|Indian Navy ship class}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}{{italic title|string=Trinkat}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Maldivian_coast_guard_ship_Hurawee_(801)_(formerly_Indian_Navy_Ship_Tillanchang_T62)_serves_as_a_non-compliant_vessel_during_an_exercise.jpg
| image_caption = MCGS Hurawee
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Trinkat'' class
| builders = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| operators = {{ubl|{{navy|India}}|{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian Coast Guard]] (former)|{{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychelles Coast Guard]]}}
| class_before = {{sclass|Seaward|defense boats|4}}
| class_after = {{sclass|Bangaram|patrol vessel|4}}
| subclasses =
| built_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 4
| total_ships_completed = 4
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = * 2 {{navy|India}}
* 2 {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychelles Coast Guard]]
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = [[Fast attack crafts]]
| displacement = 260 ton (full load)<ref name=br-trinkat>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/168-Trinkat-Class.html|title=Trinkat Class – Bharat Rakshak :: Indian Navy|first=Fast Patrol|last=Vessel|work=bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|46|m|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|7.5|m|abbr=on}}
| draught =
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 × MTU engines (3,500 hp each)
*3 × 80 kW diesel generators
| speed = {{convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}
| range =
| complement = 33
| sensors =
| armament = 1 × [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|2A42 Medak 30 mm gun]]
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
The '''''Trinkat''-class fast attack crafts<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Commissioning of Indian Naval Ship Tarmugli|date=14 December 2023|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986363&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401143241/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986363&reg=3&lang=2|archive-date=1 April 2026}}</ref>''' of the [[Indian Navy]] were designed and constructed by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]].

==Role==
The patrol vessels carry out fisheries protection, anti-poaching, counter-insurgency and search-and-rescue operations in coastal areas and in the [[exclusive economic zone]]. The vessels of the "Trinkat" class are named after islands from the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] or the [[Lakshadweep Islands]].{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Upon the recommissioning of the second ship at [[Visakhapatnam]] as {{INS|Tarmugli|2023|2}}, the ship is tasked for coastal surveillance to protect the Offshore Development Area across the [[Krishna Godavari Basin]] along the eastern coast of India. The ship is operating under Naval Officer-in-Charge (NOIC) [[Andhra Pradesh]] while its commissioning [[commanding officer]] is [[Commander]] Satpal Singh Sangwan.'''<ref name=":0" />'''

==Ships in class==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Pennant
!Homeport
!Commissioned
!Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |{{navy|India}}
|-
| {{INS|Trinkat|T61|2}} || T61 || [[Port Blair]] || 28 September 2000 || Active
|-
| {{INS|Tarmugli|2023|2}}|| T62 || [[Visakhapatnam]]|| 17 March 2001 || Originally commissioned as {{INS|Tillanchang|T62|2}} with the Indian Navy in 2001.
Transferred to [[Maldivian Coast Guard]] on 16 April 2006, as {{ship|MCGS|Huravee|2006|6}}. Decommissioned on 2 May 2023, and transferred back to India. Recommissioned as ''Tarmugli'' on 14 December 2023 after refit.'''<ref name=":0" />'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1985936|title=COMMISSIONING OF INS TARMUGLI|date=2023-12-13|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |{{Coast guard|Seychelles}}
|-
| {{ship|PS|Constant|4=2}} (formerly, {{INS|Tarasa|T63|2}}) || T63 || || 24 August 2001 || Transferred on 7 November 2014.
|-
| {{ship|PS|Topaz|4=2}} (formerly, {{INS|Tarmugli|T64|2}}) || T64 || || 4 March 2002 || Transferred on 23 February 2005.
|}

==Replacements==
While the older INS ''Tarasa'' and INS ''Tarmugli'' were transferred to [[Seychelles Coast Guard]] and INS ''Tillanchang'' was transferred to [[Maldivian Coast Guard]], newer ships bearing the original names were launched starting in 2016. The new ships have also been designed and constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers as {{sclass|Car Nicobar|patrol vessel|1}}s. The new {{INS|Tarasa|T94}}, the follow-on water jet [[fast attack craft]] was launched in [[Kolkata]] on 30 June 2016. The new {{INS|Tillanchang|T92}} another water jet-powered fast attack craft was commissioned at [[Karwar]] on 9 March 2017. The new {{INS|Tarmugli|T91}} was commissioned at [[Vizag]] on 23 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Tarmugli Joins the Indian Navy|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/ins-tarmugli-joins-the-indian-navy-116052300832_1.html |work=Business Standard|location=India |date=24 May 2016 |access-date=16 May 2021 }}</ref> These ships are similar in design and armament to the ''Trinkat''-class ships that were transferred to [[Maldives]] and [[Seychelles]], with added capabilities for enhanced endurance.

The newer {{INS|Tarmugli|T91}} was donated to the Maldives in May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/eastern-naval-command-bids-farewell-to-ins-tarmugli-in-visakhapatnam/article66711727.ece|title=Eastern Naval Command bids farewell to INS Tarmugli in Visakhapatnam|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-hands-over-fast-patrol-vessel-landing-craft-assault-ship-to-maldives/articleshow/99936343.cms?from=mdr|title=Rajnath Singh hands over Fast Patrol Vessel, Landing Craft Assault ship to Maldives|date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The older {{ship|MCGS|Huravee|2006|6}} (formerly INS Tillanchang) was transferred back to India, and after inspection, was decided to be refitted and recommissioned. Subsequently, on 14 December 2023, the former Tillanchang was recommissioned into the Indian Navy as INS Tarmugli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1985936|title=COMMISSIONING OF INS TARMUGLI|date=2023-12-13|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Action of 30 March 2010]]
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Trinkat-class patrol vessel}}

[[Category:Trinkat-class patrol boats| ]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Patrol boat classes]]

Suraj Venjaramoodu filmography

2026-04-30T09:36:48Z

Alicolours:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Photo of Suraj captured by Ujwal Rajeev.jpg|thumb|Suraj in 2022]]
[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] is an Indian actor, comedian, and [[television presenter]], who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]], television and stage plays. He has won a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and four [[Kerala State Film Awards]].

==Films==
=== Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Suraj Venjaramoodu Malayalam film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 |2001 || ''Ladies & Gentleman'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jagapoga]]'' || [[Dada Sahib]] / Prabhuthan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' || Broker ||
|-
| ''[[Rasikan]]'' || Abu's friend ||
|-
| ''Kottaram Vaidyan'' || Veeramani ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2005
| ''Kalyana Kurimanam'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Bus Conductor (2005 film)|Bus Conductor]]'' || Bus Conductor ||
|-
| ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]''|| Bus Conductor ||
|-
|''Central''
|George
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2006 || ''Shyamam'' || Sankaran ||
|-
| ''[[Rashtram]]'' || Pashupathi ||
|-
| ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Suresh ||
|-
| ''[[Thuruppugulan]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' || Ousepp ||
|-
|''[[Kanaka Simhasanam]]''
|Marthandom Gopalan
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |2007
| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Giri ||
|-
| ''[[Sketch (2007 film)|Sketch]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Suni ||
|-
| ''[[Arabikkatha]]'' || James Thiruvananthapuram ||
|-
| ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]'' || Thathamangalam Muthuraj ||
|-
| ''Subhadram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veeralipattu (2007 film)|Veeralipattu]]'' || Pavithran ||
|-
| ''[[Ali Bhai]]'' || Podi Patty Kujashu ||
|-
| ''[[Rock & Roll (film)|Rock & Roll]]'' || P. P. Shiju ||
|-
| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || Vaidyar||
|-
| ''[[Katha Parayumbol]]'' || Pappan Kudumaloor ||
|-
| ''[[Romeo (2007 film)|Romeo]]'' || Prasanth ||
|-
| ''[[Kanaka Simhasanam]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || Babychan ||
|-
| ''[[Rakshakan]]'' || Kusumakumar ||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 2008 || ''[[College Kumaran]]'' || Bhargavan ||
|-
| ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2008 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'' || Rameshan ||
|-
| ''[[Malabar Wedding]]'' || Pookkatta Satheeshan ||
|-
| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' || Bijumon ||
|-
| ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' || Peethambaran ||
|-
| ''[[Pachamarathanalil]]'' || Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]'' || Chalikkad Joshy ||
|-
| ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]''|| Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Madambi]]'' || Thallu Kolli (Keedam) ||
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Mahendran ||
|-
| ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]'' || Kabir ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || Naik Ganeshan||
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (2008 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || Paachu ||
|-
| ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[LollyPop]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
| rowspan="22" | 2009 || ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love in Singapore]]'' || Peethambharan Kalarikkavila ||
|-
| ''[[Hailesa]]'' || Ulpalakshan ||
|-
| ''Venal Maram'' || Manoharan ||
|-
| ''[[Samastha Keralam PO]]'' || Abdu ||
|-
| ''[[Currency (2009 film)|Currency]]'' || Indrabalan ||
|-
| ''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]'' || Adv. Mannanthala Susheel Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. Patient]]'' || Indrabalan ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || Shishupalan ||
|-
| ''[[Rahasya Police]]'' || SI Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]'' || Mayankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Black And White Kudumbam]]'' || Manjula Kumaran alias Manjulan ||
|-
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kaana Kanmani]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
| ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' || Counsellor Eswarapillai Kumarapillai ||
|-
| ''[[Duplicate (2009 film)|Duplicate]]'' || Shivankutty and Jeevanraj{{efn|name=dualrole}}|| Dual Role
|-
| ''[[Parayan Marannathu]]'' || Rajappan||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || Kunjappayi ||
|-
| ''[[Utharaswayamvaram]]'' || Pathalam Shaji ||
|-
| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]''|| Josekutty ||
|-
| ''[[Gulumal: The Escape]]'' || A T S Shambhu ||
|-
| ''[[Banaras (2009 film)|Banaras]]'' || Swami Bhogananda Chathi ||
|-
| ''[[My Big Father]]'' || Tony||
|-
| ''[[Chattambinaadu]]'' || Dasamoolam Damu ||
|-
| rowspan="30" | 2010 || ''[[Happy Husbands (2010 film)|Happy Husbands]]'' || Theepandal Raj Boss alias Rajappan ||
|-
| ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Mithun Chakravarthy alias MC||
|-
| ''[[Drona 2010]]'' || Raghu Uthaman ||
|-
| ''[[Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policum]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Simon Sebastian ||
|-
| ''[[Payyans]]'' || Brittas ||
|-
| ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Achu ||
|-
| ''[[Puthumukhangal]]'' || Sandeep Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Pramaani]]'' || Maoist Murugan |
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Idivettu Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Nallavan (2010 film)|Nallavan]]'' || Chittaranjan Muthalaali ||
|-
| ''[[Plus Two (film)|Plus Two]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' || Driver Girijan ||
|-
| ''[[Thaskara Lahala]]'' || Manikuttan||
|-
| ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' || Shekharan ||
|-
| ''Neelambari'' || Thrissivaperur Vamanan Nampoothiri||
|-
| ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]'' || Kollamkaavu Pappan ||
|-
| ''[[Advocate Lakshmanan - Ladies Only]]'' || Gumasthan ||
|-
| ''[[Nirakazhcha]]'' || Poovaar Pookutty||
|-
| ''[[Swantham Bharya Zindabad]]'' || Dr. Ulapalakshan||
|-
| ''[[3 Char Sau Bees]]'' ||[[Circle Inspector|CI]] Sathyan ||
|-
| ''[[Shikkar]]'' || Barber Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' || Broker Thomachan ||
|-
| ''[[Chekavar]]'' || Gunashekharan||
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'' || [[Police Constable|PC]] Abhilash ||
|-
| ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' || [[Ringgit]] Shashi ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Vadivelu ||
|-
| ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || [[Shanghai]] Pushpan ||
|-
| ''[[Senior Mandrake]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Kidukkan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Small Family]]'' || Bejoysh ||
|-
| ''[[College Days (2010 film)|College Days]]'' || Shine Raj alias Munthripadam||
|-
| rowspan="34" | 2011 || ''[[Note Out]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]'' || Sujathan ||
|-
| ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'' || Thankappan||
|-
| ''[[Makeup Man]]'' || Kichu ||
|-
| ''[[Khaddama]]'' || Usman ||
|-
| ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]'' || Pavanan||
|-
| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]''|| Pappu ||
|-
| ''[[China Town (2011 film)|China Town]]'' || Chandran Valanjavazhi ||
|-
| ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'' || Adv. Lawrence ||
|-
| ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || Thavala Thampi ||
|-
| ''[[Kanakompathu]]'' || Gopalakrishnan||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Jokers]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ulakam Chuttum Valiban]]'' || Chengeri Sethu ||
|-
| ''[[Priyappetta Nattukare]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kottarathil Kuttibhootham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shankaranum Mohananum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Filmstaar]]''|| Sugunan ||
|-
| ''Kunjettan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' || Hyder ||
|-
| ''Kadhayile Nayika'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Swami Rajaguru Maharishi Veshya Vachassu ||
|-
| ''Shivapuram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnishtam Ennishtam 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Innanu Aa Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Three Kings (2011 film)|Three Kings]]'' || Achuveetil Achankunju||
|-
| ''Happy Durbar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || Andipetty Naykkar ||
|-
| ''[[Pachuvum Kovalanum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arabeem Ottakom P. Madhavan Nayarum in Oru Marubhoomikkadha|Oru Marubhoomikkadha]]'' || Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Venicile Vyaapari]]'' || Chandran Pillai ||
|-
| ''Oru Nunakkadha'' || Chachappan ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkar Colony]]'' || Banykuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay Mittayi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="23" | 2012 || ''[[Kunjaliyan]]'' || Preman ||
|-
| ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' || Muttathara Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' || Shibulal ||
|-
| ''[[Perinoru Makan]]'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| ''Lakshmi Vilasam Renuka Makan Raghuraman'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Scene Onnu Nammude Veedu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru Kudumba Chithram'' || Govardhanan ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Innocent aanu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Josettante Hero]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mullassery Madhavan Kutty Nemom P. O.]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' || Susheelan ||
|-
| ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' || Minister Muralikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || Chantha Hamsa ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoopadathil Illatha Oridam]]'' || Opposition Leader ||
|-
| ''[[Husbands in Goa]]'' || Vasco ||
|-
| ''[[Kaashh]]'' || Trickster ||
|-
| ''[[Gruhanathan]]'' || Thampan ||
|-
| ''[[Ezham Suryan]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Thirakkinidayil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ardhanaari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Sundareshan ||
|-
| ''[[Manthrikan]]'' || {{br list | Usthad Maambaram Maayankutty Sheikh /| Payaruvila Pappan{{efn|name=dualrole|Dual role}}}} ||
|-
| rowspan=19 | 2013 || ''[[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]]'' || Kottur Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[My Fan Ramu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || Sebastien Kuzhiveli ||
|-
| ''[[Kutteem Kolum]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'' || Joe Sebastian ||
|-
| ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Uruppadi ||
|-
| ''Ithu Manthramo Thanthramo Kuthanthramo'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Premlal ||
|-
| ''[[Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Njanum]]'' || [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Mahesh ||
|-
| ''[[God for Sale: Bhakthi Prasthanam]]'' || Kamalahasanan, Bhaskaran ||
|-
| ''[[Pigman (film)|Pigman]]'' || Dr. Daniel ||
|-
| ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' || S P Mohammed Bilal ||
|-
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' || Mamachan ||
|-
| ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' || Kunjachan ||
|-
| ''[[Vishudhan]]'' || Thomachan ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || Sarasappan ||
|-
| ''[[Ms. Lekha Tharoor Kanunnathu]]'' || Edison Igneius ||
|-
| ''[[Good Bad & Ugly]]'' || Benz Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' || Prem Raj ||
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2014 || ''[[Ettekaal Second]]'' || Sandeep's uncle ||
|-
| ''Malayalakkara Residency'' || Advocate Sreekesh Kumar BA, LLB ||
|-
| ''Pedithondan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ring Master]]'' || Advocate Shravan ||
|-
| ''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]'' || Sakhavu Che||
|-
| ''[[Law Point]]'' || Kurian Jose ||
|-
| ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || Benny ||
|-
| ''[[Ulsaha Committee]]'' || Natholi ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]'' || Soman ||
|-
| ''[[Vellivelichathil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Garbhasreeman'' || Sudheendran ||
|-
| ''Sreenivasan Paranja Kadha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || Pauly ||
|-
| ''[[Jalamsham]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Jalamsham: Of Organic Bonds |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/Mar/27/jalamsham-of-organic-bonds-591403.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2015 || ''Elanjikkavu P.O'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ammakkoru Tharattu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Perariyathavar]]'' || rowspan="2" | Father ||
|-
| {{Won}}—National Award for Best Actor
|-
| ''[[She Taxi (2015 film)|She Taxi]]'' || K.T. Salman ||
|-
| ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || Narayanan Ilayath ||
|-
| ''Aashamsakalode Anna'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Samrajyam II: Son of Alexander]]'' || Theeppori Thankappan ||
|-
| ''[[Madhura Naranga]]'' || Kasargod Ibrahim (Icha) ||
|-
| ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' || S.P Sabu ||
|-
| ''[[Life of Josutty]]'' || Varkey ||
|-
| ''[[Ben (2015 film)|Ben]]'' || Justin ||
|-
| ''[[Female Unnikrishnan]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Two Countries]]'' || Jimmy Chockly||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2016 || ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Pavithran ||
|-
| ''Angane Thanne Nethave... Anjettennam Pinnale'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Sumesh ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya]]'' || Suni ||
|-
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Detective Mathews ||
|-
| ''[[Anyarku Praveshanamilla]]'' || Valanjavazhi Shinjo ||
|-
| ''[[Campus Diary]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karinkunnam 6'S]]'' || Nelson ||
|-
| ''[[Dooram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' || Susheelan Kochettan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'' || Siby ||
|-
| ''Aneezya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' || Poongayi Sasi ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017 || ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || Thilothaman ||
|-
| ''[[Aby (film)|Aby]]'' || Xavier ||
|-
| ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' || Prasad ||<ref>{{Cite web |first1=G. |last1=Ragesh |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/06/30/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-review-the-good-bad-and-the-ugly.html |title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum review: magically realistic {{!}} thondimuthalum driksakshiyum review {{!}} Fahadh Faasil {{!}} Suraj Venjaramoodu {{!}} Dileesh Pothan {{!}} Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum movie review |work=Manorama Online |date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630160224/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/06/30/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-review-the-good-bad-and-the-ugly.html |archive-date=2017-06-30 |url-status=deviated}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' || News reporter ||
|-
| ''Devayanam'' || ||
|-
| ''Dance Dance'' || ||
|-
| ''Vakku'' || ||
|-
| ''Vilakkumaram'' || Fawas Ali ||
|-
| ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' || Dayanandhan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2018 || ''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[Aabhaasam]]'' || Kili ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rima Kallingal, Suraj Venjaramoodu team up for a social satire |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rima-kallingal-suraj-venjaramoodu-team-up-for-a-social-satire/articleshow/58895302.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330205904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rima-kallingal-suraj-venjaramoodu-team-up-for-a-social-satire/articleshow/58895302.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savaari (2018 film)|Saavari]]'' || Savari ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]'' || Plachiottil Kuttan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Marykutty]]'' || Manoj Vaidyan ||
|-
| ''[[Neerali]]'' || Veerappa ||
|-
| ''[[Theevandi]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2019 || ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]'' || Police Officer – Issac ||
|-
| ''[[Peranbu]]'' || Amudhavan's friend || Only in Malayalam version
|-
| ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]'' || SI P Mohanan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' || Idivettu Sugunan || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar R |first1=Manoj |title=Madhura Raja movie review: Mammootty's wisecracks save the day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madhura-raja-movie-review-mammootty-5672968/ |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=13 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || Francis ||
|-
| ''[[Evidey]]'' || Satheeshan ||
|-
| ''[[Pathinettam Padi|Pathinettaam Padi]]'' || Kaniyapuram Narendran ||
|-
| ''[[Subharathri]]'' || Adv. Harikumar ||
|-
| ''[[Finals (film)|Finals]]'' || P. Varghese || 250th film{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Vikruthi]]''<ref>{{cite news |author= |title='Vikrithi' is inspired by a true incident: Emcy Joseph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/emcy-josephs-vikrithi-is-based-on-a-true-story/article29584055.ece |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229140045/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/emcy-josephs-vikrithi-is-based-on-a-true-story/article29584055.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> || Eldo || {{won}}—[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'' || VK Bhaskara Poduval || {{Won}}—Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor
|-
| ''Chila NewGen Nattuvisheshangal'' || Madhusudhanan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Jimmy Ee Veedinte Aishwaryam]]'' || Dimitri Rodigruez ||
|-
| ''[[Driving License (film)|Driving License]]'' || MVI Joseph Kuruvila ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2021 || ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]'' || Antappan ||
|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' || The husband ||
|-
| ''[[Randuper (film)|Randuper]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' || Paul Mathai || Released on [[SonyLIV]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/11/kaanekkaane-digital-release-sonyliv-teaser-launched.html |title=Kaanekkaane' gears up for OTT release, intriguing teaser launched |work=Manorama News Online |date=11 September 2021| access-date=12 September 2021| archive-date=13 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913101227/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/11/kaanekkaane-digital-release-sonyliv-teaser-launched.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' || Manjali Tarseus ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2022 || ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' || ACP Sajjan Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Pathaam Valavu]]'' || Solomon ||
|-
| ''[[Heaven (2022 film)|Heaven]]'' ||[[Circle Inspector|CI]] Peter Kurishingal ||
|-
| ''[[Autorickshawkarante Bharya]]'' || Sajeevan ||
|-
| ''[[Mukundan Unni Associates]]'' || Adv. Venu ||
|-
| ''Roy'' || Roy || Released on [[SonyLIV]]
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]'' || Balakrishnan alias Balu || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/28/suraj-venjaramoodu-to-lead-director-bash-mohammeds-next-feature-2364536.html |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu to lead director Bash Mohammed's next feature |date=28 September 2021|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205190621/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/28/suraj-venjaramoodu-to-lead-director-bash-mohammeds-next-feature-2364536.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enkilum Chandrike]]'' || Pavithran ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph and Suraj Venjaramoodu-starrer Enkilum Chandrike gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/basil-joseph-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrerenkilum-chandrikegets-ott-release-date-41472.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325100454/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/basil-joseph-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrerenkilum-chandrikegets-ott-release-date-41472.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]'' || Panniyannur Mukundan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu's Higuita gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/suraj-venjaramoodus-higuita-gets-a-release-date-8496902/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315090337/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/suraj-venjaramoodus-higuita-gets-a-release-date-8496902/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madanolsavam (2023 film)|Madanolsavam]]'' || Madanan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New single from Suraj Venjaramoodu's Madanolsavam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/05/new-single-from-suraj-venjaramoodus-madanolsavam-out-41983.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411110357/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/05/new-single-from-suraj-venjaramoodus-madanolsavam-out-41983.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2024 || ''[[Grrr (2024 film)|Grrr]]'' || Haridas Nair ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-06 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Grrr gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]'' || Ajith Neelakandan||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Biju Menon-Suraj Venjaramoodu starrer Nadanna Sambhavam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/mar/01/teaser-of-biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-nadanna-sambhavam-out-52543.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002724/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/mar/01/teaser-of-biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-nadanna-sambhavam-out-52543.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' || Sathpriyan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thekku Vadakku]]'' || Shankunni||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-25 |title=Vinayakan and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Thekku Vadakku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/25/vinayakan-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-thekku-vadakku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' || Ani||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-09 |title='Kappela' director's next 'Mura' to feature Suraj Venjaramoodu, and Kani Kusruthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kappela-directors-next-mura-to-feature-suraj-venjaramoodu-and-kani-kusruthi/articleshow/106672023.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Extra Decent]]'' || Binu ||Co-Producer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-08 |title=It's a wrap for Suraj Venjaramoodu's ED - Extra Decent |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/08/its-a-wrap-for-suraj-venjaramoodus-ed-extra-decent |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal]]'' || Bhaskaran ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-15 |title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/15/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-release-postponed |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' || Sajanachandran ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu's role in 'Lucifer' sequel 'Empuraan' revealed |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/02/21/suraj-venjaramoodus-role-in-lucifer-sequel-empuraan-revealed.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padakkalam]]'' || Shaji ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-13 |title=First single from Suraj Venjaramoodu and Sharafudheen's Padakkalam is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/13/first-single-from-suraj-venjaramoodu-and-sharafudheens-padakkalam-is-here |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Narivetta]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Basheer Ahammed ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-08-06 |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu joins the sets of Tovino's 'Narivetta' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/06/suraj-venjaramoodu-joins-the-sets-of-tovinos-narivetta |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| ''[[Mohiniyaattam (2026 film)|Mohiniyaattam]]'' ||Govindaraja aka Govindan || <ref>{{cite news |title=Saiju Kurup's Mohiniyattam shooting wrapped up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Jan/07/malayalamnews2026jan07saiju-kurups-mohiniyattam-shooting-wrapped-up |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Suraj Venjaramoodu Tamil film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'' || Kannan || <ref> {{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-actor-suraj-venjaramoodu-to-make-tamil-debut-with-vikram-starrer-chiyaan-62-8804519.html | title= Malayalam Actor Suraj Venjaramoodu To Make Tamil Debut With Vikram-starrer Chiyaan 62 | website= News 18 | date=March 2024 | access-date=5 March 2024}} </ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|[[Youth (2026 film)|''Youth'']]
|Unnikrishnan
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-02 |title=கென் கருணாஸின் “யூத்” படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் அப்டேட் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/ken-karunas-youth-film-release-update |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Dailythanthi |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kara (film)|Kara]]''
|Bharathan
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-21 |title=It's a wrap for Dhanush-Vignesh Raja's D54 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/21/its-a-wrap-for-dhanush-vignesh-rajas-d54 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dhanush's Kara: Suraj Venjaramoodu to play police officer Bharathan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/25/dhanushs-kara-suraj-venjaramoodu-to-play-police-officer-bharathan |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| [[Jailer 2]]}} || {{TableTBA}} || Filming<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Jailer 2' builds hype, Suraj Venjaramoodu joins the star cast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-jailer-2-builds-hype-suraj-venjaramoodu-joins-the-star-cast/articleshow/123447780.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

== As dubbing artist ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Year
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Dubbed for
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Character
|-
| 2002 ||[[Shivam (2002 film)|''Shivam'']]
|[[Rajan P. Dev]]
|[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Eapen
|}


== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Suraj Venjaramoodu television credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
|-
| 2000 || Comedy Thillana || Anchor || [[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2003–2005||Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam || rowspan="4" |Actor|| rowspan="3" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005||Santhanagopalam
|-
|Ladies Hostel
|-
|2006||Ayyadi Maname||[[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2011–2012||Comedy Stars Season 1||Judge||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013||Jagapoga || Anchor ||[[Kairali TV]]
|-
| Bhima Jewels Comedy Festival || rowspan="2" |Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|Bharthanganmarude Sradhakku||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2014–2017||Manampole Mangalyam || Host|| [[JaiHind TV]]
|-
|2015–2016||Comedy Super Nite || Anchor || rowspan="2" |[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|-
|2015||Junior Chanakyan||Actor
|-
|2016||[[Sell Me the Answer (Indian game show)|Sell me the answer]]||Temporary Host (in for [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]])|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2016–2017 ||[[Deal Or No Deal]]||Host ||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2017–2018 ||Comedy Super night 3 ||Anchor ||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|-
|2017||[[Midukki]]||Judge|| rowspan="2" |[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2018–2019||Thakarppan Comedy Mimicry mahamela||Judge / Anchor
|-
|2019||[[Comedy Nights with Suraj]]|| rowspan="2" |Anchor|| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Keralam]]
|-
|2020–2021||[[Funny Nights with Pearle Maaney]]
|-
|2021||Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri||Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2022||Fastest Family First Adi Mone Buzzer Season 2||Anchor|| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2023||[[Star Singer|Star Singer Junior Season 3]]||Guest
|-
|2024- present||Super Show||Judge||[[Zee Keralam]]
|}

== Web series ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Suraj Venjaramoodu web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-

|2024
|[[Nagendran's Honeymoons]]
| Nagendran/Joseph/Ali Hussain/Govindan/Sukumaran
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|-

|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Composer
! class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-

|rowspan="2"|2018
|"Kannane Kannalane"
|[[Neerali]]
|[[Stephen Devassy]]
|
|-

|"Ente Shivane"
|[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]
|[[Sayanora Philip]]
|
|-

|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id= nm2241427|name=Suraj Venjarammoodu}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha

2026-04-26T03:04:06Z

Alicolours:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|name=Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha
| abbreviation= KRPP
| merged =[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| dissolution={{start date and years ago|2024|03|25|df=y|p=y}}
|symbol=[[File:Indian Election Symbol football.jpg|150px]]
|logo=[[File:Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha logo.jpg|130px]]
|eci=Registered
| headquarters= 49/48, Kyalasanahalli, Kothanur Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560077
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha}}}} [[Blue (color)|Blue]]
|leader=[[G. Janardhana Reddy]]
|colorcode = Blue
|president=*J. Ramanna (National)
*[[G. Janardhana Reddy]] (State)
|founder=[[G. Janardhana Reddy]]
|foundation={{start date and years ago|2022|12|25|df=y|p=y}}
|ideology=[[Progressivism]]
}}

'''Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha''' was an Indian political party founded on 25 December 2022 by [[G. Janardhana Reddy|G. Janardhan Reddy]] and dissolved on 25 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title='Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha': Janardhana Reddy launches new party |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/kalyana-rajya-pragathi-paksha-janardhana-reddy-launches-new-party |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-25 |title=Janardhana Reddy announces new party, to contest 2023 Karnataka polls |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/janardhana-reddy-announces-new-party-to-contest-2023-karnataka-polls/articleshow/96494485.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कर्नाटक BJP में फूट!: खनन व्यवसायी और पूर्व मंत्री गली जनार्दन रेड्डी ने बनाई नई पार्टी, चुनाव लड़ने का एलान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/karnataka-former-minister-gali-janardhana-reddy-announces-his-new-party-kalyana-rajya-pragati-paksha-news-in |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>[https://twitter.com/NewsArenaIndia/status/1772130765637054798?t=nLJFLF2J7_6XkgTUZHgVSw&s=19] It was mainly based in the State of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-05-13 |title=Kalyana Rajya Pragati Paksha {{!}} Janardhan Reddy's upstart party wins its first seat in Karnataka |language=en-IN |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/kalyana-rajya-pragati-paksha-janardhan-reddy-party-2023-karnataka-assembly-elections/article66845818.ece |access-date=2023-05-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=एजेंसी |first=एबीपी न्यूज |date=2022-12-25 |title=बीजेपी से नाराज कर्नाटक के पूर्व मंत्री जनार्दन रेड्डी ने बनाई नई पार्टी |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/former-karnataka-minister-janardhan-reddy-formed-a-new-party-said-will-travel-across-the-state-2291126 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka News पूर्व मंत्री जनार्दन रेड्डी ने बनाई अपनी नई पार्टी लड़ेंगे 2023 का विधानसभा चुनाव - Former Karnataka Minister Janardhana Reddy announces new party to contest 2023 Karnataka polls |url=https://www.jagran.com/politics/national-former-karnataka-minister-janardhana-reddy-announces-new-party-to-contest-2023-karnataka-polls-23271117.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The party won one seat in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].It had influence mainly in [[Ballari]], [[Koppal]], [[Vijayanagara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Gangavathi Election Results LIVE {{!}} KRPP opens account in Karnataka, Janardhan Reddy defeats Iqbal Ansari |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gangavathi-election-results-entry-of-janardhan-reddy-may-pose-a-challenge-for-bjps-paranna-eshwarappa-16611001.htm |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Mining baron Gali Janardhana Reddy emerges victorious in Gangavathi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mining-baron-gali-janardhana-reddy-emerges-victorious-gangavathi-177143 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Its election symbol was Football.<ref>{{Cite web |title=क्या जनार्दन रेड्डी की 'फुटबॉल' दिखाएगी कमाल? शहर बल्लारी में क्या है माहौल |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/karnataka-elections-2023-will-janardhan-reddy-football-show-wonders-what-is-the-atmosphere-in-the-city-ballari/2795563/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Jansatta |date=5 May 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> The Party founder president won from the [[Gangawati Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=LIVE Gangawati Karnataka Election 2023: गंगावती सीट पर KRPP के जनार्दन रेड्डी का कब्‍जा, BJP के पराना ईश्वरप्पा मुनावल्ली हारे, देखें र‍िजल्‍ट |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/gangawati-assembly-election-2023-karnataka-chunav-winner-looser-gali-janardhana-reddy-paranna-eshwarappa-munavalli-iqbal-ansari-hr-channakeshava-6148845.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dhrishti |date=2023-05-13 |title=पूर्व मंत्री की नई पार्टी ने पहले ही चुनाव में दर्ज की जीत |url=https://biharbandhu.in/national/karnataka/former-ministers-new-party-has-already-registered-victory-in-the-election/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=BiharBandhu.in |language=en-US |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513150137/https://biharbandhu.in/national/karnataka/former-ministers-new-party-has-already-registered-victory-in-the-election/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

G. Janardhana Reddy merged his KRPP with the BJP on 25 March 2024 ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha polls.<ref name="Karnataka MLA Janardhana Reddy merges his party with BJP">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=25 March 2024 |title=Karnataka MLA Janardhana Reddy merges his party with BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/janardhan-reddy-merges-his-party-with-bjp/article67990283.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325081705/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/janardhan-reddy-merges-his-party-with-bjp/article67990283.ece |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
[[G. Janardhana Reddy]] has stated that KRPP will follow philosophies of [[Basava]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Janardhana Reddy New Party- ಜನಾರ್ಧನ ರೆಡ್ಡಿ ಹೊಸ ಪಕ್ಷ 'ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪ್ರಗತಿ ಪಕ್ಷ' ಉದಯ: ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ನಂಟು ಕಡಿದುಕೊಂಡ ಗಣಿಧಣಿ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/bengaluru-city/janardhana-reddy-announces-new-party-kalyana-rajya-pragathi-paksha/articleshow/96494188.cms |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> The election commission has allotted Football as their party symbol, and Mr.Janardhan Reddy has been contesting the polls from [[Gangavati, Karnataka|Gangavathi constituency]] at [[Kalyana-Karnataka|Kalyana Karnataka]] region of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Karnataka elections: Football for Gali Janardhan Reddy's KRPP party |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-elections-football-for-gali-janardhan-reddy-s-krpp-party-101679908574550.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Janardhana Reddy has already announced the names of candidates for five assembly constituencies as a first step. Kalyan Rajya Pragati Party candidates have been announced for [[Siruguppa|Siraguppa]], [[Kanakagiri]], [[Nagathan]], [[Sindhanur|Sindanur]] and [[Hiriyur]] assembly constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Janardhana Reddy's Kalyana Rajya Pragati Paksha Party Attracts Local Leaders |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/karnataka-ex-minister-janardhana-reddy-announces-candidates-for-5-seats-7132225.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
==List of National Presidents==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|
|'''J. Ramanna''' (not available)
|25 December 2022
|25 March 2024
|{{age in years and days|2022|12|25|2024|03|25}}
|}

==List of Karnataka State Presidents==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#22409A;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
| '''Gali Janardhana Reddy'''
|'''[[G. Janardhana Reddy|Gali Janardhana Reddy]]''' (1967–)
|25 December 2022
|25 March 2024
|{{age in years and days|25 December 2022|25 March 2024}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]

{{India-party-stub}}
{{Karnataka-stub}}

Salem North Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:55:17Z

Alicolours: new info

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 89
| map_image = Constitution-Salem (North).svg
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/salem-north-assembly-elections-tn-89/ |title=Salem (North) Assembly Election Results 2021 |access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref>
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Salem (North)
| electors = 238,637
| reservation =
}}
'''Salem North''' or 'Salem (North)' is one of the 234 [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|assembly]] constituencies in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern [[India]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 89. It was created in 2008 when the previous constituencies, [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem I]] and [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem II]], were redrawn as Salem North, [[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem South]] and [[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem West]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|access-date=29 August 2011|archive-date=15 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also a part of [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency]].

Salem North was one of the 17 Assembly constituencies to have [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ec-to-tighten-grip-on-cash-for-votes/article8225776.ece|title=EC to tighten grip on cash for votes|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/vvpat-ballot-units-arrive-in-salem/article8316365.ece | title=VVPAT ballot units arrive in Salem | date=5 March 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=25 May 2019 }}</ref>

Salem North consists of:

#[[Salem Municipal Corporation]] Wards - No.6 to 16 and 26 to 36
#[[Kannankurichi]] (Town Panchayat)

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[R. Mohan Raj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan=2|[[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

== Election results ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|54.46}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem (North)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sadhasivam]]|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gunaseela |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Sivakumar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =238637 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem North }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]|votes=93,432|percentage=46.17|change=+1.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[G. Venkatachalam]]|votes=85,844|percentage=42.42|change=+2.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|candidate= R.S. Guru Chakravarthy|votes=10,718|percentage=5.3|change=new}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
| candidate = N. Imaya Eswaran
| votes = 8,155
| percentage = 4.03
| change = +3.01
}}

{{Election box majority|votes=7,588|percentage=3.74|change=-1.4}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,98,896|percentage=72.06|change=-0.06}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,76,022
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| swing = +1.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem North]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| candidate = R. Rajendran
| votes = 86,583
| percentage = 45.13
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| candidate = K.R.S.Saravanan
| votes = 76,710
| percentage = 39.99
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| candidate = Kathir. Raasaratinam
| votes = 7,975
| percentage = 4.16
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = R.P.Gopinath
| votes = 5,922
| percentage = 3.08
| change = +0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Tamil Maanila Congress
| candidate = R. Devadass
| votes = 4,157
| percentage = 2.16
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the Above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 4,009
| percentage = 2.09
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
| candidate = R. Kovendhan
| votes = 1,954
| percentage = 1.02
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,873
| percentage = 5.14
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,91,841
| percentage = 72.12
| change = -2.42
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,65,999
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| loser = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
| swing = n/a
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem North]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
| candidate = [[R. Mohan Raj]]

| votes = 88,956
| percentage = 54.46
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = G. Jayaprakash

| votes = 59,591
| percentage = 36.48
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = UMK
| candidate = C. Chinnusamy

| votes = 4,517
| percentage = 2.77
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = D. Mohan

| votes = 4,133
| percentage = 2.53
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi
| candidate = V. Venkatesan

| votes = 1,965
| percentage = 1.20
| change = -
}}

{{Election box majority
| votes = 29,365
| percentage = 17.98
| change = n/a
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,63,459
| percentage = 74.53
| change = -
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 219,327
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.71|78.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Tseilhoutuo Rhütso

2026-04-22T01:20:13Z

Alicolours: new a article

{{Short description|Naga Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Rhütso|lang=Angami}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tseilhoutuo Rhütso
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kohima Town Assembly constituency|Kohima Town]]
| term_start = 2 March 2023
| term_end = incumbent
| predecessor = Neikiesalie Nicky Kire
| successor = incumbent
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| image_size = 150px
}}
'''Tseilhoutuo Rhütso''', popularly known as '''Dr. Ato''', is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He was elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023 elections]] from [[Kohima Town Assembly constituency]] as a candidate of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>[https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6798 Tseilhoutuo Rhütso (NPP) : Constituency- KOHIMA TOWN]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-election-winner-list-2023-ndpp-bjp-winner-candidate-list-for-nagaland-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677731585125.html|title=Nagaland election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise|date=2 March 2023|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://instagram.com/dr.ato_rhutso_npp Tseilhoutuo Rhütso] on [[Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhütso, Tseilhoutuo}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Viswema]]
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Manish Kumar Verma

2026-04-20T01:56:31Z

Alicolours: Made a bio

{{short description |Former IAS, JDU National General Secretary and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates| date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English| date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manish Kumar Verma
| image = Manish Kumar Verma.jpg
| caption = Manish Kumar Verma in public event
| birth_place = Biharsharif, Bihar, India
| office = National General Secretary of the [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]]) [[IIT Delhi]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]] [[File: Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Bihar Politician Manish Kumar Verma, former IAS joined party |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-ias-officer-manish-verma-joins-jdu/articleshow/111607186.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |access-date=9 July 2024 }}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| relations =
}}

'''Manish Kumar Verma''' (born 1 April 1974) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]] and retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] [[officer]], currently serving as the National General Secretary of the [[Janata Dal (United)]]. He is a Civil Engineering graduate from [[IIT Delhi]] and is a 2000-batch [[Odisha]]-cadre [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who previously served as the District Magistrate of [[Patna]] and [[Purnia]]. He took voluntary retirement in 2018 and joined JD(U) in 2024, rising to a key organizational role and as an additional advisor to the Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]]. He played a significant role in JD(U)’s campaign for the [[2024 Indian general election]], contributing to the party's success in winning 12 seats.

== Early life ==
Manish Kumar Verma was born in the village of [[Biharsharif]], in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. His father was Ashok Verma, a prominent doctor. Verma had his primary education from a government school in [[Biharsharif]]. He studied at a school in [[Patna]] before completing his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in [[Civil Engineering]] from [[IIT Delhi]].

== Career ==
Verma worked with the Indian Oil Corporation before cracking the UPSC in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise And Rise of Former IAS Officer Manish Verma In Patna's Corridors Of Power |url=https://thesecretariat.in/article/the-rise-and-rise-of-former-ias-officer-manish-verma-in-patna-s-corridors-of-power |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Secretriat |language=en}}</ref> He started his career with IAS in Odisha Cadre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar News: Who is Manish Verma, ex-IAS officer seen as Nitish Kumar's successor in JD-U? |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/bihar-news-who-is-manish-verma-ex-ias-officer-seen-as-nitish-kumars-successor-in-jdu-11720586365322.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=LiveMint |language=en}}</ref> He worked with [[Nitish Kumar]] in the Bihar electricity department. After that he took a special post as CM Advisory in Bihar CM Nitish Kumar Government. After that he joined JDU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-IAS Manish Verma quits as Nitish Kumar's advisor to join JD(U) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIsf7ScNaYo |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Thebuckstopper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-IAS Manish Verma join JD(U) |url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/ex-ias-manish-verma-quits-as-nitish-kumars-advisor-to-join-jdu/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 India |language=en}}</ref> He took charge as National General Secretary of JDU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-IAS officer Manish Verma is JDU national general secretary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-ias-officer-manish-verma-is-jdu-national-general-secretary/articleshow/111669490.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Economic Times Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> He held rallies and supported volunteers in the [[Lok Sabha]] election in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Manish Kumar Verma, former IAS officer and close aide of Nitish Kumar who joined JD(U)? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihar/who-is-manish-kumar-verma-former-ias-officer-and-close-aide-of-nitish-kumar-who-joined-jdu-3100458 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He worked in the electricity department of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. He helped implement the Bihar electricity reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The MD Bihar state power transmission corporation limited Manish K Verma has been given additional charge of MD South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited (SBPDCL). Verma also holding additional charge of Bihar state power Generation Company limited. MD SBPDCL R Lakhmanan has been posted as the additional CEO Bihar. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-md-bihar-state-power-transmission-corporation-limited-manish-k-verma-has-been-given-additional-charge-of-md-south-bihar-power-distribution-company-limited-sbpdcl-verma-also-holding-additional-charge-of-bihar-state-power-generation-company-limited-md-sbpdcl-r-lakhmanan-has-been-posted-as-the-additional-ceo-bihar-/articleshow/49093690.cms |access-date=2015-09-24 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as a member of Bihar Disaster Management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=इस पूर्व IAS पर इतने मेहरबान क्यों हैं CM नीतीश? जानिए इनसाइड स्टोरी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/officers-will-be-many-but-why-nitish-is-kind-to-this-former-ias-officer/articleshow/89291101.cms |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Navbharat Times |language=en}}</ref> Manish Kumar Verma meet party volunteers and do district wise visits of [[Bihar]]. He is also share these details on social media via [[Facebook]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook Account of Manish Kumar Verma |url=https://www.facebook.com/ManishKVermaJDU |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>[[Instagram]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram Account of Manish Kumar Verma|url=https://www.instagram.com/manishvermajdu/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Instagram|language=en}}</ref> and [[Twitter|X]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=X Account of Manish Kumar Verma |url=https://x.com/ManishVermaJDU |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=X| language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Manish Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Longleng Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:22Z

Alicolours: Made a pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Longleng Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Longleng
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Longleng district|Longleng]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 50
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[A. Pongshi Phom]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:30616}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Longleng''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Longleng district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || N. Metpong Phom || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=3 | Chenlom Phom || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Bukchem Phom || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || M. Chemlom Phom
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Shami Angh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Chenlom Phom || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=3 | [[S. Pangnyu Phom]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[A. Pongshi Phom]]|| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Pongshi Phom]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=16,908 |percentage=57.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[S. Pangnyu Phom]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=11,638|percentage=39.85%|change=-2.05%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Phuyam|party=Independent politician|votes=410|percentage=1.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Denngan Y Avennoho|party=Indian National Congress|votes=232|percentage=0.79%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=16|percentage=0.05%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,270 |percentage=18.05% |change=13.82% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=29,204|percentage=95.39%|change=0.85%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,616 |change =21.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 15.99% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Pangnyu Phom]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,987 |percentage=41.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. B. Angam Phom |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=8,981 |percentage=37.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. T. L. Semdok |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,639 |percentage=19.46% |change=-39.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=226 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,006 |percentage=4.22% |change=-14.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,833 |percentage=94.53% |change= -2.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,211 |change =10.28% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -17.40% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Pangnyu Phom]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=13,171 |percentage=59.30% |change=54.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T.L. Semdok |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,936 |percentage=40.24% |change=3.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shami Angh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=88 |percentage=0.40% |change=-11.46% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,235 |percentage=19.07% |change=12.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,209 |percentage=97.15% |change= 1.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,861 |change =-40.15% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= 22.37% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Pangnyu Phom]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=13,535 |percentage=36.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. T. L. Semdok |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=11,309 |percentage=30.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shami Angh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,346 |percentage=11.86% |change=-11.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bukchem |party=Independent politician |votes=3,601 |percentage=9.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chemlom Phom |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,732 |percentage=4.73% |change=-20.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukyong |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,448 |percentage=3.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,226 |percentage=6.07% |change=3.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,644 |percentage=96.18% |change= -3.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,196 |change =22.11% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= 9.42% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenlom Phom |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=8,595 |percentage=27.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukyong Phom |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,895 |percentage=25.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. B. Angam Phom |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,518 |percentage=24.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shami Angh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,229 |percentage=23.14% |change=-18.91% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=700 |percentage=2.24% |change=0.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,237 |percentage=99.86% |change= 1.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,281 |change =14.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Independent politician |swing= -24.41% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shami Angh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,843 |percentage=44.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chemlom Phom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,285 |percentage=42.05% |change=-6.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangko Phom |party=Independent politician |votes=3,710 |percentage=13.82% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=558 |percentage=2.08% |change=-1.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,838 |percentage=98.40% |change= -1.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,325 |change =19.47% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -7.79% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chemlom Phom |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,840 |percentage=51.92% |change=-3.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bukchem Phom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,964 |percentage=48.08% |change=3.50% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=876 |percentage=3.84% |change=-6.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,804 |percentage=99.86% |change= 0.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,872 |change =151.18% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -3.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bukchem Phom |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,003 |percentage=55.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenlom Phom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,025 |percentage=44.58% |change=14.21% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=978 |percentage=10.83% |change=5.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,028 |percentage=99.28% |change= 0.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,106 |change =-0.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 25.04% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenlom Phom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,736 |percentage=30.37% |change=13.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heongphom |party=Independent politician |votes=2,248 |percentage=24.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zukchem |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,069 |percentage=22.97% |change=-14.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. B. Angam Phom |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,955 |percentage=21.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=488 |percentage=5.42% |change=-9.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,008 |percentage=98.59% |change= 9.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,166 |change =-31.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= -7.45% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenlom Phom |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=4,462 |percentage=37.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingko |party=Independent politician |votes=2,672 |percentage=22.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Metpong Phom |party=Independent politician |votes=2,621 |percentage=22.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Mangkoangba Phom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,042 |percentage=17.31% |change=-5.13% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,790 |percentage=15.17% |change=12.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,797 |percentage=89.29% |change= -3.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,331 |change =40.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 12.32% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenlom Phom |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,213 |percentage=25.50% |change=4.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chirgko |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,947 |percentage=22.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Metpong Phom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,724 |percentage=19.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Mangkoangba Phom |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=1,572 |percentage=18.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Phenglong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,221 |percentage=14.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=266 |percentage=3.07% |change=-0.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,677 |percentage=93.00% |change= 10.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,489 |change =22.79% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Independent politician |swing= -0.71% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longleng}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Metpong Phom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,618 |percentage=26.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. L. Chongko Phom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,381 |percentage=22.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenlom Phom |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,325 |percentage=21.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oditemba Phom |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,126 |percentage=18.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Mangkoangba Phom |party=Independent politician |votes=723 |percentage=11.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=237 |percentage=3.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,173 |percentage=82.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,728 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Longleng district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.49|94.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Longleng district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Chandel Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:01Z

Alicolours: Created new data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandel
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Chandel district|Chandel]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| mla = [[SS. Olish]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:50378}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Chandel''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>[Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/chandel.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Chandel Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-

| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2"|H. T. Thungam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Satkholal || {{Full party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || H. T. Thungam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[B. D. Behring]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2"|T. Hangkhanpau || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[B. D. Behring]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Thangkholun Haokip || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || St. Nunghlung Victor || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Letpao Haokip]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Olish Shilshi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|79.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|33.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|37.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|44.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|64.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|39.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|45.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|25.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|22.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}|33.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|24.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|59.29}}
}}

=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Olish Shilshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,066 |percentage=79.06% |change={{increase}}55.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langhu Paulhring Anal |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,725 |percentage=20.74% |change={{increase}}17.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=91 |percentage=0.19% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,341 |percentage=58.32% |change= {{increase}}53.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,882 |percentage=93.06% |change= {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,378 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}45.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Letpao Haokip]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=14,216 |percentage=33.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. Warngam |party=Independent politician |votes=12,091 |percentage=28.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Olish |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,842 |percentage=23.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. D. Behring]] |party=People's Democratic Alliance |votes=3,044 |percentage=7.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=St. Victor Nunghlung |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,574 |percentage=3.72% |change={{decrease}}33.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungjalen Haokip |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,185 |percentage=2.80% |change={{decrease}}34.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkholun Haokip |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=221 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=163 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,125 |percentage=5.02% |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,336 |percentage=89.04% |change= {{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,545 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= {{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=St. Nunghlung Victor |party=Naga People's Front |votes=13,324 |percentage=37.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkholun Haokip |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,158 |percentage=36.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Olish |party=Independent politician |votes=5,512 |percentage=15.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungjalen Haokip |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,658 |percentage=4.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ws Kanral |party=Independent politician |votes=1,548 |percentage=4.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. N. Haokip |party=Communist Party of India |votes=284 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=166 |percentage=0.47% |change= {{decrease}}24.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,650 |percentage=79.64% |change= {{decrease}}12.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}6.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkholun Haokip |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=17,424 |percentage=44.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Benjamin |party=Independent politician |votes=7,563 |percentage=19.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Huten |party=Independent politician |votes=7,519 |percentage=19.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ringo |party=Independent politician |votes=4,825 |percentage=12.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. T. Feo Kolari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,928 |percentage=4.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,861 |percentage=25.00% |change= {{decrease}}15.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,448 |percentage=92.25% |change= {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,764 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. D. Behring]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,219 |percentage=64.58% |change={{increase}}61.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chungsei Haokip |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=8,750 |percentage=24.34% |change={{decrease}}9.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pr Silanki |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,797 |percentage=10.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,469 |percentage=40.24% |change= {{increase}}34.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,956 |percentage=95.83% |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,521 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangkhanpao |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=13,187 |percentage=38.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. D. Behring]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=11,333 |percentage=33.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kl. Rocky |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,440 |percentage=18.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkholun (Chakp Imolbem) |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,109 |percentage=3.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungjalen |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=646 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silanki Chothe |party=Independent politician |votes=603 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehkhothang |party=Communist Party of India |votes=185 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,854 |percentage=5.45% |change= {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,996 |percentage=96.65% |change= {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,176 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangkhanpao |party=Janata Dal |votes=13,030 |percentage=45.19% |change={{increase}}19.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Benjamin |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=10,464 |percentage=36.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kl. Rocky |party=Samata Party |votes=4,868 |percentage=16.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,566 |percentage=8.90% |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,836 |percentage=94.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,531 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. D. Behring]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,653 |percentage=25.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. T. Thungam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,633 |percentage=25.16% |change={{increase}}11.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paokhohang Haokip |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=5,793 |percentage=21.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Richard Pashel |party=Manipur Hill People'S Council |votes=3,068 |percentage=11.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satkholal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,357 |percentage=8.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Sonkhojang |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=1,414 |percentage=5.36% |change={{decrease}}14.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angking Khumlo |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=264 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20 |percentage=0.08% |change= {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,368 |percentage=94.82% |change= {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,808 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. T. Thungam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,535 |percentage=21.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paokhhang |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=4,110 |percentage=19.60% |change={{decrease}}13.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. D. Behring]] |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=3,874 |percentage=18.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satkholal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,467 |percentage=16.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Angno |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,859 |percentage=13.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Letkholal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,574 |percentage=7.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamkhongam |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=425 |percentage=2.03% |change= {{decrease}}13.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,965 |percentage=92.98% |change= {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,548 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Kuki National Assembly |swing= {{decrease}}11.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satkholal |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=6,075 |percentage=33.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lh. Angno |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,251 |percentage=17.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. T. Thungam |party=Janata Party |votes=3,133 |percentage=17.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjalet |party=Independent politician |votes=2,065 |percentage=11.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shekarnong Sankhil |party=Independent politician |votes=1,716 |percentage=9.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Runshung |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=1,462 |percentage=8.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mk. Angam |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,824 |percentage=15.45% |change= {{increase}}14.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,277 |percentage=86.88% |change= {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,036 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Kuki National Assembly |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. T. Thungam |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=3,490 |percentage=24.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nula Thumsing |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,303 |percentage=22.87% |change={{decrease}}17.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Linus Linakhohao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,812 |percentage=19.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paokhohang Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=2,626 |percentage=18.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shetwor Lamkang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,041 |percentage=14.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=187 |percentage=1.29% |change= {{decrease}}17.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,444 |percentage=90.01% |change= {{increase}}13.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,047 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}34.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. T. Thungam |party=Independent politician |votes=6,064 |percentage=58.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Linus Liankhohao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,163 |percentage=40.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,901 |percentage=18.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,383 |percentage=76.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,597 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chandel district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.32|94.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Chandel district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Jashubhai Rathva

2026-04-10T01:03:36Z

Alicolours: New New Pg!

{{Short description|Member of Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jashubhai Bhilubhai Rathva
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Gitaben Rathva]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Jashubhai Bhilubhai Rathva''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0621.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/gujarat/chhota-udaipur/candidateshow/jashubhai-bhilubhai-rathva-2001 |title=Jashubhai Bhilubhai Rathva, Bharatiya Janata Party Representative for Chhota Udaipur |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/jashubhai-bhilubhai-rathva-06021-1 |title=Jashubhai Bhilubhai Rathva, BJP Election Results LIVE |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election of India]], he defended [[Sukhram Rathva]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by 398777 votes.<ref name="eci"/>

==See also==
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathva, Jashubhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant

2026-04-07T12:35:30Z

Alicolours: made new post

{{Short description|Variant of SARS-CoV-2 detected late 2020}}
{{main|Variants of SARS-CoV-2}}
{{For|lineage B.1.617.1|SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{About-distinguish-text|a variant of the virus that causes COVID-19|the [[Deltacoronavirus]] grouping of coronavirus species that affects birds and non-human mammals}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox SARS-CoV-2 Variant
| variant = Delta
| otherNames = Indian Variant, Variant of Concern 21APR-02 (VOC-21APR-02),<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=expert reaction to VUI-21APR-02/B.1.617.2 being classified by PHE as a variant of concern |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-vui-21apr-02-b-1-617-2-being-classified-by-phe-as-a-variant-of-concern/?cli_action=1621097773.028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713012051/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-vui-21apr-02-b-1-617-2-being-classified-by-phe-as-a-variant-of-concern/?cli_action=1621097773.028 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Science Media Centre}}</ref> G/452R.V3, 21A, 21A/S:478K<ref name="who-update-8june2021">{{cite tech report |type=Situation report |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 for 8 June 2021 |institution=World Health Organization |date=8 June 2021 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---8-june-2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615112029/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---8-june-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="who-update-22june">{{cite tech report |type=Situation report |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 22 June 2021 |institution=World Health Organization |date=22 June 2021 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-june-2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629142153/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-june-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| status = [[Variant of concern]]
| dateReported = {{start date and age|2023|07|24|df=y}}
| reportedLocation = [[India]]
| lineage = B.1.617.2
| omicron = no
| hidemap = yes
| symptoms = {{plainlist|
* None
* [[Headache]]<ref name="Grover2021">{{cite news|last=Grover|first=Natalie|date=14 June 2021|title=Delta variant Covid symptoms 'include headaches, sore throat and runny nose'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/14/delta-variant-covid-symptoms-include-headaches-sore-throat-and-runny-nose|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=2021-06-30|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614175342/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/14/delta-variant-covid-symptoms-include-headaches-sore-throat-and-runny-nose|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2021">{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Michelle |date=14 June 2021 |title=Headache and runny nose linked to Delta variant |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-57467051 |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |access-date=2021-07-02 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614182540/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-57467051 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sore throat]]<ref name="Grover2021"/>
* [[Rhinorrhea|Running nose]]<ref name="Grover2021"/><ref name="Roberts2021"/>
* [[Fever]]<ref name="Grover2021"/>
}}
}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|expanded=}}

The '''Delta variant''' (B.1.617.2) was<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants |url=https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=www.who.int |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609115218/https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Variants of concern |url=https://www.cdgn.org.au/variants-of-concern |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=CDGN |language=en-US |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713012219/https://www.cdgn.org.au/variants-of-concern |url-status=live }}</ref> a variant of [[SARS-CoV-2]], the virus that causes [[COVID-19]]. It was first detected in India on 5 October 2020. The Delta variant was named on 31 May 2021 and had spread to over 179 countries by 22 November 2021. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) indicated in June 2021 that the Delta variant was becoming the dominant strain globally.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lovelace|first=Berkeley Jr.|date=2021-06-18|title=WHO says delta is becoming the dominant Covid variant globally|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/18/who-says-delta-is-becoming-the-dominant-covid-variant-globally.html|access-date=2021-11-01|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104192707/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/18/who-says-delta-is-becoming-the-dominant-covid-variant-globally.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It has mutations in the gene encoding the SARS-CoV-2 [[coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]]<ref name=":3" /> causing the substitutions T478K, [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2#P681R|P681R]] and [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2#L452R|L452R]],<ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=expert reaction to VUI-21APR-02/B.1.617.2 being classified by PHE as a variant of concern|url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-vui-21apr-02-b-1-617-2-being-classified-by-phe-as-a-variant-of-concern/?cli_action=1621097773.028|access-date=18 June 2021|website=sciencemediacentre.org|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713012051/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-vui-21apr-02-b-1-617-2-being-classified-by-phe-as-a-variant-of-concern/?cli_action=1621097773.028|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SGDB" /> which are known to affect transmissibility of the virus as well as whether it can be neutralised by antibodies for previously circulating variants of the COVID-19 virus.<ref name="ECDC1" /> In August 2021, [[Public Health England]] (PHE) reported secondary [[attack rate]] in household contacts of non-travel or unknown cases for Delta to be 10.8% ''vis-à-vis'' 10.2% for the [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha variant]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technical Briefing 20 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England|date=6 Aug 2021|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009243/Technical_Briefing_20.pdf|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215060027/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009243/Technical_Briefing_20.pdf|url-status=live}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> the [[case fatality rate]] for those 386,835 people with Delta is 0.3%, where 46% of the cases and 6% of the deaths are unvaccinated and below 50 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technical Briefing 21 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England|date=2021-08-20|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1012644/Technical_Briefing_21.pdf|work=Public Health England|access-date=28 August 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723004225/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1001358/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_18.pdf|url-status=live}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> [[Immunity (medical)|Immunity]] from previous recovery<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Sivan Gazit |title=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Naturally Acquired Immunity versus Vaccine-induced Immunity, Reinfections versus Breakthrough Infections: A Retrospective Cohort Study |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2022 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=e545–e551 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac262 |pmid=35380632 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415v1|pmc=9047157 }} The study in Israel tracked 46035 unvaccinated recovered and 46035 vaccinated people of the same age distribution, to compare their infection occurrence in the follow-up period. 640 infections and 21 hospitalization in the vaccinated group and 108 infections and 4 hospitalizations in the recovered group were recorded.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3146656/past-covid-19-reduces-risk-reinfection-delta-variant-pfizer |title= Past Covid-19 reduces risk of reinfection from Delta variant more than Pfizer vaccine |work= Bloomberg |date= 2021-08-27 |access-date= 31 August 2021 |archive-date= 21 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211021115547/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3146656/past-covid-19-reduces-risk-reinfection-delta-variant-pfizer |url-status= live }}</ref> or [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s are effective in preventing severe disease or hospitalisation from infection with the variant.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Burn-Murdoch|first1=John|last2=Mancini|first2=Donato Paolo|date=9 July 2021|title=How effective are coronavirus vaccines against the Delta variant?|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5a24d39a-a702-40d2-876d-b12a524dc9a5|access-date=23 July 2021|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220225409/https://www.ft.com/content/5a24d39a-a702-40d2-876d-b12a524dc9a5|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 May 2021, PHE changed their classification of lineage B.1.617.2 from a variant under investigation (VUI) to a [[variant of concern]] (VOC) based on an assessment of transmissibility being at least equivalent to B.1.1.7 ([[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha variant]]);<ref name=gov.uk.May.7>{{cite web | website = www.gov.uk | url = https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk | title = Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK | date = 7 May 2021 | access-date = 7 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507162335/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk | archive-date = 7 May 2021 | url-status = live}} {{OGL-attribution | version = 3.0}}</ref> the UK's [[Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies|SAGE]] using May data estimated a "realistic" possibility of being 50% more transmissible.<ref>{{cite news | title = Is The Variant From India The Most Contagious Coronavirus Mutant On The Planet? | date = 14 May 2021 | url = https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/05/07/994710459/is-the-variant-from-india-the-most-contagious-coronavirus-mutant-on-the-planet | work = NPR | access-date = 19 July 2021 | archive-date = 2 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210802202618/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/05/07/994710459/is-the-variant-from-india-the-most-contagious-coronavirus-mutant-on-the-planet | url-status = live }} cited {{cite web | date = 13 May 2021 | title = Eighty-ninth SAGE meeting on COVID-19, 13 May 2021 (Held via Video Teleconference) | url = https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/986564/S1236_Eighty-nineth_SAGE_meeting.pdf | publisher = UK Government | access-date = 19 July 2021 | archive-date = 16 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231221/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/986564/S1236_Eighty-nineth_SAGE_meeting.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> On 11 May 2021, the WHO also classified this lineage VOC, and said that it showed evidence of higher transmissibility and reduced neutralisation. On 15 June 2021, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) declared Delta a variant of concern.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dls/locs/2021/06-15-2021-lab-advisory-CDC_SARS-CoV-2_Variant_B_1_617_2_Delta.html | title = 06/15/2021: Lab Advisory: CDC Classifies SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.617.2 (Delta) a Variant of Concern | date = 15 June 2021 | publisher = CDC | access-date = 7 July 2021 | archive-date = 9 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185404/https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dls/locs/2021/06-15-2021-lab-advisory-CDC_SARS-CoV-2_Variant_B_1_617_2_Delta.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The variant is thought to be partly responsible for [[COVID-19 pandemic in India#2021|India's deadly second wave]] of the pandemic beginning in February 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/india-covid-explainer-what-we-know-about-the-bpoint1point617-variant.html WHO labels a Covid strain in India as a 'variant of concern' — here's what we know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601032316/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/india-covid-explainer-what-we-know-about-the-bpoint1point617-variant.html |date=1 June 2021 }}, CNBC, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57067190 "WHO says India Covid variant of 'global concern{{'"}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529204522/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57067190 |date=29 May 2021 }}, BBC News, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narang |first=Deepanshu |title=COVID-19: The Second Wave May Not Be the Last – but Which One Will Be? – The Wire Science |date=22 April 2021 |url=https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-the-second-wave-may-not-be-the-last-but-which-one-will-be/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515002010/https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-the-second-wave-may-not-be-the-last-but-which-one-will-be/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It later contributed to a third wave in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji|Fiji]], the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Mishra|first1=Swapnil|last2=Mindermann|first2=Sören|last3=Sharma|first3=Mrinank|last4=Whittaker|first4=Charles|last5=Mellan|first5=Thomas A.|last6=Wilton|first6=Thomas|last7=Klapsa|first7=Dimitra|last8=Mate|first8=Ryan|last9=Fritzsche|first9=Martin|last10=Zambon|first10=Maria|last11=Ahuja|first11=Janvi|date=2021-09-01|title=Changing composition of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and rise of Delta variant in England|journal=eClinicalMedicine|language=English|volume=39|article-number=101064|doi=10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101064|issn=2589-5370|pmid=34401689|pmc=8349999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=22 June 2021|title=Delta coronavirus variant: scientists brace for impact|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=595|issue=7865|pages=17–18|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01696-3|pmid=34158664|bibcode=2021Natur.595...17C|s2cid=235609029|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rob Picheta|title=Britain thinks it can out-vaccinate the Delta variant. The world isn't so sure|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/30/health/uk-delta-covid-variant-lessons-cmd-gbr-intl/index.html|access-date=2 July 2021|website=CNN|date=30 June 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701181911/https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/30/health/uk-delta-covid-variant-lessons-cmd-gbr-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa|South Africa]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=4 July 2021|title=Health service buckling as third coronavirus wave fuelled by Delta variant sweeps across South Africa|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/04/health-service-buckling-as-third-coronavirus-wave-fuelled-by-delta-variant-sweeps-across-south-africa|access-date=7 July 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707102020/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/04/health-service-buckling-as-third-coronavirus-wave-fuelled-by-delta-variant-sweeps-across-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> and the WHO warned in July 2021 that it could have a similar effect elsewhere in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|Europe]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ellyatt|first=Holly|date=1 July 2021|title=New Covid wave could be imminent as delta variant sweeps Europe, WHO says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/01/new-covid-wave-has-arrived-in-europe-who-says.html|access-date=2 July 2021|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702182220/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/01/new-covid-wave-has-arrived-in-europe-who-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> By late July, it had also driven an increase in daily infections in parts of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Asia|Asia]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 July 2021|title=Delta variant: Which Asian countries are seeing rising cases?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53420537|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102180106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53420537|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|United States]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2021|title=US in 'another pivotal moment' as Delta variant drives surge in Covid cases|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jul/22/us-covid-cases-rise-delta-variant|access-date=23 July 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022074324/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jul/22/us-covid-cases-rise-delta-variant|url-status=live}}</ref> [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australia]], and [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2021|title=New Zealand suspends quarantine-free travel bubble with Australia|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-07-23/new-zealand-suspends-quarantine-free-travel-bubble-with-australia|access-date=23 July 2021|website=ITV News|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125141258/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-07-23/new-zealand-suspends-quarantine-free-travel-bubble-with-australia|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Classification ==
The Delta variant has mutations in the gene encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=Jian |last2=Yushun |first2=Wan |last3=Lou |first3=Chuming |last4=Ye |first4=Gang |last5=Geng |first5=Qibin |last6=Auerbach |first6=Ashley |last7=Fang |first7=Li |date=2020 |title=Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=117 |issue=21 |pages=11727–11734 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2003138117 |pmid=32376634 |pmc=7260975 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11711727S |doi-access=free }}</ref> causing the substitutions [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2#D614G|D614G]], T478K, [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2#P681R|P681R]] and [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2#L452R|L452R]].<ref name="CDC variants" /><ref name="SGDB">{{cite journal |last1=Starr |first1=Tyler N. |last2=Greaney |first2=Allison J. |last3=Dingens |first3=Adam S. |last4=Bloom |first4=Jesse D. |title=Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016 |journal=Cell Reports Medicine |date=April 2021 |volume=2 |issue=4 |article-number=100255 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100255 |pmid=33842902 |pmc=8020059 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is identified as the 21A, 21I, and 21J [[clade]]s under the [[Nextstrain]] phylogenetic classification system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus - Global subsampling (Filtered to B.1.617)|url=https://nextstrain.org/ncov/global?f_emerging_lineage=B.1.617|access-date=2021-05-05|website=nextstrain.org|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713012054/https://nextstrain.org/ncov/gisaid/global?f_emerging_lineage=B.1.617|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Names ===
The virus has also been referred to by the term "Indian Variant"<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|date=7 June 2021|title=Covid Indian variant: Where is it, how does it spread and is it more infectious?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57157496|website=bbc.com|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112132531/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57157496|url-status=live}}</ref> as it was originally detected in India. However, the Delta variant is only one of three variants of the [[SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617|lineage B.1.617]], all of which were first detected in India.<ref name="WHO 27April2">{{cite web|date=27 April 2021|title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 27 April 2021|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20210427_weekly_epi_update_37.pdf?sfvrsn=a1ab459c_9&download=true|access-date=2021-09-07|website=World Health Organization|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623183141/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20210427_weekly_epi_update_37.pdf?sfvrsn=a1ab459c_9&download=true|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of May 2021, the WHO assigned the label Delta to lineage B.1.617.2 after introducing a new policy of using [[Greek alphabet|Greek letters]] for variants of concern and variants of interest.<ref name="BBC.May.31.2021">{{cite news|date=31 May 2021|title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531234528/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other sublineages of B.1.617===
There are three sublineages of [[lineage B.1.617]] categorised so far.

B.1.617.1 ([[SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant|Kappa variant]]) was designated a Variant Under Investigation in April 2021 by [[Public Health England]]. Later in April 2021, two other variants B.1.617.2 and B.1.617.3 were designated as Variants Under Investigation. While B.1.617.3 shares the L452R and E484Q mutations found in B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2 lacks the E484Q mutation. B.1.617.2 has the T478K mutation, not found in B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.3.<ref>{{cite web |title=SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2021-05-16 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616060332/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Di Giacomo et al.">{{cite journal| title=Preliminary report on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike mutation T478K |last1=Di Giacomo |first1=Simone |last2=Mercatelli |first2=Daniele |last3=Rakhimov |first3=Amir |last4=Giorgi |first4=Federico M.|journal=Journal of Medical Virology | year=2021 |volume=93 |issue=9 |pages=5638–5643 | doi=10.1002/jmv.27062 | pmid=33951211 |pmc=8242375 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Simultaneously, the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|ECDC]] released a brief maintaining all three sublineages of B.1.617 as VOI, estimating that a "greater understanding of the risks related to these B.1.617 lineages is needed before any modification of current measures can be considered".<ref>{{cite web |title=Threat Assessment Brief: Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variants in India and situation in the EU/EEA |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/threat-assessment-emergence-sars-cov-2-b1617-variants |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=2021-05-11 |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517045039/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/threat-assessment-emergence-sars-cov-2-b1617-variants |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Mutations===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="400px">
File:SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.svg|Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on Spike<ref>[https://covdb.stanford.edu/page/mutation-viewer/#sec_delta Spike Variants: Delta variant, aka B.1.617.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630221011/https://covdb.stanford.edu/page/mutation-viewer/#sec_delta |date=30 June 2021 }} 24 June 2021, ''covdb.stanford.edu'', accessed 1 July 2021</ref>
</gallery>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" align="right" style="text-align: center;"
|+ {{nowrap|Defining mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant{{Break}} }}
! [[Gene]]
! [[Nucleotide]]
! [[Amino acid]]
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[ORF1b]]
| || P314L
|-
| || P1000L
|-
!rowspan="10"| [[coronavirus spike protein|Spike]]
| || G142D
|-
| || T19R
|-
| || R158G
|-
| || L452R
|-
| || T478K
|-
| || D614G
|-
| || P681R
|-
| || D950N
|-
| || E156del
|-
| || F157del
|-
!rowspan="1"| [[coronavirus membrane protein|M]]
| || I82T
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[coronavirus nucleocapsid protein|N]]
| || D63G
|-
| || R203M
|-
| || D377Y
|-
!rowspan="1"| [[ORF3a]]
| || S26L
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[ORF7a]]
| || V82A
|-
| || T120I
|- style="text-align:left;" class="sortbottom"
| colspan="3" | Sources: CDC<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html |title=SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions |author= |date=15 June 2021 |website=cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194456/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Covariants.org<ref name="Nextstrain1">{{cite web |url=https://covariants.org/variants/21A.S.478K |title=Dedicated 21A.S.478K Nextstrain build |date=15 June 2021 |website=covariants.org |access-date=2021-06-19 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201154/https://covariants.org/variants/21A.S.478K |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
The Delta/ B.1.617.2 genome has at least 13 mutations which produce alterations in the amino-acid sequences of the proteins it encodes.<ref name="SMC1">{{cite web|title=Expert reaction to cases of variant B.1.617 (the 'Indian variant') being investigated in the UK|url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/|access-date=20 April 2021|publisher=Science Media Centre|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514163611/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The list of [[coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]] mutations is: 19R, (G142D), Δ156-157, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, D950N according to GVN,<ref>{{cite web|title=Delta (B.1.617.2) - GVN|date=10 May 2021|url=https://gvn.org/covid-19/delta-b-1-617-2/|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220000128/https://gvn.org/covid-19/delta-b-1-617-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> or T19R, G142D, del 156–157, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R according to Genscript<ref>{{cite web|title=SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S1, T19R, G142D, del 156-157, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, His Tag) - Genscript|url=https://www.genscript.com/protein/Z03612-SARS_CoV_2_Spike_protein_S1_T19R_G142D_del_156_157_R158G_L452R_T478K_D614G_P681R_His_Tag_.html|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129022011/https://www.genscript.com/protein/Z03612-SARS_CoV_2_Spike_protein_S1_T19R_G142D_del_156_157_R158G_L452R_T478K_D614G_P681R_His_Tag_.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Four of them, all of which are in the virus's [[coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]] code, are of particular concern:
* D614G. The substitution at position 614, an [[aspartic acid]]-to-[[glycine]] [[Amino acid replacement|substitution]], is shared with other highly transmissible variants like [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] and [[SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant|Gamma]].<ref name="ECDC1">{{cite web |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as of 24 May 2021 |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2021-08-06 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103810/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |url-status=live }}</ref>
* T478K.<ref name="ECDC1" /><ref name="CDC variants">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html |title=SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions |website=CDC.gov |date=11 February 2020 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616060332/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The exchange at position 478 is a [[threonine]]-to-[[lysine]] substitution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenwood |first=Michael |date=30 March 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 mutation T478K spreading at alarming speed in Mexico |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210330/SARS-CoV-2-mutation-T478K-spreading-at-alarming-speed-in-Mexico.aspx |work=Medical News |access-date=2021-06-15 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185919/https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210330/SARS-CoV-2-mutation-T478K-spreading-at-alarming-speed-in-Mexico.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
* L452R. The substitution at position 452, a [[leucine]]-to-[[arginine]] substitution, confers stronger affinity of the spike protein for the [[ACE2]] receptor<ref>{{cite journal |last1=South |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Diz |first2=Debra I. |last3=Chappell |first3=Mark C. |title=COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences |journal= American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology|date=1 May 2020 |volume=318 |issue=5 |pages=H1084–H1090 |doi=10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2020|pmid=32228252 |pmc=7191628 }}</ref> and decreased recognition capability of the immune system.<ref name=SGDB/><ref name=ZDCSPV>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Wenjuan |last2=Davis |first2=Brian D. |last3=Chen |first3=Stephanie S. |last4=Sincuir Martinez |first4=Jorge M. |last5=Plummer |first5=Jasmine T. |last6=Vail |first6=Eric |title=Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California |journal=JAMA |date=6 April 2021 |volume=325 |issue=13 |pages=1324–1326 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.1612|pmid=33571356 |pmc=7879386 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* P681R. The substitution at position 681, a [[proline]]-to-[[arginine]] substitution, which, according to [[William A. Haseltine]], may boost cell-level infectivity of the variant "by facilitating cleavage of the S precursor protein to the active S1/S2 configuration".<ref name=Haseltine>{{cite news |last1=Haseltine |first1=William |title=An Indian SARS-CoV-2 Variant Lands In California. More Danger Ahead? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2021/04/12/an-indian-sars-cov-2-variant-lands-in-california-more-danger-ahead/ |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413213549/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2021/04/12/an-indian-sars-cov-2-variant-lands-in-california-more-danger-ahead/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The E484Q mutation is not present in the B.1.617.2 genome.<ref name=Haseltine/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Markus |last2=Hofmann-Winkler |first2=Heike |last3=Krüger |first3=Nadine |last4=Kempf |first4=Amy |last5=Nehlmeier |first5=Inga |last6=Graichen |first6=Luise |last7=Arora |first7=Prerna |last8=Sidarovich |first8=Anzhalika |last9=Moldenhauer |first9=Anna-Sophie |last10=Winkler |first10=Martin S. |last11=Schulz |first11=Sebastian |last12=Jäck |first12=Hans-Martin |last13=Stankov |first13=Metodi V. |last14=Behrens |first14=Georg M.N. |last15=Pöhlmann |first15=Stefan |title=SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 is resistant to Bamlanivimab and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination |journal=Cell Reports |date=June 2021 |volume=36 |issue=3 |article-number=109415 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109415 |pmid=34270919 |pmc=8238662 |issn=2211-1247|doi-access=free|quote=''Collectively, our study reveals that antibody evasion of B.1.617 may contribute to the rapid spread of this variant... ...The RBD of the B.1.617 S protein harbors two mutations associated with (L452R) or suspected (E484Q) of antibody evasion... ...Moreover, E484K present the B.1.351 and P.1 variants confers antibody resistance (Li et al., 2021) and one could speculate that exchange E484Q might have a similar effect.''}}</ref>

===Lineages===
As of August 2021, Delta variants have been subdivided in the Pango lineage designation system into variants from AY.1 to AY.28. However, there is no information on whether such classification correlates with biological characteristic changes of the virus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/2019-ncov/2484-idsc/10623-covid19-57.html |title=感染・伝播性の増加や抗原性の変化が懸念される新型コロナウイルス(SARS-CoV-2)の新規変異株について (第13報) |trans-title=Infection: New variant of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): concerns as to increased infectivity / transmission and changes in antigenicity |author= |date=28 August 2021 |website=niid.go.jp |publisher=[[National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Japan)|National Institute of Infectious Diseases]] (NIID) |language=Japanese |access-date=2021-09-05 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903035806/https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/2019-ncov/2484-idsc/10623-covid19-57.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By August 2021, AY.4 to AY.11 were predominant in the UK, AY.12 in Israel, AY.2, AY.3, AY.13, AY.14, AY.25 in the US, AY.20 in the US and Mexico, AY.15 in Canada, AY.16 in Kenya, AY.17 in Ireland and Northern Ireland, AY.19 in South Africa, AY.21 in Italy and Switzerland, AY.22 in Portugal, AY.24 in Indonesia, and AY.23 in Indonesia, Singapore, Japan, and South Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pango.network/new-ay-lineages-and-an-update-to-ay-4-ay-12/ |title=New AY lineages and an update to AY.4-AY.12 |author= |date=27 August 2021 |website=pango.network |publisher=PANGO Network |access-date=2021-09-05 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126125853/https://www.pango.network/new-ay-lineages-and-an-update-to-ay-4-ay-12/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===="Delta plus" variant====
{{See also|Variants of SARS-CoV-2#Delta (lineage B.1.617.2)}}
Delta with K417N originally corresponded to lineages AY.1 and AY.2,<ref>{{cite tech report |type=Briefing |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 16 |id=GOV-8641 |institution=Public Health England |date=2021-06-18 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/994839/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_16.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref> subsequently also lineage AY.3,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://covid19.colorado.gov/press-release/cdphe-to-update-variant-data-to-align-with-cdc |title=CDPHE to update variant data to align with CDC |author= |date=August 17, 2021 |website=[[Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment]] |publisher=State of Colorado |access-date=October 25, 2021 |quote=AY.1, AY.2, and AY.3 -- commonly referred to as delta plus |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027053014/https://covid19.colorado.gov/press-release/cdphe-to-update-variant-data-to-align-with-cdc |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has been nicknamed "Delta plus" or "Nepal variant".<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Cutler, S |title='Nepal variant': what we've learned so far |url=https://theconversation.com/nepal-variant-what-weve-learned-so-far-162227 |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Conversation |date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618153113/https://theconversation.com/nepal-variant-what-weve-learned-so-far-162227 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has the K417N mutation,<ref name=plus/> which is also present in the [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta variant]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sample |first1=Ian |title=Nepal Covid variant: does it exist and should we be concerned? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/03/nepal-covid-variant-does-it-exist-should-concerned |access-date=June 23, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 3, 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623151542/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/03/nepal-covid-variant-does-it-exist-should-concerned |url-status=live }}</ref> The exchange at position 417 is a lysine-to-[[asparagine]] substitution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Julian W. |last2=Oliver |first2=T.R. |date=2021 |title=Introduction of the South African SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 into the UK |journal=The Journal of Infection |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=e8–e10 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.007| issn=0163-4453 |pmc=7813514 |pmid=33472093 }}</ref>

By mid-October 2021, the AY.3 variant accounted for a cumulative prevalence of approximately 5% in the United States, and 2% worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=AY.3 Lineage Report |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?loc=USA&pango=AY.3&selected=USA |website=outbreak.info |date= |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720085012/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?loc=USA&pango=AY.3&selected=USA |url-status=live }} Updates constantly.</ref> In mid-October 2021, the AY.4.2 Delta sublineage was expanding in England, and being monitored and assessed. It contained the A222V and Y145H mutations in its spike protein,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1025827/Technical_Briefing_25.pdf |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical briefing 25 |author= |date=October 15, 2021 |publisher=[[UK Health Security Agency]] |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124083609/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1025827/Technical_Briefing_25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> not considered of particular concern. It has been suggested that AY.4.2 might be 10-15% more transmissible than the original Delta variant, with the media also dubbing this Delta subvariant "Delta Plus".<ref name="Delta Plus">{{cite web|url=https://www.contagionlive.com/view/what-is-known-about-the-new-ay-4-2-delta-plus-variant|title=What Is Known about the New AY.4.2 "Delta Plus" Variant|author=Nina Cosdon|work=Contagion Live|date=28 October 2021|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> As of mid-October 2021, AY.4.2 accounted for an estimated 10% of cases, and has led to an additional growth rate rising to about 1% (10% of 10%) per generational time of five days or so. This additional growth rate would grow with increasing prevalence. Without AY.4.2 and no other changes, the number of cases in the UK would have been about 10% lower.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Offshoot of Covid Delta variant on the rise in England |last=Davis |first=Nicola |newspaper=The Guardian |date=19 October 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/19/fears-grow-in-england-over-rise-of-new-covid-delta-variant |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125172015/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/19/fears-grow-in-england-over-rise-of-new-covid-delta-variant |url-status=live }}</ref> AY.4.2 grows about 15% faster per week.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England: technical briefing 29|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1036501/Technical_Briefing_29_published_26_November_2021.pdf|access-date=2021-10-30|website=GOV.UK|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127004349/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1036501/Technical_Briefing_29_published_26_November_2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the UK it was reclassified as a "variant under investigation" (but not "of concern") in late October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delta 'Plus' Covid variant may be more transmissible |last=Roberts |first=Michelle |website=BBC News |date=22 October 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-59009293 |access-date=22 October 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217230327/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-59009293 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Denmark, after a drop in AY.4.2 cases, a new fast surge was detected and monitored, but was not yet considered a cause of concern.<ref>{{Cite web|last=name|title=Den nye Delta-undervariant AY.4.2 viser ikke tegn på nedsat vaccineeffektivitet|url=https://www.ssi.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/2021/den-nye-delta-undervariant-ay42-viser-ikke-tegn-pa-nedsat-vaccineeffektivitet|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.ssi.dk|date=10 November 2021 |language=da|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130084732/https://www.ssi.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/2021/den-nye-delta-undervariant-ay42-viser-ikke-tegn-pa-nedsat-vaccineeffektivitet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=outbreak.info|url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=AY.4.2&loc=GBR&loc=GBR_GB-U2NvdGxhbmQ&loc=DNK&loc=DNK_DK-HS&loc=DNK_DK-SL&loc=DNK_DK-MJ&loc=DNK_DK-ND&overlay=false|access-date=2021-11-14|website=outbreak.info|language=en|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114183259/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=AY.4.2&loc=GBR&loc=GBR_GB-U2NvdGxhbmQ&loc=DNK&loc=DNK_DK-HS&loc=DNK_DK-SL&loc=DNK_DK-MJ&loc=DNK_DK-ND&overlay=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Symptoms==
{{Main|Symptoms of COVID-19}}
Overall, the symptoms of infection with the Delta variant are comparable to those of other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, weakness, coughing with [[sputum]], headache, shortness of breath ([[dyspnea]]), and aching muscle pain. Most people report the first symptoms to be a partial loss of sensation in part of one's body ([[hypoesthesia]]) or loss of the sense of smell and taste. In severe cases, dyspnea and low oxygen levels in the blood ([[hypoxemia]]) develop about one week after the onset of symptoms, while others quickly develop [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], [[septic shock]], [[metabolic acidosis]], coagulation dysfunction, and multiple organ failure.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhan Y, Yin H, Yin JY |date=14 February 2022 |title=B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant of SARS-CoV-2: features, transmission and potential strategies |journal=Int J Biol Sci |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=1844–1851 |doi=10.7150/ijbs.66881 |pmc=8935235 |pmid=35342345}}</ref>

==Prevention==
{{See also|COVID-19#Prevention|Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine#Effectiveness|Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine#Effectiveness|Moderna COVID-19 vaccine#Effectiveness|Janssen COVID-19 vaccine#Clinical trials|Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine#Variants|Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine#Effectiveness|CoronaVac#Variants|Covaxin#Efficacy|ZF2001#Efficacy|Abdala (vaccine)#Efficacy}}
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width:350px;"
|+Summary of vaccine protection against Delta {{small|([[World Health Organization|WHO]]'s update, 24 August 2021<ref name="WHO-weekly-update-2021-08-24" />)}}
!Disease or infection
|'''Severe''': protection retained '''Symptomatic''': possibly reduced protection
|-
![[COVID-19#Prognosis and risk factors|Severe disease]]
|{{Steady}}: [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|AstraZeneca-Vaxzevria]](1), [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna]](1), [[Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|Pfizer-BioNTech]](2)
|-
!Symptomatic disease
|{{Steady}} to {{DecreaseNeutral}}: Pfizer-BioNTech(3) {{DecreaseNeutral}}: [[Covaxin]](1) {{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}: AstraZeneca-Vaxzevria(2)
|-
!Infection
|{{DecreaseNeutral}}: AstraZeneca-Vaxzevria(1), Pfizer-BioNTech(1)
|-
|colspan=2|{{smalldiv|Symbols indicate the magnitude of [[vaccine effectiveness]] (VE) reduction. Note that VE reduction doesn't mean loss of protection, because original high protection rate (such as 95%) with some reduction (such as 10%) would still retain protection (such as 85%). Enclosed in parentheses is the number of studies supporting the indication. Studies vary in population, outcome definitions, study design, etc., which may explain differences in VE estimates for a product in different studies. Also, the reductions represent VE estimates and do not represent uncertainties around the estimates which may vary substantially across studies. The VE reductions should be interpreted with these limitations.
{{Steady}}: VE reduces <10%, or VE >90% without comparator 
{{DecreaseNeutral}}: VE reduces between 10 and <20% 
{{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}: VE reduces between 20 and <30%}}
|}
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width:350px;"
|-
!Effects on neutralization (fully vaccinated)<ref name="WHO-weekly-update-2021-07-20">{{cite web | url = https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---20-july-2021 | title = Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 20 July 2021 | date = 2021-07-20 | website = World Health Organization | access-date = 26 July 2021 | archive-date = 23 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210723212538/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---20-july-2021 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|{{Steady}} to {{DecreaseNeutral}}: [[ZF2001|Anhui-ZIFIVAX]](2), [[Covaxin]](3) {{DecreaseNeutral}}: [[Janssen COVID-19 vaccine|Janssen]](3), [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna]](3), [[Covishield]](2) {{DecreaseNeutral}} to {{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}: [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|AstraZeneca-Vaxzevria]](4), [[Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|Pfizer-BioNTech]](8) {{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}:Moderna & Pfizer-BioNTech(1)'''*''' {{DecreaseNeutral}} to {{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}: [[Coronavac]](2)
|-
|{{small|Symbols indicate the magnitude of [[Neutralizing antibody|neutralization]] reduction with full vaccination. Enclosed in parentheses is the number of studies supporting the indication.}}
{{Steady}}: Neutralization reduces <2-fold 
{{DecreaseNeutral}}: Neutralization reduces 2 to <5-fold 
{{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}: Neutralization reduces 5 to <10-fold 
{{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}{{DecreaseNeutral}}: Neutralization reduces &GreaterEqual; 10-fold 
'''*''' Moderna & Pfizer-BioNTech were evaluated together.
|}
WHO has not issued preventative measures against Delta specifically; non-pharmaceutical measures recommended to prevent wild type COVID-19 should still be effective. These would include washing hands, wearing a mask, maintaining distance from others, avoiding touching the mouth, nose or eyes, avoiding crowded indoor spaces with poor ventilation especially where people are talking, going to get tested if one develops symptoms and isolating if one becomes sick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|website=WHO|title=Advice for Public|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126025750/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|url-status=live}}</ref> Public Health authorities should continue to find infected individuals using testing, trace their contacts, and isolate those who have tested positive or been exposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/teams/risk-communication/health-workers-and-administrators|website=WHO|title=Health Workers and Administrators|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813125804/https://www.who.int/teams/risk-communication/health-workers-and-administrators|url-status=live}}</ref> Event organizers should assess the potential risks of any mass gathering and develop a plan to mitigate these risks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-332235|website=WHO|title=Key planning recommendations for mass gatherings in the context of the current COVID-19 outbreak|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126235123/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-332235|url-status=live}}</ref> See also [[Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology)]].

The [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) found that convalescent [[serum (blood)|sera]] of the COVID-19 cases and recipients of [[Bharat Biotech]]'s [[BBV152]] (Covaxin) were able to neutralise VUI B.1.617 although with a lower efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=PD |last2=Sapkal |first2=GN |last3=Abraham |first3=P |last4=Ella |first4=R |last5=Deshpande |first5=G |last6=Patil |first6=DY |last7=Nyayanit |first7=DA |last8=Gupta |first8=N |last9=Sahay |first9=RR |last10=Shete |first10=AM |last11=Panda |first11=S |last12=Bhargava |first12=B |last13=Mohan |first13=VK |display-authors=6 |title=Neutralization of variant under investigation B.1.617 with sera of BBV152 vaccinees. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 May 2021 |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=366–368 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciab411 |pmid=33961693}}</ref>

[[Anurag Agrawal (medical scientist)|Anurag Agrawal]], the director of the [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] (IGIB), said the study on the effectiveness of the available vaccines on lineage B.1.617 suggests that post-vaccination, the infections are milder.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Covishield Covaxin effective against 'Indian strain' of coronavirus study suggests|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2021/04/27/del80-vaccine-double-mutant-efficacy.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812165450/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2021/04/27/del80-vaccine-double-mutant-efficacy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Anthony Fauci]], the [[Chief Medical Advisor to the President|Chief Medical Advisor to the President of the United States]], has also expressed his confidence regarding the preliminary results. In an interview on 28 April, he said: {{Blockquote|This is something where we're still gaining data daily. But the most recent data was looking at convalescent sera of COVID-19 cases and people who received the vaccine used in India, the Covaxin. It was found to neutralise the 617 variants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covaxin found to neutralise 617 variant of COVID-19, says Dr. Fauci |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/covaxin-found-to-neutralise-617-variant-of-covid-19-says-dr-fauci/article34428175.ece |work=The Hindu |date=28 April 2021 |language=en-IN |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812165514/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/covaxin-found-to-neutralise-617-variant-of-covid-19-says-dr-fauci/article34428175.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Another study by the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) in [[Hyderabad]] found [[Covishield]] (Oxford–AstraZeneca) vaccinated sera offers protection against lineage B.1.617.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covishield, Covaxin effective against 'Indian strain' of coronavirus, study suggests - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/covishield-covaxin-effective-against-indian-strain-of-coronavirus-study-suggests/82283901 |work=ETHealthworld.com |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=28 April 2021 |language=en |url-access=registration |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428152503/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/covishield-covaxin-effective-against-indian-strain-of-coronavirus-study-suggests/82283901 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A study conducted by [[Public Health England]] (PHE), found that compared to those who were unvaccinated those who were vaccinated with either the [[Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|Pfizer-BioNTech]] or [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|AstraZeneca-Oxford]] had 33% less instances of symptomatic disease caused by the variant after the first dose. Among those who were two weeks after the receiving their second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine 88% less subjects had symptomatic disease from the Delta variant versus those that were unvaccinated. Among those who were two weeks after the receiving their second dose of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine 60% less subjects had symptomatic disease from the Delta variant versus those that were unvaccinated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellyatt |first1=Holly |title=Two doses of Covid vaccines provide effective protection against variant found in India: Study |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/24/two-doses-of-covid-vaccines-provide-protection-against-india-variant.html |work=CNBC |date=2021-05-24 |language=en |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708093633/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/24/two-doses-of-covid-vaccines-provide-protection-against-india-variant.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Bernal |first1=Jamie Lopez |last2=Andrews |first2=Nick |last3=Gower |first3=Charlotte |last4=Gallagher |first4=Eileen |last5=Simmons |first5=Ruth |last6=Thelwall |first6=Simon |last7=Stowe |first7=Julia |last8=Tessier |first8=Elise |last9=Groves |first9=Natalie |last10=Dabrera |first10=Gavin |last11=Myers |first11=Richard |last12=Campbell |first12=Colin |last13=Amirthalingam |first13=Gayatri |last14=Edmunds |first14=Matt |last15=Zambon |first15=Maria |last16=Brown |first16=Kevin |last17=Hopkins |first17=Susan |last18=Chand |first18=Meera |last19=Ramsay |first19=Mary |display-authors=6 |title=Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=2021 |volume=385 |issue=7 |pages=585–594 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2108891 |pmid=34289274 |language=en |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658v1|pmc=8314739 }}</ref>

A study by a group of researchers from the [[Francis Crick Institute]], published in ''[[The Lancet]]'', shows that humans fully vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine are likely to have more than five times lower levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Delta variant compared to the original COVID-19 strain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wall |first1=Emma C |last2=Wu |first2=Mary |last3=Harvey |first3=Ruth |last4=Kelly |first4=Gavin |last5=Warchal |first5=Scott |last6=Sawyer |first6=Chelsea |last7=Daniels |first7=Rodney |last8=Hobson |first8=Philip |last9=Hatipoglu |first9=Emine |last10=Ngai |first10=Yenting |last11=Hussain |first11=Saira |last12=Nicod |first12=Jerome |last13=Goldstone |first13=Robert |last14=Ambrose |first14=Karen |last15=Hindmarsh |first15=Steve |last16=Beale |first16=Rupert |last17=Riddell |first17=Andrew |last18=Gamblin |first18=Steve |last19=Howell |first19=Michael |last20=Kassiotis |first20=George |last21=Libri |first21=Vincenzo |last22=Williams |first22=Bryan |last23=Swanton |first23=Charles |last24=Gandhi |first24=Sonia |last25=Bauer |first25=David LV |display-authors=6 |title=Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination |journal=The Lancet |date=June 2021 |volume=397 |issue=10292 |pages=2331–2333 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01290-3 |pmid=34090624 |issn=0140-6736|pmc=8175044 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19 vaccine: Pfizer jabs not the best for Delta variant, says Lancet study |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2021/jun/05/covid-19-vaccine-pfizer-jabs-not-the-best-for-delta-variant-says-lancet-study-2312005.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606180549/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2021/jun/05/covid-19-vaccine-pfizer-jabs-not-the-best-for-delta-variant-says-lancet-study-2312005.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2021, PHE announced it had conducted a study which found that after two shots, the [[Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine]] and the [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|AstraZeneca vaccine]] are respectively 96% and 92% effective at preventing hospitalisation from the Delta variant.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaccines highly effective against hospitalisation from Delta variant |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vaccines-highly-effective-against-hospitalisation-from-delta-variant |work=www.gov.uk |publisher=[[Public Health England]] |date=14 June 2021 |language=en |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620053601/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vaccines-highly-effective-against-hospitalisation-from-delta-variant |url-status=live }} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-14|title=UK study finds vaccines offer high protection against hospitalisation from Delta variant|language=en-GB|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/uk-study-finds-vaccines-offer-high-protection-against-hospitalisation-delta-2021-06-14/|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615142124/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/uk-study-finds-vaccines-offer-high-protection-against-hospitalisation-delta-2021-06-14/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On July 3, researchers from the universities of Toronto and Ottawa in Ontario, Canada, released a [[preprint]] study suggesting that the Moderna vaccine may be effective against death or hospitalization from the Delta variant.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nasreen S, He S, Chung H, Brown KA, Gubbay JB, Buchan SA, Wilson SE, Sundaram ME, Fell DB, Chen B, Calzavara A, Austin PC, Schwartz KL, Tadrous M, Wilson K, Kwong JC |display-authors=6 |title=Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes with variants of concern in Ontario |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2022 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=379–385 |doi=10.1038/s41564-021-01053-0 |pmid=35132198 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.06.28.21259420v1|hdl=20.500.12648/14950 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{Unreliable medical source|reason=The effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca reported by this study is significantly higher than in most previously published research, so the reported effectiveness of Moderna may be overestimated.|date=July 2021}}

In a study of the [[University of Sri Jayewardenepura]] in July 2021 found the [[Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine|Sinopharm BIBP vaccine]] caused seroconversion in 95% of individuals studied that had received both doses of the vaccine. The rate was higher in 20-39 age group (98.9%) but slightly lower in the over 60 age group (93.3%). Neutralising antibodies were present among 81.25% of the vaccinated individuals studied.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title=Over 95% individuals developed antibodies against the Sinopharm vaccine - USJ Researchers|url=https://www.sjp.ac.lk/news/the-sinopharm-vaccine-induces-robust-antibody-responses-in-individuals-in-sri-lanka/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=USJ - University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka|language=en-US|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015180119/https://www.sjp.ac.lk/news/the-sinopharm-vaccine-induces-robust-antibody-responses-in-individuals-in-sri-lanka/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeewandara |first1=Chandima |last2=Aberathna |first2=Inoka Sepali |last3=Pushpakumara |first3=Pradeep Dharshana |last4=Kamaladasa |first4=Achala |last5=Guruge |first5=Dinuka |last6=Jayathilaka |first6=Deshni |last7=Gunesekara |first7=Banuri |last8=Tanussiya |first8=Shyrar |last9=Kuruppu |first9=Heshan |last10=Ranasinghe |first10=Thushali |last11=Dayarathne |first11=Shashika |title=Immune responses to Sinopharm/ BBIBP-CorV in individuals in Sri Lanka |journal=Immunology |date=2022 |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=275–285 |doi=10.1111/imm.13536 |pmid=35758860 |pmc=11495257 |language=en |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.07.15.21260621v1}}</ref>

On 29 June 2021, the director of the Gamaleya Institute, Denis Logunov, said that Sputnik V is about 90% effective against the Delta variant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-29|title=Russia's Sputnik V shot around 90% effective against Delta variant, developers say|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-less-effective-against-delta-variant-tass-2021-06-29/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Reuters|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728123855/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-less-effective-against-delta-variant-tass-2021-06-29/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On July 21, researchers from PHE published a study finding that the Pfizer vaccine was 93.7% effective against symptomatic disease from Delta after 2 doses, while the Astrazeneca vaccine was 67% effective.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lopez Bernal | first1 = Jamie | last2 = Andrews | first2 = Nick | last3 = Gower | first3 = Charlotte | last4 = Gallagher | first4 = Eileen | last5 = Simmons | first5 = Ruth | last6 = Thelwall | first6 = Simon | last7 = Stowe | first7 = Julia | last8 = Tessier | first8 = Elise | last9 = Groves | first9 = Natalie | last10 = Dabrera | first10 = Gavin | last11 = Myers | first11 = Richard | last12 = Campbell | first12 = Colin N.J. | last13 = Amirthalingam | first13 = Gayatri | last14 = Edmunds | first14 = Matt | last15 = Zambon | first15 = Maria | last16 = Brown | first16 = Kevin E. | last17 = Hopkins | first17 = Susan | last18 = Chand | first18 = Meera | last19 = Ramsay | first19 = Mary | title = Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | year = 2021 | volume = 385 | issue = 7 | pages = 585–594 | issn = 0028-4793 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa2108891| pmid = 34289274 | pmc = 8314739 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

On August 2, several experts expressed concern that achieving [[herd immunity]] may not currently be possible because the Delta variant is transmitted among those immunized with current vaccines.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dyer |first=Owen |date=2021-08-02 |title=Covid-19: Delta infections threaten herd immunity vaccine strategy |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1933 |journal=BMJ |volume=374 |article-number=n1933 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n1933 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=34340962 |s2cid=236778544 |doi-access=free |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204185117/https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1933/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On August 10, a study showed that the full vaccination coverage rate is correlated inversely to the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant mutation frequency in 16 countries (R-squared=0.878). Data strongly indicates that full vaccination against COVID-19 may slow down virus evolution.<ref>{{Cite medRxiv |vauthors=Yeh TY, Contreras, GP |date=2021-08-10 |title=Full vaccination suppresses SARS-CoV-2 delta variant mutation frequency |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.08.08.21261768v2}}</ref>

==Treatment==
{{See also|Treatment and management of COVID-19}}
In vitro experiments suggest that [[bamlanivimab]] may not be effective against Delta on its own.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Delphine Planas|date=2021-07-08|journal=Nature|title=Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization|volume=596|issue=7871|pages=276–280|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9|pmid=34237773|bibcode=2021Natur.596..276P|s2cid=235775860|doi-access=free}}</ref> At high enough concentrations, [[casirivimab]], [[etesevimab]] and [[imdevimab]] appear to still be effective. A preprint study suggests that [[sotrovimab]] may also be effective against Delta.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|author=Andrea Cathcart|date=2021-07-26|title=The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.09.434607}}</ref> Doctors in Singapore have been using supplemental oxygen, [[remdesivir]] and [[corticosteroids]] on more Delta patients than they did on previous variants.<ref>{{cite SSRN|author=Sean Wei Xiang Ong|date=2021-06-07|title=Clinical and Virological Features of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.315 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta)|ssrn=3861566}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width:300px;"
|+Summary of impacts for Delta'''*''' ([[World Health Organization|WHO]]'s update, 24 August 2021<ref name="WHO-weekly-update-2021-08-24">{{cite web|date=24 August 2021|title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 24 August 2021|url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---24-august-2021|website=World Health Organization|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118162556/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---24-august-2021|url-status=live}}</ref>)
![[Transmission (medicine)|Transmissibility]]
|Increased transmissibility and [[Secondary attack rate|Secondary attack rate]], similar transmissibility between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.
|-
![[Virulence]]
|Increased risk of hospitalization
|-
![[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2#Reinfection|Reinfection]]
|Decreased [[Neutralizing antibody|neutralizing activity]]
|-
!Diagnostics
|No impacts yet reported
|-
|colspan=2|'''*''' {{small|Generalized finding compared to other strains, based on evidence including non-peer-reviewed publications.}}
|}

=== Transmissibility ===
UK scientists have said that the Delta variant is between 40% and 60% more transmissible than the previously dominant [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha variant]], which was first identified in the UK (as the Kent variant).<ref name=SciAm-2021-06-29>{{cite magazine | title = How Dangerous Is the Delta Variant, and Will It Cause a COVID Surge in the U.S.? | date = 2021-06-29 | url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-dangerous-is-the-delta-variant-and-will-it-cause-a-covid-surge-in-the-u-s/ | magazine = Scientific American | access-date = 20 July 2021 | archive-date = 29 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211029141523/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-dangerous-is-the-delta-variant-and-will-it-cause-a-covid-surge-in-the-u-s/ | url-status = live }} cited {{cite web | date = 2021-06-02 | title = SPI-M-O: Consensus Statement on COVID-19 | url = https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993321/S1267_SPI-M-O_Consensus_Statement.pdf | website = UK Government | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210720075755/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993321/S1267_SPI-M-O_Consensus_Statement.pdf | archive-date = 2021-07-20 }}</ref> Given that Alpha is already 150% as transmissible as the original SARS-CoV-2 strain that emerged in late 2019 in [[Wuhan]],<ref name=SciAm-2021-06-29 /> and if Delta is 150% as transmissible as Alpha, then Delta may be 225% as transmissible as the original strain.<ref>{{cite news | title = With The Delta Variant Spreading Fast, Is It Time To Mask Up Again? | date = 2021-07-17 | url = https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/07/17/1017075240/delta-variant-is-spreading-fast-and-new-cases-are-rising-is-time-to-mask-up-agai | work = [[NPR]] |last1=Aubrey |first1=Allison |last2=Simmons-Duffin |first2=Selena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802175506/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/07/17/1017075240/delta-variant-is-spreading-fast-and-new-cases-are-rising-is-time-to-mask-up-agai |archive-date=2021-08-02}} cited {{cite news | title = Is The Variant From India The Most Contagious Coronavirus Mutant On The Planet? | date = 2021-05-14 |last= Doucleff |first=Michaeleen| url = https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/05/07/994710459/is-the-variant-from-india-the-most-contagious-coronavirus-mutant-on-the-planet | work = [[NPR]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802202618/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/05/07/994710459/is-the-variant-from-india-the-most-contagious-coronavirus-mutant-on-the-planet |archive-date=2021-08-02}}</ref> [[BBC News|BBC]] reported that [[Basic reproduction number|<math>R_0</math>]]{{snd}}[[basic reproduction number]], or the expected number of cases directly generated by one case in a population where all individuals are susceptible to infection{{snd}}for the first detected SARS-CoV-2 virus is 2.4–2.6, whereas Alpha's reproduction number is 4–5 and Delta's is 5–9.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kollmeyer |first=Barbara |date=2020-07-30 |title='As transmissible as chickenpox.' Here's the CDC report on the delta variant that led to new mask policy. |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/as-transmissible-as-chickenpox-heres-the-cdc-report-on-the-delta-variant-that-led-to-new-mask-policy-11627631064 |url-status=live |work=[[MarketWatch]] |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802003615/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/as-transmissible-as-chickenpox-heres-the-cdc-report-on-the-delta-variant-that-led-to-new-mask-policy-11627631064 |archive-date=2021-08-02 |access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get? | date = 2021-06-12 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57431420 | work = [[BBC News]] |last=Gallagher |first=James |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803002316/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57431420 |archive-date=2021-08-03}}</ref> These basic reproduction numbers can be compared to [[MERS]] (0.29-0.80<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kucharski AJ, Althaus CL | title = The role of superspreading in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) transmission | journal = Euro Surveillance | volume = 20 | issue = 25 | pages = 14–8 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26132768 | doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.25.21167 | doi-access = free }}</ref>), seasonal [[influenza]] (1.2–1.4<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chowell G, Miller MA, Viboud C | title = Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control | journal = Epidemiology and Infection | volume = 136 | issue = 6 | pages = 852–64 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 17634159 | doi = 10.1017/S0950268807009144 | url= | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | pmc = 2680121 | quote = The reproduction number across influenza seasons and countries lied in the range 0.9–2.0 with an overall mean of 1.3, and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.4. }}</ref>), [[Ebola]] (1.4–1.8<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong ZS, Bui CM, Chughtai AA, Macintyre CR | title = A systematic review of early modelling studies of Ebola virus disease in West Africa | journal = Epidemiology and Infection | volume = 145 | issue = 6 | pages = 1069–1094 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28166851 | doi = 10.1017/S0950268817000164 | pmc = 9507849 | quote = The median of the R0 mean estimate for the ongoing epidemic (overall) is 1.78 (interquartile range: 1.44, 1.80) | doi-access = free }}</ref>), the [[common cold]] (2–3<ref name="Telegraph Ebola">{{cite web | vauthors = Freeman C |title=Magic formula that will determine whether Ebola is beaten |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ebola/11213280/Magic-formula-that-will-determine-whether-Ebola-is-beaten.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ebola/11213280/Magic-formula-that-will-determine-whether-Ebola-is-beaten.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |website=The Telegraph |date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Telegraph.Co.Uk |access-date=30 March 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>), [[SARS]] (2–4<ref>{{cite tech report |title=Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) |id=WHO/CDS/CSR/GAR/2003.11 |institution=[[World Health Organization]] |department=Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response |hdl=10665/70863 |hdl-access=free |page=26 |quote=A number of researchers have estimated the basic reproduction number by fitting models to the initial growth of epidemics in a number of countries. Their observations indicate that the SARS-CoV is less transmissible than initially thought with estimates of Ro in the range of 2–4.}}</ref>), [[smallpox]] (3.5–6<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gani R, Leach S | title = Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations | journal = Nature | volume = 414 | issue = 6865 | pages = 748–51 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11742399 | doi = 10.1038/414748a | bibcode = 2001Natur.414..748G | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/414748a | url-access = subscription | access-date = 18 March 2020 | s2cid = 52799168 | archive-date = 10 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200610134105/https://www.nature.com/articles/414748a | url-status = live }}</ref>), and [[chickenpox]] (10–12<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Ireland's Health Services | title = Health Care Worker Information | url = https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/guidelines/chapter23.pdf | access-date = 2020-03-27 | archive-date = 26 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200326042530/https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/guidelines/chapter23.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>). Due to Delta's high transmissibility, even those that are vaccinated are vulnerable,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Catherine M.|date=2021|title=Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings — Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|language=en-us|volume=70|issue=31|pages=1059–1062|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7031e2|pmid=34351882|pmc=8367314|issn=0149-2195|doi-access=free}}</ref> albeit to a lesser extent.<ref name=":7" />

A study<ref>{{cite web|last=Lu|first=Jing|date=2021-07-07|title=Viral infection and transmission in a large well-traced outbreak caused by the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant|url=https://virological.org/t/viral-infection-and-transmission-in-a-large-well-traced-outbreak-caused-by-the-delta-sars-cov-2-variant/724|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722180349/https://virological.org/t/viral-infection-and-transmission-in-a-large-well-traced-outbreak-caused-by-the-delta-sars-cov-2-variant/724|website=virological.org|archive-date=2021-07-22}}</ref> published online (not peer-reviewed) by Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention may partly explain the increased transmissibility: people with infection caused by Delta had 1,000 times more copies of the virus in the [[respiratory tract]]s than those with infection caused by variants first identified in the beginning of the pandemic; and it took on average 4 days for people infected with Delta for the virus to be detectable compared to 6 days with initially identified variants.<ref>{{cite news | title = Why The Delta Variant Is Hyper-Contagious: A New Study Sheds Light | date = 2021-07-21 | url = https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/07/08/1013794996/why-the-delta-variant-is-so-contagious-a-new-study-sheds-light | work = [[NPR]] | access-date = 23 July 2021 | archive-date = 20 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211220072532/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/07/08/1013794996/why-the-delta-variant-is-so-contagious-a-new-study-sheds-light | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=Forbes-2021-07-13>{{cite news | last1 = Haseltine | first1 = William A | author-link = William A. Haseltine | title = The Delta Dilemma: Loosening Covid-19 Controls At A Time Of Increased Danger | date = 2021-07-13 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2021/07/13/the-delta-dilemma-loosening-covid-19-controls-at-a-time-of-increased-danger/ | work = [[Forbes]] | access-date = 25 July 2021 | archive-date = 3 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203202022/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2021/07/13/the-delta-dilemma-loosening-covid-19-controls-at-a-time-of-increased-danger/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Surveillance data from the U.S., Germany and the Netherlands in June and July 2021 indicated the Delta variant was growing by about a factor of 4 every two weeks with respect to the Alpha variant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CDC covid variant tracker|date=28 March 2020|url=https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824224244/https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RIVM Covid variant tracker|url=https://www.rivm.nl/en/coronavirus-covid-19/virus-sars-cov-2/variants|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185952/https://www.rivm.nl/en/coronavirus-covid-19/virus-sars-cov-2/variants|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=RKI - Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 - Berichte zu Virusvarianten von SARS-CoV-2 in Deutschland|url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/DESH/Berichte-VOC-tab.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.rki.de|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623003159/https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/DESH/Berichte-VOC-tab.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In India, the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/02/world/australia/delta-covid-zero.html|title=Why the Delta Variant Could End Australia's Pursuit of 'Covid Zero'|first=Damien|last=Cave|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 July 2021|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708225206/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/02/world/australia/delta-covid-zero.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Portugal,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-26|title=Delta variant 'spreading rapidly' from Lisbon to rest of Portugal|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/delta-variant-spreading-rapidly-lisbon-rest-portugal-2021-06-26/|first=Catarina|last=Demony|access-date=2021-06-28|publisher=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628031725/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/delta-variant-spreading-rapidly-lisbon-rest-portugal-2021-06-26/|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/covid-19-russia-battles-delta-variant-in-deadly-3rd-wave/av-58072948|title=COVID-19: Russia battles Delta variant in deadly 3rd wave (video)|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=8 July 2021|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190420/https://www.dw.com/en/covid-19-russia-battles-delta-variant-in-deadly-3rd-wave/av-58072948}}</ref> Mexico, Australia, Indonesia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/indonesia-covid-death-rate-delta-variant-5bac22da-1502-4c51-a6c0-945d42c149af.html|title=Indonesia's surging death rate underscores danger of Delta variant|first=Dave|last=Lawler|publisher=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|date=2021-07-08|access-date=2021-07-16|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717210309/https://www.axios.com/indonesia-covid-death-rate-delta-variant-5bac22da-1502-4c51-a6c0-945d42c149af.html|url-status=live}}</ref> South Africa, Germany,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aerzteblatt.de/studieren/nachrichten/125409/Delta-Variante-dominiert-in-Deutschland|title=Delta-Variante dominiert in Deutschland|website=www.aerzteblatt.de|date=8 July 2021|access-date=9 July 2021|language=de|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184626/https://www.aerzteblatt.de/studieren/nachrichten/125409/Delta-Variante-dominiert-in-Deutschland|url-status=live}}</ref> Luxembourg,<ref>{{Cite web|title=14 to 20 June: Delta variant dominates cases in Luxembourg with 59.4 percent|url=https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1748316.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=today.rtl.lu|date=2 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702122419/https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1748316.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the United States,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/from-uk-to-indonesia-how-delta-variant-is-dominating-global-covid-surge/articleshow/84241052.cms|title=From UK to Indonesia: How Delta variant is dominating global Covid surge|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2021-07-08|access-date=2021-07-16|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716142920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/from-uk-to-indonesia-how-delta-variant-is-dominating-global-covid-surge/articleshow/84241052.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delta variant rapidly advancing in Netherlands; Possibly caused 50% of infections|url=https://nltimes.nl/2021/07/02/delta-variant-rapidly-advancing-netherlands-possibly-caused-50-infections|access-date=2021-07-03|website=NL Times|date=2 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713012056/https://nltimes.nl/2021/07/02/delta-variant-rapidly-advancing-netherlands-possibly-caused-50-infections|url-status=live}}</ref> Denmark,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Risikovurdering af B.1.617.2 - opdatering|url=https://www.ssi.dk/-/media/cdn/files/risikovurdering-af-variant-b1617202072021.pdf?la=da|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702154608/https://www.ssi.dk/-/media/cdn/files/risikovurdering-af-variant-b1617202072021.pdf?la=da|url-status=live}}</ref> France<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=Delta variant to account for most new French COVID cases from this weekend - minister|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/delta-variant-account-most-new-french-covid-cases-this-weekend-minister-2021-07-09/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Reuters|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709203928/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/delta-variant-account-most-new-french-covid-cases-this-weekend-minister-2021-07-09/|url-status=live}}</ref> and probably many other countries, the Delta variant had become the dominant strain by July 2021. Depending on country, there is typically a lag from a few days to several weeks between cases and variant reporting. As of July 20, 2021, this variant had spread to 124 countries,<ref name="WHO-weekly-update-2021-07-20" /> and [[WHO]] had indicated that it was becoming the dominant strain, if not one already.<ref name="who-2021-07-14">{{cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the 8th meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee on COVID-19 - 14 July 2021|url=https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-8th-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-on-covid-19-14-july-2021|url-status=live|publisher=WHO|quote=The Delta variant is now in more than 111 countries and we expect it to soon be the dominant COVID-19 strain circulating worldwide, if it isn't already.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715045634/https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-8th-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-on-covid-19-14-july-2021|archive-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

In the Netherlands, the virus was still able to propagate significantly in the population with over 93.4% of blood donors being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after week 28, 2021. Many people there are not fully vaccinated, so those antibodies would have been developed from exposure to the wild virus or from a vaccine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corona-antistoffen bij 93% van donors|url=https://www.sanquin.nl/over-sanquin/nieuws/2021/07/corona-antistoffen-bij-93-procent-van-donors|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Sanquin Netherlands|language=nl|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002707/https://www.sanquin.nl/over-sanquin/nieuws/2021/07/corona-antistoffen-bij-93-procent-van-donors|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antistoffen bij 95% van donors|url=https://www.sanquin.nl/over-sanquin/nieuws/2021/08/antistoffen-bij-95-van-donors|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Sanquin|language=nl|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217061012/https://www.sanquin.nl/over-sanquin/nieuws/2021/08/antistoffen-bij-95-van-donors|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar high seroimmunity levels occur in the United Kingdom in blood donors and general surveillance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Most Blood Donations Contain COVID-19 Antibodies|url=https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/2021/08/28/most-blood-donations-contain-covid-19-antibodies|access-date=2021-10-30|website=www.precisionvaccinations.com|language=en-US|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030202810/https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/2021/08/28/most-blood-donations-contain-covid-19-antibodies|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) latest insights - Office for National Statistics|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/articles/coronaviruscovid19latestinsights/antibodies|access-date=2021-10-30|website=www.ons.gov.uk|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220093817/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/articles/coronaviruscovid19latestinsights/antibodies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report Week 43|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1029606/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-43.pdf|access-date=30 October 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215075058/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1029606/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-43.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

A study from 2021 found that the [[viral load]] in the first positive test of infections with the Delta variant was on average ~1,000 times higher than individuals infected by earlier variants of SARS-CoV-2 from 2020; some estimates placed Delta's viral load as being 1,260 times higher.<ref name="ultrafast spread">{{cite news |last1=Reardon |first1=Sara |title=How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01986-w |access-date=13 August 2021 |journal=Nature |date=21 July 2021 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01986-w |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220043510/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01986-w |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |language=en |last1=Li |first1=Baisheng |last2=Deng |first2=Aiping |last3=Li |first3=Kuibiao |last4=Hu |first4=Yao |last5=Li |first5=Zhencui |last6=Xiong |first6=Qianling |last7=Liu |first7=Zhe |last8=Guo |first8=Qianfang |last9=Zou |first9=Lirong |last10=Zhang |first10=Huan |last11=Zhang |first11=Meng |last12=Ouyang |first12=Fangzhu |last13=Su |first13=Juan |last14=Su |first14=Wenzhe |last15=Xu |first15=Jing |last16=Lin |first16=Huifang |last17=Sun |first17=Jing |last18=Peng |first18=Jinju |last19=Jiang |first19=Huiming |last20=Zhou |first20=Pingping |last21=Hu |first21=Ting |last22=Luo |first22=Min |last23=Zhang |first23=Yingtao |last24=Zheng |first24=Huanying |last25=Xiao |first25=Jianpeng |last26=Liu |first26=Tao |last27=Che |first27=Rongfei |last28=Zeng |first28=Hanri |last29=Zheng |first29=Zhonghua |last30=Huang |first30=Yushi |display-authors=1 |title=Viral infection and transmission in a large, well-traced outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant |journal=Nature Communications |date=2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |article-number=460 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28089-y |pmid=35075154 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13..460L |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.07.07.21260122v2|pmc=8786931 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Delta and the Variants|journal=Air Medical Journal|volume=42|issue=2|pages=167–171|author1=Mithun R Suresh|author2=David J Dries|publisher=PMC National Library of Medicine|date=25 January 2022|doi=10.1016/j.amj.2021.12.005|doi-access=free|pmid=35307138 |hdl=|hdl-access=|pmc=8786441}}</ref> Preliminary data from a study with 100,000 volunteers in the UK from May to July 2021, when Delta was spreading rapidly, indicates that vaccinated people who test positive for COVID-19, including asymptomatic cases, have a lower viral load on average. Data from the US, UK, and Singapore indicated that vaccinated people infected by Delta may have viral loads as high as unvaccinated infected people, but might remain infectious for a shorter period.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |date=2021-08-12 |title=How do vaccinated people spread Delta? What the science says |journal=Nature |volume=596 |issue=7872 |pages=327–328 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02187-1|pmid=34385613 |bibcode=2021Natur.596..327S |s2cid=236997139 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Infection age groups ===
Surveillance data from the Indian government's [[Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme]] (IDSP) shows that around 32% of patients, both hospitalised and outside hospitals, were aged below 30 in the second wave compared to 31% during the first wave, among people aged 30–40 the infection rate stayed at 21%. Hospitalisation in the 20–39 bracket increased to 25.5% from 23.7% while the 0–19 range increased to 5.8% from 4.2%. The data also showed a higher proportion of asymptomatic patients were admitted during the second wave, with more complaints of breathlessness.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dey|first=Sushmi|title=Covid second wave in India: Percentage of young infected in second wave same, but more serious|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-percentage-of-young-infected-in-second-wave-same-but-more-serious/articleshow/82153956.cms|access-date=2021-04-27|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-percentage-of-young-infected-in-second-wave-same-but-more-serious/articleshow/82153956.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Virulence ===
{{See also|Virulence}}

A few early studies suggest the Delta variant causes more severe illness than other strains.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/delta-variant.html Delta Variant: What We Know About the Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221080018/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/delta-variant.html |date=21 December 2021 }}, by [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]</ref> On 7 June 2021, researchers at the [[National Centre for Infectious Diseases]] in Singapore posted a paper suggesting that patients testing positive for Delta are more likely to develop pneumonia and/or require oxygen than patients with wild type or Alpha.<ref>{{cite SSRN | date = 2021-06-07 | title = Clinical and Virological Features of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.315 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) | ssrn = 3861566| last1 = Ong | first1 = Sean Wei Xiang | last2 = Chiew | first2 = Calvin J. | last3 = Ang | first3 = Li Wei | last4 = Mak | first4 = Tze-Minn | last5 = Cui | first5 = Lin | last6 = Toh | first6 = Matthias Paul HS | last7 = Lim | first7 = Yi Ding | last8 = Lee | first8 = Pei Hua | last9 = Lee | first9 = Tau Hong | last10 = Chia | first10 = Po Ying | last11 = Maurer-Stroh | first11 = Sebastian | last12 = Lin | first12 = Raymond Tzer Pin | last13 = Leo | first13 = Yee-Sin | last14 = Lee | first14 = Vernon J. | last15 = Lye | first15 = David Chien | last16 = Young | first16 = Barnaby E. }}</ref> On June 11, [[Public Health England]] released a report finding that there was "significantly increased risk of hospitalization" from Delta as compared with Alpha;<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-22|author=Public Health England|date=2021-06-11|page=50|title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical briefing 15|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993879/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_15.pdf|website=gov.uk|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221717/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993879/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the risk was approximately twice as high for those infected with the Delta variant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Twohig|first1=Katherine A.|last2=Nyberg|first2=Tommy|last3=Zaidi|first3=Asad|last4=Thelwall|first4=Simon|last5=Sinnathamby|first5=Mary A.|last6=Aliabadi|first6=Shirin|last7=Seaman|first7=Shaun R.|last8=Harris|first8=Ross J.|last9=Hope|first9=Russell|last10=Lopez-Bernal|first10=Jamie|last11=Gallagher|first11=Eileen|date=2021-08-27|title=Hospital admission and emergency care attendance risk for SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) compared with alpha (B.1.1.7) variants of concern: a cohort study|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=22|issue=1|pages=35–42|language=English|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00475-8|pmid=34461056|pmc=8397301|issn=1473-3099|doi-access=free}}</ref> On June 14, researchers from [[Public Health Scotland]] found that the risk of hospitalization from Delta was roughly double that of from Alpha.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sheikh | first1 = Aziz | last2 = McMenamin | first2 = Jim | last3 = Taylor | first3 = Bob | last4 = Robertson | first4 = Chris | title = SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness | journal = The Lancet | volume = 397 | issue = 10293 | year = 2021 | pages = 2461–2462 | issn = 0140-6736 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1| pmid = 34139198 | pmc = 8201647 }}</ref> On July 7, a preprint study from epidemiologists at the [[University of Toronto]] found that Delta had a 120% greater – or more than twice as large – risk of hospitalization, 287% greater risk of ICU admission and 137% greater risk of death compared to non-variant of concern strains of SARS-COV-2.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=David |first2=Ashleigh |last1=Fisman |last2=Tuite |title=Evaluation of the relative virulence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: A retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=2021 |volume=193 |issue=42 |pages=E1619–E1625 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.211248 |pmid=34610919 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.07.05.21260050v2|pmc=8562985 }}</ref> However, on July 9, Public Health England reported that the Delta variant in England had a [[case fatality rate]] (CFR) of 0.2%, while the Alpha variant's case fatality rate was 1.9%, although the report warns that "case fatality rates are not comparable across variants as they have peaked at different points in the pandemic, and so vary in background hospital pressure, vaccination availability and rates and case profiles, treatment options, and impact of reporting delay, among other factors."<ref name="voctech">{{cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1001358/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_18.pdf|access-date=2021-07-19|website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk|series=Public Health England Technical Briefing 18|pages=10–11, Table 3 and footnote 2 of that table|language=English|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723004225/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1001358/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_18.pdf|url-status=live}}{{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> James McCreadie, a spokesperson for Public Health England, clarified "It is too early to assess the case fatality ratio compared to other variants."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kertscher |first1=Tom |title=Data showing lower death rate for coronavirus delta variant doesn't mean it's less dangerous |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jul/07/instagram-posts/data-showing-lower-death-rate-coronavirus-delta-va/ |publisher=Politifact |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220170437/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/jul/07/instagram-posts/data-showing-lower-death-rate-coronavirus-delta-va/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A Canadian study released on 5 October 2021 revealed that the Delta variant caused a 108 percent rise in hospitalization, 235 percent increase in ICU admission, and a 133 percent surge in death compared to other variants. is more serious and resulted in an increased risk of death compared to previous variants, odds that are significantly decreased with immunization.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1503/cmaj.211248| issn = 1488-2329| pages = –211248| last1 = Fisman| first1 = David N.| last2 = Tuite| first2 = Ashleigh R.| title = Evaluation of the relative virulence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada| journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal| date = 2021-10-04| volume = 193| issue = 42| pmid = 34610919| pmc = 8562985|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=Canadian Study Reveals Delta Lethality Higher than Original COVID - October 6, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/06/canadian-study-reveals-delta-lethality-higher-than-original-covid/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Daily News Brief|language=en-US|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021144034/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/06/canadian-study-reveals-delta-lethality-higher-than-original-covid/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Statistics==
The chance of detecting a Delta case varies significantly, especially depending on a country's sequencing rate (less than 0.05% of all COVID-19 cases have been sequenced in the lowest-sequencing countries to around 50 percent in the highest).<ref>{{cite news|last=Berger|first=Miriam|date=28 November 2021|title=South Africa, which found the omicron variant first, leads Africa in coronavirus sequencing|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/28/coronavirus-genetic-sequence-south-africa-variant-omicron/|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202085440/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/28/coronavirus-genetic-sequence-south-africa-variant-omicron/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=GISAID|date=2 December 2021|title=Sequencing by country|url=https://www.gisaid.org/index.php?id=208|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202035209/https://www.gisaid.org/index.php?id=208}}</ref>

By 22 June 2021,{{Update inline|date=October 2021}} more than 4,500 sequences of the variant had been detected in about 78 countries.<ref name="GISAID" /><ref name="WHO 11May">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---11-may-2021|title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 11 May 2021|date=11 May 2021|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2021-07-27|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511233906/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---11-may-2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 22 June 2021|url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-june-2021|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629142153/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-june-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Reported numbers of sequences in countries with detections are:
{{SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant cases}}

==History==
The first cases of the variant outside India were detected in late February 2021, including the [[United Kingdom]] on 22 February, the [[United States]] on 23 February and [[Singapore]] on 26 February.<ref name="Pango">{{Cite web|title=PANGO lineages Lineage B.1.617|url=https://cov-lineages.org/lineages/lineage_B.1.617.html|access-date=26 May 2021|website=cov-lineages.org|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603085048/https://cov-lineages.org/lineages/lineage_B.1.617.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SMC1" /><ref name="GISAID"/>

British scientists at [[Public Health England]] redesignated the B.1.617.2 variant on 7 May 2021 as "variant of concern" (VOC-21APR-02),<ref name=gov.uk.May.7.pdf>{{cite report |author= |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England - Technical briefing 10 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/984274/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_10_England.pdf |location=London |publisher=[[Public Health England]] |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-07 |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508185410/http://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/984274/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_10_England.pdf |url-status=live }} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> after they flagged evidence in May 2021 that it spreads more quickly than the original version of the virus.<ref name=":2" /> Another reason was that they identified 48 clusters of B.1.617.2, some of which revealed a degree of community transmission.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=British scientists warn over Indian coronavirus variant|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/british-officials-warn-over-indian-coronavirus-variant-reports-2021-05-07/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Reuters|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522193242/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/british-officials-warn-over-indian-coronavirus-variant-reports-2021-05-07/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=7 May 2021 |title=Indian Covid variant is 'of concern', says Public Health England |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/07/indian-covid-variant-is-variant-of-concern-says-public-health-england |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |access-date=2021-05-07 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507192045/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/07/indian-covid-variant-is-variant-of-concern-says-public-health-england |url-status=live }}</ref> With cases from the Delta variant having risen quickly, British scientists considered the Delta variant having overtaken the Alpha variant as the dominant variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK in early June 2021.<ref name=gov.uk.Jun.3>{{cite web |website=www.gov.uk |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |date=3 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-03 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507162335/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |url-status=live }} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> Researchers at Public Health England later found that over 90% of new cases in the UK in the early part of June 2021 were the Delta variant; they also cited evidence that the Delta variant was associated with an approximately 60% increased risk of household transmission compared to the Alpha variant.<ref name=gov.uk.Jun.11>{{cite web |website=www.gov.uk |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611115707/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |archive-date=2021-06-11 |url-status=live}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref>

[[Canada]]'s first confirmed case of the variant was identified in [[Quebec]] on 21 April 2021, and later the same day 39 cases of the variant were identified in [[British Columbia]].<ref name="Canada1">{{Cite news|last=Carrigg|first=David|date=21 April 2021|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/covid-19-double-mutant-virus-first-identified-in-india-is-now-in-b-c|title=COVID-19: Double mutant virus first identified in India is now in B.C.|work=[[Vancouver Sun]]|access-date=2021-04-28|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422005343/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/covid-19-double-mutant-virus-first-identified-in-india-is-now-in-b-c|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alberta]] reported a single case of the variant on 22 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Ritchie | first=Josh | url=https://edmonton.citynews.ca/2021/04/22/first-case-of-b-1-617-variant-confirmed-in-alberta | title=First case of B.1.617 variant confirmed in Alberta | website=edmonton.citynews.ca | date=22 April 2021 | access-date=23 April 2021 | archive-date=23 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423140430/https://edmonton.citynews.ca/2021/04/22/first-case-of-b-1-617-variant-confirmed-in-alberta/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nova Scotia]] reported two Delta variant cases in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Death, Eight New Cases of COVID-19, Delta Variant Cases Identified, State of Emergency Renewed |url=https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20210611004 |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612003623/https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20210611004 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Fiji]] also confirmed its first case of the variant on 19 April 2021 in [[Lautoka]], and has since then climbed up to 47,000 cases and counting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/fiji-fears-a-coronavirus-tsunami-after-outbreak-found-to-be-indian-variant|title=Fiji fears a coronavirus 'tsunami' after outbreak found to be Indian variant|date=28 April 2021|website=SBS News|access-date=2021-04-28|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427234342/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/fiji-fears-a-coronavirus-tsunami-after-outbreak-found-to-be-indian-variant|url-status=live}}</ref> The variant has been identified as a super-spreader and has led to the lockdowns of five cities ([[Lautoka]], [[Nadi]], [[Suva]], [[Lami, Fiji|Lami]] and [[Nausori]]), an area which accounts for almost two-thirds of the country's population.

On 29 April 2021, health officials from [[Finland]]'s [[Ministry of Social Affairs and Health]] (STM) and the [[Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare]] (THL) reported that the variant had been detected in three samples dating back to March 2021.<ref name="YLE1" />

The [[Philippines]] confirmed its first two cases of the variant on 11 May 2021, despite the imposed travel ban of the country from the nations in the [[Indian subcontinent]] (except for [[Bhutan]] and [[Maldives]]). Both patients have no travel history from India for the past 14 days, but instead from Oman and UAE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippines-detects-cases-covid-19-india-variant-may-11-2021|title=Philippines detects 2 cases of COVID-19 India variant|date=11 May 2021|website=Rappler|access-date=2021-05-11|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511032619/https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippines-detects-cases-covid-19-india-variant-may-11-2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[North Macedonia]] confirmed its first case of the variant on 7 June 2021 after a person who was recovering from the virus in Iraq was transported to North Macedonia. In a laboratory test, the variant was detected in the person. On 22 June 2021, the country reported its second case of the Delta variant in a colleague of the first case who had also been in Iraq and who subsequently developed symptoms.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 June 2021|title=Индиската варијанта на ковид-19 се заканува од есен да направи хаос|trans-title=The Indian variant of covid-19 threatens to wreak havoc in the autumn|url=https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/indiskata-varijanta-na-kovid-19-se-zakanuva-od-esen-da-napravi-haos/|language=MK|work=Sloboden Pecat|location=[[Skopje]]|access-date=2021-06-30|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181441/https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/indiskata-varijanta-na-kovid-19-se-zakanuva-od-esen-da-napravi-haos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The detection of B.1.617 was hampered in some countries by a lack of specialised kits for the variant and laboratories that can perform the [[Sequencing|genetic test]].<ref name="AsiaTimes 18May">{{cite news |last=Shakil |first=F.M. |title=Pakistan in blind denial over Indian virus variant |url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/05/pakistan-in-blind-denial-over-indian-virus-variant/ |work=[[Asia Times]] |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518130544/https://asiatimes.com/2021/05/pakistan-in-blind-denial-over-indian-virus-variant/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraqi labs don't have ability to identify Indian Covid variant |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/iraqi-labs-dont-have-ability-to-identify-indian-covid-variant/82544002 |work=Healthworld, Economic Times |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519193751/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/iraqi-labs-dont-have-ability-to-identify-indian-covid-variant/82544002 |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, as of 18 May, Pakistan had not reported any cases, but authorities noted that 15% of COVID-19 samples in the country were of an "unknown variant"; they could not say if it was B.1.617 because they were unable to test for it. Other countries had reported travellers arriving from Pakistan that were infected with B.1.617.<ref name="AsiaTimes 18May"/>

In June 2021, scientist [[Vinod Scaria]] of India's [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] highlighted the existence of the B.1.617.2.1 variant, also known as AY.1 or Delta plus, which has an additional K417N mutation compared to the Delta variant.<ref name=plus>{{cite news |title=Delta plus: New Covid variant identified, experts say no cause of concern for now |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delta-plus-new-covid-variant-identified-experts-say-no-cause-of-concern-7358752/ |access-date=June 23, 2021 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=June 14, 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205214/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delta-plus-new-covid-variant-identified-experts-say-no-cause-of-concern-7358752/ |url-status=live }}</ref> B.1.617.2.1 was detected in Europe in March 2021, and has since been detected in Asia and America.<ref name=plus/>

On 23 June 2021, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) warned that the variant would represent 90% of all new cases in the European Union by the end of August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-23 |title=ECDC warns Delta variant to become 90% prevalent in EU by end-August |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/ecdc-warns-delta-variant-become-90-prevalent-eu-by-end-august-2021-06-23/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704231151/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/ecdc-warns-delta-variant-become-90-prevalent-eu-by-end-august-2021-06-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 3 July 2021, Delta became dominant in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Mrinalika |date=2021-07-07 |title=Delta variant already dominant in U.S., CDC estimates show |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/delta-variant-already-dominant-us-cdc-estimates-show-2021-07-07/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315043728/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/delta-variant-already-dominant-us-cdc-estimates-show-2021-07-07/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 July 2021, Public Health England issued Technical Briefing 18 on SARS-CoV-2 variants, documenting 112 deaths among 45,136 UK cases of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant with 28 days follow-up with a fatality rate of 0.2%.<ref name=":6" /> Briefing 16 notes that "[M]ortality is a lagged indicator, which means that the number of cases who have completed 28 days of follow up is very low – therefore, it is too early to provide a formal assessment of the case fatality of Delta, stratified by age, compared to other variants."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/997414/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_16.pdf |title=Variants of Concern Technical Briefing 16 |author=Public Health England |date=18 June 2021 |website=UK Government |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630042825/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/997414/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Briefing 18 warns that "Case fatality is not comparable across variants as they have peaked at different points in the pandemic, and so vary in background hospital pressure, vaccination availability and rates and case profiles, treatment options, and impact of reporting delay, among other factors."<ref name=":6">{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1001009/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_18.pdf |title=Variants of Concern Technical Briefing 18 |author=Public Health England |date=9 July 2021 |website=UK Government |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710155334/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1001009/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The most concerning issue is the [[Logistic function|logistic growth rate]] of 0.93/week relative to Alpha. This means that per week, the number of Delta samples/cases is growing by a factor of exp (0.93)=2.5 with respect to the Alpha variant. This results, under the same infection prevention measures, in a much greater case load over time until a large fraction of people have been infected by it.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-11|title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993879/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_15.pdf|access-date=2021-07-04|website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk|series=Public Health England Technical Briefing 15|page=22|language=English|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221717/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993879/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_15.pdf|url-status=live}}{{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wise|first=Jacqui|date=2021-05-21|title=Covid-19: UK cases of variant from India rise by 160% in a week|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1315|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=373|article-number=n1315|doi=10.1136/bmj.n1315|issn=1756-1833|pmid=34020965|s2cid=235075923|doi-access=free|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183305/https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1315|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Government responses===

After the rise in cases from the second wave, at least 20 countries imposed travel bans and restrictions on passengers from India in April and May. UK prime minister [[Boris Johnson]] cancelled his visit to India twice, while Japanese Prime Minister [[Yoshihide Suga]] postponed his April trip.<ref>{{Cite web|last=report|first=Web|title=India Covid crisis: 20 countries that have imposed travel bans, suspensions|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/coronavirus-pandemic/india-covid-crisis-20-countries-that-have-imposed-travel-bans-suspensions|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Khaleej Times|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501042321/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/coronavirus-pandemic/india-covid-crisis-20-countries-that-have-imposed-travel-bans-suspensions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Countries enact travel bans to contain India's COVID variant—and protect against 'a global resurgence all over again'|url=https://fortune.com/2021/04/28/india-travel-ban-flight-ban-covid-variant-cases-global-resurgence/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Fortune|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062727/https://fortune.com/2021/04/28/india-travel-ban-flight-ban-covid-variant-cases-global-resurgence/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Countries that have put India in red list due to rising COVID-19 cases|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/countries-that-have-put-india-in-red-list-due-to-rising-covid-19-cases/as82286549.cms|access-date=2021-05-01|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/countries-that-have-put-india-in-red-list-due-to-rising-covid-19-cases/as82286549.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2021, residents of two tower blocks in [[Velbert]], [[Germany]], were quarantined after a woman in the building tested positive for the Delta variant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian variant: Tower blocks quarantined in Germany|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-57164317|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519020751/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-57164317|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May, Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] said that a new coronavirus variant from Singapore was extremely dangerous for children and could result in a third wave in India.

From 16 May to 13 June 2021, as well as 22 July 2021 to 10 August 2021; Singapore entered [[2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures|lockdowns]], known as "Phase 2 Heightened Alert", similar to 2020.

On 14 June, the British prime minister [[Boris Johnson]] announced that the proposed end of all restrictions on 21 June in the United Kingdom was delayed for up to four weeks and vaccination roll-out was accelerated following concerns over the Delta variant, which accounted for the vast majority (90%) of new infections.<ref>{{cite news |title='Freedom Day' for England pushed back 4 weeks to July 19 |url=https://apnews.com/article/england-europe-g-7-summit-coronavirus-pandemic-health-c11a3d9dcbcd3655d7578ea20e7efc1d |access-date=15 June 2021 |publisher=AP News |date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615002243/https://apnews.com/article/england-europe-g-7-summit-coronavirus-pandemic-health-c11a3d9dcbcd3655d7578ea20e7efc1d |url-status=live }}</ref> UK scientists have said that the Delta variant is between 40% and 60% more transmissible than the previously dominant [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha variant]], which was first identified in the UK (as the Kent variant).<ref>{{cite magazine | title = How Dangerous Is the Delta Variant, and Will It Cause a COVID Surge in the U.S.? | date = 2021-06-29 | url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-dangerous-is-the-delta-variant-and-will-it-cause-a-covid-surge-in-the-u-s/ | magazine = Scientific American | access-date = 20 July 2021 | archive-date = 29 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211029141523/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-dangerous-is-the-delta-variant-and-will-it-cause-a-covid-surge-in-the-u-s/ | url-status = live }} cited {{cite web | date = 2021-06-02 | title = SPI-M-O: Consensus Statement on COVID-19 | url = https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993321/S1267_SPI-M-O_Consensus_Statement.pdf | website = UK Government | access-date = 20 July 2021 | archive-date = 20 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210720075755/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/993321/S1267_SPI-M-O_Consensus_Statement.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

On 23 June, the province of Ontario in Canada accelerated 2nd dose vaccine appointments for people living in Delta hot spots such as Toronto, Peel and Hamilton.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2021/06/17/ontario-covid-19-vaccine-update-june/|website=Toronto Citynews|title=Ontario Covid-19 Vaccine Update June|date=17 June 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617162851/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2021/06/17/ontario-covid-19-vaccine-update-june/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 June, [[COVID-19 pandemic in Israel|Israel]] restored their mask mandate citing the threat of Delta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-requires-masks-indoors-again-delta-variant-drives-up-cases-2021-06-25/|website=Reuters|title=Israel requires masks indoors again as Delta variant drives up cases|date=25 June 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708070837/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-requires-masks-indoors-again-delta-variant-drives-up-cases-2021-06-25/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 June, [[COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales|Sydney]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory|Darwin]] went back into lockdown because of Delta outbreaks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/28/1010840718/australia-locks-down-to-fight-coast-to-coast-covid-19-outbreaks|newspaper=NPR|title=Australia Locks Down to Fight Coast-to-coast Covid-19 Outbreaks|date=28 June 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711013342/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/28/1010840718/australia-locks-down-to-fight-coast-to-coast-covid-19-outbreaks|url-status=live}}</ref> [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa|South Africa]] banned indoor and outdoor gatherings apart from funerals, imposed a curfew, and banned the sale of alcohol.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-south-africas-response-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-27-jun-2021|author=Cyril Ramaphosa|title=President Cyril Ramaphosa: South Africa's response to Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic | South African Government|website=Government of South Africa|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814031523/https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-south-africas-response-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-27-jun-2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 July, the islands of Bali and Java in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia|Indonesia]] went into [[Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement|emergency lockdown]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/05/asia/indonesia-covid-outbreak-intl-hnk/index.html|author=Jessie Yeung|title=Dozens die in Indonesia hospital with oxygen shortage, as Delta variant sweeps the country|website=CNN|date=5 July 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215140244/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/05/asia/indonesia-covid-outbreak-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 July, Japanese Prime Minister [[Yoshihide Suga]] announced that Tokyo would once again enter a state of emergency, and that most spectators would be barred from attending the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Olympics]] set to start there on 23 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-set-declare-state-emergency-tokyo-area-through-aug-22-minister-2021-07-08/|website=Reuters|title=Olympics host city Tokyo bans spectators amid COVID-19 emergency|date=8 July 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712121940/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-set-declare-state-emergency-tokyo-area-through-aug-22-minister-2021-07-08/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 July, Seoul, [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea|South Korea]] ramped up restrictions urging people to wear masks outdoors, and limiting the size of gatherings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/09/korea-seoul-covid-distancing-virus/|newspaper=Washington Post|title=South Korea reverses loosening of mask mandate, ramps up curbs as cases soar|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713012121/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/09/korea-seoul-covid-distancing-virus/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 July, French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced that all health care workers will need to be [[COVID-19 vaccination in France|vaccinated]] by 15 September and that France will start using [[Immunity passport|health passports]] to enter bars, cafés, restaurants and shopping centres from August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210712-follow-live-france-s-macron-addresses-the-nation-as-covid-19-delta-variant-surges|title=Mandatory vaccination, Covid-19 pass and access to PCR tests: the main points from Macron's address|website=France24|date=12 July 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215045138/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210712-follow-live-france-s-macron-addresses-the-nation-as-covid-19-delta-variant-surges|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[COVID-19 pandemic in California|Los Angeles]] announced it will require masks indoors starting 17 July 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/07/15/world/covid-variant-vaccine-updates|website=New York Times|title=Los Angeles County will require masks to be worn indoors as Delta variant spreads|date=15 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021|last1=McCarthy|first1=Lauren|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216134821/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/07/15/world/covid-variant-vaccine-updates|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] lifted most COVID-19 restrictions on 19 July, despite a surge in cases as the Delta variant became dominant. The government cited the protection and wide coverage of the [[COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 vaccination programme]], although health experts expressed concern at the move.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title='We are a petri dish': world watches UK's race between vaccine and virus|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/02/we-are-a-petri-dish-world-watches-uks-race-between-vaccine-and-virus|access-date=2021-07-25|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708112112/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/02/we-are-a-petri-dish-world-watches-uks-race-between-vaccine-and-virus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Sajid Javid's approach has party support - but scientists are getting worried|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-sajid-javids-approach-has-party-support-but-scientists-are-getting-worried-12348688|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Sky News|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184138/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-sajid-javids-approach-has-party-support-but-scientists-are-getting-worried-12348688|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 July, [[Vietnam]] extended its lockdown of [[Ho Chi Minh City]] to 1 August, and announced lockdown restrictions would be put in place in [[Hanoi]], affecting a third of the country's population. The Delta variant had brought upon the country's [[COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam|largest outbreak to date]], after mostly successful containment measures throughout 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam locks down capital Hanoi as COVID-19 infections soar|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/24/vietnam-locks-down-capital-hanoi-as-covid-19-infections-soar|access-date=2021-07-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114024510/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/24/vietnam-locks-down-capital-hanoi-as-covid-19-infections-soar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=Vietnam's biggest cities tighten restrictions as COVID-19 cases surge|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnams-ho-chi-minh-city-extends-virus-lockdown-aug-1-2021-07-23/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Reuters|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203222100/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnams-ho-chi-minh-city-extends-virus-lockdown-aug-1-2021-07-23/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 August, [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|New Zealand]] went into an [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand#Alert level system|alert level 4 lockdown]], following a positive case being reported in [[Auckland]]. More cases soon followed in the [[Coromandel Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-17|title=New Zealand enters nationwide lockdown over one Covid case|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58241619|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105104043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58241619|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first reported community transmission case in the country in 170 days (since February 2021).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-17|title=New Zealand reports first Covid-19 case in community since February|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/17/new-zealand-reports-first-covid-19-case-in-community-since-february|access-date=2021-08-18|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023155353/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/17/new-zealand-reports-first-covid-19-case-in-community-since-february|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Extinction ==
In October 2021, Dr Jenny Harries, chief executive of the UK Health and Security Agency stated that previous circulating variants such as [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]] had 'disappeared' and been replaced by the Delta variant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19: 'Delta is making other coronavirus variants extinct' - but what does it mean for the UK? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-delta-is-making-other-coronavirus-variants-extinct-but-what-does-it-mean-for-the-uk-12431343 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817093844/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-delta-is-making-other-coronavirus-variants-extinct-but-what-does-it-mean-for-the-uk-12431343 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2022, the World Health Organization listed the Alpha, [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] and [[SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant|Gamma]] variants as previously circulating, citing lack of any detected cases in the prior weeks and months, in part due to the dominance of the Delta variant and the subsequent [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]] variant.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Rachael Rettner |date=2022-03-23 |title=Coronavirus variants: Facts about omicron, delta and other COVID-19 mutants |url=https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-variants.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=livescience.com |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817093452/https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-variants.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Within a few months, the Delta variant was listed as a previously circulated variant, following the explosive rise of the Omicron variant, with countries such as Australia going 12 weeks without any detections of Delta.<ref name=":8" /> Some versions of Delta continued to persist for a while as Delta-Omicron recombinants, which were dubbed "''[[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant#Deltacron|Deltacron]]''" by [[Leondios G. Kostrikis]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chrysostomou |first1=Andreas C. |last2=Vrancken |first2=Bram |last3=Haralambous |first3=Christos |last4=Alexandrou |first4=Maria |last5=Gregoriou |first5=Ioanna |last6=Ioannides |first6=Marios |last7=Ioannou |first7=Costakis |last8=Kalakouta |first8=Olga |last9=Karagiannis |first9=Christos |last10=Marcou |first10=Markella |last11=Masia |first11=Christina |last12=Mendris |first12=Michail |last13=Papastergiou |first13=Panagiotis |last14=Patsalis |first14=Philippos C. |last15=Pieridou |first15=Despo |date=2023-09-15 |title=Unraveling the Dynamics of Omicron (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5) Waves and Emergence of the Deltacton Variant: Genomic Epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic in Cyprus (Oct 2021-Oct 2022) |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=1933 |doi=10.3390/v15091933 |doi-access=free |issn=1999-4915 |pmid=37766339|pmc=10535466 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Liang |last2=F. Gao |first2=George |title=The 'Wolf' Is Indeed Coming: Recombinant 'Deltacron' SARS-CoV-2 Detected |journal=China CDC Weekly |date=2022 |volume=4 |issue=14 |pages=285–287 |doi=10.46234/ccdcw2022.054 |pmid=35433090 |pmc=9008264 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karbalaei |first1=Mohsen |last2=Keikha |first2=Masoud |title=Deltacron is a recombinant variant of SARS-CoV-2 but not a laboratory mistake |journal=Annals of Medicine & Surgery |date=July 2022 |volume=79 |doi=10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104032 |pmid=35757314 |pmc=9212869 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Li-Teh |last2=Tsai |first2=Jih-Jin |last3=Chu |first3=Justin Jang Hann |last4=Chen |first4=Chun-Hong |last5=Chen |first5=Liang-Jen |last6=Lin |first6=Ping-Chang |last7=Tsai |first7=Ching-Yi |last8=Hsu |first8=Miao-Chen |last9=Chuang |first9=Wan-Long |last10=Hwang |first10=Shang-Jyh |last11=Chong |first11=Inn-Wen |title=The identification and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV -2 delta variants in Taiwan |journal=The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences |date=June 2023 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=624–636 |doi=10.1002/kjm2.12665 |pmid=36951529 |doi-access=free |pmc=11895958 }}</ref><ref name="Incipient Parallel Evolution of SAR">{{cite journal |last1=Sant’Anna |first1=Fernando Hayashi |last2=Finger Andreis |first2=Tiago |last3=Salvato |first3=Richard Steiner |last4=Muterle Varela |first4=Ana Paula |last5=Comerlato |first5=Juliana |last6=Gregianini |first6=Tatiana Schäffer |last7=Barcellos |first7=Regina Bones |last8=de Souza Godinho |first8=Fernanda Marques |last9=Resende |first9=Paola Cristina |last10=da Luz Wallau |first10=Gabriel |last11=y Castro |first11=Thaís Regina |last12=Casarin |first12=Bruna Campestrini |last13=de Almeida Vieira |first13=Andressa |last14=Schwarzbold |first14=Alexandre Vargas |last15=de Arruda Trindade |first15=Priscila |last16=Tumioto Giannini |first16=Gabriela Luchiari |last17=Freese |first17=Luana |last18=Bristot |first18=Giovana |last19=Brasil |first19=Carolina Serpa |last20=de Oliveira Rocha |first20=Bruna |last21=Martins |first21=Paloma Bortolini |last22=de Oliveira |first22=Francine Hehn |last23=van Oosterhout |first23=Cock |last24=Wendland |first24=Eliana |title=Incipient Parallel Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron Variant in South Brazil |journal=Vaccines |date=February 2023 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=212 |doi=10.3390/vaccines11020212 |doi-access=free |pmid=36851091 |pmc=9961971 }}</ref> such as a Delta AY.4/Omicron BA.1 recombinant that was detected in early 2022.<ref name="Deltacron">{{cite web|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/everything-you-need-know-about-deltacron-and-other-covid-19-variants-concern|title=Everything you need to know about Deltacron and other COVID-19 variants of concern|author=Linda Geddes|work=[[GAVI|Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance]]|date=18 March 2022|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> Later that year, the Omicron variant had effectively driven the Delta variant and other earlier variants extinct.<ref name="real-time monitoring">{{cite journal|title=Real-time monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Host Cell & Microbe|volume=33|issue=11|pages=1802–1806|author1=Bette Korber|author2=Will Fischer|author3=James Theiler|publisher=[[Cell Press]]|date=12 November 2025|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2025.10.013|doi-access=free|pmid=41232510 |hdl=|hdl-access=}}</ref><ref name="Coronavirus variants">{{cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-variants.html|title=Coronavirus variants: Facts about omicron, delta and other SARS-CoV-2 mutants|author1=Rachael Rettner|author2=Nicoletta Lanese|work=Live Science|date=8 August 2023|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|COVID-19|Medicine|Viruses}}
* [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2]]: [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant|Gamma]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant|Epsilon]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant|Zeta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant|Eta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant|Theta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant|Iota]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant|Kappa]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant|Lambda]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant|Mu]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]], [[SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617|Lineage B.1.617]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Scholia|disease}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

* [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers/variants-distribution-of-cases-data#Variant11 Public Health England: Variants of concern or under investigation, B.1.617]

{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Variants of SARS-CoV-2|S004]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:2021 disease outbreaks]]

Ranglong language

2026-04-03T15:25:56Z

Alicolours: made a entry.

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Ranglong
|altname = Langrong, Rangkhol
|nativename = Ranglong
|states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
|region = [[Tripura]] (North Tripura, Dhalai), [[Assam]] (Karimganj, Cachar), [[Mizoram]]
|ethnicity = [[Halam tribe|Halam]] ([[Ranglong_people|Ranglong]] tribe)
|speakers = ~8,000
|date = 2011 est.
|ref = e18
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
|fam4 = [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern Kuki-Chin]]
|fam5 = [[Falam language|Halam]] <ref>{{Glottolog|rang1271|Ranglong}}</ref>
|script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
|iso3 = rnl
|glotto = rang1271
|glottorefname = Ranglong
}}

'''Ranglong''' is one of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo [[Mizo languages|languages]] of India, spoken by the [[Ranglong_people|Ranglong]] people in the border areas of [[Tripura]], [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://www.webonary.org/ranglong/ Ranglong dictionary]

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Bahauddin Tughril

2026-03-28T17:53:49Z

Alicolours: adding basic entry more to come

{{Short description|Ghurid mamluk of Bayana (c.1195–1210)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Bahauddin Tughril
|title = [[Sultan]] [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]
|succession =
|image = Chaurasi Khamba Masjid Column detail (6134444060).jpg
|caption = Modern view of the [[Chaurasi Khamba Mosque]] built by Bahauddin Tughril
|reign = 1195-1210
|coronation =
|full name =
|predecessor = [[Muhammad of Ghor]]
|successor =
|spouse =
|issue =
|royal house =
|dynasty =
|father =
|mother =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Turkestan]]
|death_date = 1210
|death_place = Sultankot (present-day [[Rajasthan]])
|burial_date =
|burial_place =
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Malik Bahauddin Tughril''' ({{reign|1195|1210}}), commonly known as '''Bahauddin Tughril''' or '''Baha al-Din Tughril''' was a senior [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slave of the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] who was in charge of the [[Bayana]] region in the present-day [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. He was admitted into the slave-household of the [[Ghurids]] during early reign of Muhammad of Ghor and gradually emerged as one of his eminent slave lieutenant along with [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], playing a significant role in the [[Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor|Ghurid conquest of northern Indian plain]].

After Muhammad of Ghor seized [[Bayana]] in 1195–96 to guard the southern flank of [[Delhi]], he made Tughril the viceroy of Bayana. Under his administration, the region of Bayana briefly emerged as a cosmopolitan centre, encouraging considerable Muslim settlements from all over [[Khurasan]]. After Muhammad of Ghor's assassination on 15 March 1206, Tughril like other [[Ghurid]] [[mamluks]] was manumitted, thereby he announced himself as the "[[Sultan]]". He died in 1210, and afterwards, the territory was soon brought under by [[Illtutmish]], although Tughril's family continued to exercise influence over the region of [[Bayana]] even half a century after his death.

Bahauddin Tughril also commissioned a number of monuments in Bayana during his reign which included [[Chaurasi Khamba Mosque]], the mosque of Ukha Mandir and a [[Eidgah]] constructed after recycling the components of demolished [[Hindu]] [[temples]].

== Early life ==
The contemporaneous evidence regarding Bahauddin's early life is scarce, probably indicating that he rose from obscurity in the [[Ghurid]] services. Bahauddin was sold into [[slavery]] and was purchased by the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] or [[Muhammad Ghori]] during his early reign.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=170}} He eventually played a key role in the [[Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor|Ghurid conquest of northern India]] accompanying Muhammad of Ghor and earned his admiration, eventually becoming one of his high-ranked slave generals.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=225}}

After sweeping aside the major political centres of [[northern India]], Muhammad with [[Qutb al-Din Aybeg]] and Bahauddin in his ranks moved towards the rich [[Bayana]] region in the present-day state of [[Rajasthan]], to guard the southern flank of [[Delhi]]. The region was under the control of [[Jadaun Rajputs|Jadaun]] clan of [[Rajputs]] whose ruler Kunwarpaal instead of resisting the Ghurid armies outside of his capital, moved to Thankar ([[Tahangarh]]). Muhammad and his troops besieged him in Thankar and forced him to surrender after a brief siege. According to the chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], the life of the Rai (Kunwarpal) was spared by Muhammad and the "centre of idolatry became the abode of [[Allah]]'s glory, following the taking of the impregnable fortress".{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=88-89}}

The region of Bayana and its administration was conferred upon Bahauddin Tughril by Muhammad who returned to [[Khurasan]]. The contemporaneous accounts credit Tughril's reign for the booming period (ma'mur) of the conquered region.{{sfn|Patel|2009|page=44}} According to Juzjani, Bayana under Bahauddin emerged as a cosmopolitan centre from the status of a secondary city under previous Hindu ruling clans, encouraging a large amount of Muslim settlements from all over [[Khurasan]] and parts of [[Hindustan]].{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=226}}

After finding the region of Thankar inappropriate for his troops, Bahauddin established a city on the western foot of Bayana and named it as Sultankot which became his new capital{{sfn|Kumar|2002|page=22}} and was subsequently utilized by him as a springboard for further military operations in the Ganges Valley.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=170-171}} The town also became the nucleus of the township of his stronghold at [[Bayana]].{{sfn|Khan|2008|page=33}}

== Death ==
{{Main|Siege of Gwalior (1196)}}
Muhammad of Ghor besieged the castle of [[Gwalior]] which was under the control of [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] clan, although due to the ailing health of his brother [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]], Muhammad was compelled to leave to [[Firuzkuh]]. According to the later historian [[Muhammad Qasim Ferishta]], Muhammad promised Tughril the governance of [[Gwalior]] on its seizure.{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=118}} However, owing to the increasing domain and influence of Tughril who might have gained significant plunder on the capitulation of [[Gwalior]], as a result Qutb al-Din himself laid siege to Gwalior. The fort held out for long time, however, hard pressed by the Ghurids, they eventually surrendered it to [[Qutb al-Din Aybeg]]. Summarily, Qutb al-Din appointed his slave [[Iltutmish]] as the governor of the region.{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=119}} Chronicler Juzjani laconically mentioned that Qutb al-Din's annexation of Gwalior despite the fact that Tughril was endeavoring for it,{{sfn|Kumar|2002|page=22}} led to a polito-military rivalry between Qutb al-Din and Tughril.{{sfn|Kumar|2002|page=22,23}}

The date of these accounts are sketchy, according to some scholars like the art-historian Natalie H. Shokoohy, these events probably took place after the assassination of the Muhammad of Ghor in 1206 as there are no evidences of Muhammad's interferences amidst the turmoil.{{sfn|Mehrdad Shokoohy|Natalie H. Shokoohy|1985|page=114}} Conversely, historian [[K. A. Nizami]] theorizes that both Aybeg and Bahauddin were operating as independent sovereign of Muhammad and the conflict between the two was not unlikely.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=171}}

After the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor at Dumyak on 15 March 1206, Bahauddin, just like the other slaves of Muhammad Ghor who were operating in the zone between [[Ghazna]] and the [[Indus valley]], were [[Manumission|manumitted]] and also freed of the [[Mawla|mawālī]] obligations.{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=95}} Thus, Tughril declared independence and styled himself as the "Sultan" at Bayana. The exact date of his death is uncertain, although based on the annals of near-contemporary chronicler [[Minhaj al-Siraj|Juzjani]], he died sometime before Qutb al-Din Aybeg in 1210.{{sfn|Patel|2009|page=41}}{{sfn|Mehrdad Shokoohy|Natalie H. Shokoohy|1985|page=115}}

== Succession ==
The Ghurid slaves just like their master Muhammad of Ghor, themselves established a core of slave entourages of their own. Juzjani mentions the name of two eminent slaves of Tughril which includes - Nasitr Al-Din Ali Tamar and Izz al-Din Tughril Baha.{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=98}} Bayana was conquered soon after Tughril's death by the Delhi Sultan - [[Iltutmish]]. Juzjani further alluded that Bahauddin's successors sold their father's slaves owing to their declining fortunes to [[Illtutmish]] during his early reign, possibly after his conquest of the region.{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=96}}

Despite the annexation of Bayana by Illtutmish, the milieu of political ascendancy of the region continued to be influenced by kinsmen of Bahauddin Tughril, years after his death.{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=122}} Iltutmish arranged a matrimonial alliance between the daughter of Bahauddin Tughril and Taj al-Din Arasalan Khan - who was amongst his most trusted and manumitted slave, as a result he was placed in the charge of Bayana region during the reign of [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasir al-Din Mahmud]] .{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=122-123}} Hence, the political control of Tughril's family continued in [[Bayana]] as long as 1250's.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=227}}

== Coinage ==
Bahauddin Tughril like Qutb al-Din Aybeg and other Ghurid slaves who were active east of the [[Indus]] - minted his coins in the name of his master Muhammad of Ghor, continuing it on the preexisting model of his defeated adversaries - the Jadauns.{{sfn|Flood|2009|page=114}} The gold coins circulated in [[Bayana]] by Tughril included iconography of the [[Hindu]] female deity [[Laxmi]] juxtaposed with the name of his master Muhammad of Ghor in [[Sanskrit]] – "Mahamada bini Sama".{{sfn|Kumar|2007|page=101-102}}{{sfn|Flood|2009|page=115-116}}

== Architecture ==
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 300|caption_align = center
| image1 = Chaurasi Khamba Masjid Column detail (6134432990).jpg
| image2 = Chaurasi Khamba Masjid entrance (6133899967).jpg
| caption2 = Entrance of the mosque at Kama
}}
According to Juzjani - the chief chronicler of the [[Ghurid dynasty]] and the evolving [[Delhi Sultanate]] - several beneficial monuments were constructed by Tughril in the region of Bayana during his reign.{{sfn|Mehrdad Shokoohy|Natalie H. Shokoohy|1985|page=114}} The monuments built by Tughril were chiefly the congregational mosque of Ukha Mandir which was constructed possibly in the 1200s, the [[Chaurasi Khamba Mosque]] at Kaman (present-day [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]) and an idgah in [[Bayana]]. The composition of idgah bear a resemblance in size and grandiosity to the Quwwat-ul-Islam, mosque, constructed by Qutb al-Din Aybeg in [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=226-227}}

The paradigm of construction of these mosques includes the reused constituents of the demolished [[Hindu]] temples by the Ghurid armies.{{sfn|Mehrdad Shokoohy|Natalie H. Shokoohy|1985|page=118}}{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=322}} The construction of these mosques on the ruins of demolished temples, earned Tughril the distinction of being the orthodox warrior of [[Islam]] - ''[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]''.{{sfn|Patel|2009|page=45}} Accordingly, the epigraphs of the mosques in [[Bayana]], eulogized him as the "conqueror of infidels" and also introduced him as the ''Padishah'' or ''Sultan''.{{sfn|Kumar|2002|page=25}} The formation of these mosques possibly dates to 1206 after the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor, as it referred to Tughril as a "Sultan".{{sfn|Flood|2009|page=156}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Finbarr Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12594-7 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sunil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MF9uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Present in Delhi's Pasts |date=2002 |publisher=Three Essays Press |isbn=978-81-88394-00-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoIMAQAAMAAJ |title=The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192-1286 |date=2007 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-147-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |editor=Oleg Grabar|chapter=The Architecture of Baha al-Din Tughrul in the region of Bayana, Rajasthan|author1=Mehrdad Shokoohy |author2=Natalie H. Shokoohy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu_L_FJRvUIC |title=An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture |date=1985 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-07611-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nizami|first= K. A.|author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter= Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat|editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1970|publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Alka|date=2009 |title=Expanding the Ghurid Architectural Corpus East of the Indus: The Jāgeśvara Temple at Sādaḍi, Rajasthan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40863700 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=59 |pages=33–56 |doi=10.1353/aaa.0.0008 |jstor=40863700 |s2cid=192068337 |issn=0066-6637|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL| isbn=9004102361 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:1210 deaths]]
[[Category:Turkic people]]
[[Category:Slaves in the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:13th-century slaves]]
[[Category:Ghilman]]
[[Category:Ghurid generals]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:12th-century slaves]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]

Apoorvanand

2026-03-27T17:13:50Z

Alicolours: slightly refine section to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Professor, Columnist and Commentator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Apoorvanand Jha
| image = ApoorvanandPhoto.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| chancellor =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Siwan, Bihar]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse =
| residence = [[Delhi]]
| official_residence =
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| profession = Professor
}}

'''Apoorvanand Jha''' is professor at the Hindi Department, Faculty of Arts, [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Hindi, University of Delhi, Faculty|url=http://hindi.du.ac.in/faculty.html# |access-date=2020-07-31|website=hindi.du.ac.in}}</ref> He has worked on [[Marxism]] in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-19 |title=Apoorvanand Jha |url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/visiting/jha |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) |language=en}}</ref> He is also a regular columnist and political commentator.

==Early life and education==
Apoorvanand was born in [[Muzaffarpur, Bihar]], grew up in [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] and received his undergraduate education from [[Bihar University]]. He earned his Masters and Ph.D. from [[Patna University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/going-global/programme/sessions/moocs-opening-access-myth-reality# |title=MOOCs going global, giving access: miracle or myth? |publisher=British Council |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403124822/http://www.britishcouncil.org/going-global/programme/sessions/moocs-opening-access-myth-reality# |archive-date=3 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He currently teaches Hindi at University of Delhi.

==Academic career==
Prof. Apoorvanand started his teaching career at T.P.S. College, Patna, a constituent unit of [[Magadh University]]. In 1999, he was invited to join [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], a Central University set up by the [[Government of India]], and was instrumental in developing the University's vision plan and first academic programs. In 2004, he joined the Hindi Department at the University of Delhi where he was instrumental in redesigning the department's academic program.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Published works==
He had authored or edited the following books:
*''Sundar Ka Swapna'' ([[New Delhi]]: Vani Prakashan, 2001)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sundar Ka Swapna|isbn=817055781X}}</ref>
*''Sahitya Ka Ekant'' (New Delhi: Vani Prakashan, 2008)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Details: Vani Prakashan|url=http://www.vaniprakashan.in/details.php?prod_id=218&title=SHITYA%20KA%20EKANT|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.vaniprakashan.in}}</ref>
*''The Idea of a University'' ([[Chennai]]: Context, 2018)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Idea of a University|url=https://thewire.in/education/why-the-idea-of-a-university-matters-in-india-today|id={{ASIN|9387894258|country=in}}}}</ref>
*''Education at the Crossroads'' (New Delhi: Niyogi Books, 2018)

== Political commentator ==
His critical essays have appeared in all major Hindi journals. Apart from his academic and literary writings, he also contributes columns in Indian Newspapers and magazines on the issues of education, culture, communalism, violence and human rights both in [[Hindi]] and also in English.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 May 2015|title=Smriti Irani's next: Common syllabus for Central Universities - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-smriti-irani-s-next-common-syllabus-for-universities-2084751|accessdate=29 November 2017|website=Dnaindia.com}}</ref> He is a regular columnist at ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]].'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-24|title=Apoorvanand|url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/author/apoorvanand/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Apoorvanand : Exclusive News Stories by Apoorvanand on Current Affairs, Events at The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/author/apoorvanand|access-date=2020-07-31|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अपूर्वानंद, Author at The Wire - Hindi|url=http://thewirehindi.com/author/apoorvanand/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=The Wire - Hindi|language=en-GB}}</ref> He also frequently writes on other platforms such as ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]], Satya Hindi, [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]], The Kochi Post.'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Apoorvanand|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/profile/apoorvanand.html|access-date=2020-07-31|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अपूर्वानंद {{!}} Apoorvanand {{!}} सत्य हिन्दी {{!}} Satya Hindi|url=https://www.satyahindi.com/writer/apoorvanand/10018|access-date=2020-07-31|website=www.satyahindi.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Apoorvan|date=September 18, 2019|title=Apoorvanand, Author at KochiPost|url=http://qjk.9bc.myftpupload.com/author/apoorvanand/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=KochiPost|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Apoorvanand|url=https://scroll.in/author/2696|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Apoorvanand|language=en}}</ref> He at times also appears on Indian television as a panelist on issues concerning Higher Education, language and communal-ism.

=== Views ===

====NCERT history textbook revision====
In his literary and cultural criticism articles featured on Al Jazeera, he expressed his disapproval of the alterations made in [[NCERT]] textbooks. He argued that the history of [[Islamic rule in India]] was being marginalized, despite its significant presence in school textbooks since Indian independence. Specifically, he highlighted the revised syllabus in CBSE schools, stating that the "legacy" of [[Islamic rulers in India]] was being erased from history textbooks. Apoorvanand claims that this revision, under the guise of "reducing the learning load on students", was actually a form of "cultural genocide". He emphasized that this revision was leading to the exclusion of important historical events, such as the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], the assassination of [[Gandhi]] by [[Nathuram Godse]], instances of [[untouchability]], and the [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. He believed that this omission would hinder children's understanding of national history by concealing crucial truths and presenting India as a nation devoid of discrimination and violence.<ref name="self">{{cite news |last1= |author1=Apoorvanand |title=India’s textbook purge: Why is Modi so scared of history? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/4/13/why-is-modi-so-scared-of-history-textbooks?traffic_source=KeepReading |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=13 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===2020 Delhi riots===
On 12 September 2020, he along with [[Sitaram Yechuri]], [[Yogendra Yadav]] and others was named in the supplementary chargesheet by [[Delhi Police]] for his alleged role in [[2020 Delhi riots]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-police-riot-chargesheet-sitaram-yechury-yogendra-yadav-6593798/|title = Yechury, Yadav, 2 professors, filmmaker named in Delhi Police riot chargesheet|date = 13 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eminent-persons-request-president-to-consider-yakubs-mercy-plea/article7467000.ece|title=Eminent persons request President to consider Yakub Memon's mercy plea|date=26 July 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=29 November 2017}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-did-they-make-us-wait-for-28-years-2071748|title=Hashimpura Massacre : Why did they make us wait for 28 years? - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=25 March 2015|website=Dnaindia.com|accessdate=29 November 2017}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140502101632495|title=MOOC providers versus sceptics at 'Going Global' - University World News|website=Universityworldnews.com|accessdate=29 November 2017}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/a-need-to-break-the-dead-end/article5760108.ece|title=A need to break the 'dead end'|first=Vijetha S.|last=N|date=7 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=29 November 2017}}
*{{cite web|url=http://islamicvoice.com/call-to-preserve-secular-character-of-education/|title=Call to Preserve Secular Character of Education : Islamic Voice|website=Islamicvoice.com|accessdate=29 November 2017}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6f6BAAAAQBAJ&q=Apoorvanand+jha&pg=PA265|title=Controversial History Education in Asian Contexts|first1=Mark|last1=Baildon|first2=Kah Seng|last2=Loh|first3=Ivy Maria|last3=Lim|first4=Gül|last4=İnanç|first5=Junaidah|last5=Jaffar|date=22 August 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135014216|via=Google Books}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.wayn.com/profiles/apoorvanandjha|title=Apoorvanand Jha profile on WAYN.COM|website=Wayn.com|accessdate=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150326/http://www.wayn.com/profiles/apoorvanandjha|archive-date=28 September 2017|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs-jsaPenxYC&q=Apoorvanand+jha&pg=PA528|title=Handbook of Universities|date=28 September 2017|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788126906086|via=Google Books}}
*{{cite web|url=http://wn.com/education_and_secularism_prof._apoorvanand_jha_(hindi)|title=Education and Secularism Prof Apoorvanand Jha Hindi|website=World News}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2015/10/11/la-question-religieuse-au-centre-des-legislatives-indiennes_4787189_3216.html|title=La question religieuse au centre des élections régionales indiennes|date=11 October 2015|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/50-open-minds-public-square|title=50 OPEN MINDS: PUBLIC SQUARE - OPEN Magazine|website=OPEN Magazine|date=7 May 2015}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.altgaze.com/?p=1633|title=Statement of concern regarding PM's takeover of the Teacher's Day|website=Altgaze.com|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081532/http://www.altgaze.com/?p=1633#|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=op170207Riot_manufactured.asp |title=Riot, manufactured in Gorakhpur |website=Tehelka |accessdate=2007-04-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122557/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=op170207Riot_manufactured.asp |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://test.policyreview.tv/document/967/5701|title=POLICY REVIEW TV|website=test.policyreview.tv}}

{{University of Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apoorvanand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:People from Siwan, Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kausalya (actress)

2026-03-26T09:10:38Z

Alicolours: updated structure additionally

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kausalya
| image = Kausalya actress (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kausalya in 2014
| birth_name = Kavitha Shivshankar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|12|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| othername = Nandini
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| yearsactive = 1996–2010 2014–present
}}

'''Kavitha Shivshankar'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot property now |url=http://expressindia.com/screen/mar06/south3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001005140400/http://expressindia.com/screen/mar06/south3.htm |archive-date=2000-10-05 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=expressindia.com}}</ref> (born: 30 December 1979<ref name="DinakaranBiodata">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/biodata/22-03-99/kausalya.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412172140/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/biodata/22-03-99/kausalya.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2008|title=dinakaran|date=12 April 2008}}</ref>), commonly known as '''Kausalya''' (in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film industries) or '''Nandini''' (in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film industry), is an Indian actress and model, who has starred mainly in [[South Indian cinema]]. After starting her career in leading roles, she has since gone on to portray supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minnoviyam.com/articles/ |title=Acting... A temporary thirst - Kaushalya |website=www.minnoviyam.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990218201218/http://www.minnoviyam.com/articles/ |archive-date=18 February 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Nandini was pursuing a modelling career, before she debuted in the 1996 Malayalam film ''April 19'' by [[Balachandra Menon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan8/south.htm|title=South Africa steady after Aussie late-order flourish|date=5 January 2009|access-date=8 June 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/kowsalya.asp|title=Kousalya - A Non Resident Chennaiite|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128053336/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/kowsalya.asp|archive-date=28 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=6005868&cid=2406|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191333/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=6005868&cid=2406|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=Welcome to Sify.com| website=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> The following year, she appeared in her first Tamil film ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' (1997) with [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and went on to star in several successful films in Tamil like ''[[Nerukku Ner]]'' (1997), ''[[Priyamudan]]'' (1998), ''[[Sollamale]]'' (1998), ''[[Pooveli]]'' (1998), ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' (2000) and ''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]'' (2001).

She went on to appear in many Malayalam films including ''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]'' (1998),
''[[Karumadikkuttan (film)|Karumadikkuttan]]'' (2001), ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' (2001), ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]'' (2002), ''Udayam'' (2004), ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]'' (2004), ''[[Maanikyan]]'' (2004) and ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]'' (2007).

She won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] for her performance in ''Pooveli''. She mostly acted in saree-clad and conservative roles. By the mid-2000s, she turned [[character actor|character artiste]] and went on to portray [[Supporting actor|supporting roles]] in films such as ''[[Thirumalai]]'' (2003) and ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008) and ventured into [[television]] with the series ''Manaivi'' which aired 436 episodes on Sun TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/03/stories/2004050300200200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529222043/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/03/stories/2004050300200200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2005|title=Small screen debut|date=5 January 2004|pages=02|access-date=8 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref>

In 2004, she attempted to make a comeback as a lead actress but unfortunately several of her projects became delayed. Films such as [[Thiagarajan]]'s ''Police'' which starred her alongside [[Prashanth]], ''Manadhil'' with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], ''Vendumadi Nee Enakku'' and ''Rosappoo Chinna Rosappoo'' with [[Sathyaraj]], were readied but then stalled in quick succession.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jul315.asp |title=Back stabbing! |website=chennaionline.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010804090958/http://chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jul315.asp |archive-date=4 August 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kausalya returned to the Tamil industry after 6 years with the action film, ''[[Poojai]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/poojai-marks-kausalya-s-comeback-after-6-years-114033000311_1.html | title='Poojai' marks Kausalya's comeback after 6 years | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=30 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kausalya was born in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. Her father Shivashankar Siddalingappa, a Bangalorean, worked as a depot manager at [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/145/27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625111701/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/145/27|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 June 2014|title=Mangalam - Varika 23-Jun-2014|last=mangalam|access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Her mother is half [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and half [[Kannadigas|Kannadiga]], and was born and brought up in [[Sri Lanka]]. Her grandmother was from Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/kowsalya.asp |title=Kousalya - A non Resident Chennaiite |website=Chennai Online:80 |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212035304/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/kowsalya.asp |archive-date=12 February 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Filmfare Award South]]
* 1998: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] – ''[[Pooveli]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners/46th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20south%20winners.jpg|website=archive.org|title=Magazine clipping|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''April 19'' || Nandhini || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' || Kausalya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nerukku Ner]]'' || Akila || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Lelam]]'' || Gouri Parvathi || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1998 || ''Sorry'' || || [[Kannada]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/acting-is-kalyanis-passion/articleshow/4495345.cms|title=Acting is Kalyani's passion|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 March 2002|last=Kumar|first=G. S.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' || Anitha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Priyamudan]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sollamale]]'' || Swetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Unnudan]]'' ||Gowri || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pooveli]]'' || Maha || Tamil || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]'' || Priyadarshini || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 || ''[[Alludugaaru Vachcharu]]'' || Mahalakshmi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thachiledathu Chundan]]'' || Usha || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Panchadara Chilaka]]'' || Kalyani || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2000 || ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' || Nandini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]'' || Kausalya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thai Porandhachu]]'' || Geetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Kaliamman]]'' || Meena || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhitha Velai]]'' || Agalya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[James Pandu]]'' || Kausalya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ilaiyavan]]'' || Janani || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kuberan (2000 film)|Kuberan]]'' || Kavitha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2001 || ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001 film)|Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thaali Kaatha Kaliamman]]'' || Karpagam || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]'' ||Hemalatha || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]'' || Saraswathi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Karumadikkuttan (film)|Karumadikuttan]]'' || Nandinikutty || Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]'' || Rohini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' || Sridevi || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]'' || Indhu || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Jameendar'' || || Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Devan (film)|Devan]]'' || Jacqueline || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]'' || Dr. Gayathri Bhadran || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || ''Ree Swalpa Barteera'' || Kausalya || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Gandhi Nagara'' || -|| Kannada ||
|-
| ''Badri'' || Soni || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || Nagalakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004 || ''Udayam'' || Anju || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]'' || Nanda Devarajan || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]'' || Nagalaxmi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Manathil'' || - || Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Maanikyan]]'' || Nirmala Menon || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]'' || Mrs. Swami || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]'' || Raji || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]'' || Bhoopati Rayudu's wife || Telugu ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' || Santosh's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[I G Inspector General]]'' || Yamini || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ghauttham]]'' || Geetha || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Rambabu Gadi Pellam'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Poojai]]'' || Susheela || Tamil ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Elinjikkavu PO'' ||Lekshmi || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''|| Anuradha || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' || Sangili Aandavar's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' || Kaushalya || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Brahma.com]]'' || Kamu's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2018 || ''Koottali'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Jayamahal'' || Queen [[Matangi]] || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Echcharikkai]]'' || Jaanu || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mandharam]]'' || Lakshmi, Rajesh's mother || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]'' || Mahalakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[4 Letters]]'' ||Anjali's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' || Prabhakaran's mother|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''Khyla'' || Mithra|| Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Michaelpatty Raja]]'' || Laila's real mother|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala]]'' || Sanjay's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rang De]]'' ||Arjun's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Uthra'' ||Devi|| Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]'' || Subbu's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Radha Krishna'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Saandrithazh]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Purushothamudu]]'' || Rachit's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kiss (2025 film)|Kiss]]'' || Lily || Tamil ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Language
!Ref
|-
| 2004-2006 || ''Manaivi'' ||Hamsaveni / Krishnaveni|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil
|
|-
| 2004 || ''Chitta'' || Hema / Thattha ||[[Surya TV]]||rowspan=2|Malayalam
|
|-
| 2005 || ''Thanichu'' || Devapriya Raman IAS / Devutty ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
| 2008 || ''Kanden Seethaiyai'' |||| [[STAR Vijay]]|| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
|-
| 2010 || ''Dharmayudham'' ||Bhairavi || [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
|
|-
| 2010 || ''Alaipayuthey'' || Kannamma|| [[Jaya TV]]
|
|-
| 2014{{Ndash}}2015|| ''[[Akka (TV series)|Akka]]'' ||Manimekhalai || [[Jaya TV]]
|
|-
| 2015 || ''Spandhanam'' || Annie || [[Surya TV]]||Malayalam
|
|-
| 2016{{Ndash}}2017 || ''Amma''|| Sukanya || [[Star India|Suvarna TV]]||Kannada
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Chadarangam (web series)|Chadarangam]]''
|Bhavani
|[[ZEE5]]
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Codingest |title='Chadarangam': Srikanth looks good as a politician |url=http://www.ntvtelugu.com/post/chadarangam-srikanth-looks-good-as-a-politician |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=NTV Telugu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikanth plays NTR in Chadarangam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/18/srikanth-plays-ntr-in-chadarangam-17102.html |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022; 2024|| ''[[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|Sundari]]'' ||Nandan Bharathi (Extended Cameo Appearance) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan=3|Tamil
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]]''|| Kausalya IPS (Cameo Appearance) || [[Zee Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Anandha Ragam (TV series)|Anandha Ragam]]'' || Dr. Gayathri (Cameo Appearance) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1648829|name=Kausalya}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3761039|name=Kausalya (Kousalya)}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1269614|name=Kausalya (as Nandini)}}

{{FilmfareTamilBestActress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kausalya}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]

Tamil genocide

2026-03-25T10:38:53Z

Alicolours:

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Characterization of actions against Tamils in Sri Lanka as genocide}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Tamil genocide
| partof = the [[Sri Lankan civil war]]
| image = Tamil Genocide acts, Mullivaikkal Massacre, Displacement.png
| image_size = 287
| alt =
| caption = Clockwise from top:
Child victim by indiscriminate shelling, malnourished baby in camps, civilian dead bodies and damaged makeshift hospital in No-Fire Zone, [[Mullivaikkal massacre|Mullivaikkal]], Tamil civilians being displaced in 2008, injured child by indiscriminate shelling.
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Sri Lanka]]
| target = [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]
| coordinates =
| date = 1956–2009
| type = [[Genocide]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[genocidal rape]], [[genocidal massacre]], [[collective punishment]], [[mass murder]], [[mass arrest]], [[forced displacement]], [[bombardment]], [[targeted killing]]s, [[Starvation (crime)|starvation]], [[torture]].
| fatalities = '''1956–2009''': 154,022 to 253,818 Tamil civilians killed:<ref>[[WP:CALC]] from below</ref>
*'''1956–2001''': 79,155 Tamil civilians killed: 54,044 killed + 25,266 disappeared (Tamil Centre for Human Rights, 2004)<ref name="tchr.net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tchr.net/50_year_arrest_kill.htm |title=Recorded figures of Arrests, Killings, Disappearances |website=Tamil Centre for Human Rights |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412124659/http://tchr.net/50_year_arrest_kill.htm |archive-date=12 April 2023 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>
*'''2002–2008 Dec''': 4,867 Tamil civilians killed: 3,545 killed, 1,322 disappeared (Pro-rebel [[North East Secretariat on Human Rights|NESOHR]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Collection of NESoHR's Human Rights Reports 2005-2009 |url=https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2014/10/NESoHR-Compilation-With-Page-Numbers.pdf |publisher=[[NESHOR]] |pages=659–861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506032637/https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2014/10/NESoHR-Compilation-With-Page-Numbers.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
*'''2009 Jan–May''': 169,796 Tamil civilians killed ([[International Truth and Justice Project|ITJP]], 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Death Toll In Sri Lanka's 2009 War|url=https://itjpsl.com/assets/ITJP_death_toll_A4_v6.pdf|date=February 2021}}</ref>
*'''2009 Jan–May''': Tamil civilians killed & unaccounted: 40,000 to 70,000 ([[Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka|UN]])<ref name="UN recent report">{{cite web |title=Report of the Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/737299?ln=en |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=22 March 2021 |page=14 |date=November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044227/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/737299?ln=en |archive-date=28 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Macrae |first1=Callum |author1-link=Callum Macrae |title=Sri Lanka: Slaughter in the no fire zone |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/03/sri-lanka-slaughter-no-fire-zone |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 September 2013 |location=London, U.K. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613015926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/03/sri-lanka-slaughter-no-fire-zone |archive-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>
| injuries = '''1956–2004''': 61,132 Tamil civilians (Tamil Centre for Human Rights)<ref name="tchr.net"/>
| victims = '''1956–2004''': Tamil civilians (Tamil Centre for Human Rights) <ref name="tchr.net"/>
*Raped: 12,437 women
*Arrest/Torture: 112,246
*Displaced: 2,390,809
| perps =
| perpetrators = {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Government of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]]
* [[Sri Lanka Police]]
* Sinhalese mobs
| motive = Anti-Tamil sentiment, [[Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism]], [[Racism in Asia|racism]], [[Sinhalisation]]
| numparts = 
}}
The '''Tamil genocide''' refers to the framing of various systematic acts of [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces|physical violence]] and [[Burning of Jaffna Public Library|cultural destruction]] committed against the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil population in Sri Lanka]] during the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]]–Tamil [[ethnic conflict]] beginning in 1956, particularly during the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] as acts of [[genocide]]. Various commenters, including the [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal]], have accused the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan government]] of responsibility for and complicity in a genocide of Tamils, and point to state-sponsored [[State-sponsored Sinhalese colonisation|settler colonialism]], state-backed [[Black July|pogroms]], and mass killings, enforced disappearances and [[Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka|sexual violence]] by the security forces as examples of genocidal acts.<ref name="Veerasingham-2013">{{Cite web |last=Veerasingham |first=Ramanan |date=11 December 2013 |title=Sri Lanka guilty of genocide against Eelam Tamils with UK, US complicity: PPT |url=http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/news-features/human-rights/426-sri-lanka-guilty-of-genocide-against-tamils-with-uk-us-complicity-ppt-rules |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=Journalists for Democracy in Sri Lanka (JDS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203171917/http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/news-features/human-rights/426-sri-lanka-guilty-of-genocide-against-tamils-with-uk-us-complicity-ppt-rules |archive-date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list|
| {{harvnb|Fernando|2014|pp=28–35}}
| {{Cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |title=Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-58884-3 |pages=82–93}}
| {{harvnb|Short|2016|pp=93–126}}
| {{Cite journal |last=Harman |first=William |date=1 July 2021 |title=Dying to be Remembered: Tamil Warriors' Desecrated Burial Plots (Tuyilum Illam) in Sri Lanka's Civil War |url=http://journals.co.za/doi/10.36886/nidan.2021.6.1.5 |journal=Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=66–87 |doi=10.36886/nidan.2021.6.1.5 |url-access=subscription}}
}}</ref><ref name="ICJ Review-1983">{{Cite journal |date=December 1983 |editor-last=MacDermot |editor-first=Niall |title=THE REVIEW |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ICJ-Review-31-1983-eng.pdf |journal=ICJ Review |publisher=International Commission of Jurists |issue=32 |page=24}}</ref> The Sri Lankan government has rejected the charges of genocide.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
{{further|Origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War}}

=== Pogroms ===
{{Main|1956 anti-Tamil pogrom|1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|1977 anti-Tamil pogrom|1981 anti-Tamil pogrom|Black July}}

There has been a series of virulent anti-Tamil pogroms in Sri Lanka, the most infamous of which is the [[Black July|1983 Black July pogrom]] in which over 3,000 Tamils were killed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sivanandan |first=A. |date=July 1984 |title=Sri Lanka: racism and the politics of underdevelopment |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639688402600102 |journal=[[Race & Class]] |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1177/030639688402600102 |s2cid=143870163 |issn=0306-3968 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|PPT & IMRV|2014|p=16}} The [[International Commission of Jurists]] described the violence of the 1983 Black July pogrom as having "amounted to acts of genocide" in a report published in December 1983.<ref name="ICJ Review-1983" /> A number of other scholars have also described the pogrom as genocidal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forsythe |first=David P. |title=Human Rights and Peace: International and National Dimensions |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8032-6880-7 |page=94}}</ref>{{sfn|Short|2016|p=107}} Although initially orchestrated by [[Cyril Mathew|members]] of the ruling [[United National Party|UNP]], the pogrom soon escalated into mass violence with significant public participation.{{refn|group=note|George Immerwahr, a United Nations civil servant and U.S. citizen, revealed the following regarding the government's responsibility for the pogrom:
"the most shattering report came from a [Sinhalese] friend who was a civil servant; he told me that he had himself helped plan the riots at the orders of his superiors. When I heard him say this, I was so shocked I told him I simply couldn't believe him, but he insisted he was telling the truth, and in fact he justified the government's decision to stage the riots. When I heard this, I telephoned an official in our own State Department, and while he declined to discuss the matter, I got the impression that he already knew from our Embassy in Colombo what I was telling him."<ref>{{cite book |first=A. Jeyaratnam |last=Wilson |title=The Break-up of Sri Lanka: The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict |location=Honolulu |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |date=1988 |page=173}}</ref>}}<ref>[[T. Sabaratnam]], Pirapaharan, Volume 2, Chapters 2-5 (2003) [https://sangam.org/pirapaharan-vol-2-chap-2-the-jaffna-massacre/] [https://sangam.org/pirapaharan-vol-2-chap-3-the-final-solution/] [https://sangam.org/pirapaharan-vol-2-chap-4-massacre-of-prisoners/] [https://sangam.org/pirapaharan-vol-2-chap-5-the-second-massacre/]</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Rajan |last=Hoole |title=Black July: Further Evidence Of Advance Planning |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/black-july-further-evidence-of-advance-planning/ |work=[[Colombo Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Rajan |last=Hoole |title=Sri Lanka's Black July: Borella, 24th Evening |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/sri-lankas-black-july-borella-24th-evening/ |work=[[Colombo Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519211741/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/sri-lankas-black-july-borella-24th-evening/ |archive-date=19 May 2024}}</ref> Till date no one has been held accountable for any of the crimes committed during the pogrom.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=26 July 2022 |title=Ghosts of Black July still haunt Sri Lanka |url=https://www.ft.lk/ft_view__editorial/Ghosts-of-Black-July-still-haunt-Sri-Lanka/58-737899 |work=[[Daily FT]] |location=Colombo |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515002802/https://www.ft.lk/ft_view__editorial/Ghosts-of-Black-July-still-haunt-Sri-Lanka/58-737899 |archive-date=15 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Massacres and killings ===
{{Main|List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces}}

Over 100 massacres of Tamil civilians were committed by the Sri Lankan security forces throughout the civil war, resulting in the deaths and injuries of tens of thousands. It was estimated that by 1986, the security forces "had been killing an average of 233 Tamil civilians every month or about 7 a day".{{sfn|PPT & IMRV|2014|p=19}}{{sfn|Short|2016|p=111}} During a 1990 reprisal against the Tamil population of the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|eastern province]], 3,000 Tamil civilians were massacred and hundreds of Tamil males were rounded up and burned alive over a span of only a few weeks in just two districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Gordon |title=The Cage: The Fight for Sri Lanka and the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers |publisher=Bellevue Literary Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-934137-54-3 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |page=72}}</ref> In December 1984, over 1200 Tamil civilians were massacred by the military in just one month.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 1984 |title=TAMIL AREAS UNDER SIEGE - 1000s KILLED, MANY MORE ARRESTED |magazine=Tamil Times |volume=IV |issue=2 |page=1}}</ref> In 1994 the genocide scholar [[Israel Charny]] used the concept of "[[genocidal massacre]]" to describe the Sri Lankan government's round up and execution of some 5,000 Tamil civilians.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8122-1616-5 |editor-last=Andreopoulos |editor-first=George J. |edition=1. paperback print |location=Philadelphia, Pa |page=77}}</ref>

=== Enforced disappearances ===
{{Main|Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka}}

Within months of the Sri Lanka military returning to the eastern province in June 1990 following the resumption of war, thousands of Tamils [[Enforced disappearance|disappeared]] in the custody of the security forces.<ref name="Human Rights Watch-2008" /> Between 1995 and 1996, over 600 Tamils disappeared in [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]], hundreds of whom were said to have been buried by the [[Sri Lankan Army]] in [[Chemmani mass graves investigation|mass graves in Chemmani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa370271997en.pdf |title=Sri Lanka: The continuing spectre of "disappearances" |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152806/https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa370271997en.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/06/sri-j26.html |title=Eyewitness account from Sri Lanka: Tamil mass graves excavated in Chemmani |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=[[World Socialist Web Site]] |date=26 June 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202031128/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/06/sri-j26.html |archive-date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa370271998en.pdf |title=Sri Lanka: Safety must be guaranteed for experts working on mass graves exhumation |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152808/https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa370271998en.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> Sri Lanka became the country with the highest number of disappearances reported to the UN Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances between 1996 and 1997.<ref name="Human Rights Watch-2008" /> In 2008, [[Human Rights Watch]] accused the Sri Lankan government of being responsible for "widespread abductions and disappearances" of hundreds of Tamils since the war resumed in 2006, with most feared dead.<ref name="Human Rights Watch-2008">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2008 |title=Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/03/05/recurring-nightmare/state-responsibility-disappearances-and-abductions-sri-lanka |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801135515/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/03/05/recurring-nightmare/state-responsibility-disappearances-and-abductions-sri-lanka |archive-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> Since 2006, Sri Lanka once again became the country with the highest number of disappearances reported to the UN Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Ruki |date=20 August 2015 |title=9 years after disappearance of Fr. Jim Brown & Mr. Vimalathas |url=https://groundviews.org/2015/08/20/9-years-after-disappearance-of-fr-jim-brown-mr-vimalathas/ |website=Groundviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606192936/https://groundviews.org/2015/08/20/9-years-after-disappearance-of-fr-jim-brown-mr-vimalathas/ |archive-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A report by the Human Rights Data Analysis Group and the [[International Truth and Justice Project]] found that at the end of the war between 17 and 19 May 2009, an estimated 503 Tamils, including at least 29 children, were subjected to enforced disappearance after surrendering to the Sri Lankan Army around Vadduvakal Bridge in Mullaitivu. The report stated that they represented "the largest number of disappearances in one place and time in the country's history."<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hrdag.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/HRDAG-ITJPSL-2018-12-12-1.pdf |title=How many people disappeared on 17–19 May 2009 in Sri Lanka? |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=Human Rights Data Analysis Group and International Truth and Justice Project |pages=1–2, 8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609165156/https://hrdag.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/HRDAG-ITJPSL-2018-12-12-1.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=500 Tamils forcibly disappeared in three days, after surrendering to army in 2009 |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/500-tamils-forcibly-disappeared-three-days-after-surrendering-army-2009 |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609165154/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/500-tamils-forcibly-disappeared-three-days-after-surrendering-army-2009 |archive-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>

After visiting Sri Lanka in 2013, Navi Pillay, then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, highlighted the plight of Tamil families with missing persons by stating she had "never experienced so many people weeping and crying," and "never seen this level of uncontrollable grief".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seoighe |first=Rachel |title=War, Denial and Nation-Building in Sri Lanka: After the End |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-56324-4 |page=281}}</ref> In 2020, then Sri Lankan President Gotabaya Rajapaksa stated that more than 20,000 people who disappeared during the war were dead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2020 |title=Sri Lanka civil war: Rajapaksa says thousands missing are dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51184085 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205081140/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51184085 |archive-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>

The [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal]] included the abductions and enforced disappearances of displaced Tamils as an example of the state's calculated policy to "physically eliminate Eelam Tamils on the basis of their group identity."{{sfn|PPT & IMRV|2014|p=17}} [[Bruce Fein]], an American lawyer who specializes in international law, described the frequent disappearances of Tamils as among the "exemplary genocidal events".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |title=Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-58884-3 |page=87}}</ref> Lutz Oette, an international law specialist, examined the reported cases of enforced disappearances of thousands of Tamils between 1984 and 1997 and stated that they fell within the definition of genocidal acts.<ref>{{Cite report |first=Lutz |last=Oette |url= |title=The International Crime of Genocide: The Case of the Tamil People in Sri Lanka |date=December 1997 |publisher=Tamil Information Centre |page=49}}</ref>

== Mullivaikkal massacre ==
{{Main|Mullivaikkal massacre|White Flag incident}}

[[File:Mullivaikkal massacre in safe zone during Tamil Genocide.png|thumb|No-Fire Zones (NFZs) in 2009, which became primary sites of civilian massacres by [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]]]]
Mullivaikkal massacre was the mass killing of tens of thousands of Tamil civilians during the final months of the Sri Lankan civil war ending in May 2009 in a tiny strip of land called [[Mullivaikkal]] on the northeast coast of the island, which is part of a larger region known as the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]]. The Sri Lankan government designated several No Fire Zones (NFZs) in Mullivaikkal where it had encouraged civilians to concentrate. It then proceeded to shell using heavy weapons three consecutive NFZs killing large numbers of civilians despite having foreknowledge of the impact through information provided by its [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], as well as by the UN and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]]. According to the UN, an estimated 40,000 Tamil civilians were killed, with the majority of casualties being the result of indiscriminate and widespread shelling by the government forces.<ref>{{Cite report |date=31 March 2011 |title=Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/unsecgen/2011/en/78961 |publisher=[[UN Secretary-General]] |pages=41, 49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606121624/https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/unsecgen/2011/en/78961 |archive-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> UN staff had been quoted as saying that by May 2009, up to 1,000 Tamil civilians were being killed each day by the military.{{sfn|Short|2016|p=111}} In a later [[Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka|internal review]], the UN stated that there was credible information that over 70,000 people are unaccounted for.<ref name="UN recent report"/> The [[International Truth and Justice Project]] (ITJP) estimated that up to 169,796 Tamil civilians could have been killed in the final phase of the war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2021 |title=How many Tamils were killed in 2009? |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/how-many-tamils-were-killed-2009 |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606152701/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/how-many-tamils-were-killed-2009 |archive-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> In February 2009, the Sri Lankan Defence Secretary [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]], brother of President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], justified killing Tamil civilians by stating that hospitals operating outside the designated NFZs were legitimate targets; civilians were all "LTTE sympathizers"; and that distinction could not be made between combatants and civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Ryan |date=19 April 2014 |title=Sri Lanka's Greatest War Criminal (Gotabaya) is a US Citizen: It's Time to Hold Him Accountable |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/10537/sri-lanka-gotabaya-us-citizen-war-crimes-accountability/ |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=Just Security |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208160247/https://www.justsecurity.org/10537/sri-lanka-gotabaya-us-citizen-war-crimes-accountability/ |archive-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>

In 2014, an international team of investigators for the International Crimes Evidence Project (ICEP) and in 2015 the Report of the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL) both found that large numbers of civilians, mostly women and children, queuing at food distribution centers were deliberately killed by government shelling despite there being no [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] activity and the government having knowledge of the time and location of the distributions.{{sfn|ICEP|2014|pp=iv, 29–34, 85}}{{sfn|OHCHR|2015|pp=170–171}} ICEP found reasonable grounds to believe the shelling of NFZs amounted to [[crimes against humanity]]: murder, extermination, persecution and other inhumane acts. The government was also accused of denying humanitarian assistance by deliberately understating the number of civilians in the conflict zone which resulted in the shortage of food and civilians being starved to death.{{sfn|ICEP|2014|pp=v, 85}} During the final days of the war, the Sri Lankan Army also engaged in indiscriminate executions of Tamils, civilians as well as fighters who surrendered waving a white flag.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 May 2010 |title=Sri Lanka Tamil killings 'ordered from the top' |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/sri-lanka-tamil-killings-ordered-from-the-top |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323134558/http://www.channel4.com/news/sri-lanka-tamil-killings-ordered-from-the-top |archive-date=23 March 2015 |newspaper=[[Channel 4 News]]}}</ref> Indiscriminate massacres of surrendering civilians, including children, were also carried out at the end of the war on 18 May 2009.<ref name="Ch4N2011">{{cite news |first=Tehmoor |last=Khan |work=[[Channel 4 News]] |date=27 July 2011 |title=The Sri Lankan soldiers 'whose hearts turned to stone' |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/the-sri-lankan-soldiers-whose-hearts-turned-to-stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613130654/https://www.channel4.com/news/the-sri-lankan-soldiers-whose-hearts-turned-to-stone |archive-date=13 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="ITJP2019">{{cite report |author=[[International Truth and Justice Project]] |title=Shavendra Silva, Chief of Army Staff, Sri Lanka, Dossier |date=29 January 2019 |url=https://itjpsl.com/assets/shavendra-Silva_-final-dossier.pdf |page=70 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427203902/https://www.itjpsl.com/assets/shavendra-Silva_-final-dossier.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

A military whistleblower accused government forces of a subsequent cover-up with bodies being buried in mass graves and chemicals being used to dissolve skeletons.<ref name="Ch4N2011" />{{sfn|Grant|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2zXWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 111]}} Commenting on the systematic destruction of mass burial sites by the government, [[William Schabas]], a professor of international law, stated that "when people destroy evidence it's because they know they've done something wrong".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2014 |title=Sri Lanka war report 'shows rights abuses' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/2/5/sri-lanka-war-report-shows-rights-abuses |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716202224/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/2/5/sri-lanka-war-report-shows-rights-abuses |archive-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

A panel of genocide scholars of the [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal]] described the mass killing in the final stages of the war as the "climax" of the genocidal process.<ref name="Veerasingham-2013"/> Spanish lawyer Carlos Castresana Fernandez, who coordinated a war crimes lawsuit by human rights groups against former Sri Lankan general [[Jagath Jayasuriya]] for overseeing abuses in the last phase of the war, described the crimes as "one genocide that has been forgotten".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prengaman |first=Peter |date=29 August 2017 |title=Sri Lankan ambassador, accused of war crimes, leaves Brazil |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-2d561f4eb07b4736a88c420c4af33531 |work=[[AP News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606152705/https://apnews.com/general-news-2d561f4eb07b4736a88c420c4af33531 |archive-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> [[Francis Boyle]], an international lawyer who helped file the [[Bosnian genocide case]], cited the World Court's 2007 Bosnian Judgment to argue that the "extermination" of Tamil civilians in the Vanni in 2009 numbering many times that of the [[Srebrenica massacre]] "also constituted genocide".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=Francis A. |author-link=Francis Boyle |date=July 2014 |title=Chartering Freedom Through the Rough Seas of GeoPolitics |journal=International Law Journal of London |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=184}}</ref> Drawing on the parallels between the Srebrenica and the Vanni cases, human rights lawyer Anji Manivannan argued that the Sri Lankan government leaders and military commanders possessed specific intent of genocide in targeting a substantial part of the Tamil population of the Vanni in 2009 for destruction, namely, its numeric size, significance and the presence of the group's leadership; and committed three acts of genocide, namely, killing by intentional shelling of the UN hub, hospitals and food distribution lines; "causing serious bodily or mental harm" by maiming around 30,000 civilians and using sexual violence against hundreds of women and girls; and "deliberately inflicting conditions of life to bring about the group's physical destruction" by denying humanitarian aid.{{sfn|UNROW|2014|pp=7–8}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manivannan |first=Anji |date=15 August 2019 |title=Emerging Voices: Sri Lanka's Tamils Need Genocide Recognition and Innovative Justice Mechanisms |url=https://opiniojuris.org/2019/08/15/emerging-voices-sri-lankas-tamils-need-genocide-recognition-and-innovative-justice-mechanisms/ |website=Opinio Juris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523155558/http://opiniojuris.org/2019/08/15/emerging-voices-sri-lankas-tamils-need-genocide-recognition-and-innovative-justice-mechanisms/ |archive-date=23 May 2024}}</ref>

Professor Jude Lal Fernando situated the genocidal intent and actions of the Sri Lankan state during the Mullivaikkal massacre within the historical context of a [[Majoritarianism|majoritarian]] nation-building process, and argued that the Sri Lankan state is motivated by [[Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism]] which underpinned its intent to destroy the Tamil ethnic group in part. Fernando cited statements from Sri Lankan military and political leaders who claimed the island as a Sinhalese country and denied the civilian status of Tamil civilians trapped in the war zone by describing them as "just the relatives of the Terrorists" as reflecting the genocidal intent of the state.{{sfn|Fernando|2014|pp=28–35}}

Tamil human rights group [[People for Equality and Relief in Lanka|PEARL]] published a report in September 2024 arguing that there was a sufficient legal basis to describe the massacre as a genocide. It stated that the Sri Lankan government was guilty of the first three acts of genocide as listed in the [[Genocide Convention]]; and that they were committed with [[genocidal intent]] to destroy in part the Tamil people. It argued that the targeted part, Tamils of the Vanni, constituted a "substantial part" of the whole Tamil population in Sri Lanka; and based on the UN and ITJP figures, it estimated that 1.3 and 5.5 percent, respectively, of the whole Tamil population ({{abbr|incl.|including}} [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]]) in Sri Lanka and 13 and 57 percent, respectively, of the whole Tamil population of the Vanni itself were killed in the massacre. Following the precedent set by [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|ICTR]], [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|ICTY]] and [[Rohingya genocide#OHCHR Independent Fact-Finding Mission report|UN Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar]], it argued that genocidal intent can be inferred from circumstantial evidence, such as disproportionate and systematic use of force against Tamils in the Vanni and statements of Defence Secretary conflating civilians with combatants.{{sfn|PEARL|2024|pp=22–40}}

Research scholar Karthick Ram Manoharan argued that the Sri Lankan state adopted genocide as a [[counterinsurgency]] strategy against the Tamil population and its genocidal intentions were rooted in Sinhalese nationalism that claims the entire island as an exclusive Sinhalese property and seeks to assimilate Tamils through "[[Sinhalisation|Sinhalization]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manoharan |first=Karthick Ram |date=10 October 2012 |title=Genocide as Counterinsurgency – Brief Notes on the "Sri Lanka model" |url=https://sanhati.com/excerpted/5663/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609165155/https://sanhati.com/excerpted/5663/ |archive-date=9 June 2024 |website=Sanhati}}</ref> Former UN staffer Benjamin Dix, who had worked in the Vanni between 2004 and 2008, stated it was a "very fair" assessment that the Sri Lankan Army committed genocide, describing the final offensive as "destruction of the Tamil community".<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2018 |title='Very fair to say SL army committed genocide': former UN staffer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/very-fair-to-say-sl-army-committed-genocide-former-un-staffer/articleshow/62673044.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606180134/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/very-fair-to-say-sl-army-committed-genocide-former-un-staffer/articleshow/62673044.cms |archive-date=6 June 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Several other authors and journalists have also described the massacre as a genocide.{{sfn|Grant|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2zXWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 74], [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zXWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 94]}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title="Mullivaikkal is not a name of a place; it is a name of a crime" JDS Convenor Rohitha Bashana |url=https://english.ceylonnews.lk/mullivaikkal-is-not-a-name-of-a-place-it-is-a-name-of-a-crime-jds-convenor-rohitha-bashana/ |website=Ceylon News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609165159/https://english.ceylonnews.lk/mullivaikkal-is-not-a-name-of-a-place-it-is-a-name-of-a-crime-jds-convenor-rohitha-bashana/ |archive-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=G. Pramod |date=20 March 2013 |title=Why Tamil Nadu is right to call Sri Lanka's 'war' a genocide |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/why-tamil-nadu-is-right-to-call-sri-lankas-war-a-genocide-668309.html |website=Firstpost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609165154/https://www.firstpost.com/world/why-tamil-nadu-is-right-to-call-sri-lankas-war-a-genocide-668309.html |archive-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Eyewitness accounts ===
On 18 May 2010, [[Channel 4|Channel 4 News]] broadcast interviews with two Sri Lankan soldiers who claimed that they had been given orders from "the top" to summarily execute ''all'' ethnic Tamils, civilians as well as fighters. A senior commander claimed "the order would have been to kill everybody and finish them off...It is clear that such orders were...from the top". Sri Lankan Defence Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa was said to have given direct orders to army commanders at the battle front. The commander also claimed that [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]'s 12-year-old son [[Killing of Balachandran Prabhakaran|Balachandran]] was interrogated by the military before being shot dead. A front line soldier said, "our commander ordered us to kill everyone. We killed everyone". The soldier claimed that the Tamils were tortured before being executed. Numerous photos taken by Sri Lankan soldiers showing dead bodies and Tamil prisoners were also shown in the broadcast.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka Tamil killings 'ordered from the top' |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/sri-lanka-tamil-killings-ordered-from-the-top |newspaper=[[Channel 4 News]] |date=18 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323134558/http://www.channel4.com/news/sri-lanka-tamil-killings-ordered-from-the-top |archive-date=23 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the soldiers who served in the 58 Division of the [[Sri Lankan Army]] tearfully recounted the heinous crimes committed by fellow soldiers in 2009:
{{Blockquote
|text="They shoot people at random, stab people, rape them, cut their tongues out, cut women's breasts off. I have witnessed all this with my own eyes.

I saw a lot of small children, who were so innocent, getting killed in large numbers. A large number of elders were also killed.

If they wanted to rape a Tamil girl, they could just beat her and do it. If her parents tried to stop them, they could beat them or kill them. It was their empire.

I saw the naked dead bodies of women without heads and other parts of their bodies. I saw a mother and child dead and the child's body was without its head."<ref name="Ch4N2011"/>}}

He further described the government's attempts to cover up:

{{Blockquote
|text="in Puthumathalan alone, over 1500 civilians were killed. But they couldn't bury all of them. What they did was, they bought a bulldozer, they spread the dead bodies out and put sand on top of them, making it look like a bund...I saw the same happen to more than 50,000 people like that."<ref name="Ch4N2011"/>}}

An army insider also witnessed indiscriminate massacres on 18 May 2009, and stated the following:
{{Blockquote
|text="I saw this shooting of surrenderees take place a number of times. A number of groups, some 50, some 75, some more than 25 would come forward and they would all be killed. That included children, small children, women and old people... This was widespread killing. If journalists were around then the civilians were allowed to surrender, but when the journalists were not around the orders were to kill everyone."<ref name="ITJP2019"/>}}Another retired soldier who served on the front lines told ''The New York Times'' that they should "beg for forgiveness" for what they had done during the final offensive, recounting that they were "encouraged to be merciless" and they "went mad".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Komireddi |first=Kapil |date=25 November 2019 |title='We Needed a Modi After the Easter Attacks' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/opinion/Sri-Lanka-Rajapaksa-President.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606121639/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/opinion/Sri-Lanka-Rajapaksa-President.html |archive-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

=== UN response ===
In a 2012 [[Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka|internal review]] of its conduct during the last stages of the Sri Lankan civil war, the [[United Nations|UN]] found that various UN agencies had failed to protect Tamil civilians at every level, particularly by withdrawing its staff from the war zone and by withholding evidence of widespread government shelling.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2012 |title=Sri Lanka: UN admits it failed to protect civilians |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20331872 |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516040020/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20331872 |archive-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Lyse |last=Doucet |date=13 November 2012 |title=UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20308610 |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426230851/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20308610 |archive-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> [[Vijay K. Nambiar|Vijay Nambiar]], then chief of staff under UN Secretary-General, implored [[Navi Pillay]] (High Commissioner for Human Rights) to dilute her statement on potential war crimes by the government, complaining that it put the LTTE and the government "on the same footing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harrison |first=Frances |date=16 November 2012 |title=What If the UN Had Spoken Out on Sri Lanka? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/frances-harrison/un-sri-lanka_b_2135560.html |work=[[HuffPost]] UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528171725/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/frances-harrison/un-sri-lanka_b_2135560.html |archive-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> Commenting on Nambiar's statement that UN's role should be "compatible with the government," Francis Boyle, professor of international law, denounced the UN and its top officials as aiding and abetting Tamil genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2009 |title=UN Officials complicit in aiding, abetting GoSL's Nazi-type crimes - Prof. Boyle |url=https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29486 |website=TamilNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725062508/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29486 |archive-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> Vijay Nambiar's own brother [[Satish Nambiar]] was a consultant to the Sri Lankan government and had praised the Sri Lanka Army and its conduct of the war, in spite of all the civilians killed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2009 |title=Amid Death in Sri Lanka, UN Wedding in New York, Ban's Visit Delay Questioned |url=https://www.innercitypress.com/un2may2srilanka051109.html |website=Inner City Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517113136/https://www.innercitypress.com/un2may2srilanka051109.html |archive-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> [[Louise Arbour]], the former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, described the UN's conduct as having "verged on complicity". The UN's response was constrained by some of its powerful [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto-wielding]] members such as China and Russia who shielded the Sri Lankan government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Gordon |title=The Cage: The Fight for Sri Lanka and the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers |publisher=Bellevue Literary Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-934137-54-3 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |page=123}}</ref> In 2016 then UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] acknowledged UN's failures in Sri Lanka which he named along with [[Rwandan genocide|Rwanda]] and [[Srebrenica massacre|Srebrenica]] as examples of its "never again" repeating itself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2016 |title='We made big mistakes' in Sri Lanka admits UN chief |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/%E2%80%98we-made-big-mistakes%E2%80%99-sri-lanka-admits-un-chief |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803001017/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/%E2%80%98we-made-big-mistakes%E2%80%99-sri-lanka-admits-un-chief |archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>

== Sexual violence ==
{{Main|Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka}}

Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka has occurred repeatedly during the island's long ethnic conflict. The first instances of rape of Tamil women by Sinhalese mobs were documented during the [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vittachi |first=Tarzie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Orm1AAAAIAAJ |title=Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots |publisher=Andre Deutsch |year=1958 |pages=37, 48}}</ref> This continued in the 1960s with the deployment of the Sri Lankan Army in Jaffna, who were reported to have molested and occasionally raped Tamil women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeVotta |first=Neil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RSHzj2EU-cC&pg=PA127 |title=Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8047-4924-4 |page=127}}</ref> Further rapes of Tamils were carried out by Sinhalese mobs during the [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom|1977]], [[1981 Anti-Tamil pogrom|1981]] and [[Black July|1983]] anti-Tamil [[pogrom]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Library |first=Lanka Free |date=15 October 2019 |title=Sansoni Commission 1980 |url=https://lankafreelibrary.com/2019/10/15/sansoni-commission-1980/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=Lanka Free Library |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009142649/https://lankafreelibrary.com/2019/10/15/sansoni-commission-1980/ |archive-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>Brian Eads – The Cover Up That Failed – The Prohibited Report From Colombo, London Observer – 20 September 1981</ref><ref>E.M. Thornton & Niththyananthan, R. – Sri Lanka, Island of Terror – An Indictment, ({{ISBN|0 9510073 0 0}}), 1984, Appendix A</ref>

There has been widespread and systematic sexual violence against the Tamil population by the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lankan security forces with the approval of the highest levels of the government both during and after the war. The victims included both females and males, civilians and LTTE suspects, of all age groups.<ref name="HRW2013">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2013 |title='We Will Teach You a Lesson': Sexual Violence against Tamils by Sri Lankan Security Forces |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/02/26/we-will-teach-you-lesson/sexual-violence-against-tamils-sri-lankan-security-forces |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110120320/https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/02/26/we-will-teach-you-lesson/sexual-violence-against-tamils-sri-lankan-security-forces |archive-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|ITJP|2014|p=6}}{{sfn|OHCHR|2015|p=117}} The methods involved sexual humiliation, forced nudity, [[sexual assault]], sexual torture, sexual mutilation,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meger |first=Sara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJVHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 |title=Rape Loot Pillage: The Political Economy of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-027766-6 |page=181}}</ref> vaginal and anal [[rape]],<ref name="HRW2013" /> [[gang rape]],<ref name="Mohan-2016">{{Cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=Rohini |title=The Search for Justice: The Sri Lankan Papers |date=2016 |publisher=Zubaan |editor1-last=Jayawardena |editor1-first=K. |series=Zubaan Series on Sexual Violence and Impunity in South Asia |location=New Delhi |pages=237–295 |language=English |chapter=The Fear of Rape: Tamil Women and Wartime Sexual Violence |editor2-last=Pinto-Jayawardena |editor2-first=K.}}</ref> [[forced prostitution]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=WikiLeaks: EPDP Sold Jaffna Children: Girls To Prostitution Rings And Boys To Slavery |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/wikileaks-epdp-sold-jaffna-children-girls-to-prostitution-rings-and-boys-to-slavery/ |work=[[Colombo Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428023058/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/wikileaks-epdp-sold-jaffna-children-girls-to-prostitution-rings-and-boys-to-slavery/ |archive-date=28 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2013 |title=The Person Who Exposed EPDP's Child Prostitution Was Abducted And No Information So Far |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-person-who-exposed-epdps-child-prostitution-was-abducted-and-no-information-so-far/ |work=[[Colombo Telegraph]]}}</ref> [[sexual slavery]],<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://itjpsl.com/assets/Part-1-ITJP-Public-Submission-to-CEDAW-2017.pdf |title=Public Submission to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women for its examination of Sri Lanka in February 2017 |date=23 January 2017 |publisher=[[International Truth and Justice Project]] |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910212629/https://itjpsl.com/assets/Part-1-ITJP-Public-Submission-to-CEDAW-2017.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2019 |title=US court hears of sexual slavery in Sri Lanka's military camps |url=http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/news-features/human-rights/895-us-court-hears-of-sexual-slavery-in-sri-lankas-military-camps |website=Journalists for Democracy in Sri Lanka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417143104/http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/news-features/human-rights/895-us-court-hears-of-sexual-slavery-in-sri-lankas-military-camps |archive-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> [[forced abortion]], [[forced pregnancy]] and forced contraception.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2013 |title=WikiLeaks: EPDP Medical Doctor Performs Forced Abortions |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/wikileaks-epdp-medical-doctor-performs-forced-abortions/ |work=[[Colombo Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522060830/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/wikileaks-epdp-medical-doctor-performs-forced-abortions/ |archive-date=22 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=Coercive Population Control in Kilinochchi |url=https://groundviews.org/2013/09/13/coercive-population-control-in-kilinochchi/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Groundviews |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112202241/https://groundviews.org/2013/09/13/coercive-population-control-in-kilinochchi/ |archive-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|PEARL|2022|pp=54–56}} The extent of sexual violence reached unprecedented levels during the last stages of the war:<ref name="Mohan-2016" /> A large number of Tamil women who crossed over to the government-controlled areas were sexually assaulted, causing many to flee back to the war zone.<ref name="HRW2013" /> The sexual abuse is often accompanied by racist verbal abuse, such as being insulted as "Tamil dog"{{sfn|OHCHR|2015|pp=114, 120}} and "Tamil...slave".{{sfn|ITJP|2014|p=38}} One female victim was told by her military rapists that they won the war and they wanted Tamil women to bear Sinhalese children;<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://itjpsl.com/assets/stoptorture_report_v4_online.pdf |title=A Still Unfinished War: Sri Lanka's Survivors of Torture and Sexual Violence 2009-2015 |date=March 2014 |publisher=[[International Truth and Justice Project]] |pages=67–68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427133037/https://www.itjpsl.com/assets/stoptorture_report_v4_online.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2024}}</ref> and another male victim was told he was "a Tamil dog and should not have any future generations" while being assaulted on his genitals.{{sfn|ITJP|2014|p=52}} Tamil survivors related that the sexual violence inflicted in detention left them with "the most severe and persistent psychological damage".{{sfn|OHCHR|2015|p=118}} Piers Pigou, a human rights investigator with 40 years experience of interviewing torture survivors, described the levels of sexual abuse perpetrated against Tamils by the Sri Lankan authorities as "the most egregious and perverted" that he had ever seen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lyons |first=Kate |date=8 November 2017 |title='I want the world to know': Tamil men accuse Sri Lanka of rape and torture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/08/tamil-men-accuse-sri-lanka-of-rape-torture |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517212610/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/08/tamil-men-accuse-sri-lanka-of-rape-torture |archive-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

A panel of scholars of the [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal]] found the extensive and prolonged acts of sexual violence committed against the Tamil population with state impunity to be "a clear case of genocide".{{sfn|PPT & IMRV|2014|p=20}} Citing the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|ICTR]] judgement, the Tamil human rights group [[People for Equality and Relief in Lanka|PEARL]] reported that the rapes in the final phase of the war and the forced abortions, forced pregnancies and forced contraception may or would constitute acts of genocide by preventing Tamil births.{{sfn|PEARL|2022|pp=34–37, 54–56}} Altunjan (2021) described the forced contraception on Tamil women as occurring in a "genocidal context".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Altunjan |first=Tanja |title=Reproductive Violence and International Criminal Law |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021 |isbn=978-94-6265-451-8 |page=182}}</ref> The director of UK-based Widows for Peace through Democracy described the organized and state-sanctioned rapes as "a form of genocide of the Tamil people."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2014 |title=Sexual Violence in Conflict: Sri Lanka |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/sexual-violence-conflict-sri-lanka |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507202310/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/sexual-violence-conflict-sri-lanka |archive-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

== Cultural destruction ==
The [[Burning of Jaffna Public Library|burning of the Jaffna Public library]] in 1981 by an organised Sinhalese mob has been described by [[Damien Short]] as a 'classic genocidal tactic', where the cultural roots of the Tamils was being attacked, with old and irreplaceable documents being destroyed.{{sfn|Short|2016|pp=102}}<ref>{{cite book |first=T. |last=Sabaratnam |author-link=T. Sabaratnam |date=17 December 2003 |title=Pirapaharan |volume=1 |chapter=23. Who Gave the Order? |url=https://sangam.org/pirapaharan-vol-1-chap-23-who-gave-the-order/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911063641/https://sangam.org/pirapaharan-vol-1-chap-23-who-gave-the-order/ |archive-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/12/12/fea01.html |title=History of the Public Library |access-date=13 April 2007 |work=Dailynews |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310145532/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/12/12/fea01.html |archive-date=10 March 2007}}</ref> In the context of discussing genocide, [[Damien Kingsbury]] states that there is little doubt that the Sri Lankan government has "engaged in the cultural destruction of the Tamil people", from the burning of the library, to the wholesale displacement of Tamils from their legally held lands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |title=Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-58884-3 |pages=87–88}}</ref>

=== Land grabbing and colonization ===
{{Main|Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes}}

[[File:Mulivaikkal3.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Depiction of Tamil civilians being held in Sri Lankan [[Internally displaced persons in Sri Lanka|IDP]] concentration camps.]]
The Sri Lankan military's control and domination of the Tamil population, along with systematic land grabs have been described by [[Damien Short]] as part of a "genocidal process that is destroying the land-based political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental foundations" of the Tamil community.{{sfn|Short|2016|pp=93–126}} Sinhala Buddhist nationalists within the Sri Lankan government, Buddhist clergy and Mahaweli department have deliberately targeted the Tamil majority northeast for state sponsored [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] colonisation, with the explicit intention to take the land into "Sinhala hands" away from the Tamils,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Bart |last1=Klem |first2=Thiruni |last2=Kelegama |date=2020 |title=Marginal placeholders: peasants, paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka's post-war frontier |journal=[[Journal of Peasant Studies]] |volume=47 |number=2 |pages=346–365 |doi=10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604}}</ref> and to disrupt the Tamil-speaking continuity between the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|north]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|east]].<ref name="Kelegama-2023">{{cite web |first=Thiruni |last=Kelegama |date=10 April 2023 |title=Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/ |website=[[London School of Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716051351/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/ |archive-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> This resulted in a significant demographic shift, with the resettled farmers contributing to an increase in the Sinhalese population in the northeast dry zone, thus promoting Sinhala-Buddhist hegemony in the area.<ref name="Kelegama-2023" /> Sinhalese settlers were provided with preferential access to land by the state in these regions, whilst the local Tamil speaking people were excluded from this privilege,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Shahul H. |last1=Hasbullah |first2=Urs |last2=Geiser |date=2019 |title=Negotiating access to land in eastern Sri Lanka |url=https://www.ices.lk/_files/ugd/fba0ea_d2948129fc104f01aac91893319ca7ad.pdf |publisher=[[International Centre for Ethnic Studies]] |isbn=978-955-580-233-8 |page=9}}</ref> making them minorities in their own lands.<ref name="Kelegama-2023" />

Whilst empowering Sinhalese settlers, the scheme also served as a means to marginalize, exclude, and harm Tamil speaking minorities, treating them as the 'other'.<ref name="Kelegama-2023" /> It has been perhaps the most immediate cause of inter-communal violence,<ref>{{cite web |date=October 1988 |title=Tamil Alienation |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13257.html |access-date=4 October 2009 |work=Country Studies Series: Sri Lanka |publisher=Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610085610/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13257.html |archive-date=10 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Root Causes of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSRILANKA/Resources/App1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508082913/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSRILANKA/Resources/App1.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahaweli Ganga Development Program Implementation Strategy Study |url=http://mahaweli.gov.lk/en/pdf/Library/Implementtion%20Strategy%20Study%20-%20Volume%205.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221155053/http://mahaweli.gov.lk/en/pdf/Library/Implementtion%20Strategy%20Study%20-%20Volume%205.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=12 May 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Patrick Peebles |year=1990 |title=Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka |journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=30–55 |doi=10.2307/2058432 |jstor=2058432 |s2cid=153505636 |doi-access=free}}</ref> with [[1984 Manal Aru massacres|violent displacement of Tamil civilians]] to make way for Sinhalese settlers occurring several times.<ref name="UTHR">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka |url=https://uthr.org/Rajani/Extracts%20from%20Chapter%209.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127020926/https://uthr.org/Rajani/Extracts%20from%20Chapter%209.htm |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Report No.5 |url=https://uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm |website=uthr.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127011809/https://uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> The [[University Teachers for Human Rights]] has described this as [[ethnic cleansing]] of Tamils occurring with the support of the government since the [[1956 anti-Tamil pogrom|1956 Gal Oya riots]].<ref name="UTHR" /> In 1985, a Sri Lankan government appointed study group recommended using Sinhala colonisation to break the link between the Tamil majority regions of the north and east.<ref>Tamil Times, November 1985, The diabolical plan, p.8</ref> President [[J. R. Jayewardene]] publicly announced that his government planned to settle Sinhalese in the predominantly Tamil [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka#Demographics|Northern Province]] over the next 2 years in order to create a 75% Sinhalese majority there (to reflect the overall nationwide proportion of Sinhalese to Tamils on the island).<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lankans to be resettled in anti-separatist move |agency=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=21 January 1985}}</ref> Following the end of war in 2009, Sinhalese officials and settlers in [[Weli Oya]] have expressed their desire to take more land further north in order to "make the Sinhala man the most present in all parts of the country".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelegama |first1=Thiruni |first2=Benedikt |last2=Korf |date=2023 |title=The lure of land: Peasant politics, frontier colonization and the cunning state in Sri Lanka |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=57 |number=6 |pages=2003–2017 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X22000506|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Recognition of genocide ==

=== Permanent Peoples' Tribunal ===
{{main|Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka}}

Between 7–10 December 2013, the [[Rome]]-based [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal]] held a Tribunal on Sri Lanka in [[Bremen]], [[Germany]] to investigate accusations that the Sri Lankan government committed genocide against the Tamil people. The panel of 11 judges, which included experts in genocide studies such as {{interlanguage link|Daniel Feierstein|es}}, a professor in the faculty of Genocide at [[University of Buenos Aires]], past UN officials, human rights activists and experts in international law, unanimously found Sri Lanka guilty of the crime of genocide.<ref name="Veerasingham-2013"/>

The Tribunal found that the evidence conclusively demonstrated, beyond any [[reasonable doubt]], that the [[Government of Sri Lanka]] committed the following [[Genocide#Prohibited acts|genocidal acts]]:<ref name="Veerasingham-2013"/>

(a) Killing members of the group, which includes [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces|massacres]], indiscriminate shelling, the strategy of herding civilians into so-called "No Fire Zones" for the purpose of [[Mullivaikkal massacre|mass killings]], and targeted assassinations of prominent Tamil civil leaders who could expose the Sri Lankan genocide to the world.

(b) Inflicting serious bodily or mental harm on members of the group, including acts of torture, inhumane or degrading treatment, [[Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka|sexual violence such as rape]], interrogations combined with beatings, threats of death, and harm that damages health or causes disfigurement or injury.

(c) Deliberately imposing conditions of life intended to bring about the group's physical destruction in whole or in part, including the expulsion of victims from their homes, seizure of private lands, and the declaration of vast areas as military High Security Zones (HSZ) to facilitate the military acquisition of Tamil land.<ref name="Veerasingham-2013"/>

=== Political recognition ===
==== India ====
On 14 August 1983, Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared the [[Black July]] pogrom to be a genocide against the Tamil people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering 35th Black July with Tamil resolve |url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=39138&catid=79 |website=TamilNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909054319/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=39138 |archive-date=9 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sangam.org/2010/07/Black_July_Revisited.php |title=Black July of 1983 revisited |website=www.sangam.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505130810/https://www.sangam.org/2010/07/Black_July_Revisited.php |archive-date=5 May 2024}}</ref>

==== Sri Lanka ====
On 12 April 2015, the [[Northern Provincial Council]] of Sri Lanka [[2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils|passed a resolution]] calling the UN to investigate the Tamil genocide and refer its findings to the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC), stating that the Tamils had no faith in the domestic commission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2015 |title=NPC passes resolution asking UN to investigate genocide of Tamils by Sri Lanka state |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/npc-passes-resolution-asking-un-investigate-genocide-tamils-sri-lanka-state |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619204726/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/npc-passes-resolution-asking-un-investigate-genocide-tamils-sri-lanka-state |archive-date=19 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Lanka%E2%80%99s-Northern-Council-Passes-Damning-Resolution-on-Genocide/2015/02/10/article2662323.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213051228/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Lanka%E2%80%99s-Northern-Council-Passes-Damning-Resolution-on-Genocide/2015/02/10/article2662323.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2015 |title=Lanka's Northern Council Passes Damning Resolution on Genocide |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>

==== Spain ====
On 25 January 2019, a resolution passed by the Municipal Council of the [[Barcelona|City of Barcelona]] called for an international investigation into "the genocide perpetrated by the government of Sri Lanka".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2019 |title=Barcelona calls for investigation into genocide of Tamils and recognition of Tamil Eelam |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/barcelona-calls-investigation-genocide-tamils-and-recognition-tamil-eelam |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619204724/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/barcelona-calls-investigation-genocide-tamils-and-recognition-tamil-eelam |archive-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
On 24 September 2021, [[Palermo]] City Council signed a Memorandum of understanding with the Tamil community in Italy, with the city agreeing to recognize Tamil genocide and to promote Tamil Genocide Education Week in May each year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2021 |title=Riconoscere il genocidio e promuovere l'integrazione della comunità Tamil: firmata intesa col Comune |trans-title=Recognising the genocide and promoting the integration of the Tamil community: agreement signed with the Municipality |url=https://www.palermotoday.it/politica/protocollo-intesa-comune-comunita-tamil.html |website=PalermoToday |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924192628/https://www.palermotoday.it/politica/protocollo-intesa-comune-comunita-tamil.html |archive-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
In 2022, the Parliament of Canada unanimously adopted a motion to make [[Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day|May 18]] as the Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2022 |title=Canada's Parliament recognises Tamil Genocide in landmark motion |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/canadas-parliament-recognises-tamil-genocide-landmark-motion |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611105229/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/canadas-parliament-recognises-tamil-genocide-landmark-motion |archive-date=11 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=Canada committed to building future free of hate: Justin Trudeau on Sri Lanka Black July |url=https://economynext.com/canada-committed-to-building-future-free-of-hate-justin-trudeau-on-sri-lanka-black-july-126591 |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=EconomyNext |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724123650/https://economynext.com/canada-committed-to-building-future-free-of-hate-justin-trudeau-on-sri-lanka-black-july-126591/ |archive-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> To mark the first Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day on 18 May 2023, Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] issued the following statement: <blockquote>"The stories of Tamil-Canadians affected by the conflict – including many I have met over the years in communities across the country – serve as an enduring reminder that human rights, peace, and democracy cannot be taken for granted. That's why Parliament last year unanimously adopted the motion to make May 18 Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day. Canada will not stop advocating for the rights of the victims and survivors of this conflict, as well as for all in Sri Lanka who continue to face hardship."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Statement by the Prime Minister on the first Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day |url=http://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2023/05/18/statement-prime-minister-first-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=[[Prime Minister of Canada]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913215405/https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2023/05/18/statement-prime-minister-first-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day |archive-date=13 September 2024}}</ref></blockquote>[[File:Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day - Melbourne Rally (51181597952).jpg|thumb|200px|A rally commemorating the Tamil Genocide in Melbourne, Australia]]
However, in an April 2023 interview with [[Bob Rae]], the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations, [[Garnett Genuis]] clarified that a recognition of genocide by the House of Commons does not necessarily reflect an official position of the government of Canada. Rae said that he was not aware of the government of Canada recognizing the Tamil genocide.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Garnett Genuis]], [[Bob Rae]] |date=8 April 2023 |title=Does Canada Recognize the Tamil Genocide? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJnIef4n94I |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> On 16 June 2023, the [[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|''Daily Mirror'']] claimed that the Canadian [[Global Affairs Canada|foreign ministry]] had privately told the Sri Lankan government that Canada "had not made any finding that genocide had taken place in Sri Lanka."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samarawickrama |first1=Chaturanga Pradeep |title=No genocide took place in SL, Trudeau says otherwise for political ends |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/top_story/No-genocide-took-place-in-SL-Trudeau-says-otherwise-for-political-ends/155-261193 |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]] |date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229024405/https://www.dailymirror.lk/top_story/No-genocide-took-place-in-SL-Trudeau-says-otherwise-for-political-ends/155-261193 |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> On 21 June 2023, [[The Island (Sri Lanka)|''The Island'']] reported that the [[Canadian High Commissions|Canadian High Commission]] in Sri Lanka confirmed that Prime Minister Trudeau's statement marking the first Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day reflected Canada's stance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferdinando |first=Shamindra |date=23 June 2023 |title=Canada reiterates genocide charge, holds MR, GR accountable |url=https://island.lk/canada-reiterates-genocide-charge-holds-mr-gr-accountable/ |website=The Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628103148/https://island.lk/canada-reiterates-genocide-charge-holds-mr-gr-accountable/ |archive-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>

In response to Trudeau's statement, Sri Lanka stated: "Sri Lanka rejects the reference to Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day by the Canadian Prime Minister and that it is a distorted narrative of the past conflict in Sri Lanka is aimed solely at achieving local vote-bank electoral gains, and is not conducive to broader goals of communal harmony."<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=The High commission of Sri Lanka in Singapore |title=Sri Lanka rejects the reference to Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day by the Canadian Prime Minister |url=https://www.lanka.com.sg/sri-lanka-rejects-the-reference-to-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day-by-the-canadian-prime-minister/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=High Commission of Sri Lanka in Singapore |publisher=Sri Lanka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320183223/https://www.lanka.com.sg/sri-lanka-rejects-the-reference-to-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day-by-the-canadian-prime-minister/ |archive-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>

==== United States====
Several U.S. legislators such as [[Wiley Nickel]] and [[Deborah Ross (politician)|Deborah Ross]] also recognize the Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2023 |title=US Legislators officially acknowledge Tamil Genocide |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/us-legislators-officially-acknowledge-tamil-genocide |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515221947/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/us-legislators-officially-acknowledge-tamil-genocide |archive-date=15 May 2024}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==
[[File:Mullivaikkal memorial Jaffna prior to distruction.png|thumb|200px|The Mullivaikkal memorial in Jaffna prior to destruction.]][[Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day]] is a remembrance day observed on each 18 May by Tamil people to commemorate the Tamil victims of the Mullivaikkal massacre in the last stages of the Sri Lankan civil war. Its date coincides with the ending of the Sri Lankan civil war on 18 May 2009 and is named after [[Mullivaikkal]], a village on the northeast coast of Sri Lanka where the massacres happened.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=18 May 2024 |title=Tamils in Sri Lanka mark 15th anniversary of civil war's end in Mullivaikkal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/tamils-in-sri-lanka-mark-15th-anniversary-of-civil-wars-end-in-mullivaikkal/article68189635.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220065244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/tamils-in-sri-lanka-mark-15th-anniversary-of-civil-wars-end-in-mullivaikkal/article68189635.ece |archive-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
At the [[University of Jaffna]] in northern Sri Lanka, a monument was constructed in 2019 to commemorate the Tamil victims of the Mullivaikkal massacre. However, the monument was destroyed by the Sri Lankan authorities on 8 January 2021. The destruction of the monument sparked protests and outcry both locally and internationally. On 23 April 2021, a replacement monument was unveiled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2023 |title=Jaffna University to investigate reports that Mullivaikkal monument may be removed once more |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/jaffna-university-investigate-reports-mullivaikkal-monument-may-be-removed-once-more |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817095037/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/jaffna-university-investigate-reports-mullivaikkal-monument-may-be-removed-once-more |archive-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>

=== India ===
{{Main|Mullivaikal Muttram}}

[[File:Mullivaikkal3.jpg|200 px|thumb|right|Illuminated sculpture of ''Tamil Paavai'' (Tamil Goddess/Tamil Mother), at the entrance of [[Mullivaikal Muttram]].]]
The [[Mullivaikal Muttram|Mullivaikkal Memorial]] in the [[Thanjavur]] District of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] is a memorial dedicated to the Tamils massacred in Sri Lanka. On 6 November 2013, the inauguration of the Mullivaikal Memorial took place.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/A-monument-to-remember-the-Eelam-war/articleshow/25278373.cms |title=A monument to remember the Eelam war |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> The memorial was founded by [[Pazha Nedumaran]] and the World Tamil Confederation Trust.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saravanan |first=L. |date=6 November 2013 |title=Pro-Tamil leaders inaugurate Mullivaikal memorial even as police wait to challenge court order |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Pro-Tamil-leaders-inaugurate-Mullivaikal-memorial-even-as-police-wait-to-challenge-court-order/articleshow/25323945.cms |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127131919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Pro-Tamil-leaders-inaugurate-Mullivaikal-memorial-even-as-police-wait-to-challenge-court-order/articleshow/25323945.cms |archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Mauritius ===
[[File:Mauritius Mullivaikkaal pillar.jpg|100px|right|thumb|Memorial Pillar at Mauritius]]
In honor of the dead Tamil civilians and LTTE soldiers, the mayor of [[Beau Bassin Rose Hill]], Louis Andre Toussaint, in [[Mauritius]], constructed a pillar in response to the Mauritius Tamil Temple Federation's (MTTF) requests. The memorial's epitaph states:
<blockquote>"THIS MEMORIAL IS DEDICATED TO THOSE 146,679 TAMILS WHO LOST THEIR LIVES INNOCENTLY AND 40,000 REPORTED LOST IN DEFENCE OF THEIR BELOVED MOTHERLAND IN SRI LANKA"</blockquote>
This memorial is located within the Beau Bassin Rose Hill Municipal Council's grounds, a short distance from the mayor's office.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newman |first=Paul |date=23 November 2013 |title=Mauritius honors martyrs of Eelam war |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Opinion/1698/mauritius-honors-martyrs-of-eelam-war.html |website=The Weekend Leader |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609110041/https://www.theweekendleader.com/Opinion/1698/mauritius-honors-martyrs-of-eelam-war.html |archive-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
In January 2021, Canadian Mayor [[Patrick Brown (Canadian politician)|Patrick Brown]] promised to build a monument commemorating the victims of Tamil genocide after the Mullivaikkal memorial in Sri Lanka was torn down by the authorities. The Brampton City Council unanimously voted for the proposal. Brown stated: "Where they tear down a statue and they tear down history in Sri Lanka that we would do the opposite in Canada. That we would build a monument to remember the victims, to remember the genocide".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jabakhanji |first=Sara |date=24 January 2021 |title=Brampton mayor vows to build Tamil monument |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/brampton-mayor-build-tamil-monument-sri-lanka-1.5885535 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628172234/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/brampton-mayor-build-tamil-monument-sri-lanka-1.5885535 |archive-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> In February 2024, the Brampton City Council approved the final design for the [[Tamil Genocide Monument|Tamil Genocide Memorial]] which was built in [[Donald M. Gordon Chinguacousy Park|Chinguacousy Park]] by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhugra |first=Saloni |date=28 February 2024 |title=After 3-year delay, Brampton finalizes design for Tamil monument to honour lives lost in Sri Lankan civil war Tamil Genocide Memorial to be built in Chinguacousy Park by 2025 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/after-3-year-delay-brampton-finalizes-design-for-tamil-monument-to-honour-lives-lost-in-sri-lankan-civil-war-1.7128205 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228200405/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/after-3-year-delay-brampton-finalizes-design-for-tamil-monument-to-honour-lives-lost-in-sri-lankan-civil-war-1.7128205 |archive-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> The monument was strongly opposed by the Sri Lankan government which summoned the Canadian High Commissioner in Colombo to convey its disapproval.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2024 |title=Sri Lanka summons Canadian envoy to express outrage over genocide memorial |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/sri-lanka-summons-canadian-envoy-express-outrage-over-genocide-memorial |website=Tamil Guardian}}</ref> A group of Sinhalese Canadians also staged a protest at the construction site where a foundation stone of the monument was being laid.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2024 |title=Sinhalese protesters disrupt Canadian event for Tamil Genocide monument |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/sinhalese-protesters-disrupt-canadian-event-tamil-genocide-monument |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819163057/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/sinhalese-protesters-disrupt-canadian-event-tamil-genocide-monument |archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

==== Tamil Genocide Education Week ====
{{main|Bill 104, Tamil Genocide Education Week Act}}

[[File:Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day 2016 IMG 0467 (27091712656).jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mullivaikkal Remembrance day, 2016: Eelam Tamil women and children can be seen grieving in [[Mullivaikkal]] ]]
In June 2020, [[Toronto District School Board]] (TDSB) unanimously approved a motion calling on the Ministry of Education to incorporate Genocide education as compulsory learning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwartz-Maltz |first1=Shari |title=TDSB Trustees Call on Province to Incorporate Genocide Education as Compulsory Learning |url=https://www.tdsb.on.ca/News/Article-Details/ArtMID/474/ArticleID/1476/TDSB-Trustees-Call-on-Province-to-Incorporate-Genocide-Education-as-Compulsory-Learning |access-date=21 March 2024 |publisher=TDSB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321190703/https://www.tdsb.on.ca/News/Article-Details/ArtMID/474/ArticleID/1476/TDSB-Trustees-Call-on-Province-to-Incorporate-Genocide-Education-as-Compulsory-Learning |archive-date=21 March 2024}}</ref> In this genocide education, Tamil genocide was included as a complimentary component.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pilkey |first1=Robin |title=Committee of the Whole Report No. 19 |url=https://www.tdsb.on.ca/Leadership/Boardroom/Agenda-Minutes/Type/A?Folder=Agenda/20200617&Filename=15.6.pdf |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=tdsb.ca |publisher=Toronto district school board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133734/https://www.tdsb.on.ca/Leadership/Boardroom/Agenda-Minutes/Type/A?Folder=Agenda/20200617&Filename=15.6.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2024}}</ref> Around the same time [[Vijay Thanigasalam]], a Progressive Conservative MPP, tabled Ontario bill 104, also known as the 'Tamil Genocide Education Week Act'. The Bill states:<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2021 |title=Bill 104, Tamil Genocide Education Week Act, 2021 |url=https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-42/session-1/bill-104 |website=[[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008081613/https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-42/session-1/bill-104 |archive-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
<blockquote>''"The seven-day period in each year ending on May 18 is proclaimed as Tamil Genocide Education Week...During that period, all Ontarians are encouraged to educate themselves about, and to maintain their awareness of, the Tamil genocide and other genocides that have occurred in world history."''</blockquote>

This Bill was opposed by Sinhalese groups who took the Ontario Legislature to court. However, their constitutional challenge was dismissed as the Ontario judge, Justice Jasmine Akbarali, upheld Bill 104. The court examined evidence and heard arguments from all parties in order to better determine whether or not what occurred amounted to a genocide of Tamils. Justice Jasmine Akbarali stated "The dominant characteristic of the law is to educate the public about what the Ontario Legislature has concluded is a Tamil genocide."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keung |first1=Nicholas |date=28 June 2022 |title=Ontario judge upholds Tamil Genocide Education Week in battle 'over who gets to write the history of the war' |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/ontario-judge-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week-in-battle-over-who-gets-to-write-the/article_20660f24-e929-550d-9f2f-3b3e8951fbe7.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321190704/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/ontario-judge-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week-in-battle-over-who-gets-to-write-the/article_20660f24-e929-550d-9f2f-3b3e8951fbe7.html |archive-date=21 March 2024}}</ref> On appeal the [[Federal Court of Appeal]] affirmed the lower court's ruling that the law does not infringe on Ontario's Sinhalese community's free expression and equality rights, while it disagreed lower court's definition of the law as "educative", stating that the law's "dominant purpose is to affirm and commemorate the Tamil Ontarian community's experience of the Sri Lankan Civil War and thus promote, within Ontario, the values of human rights, diversity and multiculturalism." The judgement further pointed out that the bill blamed the Sri Lankan state for the alleged genocidal policies and not the Sinhalese Buddhist as a racial group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating law that recognizes Sri Lankan genocide a 'valid exercise of Ontario's powers', OCA rules |url=https://www.lawtimesnews.com/news/general/creating-law-that-recognizes-sri-lankan-genocide-a-valid-exercise-of-ontarios-powers-oca-rules/388379 |website=lawtimesnews.com |access-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
The framing of the atrocities as a genocide has also been advocated by various organizations in the UK [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora|Tamil diaspora]] as a contentious feature of their campaigns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walton |first=Oliver |date=3 May 2015 |title=Framing disputes and organizational legitimation: UK-based Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora groups' use of the 'genocide' frame since 2009 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2014.948478 |journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] |language=en |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=959–975 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2014.948478 |issn=0141-9870|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Sri Lankan Government stance ==
The [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lankan Foreign Minister]] [[Vijitha Herath]] stated in May 2025 that the government rejected the claims of a Tamil genocide, claiming that there was no deliberate targeting and killing of Tamil people by the Sri Lankan armed forces.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=Government firms up against genocide allegation: Foreign Minister |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/Government-firms-up-against-genocide-allegation-Foreign-Minister/108-309663 |website=Daily Mirror |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250524053017/https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/Government-firms-up-against-genocide-allegation-Foreign-Minister/108-309663 |archive-date=2025-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=14 May 2025 |title=GoSL strongly rejects genocide claims & protests against monument in Canada |url=https://srilankamirror.com/news/gosl-strongly-rejects-genocide-claims-protests-against-monument-in-canada/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526110313/https://srilankamirror.com/news/gosl-strongly-rejects-genocide-claims-protests-against-monument-in-canada/ |archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> He also said that the government will take legal action against those claiming the Sri Lankan military committed genocide during the civil war.<ref name=":1" />

== In popular culture ==

=== Novels ===
* ''[[The Story of a Brief Marriage|The Story of A Brief Marriage]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=R.S. |first=Nilakantan |date=16 September 2016 |title='The Story of A Brief Marriage' Imagines the Life of Persecuted Tamils in Sri Lanka |url=https://thewire.in/books/the-story-of-a-brief-marriage-review |website=The Wire}}</ref>
* ''[[A Passage North]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanimozhi |first=A. |date=2022 |title=The Act of Memorialization and Survivor Guilt in Post-Genocide Society as Portrayed in Anuk Arudpragasam's A Passage North |url=https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/LA/article/view/17196 |journal=Literature & Aesthetics |publisher=Sydney Open Journals |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=325–333}}</ref>
* ''Vanni: A Family's Struggle through the Sri Lankan Conflict''<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2019 |title='The Vanni' - In conversation with Benjamin Dix |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/%E2%80%98-vanni%E2%80%99-conversation-benjamin-dix |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209234057/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/%E2%80%98-vanni%E2%80%99-conversation-benjamin-dix |archive-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Songs ===
* ''[[Born Free (M.I.A. song)|Born Free]]'' (2010), song by [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]]
* ''One Hundred Thousand Flowers'' (2020), from the album [[Made in Jaffna]] song by [[Shan Vincent de Paul]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/we-did-not-come-fire-we-were-born-it-conversation-shan-vincent-de-paul |title='We did not come from fire, we were born in it' - in Conversation with Shan Vincent de Paul |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921021034/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/we-did-not-come-fire-we-were-born-it-conversation-shan-vincent-de-paul |archive-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Documentaries ===
{{Main|List of films about the Tamil genocide}}

* [[Sri Lanka's Killing Fields]]
* [[Sri Lanka's Killing Fields: War Crimes Unpunished]]
* [[I Witnessed Genocide: Inside Sri Lanka's Killing Fields]]
* [[No Fire Zone]]

=== Movies ===
* [[Vanni Mouse]], directed by [[Tamiliam Subas]]
* [[A Gun & a Ring]], directed by [[Lenin M. Sivam]]
* [[Sinamkol]]

== See also ==
* ''[[The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka]]''
* [[War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war|War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fernando |first=Jude Lal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kV09AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Loss and Hope: Global, Interreligious and Interdisciplinary Perspectives |publisher=A&C Black |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4725-2907-7 |editor-last=Admirand |editor-first=Peter |pages=28–35 |chapter=The Politics of Representations of Mass Atrocity in Sri Lanka and Human Rights Discourse: Challenges to Justice and Recovery}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Trevor |title=Sri Lanka's Secrets: How the Rajapaksa Regime Gets Away with Murder |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zXWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |publisher=[[Monash University Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-922235-53-4 |location=Clayton, Australia}}
* {{Cite report |date=February 2014 |title=Island of Impunity? Investigation into international crimes in the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war |url=https://piac.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/island_of_impunity.pdf |publisher=International Crimes Evidence Project (ICEP) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606121622/https://piac.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/island_of_impunity.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|ICEP|2014}}}}
* {{Cite report |last=Sooka |first=Yasmin |url=https://itjpsl.com/assets/STOP_report.pdf |title=An Unfinished War: Torture and Sexual Violence in Sri Lanka 2009—2014 |date=March 2014 |publisher=[[International Truth and Justice Project]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907032237/https://itjpsl.com/assets/STOP_report.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2024 |ref={{harvid|ITJP|2014}}}}
* {{Cite report |date=16 September 2015 |title=Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL) |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55ffb1d04.pdf |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217211121/https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/unhrc/2015/en/107236 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2015}}}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://pearlaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/No-Trials-Only-Tribulations-for-Tamil-Victims-of-Sri-Lankas-CRSV-August-2022.pdf |title=No Trials, Only Tribulations for Tamil Victims of Sri Lanka's Conflict-related Sexual Violence |date=August 2022 |publisher=People for Equality and Relief in Lanka (PEARL) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109033023/https://pearlaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/No-Trials-Only-Tribulations-for-Tamil-Victims-of-Sri-Lankas-CRSV-August-2022.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|PEARL|2022}} }}
* {{Cite report |title=Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka - Berlin [Session III], 20-22 May 2022 (Final Verdict) |url=https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Berlin-Verdict-Final-07-10-2023-1.pdf |publisher=Permanent Peoples' Tribunal |year=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121210311/https://permanentpeoplestribunal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Berlin-Verdict-Final-07-10-2023-1.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2025 |ref={{harvid|PPT & IMRV|2022}}}}
* {{Cite report |title=Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka |url=http://www.jdslanka.org/images/documents/pt_bremen_2013december.pdf |publisher=Permanent Peoples' Tribunal & The International Human Rights Association - Bremen |year=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115024142/http://www.jdslanka.org/images/documents/pt_bremen_2013december.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2022 |ref={{harvid|PPT & IMRV|2014}}}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Short |editor-first=Damien |editor-link=Damien Short |title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-84277-930-9 |location=London, UK}}
* {{Cite web |date=September 2014 |title=Justice for Genocide: Sri Lanka's Genocide against Tamils |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1297464/1930_1413454913_int-ccpr-css-lka-18262-e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117132832/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoi.net%2Fen%2Ffile%2Flocal%2F1297464%2F1930_1413454913_int-ccpr-css-lka-18262-e.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2025 |publisher=American University Washington College of Law, UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic |ref={{harvid|UNROW|2014}} }}
* {{Cite report |url=https://pearlaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Justice-for-Genocide-Sri-Lankas-Responsibility-for-Genocide-Against-the-Tamil-People-in-2009.pdf |title=Justice for Genocide: Sri Lanka's Responsibility for Genocide against the Tamil People in 2009 |date=September 2024 |publisher=People for Equality and Relief in Lanka (PEARL) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917033655/https://pearlaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Justice-for-Genocide-Sri-Lankas-Responsibility-for-Genocide-Against-the-Tamil-People-in-2009.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2024 |ref={{harvid|PEARL|2024}} }}
{{Refend}}

{{Genocide navbox}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}

[[Category:Tamil genocide| ]]
[[Category:Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Genocides in Asia]]
[[Category:Military scandals]]
[[Category:Responsibility to protect]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil politics]]
[[Category:Wars involving Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Sinhalese nationalism]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war| ]]
[[Category:21st-century genocides]]

Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)

2026-03-24T23:00:57Z

Alicolours: further add formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series).jpeg
| caption = Title Card
| genre =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| creator =
| creative_director = {{ubl|Monisha Singh|[[Nivedita Basu]]|Doris Dey|Shipra Arora|Shiwangi Singh Chauhan|Riti Chopra}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Santram Varma]]|Gautam Sobti|Qaeed Kuwajerwala|[[Ravindra Gautam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title="If you restrict the story to the main characters, the viewer enjoys it more": Ravindra Gautam|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/director/ravindragautam.htm|website=Indian Television dot com|date=17 July 2003}}</ref>|Santosh Bhatt|Yash Chauhan|Raminder Singh Suri|Sushen Bhatnagar|Rajeev Bhatia|Jitendra K. Basantt|Rohit Malhotra|Sangeeta Rao|Deepak Chavan|Jignesh Vaishnav|[[Arvind Babbal]]|Rishi Tyagi|Hitesh Tejwani|Shankar Verma|Anoop Chaudhary|V. G. Roy}}
| writer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| executive_producer = Niel Singh
| editor = {{unbulleted list|Dharmesh Shah|Sanjeev Shukla|Uday Raj|Achintya Ghosh|Vikas Sharma|Sandeep Bhatt}}
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Santosh Suryavanshi|Deepak Malwankar|Rajesh Naag}}
| starring = [[Cezanne Khan]] [[Shweta Tiwari]] [[Hiten Tejwani]] [[Ronit Roy]] [[Urvashi Dholakia]]
| opentheme = [[Babul Supriyo]] and Priya Bhattacharya
| theme_music_composer = [[Lalit Sen]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
| related = ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)]]''
| first_aired = {{Start date|2001|10|29|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-kapoor-shares-how-kasautii-zindagii-kay-and-kutumb-busted-the-rating-charts-18-years-ago/articleshow/71815237.cms|title=Ekta Kapoor shares how Kasautii Zindagii Kay and Kutumb 'busted the rating charts' 18 years ago|website=The Times of India|date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{End date|2008|02|28|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1,423
}}

'''''Kasautii Zindagii Kay''''' ({{Translation|''The Trials of Life''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic drama]] television series produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s [[Balaji Telefilms]] on [[StarPlus]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=''Kasautii Zindagi Kay'' TV basti|url=http://www.tvbasti.com/tvshow/Kasautii-Zindagii-Kay/453|publisher=tvbasti.com|access-date=25 October 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205055530/http://www.tvbasti.com/tvshow/Kasautii-Zindagii-Kay/453|archive-date=5 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Kasautii Zindagi Kay'' Episodes|url=http://briyanshu.blogspot.com/2008/07/kasautii-zindagii-kay-ep-36-42.html|publisher=briyanshu.blogspot.com|access-date=25 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607011602/http://briyanshu.blogspot.com/2008/07/kasautii-zindagii-kay-ep-36-42.html|archive-date=7 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The show starred [[Shweta Tiwari]], [[Cezanne Khan]], [[Ronit Roy]], and [[Urvashi Dholakia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Audiences are used to seeing characters dying and coming back|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/y2k4/september/8sep/bottom-interview.htm|publisher=tellychakkar.com|access-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213061516/http://www.tellychakkar.com/y2k4/september/8sep/bottom-interview.htm|archive-date=13 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The show aired from 29 October 2001 to 28 February 2008. ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' was one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running Indian television series]]. The entire series is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

==Plot==
Anurag and Prerna fall in love, but fate repeatedly separates them. Komolika and Rishabh Bajaj play a vital catalyst in the story. Spanning eighty years, the story revolves around Anurag, Prerna and their children, Prem and Sneha, and eventually their grandchildren.

===Chapters===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chapter No.
!Episodes
!Chapter description
|-
| Chapter 1
| 1 - 26
| Anurag Basu and Prerna Sharma are in love. Mohini, Anurag's mother, wants him to marry Komolika.
|-
| Chapter 2
| 27 – 67
| Anurag marries Komolika due to his mother's emotional blackmail; Prerna is pregnant with his child.
|-
| Chapter 3
| 67 – 108
| Moloy recovers from coma and learns about Anurag and Komolika's marriage.
|-
| Chapter 4
| 109 – 164
| Komolika and Anurag divorce.
|-
| Chapter 5
| 165 – 210
| Prerna marries Rishabh Bajaj to protect the assets of Basu family.
|-
| Chapter 6
| 211 – 276
| Bajaj's wife Menka poses problems for Bajaj as they are not divorced yet.
|-
| Chapter 7
| 277 – 330
| Bajaj disappears after his accident. Prerna and Anurag get engaged and married happily.
|-
| Chapter 8
| 331 – 374
| Bajaj creates problems in Anurag and Prerna's paradise. He clicked intimate photos with Prerna in Pune by making her unconscious, later he used these photos to blackmail her with the help of Mr. Patel, who was also involved in Prem's kidnapping.
|-
| Chapter 9
| 375 – 402
| Prerna and Anurag's son Prem is abducted, due to the irresponsible behaviour of Prerna, who forgot to pick up Prem from school . Prerna had ignored her responsibility towards Prem many times before, because of Kuki, Bajaj's daughter. Prem dies.
|-
| Chapter 10
| 403 – 441
| Anurag and Prerna's marriage fell apart due to misunderstandings and Prem's death. Anurag marries Aparna, leaving pregnant Prerna alone for her misdeed.
|-
| Chapter 11
| 442 – 472
| Prerna is mad at Anurag and moves to Panchmeshwar with her daughter, Sneha.
|-
| Chapter 12
| 473 – 511
| After eight years, Sneha visits Anurag's house. Due to the pressurised situation, Prerna unwillingly decides to engage with Bajaj.
|-
| Chapter 13
| 512 – 572
| Sneha is diagnosed with leukaemia. Anurag and Prerna become closer due to Sneha's illness and have another child named Prem Jr. Bajaj realizes that Prerna only loves Anurag.
|-
| Chapter 14
| 573 – 623
| Aparna's plot to murder Anurag.
|-
| Chapter 15
| 624 – 646
| Prerna is accused of Aparna's murder.
|-
| Chapter 16
| 647 – 685
| Anurag does not show interest in getting back with Prerna, so she decides to marry Bajaj. Madhavi reveals her pregnancy, but Bajaj refuses to accept Madhavi as well as his unborn child.
|-
| Chapter 17
| 686 – 757
| Generation Leap: Shravan avenges his mother Aparna's death.
|-
| Chapter 18
| 758 – 781
| Anurag, Prerna and Bajaj meet with a fatal accident. Prerna suffers from amnesia; she only remembers her marriage with Anurag. After she regains her memory, she accuses Anurag of conspiracy, but she realizes her mistakes and apologizes to Anurag.
|-
| Chapter 19
| 782 – 833
| Bajaj's past comes out. Tanisha is Bajaj's child with Madhavi, whom he refused to accept so he could marry Prerna.
|-
| Chapter 20
| 834 – 873
| Yudi is actually Prem Jr.
|-
| Chapter 21
| 874 – 928
| Yudi's transformation. Prerna takes charge to change Prem.
|-
| Chapter 22
| 929 – 993
| Mukti and Yudi grow closer. Sharad assaults Mukti.
|-
| Chapter 23
| 994 – 1022
| An attempt to take Prerna's life.
|-
| Chapter 24
| 1023 – 1048
| Anurag marries Sampada. Prerna takes the blame for Sneha's offence and goes to jail.
|-
| Chapter 25
| 1049 – 1069
| After five years: Anurag and Sampada are living happily and have taken Prem and Sneha's responsibility. Bajaj destroys his business and leaves his family to suffer alone. He cut all relations with his family after finding out that Prerna can't love anyone but Anurag. Meanwhile, Anurag provides shelter to Bajaj's family. Prerna returns from jail.
|-
| Chapter 26
| 1070 – 1101
| Prem is shattered by Mukti's death.
|-
| Chapter 27
| 1102 – 1163
| Prem is taken to Panchameshwar for treatment.
|-
| Chapter 28
| 1164 – 1202
| Aparna's attempt to murder Prerna.
|-
| Chapter 29
| 1203 – 1250
| Kasak falsely frames Shravan for her condition and manipulates Bajaj against Shravan. Bajaj vows to destroy Shravan. Prerna shoots Anurag.
|-
| Chapter 30
| 1251 – 1300
| Twenty years later, Prerna's granddaughter Prerna (P2) is the protagonist. Anurag returns as Pratham Mittal.
|-
| Chapter 31
| 1301 – 1358
| Sampada confesses her crime. Prerna apologises to Anurag. Anurag exposes Bajaj that he is still alive.
|-
| Chapter 32
| 1359 – 1394
| Anurag exposes Komolika's plan.
|-
| Chapter 33
| 1395 – 1423
| Komolika points the gun at Anurag, but Prerna takes the bullet to save Anurag. However, both Anurag and Prerna die in each other's arms. Komolika falls off the cliff and dies. Prerna and Anurag unite in death. Prem writes a book: ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' on Anurag and Prerna's life. Mr. Bajaj is left alone forever and the two true love birds unite after death.
|}

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Prerna Sharma: Veena and Rajesh's daughter; Shekhar, Shivani, Mitali and Mahesh's sister; Anurag's ex-wife; Bajaj's wife; Prem, Sneha, Jr. Prem and Kasak's mother; Vishakha, Tushar and Kukki’s adoptive mother (2001–2008)
* [[Cezanne Khan]] / [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Anurag Basu: Mohini and Moloy's son; Nivedita, Rakhi and Tapur's brother; Prerna's ex-husband; Komolika and Aparna's ex-husband; Sampada's widower; Prem, Sneha and Jr. Prem's father; Shravan's adoptive father (2001–2007) / (2007–2008)
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]] as [[Komolika Majumdar]]: Uma's daughter; Subroto's wife; Anurag and Akash's ex-wife; Prem and Shravan's foster mother (2001–2008)
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Rishabh Bajaj: Mahesh's brother; Menka's widower; Prerna's husband; Vishakha, Tushar, Kukki, Tanisha and Kasak's father; Sneha's adoptive father (2002–2008)

=== Recurring ===
* Deepak Qazir as Moloy Basu – Pranay and Sanjay's brother; Mohini's husband; Rakhi, Nivedita, Anurag and Tapur's father; Prem, Diya, Sneha and Jr. Prem's grandfather (2001–2005) (deceased)
* Kannu Gill as Mohini Basu – Moloy's wife; Rakhi, Nivedita, Anurag and Tapur's mother; Prem, Diya, Sneha and Jr. Prem's grandmother; Shravan's adoptive grandmother (2001–2008)
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as Pranay Basu – Moloy and Sanjay's brother; Yamini's husband; Subroto, Anirudh and Kajol's father (2001–2003)
* Niyati Joshi as Yamini Basu – Pranay's wife; Subroto, Anirudh and Kajol's mother (2001–2006)
* [[Naveen Saini]] as Sanjay Basu – Moloy and Pranay's brother; Geeta's husband; Samay and Shulabh's father (2001–2005)
* Monica Pradhan / [[Jayati Bhatia]] as Geeta Basu – Sanjay's wife; Samay and Shulabh's mother (2001–2006)
* [[Poonam Narula]] / [[Smita Bansal]] as Nivedita Basu Sengupta – Moloy and Mohini's second daughter; Rakhi, Anurag and Tapur's sister; Anupam's wife (2001–2003) / (2006)
* [[Prachi Thakker]] as Rakhi Basu Sengupta – Moloy and Mohini's eldest daughter; Nivedita, Anurag and Tapur's sister; Praveen's wife; Diya's mother (2001–2007)
* Aparna Jaywant as Tapur Basu – Moloy and Mohini's youngest daughter; Anurag, Nivedita and Rakhi's sister (2001–2003)
* [[Manish Goel]] / [[Hiten Paintal]] as Anupam Sengupta – Chaini's second son; Praveen and Indraneel's brother; Nivedita's husband (2001–2003) / (2006)
* [[Manav Gohil]] / [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Praveen Sengupta – Chaini's eldest son; Anupam and Indraneel's brother; Rakhi's husband; Diya's father (2001–2004)
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] / [[Pracheen Chauhan]] / Prem Agarwal / Vishal Puri / [[Aashish Kaul]] as Subroto Basu – Pranay and Yamini's elder son; Anirudh and Kajol's brother; Shivani's ex-husband; Komolika's widower (2001–2006)
* [[Tasneem Sheikh]] / Prerna Shah as Kajol Basu Sharma – Pranay and Yamini's daughter; Anirudh and Subroto's sister; Mahesh's wife (2001–2003)
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Anirudh Basu – Pranay and Yamini's younger son; Subroto and Kajol's brother (2001–2002)
* Hitesh Kriplani as Samay Basu – Sanjay and Geeta's elder son; Shulabh's brother (2001–2005)
* Om Bhanushali as Shulabh Basu – Sanjay and Geeta's younger son; Samay's brother (2001–2005)
* Nandita Thakur as Veena Sharma – Rajesh's wife; Shekhar, Prerna, Shivani, Mitali and Mahesh's mother (2001–2008)
* Manoj Pandey as Shekhar Sharma – Rajesh and Veena's elder son; Prerna, Shivani, Mitali and Mahesh's brother; Suman's husband (2001–2004)
* Kusumit Sana as Shivani Sharma – Rajesh and Veena's second daughter; Prerna, Shekhar, Mitali and Mahesh's sister; Subroto's former wife (2001–2003)
* [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Mitali Sharma – Rajesh and Veena's youngest daughter; Prerna, Shekhar, Shivani and Mahesh's sister (2001–2004)
* [[Shivani Gosain]] as Suman Sharma – Shekhar's wife (2001–2004)
* [[Mahesh Pandey]] as Mahesh Sharma – Rajesh and Veena's younger son; Prerna, Shekhar, Shivani and Mitali's brother; Kajol's husband (2001–2004)
* [[Anand Suryavanshi]] / [[Vivek Mushran]] / Nasir Khan as Vineet Khanna – Anurag's business partner and best friend; Madhavi's husband; Tanisha's adoptive father (2001–2006)
* [[Sonal Sehgal]] / [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Advocate Madhavi Bose Khanna – Menka's sister; Vineet's wife; Tanisha's mother (2004–2006)
* [[Poonam Joshi]] as Jyoti – Prerna's best friend (2001–2002) / (2003–2004)
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Indraneel Sengupta – Chaini's youngest son; Anupam and Praveen's brother; Komolika's spy (2002–2008)
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Chaini Sengupta – Praveen, Anupam and Indraneel's mother (2002–2003)
* Mini Ribeiro as Uma Majumdar – Komolika's mother (2001–2002)
* Prashant Bhatt as Akash Dasgupta – Komolika's ex-husband (2002)
* [[Ruby Bhatia]] as Menka Bose – Madhavi's sister; Rishabh's ex-wife; Tushar, Vishakha and Kukki's mother (2002–2003) (deceased)
* Vishal Sabnani as Tushar Bajaj – Rishabh and Menka's son; Prerna's adopted son; Vishakha and Kukki's brother; Tanisha and Kasak's half-brother; Sneha’s adoptive brother; Doris's husband; Tara, Jwala, Gargi and Kanishtha's father (2002–2008)
* [[Suzanne Bernert]] as Doris Bajaj – Tushar's wife; Tara, Jwala, Gargi and Kanishtha's mother (2006–2008)
* [[Tarana Raja]] / [[Preeti Puri]] / Amita Chandekar as Vishakha Bajaj – Rishabh and Menka's elder daughter; Tushar and Kukki's sister; Tanisha and Kasak's half-sister; Sneha’s adoptive sister; Tanvi's mother (2002–2007)
* [[Mansi Parekh]] / Garima Bhatnagar as Kokila "Kukki" Bajaj – Rishabh and Menka's younger daughter; Tushar and Vishakha's sister; Tanisha and Kasak's half-sister; Sneha’s adoptive sister; Tanvi's adoptive mother (2004–2007)
** Swapnali Kulkarni as Child Kokila "Kukki" Bajaj (2002–2003)
* [[Geetanjali Tikekar]] as Aparna Ghosh – Anurag's ex-wife; Shravan's mother; Kritika's grandmother (2003–2007)
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Debo – Anurag's friend; Aparna's ex-husband; Shravan's father; Kritika's grandfather (2004)
* Unknown as Prem Basu – Anurag and Prerna's elder son; Sneha and Jr. Prem's brother; Kasak's half-brother (2002–2003) (deceased)
* [[Jennifer Winget]] as Sneha Bajaj/Basu Gill – Anurag and Prerna's daughter; Bajaj's adopted daughter; Prem and Jr. Prem's sister; Kasak's Vishakha, Tushar and Kukki’s half-sister; Sharad's ex-wife; Omi's widow; Jr. Prerna's mother (2005–2007)
** [[Shriya Sharma]] as Child Sneha Bajaj (2004–2005)
* [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]] as Omi Gill – Sneha's second husband; Jr. Prerna's father (2006–2007)
* [[Moonmoon Banerjee]] as Sampada Basu – Anurag's wife (2005–2007)
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] / [[Vikas Sethi]] as Yudi / Jr. Prem Basu – Anurag and Prerna's younger son; Prem and Sneha's brother; Kasak's half-brother; Devki's husband; Palchin's widower; Dhara and Rudraksh's father (2005–2008)
* [[Tina Parekh]] as
** Mukti Deshmukh – Jeevan's daughter; Jr. Prem's love interest (2005–2006) (deceased)
** Devki Basu – Mukti's lookalike; Jr. Prem's second wife; Rudraksh's mother (2006–2008)
* [[Shubhangi Atre]] / Monika Singh / Shriya Bisht as Palchin Verma Basu – Jr. Prem's ex-wife; Dhara's mother (2007–2008)
* [[Kratika Sengar Dheer]] as Jr. Prerna "P2" Gill Garewal – Sneha and Omi's daughter; Saksham's love interest; Nihal's wife (2007–2008)
* [[Naman Shaw]] as Nihal Garewal – Devyana's younger son; Vardaan's brother; Jr. Prerna's husband (2007–2008)
* [[Wasna Ahmed]] as Dhara Basu Garewal – Jr. Prem and Palchin's daughter; Rudraksh's half-sister; Vardaan's wife (2007–2008)
* Mridul Sanghvi as Vardaan Garewal – Devyana's elder son; Nihal's brother; Dhara's husband (2007–2008)
* Deepak Bajaj as Rudraksh Basu – Jr. Prem and Devki's son; Dhara's half-brother (2007–2008)
* [[Rakshanda Khan]] as Advocate Dorasti – Lawyer (2005)
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] / [[Sanjeet Bedi]] as Advocate Mahesh Bajaj – Rishabh's brother; Yuvraj's father (2005–2007)
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Jeevan Deshmukh – Bajaj family's driver and Mukti's father (2005–2006)
* Tuhina Vohra as Devyana Garewal – Nihal's mother (2007–2008)
* [[Karan Singh Grover]] as Sharad Gupta – Sneha's ex-husband (2005–2006)
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] as Mr. Verma – Palchin's father (2007)
* Pratap Sachdev as Mr. Gupta – Bajaj's friend (2003–2006)
* [[Anju Mahendru]] as Kamini Gupta – Sharad's mother (2005–2006)
* Amit Singh Thakur as Shailendra Gupta – Sharad's father (2005–2006)
* [[Karan Patel]] as Karan (2005–2006)
* [[Sai Deodhar]] as Debonita – Komolika's niece (2006)
* Jitendra Trehan as Baba – Sampada's father (2006–2007)
* Lucky Raajput as Lucky – Yudi's friend (2006)
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Anahita Gill – Omi's aunt (2006–2007)
* [[Ankita Bhargava Patel]] as Shipra – Omi's girlfriend (2006)
* [[Sunny Nijar]] as Saksham – Jr. Prerna's love interest (2007) (deceased)
* Jatin Shah as Yuvraj Bajaj – Mahesh and Nandini's son (2006) (deceased)
* [[Prachi Desai]] as Prachi Chauhan – Gurukul's student (2007)
* [[Sandeep Baswana]] as Dr. Jatin – Devki's doctor (2007)
* [[Barkha Bisht]] as Diya Sengupta – Rakhi and Praveen's daughter; Prem, Sneha and Jr. Prem's cousin (2005)
* [[Abhinav Kapoor]] / Pradeep Kharab / Puneet Sachdev as Shravan Basu – Aparna and Debo's son; Anurag's adoptive son; Tanisha's husband; Kritika's father (2005–2007)
** Chintan Shah as Child Shravan Basu
* Shubha Verma as Tanisha Khanna Basu – Rishabh and Madhavi's daughter; Vineet's adoptive daughter; Vishakha, Tushar, Kukki and Kasak's half-sister; Shravan's wife; Kritika's mother (2005–2007)
* Gazala Selmin as Kritika Basu – Shravan and Tanisha's daughter (2007–2008)
* [[Surveen Chawla]] / Parineeta Seth as Kasak Bajaj – Prerna and Rishabh's daughter; Vishakha, Tushar, Kukki, Tanisha, Prem, Sneha and Jr. Prem's half-sister; Shravan's ex-fiancée; Kritika's surrogate mother (2005–2006) / (2007) (deceased)
* [[Nidhi Uttam]] as Tara Bajaj – Tushar and Doris' eldest daughter; Jwala, Gargi and Kanishtha's sister (2007–2008)
* Praneeta Sahu as Jwala Bajaj – Tushar and Doris' second daughter; Tara, Gargi and Kanishtha's sister (2007–2008)
* [[Sreejita De]] as Gargi Bajaj – Tushar and Doris' third daughter; Tara, Jwala and Kanishtha's sister (2007–2008)
* Rudrakshi Shetty as Kanishtha Bajaj – Tushar and Doris' youngest daughter; Tara, Jwala and Gargi's sister (2007–2008)
* Shriya Parekh as Tanvi Bajaj – Vishakha and Aditya's daughter; Kukki's adopted daughter (2007–2008)
* Muheet Khan as Smily – Dheeraj Sarna’s son and Kasak’s friend in college (2007–2008)

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[Jeetendra]]
| rowspan="4" | at completion of 1000 episodes
|-
| [[Tushar Kapoor]]
|-
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
| [[Kajol]]
| rowspan="4" | guest appearance for condolence of Prem's death
|-
| [[Smriti Irani]]
|-
| [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
|-
| [[Mouli Ganguly]]
|-
| [[Juhi Parmar]]
| cameo to promote ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' and as a guest appearance for condolence of Prem's death
|-
| [[Aamna Sharif]]
| cameo to promote ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''
|-
| [[Anita Hassanandani]]
| rowspan="2" | cameo to promote ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
|-
| [[Eijaz Khan]]
|-
| [[Prachi Desai]]
| cameo
|-
| [[Pallavi Subhash]]
| rowspan="2" | cameo to promote ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]''
|-
| [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]]
|-
| [[Jay Bhanushali]]
| rowspan="2" | cameo to promote ''[[Kayamath]]''
|-
| [[Panchi Bora]]
|-
| [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]
| rowspan="2" | cameo to promote ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''
|-
| [[Parul Chauhan]]
|-
| [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| rowspan="2" | cameo to promote ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
|-
| [[Sanaya Irani]]
|-
| [[Harshad Chopda]]
| rowspan="2" | cameo to promote ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''
|-
| [[Additi Gupta]]
|}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Ekta Kapoor]] stated that Anurag was named after her director friend, while [[Prerna Sharma (character)|Prerna]] was named after the daughter of her father's friend, actor [[Prem Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ekta Kapoor on Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2: I am nervous as whenever my shows are too hyped, they usually don't work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-kapoor-on-kasautii-zindagii-kay-2-i-am-nervous-as-whenever-my-shows-are-too-hyped-they-usually-dont-work/articleshow/65936155.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 September 2018}}</ref>

The series was primarily filmed on sets at Balaji House. In 2003 sets shifted into Sankraman Studio set number 11A and after leaps in 2007 shifted into Killick Nixon Studio, set number 7B in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kutte kya mean hai |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Kutte-kya-mean-hai/articleshow/15739644.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

In early 2003, a special sequence was shot in [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kyunki...' storyline moving to Australia |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/jan/jan79.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108231048/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/jan/jan79.htm |archive-date=8 January 2009 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |date=16 January 2003}}</ref>

In October 2003, the series featured a crossover episode with ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'', adding a unique twist to the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Plus to marry 'Kasautii' and 'Des Mein' in special show |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct130.htm |website=Indian Television Dot Com |date=15 October 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two 'K' serials to overlap today |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/two-k-serials-to-overlap-today/story-qeKI3Uzg0f1yW5anu1JyiO.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407172712/https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/two-k-serials-to-overlap-today/story-qeKI3Uzg0f1yW5anu1JyiO.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2005, several episodes of the series (Episodes 708 to 721) were filmed in [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]], adding an international flavor to the narrative due to the show's popularity in those countries.

In 2007, [[Cezanne Khan]], who portrayed Anurag Basu, was replaced by [[Hiten Tejwani]] in the series.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2: After playing Anurag, Hiten Tejwani to play Mr Bajaj? Here's the truth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kasauti-zindagi-kay-2-after-playing-anurag-hiten-tejwani-to-play-mr-bajaj-here-s-the-truth-1331340-2018-09-04 |work=India Today}}</ref>

=== Cancellation ===
In November 2007, it was confirmed that ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' would go off-air in January 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finally... the 'Kasautii' ends! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-finally-the-kasautii-ends-1136240 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> However, the series eventually ended on 28 February 2008. Speaking about the conclusion of the show, Kapoor stated, "I won't deny that the TRPs of ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' had gone down quite a bit, and moreover, I didn't have a story to tell."<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's their loss if they don't understand the power of Balaji |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/its-their-loss-if-they-dont-understand-the-power-of-balaji/articleshow/15798387.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

==Reboot series==
{{Main article|Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)}}

A reboot of the show, also titled [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'']], aired on [[StarPlus]] from 25 September 2018 to 3 October 2020. However, unlike the original series, the reboot did not sustain the expected ratings.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=Erica Fernandes begins shooting for Kasautii Zindagii Kay promo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/erica-fernandes-begins-shooting-for-kasautii-zindagii-kay-promo/articleshow/64916490.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813140439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/erica-fernandes-begins-shooting-for-kasautii-zindagii-kay-promo/articleshow/64916490.cms |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=9 July 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasautii Zindagii Kay wraps up on October 3 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/kasautii-zindagii-kay-wraps-up-on-october-3-finale-episode-may-end-with-a-happily-ever-after-for-lovers-anurag-and-prerna/articleshow/77965470.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> This reboot was also remade in the Kannada language on [[Star Suvarna]], titled ''Premloka''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Suriya's 'Premaloka' to premiere on July 22 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vijay-suriyas-premaloka-to-premiere-on-june-22/articleshow/70123796.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720003217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vijay-suriyas-premaloka-to-premiere-on-june-22/articleshow/70123796.cms |archive-date=20 July 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=The Times of India|date=8 July 2019 }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critics ===
''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the show, stating: "One nice thing about ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' is that all characters in the serial are very strong. Be it the protagonists or antagonists, every character stands on firm ground."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Do soap stars watch their own shows? |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/13sld3.htm |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' became the third-longest-running and top-rated Hindi GEC ([[Generalist channel|General Entertainment Channel]]) series after ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''—all three produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2014 |title=The rise and rise of Ekta Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/the-rise-and-rise-of-ekta-kapoor-204349-2014-08-17 |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ekta Kapoor gets nostalgic as Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 premiere nears, thanks Shweta Tiwari, Cezanne Khan and Urvashi Dholakia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/nostalgia-grips-ekta-kapoor-as-kasauti-zindagi-kay-2-premiere-nears-thanks-shweta-tiwari-cezanne-khan-and-urvashi-dholakia-1346856-2018-09-23 |website=India Today |date=23 September 2018}}</ref> The show recorded one of the highest [[Audience measurement|TRPs]], helping [[StarPlus]] maintain its leading position in channel ratings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Crorepati gone, Star to slug it out for 9–10 pm money |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crorepati-gone-star-to-slug-it-out-for-9-10-pm-money-102022801032_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2003 |title='Des Mein' ousts 'Kyunki...' & 'Kahaani...' from No. 1 position |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k3/may/may133.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029223900/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k3/may/may133.htm |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Indiantelevision.org}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=STAR's airtime rates up 20% for prime-time spots |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/stars-airtime-rates-up-20-for-prime-time-spots/articleshow/20493128.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=29 August 2002}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Star Plus sticks to its break; Zee improves: Hindi GEC study |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/gec_q3.htm |website=Indian Television Dot Com |date=14 October 2006}}</ref>

The series started with an average rating of 4.44, which grew in subsequent years—achieving average TRPs of 7.51 in 2002, 8.83 in 2003, and 9.14 in 2004.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=A case study on how the 3 most celebrated shows retained their premier position over four years |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k4/3ks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105094554/https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k4/3ks.htm |archive-date=5 January 2020 |website=Indian Television |date=5 November 2004}}</ref> By 18 November 2003, ''Kasautii'' garnered a 9.9 TVR, placing it in third position.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Jassi jaisi koi nahin, but uski TRP thik nahin |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jassi-jaisi-koi-nahin-but-uski-trp-thik-nahin/articleshow/342515.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=6 December 2003 |last1=Nagaraj |first1=Sudha}}</ref> The crossover episode with ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' in October 2003 further boosted its ratings, garnering over 14 TVR.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Adding to the content |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/adding-to-the-content/148330/14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630094547/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/adding-to-the-content/148330/14 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2005, the show maintained its third position with a 10.93 TVR, but in the following year, it saw a slight drop to 8.78 TVR, though it retained its ranking.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=TELEVISION 2006: Reality ruled the roost |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061231/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325172645/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061231/spectrum/tv.htm |archive-date=25 March 2021 |website=The Tribune (India)}}</ref>

By the second week of January 2007, the show continued to hold third place, albeit with a reduced rating of 5.6 TVR.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Zee closes in on Star Plus top spot |url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/14zee.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210125152425/https://m.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/14zee.htm |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Sony’s prime-time TRPs plummet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/sonys-prime-time-trps-plummet/203209/ |website=The Financial Express |date=29 June 2007}}</ref>

Despite being one of the top-rated Indian television series and maintaining its position among the top ten programs until 2008, ''Kasautii'' dropped to eleventh position in January 2008, after which it was soon cancelled.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Dramatic twist in long-running Star–Balaji soap |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/FPrMmghjeHVu5jOgDhGbSL/Dramatic-twist-in-longrunning-StarBalaji-soap.html |website=Live Mint}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{main|List of accolades received by Kasautii Zindagii Kay}}

==Soundtrack==
The ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' soundtrack has recorded more than hundred tracks during its airing from 2001 to 2008 and won several awards. The tracks include versions of Bollywood hit songs ''Kya Pyaar Karoge Mujhse'',<ref name="Kzk Pyar Karogy Version">{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBlPoXxCpO8|title=Kya Pyaar Karoge Mujhse (Dil Mera Pooch Raha Hai) - Kasauti Zindagi Kay - All Versions |publisher=youtube.com |access-date=8 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> ''Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh'',<ref name="Kzk Dastan Version">{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyK1iqYSCn4 |title= Kasauti Zindagi Kay {{!}} Anurag & Prerna {{!}} Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh All Versions JUKE BOX |publisher= youtube.com |access-date=8 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> ''Hum Bewafa Hargiz Na Thay'',<ref name="Kzk Bewafa Version">{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mbSTJaEVYs&index=1&list=RDQMVdQ0vUcgZT8 |title= Kasauti zindagi ki (hum bewafaa hargish na the) |publisher= youtube.com |access-date= 8 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> ''Kal Ho Naa Ho, Jiyen To Jiyen Kaisy''<ref name="Kzk JIye to JIye Version">{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vuftwZMnDU |title= Jiyen To Jiyen kaise [Kasauti-Zindagi-ki] [Serial] |publisher= youtube.com |access-date= 8 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> and ''Do Ajnabi Kidar Ja Rahy Hain''.

===Original serial versions===
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 24:29
| title1 = [[Chahat Kay Safar Mein]]
| note1 = title track
| length1 = 1:20
| title2 = Milti Hai Nigahein
| length2 = 1:30
| title3 = Chahat Kay Safar Mein
| note3 = sad version
| length3 = 1:23
| title4 = Zindagii Kay Safar Mein
| length4 = 1:54
| title5 = Zindagi Kya Hai Jaisy
| length5 = 1:29
| title6 = Mujse Rootho Na Aisy
| length6 = 1:45
| title7 = Pyaar Ke Mor Per
| length7 = 1:23
| title8 = Jab Se Tum Milay Ho
| length8 = 1:36
| title9 = Teri Meri Yeh Yaari
| length9 = 1:24
| title10 = Meri Ankhon Ke Taaray
| length10 = 1:32
| title11 = Aega Wo Ek Din
| length11 = 1:26
| title12 = Jaany Anjaany Mein
| length12 = 1:28
| title13 = Kya Chaha Tha Mein Na
| length13 = 2:34
| title14 = Kabhi Aisa Bhi Hota Hai
| length14 = 1:59
| title15 = Koi Jab Mujse Kehta Hai
| length15 = 1:46
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1450737}}
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/kasautii-zindagi-kay-761-s ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay''] on [[Hotstar]]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310160256/http://starutsav.indya.com/serials/kasautii/index.html |date=10 March 2010 |title=Kasautii Zindagii Kay }} (Star TV)
{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasautii Zindagii Kay}}
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay| ]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2001 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian television series related to plastic surgery]]

Punjabi festivals

2026-03-22T06:08:38Z

Alicolours: refine formatting per standard format and updated info

{{short description|None}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi festivals''' are various festive celebrations observed by the [[Punjabis]], originating in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]]. The Punjabis are religiously a diverse and that affects the festivals they observe. According to a 2007 estimate, a total of ~75% percent of the Punjabi population is [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslim]], accounting about 90 million people, with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to the remaining 30 million Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus who predominantly live in India.<ref name="Harrison2007p132">{{cite book|author1=Wade Davis|author2=K. David Harrison|author3=Catherine Herbert Howell|title=Book of Peoples of the World: A Guide to Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkG8f2lyeUMC&pg=PA132|year=2007|publisher=National Geographic|isbn=978-1-4262-0238-4|pages=132–133}}</ref>

The Punjabi Muslims typically observe the Islamic festivals, do not observe Hindu or Sikh religious festivals, and in Pakistan the official holidays recognize only the Islamic festivals.<ref name="Official Holidays 2016">[http://www.schools.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Notification_2.pdf Official Holidays 2016], Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016)</ref><ref name="kmc.gos.pk">[http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=48 Official Holidays 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901090935/http://kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=48 |date=2018-09-01 }}, Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan</ref> The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these, and instead observe historic festivals such as [[Lohri]], [[Basant (festival)|Basant]] and [[Vaisakhi]] as seasonal festivals.<ref name="autogenerated5">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1O0eAQAAMAAJ&q=makara Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manage of Publications]</ref> The Sikh and Hindu festivals are regional official holidays in India, as are major Islamic festivals.<ref name="Official Holidays">[http://punjab.gov.in/list-of-holidays Official Holidays], Government of Punjab, India (2016)</ref> Other seasonal Punjabi festivals in India include Teejon ([[Teeyan]]) and [[Maghi]].<ref name="autogenerated5"/> Teeyan is also known as festival of women, as women enjoy it with their friends. On the day of maghi people fly kites and eat their traditional dish [[khichdi]].

The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar [[Islamic calendar]] (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Suthren Hirst|author2=John Zavos|title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-62668-5|page=274}}; [https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/india/eid-ul-fitar Eid ul-Fitar], Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates</ref> The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar [[Bikrami calendar]] or [[Punjabi calendar]] and the date of the festival also typically varies in the [[Gregorian calendar]] but stays within the same two Gregorian months.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tej Bhatia|title=Punjabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|year= 2013|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-89460-2|pages=209–212}}</ref>

Some Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and to a minor scale Lohri, but this is controversial. Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals,<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1315376 The ban on fun], IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, Feb 18, 2017</ref> and they being declared [[haram]] (forbidden in Islam).<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/columns/the-barricaded-muslim-mind/286436.html The barricaded Muslim mind], Saba Naqvi (August 28, 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in 🕉️ festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam"</ref>

==Buddhist festivals==
Punjabi Buddhists are a minority in [[Punjab, India]].<ref>Jain, Harish (2003) Punjab Hand Book: Population and Housing Census. Unistar Books.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZFiVQM-vw8C&dq=buddhists+of+punjab&pg=PA19]</ref> In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the Buddhist population is negligible.<ref name="POPULATION BY RELIGION">[http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf POPULATION BY RELIGION], Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</ref>

Punjabi Buddhists celebrate festivals such as [[Vesak|Buddha Jayanti]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9ABIAAAAMAAJ&q=festivals D. C. Ahir (1992) Dr. Ambedkar and Punjab. B.R. Publishing Corporation]</ref>

==Christian Festivals==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Church Vestry, Holy Trinity Church Murree.jpg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sadhu Sunder Singh Memorial Church.jpg
| width2 = 226
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Church in [[Murree]] ([[Pakistan]]), Right: [[Chandigarh]] ([[India]]).
}}

[[Christians]] are a minority in [[Pakistan]], constituting about 2.3% of its population in contrast to 97.2% Muslims.<ref name="POPULATION BY RELIGION"/> In Indian state of Punjab, Christians form about 1.1% of its total population, while the predominant majority of the population being Sikh and Hindus. Punjabi Christians celebrate [[Christmas]] to mark the birth of Jesus. In [[Punjab, Pakistan]], people stay up late singing Punjabi Christmas carol services.<ref>Sarfraz, Emanuel The Nation (25.12.2016) Understanding the changing face of Christmas
[http://nation.com.pk/national/25-Dec-2016/understanding-the-changing-face-of-christmas].</ref> People attend churches in places such as [[Gurdaspur]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]] and [[Hoshiarpur]] districts in [[Punjab, India]] that have a higher Christian population, to be part of Christmas celebrations.<ref>Hindustan Times (25.12.2015) Christmas celebrations held across Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/christmas-celebrations-held-across-punjab-chandigarh/story-gakSO27TYKPEX5YeikJGhN.html]</ref> Christians also celebrate [[Easter]] by engaging in processions.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/cultural-fest-at-government-mohindra-college/389715.html The Tribune (10/04/2017)]</ref>
{{clear}}

== Hindu festivals==
{{Main|List of Hindu festivals in Punjab}}
[[Punjabi Hindus]] celebrate a number of religious festivals.

===Bavan Dvadasi===
Bavan Dvadasi is a festival dedicated to the Hindu God [[Vamana]]. The festival is held during the lunar month of Bhadra. Singh writing for the Tribune in 2000 states that "Tipri, a local version of dandia of Gujarat and a characteristic of the Patiala and Ambala districts, is losing popularity. Its performances are now limited to the occasions of Bavan Dvadsi." According to Singh (2000) "Bavan Dvadsi is a local festival celebrated only in the Patiala and Ambala districts. Anywhere else, people are not aware of it. Now, tipri is performed during this festival only." Singh then states that Bavan Dvadsi "is to celebrate the victory of Lord Vishnu, who in the form of a dwarf, had tricked Raja Bali to grant him three wishes, before transforming into a giant to take the Earth, the sky and Bali's life". Tripri competitions are held during the festival. Dancers dance in pairs, striking the sticks and creating a rhythm whilst holding ropes.<ref>Singh, Jangveer (10.09.2000) The Tribune: Tipri rhythms are fading out in region accessed 04.10.2019) [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000911/punjab.htm#18]</ref>

===Raksha Bandhan===
'''Raksha Bandhan''', also '''Rakshabandhan''', or '''Rakhi''',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Setiajatnika|first1=Eka|last2=Iriani|first2=Kandis|date=2018-10-29|title=Pengaruh Return on Asset, Asset Growth, dan Debt to Equity Ratio terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio|journal=Jurnal Soshum Insentif|pages=22–34|doi=10.36787/jsi.v1i1.31|issn=2655-2698|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="McGregor1993">{{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=R. S. McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA849|year=1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2}} Quote: m Hindi ''rakśābandhan'' held on the full moon of the month of Savan, when sisters tie a talisman (rakhi q.v.) on the arm of their brothers and receive small gifts of money from them.</ref> is a popular, traditionally [[Hindus|Hindu]], annual rite, or ceremony, which is central to a festival of the same name, celebrated in India, Nepal and other parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and among people around the world influenced by Hindu culture. On this day, sisters of all ages tie a talisman, or [[amulet]], called the '''''rakhi''''', around the wrists of their brothers, symbolically protecting them, receiving a gift in return, and traditionally investing the brothers with a share of the responsibility of their potential care.<ref name="Agarwal1994a">{{citation|last=Agarwal|first=Bina|author-link=Bina Agarwal|title=A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pdP30OnEUC&pg=PA264|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-42926-9|page=264}}</ref>

Raksha Bandhan is observed on the last day of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar calendar]] month of [[Shraavana]], which typically falls in August. The expression "Raksha Bandhan," [[Sanskrit]], literally, "the bond of protection, obligation, or care", is now principally applied to this ritual. Until the mid-20th-century, the expression was more commonly applied to a similar ritual, also held on the same day, with precedence in ancient Hindu texts, in which a domestic priest ties amulets, charms, or threads on the wrists of his patrons, or changes their [[upanayana|sacred thread]], and receives gifts of money; in some places, this is still the case.<ref name="Berreman1963">{{citation|last=Berreman|first=Gerald Duane|title=Hindus of the Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o91Qt_GAlEC&pg=PA390|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|pages=390–|id=GGKEY:S0ZWW3DRS4S}} Quote: Rakri: On this date Brahmins go from house to house tying string bracelets (''rakrī'') on the wrists of household members. In return the Brahmins receive from an anna to a rupee from each household. ... This is supposed to be auspicious for the recipient. ... It has no connotation of brother-sister devotion as it does in some plains areas. It is readily identified with ''Raksha Bandhan''.</ref><ref name="Gnanambal1969-brahmans">{{citation|last=Gnanambal|first=K.|title=Festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxTgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10|year=1969|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India|page=10}} Quote: In North India, the festival is popularly called Raksha Bandhan ... On this day, sisters tie an amulet round the right wrists of brothers wishing them long life and prosperity. Family priests (Brahmans) make it an occasion to visit their clientele to get presents.</ref> In contrast, the sister-brother festival, with origins in folk culture, had names which varied with location, with some rendered as ''Saluno'',<ref name="MarriottBeals1955-Marriott-Saluno">{{citation|last=Marriott|first=McKim|editor=McKim Marriott |title=Village India: Studies in the Little Community|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOLZAAAAMAAJ&pg=198|year=1955|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=198–202|chapter=Little Communities in an Indigenous Civilization|isbn=9780226506432}}</ref><ref name="Wadley1994">{{citation|last=Wadley|first=Susan S.|title=Struggling with Destiny in Karimpur, 1925–1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMqw6JAmQQIC&pg=PA84|date=27 July 1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91433-9|pages=84, 202}} Quote: (p 84) Potters: ... But because the festival of Saluno takes place during the monsoon when they can't make pots, they make pots in three batches ...</ref> ''Silono''<ref name="Lewis1965">{{citation|last=Lewis|first=Oscar|title=Village Life in Northern India: Studies in a Delhi Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpzZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208|year=1965|publisher=University of Illinois Press|page=208|isbn=9780598001207}}</ref> and ''Rakri''.<ref name="Berreman1963"/> A ritual associated with included the sisters placing shoots of barley behind the ears of their brothers.<ref name="MarriottBeals1955-Marriott-Saluno"/>

Of special significance to married women, Raksha Bandhan is rooted in the practice of territorial or village [[exogamy]], in which a bride marries ''out'' of her natal village or town, and her parents, by custom, do not visit her in her married home.<ref name="Coleman2017">{{citation|last=Coleman|first=Leo|title=A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YDTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT127|year=2017|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-0791-9|page=127}} Quote: Rakhi and its local performances in Kishan Garhi were part of a festival in which connections between out-marrying sisters and village-resident brothers were affirmed. In the "traditional" form of this rite, according to Marriott, sisters exchanged with their brothers to ensure their ability to have recourse—at a crisis, or during childbearing—to their natal village and their relatives there even after leaving for their husband's home. For their part, brothers engaging in these exchanges affirmed the otherwise hard-to-discern moral solidarity of the natal family, even after their sister's marriage.</ref> In rural north India, where village exogamy is strongly prevalent, large numbers of married Hindu women travel back to their parents' homes every year for the ceremony.<ref name="Goody1990-exogamy-natal-home">{{citation|last=Goody|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Goody|title=The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdgos7fWazIC&pg=PA222|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36761-5|page=222}} Quote: "... the heavy emphasis placed on the continuing nature of brother-sister relations despite the fact that in the North marriage requires them to live in different villages. That relation is celebrated and epitomised in the annual ceremony of ''Rakśābandhan'' in northern and western India. ... The ceremony itself involves the visit of women to their brothers (that is, to the homes of their own fathers, their natal homes)</ref><ref name="Hess2015">{{citation|last=Hess|first=Linda|title=Bodies of Song: Kabir Oral Traditions and Performative Worlds in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALoUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937416-8|page=61}} Quote: "In August comes Raksha Bandhan, the festival celebrating the bonds between brothers and sisters. Married sisters return, if they can, to their natal villages to be with their brothers.</ref> Their brothers, who typically live with the parents or nearby, sometimes travel to their sisters' married home to escort them back. Many younger married women arrive a few weeks earlier at their natal homes and stay until the ceremony.<ref name="Wadley2005">{{citation|last=Wadley|first=Susan Snow|title=Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuyTqD0Ybw4C&pg=PA66|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-016-0|page=66}} Quote: In Savan, greenness abounds as the newly planted crops take root in the wet soil. It is a month of joy and gaiety, with swings hanging from tall trees. Girls and women swing high into the sky, singing their joy. The gaiety is all the more marked because women, especially the young ones, are expected to return to their natal homes for an annual visit during Savan.</ref> The brothers serve as lifelong intermediaries between their sisters' married and parental homes,<ref name="Gnanambal1969">{{citation|last=Gnanambal|first=K.|title=Festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxTgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10|year=1969|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India|page=10}}</ref> as well as potential stewards of their security.

In urban India, where families are increasingly [[nuclear family|nuclear]], the festival has become more symbolic, but continues to be highly popular. The rituals associated with this festival have spread beyond their traditional regions and have been transformed through technology and migration,<ref name="Coleman2017-technology-migration">{{citation|last=Coleman|first=Leo|title=A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YDTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT148|year=2017|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-0791-9|page=148}} Quote: In modern rakhi, technologically mediated and performed with manufactured charms, migrating men are the medium by which the village women interact, vertically, with the cosmopolitan center—the site of radio broadcasts, and the source of technological goods and national solidarity</ref> the movies,<ref name="Pandit 2003quote">{{citation|last=Pandit |first=Vaijayanti|title=Business @ Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA234|year=2003|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-81-259-1218-7|page=234}} Quote: "Quote: Raksha Bandhan traditionally celebrated in North India has acquired greater importance due to Hindi films. Lightweight and decorative rakhis, which are easy to post, are needed in large quantities by the market to cater to brothers and sisters living in different parts of the country or abroad."</ref> social interaction,<ref name="Khandekar2003">{{citation|last=Khandekar|first=Renuka N.|title=Faith: filling the God-sized hole|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIgoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|page=180|isbn=9780143028840}} Quote: "But since independence and the gradual opening up of Indian society, Raksha Bandhan as celebrated in North India has won the affection of many South Indian families. For this festival has the peculiar charm of renewing sibling bonds."</ref> and promotion by Hinduism,<ref name="JoshySeethi2015">{{citation|last1=Joshy|first1=P. M.|last2=Seethi|first2=K. M.|title=State and Civil Society under Siege: Hindutva, Security and Militarism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxuJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112|year=2015|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-383-5|page=112}} Quote: (p. 111) The RSS employs a cultural strategy to mobilise people through festivals. It observes six major festivals in a year. ... Till 20 years back, festivals like Raksha Bandhan were unknown to South Indians. Through [[Sangh Shakha|Shakha]]'s intense campaign, now they have become popular in the southern India. In colleges and schools tying 'Rakhi'—the thread that is used in the 'Raksha Bandhan'—has become a fashion and this has been popularised by the RSS and ABVP cadres.</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA39|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|page=39}} Quote: This ceremony occurs in a cycle of six annual festivals which often coincides with those observed in Hindu society, and which Hedgewar inscribed in the ritual calendar of his movement: Varsha Pratipada (the Hindu new year), Shivajirajyarohonastava (the coronation of Shivaji), guru dakshina, Raksha Bandhan (a North Indian festival in which sisters tie ribbons round the wrists of their brothers to remind them of their duty as protectors, a ritual which the RSS has re-interpreted in such a way that the leader of the shakha ties a ribbon around the pole of the saffron flag, after which swayamsevaks carry out this ritual for one another as a mark of brotherhood), ....</ref> as well as by the nation state.<ref name="Coleman2017-nation-building">{{citation|last=Coleman|first=Leo|title=A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YDTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT148|year=2017|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-0791-9|page=148}} Quote: ... as citizens become participants in the wider "new traditions" of the national state. Broadcast mantras become the emblems of a new level of state power and the means of the integration of villagers and city dwellers alike into a new community of citizens</ref>

Among women and men who are not [[Consanguinity|blood relative]]s, there is also a transformed tradition of [[fictive kinship|voluntary kin]] relations, achieved through the tying of ''rakhi'' amulets, which have cut across caste and class lines,<ref name="HeitzmanWorden1996">{{citation|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|last2=Worden|first2=Robert L.|title=India: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5OFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246|year=1996|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|isbn=978-0-8444-0833-0|page=246}}</ref> and Hindu and Muslim divisions.<ref name="MinesLamb2002">{{citation|last=Vanita|first=Ruth|editor=Diane P. Mines|editor2=Sarah Lamb|title=Everyday Life in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFhYnt2rL6YC&pg=PA157|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34080-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinso0000unse/page/146 146–158, 157]|chapter=''Dosti'' and ''Tamanna'': Male-Male Love, Difference, and Normativity in Hindi Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinso0000unse/page/146}}</ref> In some communities or contexts, other figures, such as a matriarch, or a person in authority, can be included in the ceremony in ritual acknowledgement of their benefaction.<ref name="Chowdhry1994">{{citation|last=Chowdhry|first=Prem|title=The Veiled Women: Shifting Gender Equations in Rural Haryana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUC3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA312|year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567038-7|pages=312–313}} Quote: The same symbolic protection is also requested from the high caste men by the low caste women in a work relationship situation. The ritual thread is offered, though not tied and higher caste men customarily give some money in return.</ref>

===Krishna Janmashtami===
[[File:Baby Krishna being carried by Vasudeva.jpg|thumb|Baby Krishna being carried by Vasudeva]]
[[Krishna Janmashtami]], also known simply as '''Janmashtami''' or '''Gokulashtami''', is an annual [[Hindu]] festival that celebrates the birth of [[Krishna]], the eighth [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314">{{harvnb|Lochtefeld |2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/314 314–315]}}</ref> It is observed according to the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunisolar calendar]], on the eighth day ([[Ashtami]]) of the [[Paksha#Krishna Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] (dark fortnight) in [[Shraavana]] or [[Bhadrapad]] (depending on whether the calendar chooses the new moon or full moon day as the last day of the month), which overlaps with August or September of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314"/>

It is an important festival, particularly in the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book |author=J. Gordon Melton |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA396 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |page=396}}</ref> Dance-drama enactments of the life of Krishna according to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (such as [[Rasa lila|Rasa Lila]] or Krishna Lila), devotional singing through the midnight when Krishna was born, fasting (''upavasa''), a night vigil (Ratri ''Jagaran''), and a festival (Mahotsav) on the following day are a part of the Janmashtami celebrations.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edwin Francis Bryant |title=Sri Krishna: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |pages=224–225, 538–539}}</ref> It is celebrated particularly in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and [[Brindavan|Vrindavan]], along with major Vaishnava and non-sectarian communities found in Manipur, Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and all other states of India.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /><ref>{{cite web |title=In Pictures: People Celebrating Janmashtami in India |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=10 August 2012 |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/372380/20120810/pictures-people-celebrating-janmashtami-india.htm |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>

Krishna Janmashtami is followed by the festival [[Nandotsav]], which celebrates the occasion when [[Nanda Baba]] distributed gifts to the community in honor of the birth.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cynthia Packert |year=2010 |title=The Art of Loving Krishna: Ornamentation and Devotion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ebxa1F8zNT0C&pg=PG169 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=169 |isbn=978-0-253-00462-8}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Mahashivratri===
[[File:Murudeshwar Shiva.jpg|thumb|Murudeshwar Shiva]]
''Maha Shivaratri'' is the great night of [[Shiva]], during which [[Shaivism|followers of Shiva]] observe religious [[fasting]] and the offering of [[Aegle marmelos|Bael]] (Bilva) leaves to Shiva. Mahashivaratri Festival or 'The Night of Shiva' is celebrated with devotion and religious fervor in honor of Lord Shiva, one of the deities of Hindu Trinity. Shivaratri falls on the moonless 14th night of the new moon in [[Phalgun]] (February – March). Celebrating the festival of Shivaratri devotees observe day and night fast and perform ritual worship of Shiva Lingam to appease Lord Shiva. To mark the Shivratri festival, devotees wake up early and take a ritual bath, preferably in river Ganga. After wearing fresh new clothes devotees visit the nearest Shiva temple to give ritual bath to the Shiva Lingum with milk, honey, water etc. On Shivaratri, worship of Lord Shiva continues all through the day and night. Every three hours priests perform ritual pooja of Shivalingam by bathing it with milk, yoghurt, honey, ghee, sugar and water amidst the chanting of "Om Namah Shivaya' and ringing of temple bells. Jaagran (Nightlong vigil) is also observed in Shiva temples where large number of devotees spend the night singing hymns and devotional songs in praise of Lord Shiva. It is only on the following morning that devotee break their fast by partaking prasad offered to the deity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahashivratri.org/mahashivaratri-festival.html |title=Mahashivaratri Festival : Festival of Shivratri, Mahashivratri Festival India – Mahashivaratri Festival 2019 |publisher=Mahashivratri.org |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Holi===
{{Main|Holi}}
[[File:India - Color Powder stalls - 7242.jpg|thumb|left|India - Colour Powder stalls on Holi- 7242]]
[[Holi]] is the spring Hindu festival of colours which is celebrated by throwing colours on each other.<ref>{{cite book|author=McKim Marriott|editor=John Stratton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan|title=The Life of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24914-1|page=102}}</ref><ref>The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) {{ISBN|0-19-861263-X}} - p.874 "Holi /'həʊli:/ noun a Hindu spring festival ..."</ref> The festival is celebrated on the full moon day of [[Phalguna]] Month<ref name="Monier-Williams 1876">{{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKyjX_1Yv6gC&q=Holi+observed+on+full+moon&pg=PA328|title=Indian Wisdom Or Exemples of the Religions, Philosophical, and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus: with a Brief History of the Chief Departments of Sanskrit Literature. 3. Ed|date=1876|publisher=Allen|language=en}}</ref> of [[Hindu calendar|Hindu Calendar]]. The festival is primarily celebrated by Hindus and Sikhs.<ref>Rait, S.K (2005) Sikh Women in England: Their Religious and Cultural Beliefs and Social Practices. Trentham Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRfkTq1ykSIC&dq=holi+sikh&pg=PA79]</ref>

In the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Holi is preceded by Holika Dahan the night before. On the day of Holi, people engage in throwing colours<ref>Parminder Singh Grover and Moga, Davinderjit Singh, Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy-pOAnlQL0C&dq=punjab++holi&pg=PT180]</ref> on each other.<ref name="autogenerated3">Jasbir Singh Khurana, Punjabiyat: The Cultural Heritage and Ethos of the People of Punjab, Hemkunt Publishers (P) Ltd, {{ISBN|978-81-7010-395-0}}</ref>

During Holi in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], walls and courtyards of rural houses are enhanced with drawings and paintings similar to [[rangoli]] in South India, ''mandana'' in Rajasthan, and rural arts in other parts of India. This art is known as ''chowk-poorana'' or ''chowkpurana'' in Punjab and is given shape by the peasant women of the state. In courtyards, this art is drawn using a piece of cloth. The art includes drawing tree motifs, flowers, ferns, creepers, plants, peacocks, palanquins, geometric patterns along with vertical, horizontal and oblique lines. These arts add to the festive atmosphere.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362722/drawing-designs-walls.html Drawing Designs on Walls], Trisha Bhattacharya (13 October 2013), ''Deccan Herald''. Retrieved 7 January 2015</ref>
{{clear}}

===Sanjhi===
[[File:Sanjhi mata.jpg|thumb|right|Sanjhi mata]]
[[File:ਸਾਂਝੀ ਮਾਈ ਦੀ ਤਸਵੀਰ।.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Contemporary Sanjhi image in Punjab]]
Sanjhi is celebrated mainly by women and girls in parts of Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-sanjhi-a-forgotten-festival-and-delhi-s-own-version-of-durga-puja-330550.html|title=Here's The Story Of Sanjhi - A Forgotten Festival And Delhi's 'Own Version' Of Durga Puja|last=Dabas|first=Maninder|date=28 Sep 2017|website=India Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124160730/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-sanjhi-a-forgotten-festival-and-delhi-s-own-version-of-durga-puja-330550.html|archive-date=24 November 2017|url-status=live|access-date=30 Sep 2018}}</ref> Sanjhi is the name of a mother goddess, after whom images are made of mud and molded into various shapes such as cosmic bodies or the face of the goddess, and they get different colors. The local potters make images of various body parts like her arms, legs, face decked with ornaments and weapons. These additions make the image look beautiful and gracious. The additions to the image this way depend upon the economic means of the family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/sanjhi.htm|title=Sanjhi|website=Haryana Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628082857/http://www.haryana-online.com:80/sanjhi.htm|archive-date=28 June 2002|url-status=usurped|access-date=30 Sep 2018}}</ref>

The image is designed on the first day of the nine days of [[Durga Puja]] or Navratri. Every day women from the neighborhood are invited for singing bhajans and performing aarti. The young girls also gather there and offer their adoration to the mother who is believed to get them suitable husbands. The aarti or the bhajans are chanted daily and some elderly woman guides others. It is usually an all females event. Sanjhi image is prepared on the wall by those families who seek fulfillment of their wishes termed mannat by Punjabis. Some people also seek her blessings for the marriage of their daughters. Kirtan is performed and the image is immersed in water on the last day. The Sanjhi festival ends with the immersion of Sanjhi on the day of [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030924/punjab1.htm|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab}}</ref> The girls offer prayers and food to the goddess every day.
{{clear}}

===Maghi===
Maghi is the regional name of [[Makar Sankranti]] or Magh Sankranti<ref name="Monier-Williams 1876"/> and marks beginning of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] month of [[Hindu calendar|Hindu Calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O0eAQAAMAAJ&q=Maghi+|title=Census of India, 1961: Punjab|date=1962|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref> While Hindus gather near [[Mandirs]].<ref name=melton1769>{{cite book|author1=J. Gordon Melton|author2=Martin Baumann|title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA1769 |year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3|page=1769}}</ref> The ''Magha Mela'', according to [[Diana L. Eck]] – a professor at Harvard University specializing in Indology, is mentioned in the Hindu epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', thus placing this festival to be around 2,000 years old.<ref name=eck153/> Many go to sacred rivers or lakes and bathe with thanksgiving to the sun.<ref name=eck153>{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&pg=PA153| year=2013|publisher=Random House| author-link=Diana L. Eck | isbn=978-0-385-53192-4|pages=152–154}}</ref> Maghi happens to be the day when [[Bhishma]], the octogenarian leader of [[Kaurava]]s emacipated his soul from bondage of body, by conscious act of will after discoursing many days on mysteries of life and death.<ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O0eAQAAMAAJ&q=Maghi+Bhishma|title=Census of India, 1961: Punjab|date=1962|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref>

===Vaisakhi===
Vaisakhi, also pronounced as '''Baisakhi''' marks the beginning of [[Hindus|Hindu]] solar New year.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rinehart|first1=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=Vaisakhi+hindu&pg=PA139|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|last2=Rinehart|first2=Robert|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Aidan A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBcbAAAAYAAJ&q=Baisakhi+hindu|title=Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopaedic Handbook|last2=Dresser|first2=Peter D.|last3=Ross|first3=Linda M.|date=1993|publisher=Omnigraphics, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-55888-348-2|language=en}}</ref> Vaisakhi marks the first day of the month of [[Vaisakha]] and is usually celebrated on 13 or 14 April every year. This holiday also is known as '''[[Vaisakha]] [[Sankranti]]''' and celebrates the Solar new year, based on the [[Hindu]] [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar.

Vaisakhi is a historical and religious festival in [[Hinduism]]. It is usually celebrated on 13 or 14 April every year.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harjinder Singh|title=Vaisakhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCReCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|publisher=Akaal Publishers|page=2}}</ref><ref name="Gupta2006p998">{{cite book|author1=K.R. Gupta|author2=Amita Gupta|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA998 |year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0|page=998}}</ref> For Hindus, the festival is their traditional solar new year, a harvest festival, an occasion to bath in sacred rivers such as Ganges, Jhelum, and Kaveri, visit temples, meet friends and take part in other festivities. In other parts of India, the Vaisakhi festival is known by various regional names.<ref name="Roy2005p479">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA479|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|author=Christian Roy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|pages=479–480}}</ref>

In [[Punjab Province (British India)|Undivided Punjab]], the Hindu Shrine of [[Katas Raj Temples|Katas Raj]] was known for its Vaisakhi fair.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pA8wAQAAIAAJ&q=Katas+Baisakh+fair|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province|date=1999|publisher=Low Price Publications|isbn=978-81-7536-153-9|language=en}}</ref> It was attended by around 10,000 pilgrims who were mostly Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijjar|first=Bakhshish Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RESzeNDCEuIC&q=Katas+|title=Panjab Under the Later Mughals, 1707-1759|date=1972|publisher=New Academic Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref> Similarly, at the shrine of [[Bairagi (caste)|Bairagi]] Baba Ram Thaman, a Vaisakhi fair was held annually since 16th century CE which was attended by around 60,000 pilgrims and [[Bairagi (caste)|Bairagi]] saints from all over India used to throng the shrine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJwIAAAAQAAJ&q=Baisakhi+hindu+fair&pg=RA2-PA64|title=Gazetteer of the Ferozpur District: 1883|date=1883|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khalid|first=Haroon|title=In defiance: Celebrating Baisakhi at a Hindu shrine in Pakistan|url=https://scroll.in/article/835897/in-defiance-celebrating-baisakhi-at-a-hindu-shrine-in-pakistan|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Scroll.in|date=28 April 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Vaisakhi fair is at [[Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji]] at Pandori Mahatan village in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] district of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] where the fair lasts for three days from 1st [[Vaisakha]] to 3rd Vaisakha.<ref name="Darshan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XG8mJN-CgwoC&q=Baisakhi+pandori&pg=RA7-PA28|title=Darshan|date=1982|publisher=Consulate-General of India|language=en}}</ref> The celebrations start in form of procession on morning of 1st Vaisakha, carrying ''Mahant'' in a palanquin by ''Brahmacharis'' and devotees. After that [[Navagraha|Navgraha]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is held and charities in money, grains and cows are done.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Punjab (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KAKAQAAIAAJ&q=Baisakhi+pindori|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement|date=1992|publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery|language=en}}</ref> At evening, [[Kirtan|Sankirtan]] is held in which ''Mahant'' delivers religious discourses and concludes it by distributing [[Prasāda|prasad]] of Patashas (candy drops). Pilgrims also take ritual bathings at sacred tank in the shrine.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anand|first=R.L.|title=Fairs and Festivals, Part VII-B, Vol-XIII, Punjab, Census of India 1961|year=1962|pages=60}}</ref><ref name="Darshan"/>

===Ram Navami===
[[File:An image collage of Hindu deity Rama.jpg|thumb|left|An image collage of Hindu deity Rama]]
''Rama Navami'' is the celebration of the birth of [[Rama]]. Rama Navami is the day on which Lord Rama, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu, incarnated in human form in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. He is the ardha ansh of Vishnu or has half the divinitive qualities of Lord Vishnu. The word "Rama" literally means one who is divinely blissful and who gives joy to others, and one in whom the sages rejoice. Ram Navami falls on the ninth day of the bright fortnight in Chaitra (April/May) and coincides with Vasant Navratri or Chait Durga Puja. Therefore, in some regions, the festival is spread over nine days. This day, marking the birthday of Lord Rama, is also observed as the marriage day of Rama and Sita and thus also referred to as Kalyanotsavam. In Ayodhya, the birthplace of Lord Rama, a huge fair is held with thousands of devotees gathering to celebrate this festival. The fair continues for two days, and rathyatras, carrying the Deities of Ram, his brother Laxman, His wife Sita, and His greatest devotee Mahavir Hanuman, are taken out from almost all Ram Temples. Hanuman is known for is his devotion to Rama, and his tales form an important part of the celebration. In Andhra Pradesh, Ram Navami is celebrated for 10 days from the Chaitra saptami to the Bahula Padyami in March/April. Temples re-enact the marriage of Lord Rama and Sita to commemorate this event, since this day is also the day they got married.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Rama_Navami |title=Rama Navami – Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia |publisher=Hindupedia.com |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Dussehra===
[[File:Fête de Dusshera.jpg|thumb|left|Dasara is observed with the burning of Ravana effigies.]]
In most of northern and western India, Dasha-Hara (literally, "ten days") is celebrated in honour of [[Rama]]. Thousands of drama-dance-music plays based on the ''Ramayan'' and ''Ramcharitmanas'' (''[[Ramlila]]'') are performed at outdoor fairs across the land and in temporarily built staging grounds featuring effigies of the demons Ravan, [[Kumbhakarna]] and [[Indrajit|Meghanada]]. The effigies are burnt on bonfires in the evening of Vijayadashami-Dussehra.{{sfn | Encyclopedia Britannica Dussehra | 2015}} While Dussehra is observed on the same day across India, the festivities leading to it vary. In many places, the "Rama Lila" or the brief version of the story of Rama, Sita and Lakshaman, is enacted over the 9 days before it, but in some cities, such as [[Varanasi]], the entire story is freely acted out by performance-artists before the public every evening for a month.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|pp=212–213}}

The performance arts tradition during the Dussehra festival was inscribed by UNESCO as one of the "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" in 2008.<ref name=unescodussehra>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110 Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana], UNESCO</ref> The festivities, states UNESCO, include songs, narration, recital and dialogue based on the Hindu text ''Ramacharitmanas'' by [[Tulsidas]]. It is celebrated across northern India for Dussehra, but particularly in historically important Hindu cities of [[Ayodhya]], [[Varanasi]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Almora]], [[Satna]] and [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]].<ref name=unescodussehra/> The festival and dramatic enactment of the virtues versus vices filled story is organised by communities in hundreds of small villages and towns, attracting a mix of audiences from different social, gender and economic backgrounds. In many parts of India, the audience and villagers join in and participate spontaneously, helping the artists, others helping with stage setup, make-up, effigies, and lights.<ref name=unescodussehra/> These arts come to a close on the night of Dussehra, when the victory of Rama is celebrated by burning the effigies of evil Ravan and his colleagues.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=308–309}}
{{clear}}

===Diwali===
[[File:1867 CE chromolithograph, Diwali, feast of lamps, by William Simpson.jpg|thumb|William Simpson labelled his chromolithograph of 1867 CE as "Dewali, feast of lamps". It showed streets lit up at dusk, with a girl and her mother lighting a street corner lamp.<ref>{{cite book| title= India ancient and modern: a series of illustrations of the Country and people of India and adjacent territories. Executed in chromolithography from drawings by William Simpson|author1= John William Kaye|author2= William Simpson |year=1867| publisher= London Day and Son|page=50 |oclc= 162249047}}</ref>]]

[[Diwali]] festival usually lasts five days and is celebrated during the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunisolar]] month [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] (between mid-October and mid-November).<ref name="OED-Diwali">''The New Oxford Dictionary of English'' (1998) {{ISBN|978-0-19-861263-6}} – p. 540 "'''Diwali''' /dɪwɑːli/ (also '''Diwali''') '''noun''' a Hindu festival with lights...".</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali Diwali] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2009)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Diwali 2020 Date in India: When is Diwali in 2020?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/diwali-2020-date-in-india-when-is-diwali-in-2020-7013223/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=The Indian Express|date=11 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> One of the most popular festivals of Hinduism, Diwali symbolizes the spiritual "victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance".<ref name="Heiligman31">{{cite book|author1=Vasudha Narayanan|author2=Deborah Heiligman|title=Celebrate Diwali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31|year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6|page=31|quote=All the stories associated with Deepavali, however, speak of the joy connected with the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil.}}</ref><ref name="htoday">{{cite book|author=Tina K Ramnarine|title=Musical Performance in the Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTiPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-96956-3|page=78|quote=Light, in the form of candles and lamps, is a crucial part of Diwali, representing the triumph of light over darkness, goodness over evil and hope for the future.}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Jean Mead, ''How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?'', {{ISBN|978-0-237-53412-7}}</ref>{{sfn|J Gordon Melton|2011|p=252}} The festival is widely associated with [[Lakshmi]], goddess of prosperity, with many other regional traditions connecting the holiday to [[Sita]] and [[Rama]], [[Vishnu]], [[Krishna]], [[Yama]], [[Yami]], [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Hanuman]], [[Ganesha]], [[Kubera]], [[Dhanvantari]], or [[Vishvakarman]]. Furthermore, it is, in some regions, a celebration of the day Lord [[Rama]] returned to his kingdom [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] with his wife [[Sita]] and his brother [[Lakshmana]] after defeating [[Ravana]] in [[Lanka]] and serving 14 years of exile.

In the lead-up to Diwali, celebrants will prepare by cleaning, renovating, and decorating their homes and workplaces with ''[[Diya (lamp)|diyas]]'' (oil lamps) and ''[[rangoli]]s''.<ref name="Raat">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6A9EZRQIT9kC&pg=PA109 |title = Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki|author=Pramodkumar|quote=It is extremely important to keep the house spotlessly clean and pure on Diwali. The goddess [[Lakshmi]] likes cleanliness, and she will visit the cleanest house first. Lamps are lit in the evening to welcome the goddess. They are believed to light up her path.|access-date = 26 October 2011|isbn = 978-1-4357-1240-9|date = 2008| publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref> During Diwali, people wear their finest clothes, illuminate the interior and exterior of their homes with ''diyas'' and ''rangoli'', perform worship ceremonies of [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of prosperity and wealth,{{refn|group=note|Hindus of eastern and northeastern states of India associate the festival with the goddess [[Durga]], or her fierce avatar [[Kali]] ([[Shaktism]]).{{sfn|Laura Amazzone|2012|}} According to McDermott, this region also celebrated the Lakshmi puja historically, while the Kali puja tradition started in the colonial era and was particular prominent post-1920s.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=183–188}}}} light fireworks, and partake in family feasts, where ''mithai'' ([[South Asian sweets|sweets]]) and gifts are shared. Diwali is also a major cultural event for the Hindu and [[Jainism|Jain]] diaspora from the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="wsj">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130421024513/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/08/23/india-journal-tis-the-season-to-be-shopping/ India Journal: 'Tis the Season to be Shopping] Devita Saraf, The Wall Street Journal (August 2010)</ref>{{sfn|Henry Johnson|2007|pp=71–73}}{{sfn|Kelly|1988|pp=40–55}}

The five-day long festival originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is mentioned in early Sanskrit texts. Diwali is usually celebrated twenty days after the [[Navrati|Dashera]] (Dasara, Dasain) festival, with [[Dhanteras]], or the regional equivalent, marking the first day of the festival when celebrants prepare by cleaning their homes and making decorations on the floor, such as ''rangolis''.<ref>Karen Bellenir (1997). ''Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopedic Handbook'', 2nd Edition, {{ISBN|978-0-7808-0258-2}}, Omnigraphics</ref> The second day is [[Naraka Chaturdashi]]. The third day is the day of [[Lakshmi Puja]] and the darkest night of the traditional month. In some parts of India, the day after Lakshmi Puja is marked with the Govardhan Puja and [[Balipratipada]] (Padwa). Some Hindu communities mark the last day as [[Bhai Dooj]] or the regional equivalent, which is dedicated to the bond between sister and brother,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rajat Gupta|author2=Nishant Singh|author3=Ishita Kirar|title=Hospitality & Tourism Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DatDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-93-259-8244-4|page=84}}</ref> while other Hindu and Sikh craftsmen communities mark this day as [[Vishwakarma Puja]] and observe it by performing maintenance in their work spaces and offering prayers.<ref name="haar2009">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shobhna Gupta|title=Festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4TtrdejbTEC&pg=PA84 |year=2002|publisher=Har-Anand |isbn=978-81-241-0869-7|page=84}}</ref>

===Fasts===
====Karwa chauth====
[[File:Karva Chauth puja.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The fasting women collectively sitting in a circle, while doing Karwa Chauth puja, singing song while performing the feris (passing their thalis around in the circle)]]
Karu-ay is the Punjabi name for the fast of [[Karva Chauth]].<ref name="autogenerated7">Alop ho riha Punjabi Visra by Harkesh Singh Kehal Unistar Publications PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7142-869-X}}</ref> This fast is primarily traditionally observed in the [[Punjab region]] but is also observed in parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="ref72zuyax">{{Citation | title=The nation, the state, and Indian identity | author=Madhusree Dutta, Neera Adarkar, Majlis Organization (Bombay) | year=1996 | publisher=Popular Prakashan, 1996 | isbn=978-81-85604-09-1 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=clVkXbbcrhIC | quote=''... originally was practised by women in Punjab and parts of UP, is gaining tremendous popularity ... We found women of all classes and regional communities ... all said they too were observing the Karva Chauth Vrat for their husbands' longevity. All of them had dekha-dekhi (in imitation) followed a trend which made them feel special on this one day. Husbands paid them undivided attention and showered them with gifts. The women from the bastis go to beauty parlours to have their hair set and hands decorated with mehendi ''}}</ref> and [[Rajasthan]].

Although the mode of performing the [[Karva Chauth]] fast requires the woman to see the Moon through a sieve and then her husband's face through the same sieve before she eats, in the Punjabi Karu-ay da varat, traditionally a brother will collect his married sister who will keep the fast at her natal home.<ref name="autogenerated7"/>

The women will eat sweet dishes before sunrise and will not eat throughout the day. Women also get dressed up in traditional attire and gather in the evening for hearing tales about the fast. The purpose of the fast is for the well-being and longevity of husbands.<ref name="autogenerated7"/>
{{clear}}

====Jhakrya====
[[File:Ahoy! Glory to Ahoi Mata.jpg|thumb|Ahoy! Glory to Ahoi Mata]]
Jhakrya is a Punjabi fast which according to Kehal is observed by mothers for their sons' well-being. However, Pritam (1996) believes the fast is kept by mothers for the welfare of their children.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=I8svAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%88+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4 Pritam, Amrita. Dekhya Kabira (1996)]</ref>

Jharkri is a clay pot in which dry sweet dishes are kept. Mothers are required to eat something sweet in the morning and then fast all day. Jhakrya fast is observed four days after [[Karva Chauth]] and is related to [[Ahoi Ashtami|Hoi Mata]]. A mother who keeps Jhakrya da varat for the first time will distribute the sweets kept in the Jhakri to her husband's clan. She will also give her mother-in-law a Punjabi suit.

On subsequent fasts, mothers will fill the Jhakri will water and jaggery and rice. When the moon rises, an offering is made to the stars and then the sons. Other food will also be given to the sons. Thereafter, mothers will eat something sweet to break the fast.<ref>Alop ho riha Punjabi Visra by Harkesh Singh Kehal Bhag Dooja Unistar Publications PVT Ltd {{ISBN|978-93-5017-532-3}}</ref>

[[Ahoi Ashtami]] is a [[Hindu festival]] celebrated about 8 days before Diwali on Krishna [[Paksha]] Ashtami. According to Purnimant calendar followed in North India, it falls during the month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]] and according to Amanta calendar followed in Gujarat, Maharashtra and other southern states, it falls during the month of [[Ashvin]]. However, it is just the name of the month which differs and the fasting of [https://www.kahanidinbhar.com/2020/04/ahoi-ashtami-vrat-katha-2020.html Ahoi Ashtami] is done on the same day.

The fasting and puja on Ahoi Ashtami are dedicated to Mata Ahoi or Goddess Ahoi. She is worshiped by mothers for the well-being and long life of their children. This day is also known as ''Ahoi Aathe'' because fasting for Ahoi Ashtami is done during Ashtami [[Tithi]] which is the eighth day of the lunar month. Ahoi Mata is none other than Goddess [[Parvati]].

{{clear}}

====Bhoogay====
Bhoogay falls on the fourth day of the first half of the lunar month of Poh. The day is also called [[Sankashti Chaturthi|Sankat Chauth]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZadjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4 Khoja darapaṇa, Volume 22, Issue 1 1999]</ref> The fast is kept by sisters for the well-being of brothers during the Punjabi month of Poh (December–January). Sisters will break their fast by eating sweet balls made of sesame, jaggery and flour [[Pinni]].<ref name="autogenerated7"/>

== Sikh Festivals ==
{{Sikhism sidebar}}{{Main|List of Sikh festivals}}
The following religious festivals are observed by Sikhs.

=== Muktsar Mela ===
[[File:Group of Nihang Singhs.jpg|thumb|200px|A group of [[Nihang]]s who are the chief guests at Maghi mela]]{{Main|Mela Maghi}}
This festival commemorates the Battle of Muktsar where the Chalis Mukte or the forty beloved died. Guru Gobind Singh Ji commemorated the martyrs by holding a gathering and performing Kirtan.

The Maghi fair is held to honour the memory of the forty Sikh warriors killed during the [[Battle of Muktsar]] in 1705. Muktsar, originally called Khidrana, was named as Muktsar ("the pool of liberation") following the battle. These forty Sikhs, led by their leader Mahan Singh, had formally deserted Sri Guru Gobind Singh in the need of hour, and signed a written memorandum to the effect.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/bhago.html |title=Sikh History |access-date=3 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320221721/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/bhago.html |archive-date=20 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When Mai Bhago, a valiant and upright lady, heard of this cowardly act, she scolded the Singh's and inspired them refresh with spirit of bravery for which Sikhs are known. Hence, the unit went back and joined the Guru who was already engaged in action at Khidrana. All forty of them attained martyrdom. The memorandum (''bedawa'') was torn-down by the Guru himself just before Mahan Singh died.

People gather from all over Punjab, even other parts of India to join the festival which is in fact spread over many days. Merchants display their wares for sale, which include from trinkets to high-end electronics, the weapons [[Nihang]]s bear and especially agricultural machinery (since most around are farmers). The country's biggest [[circus]]es, Apollo and Gemini, are there as a matter of rule, merry-go-rounds and giant wheels, and the famous [[Well of Death]] (trick motorcycling inside a consortium of wood planks) are there.

=== Parkash Utsav Dasveh Patshah ===
[[File:GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg|thumb|left|Guru Gobind Singh's birthplace in Patna, Bihar.]]
This festival's name, when translated, means the birth celebration of the 10th Divine Light, or Divine Knowledges. It commemorates the birth of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Sikh guru. The festival is one of the most widely celebrated event by Sikhs.

Gobind Singh was the only son of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth [[Sikh guru]], and [[Mata Gujri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti: Wishes, Pics, Facebook Messages To Share|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-guru-gobind-singh-jayanti-2021-wishes-messages-pics-sms-status-for-whatsapp-facebook-2355113|access-date=2021-01-20|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He was born in [[Patna]] on 22 December 1666, [[Bihar]] in the [[Sodhi]] [[Khatri]] family <ref name=eos>{{cite web |url = http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx
|title = SODHI |last1 = Vanjara Bedi |first1 = S. S. |website = Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher = Punjabi University Patiala |access-date = 20 August 2017 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> while his father was visiting [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref name=eos/> His birth name was Gobind Rai, and a shrine named [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib]] marks the site of the house where he was born and spent the first four years of his life.<ref name=eos/> In 1670, his family returned to Punjab, and in March 1672 they moved to Chakk Nanaki in the Himalayan foothills of north India, called the Sivalik range, where he was schooled.<ref name=eos/<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|title=BBC Religions - Sikhism|publisher=BBC|date=26 October 2009|access-date=2011-07-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123020041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|archive-date=23 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Hola Mohalla ===
{{Main|Hola Mohalla}}
An annual festival of thousands held at Anandpur Sahib. It was started by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] as a gathering of Sikhs for military exercises and mock battles. The mock battles were followed by [[kirtan]] and valour poetry competitions. Today the [[Nihang]] Singhs carry on the martial tradition with mock battles and displays of swordsmanship and horse riding. There are also a number of darbars where kirtan is sung. It is celebrated by Sikhs across the world as 'Sikh Olympics' with events and competitions of [[swordsmanship]], horse riding, [[Gatka]] (Sikh martial arts), falconry and others by Nihang Singhs.

=== Vaisakhi ===
{{Main|Vaisakhi}}
In [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] it is celebrated as the birth of the [[Khalsa]] brotherhood. It is celebrated at a large scale at [[Kesgarh Sahib]], [[Anandpur Sahib]]. In India, [[U.K.]], Canada, United States, and other Sikh populated areas, people come together for a public [[mela]] or [[parade]]. The main part of the mela is where a local Sikh Temple ([[Gurdwara]]) has a beautiful Sikh themed float on which the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] is located and every one offers their respect by bowing with much reverence and fervour. To mark the celebrations, [[Sikh]] devotees generally attend the [[Gurudwara]] before dawn with flowers and offerings in hands. Processions through towns are also common. Vaisakhi is the day on which the [[Khalsa]] was born and Sikhs were given a clear identity and a code of conduct to live by, led by the 10th [[Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji, who baptized the first Sikhs using sweet nectar called Amrit.

=== Martyrdom of Guru Arjan ===
{{See also|Guru_Arjan#Death|Martyrdom in Sikhism}}
The martyrdom anniversary of [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth Guru, falls in June, the hottest month in India. He was tortured to death under the orders of Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, on the complaint of a Hindu banker Chandu Lal, who bore a personal enmity with Guru, at [[Lahore]] on 25 May 1606. Celebrations consist of [[Kirtan]], Katha and Langar in the Gurdwara. Because of hot summer, chilled sweetened drink made from milk, sugar, essence and water is freely distributed in Gurdwaras and in neighborhoods to everybody irrespective of their religious belief as a sign and honour of the humble Guru who happily accepted his torture as a will of [[Waheguru]] and made no attempt to take any action.

=== Guru Nanak Gurpurab ===
{{Main|Guru Nanak Gurpurab}}
On this day Guru Nanak was born in Nanakana Sahib, now situated in Pakistan. Every year Sikhs celebrate this day with large-scale gatherings. Candles, divas and lights are lit in [[Gurdwara]]s, in the honour of Guru along with fireworks. The birthday celebration usually lasts three days. Generally two days before the birthday, [[Akhand Path]] (forty-eight-hour non-stop reading of Guru Granth Sahib) is held in the Gurdwara. One day before the birthday, a procession is organized which is led by the Panj Pyares (Five Beloved Ones) and the Palki (Palanquin) of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and followed by teams of [[Ragi (Sikhism)|Ragis]] singing hymns, brass bands playing different tunes and devotees singing the chorus.

=== Sipanji ===
{{See also|Saka Sirhind}}
The Martyrdom of both the elder and younger Sahibzadas is a remembrance of the four young princes (sons of Guru Gobind Singh) who were martyred in late December. The two older sons, Sahibzade Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, were killed by Mughal soldiers during the battle of Chamkaur.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Both the younger sons Sahibzade Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, were executed after being captured. These Martyrs are observed 21 December and 26 December respectively.

===Bandi Chhor Divas===
[[File:Guru Hargobind is released from Gwalior Fort by Jahangir's order.jpg|thumb|Guru Hargobind Ji is released from Gwalior Fort on Jahangir's order]]{{Main|Bandi Chhor Divas}}
[[Bandi Chhor Divas]] was celebrated when Guru Hargobind sahib ji was released from Gwalior prison with 52 [[Hindu king]]s and princes holding on to his robe or cape with 52 ropes.The guru let all 52 innocent rulers to safety without any signs of war or battle. In addition to ''Nagar keertan'' (a street procession) and an ''Akhand paath'' (a continuous reading of [[Guru Granth Sahib]]), Bandi Chhor (Shodh) Divas is celebrated with a fireworks display. The Sri Harmandir Sahib, as well as the whole complex, is festooned with thousands of shimmering lights. The gurdwara organizes continuous ''[[kirtan]]'' singing and special musicians. Sikhs consider this occasion as an important time to visit Gurdwaras and spend time with their families.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 |year=2011|publisher =I.B.Tauris|isbn =978-0-85773-549-2|page=86}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Joint festivals==
The following festivals are celebrated jointly by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs and members of other faiths as Punjabi seasonal/cultural celebrations.

===Lohri===
{{Main|Lohri}}
[[Image:Solstice fire Montana.jpg|thumb|left|Lohri fire]]
[[Lohri]] is a cultural festival but for some Hindus it is considered a religious festival in [[North West India]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dilagīra|first=Harajindara Siṅgha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Lohri+religious+Hindus|title=The Sikh Reference Book|date=1997|publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark|isbn=978-0-9695964-2-4|language=en}}</ref> the religious part being offerings made to sacred fire, [[Agni]], lit on Lohri festival.<ref name="Singh 2009">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Sardar Harjeet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fleka3YEE8sC&q=Lohri+religious+part+fire&pg=PA262|title=Faith & Philosophy of Sikhism|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-721-8|language=en}}</ref> The offering consists of sesame, jaggery, peanuts and popcorns.<ref name="Singh 2009"/> Besides [[Punjabi Hindus]] and Sikhs, Lohri is also celebrated by [[Dogras]] and other people of [[Jammu Division|Jammu]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeratha|first=Aśoka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&q=Lohri+Dogras&pg=PA53|title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-082-8|language=en}}</ref> people of [[Haryana]] and people from western and southern half of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Śarmā|first=Baṃśī Rāma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHjXAAAAMAAJ&q=Lohri+Himachal+pradesh|title=Gods of Himachal Pradesh|date=2007|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7387-209-9|language=en}}</ref> According to Chauhan (1995), all Punjabis, including Sikhs, Muslims and Christians celebrate Lohri in [[Punjab, India]].<ref>Chauhan, Ramesh K. (1995) Punjab and the nationality question in India. Deep and Deep Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=X2RuAAAAMAAJ&q=lohri]</ref> Lohri is celebrated on the last day of the month of Poh ([[Pausha]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&dq=lohri+30+poh&pg=PA122 McLeod, W. H. (2009) The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press]</ref>

Many people believe the festival commemorates the passing of the [[winter solstice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul19/science.htm|title=The Tribune...Science Tribune|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/gyan-zone/festival-binge/28107.html The Tribune Festival binge: Amarjot Kaur 10 January 2015]</ref><ref>Celebrating with the Robin Hood of the Punjab and all his friends! Nottingham Post 13 01 2014 {{cite web |url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/Celebrating-Robin-Hood-Punjab-friends/story-20434739-detail/story.html |title=Celebrating with the Robin Hood of the Punjab and all his friends! {{pipe}} Nottingham Post |access-date=2014-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216093127/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Celebrating-Robin-Hood-Punjab-friends/story-20434739-detail/story.html |archive-date=2014-12-16 }}</ref> Lohri is observed the night before [[Makar Sankranti]], also known as [[Maghi]], and according to the solar part of the Lunisolar [[Punjabi calendar]] (variation of the [[Vikram Samvat|Bikrami calendar]]) and typically falls about the same date every year (January 13).<ref>{{cite book|author=Dr. H.S. Singha|title=Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA101|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-245-8|pages=101–102}}</ref>

Lohri is an official gazetted holiday in the state of Punjab (India),<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-notifies-gazetted-restricted-holidays-for-2016/story-IdSI5D43hsqiu8i98G1YWJ.html Punjab notifies gazetted, restricted holidays for 2016], The Hindustan Times (2016)</ref> but it is not a holiday in Punjab (Pakistan).<ref>[https://schools.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/PublicHolidays2017.pdf#overlay-context=holidays Public and Optional Holidays], Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (2017)</ref> It is, however, observed by Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians in Punjab, India and by some Punjabi Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians in [[Pakistan]] as well.<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Punjab-celebrates-the-Lohri:-From-culture,-an-invitation-to-a-springtime-of-peace-and-unity-26972.html] Asian News Jan 2013: Lohri celebrated in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan</ref>
{{clear}}

===Maghi===
{{Main|Maghi}}
The festival marks the increase in daylight.<ref>Sundar mundarye ho by Assa Singh Ghuman Waris Shah Foundation ISBN B1-7856-043-7</ref> Maghi is celebrated by ritual bathing in holy water bodies and performing ''Daan'' (charity).<ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O0eAQAAMAAJ&q=Maghi+|title=Census of India, 1961: Punjab|date=1962|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Shakti M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=makar+sankranti+Bath+Charity|title=Festivals, Fairs, and Fasts of India|date=1991|publisher=Clarion Books|isbn=978-81-85120-23-2|language=en}}</ref> Hindus will visit the Mandir and bathe is rivers and Sikhs will observe the day by visiting the Gurdwara and also bathe in rivers and pools to mark [[Mela Maghi]]. Punjabis will consume [[Khichdi]] (Boiled Rice and Lentil mixture) and ''Rauh di kheer'' which is rice pudding cooked in sugarcane juice on this occasion. ''Rauh Di Kheer'' is prepared in the evening before Maghi and is kept to cool. It is served cold next morning on Maghi with red-chilly mixed curd.<ref>'Rauh di kheer' is the people's favourite. (14.01.2017 )The Tribune. accessed 15.01.2017 [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/-rauh-di-kheer-is-the-people-s-favourite/350132.html]</ref> Fairs are held at many places on Maghi.<ref>Sekhon, Iqbal S. The Punjabis. 2. Religion, society and culture of the Punjabis. Cosmos (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=bU0wAQAAIAAJ&q=maghi+makar+sankranti+punjab]</ref>
{{clear}}

===Basant Panchami===
{{Main|Basant (festival)}}
[[File:Kite fastival in gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|Kite flying on Basant]]
[[Vasant Panchami|Basant Panchami]] is an ancient Hindu spring festival dedicated to god [[Kama]] as well as goddess [[Saraswati]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p741">{{harvnb|Lochtefeld|2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/741 741]–742}}</ref> Its link with the Hindu god of love and its traditions have led some scholars to call it "a Hindu form of Valentine's Day".<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA903 |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|page= 903}}, Quote: "Vasant Panchami is a day to think about the person one loves, a spouse or special friend. In rural areas, people note that the crops are already in the field and rippening. It has in the modern world developed a reputation as a Hindu form of Valentine's Day."</ref><ref>ASPECTS OF PUNJABI CULTURE S. S. NARULA Published by PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, INDIA, 1991</ref> The traditional colour of the day is yellow and the dish of the day is saffron rice. People fly kites.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p741"/><ref name= Nikky87>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87|year=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-549-2|page=87}}</ref>

In [[North India]], and in the Punjab province of [[Pakistan]], Basant is celebrated as a spring festival of kites.<ref name="autogenerated4">The Sikh World: An Encyclopedia Survey of Sikh Religion and Culture: Ramesh Chander Dogra and Urmila Dogra; {{ISBN|81-7476-443-7}}</ref> The festival marks the commencement of the spring season. In the [[Punjab region]] (including the Punjab province of [[Pakistan]]), Basant Panchami has been a long established tradition of flying kites<ref>''Punjabiat: The Cultural Heritage and Ethos of the People of Punjab'': Jasbir Singh Khurana</ref> and holding fairs.

Punjabi Muslims have treated parts of the festival as a cultural event. In Pakistan however kite flying has been banned starting in 2007 with officials stating that it uses dangerous, life-threatening substances on the strings.<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/02/07/punjab-govt-says-no-to-basant-festival/ PT (07.02.2017) Punjab govt says 'NO' to Basant festival]</ref> The festival ban was confirmed by the Pakistan Punjab state chief minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] in 2017. According to some analysts, "the festival was banned due to pressure from hardline religious and extremist groups like the [[Hafiz Saeed]]-led Jamaat-ud Dawah, which claimed the festival had "Hindu origins" and was "un-Islamic".<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-s-punjab-govt-imposes-complete-ban-on-basant-festival/story-6DmkwFleJkkxxaoFCeb6IK.html Pakistan's Punjab govt imposes 'complete ban' on Basant festival], The Hindustan Times (Apr 03, 2017)</ref>

===Vaisakhi===
{{Main|Baisakhi}}
[[File:Common good.jpg|thumb|left|Two Sikh men celebrating Vaisakhi by giving away free sugarcane juice.]]
[[File:Kothe-da-mela.jpg|thumb|Vaisakhi ''mela'']]

Vaisakhi is a religious festival of Sikhs. Vaisakhi marks the beginning of Sikh new year and the formation of the Khalsa.<ref name=senker10>{{cite book|author=Cath Senker|title=My Sikh Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQozVTKW44C&pg=PA10|year=2007|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-3733-9|page=10}}, Quote: "Vaisakhi is the most important mela. It marks the Sikh New Year. At Vaisakhi, Sikhs remember how their community, the Khalsa, first began."</ref><ref name="Jacobsen2008p192">{{cite book|author=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA192 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|page=192}}, '''Quote:''' "Baisakhi is also a Hindu festival, but for the Sikhs, it celebrates the foundation of the Khalsa in 1699."</ref> Punjabi Muslims observe the new year according to the Islamic calendar. Vaisakhi is also a harvest festival for people of the [[Punjab region]].<ref>Bakshi, S. R. Sharma, Sita Ram (1998) Parkash Singh Badal: Chief Minister of Punjab [https://books.google.com/books?id=cyebnJdCFlEC&q=baisakhi+punjabi+festival]</ref> The harvest festival is celebrated by Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus.<ref>Gupta, Surendra K. (1999) Indians in Thailand, Books India International [https://books.google.com/books?id=5rBuAAAAMAAJ&q=barley]</ref> In the Punjab, Vaisakhi marks the ripening of the [[rabi crop|rabi]] harvest.<ref>Dogra, Ramesh Chander and Dogra, Urmila (2003) Page 49 The Sikh World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Sikh Religion and Culture. UBS Publishers Distributors Pvt Ltd {{ISBN|81-7476-443-7}}</ref>

Vaisakhi additionally marks the Punjabi new year.<ref>Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces, Volume 33 (1986) Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t1jfAAAAMAAJ&q=Punjabi+new+year]</ref> This day is observed as a thanksgiving day by farmers whereby farmers pay their tribute, thanking God for the abundant harvest and also praying for future prosperity.<ref>Dhillon, (2015) Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values. Hay House [https://books.google.com/books?id=OXtVDgAAQBAJ&dq=punjabi+calendar&pg=PT197]</ref> Historically, during the early 20th century, Vaisakhi was a sacred day for Sikhs and Hindus and a secular festival for all Muslims and non-Muslims including Punjabi Christians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNAxAQAAIAAJ&q=turbaned+sikhs|title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine|date=13 April 1987|via=Google Books}}</ref> In modern times, sometimes Christians participate in Baisakhi celebrations along with Sikhs and Hindus.<ref>Nahar, Emanual (2007) Minority politics in India: role and impact of Christians in Punjab politics. Arun Pub. House. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vl9uAAAAMAAJ&q=baisakhi+]</ref>

According to Aziz-ud-din Ahmed, [[Lahore]] used to have Baisakhi Mela after the harvesting of the wheat crop in April. However, adds Ahmed, the city started losing its cultural vibrancy in the 1970s after [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] came to power, and in recent years "the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] government in Punjab banned kite flying through an official edict more under the pressure of those who want a puritanical version of Islam to be practiced in the name of religion than anything else".<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/02/21/cultural-decline-in-lahore/ Cultural Decline in Pakistan], Pakistan Today, Aziz-ud-din Ahmed (February 21, 2015)</ref> Unlike the Indian state of Punjab that recognizes the Vaisakhi Sikh festival as an official holiday,<ref name="Official Holidays"/> the festival is not an official holiday in Punjab or Sindh provinces of Pakistan where Islamic holidays are officially recognized instead.<ref name="Official Holidays 2016"/><ref name="kmc.gos.pk"/> However, On 8 April 2016, Punjabi Parchar at [[Alhamra Arts Council]] (Lahore) organised a show called Visakhi mela, where the speakers pledged to "continue our struggle to keep the Punjabi culture alive" in Pakistan through events such as Visakhi Mela.<ref>Pakistan Today (8 April 2016) [http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/04/08/promoting-peace-with-punjabi-at-visakhi-mela/ Punjabi Parchar spreads colours of love at Visakhi Mela]</ref> Elsewhere Besakhi fairs or melas are held in various places including [[Eminabad]]<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/953015 A fair dedicated to animal lovers (20.04.2009) Dawn]</ref> and [[Dera Ghazi Khan]].<ref>Agnes Ziegler, Akhtar Mummunka (2006) The final Frontier: unique photographs of Pakistan. Sang-e-Meel Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=AhNuAAAAMAAJ&q=besakhi+mela+sakhi]</ref>{{refn|group=note|Security concerns are another reason for the lack of holding fairs which lead to the Baisakhi mela in [[Gujranwala]] to mark wheat harvesting being cancelled in 2015.<ref>Dunya New 14 April 2016: Gujranwala: Baisakhi festival cancelled due to security threats [http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/332199-Gujranwala-Baisakhi-festival-cancelled-due-to-sec]</ref> Despite the bomb blast at the Sakhi Sarwar sufi shrine in [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] in 2011,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12951923 BBC News (03 04 2011) Pakistan Sufi shrine suicide attack kills 41]</ref> the Baisakhi mela around the water channel near the shrine that continues until the wheat harvest was integrated with the annual [[Urs]] of the saint in 2012.<ref>Tariq Ismaeel (01.03. 2012)"Sakhi Sarwar: Thousands arrive for festival ahead of urs" The Express Tribune [https://tribune.com.pk/story/343647/sakhi-sarwar-thousands-arrive-for-festival-ahead-of-urs/]</ref>}}

====Aawat pauni====
[[File:Bhangra 1.jpg|thumb|right|Bhangra dance on Vaisakhi is a Sikh tradition]]
[[Aawat pauni]] is a tradition associated with harvesting, which involves people getting together to harvest the wheat. Drums are played while people work. At the end of the day, people sing [[Doha (poetry)|dohay]] to the tunes of the drum.<ref>Dr Singh, Sadhu (2010) Punjabi Boli Di Virasat. Chetna Prakashan. {{ISBN|817883618-1}}</ref>

====Fairs and dances====
The harvest festival is also characterized by the folk dance, [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] which traditionally is a harvest dance.

Fairs or ''Melas'' (fair) are held in many parts of [[Punjab, India]] to mark the new year and the harvesting season. Vaisakhi fairs take place in various places, including [[Jammu]] city, [[Kathua]], [[Udhampur]], [[Reasi]] and Samba,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/baisakhi-celebrated-with-fervour-gaiety-in-jk_1578749.html|title=Baisakhi celebrated with fervour, gaiety in J&K|date=14 April 2015|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> in the Pinjore complex near [[Chandigarh]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d3rX5jr1WQC&q=haryana%20baisakhi|title=Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects|first=Bijender K.|last=Punia|date=1 January 1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170246435|access-date=14 September 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref> in [[Himachal Pradesh]] cities of Rewalsar, Shimla, Mandi and Prashar Lakes.
{{clear}}

===Teeyan===
{{Main|Teej|Teeyan}}
[[Teeyan]] welcomes the monsoon season and the festival officially starts of the day of [[Teej]] and last for 13 days. The seasonal festival involves women and girls dancing Gidha and visiting family. The festival is observed in [[Punjab, India]] as a cultural festival by all communities.

The festival is celebrated during the monsoon season from the third day of the lunar month of [[Sawan]] on the bright half, up to the full moon of [[sawan]], by women. Married women go to their maternal house to participate in the festivities.<ref name="autogenerated2">Alop Ho Raha Punjabi Virsa: Harkesh Singh KehalUnistar Books PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7142-869-X}}</ref><ref>Shankarlal C. Bhatt (2006) Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Punjab, Volume 22 [https://books.google.com/books?id=awketfu78rsC&dq=teeyan+punjab&pg=PA351]</ref> In the past, it was traditional for women to spend the whole month of [[Sawan]] with their parents.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>Rainuka Dagar (2002) Identifying and Controlling Female Foeticide and Infanticide in Punjab [https://books.google.com/books?id=1QfaAAAAMAAJ&q=precaution]</ref>

[[Teej]] is historically a Hindu festival, dedicated to Goddess [[Parvati]] and her union with Lord [[Shiva]], one observed in northern, western, central and Himalayan regions of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|author=J Mohapatra|title=Wellness In Indian Festivals & Rituals|date=December 2013|isbn=9781482816907|page=125|publisher=Partridge }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Manju Bhatnagar| title=The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan| year=1988|volume=47|number=1| jstor=1178252| journal=Asian Folklore Studies|pages=63–72| doi=10.2307/1178252}}</ref>

===Rakhri===
'''Rakhri''' or Rakhrhee ({{langx|pa|ਰੱਖੜੀ}}) is the Punjabi word for [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi]] and a festival observed by [[Hindus]] and Sikhs.<ref>Eleanor Nesbitt (2016) Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&dq=sikhs+raksha+bandhan&pg=PA6]</ref><ref>Marian de Souza, Gloria Durka, Kathleen Engebretson, Robert Jackson, Andrew McGrad (2007) International Handbook of the Religious, Moral and Spiritual Dimensions in Education. Springer [https://books.google.com/books?id=KbdDAAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+christians+raksha+bandhan&pg=PA392]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=+raksha+bandhan People of India: A - G., Volume 4 (1998) Oxford Univ. Press]</ref> In the [[Punjab region]], the festival of [[Raksha Bandhan]] is celebrated as '''Rakhrhya''' ({{langx|pa|ਰੱਖੜੀਆ}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/raksha-bandhan-is-here/article6295502.ece|title=Raksha bandhan is here!|date=2014-08-08|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref> Rakhrhya is observed on the same day of the lunar month of Sawan. It, like Raksha Bandhan, celebrates the relationship between brothers and sisters. Rakhri means "to protect" whereby a brother promises to look out for his sister and in return, a sister prays for the well-being of her brother. According to Fedorak (2006), the festival of Rakhri celebrates "the bonds between brothers and sisters".<ref>Fedorak, Shirley (2006) Windows on the World: Case Studies in Anthropology. Nelson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=O-OGFOi9ui8C&q=rakhri+punjab+parents]</ref> Married women often travel back to their natal homes for the occasion.<ref>Hess, Linda (2015) Bodies of Song: Kabir Oral Traditions and Performative Worlds in North India. Oxford University Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=ALoUDAAAQBAJ&q=natal&pg=PA61]</ref>

A Rakhri can also be tied on a cousin or an unrelated man. If a woman ties a Rakhri on the wrist of an unrelated man, their relationship is treated as any other brother and sister relationship would be. The festival is a siblings-day comparable to Mother's day/Father's day/Grandparents day etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siblingsdayfoundation.org/articles|title=Articles - Siblings Day Foundation|access-date=2016-08-17|archive-date=2016-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617094715/http://www.siblingsdayfoundation.org/articles|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A sister will tie the Rakhri on her brother's wrist and her brother will traditionally give his sister a gift in exchange. Another feature of the celebration is the consumption of sweets.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&dq=raksha+bandhan+sikh+women&pg=PA101 Kristen Haar, Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009) Sikhism]</ref> There is no special ceremony but a sister will sing folk songs<ref>Pande, Alka (1999) Folk Music & Musical Instruments of Punjab: From Mustard Fields to Disco Lights, Volume 1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=CgraAAAAMAAJ&q=rakhri++]</ref> and say something along the lines of:

[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]:

<blockquote>

ਸੂਰਜ ਛੱਡੀਆਂ ਰਿਸ਼ਮਾਂ 

ਮੂਲੀ ਛੱਡਿਆਂ ਬੀਅ 

ਭੈਣ ਨੇ ਬੰਨੀ ਰੱਖੜੀ 

ਜੁਗ ਜੁਗ ਵੀਰਾ ਜੀਅ <ref name="autogenerated1">Alop ho riha Punjabi virsa - bhag dooja by Harkesh Singh Kehal Unistar Book PVT Ltd {{ISBN|978-93-5017-532-3}}</ref>

</blockquote>

Transliteration:

<blockquote>

''Suraj chhadya rishma'' 

''mooli chhadya bi'' 

''bhain ne banni rahkhree'' 

''jug jug veera ji'' 

</blockquote>

{{clear}}

===Punjabi Culture Day===
{{Main|Punjabi Culture Day}}
[[File:Culture of province punjab.jpg|thumb|right|Punjabi cultural celebration in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]]]
Punjabi culture day is celebrated on 14 March all over Punjab for the celebration and demonstration of Punjabi culture by Punjabis and [[Punjabi diaspora]].

==Muslim festivals==
[[File:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG|thumb|right|Eid prayer in [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Lahore]] ]]
The following religious festivals are observed by Punjabi Muslims.

===Eid ul-Adha===

[[Eid ul-Adha]] is also known as Eid-ul-Azha. The festival is celebrated on the tenth day of the last Islamic month of Dhul-hijjah. Eid-ul-Azha occurs about two months after Eid-ul-Fitr. Eid-ul-Azha is celebrated to commemorate the occasion when the [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] ([[Abraham]]) was ready on God's command to sacrifice his son, Ismail, whom God then replaced Ismail with a goat. Muslims make pilgrimage ([[hajj]]) to [[Mecca]] during this time.<ref>Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz (2007) Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO [https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&dq=eid+ul+azha&pg=PA296]</ref>

Animal sacrifice is a tradition offered by Muslims on this day.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=sacrifice&pg=PA207 Leaman, Oliver (2006 The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis]</ref> Special markets are set up to deal with the increase in demand of animals. Cattle markets are set up in places such as [[Multan]], ([[Punjab, Pakistan]])<ref>The Express Tribune (05.09.2015) Eid preparations: Eight Eid cattle markets to be set up in Multan [https://tribune.com.pk/story/950982/eid-preparations-eight-eid-cattle-markets-to-be-set-up-in-multan/]</ref> and goat markets in [[Ludhiana]],<ref>Sharma, Arjun (14.09.2015)Goat sellers go online ahead of Bakr-Eid, to affect direct retail The Hindustan Times [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/goat-sellers-go-online-ahead-of-bakr-eid-to-affect-direct-retail/story-mImWf7I6lrNAWFns6tyUpM.html]</ref> ([[Punjab, India]]). The children celebrate Eid ul-Adha and Eid ul-Fitr with great pump and show and receive gifts and Eidi (money) from parents and others.<ref>1998 provincial census report of Punjab (2001) Population Census Organization [https://books.google.com/books?id=DHeFAAAAIAAJ&q=eidi++]</ref>
{{clear}}

===Eid-ul-Fitr===

[[Eid al-Fitr]] takes place on the first day of the tenth month of the Islamic lunar calendar and celebrates the end of [[Ramadan]]. Ramadan is the time of fasting that continues throughout the ninth month.<ref>Barbara DuMoulin, Sylvia Sikundar (1998) Celebrating Our Cultures: Language Arts Activities for Classroom Teachers. Pembroke Publishers Limited [https://books.google.com/books?id=QysY7lNWnPkC&dq=Eid-ul-Fitr+end+of+ramadan&pg=PA27]</ref> On this day, after a month of fasting, Muslims express their joy and happiness by offering a congregational prayer in the mosques. Special celebration meals are served.<ref>Bhalla, Kartar Singh 2005) Let's Know Festivals of India. Star Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=WORYY5Vl0ygC&dq=Eid-ul-Fitr+end+of+ramadan&pg=PP17]</ref> The festival is celebrated in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. It is also celebrated in [[Malerkotla]] ([[Punjab, India]]) which has a sizable Muslim population where Sikhs and Hindus also participate in the observance.<ref>Kamal, Neel (01.09.2011) The Times of India. Eid celebrated with fervour in Malerkotla [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eid-celebrated-with-fervour-in-Malerkotla/articleshow/9817443.cms]</ref>

===Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi===
[[File:International Mawlid Conference at Minar-e-Pakistan Lahore by Minhaj-ul-Quran1.jpg|thumb|left|International Mawlid Conference, [[Minar-e-Pakistan]], [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].]]
[[Mawlid|Eid-e-Milad-un- Nabi]] is an Islamic festival which is celebrated in honour of the birth-day of Muhammad.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wuIcAAAAMAAJ&q=illuminations Guide to Lahore. Ferozsons]</ref> The festival is observed in the third month of the Islamic lunar calendar called Rabi'al-Awal.<ref>Edelstein, Sari (2011) Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&dq=Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi+punjab&pg=PA260]</ref> Various processions take place in [[Lahore]] to celebrate the festival.<ref>[http://nation.com.pk/lahore/25-Jan-2013/city-celebrates-eid-miladun-nabi The Nation. (25.01.2013) City celebrates Eid Miladun Nabi]</ref> According to Nestorovic (2016), hundreds of thousands of people gather at Minare-Pakistan, Lahore, between the intervening night of 11th and 12th Rabi' al-awwal of the Islamic calendar [http://www.eidmila-dunnabi.com/ Eid Milad Dun Nabi].<ref>Nestorović, Čedomir (2016) Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment. Springer [https://books.google.com/books?id=LXJBDAAAQBAJ&q=Milad+nabi+&pg=PA215]</ref> The festival was declared a national holiday in Pakistan in 1949.<ref>Paracha, Nadeem. F. Dawn (02.02.2017) Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land [https://www.dawn.com/news/1312059]</ref>

People from various places in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] including [[Bahawalpur]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Multan]] and [[Sargodha]] participate in processions and engage in decorating Mosques, streets and houses with green flags and lights.<ref>The Express Tribune (16.02.2011) Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi celebrations: What's new on the milad menu? [https://tribune.com.pk/story/119437/eid-e-milad-un-nabi-celebrations-whats-new-on-the-milad-menu/]</ref> According to Khalid, children, teenagers and young adults decorate their Pahari (mountain) of all sorts of toys, including cars, stereos, and numerous other commodities. Within various places of Lahore, there are numerous stalls. Before the festival became a celebratory day, people used to celebrate the day quietly. However, the first procession to mark the day was led from Delhi gate in Lahore in 1935. This tradition then became popular elsewhere.<ref>Khalid, Haroon (14.02.2011) Celebrating Eid Millad ul Nabi by Haroon Khalid. Lahorenama [https://lahorenama.wordpress.com/tag/eid-millad-un-nabi/]</ref> Processions are also taken out in [[Bathinda]] ([[Punjab, India]]).<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/milad-un-nabi-celebrated/174922.html The Tribune (25.12.2015) Milad-un-Nabi celebrated]</ref>

===Muharram===
[[File:A street observation of Muharram in Lahore Pakistan.jpg|thumb|A street observation of Muharram in Lahore Pakistan]]
Remembrance of [[Mourning of Muharram|Muharram]] is a set of rituals associated with [[Shia]],<ref name="Calmard 2">{{cite web|last1=Jean|first1=Calmard|title=AZĀDĀRĪ|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azadari|website=iranicaonline|year=2011}}</ref> which takes place in [[Muharram]], the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]]. Many of the events associated with the ritual take place in congregation halls known as ''[[Hussainia]]''. The event marks the anniversary of the [[Battle of Karbala]] when Imam [[Hussein ibn Ali]], the grandson of [[Muhammad]], was killed by the forces of the second [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I]] at [[Karbala]]. Family members, accompanying [[Hussein ibn Ali]], were killed or subjected to humiliation. The commemoration of the event during yearly mourning season, from first of [[Muharram]] to twentieth of [[Safar]] with [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]] comprising the focal date, serves to define [[Shia Islam|Shia]] communal identity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martín|first1=Richard C.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World|date=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|page=488}}</ref>

In Pakistani Punjab, Muharram is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh.<ref>Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed) (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge [https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&dq=punjabi+desi+hindu+calendar+pakistan&pg=PA107]</ref>

====Processions====
[[File:Ashura in layyah.jpg|thumb|Ashura procession in [[Layyah]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]]]
Traditionally, a white horse representing Ali's white Mule Duldul, is usually lead in the Muharram procession, as in [[Jhang]], Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=r5cfAAAAIAAJ&dq=muharram+punjab+jhang&pg=PA31 Schimmel, Annemarie (1982) Islam in India and Pakistan. BRILL]</ref> Zuljanah, Tazia and Alam processions are observed in many places in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] including [[Sialkot]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Bahawalnagar]], [[Sargodha]], [[Bahawalpur]].<ref>(26.10.2015) The Nation Punjab marks Ashura with fervour amid tight security. [http://nation.com.pk/national/26-Oct-2015/punjab-marks-ashura-with-fervour-amid-tight-security]</ref> and [[Lahore]].

=====Zuljana=====
[[Zuljanah]] processions are held which involves taking a replica of a horse. The Zuljanah has two wings and the processions were introduced from Iran to Lahore during the 19th century.<ref>Knut A. Jacobsen (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&dq=Zuljinnah+processions+punjab&pg=PA105]</ref>

=====Tazia=====

[[File:Imambada .jpg|thumb|left|Tazia at Jama Masjid, Delhi]]
Shia [[Muslim]]s take out a [[tazia]] procession on the [[day of Ashura]].
<ref name=reza89>{{cite book|author=Reza Masoudi Nejad | editor= Peter van der Veer|title=Handbook of Religion and the Asian City: Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gtaCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96108-1|pages=89–105}}</ref> A Tazia is traditionally a bamboo and paper model of Hussain's tomb at [[Karbala]], which is carried in procession by [[Shia]]s on the tenth day of the month of [[Muharram]].<ref>Proceedings, Volume 21 (1988) Punjab History Conference. Punjab University. [https://books.google.com/books?id=akZuAAAAMAAJ&q=bamboo+]</ref> Moderns forms of Tazia can be more elaborate. Tazia processions in Punjab are historic and were observed during the Sikh and British period when the Tazia would be divided into many storeys, but not ordinarily more than three.<ref>Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892) Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities: With an Account of its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their, Customs. New Imperial Press.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536426 ]</ref>
Such processions take place in [[Lahore]] where mourners take to the streets to commemorate the sacrifices of Imam Hussain and his family in Karbala. Various stalls are set up offering milk, water and tea along the route of the processions. Some distribute juice packets, dry fruit, sweetmeats and food among mourners.<ref>The Express Tribune (12.10.2016) Annual commemoration: Mourners brace for Ashura amid tight security.[https://tribune.com.pk/story/1197556/annual-commemoration-mourners-brace-ashura-amid-tight-security/]</ref> Tazia processions can also be seen in [[Malerkotla]]<ref>Randhawa, Karenjot Bhangoo (2012) Civil Society in Malerkotla, Punjab: Fostering Resilience through Religio. Lexington Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=KAxJvWu1wUQC&dq=tazia+punjab+shia&pg=PA106]</ref> and [[Delhi]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/muharram-observed-amid-tight-security/308846.html The Tribune (13.10.2016 ) Muharram observed amid tight security]</ref>

=====Alam=====

Alam processions take place in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] too.<ref>The International News (12.10.2016) Security tightened in City on Youm-e-Ashur
[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/156696-Security-tightened-in-City-on-Youm-e-Ashur]</ref> Alam is an elaborate, heavy battle standard, carried by a standard bearer, alam-dar, ahead of the procession. It represents Imam Hussain's standard and is revered as a sacred object.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XsWorLT4p3UC&q=alam+&pg=PA297 Torab, Azam (2007) Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam. BRILL]</ref>

==Local festivals==
Various local fairs and festivals are associated with particular shrines, temples and gurdwaras.

===Mela Chiragan===
Mela Chiraghan (Festival of Lights) is a three-day annual festival to mark the [[urs]] (death anniversary) of the [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sufi]] poet and saint [[Shah Hussain]] (1538–1599) who lived in Lahore in the 16th century. It takes place at the shrine of Shah Hussain in [[Baghbanpura]], on the outskirts of [[Lahore]], Pakistan, adjacent to the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]].<ref name=apna>http://apnaorg.com/articles/news-1/, An article on Mela Chiraghan on Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website, Published 29 March 2005, Retrieved 19 Aug 2016</ref>

===Rath Yatra Nabha===
[[File:Nabha Ratha Yatra.jpg|thumb|Nabha Ratha Yatra]]
Rath Yatra Nabha, Ratha Jatra or Chariot Festival is a [[Hindu festival]] associated with the god [[Jagannath]] held at Mandir Thakur Shri Saty Narayan Ji in the [[Nabha]] City, state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. This annual festival is celebrated in the month of August or September. The festival is connected to Jagannath's visit to [[Nabha]] city.<ref>Singha, H.s (2000) The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=hola+mohalla&pg=PA100]</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Punjabi culture]]
* [[Punjabi Culture Day]]
* [[List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India]]
* [[Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)]]
* [[Punjabi calendar]]
* [[Livestock show]]
* [[Lohri]]
* [[Vaisakhi]]
* [[Sikh Festivals|Sikh festivals]]
* [[Folk practices in Punjab]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Sources cited===
* {{cite book|author=Laura Amazzone|title=Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC |year=2012|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5}}
* {{cite journal| title= 'Happy Diwali!' Performance, Multicultural Soundscapes and Intervention in Aotearoa/New Zealand| author= Henry Johnson| journal= Ethnomusicology Forum|volume = 16| pages= 71–94| number=1| year=2007| jstor= 20184577| doi= 10.1080/17411910701276526| s2cid= 191322269}}
*{{cite book|first1=Constance|last1=Jones|first2=James D.|last2=Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5}}
* {{cite journal | last=Kelly | first=John D. | title=From Holi to Diwali in Fiji: An Essay on Ritual and History | journal=Man | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=40–55 | year=1988 | doi=10.2307/2803032 | jstor=2803032 }}
* {{cite book |first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/314 |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0823931798}}
* {{cite book | last=McDermott | first=Rachel Fell | title=Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-231-52787-3 }}
* {{cite book|author=J Gordon Melton|title= Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays Festivals Solemn Observances and Spiritual Commemorations|isbn=978-1-59884-205-0|year= 2011|publisher= ABC-CLIO}}
* {{cite web | title=Dussehra – Hindu festival | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | year=2014 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dussehra | ref={{sfnref | Encyclopedia Britannica Dussehra | 2015}} | access-date=21 February 2017}}

{{Commons category|Punjabi festivals}}
{{Punjabi festivals}}

[[Category:Punjabi festivals| ]]
[[Category:Festivals in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Punjab|Festivals]]
[[Category:Lists of festivals by topic]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Rajasthani

2026-03-20T08:32:21Z

Alicolours: Made pg

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Dula Ram Saharan || ''Peer'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2012 || Om Nagar || ''Jad Bi Mandaban Baithun Chun Kavita'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2013 || Kumar Ajay || ''Sanjeevanee'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || Raju Ram Bijarniyan 'Raj' || ''Chal Bhatooliya Ret Rama'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2015 || Ritupriya || ''Sapna Sanjovati Heeran'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2016 || Jitendra Kumar Soni || ''Rankhaar'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2017 || Ummed Dhaniya || ''Lebel'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2018 || Dushyant Joshi || ''Ekar Aajya Re Chand'' || Novel || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Keerti Parihar || ''Saglaan Ro Seer'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2020 || Mahendra Singh Sisodiya ‘Chhayan’ || ''Inn Dharati Re Ujal Aangan'' || Poetry || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Aashish Purohit || ''Aainnan'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2023 || Devilal Mahiya || ''Antas Ro Olmo'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Sonali Suthar || ''Sudh Sodhun Jag Angane'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Poonam Chand Godara || ''Antas re aanganai'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Rajasthani]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Rajasthani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Gandaki River

2026-03-16T10:15:54Z

Alicolours:

{{short description|River in Nepal and India}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Gandaki River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Narayani
| name_etymology = 
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Narayani bridge in Gaindakot.jpg
| photo2a = Sonepur- gandak bridge -Hajipur (5448565068).jpg
| photo3a = Valmiki Nagar Barrage on the Gandaki River at the Indo–Nepal border between West Champaran District in Bihar (India) and Nawalparasi District in Nepal.01.jpg
| spacing = 3
| color_border = white
| color =
| image_size =
}}
| image_caption = '''From top''': Narayani River in [[Chitwan]], Gandak River in [[Hajipur]], Gandak River in [[Nepal]], The Gandak River Barrage in [[West Champaran]] [[Bihar]].
Anoma River in [[Buddhist Era]]
| map = River Ganges and tributaries.png
| map_width =
| map_caption = Map showing the [[Ghaghara]] and Gandaki tributaries of the [[Ganges]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nepal]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Lo Manthang]], [[Jomsom]], [[Beni, Dhawalagiri|Beni]], [[Baglung]], [[Kusma, Nepal|Kusma]], [[Pokhara]], [[Gorkha Municipality|Gorkha]], [[Ridi]], [[Devghat]], [[Narayangarh, Chitwan|Narayangarh]], [[Valmikinagar]], [[Triveni, Nepal]], [[Hajipur]], [[Sonpur, Nepal|Sonpur]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bagaha]]

| length = {{cvt|814|km}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min = {{cvt|500|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|2025|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| discharge1_max = {{cvt|30000|m3/s|cuft/s}}

| source1 = Nhubine Himal Glacier
| source1_location = [[Mustang District]], Nepal
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|29|17|19|N|83|52|39|E|type:river_region:IN|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|6268|m}}
| mouth = [[Ganges]]
| mouth_location = Sonpur, India
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|39|9|N|85|11|4|E|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|44|m}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|46300|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = [[Trishuli River|Trishuli]]
| tributaries_right = [[Kali Gandaki]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Gandaki River''', also known as the '''Narayani''' and '''Gandak''', is one of the major rivers in [[Nepal]] and a left-bank tributary of the [[Ganges]] in [[India]]. Its total catchment area is {{cvt|46300|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, most of it in Nepal. In the Nepal [[Himalayas]], the Gandaki is notable for its deep [[canyon]]. The basin also contains three mountains over {{cvt|8000|m}}, namely [[Dhaulagiri]], [[Manaslu]] and [[Annapurna Massif]]. Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin. In its upper reaches, the river is known as '''Kali Gandaki''' (or Gandaki) as it flows through the [[Mustang District]] and the famous [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]] in Nepal. When the river reaches the Terai plains of Nepal, it is referred to as the '''Narayani''' River. This name change typically occurs near the confluence with the [[Trishuli River]] at [[Devghat]] in [[Chitwan]]. Upon entering India, the river is known as the '''Gandak''' River.

==River course==
===Nepal===
[[File:Panorama of the Kali Gandaki gorge in Upper Mustang.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the Kali Gandaki gorge in Upper Mustang]]
[[File:1 River Gandhak Gandaki in Kagbeni Nepal before entering India.jpg|thumb|River Gandaki in Kagbeni, Nepal]]

The Kali Gandaki [[river source]] is at the border with [[Tibet]] at an elevation of {{cvt|6268|m}} at the Nhubine Himal Glacier in the [[Mustang (kingdom)|Mustang]] region of Nepal.<ref>{{cite map |title= Upper& Lower Mustang |scale= 1:70000 |publisher= Nepal Map Publisher Pvt., Ltd. |location=Kathmandu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garzione |first=C. N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Quade, J. |author3=DeCelles, P.G. |author4=English, N.B. |title=Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from δ18O vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=183 |issue=1–2 |pages=215–229 |year=2000 |bibcode=2000E&PSL.183..215G |doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00252-1 |author-link=Carmala Garzione}}</ref>

{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
The headwater stream on some maps is named the Chhuama Khola and then, nearing [[Lo Manthang]], the Nhichung Khola or Choro Khola. The Kali Gandaki then flows southwest (with the name of '''Mustang Khola''' on old, outdated maps) through a sheer-sided, deep canyon before widening at the steel footbridge at Chele, where part of its flow funnels through a rock tunnel, and from this point the now wide river is called the Kali Gandaki on all maps. In [[Kagbeni, Mustang|Kagbeni]] a major tributary named Johng Khola, Kak Khola or Krishnaa descends from [[Muktinath]].

The river then flows southward through a steep gorge known as the '''[[Kali Gandaki Gorge]]''', or '''Andha Galchi''', between the mountains [[Dhaulagiri]], elevation {{cvt|8167|m}} to the west and [[Annapurna]], elevation {{cvt|8091|m}} to the east. If one measures the depth of a canyon by the difference between the river height and the heights of the highest peaks on either side, this gorge is the world's second deepest after the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]] (ca. 6000 m). The portion of the river directly between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna I, {{cvt|7|km}} downstream from [[Tukuche]]), is at an elevation of {{cvt|2520|m}}, which is {{cvt|5571|m}} lower than Annapurna I. The river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forces the mountains higher, the river has cut through the uplift.
South of the gorge, the river is joined by [[Rahughat Khola]] at Galeshwor, Myagdi Khola at [[Beni, Dhawalagiri|Beni]], Modi Khola near [[Kushma]] and Badigaad at Rudrabeni above Ridi Bazaar. The river then turns east to run along the northern edge of the [[Mahabharat Range]]. One of the largest [[hydroelectricity]] project in Nepal is located along this stretch of the river. Turning south again and breaking through the Mahabharats, Kali Gandaki is then joined by a major tributary, the [[Trishuli River|Trishuli]], at [[Devghat]], which is larger than the Kali Gandaki. Gandaki is then joined by the [[East Rapti River]] draining the [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal|Inner Terai valley]] known as [[Chitwan Valley|Chitwan]]. The Gandaki then crosses the [[Sivalik Hills]] into the Terai plains of Nepal. From Devghat, the river flows southwest of [[Gaindakot]] town. The river later curves back towards the southeast as it enters India where it is called the Gandak.

Below Gaindakot the river is known as the '''Narayani''' or '''Sapt Gandaki''' (Seven Gandakis), for seven tributaries rising in the Himalaya or further north along the main [[Ganges River|Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] divide. These are the Kali Gandaki, the Trishuli River, and the five main tributaries of the Trishuli known as the Daraudi, [[Seti Gandaki River|Seti]], Madi, [[Marsyandi]] and [[Budhi Gandaki River|Budhi Gandaki]].

===India===
The entry point of the river at the Indo–Nepal border is also the confluence called Triveni with the rivers [[Pachnad]] and [[Sonha (river)|Sonha]] descending from [[Nepal]]. [[Pandai]] river flows into [[Bihar]] from [[Nepal]] in the eastern end of the [[Valmiki Sanctuary]] and meets Masan. The [[Gandak]] enters [[India]] at first in [[Maharajganj District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] for around {{cvt|25|km}}; it also passes through [[Kushinagar District]] before entering [[Bihar]]. The [[Gandak]] flows southeast {{cvt|300|km}} across the [[Gangetic plain]] of [[Bihar]] state through [[West Champaran]], [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]], [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]], [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Muzaffarpur]] and [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Basin|url=https://www.fmiscwrdbihar.gov.in/fmis/Riverbasin.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=Flood Management Improvement Support Centre, Water Resources Department of Government of Bihar}}</ref>

From its exit from the outermost [[Siwaliks]] foothills to the [[Ganga]], the [[Gandak]] has built an immense [[alluvial fan|megafan]] comprising Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and North Western [[Bihar]] in the Middle [[Gangetic Plains]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-india.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904145551/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-india.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=hydro-india-other |work=Industcards.com |access-date=28 November 2009}}</ref>

==Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods==
Glacier lakes, among the most hazardous features of high mountains, are usually formed behind dams of moraine debris left behind by retreating glaciers, a trend that is observed all over the world. Even though [[glacial lake outburst flood]] (GLOF) events have been occurring in Nepal for many decades, the Dig Tsho glacier outburst, which took place in 1985, has triggered detailed study of this phenomenon. In 1996, the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) of Nepal reported that five lakes were potentially dangerous, namely, Dig Tsho, [[Imja Tsho, Nepal|Imja]], Lower Barun, [[Tsho Rolpa]], and Thulagi, all lying above {{cvt|4100|m}}. A recent study done by ICIMOD and UNEP (UNEP, 2001) reported 27 potentially dangerous lakes in Nepal. In ten of them GLOF events have occurred in the past few years and some have been regenerating after the event.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

The [[Thulagi glacier]], located in the Upper Marsyangdi River basin, is one out of the two moraine-dammed lakes that was identified as a potentially dangerous lake as it may outburst.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.de/lebgeo/thulagi.htm |title=BGR/NLfB/GGA: Gletschersee Thulagi |publisher=Bgr.de |access-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202501/http://www.bgr.de/lebgeo/thulagi.htm |archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>

== Important towns ==
[[File:Kaligandaki ghasa.jpg|thumb|Kali Gandaki River near Ghasa, between [[Annapurna]] and [[Dhaulagiri]]]]
The important towns in the Indian part of the Gandak river are Valmikinagar (Bhainsalotan) - location of Gandak Barrage, [[Bagaha]], [[Bettiah]] (district headquarters & field directorate of Valmiki Tiger Project), Harinagar (Ramnagar), [[Hajipur]] (across the Ganges 10  km from Patna) and Sonepur (also Known as Harihar Kshetra), near Patna.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

== National Parks ==
[[Chitwan National Park]] of Nepal and [[Valmiki National Park]] of India are adjacent to each other in the vicinity of Valmikinagar around the Gandak Barrage.

=== Chitwan National Park ===
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Chitwan National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = Rhinos_leofleck.jpg
| image_caption = Tourists on elephants observing [[Indian rhinoceros]]
}}

Chitwan National Park covers an area of {{convert|932|km2|mi2}}. Established in 1973, it is the oldest national park of Nepal. It was granted the status of a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1984. It is located in Chitwan, one of the [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal]]. The park is rich in flora and fauna, including Bengal Tigers and one of the last populations of single-horned [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis''). The area used to be known as the Chitwan Valley. It was a place for big game hunting and until 1951 it was a hunting reserve. At the park there is canoeing, elephant rides, and guided jungle walks.

=== Valmiki National Park ===
Valmiki Sanctuary covers about {{convert|800|km2|mi2}} of forest and was the 18th tiger reserve established in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Valmiki National Park|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2244909.ece|date=7 May 2007|access-date=25 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112234308/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2244909.ece|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> It is ranked fourth in terms density of tiger population. Valmikinagar is located nearly {{convert|100|km|mi}} from Bettiah in the northernmost part of the [[West Champaran district]], Bihar, bordering Nepal. Valmikinagar is a small town with scattered habitation, mostly within the forest area and has a railroad station in the district of West Champaran, close to the railhead of [[Bagaha]]. It has diverse landscapes, sheltering rich wildlife habitats and floral and faunal composition with the prime protected carnivores and was included in the National Conservation Programme of the Project Tiger in the year 1994. According to a 1998 report by the [[Zoological Survey of India]], the sanctuary has 53 mammals, 145 birds, 26 reptile and 13 amphibians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/wildlife.htm |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries |access-date=3 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061556/http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/wildlife.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref> and a Tiger Reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forest.bih.nic.in/ValmikiSanctuary.htm |title=Valmiki Sanctuary |publisher=Forest.bih.nic.in |access-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915182725/http://forest.bih.nic.in/ValmikiSanctuary.htm |archive-date=15 September 2009 }}</ref>

The notable species of wild fauna include: tiger, leopard, wild dog, wild boar, bison, bear, peacock, partridge, hornbill, [[Gracula|hill mynah]], woolly-necked stork, python, crocodile, deer, [[Sambar deer|sambar]], blue bull, barking deer, hog deer.

As per the [[Botanical Survey of India]] report of 1998 there are seven types of vegetation consisting of seven classes of forests; home to 84 species of trees (subtropical trees such as [[Shorea robusta|sal]], sagwan, bamboo, and cane), 32 shrubs and climbers and 81 herbs and grasses.

== Religious significance ==
[[File:mukthinathsaligram.JPG|thumb|Muktinath Vaishnava temple idols, Nepal]]
Between the [[Dhaulagiri]] and [[Annapurna]] mountain ranges, the Gandaki River flows through the village of [[Muktinath]] and by the Ashram of Pulaha. In ancient times, the mountain range surrounding Pulaha was called Salagiris due to the vast forests of [[Shorea robusta|sal]] trees. The stones found in this region are therefore called Saligrama – Silas. It has great significance to Hindus, particularly to Brahmins. Smarthas uses this as the replica of lord Narayana. Srivaisnavas, and [[Madhvacharya]] sects who consider the place where one can find saligrama silas in the river bed of the Gandaki River, and the Mukthinath temple as one of the 108 Divyakshetrams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandadesandadi.com/108divyakshetrams.html |title=108divyakshetrams |access-date=30 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224203026/http://www.sandadesandadi.com/108divyakshetrams.html |archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref>

== Places of archaeological significance ==
[[File:Kali Gandaki River near Marpha, Mustang, Nepal.jpg|thumb|Gandaki River in [[Marpha]], [[Mustang District]], Nepal]]

Archaeologically important places around Valmikinagar are [[Lauriya-Nandangarh]] and Someshwar Fort.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
In Lauria block,<ref name="westchamparan.bih.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://westchamparan.bih.nic.in/tourist.htm |title=Asking for impossible? |access-date=2 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110721163350/http://westchamparan.bih.nic.in/tourist.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> about 1 km east of Nandan Garh, a lion pillar of Ashoka, made out of a single block of polished sandstone, measuring {{convert|35|ft|m}} in height with a diameter of 35" at the base and 22" at the top, which is believed to be over 2,300 years old, is in an excellent condition. Its massiveness and exquisite finish furnish striking proof of the skill and resources of the masons of Ashokan age. Two more such pillars with their capitals removed have been discovered in Rampurwa village, close to Gandhi's Bhitiharawa Ashram in Gaunaha block. One of their capitals, the bull is now in the National Museum at New Delhi and the other, the lion, is at Calcutta Museum.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

At Nandan Garh there are also Baudh ([[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]) [[stupas]] made out of bricks and about {{convert|80|ft|m}} high which according to the authoritative source are Ashoka Stupas, in which ashes of Lord Buddha's funeral pyre are enshrined.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Someshwar Fort is situated in Narkatiaganj sub-division, near Nepal border, on top of Someshwar Hill at {{convert|2884|ft|m|abbr=on}} elevation. It is in a ruined state but its remains are well defined.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The Bhitiharawa Ashram<ref name="westchamparan.bih.nic.in"/> of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] near Gaunaha in the eastern end of the Valmiki reserve. It is a village in Gaunaha block in Bihar from where Gandhiji started his freedom movement that came to be known as 'Champaran Satyagraha' in India history. The village houses the hut which is called Ashram and has become a place of Gandhian pilgrimage.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

=== Mustang Caves ===
{{Main|Mustang Caves}}
[[File:René de Milleville 2.jpg|thumb|Gandaki Valley near [[Jomsom]] Nepal in October 1966]]
Mustang caves are a collection of some 10,000 human-made caves dug into the sides of valleys in the [[Mustang District]] of [[Nepal]]. The caves lie on the steep valley walls near the Kali Gandaki River in [[Upper Mustang]]. Several groups of archaeologists and researchers have explored these stacked caves and found partially mummified human bodies and skeletons that are at least 2,000-3,000 years old. Explorations of these caves by conservators and archaeologists have also led to the discovery of valuable religious paintings, sculptures, manuscripts and numerous artifacts belonging to the 12th to 14th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2072736,00.html |title=Shepherd leads experts to ancient Buddha cave paintings | World news | guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date= 2007|access-date=28 November 2009 |location=London |first=M. | last=Rahman}}</ref>

== Development scenario ==
=== Hydropower development ===
==== Nepal ====
In Nepal, Sapta Gandaki alone has a huge [[hydropower]] potential of 20,650 MW (economic exploitable potential is 5,270 MW) out of a total estimated potential of 83,290 MW (economically exploitable potential is 42,140 MW). The country has so far been able to generate only around 600 MW of hydropower<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2006/others/feature/sep/news_feature01.php |title=Nepalnews.com Mercantile Connumications Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Nepalnews.com.np |access-date=28 November 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061007052525/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2006/others/feature/sep/news_feature01.php |archive-date = 7 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> out of which the Gandak basin projects contribute more than 266 MW, about 44%. The hydropower projects built are the Trisuli at Nuwakot (21 MW), Devighat at Nuwakot (14 MW), Pokhra (1 MW) and Western Gandak HEP, at Nawalparasi (15 MW), Marsyangdi at Tanahu (69 MW), Kali Gandaki at Syanja (144 MW), and Syange (2 MW). Middle Marsyangdi HE Project (70 MW) at Lamjung is under final stage of construction. Several major projects are on the anvil for implementation in the near future. With Government of Nepal now according priority to private-sector participation in a multi-pronged approach, the pace of hydropower development will get accelerated.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

A major Indian firm has entered into a share purchase and joint venture agreement with a Nepalese firm to acquire 80 per cent stake of Nepalese Company for development of the Upper Marsyangdi HEP (250MW). Achieving the economically exploitable potential need would no more be a mirage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071127/834717.html |title=GMR energy to acquire 80% stake in Nepal's Himtal Power |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=27 November 2007 |access-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132138/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071127/834717.html |archive-date=7 March 2012 }}</ref>

Reportedly there are several other major projects being pursued by the Government of Nepal for private sector participation on IPP basis.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

=== Irrigation ===
The Gandak Project at Valmikinagar (Bhainsaloton) intercepts water of a catchment area of {{convert|37410|km|abbr=on}}, which is mostly in Nepal and partly in India. An agreement was signed on 4 December 1959 between the governments of Nepal and of India on the Gandak Irrigation and Power Project. It encompassed the construction of a barrage, canal head regulators and other appurtenant works about {{convert|33|m|abbr=on}} below the existing Triveni Canal Head Regulator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wrmin.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=369&subsublinkid=288&langid=1 |title=Ministry of Water Resources |publisher=Wrmin.nic.in |access-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108190009/http://wrmin.nic.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=288&langid=1&sslid=369 |archive-date=8 January 2010 }}</ref> The agreement was modified in 1964 for the protection of Nepal's riparian rights. Basically there is an agreed share of water for ‘western canal system including a power station in Nepal and eastern canal system. As a part of this bilateral agreement, the Gandak Barrage, a part of Gandak Project, was built in 1968–69 over the Gandak river for providing irrigation to Nepal, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bshpcltd.com/Commissioned.htm |title=Commissioned Projects of BHPC |publisher=Bshpcltd.com |access-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430143730/http://bshpcltd.com/Commissioned.htm |archive-date=30 April 2009 }}</ref> The irrigation potential of this project is {{convert|11510|km2|abbr=on}}, spread in the district of West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj. The Eastern Gandak Canal Project was taken up in 1960 and Main Canal system was completed in 1975 for flow irrigation in Nepal for the gross commanded area estimated to be {{convert|103500|acre|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wrd.bih.nic.in/gandak.html |title=Gandak barrage |access-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061940/http://wrd.bih.nic.in/gandak.html |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>

A [[Gandak Hydropower Station]] with an installed capacity of 15 MW has also been constructed and commissioned on the bypass to Eastern Gandak Canal.<ref>[http://www.waterlaw.org/regionaldocs/gandak-project.html Agreement Between His Majesty's Government of Nepal and the Government of India on the Gandak Irrigation and Power Project.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807161343/http://www.waterlaw.org/regionaldocs/gandak-project.html|date=7 August 2008}}</ref>

=== Flood management ===
Flood management does not aim at total elimination or control of floods or providing total immunity from the effects of all magnitudes of floods, which is neither practicable from economic considerations nor even necessary, keeping in view other realities that are faced in the Indian context. Thus, a multi-pronged strategy ranging from modifying the floods by means of structural measures to learning to live with the floods by means of other non-structural measures is the goal of flood management. Measures for protection against extreme floods of low frequency are seldom economically feasible. The term "flood management" refers to the provision of a reasonable degree of protection against floods by measures to mitigate the recurring havoc caused by floods. This is what is being done in flood plains of Gandak River in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh which are affected by floods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_wr.pdf |title=Working Group report on Water Resources |access-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220061839/http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_wr.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2009 }}</ref>

== Navigation on the river ==
Nepal has carried out studies on the feasibility of having navigational use of the Gandaki river. Studies indicate that (a) it is feasible only in the lower reaches, (b) link it with India's number 1 highway from Allahabad to Haldia, and (c) cognizance has to be taken of the adverse situation which could arise due to increased irrigation use in dry seasons which could restrict the river level for maintaining possible navigation.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==In traditional and popular culture==
[[File:Kali River in Ramghat.jpg|thumb|The Gandaki river divides [[Syangja District]] and [[Palpa District]] in Ramghat]]

The Gandaki river is mentioned in the ancient [[Sanskrit]] epic [[Mahabharata]]. Its evolution is described in Shiva Purana, Kumarakhand, in the chapter of the killing of Shankhachuda.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
A part of episode 1 of the documentary series "[[The Living Planet]]" was filmed in the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Building of the Earth |people=Kelly, N. (producer) |date=2014 |series=The Living Planet |publisher=BBC Two |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01qnrbn}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kali Gandaki Gorge]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
* India's Water Wealth (1975, Dr. K.L.Rao, Orient Longman Ltd, Hyderabad, New Delhi
* "Waters of Hope" (1993), B.G.Vargehese, New Delhi
* A Framework for Sustainable Development of the Ganges- Brahmaputra- Meghna (GBM Region), Proceedings of Conference held in Dhaka, 4–5 December 1999–Nepal Water Vision in the GBM Regional Framework, Institute for Integrated Studies, Kathmandu).
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Collier's poster|Gandak}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202501/http://www.bgr.de/lebgeo/thulagi.htm Thulagi Glacier and Lake]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061556/http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/wildlife.htm WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL PARKS]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090915182725/http://forest.bih.nic.in/ValmikiSanctuary.htm Valmiki Tiger Reserve]
* [http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071127/834717.html GMR energy to acquire 80% stake in Nepal's Himtal Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132138/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071127/834717.html |date=7 March 2012 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061940/http://wrd.bih.nic.in/gandak.html Gandak Barrage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108190009/http://wrmin.nic.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=288&langid=1&sslid=369 The India-Nepal Treaty]
* [http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_wr.pdf Ministry of Water Resources]

{{Hydrography of Nepal}}
{{Rivers in Bihar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gandaki Province]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rivers of Patna]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian rivers]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Braided rivers in India]]

[[ne:गण्डकी नदी]]

Anamika Chakraborty

2026-03-15T19:17:31Z

Alicolours: adding first page w/ refs

{{short description|Bengali film and television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anamika Chakraborty
|image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|03|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| known_for =
| years active = 2014–present
| notable_works = [[Rajjotok]] [[Ekhane Akash Neel (2019 TV series)|Ekhane Akash Neel]]
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Uday Pratap Singh (actor)|Uday Pratap Singh]]|2023}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-29 |title=Tolly couple Uday Pratap Singh-Anamika Chakraborty gets hitched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tolly-couple-uday-pratap-singh-anamika-chakraborty-gets-hitched/articleshow/101355584.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
}}

'''Anamika Chakraborty''' (born 25 March 1997)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-02-13|title=Anamika: ‘দেখলেই বলে মোটা হয়ে গিয়েছ…’! এখন আর কেউ কাজ দেয় না টলিউডে, সোজাসাপটা জবাব অনামিকার|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/anamika-chakraborty-once-again-talk-about-no-one-giving-her-work-in-tollywood-271770910884052-amp.html|access-date=2026-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] television actress. She works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television, films and webseries. She is known for her performance in ''[[Rajjotok]]'', ''[[Phoolmoni]]'', ''[[Ekhane Akash Neel (2019 TV series)|Ekhane Akash Neel]]'', ''Iskabon'', ''Holy Faak'' and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/anamika-chakraborty|title=Anamika Chakraborty|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-dont-want-a-repeat-of-2020-it-could-harm-our-industry-anamika/articleshow/88759825.cms?_gl=1*12cb5j4*_ga*MjQ2NTY5ODc1LjE2MDc0NDgwNzQ.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY5OTYxNDU0OS4xNy4xLjE2OTk2MTYzODUuMi4wLjA.|title=I don't want a repeat of 2020, it could harm our industry: Anamika|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anamika-to-go-on-a-motorcycle-trip-to-spiti-valley-in-october/articleshow/85775200.cms|title=Anamika to go on a motorcycle trip to Spiti Valley in October|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anamika-has-only-black-coffee-for-breakfast-find-out-why-/articleshow/83041494.cms?_gl=1*1id126y*_ga*MjQ2NTY5ODc1LjE2MDc0NDgwNzQ.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY5OTYxOTY3Ny4xOC4wLjE2OTk2MTk2OTEuNDYuMC4w|title=Anamika has only black coffee for breakfast. Find out why|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/anamika-chakraborty-gets-trolled-as-following-kaavaalaa-latest-trend/articleshow/102338723.cms|title=Anamika Chakraborty : 'মনে হচ্ছে যোগা প্র্যাকটিস করছে', কাভালাইয়ার ঠুমকায় চরম ট্রোলড অনামিকা|website=Eisamay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/anamika-chakraborty/2019081|title=Anamika Chakraborty - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=Book My Show}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/bengali-serial-actress-anamika-singh-tied-knot-with-actor-uday-pratap-singh-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1441349|title=ঘনিষ্ঠবৃত্তে জাঁকজমকহীন বিয়ে সারলেন অনামিকা এবং উদয়, রইল ফোটো অ্যালবাম|website=Anandabazar}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Note
|-
| 2014 - 2015
| ''[[Rajjotok]]''
| Bonnie/Mou
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|Main female protagonist (later replaced by [[Mishmee Das]]),
Antagonist (later)
|-
| 2016 - 2017
| ''[[Phoolmoni]]''
| Anamika
| Main antagonist
|-
| 2019 - 2020
| ''[[Ekhane Akash Neel (2019 TV series)|Ekhane Akash Neel]]''
| Hiya <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-ekhane-akash-neel-actress-anamika-chakraborty-had-to-take-a-break-from-acting-for-health-issues-141594/|title=এই ইন্ডাস্ট্রি তোকে ফিরিয়ে নিয়ে আসবে, আমাকে বলেছিলেন একজন: অনামিকা|website=Bengali Indian Express}}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| Main protagonist
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| ''[[Beder Meye Jyotsna (2019 TV Series)|Beder Meye Jyotsna]]''
| Bangomi
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Mahapeeth Tarapeeth]]''
| Korunamoyee <ref>{{cite web|title=Bengali actress Anamika Chakraborty joins the cast of 'Mahapeeth Tarapeeth'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actress-anamika-chakraborty-joins-the-cast-of-mahapeeth-tarapeeth/articleshow/88559402.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| rowspan="2" |Cameo
|-
| ''Jai Jagannath''
| Ekadashi <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-anamika-chakraborty-joins-the-cast-of-jai-jagannath/articleshow/892953cms|title=Actress Anamika Chakraborty joins the cast of 'Jai Jagannath'|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Uron Tubri]]''
| Nisha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://banglahunt.com/anamika-chakraborty-returned-to-serial-with-uron-tubri-nn/|title=টিআরপি বাড়াতে বিরাট টুইস্ট, 'উড়ন তুবড়ি'তে পা রাখলেন 'এখানে আকাশ নীল' খ্যাত অনামিকা|website=Bangla hunt}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]]
| rowspan="4" | Main female antagonist
|-
| ''[[Laalkuthi]]''
| Jhilly / fake Jini <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/lalkuthi-actor-rahul-arunoday-banerjee-turns-a-year-older-enjoys-a-cosy-party-with-co-stars/articleshow/94899571.cms|title='Lalkuthi' actor Rahul Arunoday Banerjee turns a year older; enjoys a cosy party with co-stars|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 - 2023
| ''[[Phaguner Mohona]]''
| Oindrila
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Mithijhora]]''
|Koel
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|}

== Films ==
* ''Love Letter''
* ''Ekta Bhalobashar Golpo''
* ''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]'' (2018)
* ''Tor opekkhay''
* ''[[Adda (2019 film)]]''
* ''Munni'' (Short film)
* ''Ishkabon'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/soon-releasing-actor-anamika-chakrabotys-first-movie-iskabon-dgtl/cid/1271202|title=জঙ্গলমহলে বিশ্রাম নিচ্ছেন 'গোলাপি' অনামিকা?|website=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/iskabon-movie-release-date-film-starring-saurav-anamika-saanju-tells-story-maoist-activities-jangalmahal-and-love-triangle-soc-377070-2022-05-24|title=Iskabon: মাওবাদীদের রাজনীতি ও প্রেমের গল্প! সামনে এলো 'ইস্কাবন' মুক্তির তারিখ|website=Aajtak Bangla}}</ref>
* ''[[Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shohorer-ushnotomo-din-e/movie-review/101430072.cms|title=Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E Movie Review: A Clever Coming-Of-Age Story|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Webseries ==
* ''Holy Faak'' (Season 1)
* ''Holy Faak'' (Season 2)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/holy-faak-season-2-225347|title=
হলি ফাঁক সিজন টু, এবারের সারপ্রাইজটা কী?|website=Zee News}}</ref>
* ''In a Relationship'' Phase 1 & 2
* ''Bhalobashabashi'' (short stories by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|9394039}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Anamika}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Rochelle Potkar

2026-03-15T09:35:36Z

Alicolours: made new stub.

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Rochelle Potkar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kalyan, Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer
|education =
| alma_mater = [[La Trobe University]]
| period =
| genre = Fiction, poetry, short story
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =''The Arithmetic of Breasts & Other Stories'' ''Four Degrees of Separation'' ''Paper Asylum'' ''Bombay Hangovers''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|rochellepotkar.com}}
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Rochelle Potkar''' is an Indian writer. Her work includes short stories and poetry. She was a writer-in-residence at the [[University of Iowa]]'s [[International Writing Program]] in 2015, and a Charles Wallace Writer's fellow at the [[University of Stirling]], [[Scotland]] in 2016-17. She is the founder of the Arcs-of-a-Circle artists' residency program.<ref name="Rajpal 2018" />

== Early life and education ==
Rochelle Potkar was born in [[Kalyan]].<ref name="Sripathi 2014">{{cite news |last1=Sripathi |first1=Apoorva |title=A thirst for words |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-poet-rochelle-potkar/article6655135.ece |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Rajpal 2018">{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Seema |title=Poet Rochelle Potkar began an artist residency last year and here's why it was a good idea |url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2018/jan/24/poet-rochelle-potkar-began-an-artist-residency-last-year-and-she-is-just-getting-started-1927.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221221/http://cms.edexlive.com/people/2018/jan/24/poet-rochelle-potkar-began-an-artist-residency-last-year-and-she-is-just-getting-started-1927.html |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1998.<ref name="Sripathi 2014" /> She completed a degree in commerce and a post-graduate degree in advertising<ref name="Sinha" /> from [[Wigan and Leigh College, India|Wigan and Leigh College]], [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]]{{cn|date=February 2023}} and completed an MBA from [[La Trobe University]], [[Australia]].<ref name="Rajpal 2018"/>

== Career ==
Her short stories and poems have been published in books, journals, and anthologies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bio |url=https://rochellepotkar.com/bio/ |website=Rochelle Potkar |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="RadioCity 2016">{{cite web|title=The core of life is to find the flame: Rochelle Potkar|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/indie/interviews-details/The-core-of-life-is-to-find-the-flame-Rochelle-Potkar/4305|website=[[PlanetRadiocity.com]]|date=19 August 2016|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025211/http://www.planetradiocity.com/indie/interviews-details/The-core-of-life-is-to-find-the-flame-Rochelle-Potkar/4305|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Sinha">{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Dipanjan|title=Mumbai author's book of poems explores her transition to the city centre from Kalyan|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-authors-book-of-poems-explores-her-transition-to-the-city-centre-from-kalyan/17198150|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|date=5 May 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704065132/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-authors-book-of-poems-explores-her-transition-to-the-city-centre-from-kalyan/17198150|archive-date=4 July 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After visiting the [[Tapti River|Tapi]] estuary at [[Surat]] in 2007, she wrote the story "Tropical Estuary."<ref name="RadioCity 2016"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Telling Tales in Mumbai|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/07/16/telling-tales-in-mumbai/|publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=16 July 2013|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026191502/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/07/16/telling-tales-in-mumbai/|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ansari|first1=Humaira|title=Change of scene|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/change-of-scene/story-SspXUfODZ1XLD6jh4xb8iM.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=11 July 2013|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015730/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/change-of-scene/story-SspXUfODZ1XLD6jh4xb8iM.html|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Her first book of short fiction, ''The Arithmetic of Breasts and Other Stories'', was self-published in 2014 and shortlisted for The Digital Book of the Year Award 2014, by Publishing Next, Goa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Publishing Next declares shortlist|url=http://www.printweek.in/news/publishing-declares-shortlist-12975|accessdate=10 September 2014|publisher=[[PrintWeek]] India|date=7 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182015/http://www.printweek.in/news/publishing-declares-shortlist-12975|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mitter|first1=Suprita|title=Mumbai: Poem by ad professional creates stir for use of F-word|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-poem-by-ad-professional-creates-stir-for-use-of-f-word/16396172|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|date=24 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610133049/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-poem-by-ad-professional-creates-stir-for-use-of-f-word/16396172|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2014, she was one of the founders of Cappuccino Readings (CR), which organized poetry readings in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Behrawala|first1=Krutika|title=Mumbai's got a new brew|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-got-a-new-brew/16154170|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|date=22 April 2015|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610133059/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-got-a-new-brew/16154170|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Silgardo|first1=Dustin|title=In Mumbai, the poetry never ends|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PiIf2yCkU724MEaeTO1UIM/In-Mumbai-the-poetry-never-ends.html|accessdate=16 March 2015|publisher=[[Live Mint]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317055810/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PiIf2yCkU724MEaeTO1UIM/In-Mumbai-the-poetry-never-ends.html|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Around this time, she also participated in Poetry Couture, an association formed to promote poetry readings in India,<ref>{{cite news|title=Pens and Palettes: An Afternoon Of Poetry|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/pens-and-palettes-an-afternoon-of-poetry/|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=30 March 2015|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622034335/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/pens-and-palettes-an-afternoon-of-poetry/|archive-date=22 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and was co-editor of Neesah Magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Literature: Better Than Politics at Fostering Cultural Understanding|url=http://iowapublicradio.org/post/literature-better-politics-fostering-cultural-understanding|publisher=[[Iowa Public Radio]]|date=25 April 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423201023/http://iowapublicradio.org/post/literature-better-politics-fostering-cultural-understanding|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2015, she was selected to participate as a writer-in-residence in the 2015 Fall residency program of the [[International Writing Program]] at the [[University of Iowa]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nissen|first1=Samantha|title=Rochelle Potkar on Going Home|url=https://iwp.uiowa.edu/shse/2016-02-02/rochelle-potkar-on-going-home|website=Iwp.uiowa.edu|publisher=[[International Writing Program]]|date=2 February 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627054625/https://iwp.uiowa.edu/shse/2016-02-02/rochelle-potkar-on-going-home|archive-date=27 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Panel Discussion On 'Girl Rising'|journal=International Exchange Alumni|issue=May – November 2015, India|page=30|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/india/13974/PDFS/AlumniHighlightsMayNov15.pdf|publisher=[[US Department of State]]|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222013441/http://photos.state.gov/libraries/india/13974/PDFS/AlumniHighlightsMayNov15.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Putting Childhood Back into the Child: Rights and Realities of Children In India|url=https://icfrc.org/2015/09/17/rochelle-potkar-tuesday-september-22/|publisher=Iowa City Foreign Relation Council|date=17 September 2015|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626143402/https://icfrc.org/2015/09/17/rochelle-potkar-tuesday-september-22/|archive-date=26 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Afreen|first1=Saima|title=Lady of Verses|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Lady-of-Verses/2016/01/12/article3222961.ece|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|date=12 January 2016|location=[[Hyderabad]]|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816223323/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Lady-of-Verses/2016/01/12/article3222961.ece|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Her first book of poetry, ''Four Degrees of Separation'', was published in 2016.<ref name="Sinha"/><ref>{{cite news|title=The Write Choice|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/The-Write-Choice/2016/04/19/article3387114.ece|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|date=19 April 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816220202/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/The-Write-Choice/2016/04/19/article3387114.ece|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2016, two of her poems were included in the anthology ''40 under 40: an Anthology of Post-Globalization Poetry''.<ref name="MIDDAY">{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Nabita|title=How 40 poets under 40 are writing India of the 1980s and 1990s|url=http://scroll.in/article/808905/how-40-poets-under-40-are-writing-india-of-the-1980s-and-1990s|publisher=Scroll.in|date=28 May 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630135609/http://scroll.in/article/808905/how-40-poets-under-40-are-writing-india-of-the-1980s-and-1990s|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

She was the 2016-2017 Charles Wallace Writer's fellow at the [[University of Stirling]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Wallace Fellowship |url=https://www.stir.ac.uk/about/faculties-and-services/arts-humanities/literature-and-languages/literature-and-languages-research/charles-wallace-fellowship/ |publisher=[[University of Stirling]] |accessdate=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183055/https://www.stir.ac.uk/about/faculties-and-services/arts-humanities/literature-and-languages/literature-and-languages-research/charles-wallace-fellowship/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="NIE 2018"/> In 2017, she founded the Arcs-of-a-Circle Artists' Residency in Mumbai.<ref name="Rajpal 2018"/> In 2017 and 2018, she contributed to the Joao Roque Literary Journal as poetry editor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joao Roque Literary Journal |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/ |accessdate=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174650/https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/ |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Rochelle practices and promotes the Japanese short poetry form [[haibun]] through workshops.<ref name="Rajpal 2018"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Patkar|first1=Rochelle|title=You know the haiku? Now meet the haibun, the other Japanese form|url=http://scroll.in/article/810957/you-know-the-haiku-now-meet-the-haibun-the-other-japanese-form|publisher=Scroll.in|date=3 July 2016|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030532/http://scroll.in/article/810957/you-know-the-haiku-now-meet-the-haibun-the-other-japanese-form|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2018, she published a collection of haibun, ''Paper Asylum''.<ref name=haibun>{{cite news |last1=Chandani |first1=Priyanka |title=High on Haibun |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/270618/high-on-haibun.html |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=27 June 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907190650/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/270618/high-on-haibun.html |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Word maps |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/wide-is-the-canvas/articleshow/65524903.cms |publisher=[[Pune Mirror]] |date=25 August 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183221/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/wide-is-the-canvas/articleshow/65524903.cms |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In his blog review of ''Paper Asylum'', the poet [[Jayant Kashyap]] called Potkar "a wonderful weaver of stories" for her "very reasonably resonant" poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paper Asylum |url=https://rochellepotkar.com/portfolio/paper-asylum/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Rochelle Potkar |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Potkar's Asylum |url=https://giantketchup.wordpress.com/2018/12/06/paper-asylum/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Jayant Kashyap |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2018, a poem she wrote during her Iowa residency was adapted into a film for the Visible Poetry Project.<ref>{{cite news |title=About a skirt |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-friday-dossier-april132018/19314155 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907222821/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-friday-dossier-april132018/19314155 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skirt from Visible Poetry Project |date=30 April 2018 |url=https://www.visiblepoetryproject.com/videos/ |publisher=visiblepoetryproject.com |accessdate=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183042/https://www.visiblepoetryproject.com/videos/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

She co-edited the 2018 Goan-Irish anthology, ''Goa: A Garland of Poems'', with [[Gabriel Rosenstock]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Writing Language, Culture, and Development: Africa Vs Asia |date=19 June 2018 |publisher=Mwanaka Media and Publishing |isbn=9780797484931 |page=xvii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_BfDwAAQBAJ&dq=rochelle+potkar&pg=PR7}}</ref> Her collection of short stories, ''Bombay Hangovers'', was published by Vishwakarma Publications in 2021. Her short story "Honour" was included in ''The Punch Magazine’s Anthology of New Writing: Select Short Stories by Women Writers'', also published in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rayaan |first1=Mohammed |title=How Shireen Quadri rounded women authors to bring out an anthology during the pandemic |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/author-interviews/how-shireen-quadri-rounded-women-authors-to-bring-out-an-anthology-during-the-pandemic/article65202595.ece |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

=== As actor ===
Rochelle played a character role in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] feature-length film, ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'', directed by [[Ram (director)|Ram]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=K|first1=Janani|title=Donning a new hat|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070117/donning-a-new-hat.html|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=7 January 2017|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331034849/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070117/donning-a-new-hat.html|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajendran|first1=Sowmya|title=Actor, writer, poet: Meet Rochelle Potkar from the 'Taramani' cast|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-writer-poet-meet-rochelle-potkar-taramani-cast-56925|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|date=7 February 2017|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331024648/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-writer-poet-meet-rochelle-potkar-taramani-cast-56925|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Selected work ==
=== Poetry ===
* ''Four Degrees of Separation'', Paperwall, March 2016 {{ISBN|978-9382749363}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Thought provoking poetry|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/neal-hall-and-rochelle-potkar-poetry-reading/article7353880.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 June 2015|language=English}}</ref><ref>Reviews of ''Four Degrees of Separation''
*{{cite news|last1=Brahmachari|first1=Goirick|title=Book Review: Personal poems that evoke a sense of the universal|url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/books/4346-book-review-personal-poems-evoke-sense-universal|publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]]|date=30 April 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606140857/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/books/4346-book-review-personal-poems-evoke-sense-universal|archive-date=6 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite news |last1=Daruwalla |first1=Keki N. |title=Vodka does not 'go on' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/vodka-does-not-go-on/article19931172.ece |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 October 2017}}</ref>
* ''Paper Asylum'', Copper Coin Publishing, May 2018 {{ISBN|978-9384109264}}<ref>Reviews of ''Paper Asylum''
*{{cite news |last1=Chandani |first1=Priyanka |title=High on Haibun |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/270618/high-on-haibun.html |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=27 June 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907190650/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/270618/high-on-haibun.html |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
*{{cite news |last1=Kidwai |first1=Shafey |title=A welcome intersection |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-welcome-intersection/article24106880.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 June 2018}}
*{{cite journal |last1=G |first1=Akila |title='Paper Asylum' |journal=[[Muse India]] |url=http://museindia.com/Home/ViewContentData?arttype=book%20review(s)&issid=80&menuid=7898 |issn=0975-1815 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183126/http://museindia.com/Home/ViewContentData?arttype=book%20review(s)&issid=80&menuid=7898 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Short stories ===
* ''The Arithmetic of Breasts And Other Stories'', [[CreateSpace]], 2014, Rochelle Potkar, 2019 {{ISBN|978-9351749004}}<ref>Reviews of ''The Arithmetic of Breasts And Other Stories''
*{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Dr. Ratan|title=A woman writer's bold voice: The Arithmetic of Breasts and Other Stories|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/a-woman-writers-bold-voice-the-arithmetic-of-breasts-and-other-stories/15910368.shtml|publisher=Merinews|date=12 October 2015|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326085530/http://www.merinews.com/article/a-woman-writers-bold-voice-the-arithmetic-of-breasts-and-other-stories/15910368.shtml|archive-date=26 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|last1=Anjum|first1=Zafar|title=Kitaab Review: The Arithmetic of Breasts and Other Stories by Rochelle Potkar|url=https://kitaab.org/2015/09/01/kitaab-review-the-arithmetic-of-breasts-and-other-stories-by-rochelle-potkar/|website=Kitaab.org|date=1 September 2015|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807032106/https://kitaab.org/2015/09/01/kitaab-review-the-arithmetic-of-breasts-and-other-stories-by-rochelle-potkar/|archive-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

* ''Bombay Hangovers'', Vishwakarma Publications {{ISBN|978-8195012633}}<ref>Reviews of ''Bombay Hangovers''
*{{cite news |last1=Karnoor |first1=Maithreyi |title='Bombay Hangovers': Stories that compulsively narrate the routine lives of the city's residents |url=https://scroll.in/article/993204/bombay-hangovers-stories-that-compulsively-narrate-the-routine-lives-of-the-citys-residents |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=25 April 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=Dhoot |first1=Vikas |title=The odour of dreams: Vikas Dhoot reviews Rochelle Potkar's 'Bombay Hangovers' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-odour-of-dreams-vikas-dhoot-reviews-rochelle-potkars-bombay-hangovers/article34945717.ece |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 June 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Kinshuk |title=Smell the spirit of Bombay in the margins of these gritty stories |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/110921/book-review-smell-the-spirit-of-bombay-in-the-margins-of-these-gritt.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=12 September 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=Hasan |first1=Lamat R |title=Review: Bombay Hangovers by Rochelle Potkar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewbombay-hangovers-by-rochelle-potkar-101638437372195.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

===Novel===
*''Dreams of Déjà vu'' (2017) {{ISBN|978-1520402826}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Voicing against social evils through poetry|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-06-22/Voicing-against-social-evils-through-poetry-158850|accessdate=22 June 2015|publisher=[[The Hans India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731122416/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-06-22/Voicing-against-social-evils-through-poetry-158850|archive-date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Anthologies ===
* ''40 Under 40: An Anthology of Post-Globalisation'', Poetrywalla, 2016 {{ISBN|978-9382749448}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Dipanjan|title=40 Under 40 is a collection of poems that relive the last few decades|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/poetry-of-global-india/17391157|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|date=7 July 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704084835/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/poetry-of-global-india/17391157|archive-date=4 July 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* ''The Best Asian Short Stories'', Kitab International, 2017 {{ISBN|978-9811149702}}<ref name="NIE 2018">{{cite news |title=What To Expect |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/jan/22/what-to-expect-1761597.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=22 January 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/jan/22/what-to-expect-1761597.html |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* ''Goa: A Garland of Poems'', The Onslaught Press, 2017 {{ISBN|978-1912111664}}
* ''Iowa River: A Selection of Contemporary International Poetry'' {{ISBN|978-1-988483-26-9}}
* ''100 Poems Are Not Enough'', Walking BookFairs, 2018 {{ISBN|978-8193646939}}
* ''Writing Language, Culture, and Development: Africa Vs Asia: Volume 1'', 2018 {{ISBN|9780797484931}}
* ''The Punch Magazine Anthology of New Writing: Select Short Stories by Women Writers'', Niyogi Books, 2021 {{ISBN|978-9391125318}}<ref>Reviews of ''The Punch Magazine Anthology of New Writing''
*{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Abdullah |title=A woman's word: Abdullah Khan reviews 'The Punch Magazine Anthology of New Writing' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/abdullah-khan-reviews-the-punch-magazine-anthology-of-new-writing/article65430078.ece |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=May 19, 2022|quote=We travel from Kashmir to Mumbai as Rochelle Potkar introduces us to Purana, a washerwoman, and her struggle to keep herself alive while discharging her familial responsibilities. Written poetically, the story touches you: Potkar is not only an accomplished poet but she can do wonders with fiction too.}}
*{{cite news |last1=Mujumdar |first1=Sonali |title=Review: The Punch Magazine Anthology of New Writing edited by Shireen Quadri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewthe-punch-magazine-anthology-of-new-writing-edited-by-shireen-quadri-101645801686220.html |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=25 February 2022|quote=Rochelle Potkar's Honour uses a fitting metaphor for the sorry tale of a washerwoman from the Dhobi Ghat of central Mumbai, battling the odds of life.}}
*{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Kankana |title=Stories with a Punch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/mar/06/stories-with-a-punch-2426016.html |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date= 6 March 2022 |quote=Rochelle Patkar’s competent pen takes us down the slippery pathways of Mahalaxmi’s (in) famous dhobi ghat, the gradual chill in the bones having all to do with the unfurling of events thereafter.}}
*{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aradhika |title=Expressions from across the world merge in 'The Punch Magazine Anthology of New Writing' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/expressions-from-across-the-world-merge-in-the-punch-magazine-anthology-of-new-writing-379102 |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=20 March 2022}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
===Short fiction===
* Winner, Open Road Review Short Story Prize, 2016, for "The Leaves of the Deodar"<ref>{{cite web|title=Winner, Open Road Review Short Story Prize 2016 – In Partnership with NHP Centre|url=https://www.openroadreview.com/winner-open-road-review-short-story-prize/|website=OpenRoadReview|date=14 October 2016|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025042/https://www.openroadreview.com/winner-open-road-review-short-story-prize/|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Poetry===
* Shortlist, the Gregory O' Donoghue International Poetry Prize, 2018, for ''The girl from Lal Bazaar''<ref>{{cite web |title=The girl from Lal Bazar by Rochelle Potkar |url=http://munsterlit.ie/Southword/Issues/34/poems/potkar_rochelle.html |website=munsterlit.ie |publisher=[[Munster Literature Centre]] |accessdate=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183124/http://munsterlit.ie/Southword/Issues/34/poems/potkar_rochelle.html |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Gregory O' Donoghue International Poetry Prize |url=https://www.munsterlit.ie/gregod_winners.html |publisher=[[Munster Literature Centre]] |accessdate=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830120954/https://www.munsterlit.ie/gregod_winners.html |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Shortlist, 2017 Hungry Hill Writing Competition, [[Ireland]], for "Cellular: P.O.W."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hungry Hill Writing Competitions |url=http://www.hungryhillwriting.com/pmp2017winners.html |website=www.hungryhillwriting.com |accessdate=7 September 2018}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Third place at the David Burland Poetry Prize 2017, for "Ground up"<ref>{{cite web |title=The David Burland Poetry Prize 2017 |url=http://www.davidburlandliteraryservices.com/Poetry_Prize/index.html |accessdate=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819133442/http://davidburlandliteraryservices.com/Poetry_Prize/index.html |archive-date=19 August 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Winner of the 2018 Norton Girault Literary Prize for "To Daraza"<ref>{{cite web |title=Norton Girault Literary Prize |date=19 July 2016 |url=https://barelysouthreview.com/nortongirault/ |publisher=Barely South Review |accessdate=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174325/https://barelysouthreview.com/nortongirault/ |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* First runner up, Great India Poetry Contest, for "War Specials"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kidwai |first1=Shafey |title=Life and death in an unequal world |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 January 2019}} {{ProQuest|2162939447}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Poetry|India}}
* [[List of female poets]]
* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[Indian poetry in English]]
* [[Goan literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://rochellepotkar.com/ Official website]
* [http://epaper.thegoan.net/m5/1639791/The-Goan-Everyday/The-Goan-Everyday#page/10/1 Writing is addiction, catharsis, therapy] (Interview at ''The Goan'')
*{{cite news|title=Take My Word For It!|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/mumbai-mix/take-my-word-for-it/article_182958?fromNewsdog=1|publisher=[[Afternoon (newspaper)|Afternoon]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726071930/http://www.afternoondc.in/mumbai-mix/take-my-word-for-it/article_182958?fromNewsdog=1|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Potkar, Rochelle}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:La Trobe University alumni]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Philomena Braz

2026-03-15T03:49:18Z

Alicolours: made new article

{{short description|Indian actress and singer (1933–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Philomena Braz
| image = Philomena Braz portrait.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Braz
| birth_name = Filomena Piedade Bras
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|9|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| other_names = {{hlist|Philomina Crasto|Philomena Piedade Crasto}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|2|15|1933|9|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Margao, Goa]], India
| children = 1
| spouse = Bernabe Crasto
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| years_active = 1963–2000s
| notable_works = ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
}}

'''Philomena Braz e Crasto'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-25 |title=Tiatr Artistes to have Condolence Meet for Late Philomena Braz |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/25_feb |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226000135/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/25_feb |url-status=live }}</ref> (born '''Filomena Piedade Bras'''; 24 September 1933<ref>{{Cite book |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=56}}</ref> – 15 February 2011) was an Indian actress, and singer known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions from 1963 to the 2000s.

==Career==
Braz was a [[character actress]] known for her contributions to the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Her career began in 1963 with her appearance in [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]'s production of ''Zotkaxi Dorji''. Throughout her career, she collaborated with a multitude of directors and playwrights, including [[Saib Rocha]], J. P. Souzalin, [[Kid Boxer]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], Jacint Vaz, [[C. Alvares]], Dod de Verna, Nelson Affonso, Kamat de Assolna,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=183–184 |language=en}}</ref> [[Minguel Rod]], [[M. Boyer]], and Remmie Colaco.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-09-29 |title=TAG to remember yesteryears artistes on September 30 – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times | Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/09/29/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-yesteryears-artistes-on-september-30/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

One of Braz's standout performances was in Prem Kumar's ''[[tiatr]]'', ''Odhi Bakri''. However, her most memorable portrayals were in the works of C. Alvares, particularly in the ''tiatrs Axea'' (Greed) and ''Khuincho Mandament'' (Which Sacrament?), where she displayed her talent alongside an all-female cast. Braz's versatility as an actress allowed her to shine in various roles, encompassing comedy, elderly characters, and the dynamic relationships of mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. Beyond her acting prowess, she was also a singer, delivering solo, duet, trio, and [[quartet]] performances on stage.<ref name=":0" /> She showcased her singing talents alongside artists such as Anthony Mendes, C. Alvares, Alfred Rose, and [[Star of Arossim]].<ref name=":1" />

Braz' performances were not confined to live shows; she also recorded her songs for platforms such as [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] and [[All India Radio]]. Additionally, her voice graced numerous [[audio cassette]]s. While Braz did not write her own ''tiatrs'', she ventured into directing with ''Axechi Doxea'', a production penned by Anthony Fernandes of [[Santacruz, Mumbai#Geography|Vakola]], [[Bombay]]. The ''tiatr'' garnered acclaim, receiving numerous stage performances throughout Bombay. Braz's talent transcended geographical boundaries as she also traveled to various [[Gulf countries]] to showcase her ''tiatr'' performances abroad.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Philomena Braz.jpg|thumb|upright|Braz during her youth]]
Filomena Piedade Bras originally hailed from [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dude looks like a lady |url=https://www.thegoan.net//dude-looks-like-a-lady/2759.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> She entered into a marital union with Bernabe Caitano Do Rosario Inacio Crasto and together they had a daughter named Candida "Candy" Crasto (b. 1974) in Bombay<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Serrao |first=Adv. Ravita |date=28 January 2021 |title=Affidavit |url=https://www.goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2021/2021-44-SIII-OG-0.pdf |journal=Official Gazette Government of Goa |volume=3 |issue=44 |pages=1085 |via=Goa Printing Press}}</ref> and later married [[seafarer]] Dennis Rebello, who was employed on the [[MV Queen of the Oceans]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2011 |title=DEATH Philomena Braz e. Crasto |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=30}}</ref> According to the book titled ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'', published in 2000, Braz is mentioned as hailing from Orlim, [[Salcete]], while also having a residence with her family at [[Dockyard Road]], [[Mazagon]], Bombay.<ref name=":0" />

On 15 February 2011, Braz died at the Grace Intensive Cardiac Hospital in [[Margao, Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027073241/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1963
|''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamond jubilee of 'Amchem Noxib' to be marked in Porvorim |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/diamond-jubilee-of-%E2%80%98amchem-noxib%E2%80%99-to-be-marked-in-porvorim/100179.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614082734/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/diamond-jubilee-of-%E2%80%98amchem-noxib%E2%80%99-to-be-marked-in-porvorim/100179.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1963
|''Zotkaxi Dorji''
|
|Debut ''tiatr''
|rowspan=4"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|
|''Odhi Bakri''
|
|
|-
|
|''Axea''
|
|
|-
|
|''Khuincho Mandament''
|
|All-female cast
|-
|1978
|''Axechi Doxea''
|Director
|
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-04 |title=Kenny Zuzarte Ostorechea rupan tiatr palk porzollaita |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/4_may_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132737/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/4_may_amcho_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4957247}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Braz, Philomena}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Ethir Neechal (soundtrack)

2026-03-13T18:21:30Z

Alicolours:

{{Short description|2013 soundtrack album by Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Ethir Neechal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover = Ethir Neechal soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| released = 11 January 2013
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:11
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Anirudh Ravichander
| prev_title = [[3 (soundtrack)|3]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

'''''Ethir Neechal''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2013 Tamil film of the [[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|same name]] directed by [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]] and produced by [[Dhanush]], starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Priya Anand]] in the lead roles. The film's soundtrack and score is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] in his second feature film after ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012). The six-song album features tracks belonging to varied genres, with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], Dhanush and Durai Senthilkumar. The album was launched on 11 January 2013 by the [[Sony Music India]] label and received positive response from critics.

==Development==
Following the success of the soundtrack of ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012), [[Dhanush]] hired [[Anirudh Ravichander]] to compose the music for ''Ethir Neechal'', marking his second feature film as music director.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-19|title=Dhanush, Anirudh Ravichander get together again?|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/dhanush-anirudh-ravichander-get-together-again-532433.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=News18|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133306/https://www.news18.com/news/india/dhanush-anirudh-ravichander-get-together-again-532433.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack features six songs that belonged to varied genres; [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], Dhanush and [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]] penned lyrics for two songs each. By September 2012, Anirudh had completed four songs in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ethir Neechal final mix in Mumbai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-final-mix-in-Mumbai/articleshow/17307461.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|date=15 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-final-mix-in-Mumbai/articleshow/17307461.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-November, the composer headed to [[Mumbai]] to record vocals for two of the tracks, with one being a melody number, sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh is excited about 'Ethir Neechal'|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-is-excited-about-ethir-neechal-news-tamil-mljki9bjdiesi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125113616/https://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-is-excited-about-ethir-neechal-news-tamil-mljki9bjdiesi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> For the title track "Ethir Neechal" he hired [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] rapper [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anirudh introduces new talent in Tamil - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anirudh-introduces-new-talent-in-Tamil/articleshow/17152908.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|date=15 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anirudh-introduces-new-talent-in-Tamil/articleshow/17152908.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-18|title=Listen: Honey Singh raps for Tamil film 'Ethir Neechal'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/listen-honey-singh-raps-for-tamil-film-ethir-neechal-527272.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=News18|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629222734/https://www.news18.com/news/india/listen-honey-singh-raps-for-tamil-film-ethir-neechal-527272.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Adhi from the duo [[Hiphop Tamizha]], to croon the rap versions of the song.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aadhi raps for Anirudh - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Aadhi-raps-for-Anirudh/articleshow/17228833.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|date=16 November 2012|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719212631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Aadhi-raps-for-Anirudh/articleshow/17228833.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhanush also crooned two songs for the album. During late-November, he started working on the final mixing and mastering of the album, with sound engineer [[Eric Pillai]] handling the supervision at his [[Eric Pillai|Sound of Bombay]] studio in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2012-11-22|title=Anirudh working on Ethir Neechal final mix - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anirudh-working-on-ethir-neechal-final-mix-tamil-news-88463|access-date=2022-01-25|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125113616/https://www.indiaglitz.com/anirudh-working-on-ethir-neechal-final-mix-tamil-news-88463|url-status=live}}</ref> The making of the album was launched by the film's crew members, prior to the audio launch.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ethir Neechal's funny audio making - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechals-funny-audio-making/articleshow/17503028.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|date=15 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720083435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechals-funny-audio-making/articleshow/17503028.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
It was announced that [[Sony Music India]] had brought the marketing rights for the film's soundtrack album.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2012-12-07|title=Ethir Neechal: Sony Entertainment bags audio rights|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ethir-neechal-sony-entertainment-bags-audio-rights-525446.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=News18|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615065804/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ethir-neechal-sony-entertainment-bags-audio-rights-525446.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The company paid more than {{INRConvert|1|c}} to purchase the rights, due to the expectations regarding the film and its music album, as it was Anirudh's second film as a composer and his collaboration with Dhanush after the success of ''3'' and its track "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sony bags Dhanush's Ethir Neechal Audio rights|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1671/sony-bags-dhanushs-ethir-neechal-audio-rights|access-date=2022-01-25|website=www.moviecrow.com|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125115119/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1671/sony-bags-dhanushs-ethir-neechal-audio-rights|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> On 10 December 2012, Anirudh handed the [[Mastering (audio)|master CD]] of the album to Sony Music.<ref name=":0" /> The soundtrack was initially slated to be released on 21 December 2012. However it was not confirmed from official sources.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Ethir Neechal' audio launch before 21st Dec - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-audio-launch-before-10th-Dec/articleshow/17464105.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|date=15 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-audio-launch-before-10th-Dec/articleshow/17464105.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 11 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethir Neechal audio launch on January 11th|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1663/ContactUs.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.moviecrow.com|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133307/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1663/ContactUs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-26|title='Ethir Neechal' audio on Jan 11 - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ethir-neechal-audio-on-dec-14-tamil-news-88858|access-date=2022-01-25|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125113615/https://www.indiaglitz.com/ethir-neechal-audio-on-dec-14-tamil-news-88858|url-status=live}}</ref> The release coincided with the promotional launch event held at [[BIG FM 92.7|92.7 Big FM Radio Station]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethir Neechal Audio from today|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1702/ethir-neechal-audio-from-today|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.moviecrow.com|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133305/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1702/ethir-neechal-audio-from-today|url-status=live}}</ref> with Dhanush, [[Sivakarthikeyan]], Anirudh, Durai Senthilkumar and [[RJ Balaji]] in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Big FM host audio launch of 'Ethir Neechal'|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/big-fm-host-audio-launch-ethir-neechal|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133333/https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/big-fm-host-audio-launch-ethir-neechal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethir Neechal Audio Launch|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/tamil-movies/ethir-neechal-audio-launch/ethir-neechal-audio-launch-event.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.behindwoods.com|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423062425/https://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/tamil-movies/ethir-neechal-audio-launch/ethir-neechal-audio-launch-event.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To make the launch more unique, Dhanush advertised that the film's album would be released on "Internet, CDs, YouTube and piracy sites" which received attention from movie buffs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Offbeat promotions for 'Ethir Neechal' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Offbeat-promotions-for-Ethir-Neechal/articleshow/17609424.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Offbeat-promotions-for-Ethir-Neechal/articleshow/17609424.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhanush's unique Ethir Neechal audio promotions|url=http://m.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-unique-ethir-neechal-audio-promotions-news-tamil-mmoj5Eiifgcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630111246/http://m.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-unique-ethir-neechal-audio-promotions-news-tamil-mmoj5Eiifgcsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-28|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Track listing==
The official track list was released on 9 January 2013, featuring seven tracks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-09|title=Ethir Neechal: Track list of this Tamil film is out|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ethir-neechal-track-list-of-this-tamil-film-is-out-525443.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=News18|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133305/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ethir-neechal-track-list-of-this-tamil-film-is-out-525443.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethir Neechal tracklist - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-tracklist/articleshow/17504173.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-tracklist/articleshow/17504173.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{tracklist
| headline = Ethir Neechal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nijamellam Maranthu Pochu
| lyrics1 = [[Dhanush]]
| extra1 = [[Dhanush]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 03:45
| title2 = Boomi Enna Suthudhe
| lyrics2 = Dhanush
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length2 = 04:18
| title3 = Ethir Neechal
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| extra3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| length3 = 04:29
| title4 = Velicha Poove
| lyrics4 = Vaalee
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 05:10
| title5 = Un Paarvayil
| lyrics5 = [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
| extra5 = Anirudh Ravichander, Vivek Siva
| length5 = 01:37
| title6 = Local Boys
| lyrics6 = R. S. Durai Senthilkumar
| extra6 = Dhanush, [[Velmurugan]]
| length6 = 04:31
| all_writing =
| total_length = 24:11
}}

==Critical reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stating Ethir Neechal isn't as rich as 3 in its sounding, but it's a worthy follow up by composer Anirudh."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethir Neechal - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Ethir-Neechal/articleshow/20381349.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Ethir-Neechal/articleshow/20381349.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Musicperk gave 8 out of 10 starts saying that "Anirudh seals this year".<ref name="musicperk1">{{cite web|title=Ethir Neechal|url=http://www.musicperk.com/ethir-neechal/|access-date=22 April 2013|publisher=musicperk|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185004/http://www.musicperk.com/ethir-neechal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "With Ethir Neechal, Anirudh proves that he's not a one-hit or one-album wonder!"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethir Neechal (Music review), Tamil – Anirudh by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2012/12/14/ethir-neechal-music-review-tamil-anirudh/|access-date=2020-06-28|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133312/https://milliblog.com/2012/12/14/ethir-neechal-music-review-tamil-anirudh/|url-status=live}}</ref> India Study Channel gave 8 out of 10 to the album stating "Anirudh is back with powerful album and Ethitr Neechal is simply the best albums of recent time. It deserves special appreciation as each track belongs to different genre and still keeps the pace and freshness in each track. This is another album that proves that Anirudh is one of the best music directors hat we can rely upon in future."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-05|title=Ethir Neechal music review|url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/159123-ethir-neechal-music-review|access-date=2020-06-28|website=India Study Channel|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133312/https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/159123-ethir-neechal-music-review|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaushik LM reviewed it as "Ethir Neechal is a solid follow-up to 3, though sounding somewhat similar. Anirudh has created a distinct sound for himself very early in his career. Now it's up to this youngster to prove that he can try different styles and genres."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethir Neechal music review|url=http://www.lmkmoviemaniac.com/2012/12/ethir-neechal-music-review.html|access-date=2020-06-28|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133311/http://www.lmkmoviemaniac.com/2012/12/ethir-neechal-music-review.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
The soundtrack to ''Ethir Neechal'' topped the [[iTunes]] charts upon its release on 11 January 2013, surpassing ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'', and continued its position for more than 3-4 weeks.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=297082419117432832|user=anirudhofficial|title=Thank you all for making the Ethir Neechal album number 1 on the ITunes Charts! Couldnt believe that '3' is still there|author=Anirudh Ravichander|date=2013-01-31}}</ref> The tracks eventually listed in the [[Radio Mirchi]] Top 20 weekly charts for more than 5 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Tamil songs on Tamil Mirchi Top20 countdown.|url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=www.radiomirchi.com|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120053337/https://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20|url-status=live}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' listed "Velicha Poove" in their "Top Tamil Songs of 2013".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Tamil Songs of 2013|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-tamil-songs-of-2013/20140117.htm|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125113617/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-tamil-songs-of-2013/20140117.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
[[Category:2013 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]

Panthoi Chanu Elangbam

2026-03-10T18:44:54Z

Alicolours:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Elangbam Panthoi Chanu}}
{{Meitei name|[[Elangbam]]|Panthoi|[[Chanu (name suffix)|Chanu]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Panthoi Chanu
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Panthoi Chanu Elangbam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|2|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Keirak, [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.73 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 1
| youthyears1 = 2008–2012
| youthclubs1 = Kakching WFA
| years1 = 2012–2019
| clubs1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2019–2022
| clubs2 = [[Manipur Police Sports Club|Manipur Police]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–2024
| clubs3 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2024
| clubs4 = [[Metro United WFC|Metro United]]
| caps4 = 14
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2024–
| clubs5 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps5 = 20
| goals5 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2010–2011
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U16]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2012–2015
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps2 = 8
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2014–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 29
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| medaltemplates =
| club-update = 6 April 2024
| nationalteam-update = 10 March 2026
}}

'''Panthoi Chanu Elangbam''' ({{langx|mni|Elangbam Panthoi Chanu}}, born 1 February 1996) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] and [[India women's national football team|India women's football team]]. In March 2024, she played the South Australia Women's [[National Premier Leagues Women's|National Premier Leagues]] for [[Metro United WFC]] to become the first woman from India to play the [[Australian soccer league system|Australian Football League]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Manipur footballer Elangbam Panthoi Chanu becomes 1st Indian to play in Australian Football League |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/manipur-footballer-elangbam-panthoi-chanu-becomes-1st-indian-to-play-in-australian-football-league/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chanu is from Keirak village, [[Kakching district]], Manipur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kini |first=Tanya |date=2024-04-16 |title=Football: Meet Panthoi Chanu Elangbam – the first Indian player to play for an Australian club |url=https://scroll.in/field/1066133/football-meet-panthoi-chanu-elangbam-the-first-indian-player-to-play-for-an-australian-club |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> She is the daughter of Elangbam Chinglenkhomba and Elangbam Ongbi Shanti Leima of Keirak Makha Leikai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=IT Web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Goalkeeper Panthoi Chanu felicitated for AFC Cup qualifier achievement |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/goalkeeper-panthoi-chanu-felicitated-for-afc-cup-qualifier-achievement/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

She started playing football at the local club, Women Football Academy Kakching. In 2012, she moved to [[Eastern Sporting Union]]. She played for Union and Manipur Police in the Indian Women's League and the regional [[Manipur Women's League]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2014 |title=2 Odisha girls in National football team |url=http://orissadiary.com/ShowSportsNews.asp?id=54867 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110302/http://orissadiary.com/ShowSportsNews.asp?id=54867 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Orissa Diary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2016 |title=Indian Women's National team announced for SAFF Championship 2016 |url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/indian_womens_national_team_announced_for_saff_championship_2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105926/https://khelnow.com/news/article/indian_womens_national_team_announced_for_saff_championship_2016 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Khel Now}}</ref> During her early days, she used to travel for 50 km everyday to the Imphal Academy to learn the game.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Chanu first represented the Indian team in 2008 when she played for India under 13 team. Later, she played all age groups, representing India in the under 14, under 16 and under 19 teams.

In December 2022, she along with [[Bala Devi]], moved to Spain where they underwent training cum trial stint at the Spanish [[Segunda Federación (women)|Segunda Federación]] outfit [[Málaga CF Femenino|Málaga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bala-sets-sights-on-spains-top-division/articleshow/96719645.cms |title=Bala sets sights on Spain's top division |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |location=Panaji |first=Marcus |last=Mergulhao |date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |agency=TNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103185128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bala-sets-sights-on-spains-top-division/articleshow/96719645.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, she signed a contract with the second tier [[National Premier Leagues Women's]] club [[Metro United WFC]] in the [[South Australia]]n league, becoming the first Indian footballer to play professional football in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/india-keeper-panthoi-moves-to-australia-with-an-eye-on-a-league/articleshow/108799437.cms|title=India keeper Panthoi moves to Australia with an eye on A-League|date=26 March 2024|access-date=26 March 2024|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/indian-goalkeeper-elangbam-panthoi-chanu-join-metro-united-wfc-46642|title=Indian goalkeeper Panthoi Chanu joins Australian club Metro United WFC|publisher=The Bridge|date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-womens-football-panthoi-chanu-joins-australian-club-metro-united/article67994877.ece|title=Panthoi Chanu, an heir to Aditi Chauhan in the Indian women's team, joins Australian club Metro United|date=26 March 2024|access-date=26 March 2024|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326165809/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-womens-football-panthoi-chanu-joins-australian-club-metro-united/article67994877.ece|archive-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> She was spotted by head coach Paul Morris at the Women in Sports Elite Football Trials in October 2023 and later trained at the A-League club, [[Adelaide United FC (women)|Adelaide United FC]].<ref name=":1" />

In 2025, she was part of the Indian team that participated in the AFC Women’s Asian Cup Qualifier 2026 at Chiang Mai, Thailand. After her return, she was felicitated at a function in her village Keirak.<ref name=":2" />

=== Domestic ===
In the Hero Women’s National Football Championship, she played for Manipur Police and Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF Senior National Team - Elangbam Panthoi Chanu |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57618 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=AIFF}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|10 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=12|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2014
|1
|0
|-
|2015
|0
|0
|-
|2016
|0
|0
|-
|2017
|5
|0
|-
|2018
|0
|0
|-
|2019
|1
|0
|-
|2021
|0
|0
|-
|2022
|0
|0
|-
|2023
|4
|0
|-
|2024
|7
|0
|-
|2025
|8
|0
|-
|2026
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!29
!0
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/11/10/indian-womens-squad-announced-for-saff-championship/ |title=Indian women's squad announced for SAFF Championship |website=India Footy |last=Shukla |first=Abhishek |accessdate=19 February 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907050536/https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/11/10/indian-womens-squad-announced-for-saff-championship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[2016 SAFF Women's Championship|2016]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2016]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/20-selected-in-indian-squad-for-12th-south-asian-games|title=20 selected in Indian squad for 12th South Asian Games|website=AIFF|date=1 February 2016|access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019]]

'''East Bengal'''
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]

'''Eastern Sporting Union'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2016–17 Indian Women's League|2016–17]]

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2019–20 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2019–20]]

'''Individual'''
* Indian Women's League Best Goalkeeper: [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18]]<ref name="the-aiff.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8910|title=RISING STUDENT CLUB CROWNED CHAMPIONS OF HERO IWL|date=14 April 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==

* She bagged the Women's goalkeeper of the year award by AIFF for 2024 season. She played for East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-02 |title=Mohun Bagan Star Subhasish Bose Named India's Best Footballer — Full AIFF Awards List Inside! |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/aiff-2024-25-awards-subhasish-bose-soumya-guguloth-best-indian-footballers/article69530728.ece |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian expatriate footballers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57618 Elangbam Panthoi Chanu] at All India Football Federation
* {{GSA player|elangbam-panthoi/51341}}

{{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chanu, Panthoi}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Women's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Australia]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's soccer players in Australia]]
[[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Dennis Joseph

2026-03-05T12:20:14Z

Alicolours: Created new post

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter (1957–2021)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}

{{Indian name|Dennis|Joseph}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dennis Joseph
| image = Dennis joseph.jpg
| caption = Dennis Joseph in 1980's
| birth_name =
| alma_mater = [[Deva Matha College, Kuravilangad]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Science]])}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1957|10|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ettumanoor]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|05|10|1957|10|20}}
| death_place = [[Ettumanoor]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_cause =
| occupation = {{hlist|Scriptwriter|Director|Journalist}}
| years_active = 1985–2021
| spouse = Leena
| children = 3
}}

'''Dennis Joseph''' (20 October 1957 – 10 May 2021)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/scriptwriter-director-dennis-joseph-no-more/articleshow/82541701.cms | title=Scriptwriter & director Dennis Joseph no more | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 May 2021 | accessdate=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|date=10 May 2021|title=Adieu to Malayalam cinema's master writer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/adieu-to-malayalam-cinemas-master-writer/article34529636.ece |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=10 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> was an Indian scriptwriter and director known for his work in [[Malayalam film]]s. He was active during the 1980s and early 1990s. He frequently collaborated with directors [[Joshiy]] and [[Thambi Kannanthanam]]. He is known for scripting films including ''[[Nirakkoottu]]'' (1985), ''[[Rajavinte Makan]]'' (1986), ''[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]'' (1986), ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' (1987), ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' (1990), ''[[Kottayam Kunjachan]]'' (1990), ''[[Indrajaalam]]'' (1990), ''[[Akashadoothu]]'' (1993), ''[[Palayam (film)|Palayam]]'' (1994), and ''[[F. I. R. (1999 film)|F.I.R.]]'' (1999). He also directed five films, including ''[[Manu Uncle]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]] in 1988 and the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film|Kerala State Film Award for the Best Children's Film]] in 1989.{{citation needed |date=March 2023}}

==Early life==
Dennis was born on 20 October 1957 in [[Ettumanoor]], [[Kottayam district]] to M. L. Joseph and Eliyamma Joseph.<ref name="TimesOfIndiaNoMore">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=10 May 2021|title=Dennis Joseph no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dennis-joseph-no-more/article34529753.ece|access-date=10 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His father worked in the [[Indian Air Force]], while his mother worked as a local teacher.<ref name="OnmanoramaManyHitFilms"/> However, he was also born into a film-making family, being a nephew of actors [[Jose Prakash]],[[Prem Prakash]] and cousins with [[bobby-sanjay]].<ref name="IndiaExpressPassesAway">{{Cite web|date=10 May 2021|title=Malayalam screenwriter-director Dennis Joseph passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-screenwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-7309859/|access-date=10 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He was also the nephew to Francis , who would go on to be a producer of the 1974 film ''[[Shapamoksham]]''.<ref name="OnmanoramaManyHitFilms"/> He attended the Ettumanoor Government High School, followed by [[Deva Matha College, Kuravilangad]], where he studied for a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] degree in [[Chemistry]] and D.Pharm from lissy hospital kochi.<ref name="TimesOfIndiaNoMore"/><ref name="OnmanoramaManyHitFilms"/>

==Career==
Dennis' career began at the Malayalam-language film magazine ''Cut Cut'', where he worked as a sub-editor to the cartoonist [[B. M. Gafoor]]. During his stint at the magazine, he interviewed prominent actors in the Malayalam film industry, as well as spending time at filming locations.<ref name="OnmanoramaManyHitFilms">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Joseph, who scripted many hit Malayalam films, dies |author=Onmanorama Staff |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=10 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/10/malayalam-script-writer-directior-dennis-joseph-passed-away.html}}</ref> Dennis made his debut into cinema in 1985, as the scriptwriter for the [[Jeassy]] film ''[[Eeran Sandhya]]'', a film which saw [[Mammootty]] star alongside [[Shobana]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and Dennis' uncle Jose Prakash.<ref name="OnmanoramaManyHitFilms" /><ref name="IndiaExpressPassesAway" /> He followed this by writing the screenplay for ''[[Nirakkoottu]]'', also in 1985.<ref name="TimesOfIndiaNoMore" /> Directed by [[Joshi (director)|Joshiy]], [[Nirakkoottu]], whose cast included Mammootty, [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Lizy (actress)|Lizzy]] and [[Sumalatha]], told the story of a prisoner who seeks revenge for his wife's murder.<ref name="film_Past">{{Cite web |title=Past To Present: Who Can Replace Mammootty & Sumalatha If Nirakkoottu Is Remade Now? |author=Akhila Menon |work=FilmiBeat |date=27 January 2017 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/who-can-replace-mammootty-and-sumalatha-if-nirakkoottu-is-remade-now-prithviraj-nayantara-252829.html}}</ref>

''Nirakkoottu'' was a success, leading Dennis to write a series of other films in the subsequent years. This included ''[[Rajavinte Makan]]'', loosely adapted from ''Rage of Angels'', a novel by [[Sidney Sheldon]], which was released in 1986. Directed by [[Thampi Kannanthanam]], this film was a huge success at the box office. Appearing as Vincent Gomas, a crime boss, [[Mohanlal]] successfully mesmerized the moviegoers and the film raised his stardom.<ref name="full_From">{{Cite web |title=From Shakespeare to Sidney Sheldon – Malayalam films inspired by Foreign books |author=Aradhya Kurup |work=fullpicture.in |date=27 October 2016 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url=http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/66/from-shakespeare-to-.html |archive-date=13 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813151157/http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/66/from-shakespeare-to-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similarly, after around many flops, [[Mammootty]] was in the darkest days of his career in the period 1986–87, when Dennis scripted ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]''.<ref name="film_Mala">{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Films Which Gave The Much Needed Breakthrough To Our Stars! |author=Abhijith |work=FilmiBeat |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/malayalam-films-which-gave-breakthrough-to-our-stars/articlecontent-pf184624-242490.html}}</ref> Directed by [[Joshiy]], this film was also a loose adaptation of an English novel, [[Irving Wallace]]'s ''The Almighty''. Completely shot in and around [[Delhi]], and went on to become the comeback film of [[Mammootty]].<ref name="film_30Ye">{{Cite web |title=30 Years Of Mammootty's New Delhi: Some Interesting Facts About The Movie |author=Abhijith |work=FilmiBeat |date=25 July 2017 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/30-years-mammootty-s-new-delhi-some-interesting-facts-about-the-movie/articlecontent-pf214358-266241.html}}</ref>

Dennis was to have made his directorial debut with ''Venmegha Hamsangal''. The film was shelved after 7 days of filming due to the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Rajinikanth’s incomplete Malayalam film was shelved due to Gulf War after seven days of shoot, he was ready to do it for free |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/rajinikanth-incomplete-malayalam-film-shelved-gulf-war-did-it-for-free-10564571/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 1988, Dennis made his directorial debut with critically acclaimed ''Manu Uncle s''tarring Mammootty,{{Cn|date=November 2021}} and the film featured a comedic police officer played by [[Suresh Gopi]].<ref name="moll_Moll">{{Cite web |title=Mollywood's Top 5 Last Minute Changes That was Worth Gold - Mollywood Live |author=Sherin |work=Mollywood Live |date=28 May 2020 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url=https://mollywoodlive.com/?p=85%7CMollywood%E2%80%99s |quote=Minnal Prathapan |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211858/https://mollywoodlive.com/?p=85%7CMollywood%E2%80%99s |url-status=dead }}</ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]] in 1988 and the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film|Kerala State Film Award for the Best Children's Film]] in 1989.{{Cn|date=November 2021}}

Dennis continued writing scripts throughout the 1990s and 2000s; his last released film to date being 2013's ''[[Geethanjali (2013 film)|Geethanjali]]'', directed by [[Priyadarshan]]. He then took a hiatus from writing until 2020 when he announced a collaboration with director [[Omar Lulu]] on a film called ''Power Star''.<ref name="time_Omar"/>

==Personal life and death==
Dennis was married to Leena and had three children – Elizabeth, Rossy, and Jose.<ref name="OnmanoramaManyHitFilms"/>

He died on 10 May 2021, in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] from [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/entertainment-news-south-news-trending-south-entertainment-news-legendary-malayalam-screenwriter-and-director-dennis-joseph-passes-away-due-to-covid-19-1824990/?fbclid=IwAR3lG7XkGKroBabfnPQRxxasoLlc_RSmB_MYCkOLpXEoN0wo8paFaNUksGQ | title=Legendary Malayalam screenwriter and director Dennis Joseph passes away due to COVID-19 | date=10 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIndiaNoMore" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. k Ajith|date=10 May 2021|title=Adieu to Malayalam cinema's master writer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/adieu-to-malayalam-cinemas-master-writer/article34529636.ece|access-date=10 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="IndiaExpressPassesAway" /><ref name="TheWeekHitFilmsDies">{{Cite web|title=Dennis Joseph, scriptwriter of 'Rajavinte Makan', 'No.20 Madras Mail' and other hit films, dies|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/05/10/dennis-joseph-scriptwriter-of-rajavinte-makan-no-20-madras-mail-and-other-hit-films-dies.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2021|title=Malayalam film director and screenwriter Dennis Joseph passes away|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/malayalam-film-director-and-screenwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-984555.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഡെന്നിസ് ജോസഫ്|url=https://m3db.com/dennis-joseph-0|access-date=2021-05-17|website=M3DB.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Malayalam Movies screenplay written by Dennis Joseph|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listmovies.php?tot=34&sp=1902&p=1|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>

=== As writer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|- 2014 thomson villa abin jacob
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Director
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985
! scope="row" |''[[Eeran Sandhya]]''
| [[Jeassy]]
|
| <ref name="OnmanoramaManyHitFilms" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Nirakkoottu]]''
| rowspan="6" | [[Joshiy]]
|
| <ref name="theh_Adie">{{Cite web |title=Adieu to Dennis Joseph, Malayalam cinema's master writer |author=P. K. Ajith Kumar |work=The Hindu |date=10 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/adieu-to-malayalam-cinemas-master-writer/article34529636.ece}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1986
! scope="row" |''[[Sayam Sandhya]]''
|
| <ref name="onma_From" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aayiram Kannukal]]''
|
| <ref name="unii_Note">{{Cite web |title=Noted Malayalam scriptwriter Dennis Joseph dies |last=Service |first=Uniindia News |work=United News of India |date=10 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.uniindia.com/noted-malayalam-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-dies/south/news/2392396.html}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]''
|
| {{Cn|date=November 2021}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Nyayavidhi]]''
|Dialogues Only
| <ref name="onma_From" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Veendum]]''
|
| <ref name="IndiaExpressPassesAway" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Pranamam]]''
| [[Bharathan]]
|
| <ref name="newi_Denn" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Rajavinte Makan]]''
| [[Thambi Kannanthanam]]
|
| <ref name="theh_Adie" />
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1987
! scope="row" |''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]''
| [[Joshiy]]
|
| <ref name="theh_Adie" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]]''
| [[Thambi Kannanthanam]]
|
| {{Cn|date=November 2021}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kathakku Pinnil]]''
| [[K. G. George]]
|
| <ref name="onma_From">{{Cite web |title=From back-to-back flops to housefull shows: Dennis Joseph on Mammootty's comeback via 'New Delhi' |author=Onmanorama Staff |work=Malayala Manorama |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/05/11/dennis-joseph-on-mammootty-comeback-new-delhi-movie.html}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Vazhiyorakazchakal]]''
| [[Thambi Kannanthanam]]
|
| <ref name="unii_Note" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988
! scope="row" |''[[Dhinarathrangal]]''
| rowspan="4" | [[Joshiy]]
|
| <ref name="full_5mag">{{Cite web |title=5 magical director-scriptwriter combinations! |author=Miya Mathew |work=fullpicture.in |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url=http://fullpicture.in/regular-detail/65/5-magical-director-s.html |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511190720/http://fullpicture.in/regular-detail/65/5-magical-director-s.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Thanthram]]''
|
| <ref name="IndiaExpressPassesAway" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sangham (1988 film)|Sangham]]''
|
| <ref name="unii_Note" />
|-
| 1989
! scope="row" |''[[Nair Saab]]''
|
| <ref name="thef_Denn">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Joseph: The man who made Mammootty and Mohanlal superstars - The Federal |author= |work=The Federal |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://thefederal.com/entertainment/dennis-joseph-the-man-who-made-mammootty-and-mohanlal-superstars/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1990
! scope="row" |''[[Indrajaalam]]''
| [[Thambi Kannanthanam]]
|
| {{Cn|date=November 2021}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kottayam Kunjachan]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|
| <ref name="unii_Note" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]''
| [[Joshiy]]
|
| <ref name="time_Didy">{{Cite web |title=Did you know Mammootty wasn't part of the original cast of 'No. 20 Madras Mail'? |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mammootty-wasnt-part-of-the-original-cast-of-no-20-madras-mail/articleshow/80482611.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Oliyampukal]]''
| [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
|
| <ref name="newi_Denn">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Joseph: From human relations to vengeful underworld, he gifted us everything - The New Indian Express |author=Shibu B S |work=newindianexpress.com |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/May/11/dennis-joseph-from-human-relations-to-vengeful-underworld-he-gifted-us-everything-2300966.html}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
! scope="row" |''[[Thudar Katha]]''
| ''Himself''
| Story Only
| <ref name="engl_Lege" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992
! scope="row" |''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|
| <ref name="film_Scre">{{Cite web |title=Screenwriter-Director Dennis Joseph Passes Away; Mohanlal, Mammootty & Other Celebs Offer Condolences |author=Sruthi Hemachandran |work=FilmiBeat |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2021/screenwriter-director-dennis-joseph-passes-away-mohanlal-mammootty-other-celebs-offer-condolence-313702.html?story=2}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mahanagaram]]''
| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|
| <ref name="kera_Famo">{{Cite web |title=Famous screenwriter and director Dennis Joseph passes away |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |date=10 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=546365}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Maanyanmar]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|
| <ref>{{cite book |page=278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |publisher=Routledge |year=2014|isbn = 9781135943189}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1993
! scope="row" |''[[Sarovaram (film)|Sarovaram]]''
| [[Jeassy]]
|
| <ref name="engl_Moha" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Arthana]]''
|[[I. V. Sasi]]
|Story Only
|{{Cn|date=November 2021}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Akashadoothu]]''
| [[Sibi Malayil]]
|
| <ref name="newi_Denn" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Gandharvam]]''
| [[Sangeeth Sivan]]
|
| <ref name="IndiaExpressPassesAway" />
|-
| 1994
! scope="row" |''[[Palayam (film)|Palayam]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|
| <ref name="theh_Denn">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Joseph no more |author= |work=The Hindu |date=10 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dennis-joseph-no-more/article34529753.ece}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995
! scope="row" |''[[Agrajan]]''
| ''Himself''
|
| <ref name="engl_Lege">{{Cite web |title=Legendary Malayalam scriptwriter and director Dennis Joseph passes away |author=P. C. Thomas |work=News Track |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://english.newstracklive.com/news/legendary-malayalam-scriptwriter-and-director-dennis-joseph-passes-away-sc1-nu318-ta318-1159363-1.html}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Indian Military Intelligence]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2841|title=Indian Military Intelligence|accessdate=2 November 2014|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?1699|title=Indian Military Intelligence|accessdate=2 November 2014|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
! scope="row" |''[[Bhoopathi (1997 film)|Bhoopathi]]''
| [[Joshiy]]
|
| <ref name="film_Bhoo">{{Cite web |title=Bhoopathi (1997) |author= |work=FilmiBeat |date= |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/bhoopathi.html}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Shibiram]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|
| <ref name="bhar_Shib">{{Cite web |title=Shibiram |author= |work=bharatmovies.com |date= |access-date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.bharatmovies.com/malayalam/info/shibiram.htm |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511191207/https://www.bharatmovies.com/malayalam/info/shibiram.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1999
! scope="row" |''[[F. I. R. (1999 film)|F. I. R.]]''
| [[Shaji Kailas]]
|
| <ref name="kera_When">{{Cite web |title=When this 'creator' of Rajavinte Makan, New Delhi drew a blank... |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |date=19 December 2019 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=208761&u=when-memory-drew-a-blank-for-this-%E2%80%98creator%E2%80%99-of-rajavinte-makan-new-delhi-and-more...-208761}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" |''[[Phantom (2002 film)|Phantom]]''
| Biju Varkey
|
| <ref name="bhar_Biju">{{Cite web |title=Biju Varkey movies list |author= |work=bharatmovies.com |date= |access-date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.bharatmovies.com/director/biju-varkey-movies.htm |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511194051/https://www.bharatmovies.com/director/biju-varkey-movies.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2004
! scope="row" |''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Pramod Pappan]]
|
| <ref name="time_Omar" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
! scope="row" |''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskara Veeran]]''
|
| <ref name="time_Omar" />
|-
! scope="row" |''December''
|Asok R. Nath
|
|{{Cn|date=November 2021}}
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" |''Chirattakalippattangal''
| [[Jose Thomas]]
|
| <ref name="mubi_Denn" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
! scope="row" |''Abraham & Lincoln''
|Pramod Pappan
|
|{{Cn|date=November 2021}}
|-
! scope="row" |''Ayur Rekha''
| G. M. Manu
|
| <ref name="film_Ayur">{{Cite web |title=Ayur Rekha - Preview |author= |work=FilmiBeat |date=24 September 2007 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2007/ayur-rekha-preview-240907.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
! scope="row" |''[[Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko]]''
| Haridas Keshavan
|
| <ref name="rott_Kadh">{{Cite web |title=Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko (2009) |author= |work=Rotten Tomatoes |date= |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kadha_samvidhanam_kunchakko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Patham Nilayile Theevandi]]''
| [[Joshy Mathew]]
|
| <ref name="mubi_Denn">{{Cite web |title=Dennis Joseph – Screenwriter |author= |work=mubi.com |date= |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://mubi.com/cast/dennis-joseph/films?cast_member_credit=screenplay}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" |''[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|
| <ref name="engl_Moha">{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal, Mammootty, other stars mourn demise of Dennis Joseph |author= |work=Mathrubhumi |date= |access-date=11 May 2021 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-mammootty-other-stars-mourn-demise-of-dennis-joseph-1.5657511 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511193825/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-mammootty-other-stars-mourn-demise-of-dennis-joseph-1.5657511 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" |''[[Geethanjali (2013 film)|Geethanjali]]''
| [[Priyadarshan]]
|Dialogues Only
| <ref name="time_Omar" />
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" |''Thomson Villa''
| Abin Jacob
|
| <ref name="newi_Denn" />
|-
| TBA
! scope="row" |''Power Star''
| Omar Lulu
|
| <ref name="time_Omar">{{Cite web |title=Omar Lulu on Dennis Joseph's sudden demise: Sir had completed the script of 'Power Star' and we had a chat two days ago - Times of India |author=Silpa Rajan |work=The Times of India |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/omar-lulu-on-dennis-josephs-sudden-demise-sir-had-completed-the-script-of-power-star-and-we-had-a-chat-two-days-ago/articleshow/82543882.cms?}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 1988|| ''[[Manu Uncle]]'' || rowspan="2" | Written by himself but credited as [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
|-
| 1989||''[[Adharvam]]''
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Appu (1990 film)|Appu]]''||Written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
|-
| 1991|| ''[[Thudar Katha]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 ||''[[Agrajan]]''||

|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0430573}}
{{Dennis Joseph}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Dennis}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Money Back Policy (film)

2026-03-03T20:44:06Z

Alicolours: update layout for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Money Back Policy
| image = Money-Back-Policy-2013.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Jayaraj Vijay]]
| producer = Manoj Ramsingh
| writer = Manoj Ramsingh
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Sreenivasan]]|[[Nedumudi Venu]]|Aishwarya Nambiar|[[Sarayu Mohan]]|[[Sreejith Vijay]]}}
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = Murali Raman
| editing = K. Sreenivas
| studio = Marvelous Entertainments
| distributor = Movie 2 Screen International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|21}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Money Back Policy''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2013|2013]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Jayaraj Vijay]], written and produced by Manoj Ramsingh. Starring, [[Sreenivasan]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. Aishwarya Nambiar, [[Sarayu Mohan]], [[Sreejith Vijay]], Jayan Cherthala and [[Indrans]] play other main roles.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jisha G Nair |title=A ploy to get your money back |date=21 June 2013 |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14349475&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629090902/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14349475&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Money Back Policy |date= 20 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-20/previews/40093051_1_money-policy-sreenivasan-rupa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817210856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-20/previews/40093051_1_money-policy-sreenivasan-rupa |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film tells the story of Ashokan, a security guard in a luxury hotel. Although his surroundings and friends grow, he has a zero growth. He is envious of rich people but he trains his wife and children to lead a simple life in order to hide his jealous nature. Fortune favours him when he learns that he has inherited a huge sum from his ancestors. He gives up his job to live a lavish life and to make more money. Life changes for Ashokan when he meets Rupa, an insurance company advisor.

==Cast==
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Ashokan V. K.
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as C. P. Onachan
* Aishwarya Nambiar as Rupa
* [[Sarayu Mohan]] as Urmila, Ashokan's wife
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as Prem, Chief Executive of Hamnet Builders & Developers
* [[Sreejith Vijay]] as Kiran
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Adv. Chandrakanth, Legal Advisor of Hamnet Builders & Developers
* [[Achuth Mohandas]] as a Leading Nameless Character Found On Ashokan's Travel By Bus

* Lakshmi Sanal as Hostel Warden
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Shritha Sivadas]] as Girl in bus (cameo appearance)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
www.facebook.com/moneybackpolicy

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{2010s-comedy-film-stub}}

Shibu (film)

2026-03-03T20:30:42Z

Alicolours: new new info

{{Short description|2019 movie by Arjun Prabhakaran and Gokul Ramakrishnan}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shibu
| image = Shibu_movie_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Shibu movie poster
| director = [[Arjun Prabhakaran]] & [[Gokul Ramakrishnan]]
| producer = Kaargo Cinemas
| writer =
| screenplay = Arjun, Gokul & Praneesh Vijayan
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Karthik Ramakrishnan]] [[Anju Kurian]] [[Lukman Avaran]] [[Salim Kumar]] [[Biju Kuttan]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Sachin Warrier]]
| cinematography = Shabeer Ahammed
| editing = Noufal Abdullah
| studio = Kaargo Cinemas
| distributor = UK studios
| released = {{Film date|2019|07|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shibu''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by duo directors [[Arjun Prabhakaran]] and [[Gokul Ramakrishnan]], written by Praneesh, and produced by Kaargo Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/the-story-of-dileep-fan-releases-its-first-look-poster-malayalam-news-212229|title='Aravindante Athidhikal' release date is here! - Malayalam News|date=2018-04-23|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/film-news/shibu-malayalam-movie-teaser-is-out/|title=സിനിമയ്ക്കുള്ളിലെ സിനിമയും മനോഹരമായ പ്രണയവുമായി ഷിബു; ടീസര്‍ {{!}} Southlive Malayalam: Kerala News, Malayalam News, Breaking News, Movie News, Political News|last=jo|date=27 March 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> It features [[Karthik Ramakrishnan]], [[Anju Kurian]], [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Salim Kumar]], and [[Biju Kuttan]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/shibu/movieshow/69968971.cms|title='Shibu Malayalam movie' times of india article}}</ref> [[Sachin Warrier]] composed the music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dileep-fan-movie-shibu-first-look/|title=ദിലീപ് ആരാധകന്‍ 'ഷിബു' എത്തുന്നു|date=2018-04-23|website=Indian Express Malayalam|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> It was released on 19 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/shibu-to-release-this-june-news-malayalam-tf3jLjfegifeh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529140159/http://www.sify.com/movies/shibu-to-release-this-june-news-malayalam-tf3jLjfegifeh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2019|title='Shibu' to release this June|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/06/04/shibu-malayalam-movie-trailer.html|title=ദിലീപ് ആരാധകന്റെ ചിത്രം; ഷിബു ട്രെയിലര്‍|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> Film is loosely based on a hard-core fan of Actor [[Dileep]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ദിലീപ് ആരാധകൻ്റെ കഥ പറയുന്ന 'ഷിബു'; ഉടൻ തീയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/the-story-of-a-dileep-fan-shibu-movie-all-set-for-release/articleshow/66577174.cms |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shibu is a young guy from an aspiring small town. He tries hard to achieve his dreams, but gets rejected by all. Then he hears about a film institute and he manages to convince his family to let him join the institute. There, instead of learning about cinema, he gets confused. He quits the film institute and tries to make a zero budget film casting his brother in law as the hero and chooses supporting actors from random people he meets. But the shoot goes wrong and turns into chaos and an actor is accidentally killed by Shibu. Then he desperately tries to cover up the murder. Meanwhile, he meets with a girl named Kalyani in a match-making meet and how their aspirations brings them together forms the rest of the story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vellinakshatram.com/online/news/shibu-malayalam-movie-traile_2019-06-04.php|title=എനിക്ക് ദിലീപേട്ടനെ ഒന്ന് പരിചയപ്പെടുത്തി തരുമോ ? : ഷിബു ട്രെയിലർ എത്തി !!!|website=www.vellinakshatram.com/online/|language=en|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Karthik Ramakrishnan]] as Shibu
* [[Anju Kurian]] as Kalyani
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Dr. Thomas
* [[Biju Kuttan]] as Prahladhan
* [[Lukman Avaran]] as Habeeb
* [[Vinod Kovoor]] as Producer
* [[Rajan P Dev|Unni Rajan P Dev]] as Antappan
* [[Sneha Sreekumar]] as Kalyanis friend
* Aiswarya Padmakumar as Suhara
* [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Satheesh Kupleri
* Kannan Sagar as Bhuvanan
* Badra as Shibu's Mom
* Kshama Krishnan as Sheeba
* Sharan as Siddique
* Sundarpandiyan as Police Officer
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Eastman Narayanan
* [[Naseer Sankranthi]] as Kambikaadu
* Vaishnavi Warrior as Sandhya
* Gopika as Suhara's Friend
* Anagha as Kalyani's Friend
* Roslyn as Short film actress
* Shyni Sara as Kalyani's mother
* Janish Jinu as Kuttan
* Ajith as Suhail
* Rajesh Paravoor as Attender
* Pavithran as Police Constable
* Rajesh Panavalli as Marriage Broker
}}

==Production==
The film has music by Sachin Warrier. Sachin wrote about it, "‘Omal Kanmani’ composed by [[Bijibal]] sir from the 2015 movie ‘[[32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam]]’ is a song that's close to heart among the ones I’ve sung so far. The directors of the movie, Arjun and Gokul came to me to narrate a story recently, and I had a lot of fun listening to it. I believe it'll turn out to be an interesting film. Super happy to associate with Arjun and Gokul, as a composer in their second film" said Sachin Warrier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/director-duo-gokul-and-arjun-to-work-on-their-next-film-article75395.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208031514/https://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/director-duo-gokul-and-arjun-to-work-on-their-next-film-article75395.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2018|title=Director duo Gokul And Arjun To Work On Their Next Film|date=2018-02-02|website=Desimartini|language=en|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/movies/profile/shibu|title=malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam Film news, Malayalam Movie Actors & Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies|website=www.malayalamcinema.com|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> Arun Gopi director of [[Dileep]] starer movie [[Ramaleela]] released first look poster of the film in April 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/another-hardcore-fan-based-movie-this-time-for-dileep/articleshow/63921957.cms|title=Another hardcore fan based movie, this time for Dileep - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> Actor [[Dileep]] released trailer of the film in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/videos/dileep-releases-trailer-shibu/|title=Dileep releases the trailer of Shibu|last=Madhu|first=Vignesh|date=2019-06-04|website=onlookersmedia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/dileep-releases-teaser-of-shibu--pp0mb6|title=സിനിമയും പ്രണയവും പറഞ്ഞു 'ഷിബു'വിന്റെ ടീസർ|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shibu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin Warrier]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|07|19}}
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = Kaargo Cinemas
| prev_title = [[Katheyondu Shuruvagide]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Pookkalam]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external music video| type=soundtrack|header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|yJ9fchjDuH0|Shibu}}
}}
}}

Lyrics are written by [[Manu Manjith]] and Vinayak Sasikumar, all music is composed by [[Sachin Warrier]] and Vignesh Baskaran.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shibu-teaser-released/articleshow/69539631.cms|title=Shibu teaser released - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title5 = Njan ara
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| length6 =
| title6 =
| length5 = 3:05
| extra5 = Rex Rapper
| length4 = {{Duration|3:20}}
| extra4 = Rajalakshmi
| title1 = Aliyukayayi
| title4 = Swapnalokam
| all_writing =
| length3 = {{Duration|03:55}}
| extra3 = Anwar Sadat
| title3 = Oru Poo Chendu
| length2 = {{Duration|04:00}}
| extra2 = [[K. S. Harisankar]]
| title2 = Pularum Vare
| length1 = {{Duration|04:21}}
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)]]
| total_length =
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 19 July 2019 across 80 screens in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.com/reviews/shibu-malayalam-movie-review/|title=പ്രണയവും തമാശകളും നിറഞ്ഞ 'ഷിബു '|date=2019-07-19|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed reviews, with 2.5 stars out of 5 from Anandh Vishnu of ''[[Samayam]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/salim-kumar-karthik-ramakrishnan-starrer-shibu-malayalam-movie-review-rating/moviereview/70286729.cms|title=ഷിബു|date=2019-07-19|website=Samayam Malayalam|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> while Deepika Jayaram in ''[[Times of India]]'' gave it 2 stars out of 5, criticising the story and the actors' performances.<ref>{{Citation|title=Shibu Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Shibu by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/shibu/movie-review/70291062.cms|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0G9I5S8YEPRJK76KNQ3ZVFPP8B/ref=atv_dp_share_cu_r Amazon Prime Video]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10405902}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shibu movie}}
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin Warrier]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy-drama films]]

Meendum Kokila

2026-03-03T05:18:34Z

Alicolours: cleanup page for clarity

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Meendum Kokila.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[G. N. Rangarajan]]
| screenplay = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2018 |title=37 வருடத்துக்குப் பிறகு 'மீண்டும் கோகிலா' : இயக்குனர் நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/23257/Kamalhassan-s-Meendum-kokila-re-released |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324191823/https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
| story = Haasan Brothers
| producer = T. R. Srinivasan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kamal Haasan]]|[[Sridevi]]|[[Unni Mary|Deepa]]}}
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = K. R. Ramalingam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Charuchitra Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|1|14|ref1=}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Meendum Kokila''''' ({{translation|Kokila, again}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[G. N. Rangarajan]] from a screenplay written by [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] and a story by Haasan Brothers. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sridevi]]. [[Unni Mary|Deepa]], [[Suruli Rajan]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]] and [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] are featured in supporting roles. The narrative follows a young woman who fights to win back her husband after his infatuation with an actress.

''Meendum Kokila'' was released theatrically on 14 January 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meendum Kokila (1981) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/meendum-kokila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324191827/https://screen4screen.com/movies/meendum-kokila |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> Upon its release, the film was a critical and commercial success. For her performance, Sridevi received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]. The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Chilipi Mogudu'' and released on 4 September 1981.<ref name="Chilipi Mogudu">{{Cite web |title=Chilipi Mogudu |url=https://indiancine.ma/BINN/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230328025911/https://indiancine.ma/BINN/info |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2021}}
Subramaniam, a lawyer, is married to Kokila and has a daughter. Things go well until he meets Kamini, a movie star, at a party. He gets attracted to Kamini and becomes ready to sacrifice his own family for her. Kokila's efforts in bringing back her husband form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Subramaniam
* [[Sridevi]] as Kokila
* [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Kamini
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Film Director
* [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Neighbour
* [[A. R. Srinivasan]] as Auditor
* "Nagesh" Krishnamurthy as Moorthy
* [[Anju (actress)|Baby Anju]] as Manju Subramaniam
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Nattuvanar
* [[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Film Star
}}

== Production ==
The film was originally directed by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] with [[Sridevi]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Bollywood]] actress [[Rekha]]—in her [[Tamil cinema]] debut—playing the lead roles.<ref name="Dina Thanthi">{{Cite news |date=16 June 2008 |title=வரலாற்றுச்சுவடுகள் – திரைப்பட வரலாறு 944 – கமல்–ஸ்ரீதேவி நடித்த ''மீண்டும் கோகிலா'' |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1980 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T.M. |title=Rekha's first Tamil movie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHpTAAAAYAAJ&q=Meendum+Kokila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324191823/https://books.google.com/books?id=WHpTAAAAYAAJ&q=Meendum+Kokila |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=7 June 2013 |magazine=Film World}}</ref> Rekha was the original choice for the role of Kamini, and scenes featuring her were shot till 3000 feet.<ref name="Dina Thanthi" /> Mahendran opted out of the film after a song sequence was shot. Later, as the film progressed, Rekha pulled out, citing no reason.<ref name="Dina Thanthi" /> It was Haasan who requested [[G. N. Rangarajan]] to take over the film as director.<ref name="Dina Thanthi" /> Rekha's father [[Gemini Ganesan]] claimed he told her not to play "second fiddle" to Sridevi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K.N. |date=18 August 1998 |title=Gemini speaks his mind |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tsBhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6754%2C4522934 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001181832/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tsBhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6754%2C4522934 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=23 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Rekha was replaced by [[Unni Mary|Deepa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panicker |first=Prem |date=10 October 2003 |title=The magic that is Rekha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/10rekha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919072830/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/10rekha.htm |archive-date=19 September 2013 |access-date=7 June 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 1981 |title=Malayalam actress Deepa stumbles on a role that paves the way for a glittery future |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19810531-malayalam-actress-deepa-stumbles-on-a-role-that-paves-the-way-for-a-glittery-future-772921-2013-11-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324191823/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19810531-malayalam-actress-deepa-stumbles-on-a-role-that-paves-the-way-for-a-glittery-future-772921-2013-11-22 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Haasan's character in the film twitches his eye, for which he took inspiration from cricketer [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=I was supposed to play Yugi Sethu's role in Panchathanthiram: Srikkanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-supposed-to-play-yugi-sethus-role-in-panchathanthiram-srikkanth/articleshow/73760558.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415090824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-supposed-to-play-yugi-sethus-role-in-panchathanthiram-srikkanth/articleshow/73760558.cms |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the film was screen for the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], Rangarajan feared it would be given an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]], but to his relief it was given [[U certificate (India)|U (unrestricted)]] without any cuts.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=21 November 1982 |title=கமலை டா போட்டு அழைப்பவர் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1982-11-21/kalki1982-11-21.pdf |access-date=12 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–53 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meendum Kokila |url=https://avdigital.in/products/meendum-kokila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722024357/https://avdigital.in/products/meendum-kokila |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=AVDigital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meendum Kokilla (1981) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000095 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005071402/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000095 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=6 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Radha Radha Nee" is set in the raga [[Shuddha Saveri]] whereas "Chinnan Chiru Vayathil" is set in [[Abheri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=3 August 2012 |title=A raga's journey: Joyful Suddha Saveri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3722266.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085030/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3722266.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> For the dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Chilipi Mogudu'', lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] and [[Aarudra]].<ref name="Chilipi Mogudu" />

;Tamil
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Chinna Chiru Vayathil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || 04:32
|-
| "Hey Oraiyiram" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan=2|[[Panchu Arunachalam]] || 03:55
|-
| "Ponnana Meni" || K. J. Yesudas, [[S. Janaki]] || 04:30
|-
| "Radha Radha Nee" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || Kannadasan || 04:27
|}
;Telugu
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ninna Sandhya Velalo" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] || rowspan="3" | [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] || 03:20
|-
| "Radha Radha – Duet" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]] || 03:26
|-
| "Oh Chinna Maata" || [[G. Anand]], S. P. Sailaja || 03:22
|-
| "Hey Oorinchaku" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || [[Aarudhra]] || 02:56
|}

== Reception ==
Nalini Sastry of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded Rangarajan's direction, Ananthu's dialogues, Viswanathan's cinematography and the performances of the main cast.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=8 February 1981 |title=மீண்டும் கோகிலா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-02-08/page/n53/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230328025600/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-02-08/page/n53/mode/2up |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=26 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–53 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Sridevi received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sir Stanley Reed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=Bennett, Coleman. |year=1984 |pages=234 |access-date=7 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729074809/https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=29 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> the first of her four [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2012 |title=Hawa Hawai girl Sridevi turns 49 |url=http://www.sify.com/news/hawa-hawai-girl-sridevi-turns-49-news-default-minpM8edfjb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330222712/http://www.sify.com/news/hawa-hawai-girl-sridevi-turns-49-news-default-minpM8edfjb.html |archive-date=30 March 2018 |access-date=7 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Just 17 years old, when released, the film's success consolidated Sridevi's position as the highest paid actress in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2012 |title=Don't want Jhanvi in films at this age: Sridevi |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dont-want-jhanvi-in-films-at-this-age-sridevi/1007086/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324191827/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dont-want-jhanvi-in-films-at-this-age-sridevi/1007086/0 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
The film's digitally restored version was released on 15 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharadan |date=17 November 2017 |title=Kamal Haasan and Sridevi in theatres again |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kamal-haasan-sridevi-starrer-meendum-kokila-to-be-released-on-december-15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065644/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kamal-haasan-sridevi-starrer-meendum-kokila-to-be-released-on-december-15.html |archive-date=20 January 2018 |access-date=19 January 2018 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=18 November 2017 |title=An image makeover for Meendum Kokila |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/181117/an-image-makeover-for-meendum-kokila.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119181419/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/181117/an-image-makeover-for-meendum-kokila.html |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=19 January 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2017 |title=Kamal Haasan's classic hits to be re-release on the big screen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-classic-hits-to-be-re-release-on-the-big-screen-4615632/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324191827/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-classic-hits-to-be-re-release-on-the-big-screen-4615632/ |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=19 January 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{G. N. Rangarajan}}

[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. N. Rangarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ananthu (screenwriter)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

January 1 (film)

2026-03-03T05:07:39Z

Alicolours: adjust page and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = January 1
| image = January 1 (film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| writer = Manivannan
| producer = P. Nageswara Rao
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] [[Sathyaraj]] [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathy
| editing = B. Kanthasamy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = PNR Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984|12|6|ref1=}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''January 1''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Manivannan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]], [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]. It was released on 6 December 1984, and became a success.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]]
*[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
*[[Sathyaraj]]
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Chinni Jayanth]]
*[[Loose Mohan]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Super Subbarayan]]
}}

== Production ==
''January 1'' was the first of several collaborations between Manivannan and Sathyaraj.<ref>{{Cite web |last=கோபாலகிருஷ்ணன் |first=ச. |date=3 October 2020 |title=நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் பிறந்த நாள் ஸ்பெஷல்: அனைத்து நிலைகளிலும் ரசிகர்களால் கொண்டாடப்பட்ட நடிகர் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/586521-sathyaraj-birthday-special.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105091147/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/586521-sathyaraj-birthday-special.html |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=January 1 Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/january-1-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105083714/https://mossymart.com/product/january-1-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 1984 |title=January 1 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/january-1/lFAxzOnxdc0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012044700/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/january-1/lFAxzOnxdc0_ |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Nee Oru Pathini Illai" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2021 |title=அண்ணே அண்ணே சிப்பாய் அண்ணே...' பாடியவர் ஒரு டாக்டரா? |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18156&id1=3&issue=20210613 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227152300/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18156&id1=3&issue=20210613 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| Aasai Uchathile || Veeramani || rowspan="2" |[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| Nee Oru Pathini Illai || Grubb Singh, [[S.P. Sailaja]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| Puthandu Poothathu Indru || S. Janaki || [[Na. Kamarasan]]
|-
| Iniya Kaaman Pandigai || S. Janaki, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || [[Vairamuthu]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
''January 1'' was released on 6 December 1984.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave the film a negative review, criticising the lack of [[Masala film|masala]], story and thrills but appreciated the last ten minutes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=13 January 1985 |title=ஜனவரி 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-01-13/page/n97/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230415115139/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-01-13/page/n97/mode/2up |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Despite this, it became a success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=விஜயகாந்த்... ஒரே வருடத்தில் 18 படங்கள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/519973-vijayakanth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315092256/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/519973-vijayakanth.html |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0319592}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

St. Joseph's PU College, Anekal

2026-03-02T03:56:15Z

Alicolours: new post

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Joseph's PU College, Anekal
| native_name =
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| address =
| city = [[Anekal]], South [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| state =
| province =
| country =
| type = [[Pre-university course|Pre-university]],
| denomination = [[Catholic school|Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| established = {{Start date and age|2010}}
| status =
| dean =
| administrator =
| rector =
| director =
| principal =
| headmaster =
| staff = 28
| teaching_staff =
| grades =
| gender = Coeducational
| athletics =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| accreditation =
| national_ranking =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://www.karnatakajesuits.org/sjpucanekal.html}}
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| logo_size =
| affiliation =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| asst principal =
| enrollment = 542
| tuition =
| campus =
| colors =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
}}
'''St. Joseph's PU College, Anekal''', India, was founded by the [[Society of Jesus]] in 2010 in [[Anekal]] town, a suburb of [[Bangalore]]. It offers two years of [[Pre-university course|pre-university]] education to an underserved rural population. A [[feeder school]] is the Jesuit St. Joseph School, Anekal less than 2 kilometers away.

In 2015 there were 542 students studying in both I and II PU in different streams: PCMB, PCMC, HEBA, CEBA and HEPS. There are a total of 28 staff members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnatakajesuits.org/sjpucanekal.html|title=Karnataka Jesuits|website=www.karnatakajesuits.org|access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref>

[[Hinduism|Hindu]] activists have attacked the students and administrators three times, with seeming impunity under the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government in Karnataka. The student body consists of 60% [[Dalit]] Hindus with the remainder [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]].<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Karnataka:-Jesuits-and-schools-targeted-by-Hindu-nationalists-23949.html ''Asia News'' on attack by ultra-nationalists. Retrieved 19 January 2017.]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|12|42|40.77|N|77|42|15.69|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Pre University College, Anekal}}
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Pre-university colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Karnataka]]

Amit Dutt

2026-02-21T15:35:48Z

Alicolours: minor refined formatting based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1973)}}
{{about||the Indian painter|Amit Dutt (painter)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Amit Dutt
| image = Amit Dutt pic.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|9|6}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Cancer genomics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[ICGEB]] | [[University of Zurich|Zurich University]] | [[Broad Institute]] | [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]] | [[Tata Memorial Centre#ACTREC|ACTREC]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Delhi University]] | [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] | [[International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology|ICGEB]] | [[University of Zurich]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | Alex Hajnal (ZU) | Vanga Siva Reddy (DU) | Arif Ali (JMI) }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2017 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2023 [[DBT- Tata Innovation Fellowship]] }}
}}
'''Amit Dutt''' (born 6 September 1973) is an Indian scientist, geneticist and the principal investigator at [[Tata Memorial Centre#ACTREC|Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer]] (ACTREC) of [[Tata Memorial Centre]]. Known for his studies on [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]], Dutt is a [[Wellcome Trust]] / [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT India]] Alliance Intermediate Fellow. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to medical sciences in 2017.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=535 |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Delhiuni.jpg|thumb|left|Delhi University]]
Amit Dutt, born on 6 September 1973 in Patna, capital of the Indian state of Bihar, earned a BSc in botany from Desbandhu College, Delhi University in 1994 and continued there to complete a post-graduate diploma in Biochemical Technology in 1995 from the Sri Venkateswara College.<ref name="Biographical Information - Amit Dutt">{{Cite web |url=http://www.actrec.gov.in/pi-webpages/AmitDutt/images1/Amit_Dutt_CV_20170904_website.pdf |title=Biographical Information - Amit Dutt |date=2017-11-03 |website=ACTREC |access-date=2017-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020214/http://www.actrec.gov.in/pi-webpages/AmitDutt/images1/Amit_Dutt_CV_20170904_website.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2017 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Curriculum vitae available in downloadable format}} Moving to [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], he obtained his MSc in 1997 and enrolled for doctoral studies at the Delhi center of the [[International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology]] to secure a PhD in plant genetics in 2000, guided by Vanga Siva Reddy of Delhi University and Arif Ali of Jamia Millia Islamia.<ref name="Dr. Amit Dutt-Biography">{{Cite web |url=http://www.actrec.gov.in/pi-webpages/AmitDutt/dutt_biography.html |title=Dr. Amit Dutt-Biography |date=2017-11-05 |website=ACTREC |access-date=2017-11-05 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023402/http://www.actrec.gov.in/pi-webpages/AmitDutt/dutt_biography.html }}</ref> Subsequently, he traveled to the [[University of Zurich]] and working under the guidance of Alex Hajnal at the Institute of Molecular Life Sciences of the university, secured another PhD in [[Developmental Biology]] in 2004.<ref name="About Fellow-Dutt">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wellcomedbt.org/fellowsprofile/dr-amit-dutt-151 |title=About Fellow-Dutt |date=2017-11-05 |website=Wellcome-DBT |access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref><ref name="Amit Dutt, B.Sc, Ph.D., Ph.D. Principal Investigator">{{Cite web |url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=437 |title=Amit Dutt, B.Sc, Ph.D., Ph.D. Principal Investigator |date=2017-11-05 |website=India Cancer Research Database |access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref>

Dutt continued in Zurich to work at the Institute of Neuropathology of the university and in 2005, he moved to join the laboratory of Matthew Meyerson at the [[Broad Institute|Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT]] as a research associate and worked there till 2010, stationing at [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], a [[Harvard Medical School]] affiliate.<ref name="Biographical Information - Amit Dutt" /> On his return to India in Oct 2010, he joined [[Tata Memorial Centre]], at the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), [[Navi Mumbai]] where he is the principal investigator at scientist (grade F) and heads the Integrated Cancer Genomics Lab, popularly known as Dutt Lab.<ref name="Integrated Cancer Genomics Lab">{{Cite web |url=http://www.actrec.gov.in/pi-webpages/AmitDutt/dutt_index.html |title=Integrated Cancer Genomics Lab |date=2017-11-05 |website=ACTREC |access-date=2017-11-05 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011824/http://www.actrec.gov.in/pi-webpages/AmitDutt/dutt_index.html }}</ref>

== Legacy and honors ==
[[File:Protein MMP10 PDB 1q3a.png|thumb|235px|Protein MMP10 PDB 1q3a]]
Dutt is known to have made notable contributions in the field of cancer genetics,<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=532 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> widening our understanding of the disease and its translational possibilities.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The group led by him have been engaged in the study of the progression of cancer in the lung, breast, cervical, gallbladder, head and neck and his research may be classified under three heads; [[cancer genomics]], [[functional genomics]] and pathogen discovery.<ref name="Integrated Cancer Genomics Lab" /> It is reported that the research collaboration Dutt had with Kumar Prabhash of [[Tata Memorial Centre]] led to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutation profiling of Indian lung cancer patients for the first time.<ref name="It's a Moment of Pride for Jamia Millia">{{Cite web |url=http://www.okhlatimes.com/pride-jamia/13505/ |title=It's a Moment of Pride for Jamia Millia |date=1 October 2017 |website=Okhla Times |access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref> The research association between the duo has also led to the development of ''HPVDetector'' and ''TMC-SNPdb'' (both computational tools) and ''CRE'', an experimental tool.<ref name="About Fellow-Dutt" /> Discovery of [[MMP10]] protein, a [[biomarker]] which assists the doctors in deciding the surgical protocol in tongue cancer patients is another contribution of Dutt, which was the result of collaborative research with Sudhir Nair of TMC.<ref name="Biomarker tells of tongue cancer spread">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/biomarker-tells-of-tongue-cancer-spread/article19547502.ece |title=Biomarker tells of tongue cancer spread |date=23 August 2017 |website=The Hindu |access-date=2017-11-05|last1=Prasad |first1=R. }}</ref> They also identified a [[genome]] signature which associated tobacco chewing with oral cancer. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=0nP8HVYAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed 118 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amit_Dutt2 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-10-17 |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}}

Dutt is a member of faculty of [[F1000 Prime]] and holds memberships in associations such as [[American Association for Cancer Research]], the Indian chapter of Lung Cancer Consortium of Asia, Society of Biological Chemists (India), and Indian Association for Cancer Research.<ref name="F1000 Prime faculty">{{Cite web |url=https://f1000.com/prime/thefaculty/member/1573032911635882 |title=F1000 Prime faculty |date=2017-11-05 |website=F1000 Prime |access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref> He has also sat in the editorial boards of [[BMC Genomics]] and [[PLoS One]] journals.<ref name="It's a Moment of Pride for Jamia Millia" />

== Awards and honors ==
Apart from a number of student fellowships, Dutt has held research fellowships, starting with the Julius Klaus Foundation Fellowship in 2004, followed by Swiss National Science Foundation Postdoctoral fellowship of the Government of Switzerland in 2005.<ref name="Biographical Information - Amit Dutt" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] awarded him the Ramalingaswamy Fellowship in 2010<ref name="It's a Moment of Pride for Jamia Millia" /><ref name="List of Fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://ramalingaswami.wordpress.com/list-of-fellows/ |title=List of Fellows |date=2017-11-06 |website=Ramalingaswami Fellows |access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref> and he became a [[Wellcome Trust]] / DBT India Alliance Intermediate Fellow in 2011.<ref name="About Fellow-Dutt" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Dutt the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2017.<ref name="10 scientists receive Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-scientists-receive-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize/article19758442.ece |title=10 scientists receive Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |date=26 September 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> The following year he was recognized on the [[Asian Scientist 100]].

== Selected bibliography ==
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Godbole M, Chandrani P, Gardi N, Dhamne H, Patel K, Yadav N, Gupta S, Badwe R, Dutt A|title=miR-129-2 mediates down-regulation of progesterone receptor in response to progesterone in breast cancer cells |journal=Cancer Biol Ther |publication-date=2017 |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=801–805 |doi=10.1080/15384047.2017.1373216|pmid=28876975 |pmc=5678702 |year=2017 }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay P, Gardi N, Desai S, Chandrani P, Joshi A, Dharavath B, Arora P, Bal M, Nair S, Dutt A|title=Genomic characterization of tobacco/nut chewing HPV-negative early stage tongue tumors identify MMP10 asa candidate to predict metastases|journal=Oral Oncol. |publication-date=2017 |volume=73 |pages=56–64 |doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.08.003|pmid=28939077|pmc=5628952|year=2017}}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Godbole M, Tiwary K, Badwe R, Gupta S, Dutt A|title=Progesterone suppresses the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells irrespective of their progesterone receptor status - a short report |journal=Cell Oncol (Dordr) |publication-date=2017 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=411–417 |doi=10.1007/s13402-017-0330-z|year=2017 |pmc=5537311 |pmid=28653288}}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chandrani P, Prabhash K, Prasad R, Sethunath V, Ranjan M, Iyer P, Aich J, Dhamne H, Iyer DN, Upadhyay P, Mohanty B, Chandna P, Kumar R, Joshi A, Noronha V, Patil V, Ramaswamy A, Karpe A, Thorat R, Chaudhari P, Ingle A, Choughule A, Dutt A|title=Drug-sensitive FGFR3 mutations in lung adenocarcinoma |journal=Ann. Oncol. |publication-date=2017 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=597–603 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mdw636|pmid=27998968 |pmc=5391708 |year=2016 }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mittra I, Samant U, Sharma S, Raghuram GV, Saha T, Tidke P, Pancholi N, Gupta D, Prasannan P, Gaikwad A, Gardi N, Chaubal R, Upadhyay P, Pal K, Rane B, Shaikh A, Salunkhe S, Dutt S, Mishra PK, Khare NK, Nair NK, Dutt A|title=Cell-free chromatin from dying cancer cells integrate into genomes of bystander healthy cells toinduce DNA damage and inflammation |journal=Cell Death Discovery |publication-date=2017 |volume=3 |page=17015 |doi=10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.15|pmid=28580170 |pmc=5447133 |year=2017 }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rekhi B, Upadhyay P, Ramteke MP, Dutt A|title=MYOD1 (L122R) mutations are associated with spindle cell and sclerosing rhabdomyosarcomas with aggressive clinical outcomes |journal=Mod. Pathol. |publication-date=2016 |volume=29|issue=12 |pages=1532–1540 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2016.144|pmid=27562493 |pmc=5133269 |year=2016 }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay P, Nair S, Kaur E, Aich J, Dani P, Sethunath V, Gardi N, Chandrani P, Godbole M, Sonawane K, Prasad R, Kannan S, Agarwal B, Kane S, Gupta S, Dutt S, Dutt A|title=Notch pathway activation is essential for maintenance of stem-like cells in early tongue cancer |journal=Oncotarget |publication-date=2016 |volume=7 |issue=31 |pages=50437–50449 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.10419|pmid=27391340 |pmc=5226594 |year=2016 }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay P, Gardi N, Desai S, Sahoo B, Singh A, Togar T, Iyer P, Prasad R, Chandrani P, Gupta S, Dutt A|title=TMC-SNPdb: an Indian germline variant database derived from whole exome sequences |journal=Database |volume=2016 |article-number=baw104 |publication-date=2016 |doi=10.1093/database/baw104|pmid=27402678 |pmc=4940432 |year=2016 }} }
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Iyer P, Barreto SG, Sahoo B, Chandrani P, Ramadwar MR, Shrikhande SV, Dutt A|title=Non-typhoidal Salmonella DNA traces in gallbladder cancer |journal=Infect Agents Cancer |publication-date=2016 |volume=11 |page=12 |doi=10.1186/s13027-016-0057-x|pmid=26941832 |pmc=4776363 |year=2016 |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chandrani P, Upadhyay P, Iyer P, Tanna M, Shetty M, Raghuram GV, Oak N, Singh A, Chaubal R, Ramteke M, Gupta S, Dutt A|title=Integrated genomics approach to identify biologically relevant alterations in fewer samples |journal=BMC Genomics |publication-date=2015 |volume=16 |page=936 |doi=10.1186/s12864-015-2138-4|pmid=26572163 |pmc=4647579 |year=2015 |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chandrani P, Kulkarni V, Iyer P, Upadhyay P, Chaubal R, Das P, Mulherkar R, Singh R, Dutt A|title=NGS-based approach to determine the presence of HPV and their sites of integration in human cancer genome |journal=Br J Cancer |publication-date=2015 |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=1958–65 |doi=10.1038/bjc.2015.121|pmid=25973533 |pmc=4580395 |year=2015 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Choughule A, Sharma R, Trivedi V, Thavamani A, Noronha V, Joshi A, Desai S, Chandrani P, Sundaram P, Utture S, Jambhekar N, Gupta S, Aich J, Prabhash K, Dutt A|title=Coexistence of KRAS mutation with mutant but not wild-type EGFR predicts response to tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in human lung cancer |journal=Br J Cancer |publication-date=2014 |volume=111 |issue=11 |pages=2203–4 |doi=10.1038/bjc.2014.401|pmid=25117816 |pmc=4260019 |year=2014 }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barreto SG, Dutt A, Chaudhary A|title=A genetic model for gallbladder carcinogenesis and its dissemination |journal=Ann. Oncol. |publication-date=2014 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1086–97|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdu006|pmid=24705974 |pmc=4037856 |year=2014 }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chougule A, Prabhash K, Noronha V, Joshi A, Thavamani A, Chandrani P, Upadhyay P, Utture S, Desai S, Jambhekar N, Dutt A|title=Frequency of EGFR mutations in 907 lung adenocarcioma patients of Indian ethnicity |journal=PLOS ONE |publication-date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=10 |article-number=e76164 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076164 |pmid=24124538 |pmc=3790706 |year=2013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...876164C |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noronha V, Prabhash K, Thavamani A, Chougule A, Purandare N, Joshi A, Sharma R, Desai S, Jambekar N, Dutt A, Mulherkar R |title=EGFR mutations in Indian lung cancer patients: clinical correlation and outcome to EGFR targeted therapy |journal=PLOS ONE |publication-date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=4 |article-number=e61561 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0061561 |pmid=23620765 |pmc=3631198 |year=2013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...861561N |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dutt A, Ramos AH, Hammerman PS, Mermel C, Cho J, Sharifnia T, Chande A, Tanaka KE, Stransky N, Greulich H, Gray NS, Meyerson M|title=Inhibitor-sensitive FGFR1 amplification in human non-small cell lung cancer |journal=PLOS ONE |publication-date=2011 |volume=6 |issue=6 |article-number=e20351 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0020351 |pmid=21666749 |pmc=3110189 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...620351D |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Dutt A, Salvesen HB, Greulich H, Sellers WR, Beroukhim R, Meyerson M |title=Somatic mutations are present in all members of the AKT family in endometrial carcinoma |journal=Br J Cancer |publication-date=2009 |volume=101 |issue=7|pages=1218–9 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6605301|year=2009 |pmc=2768084 |pmid=19738612}}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dutt A, Salvesen HB, Chen TH, Ramos AH, Onofrio RC, Hatton C, Nicoletti R, Winckler W, Grewal R, Hanna M, Wyhs N, Ziaugra L, Richter DJ, Trovik J, Engelsen IB, Stefansson IM, Fennell T, Cibulskis K, Zody MC, Akslen LA, Gabriel S, Wong KK, Sellers WR, Meyerson M, Greulich H|title=Drug-sensitive FGFR2 mutations in endometrial carcinoma |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |publication-date=2008 |volume=105 |issue=25 |pages=8713–7 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0803379105 |pmid=18552176 |pmc=2438391 |year=2008 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.8713D |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Dutt A, Canevascini S, Froehli-Hoier E, Hajnal A|title=EGF signal propagation during C. elegans vulval development mediated by ROM-1 rhomboid |journal=PLOS Biol. |publication-date=2004 |volume=2 |issue=11 |article-number=e334 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020334 |pmid=15455032 |pmc=519001 |year=2004 |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Carcinogenesis]]
* [[Matrix metalloproteinase]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.wellcomedbt.org/fellowsprofile/main/research/id/151 |title=Amit Dutt - Research Summary |date=2017-11-05 |website=Wellcome Trust - DBT India Alliance |access-date=2017-11-05}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/amit.dutt.2/bibliography/public/?sortby=pubDate&sdirection=descending |title=Amit Dutt on PubMed |date=2017-11-05 |website=PubMed |access-date=2017-11-05}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Amit}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:University of Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Zurich]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]

Kundan Vidya Mandir, Ludhiana

2026-02-21T09:33:03Z

Alicolours: New New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kundan Vidya Mandir
| native_name =
| logo =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = 
| motto_translation =
| location = Rajpura Road, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1941
| founder = [[Kundan Lal (freedom fighter)|Kundan Lal]]
| closed =
| school_board =
| district = [[Ludhiana]]
| authority = Shri Kundan Lal Trust
| oversight = 
| principal = Pankaj Joshi (Ludhiana) Yogesh Jadli (Chandigarh)
| president = Ramesh Agrawal
| head = 
| staff = 350+
| faculty =
| grades = K-12
| gender = [[Co-Ed]]
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 5000+
| enrollment_as_of = 2019
| classes =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| campus_size =
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| colors = 
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
| website = {{URL|https://www.kvmschool.edu.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kundan Vidya Mandir''', also known as '''Kundan Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School''' (abbreviated to '''KVM''') is a [[co-educational]] [[senior secondary education|senior secondary]] school with 2 campuses in [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datt |first1=Anil |title=KVM celebrates Founder's Day |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051019/ldh2.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=19 October 2005 |location=Chandigarh, India}}</ref> It was founded in 1941 by freedom fighter, [[Kundan Lal (freedom fighter)|Kundan Lal]]. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref name=EducationWorld/> It offers education from [[kindergarten]] to class XII.<ref name=EducationWorld/>

The current principal of the school is Pankaj Joshi.<ref>https://www.instagram.com/kvmschool1941/p/DH5o-UhyT-i/?img_index=1</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KVM students win hearts with musical power |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kvm-students-win-hearts-with-musical-power/story-XgtmDZgqtaLeWbQk2BJEzL.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 July 2019}}</ref> It is run by Shri Kundan Lal Trust, which also has a school in [[Chandigarh]] by name of Kundan International School.<ref name=Indianexpress/>

== History ==
[[File:Kundan Lal.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Kundan Lal (freedom fighter)|Kundan Lal]] (1893 – 1966), the founder of Kundan Vidya Mandir]]
Founded in 1941, the school is named after its founder, [[Kundan Lal (freedom fighter)|Kundan Lal]], who was a freedom fighter and philanthropist.<ref>{{cite news |title=KVM holds programme in memory of founder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/KVM-holds-programme-in-memory-of-founder/articleshow/10397264.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=EducationWorld/>

It got affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] in 1963, becoming the first [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE school]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref name=EducationWorld/>

The school has another branch in [[Chandigarh]], called Kundan International School, which was established in 2007. The Chandigarh campus is headed by the headmistress, Yogesh Jadli<ref name=Indianexpress>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Ritika |title=International schools usher in change, say no to homework, exams for toddlers |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/international-schools-usher-in-change-say-no-to-homework-exams-for-toddlers/829089/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 August 2011}}</ref>

The school is administered and managed by the Shri Kundan Lal Trust, a charitable trust.<ref>{{cite news |title=exhibition of sorts at Kundan Vidya Mandir |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/news-detail-843318 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=6 October 2019}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The school's infrastructure facilities include a library, labs for physics, chemistry, biology, geography, psychology, a conference hall, music rooms, and dance rooms. It hosts 120 classrooms, an activity room, art room, computer labs, robotics lab, VR lab, home science lab, math lab, language lab, canteen, state of the art auditorium and infirmary.<ref name=EducationWorld/>

The sports facilities of Kundan Vidya Mandir include two splash pools, volleyball court, football ground, cricket ground, badminton courts, skating rink and shooting range. It also has a playground that measures 3937 square metres. The school campus of KVM is spread across 7 acres.<ref name=EducationWorld>{{cite news |title=Kundan Vidya Mandir |url=https://www.educationworld.in/kundan-vidya-mandir/ |publisher=EducationWorld}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] (Actor)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Mehak |title=Homecoming after 35 years: Pankaj Kapur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Homecoming-after-35-years-Pankaj-Kapur/articleshow/55968602.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 December 2016}}</ref>
* Harjot Kaur (Civil servant & Strategic Adviser to the [[World Bank]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Gurvinder |title=Nostalgia marks Kundan Vidya Mandir's alumni meet |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nostalgia-marks-kundan-vidya-mandir-s-alumni-meet-172988 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=20 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[Karan Goel]] (cricketer)<ref>{{cite news |title=Cricket league for alumni from April 1 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/cricket-league-for-alumni-from-april-1-384969 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=31 Mar 2017}}</ref>
* [[Gitansh Khera]] (cricketer){{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
* [[Harjot Singh Bains]]
[https://kvmalumni.kvmschool.edu.in/ Kundan Vidya Mandir Alumni Association] is a vibrant Alumni body which hosts the worlds biggest Alumni Cricketing Event - [https://kvmalumni.com/ Kundanites Premier League (KPL)], along with other events like Musical Nights, Walk for Cancer, Kundan Talks, Alumni Meets etc.

== Recognition ==
* Kundan Vidya Mandir was listed among the top ten schools in [[Ludhiana]] by The Hush Post in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bansal |first1=Manav |title=Top Ten Schools in Ludhiana |url=https://thehushpost.com/punjab/ludhiana/top-ten-schools-ludhiana-contact-details/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806085519/https://thehushpost.com/punjab/ludhiana/top-ten-schools-ludhiana-contact-details/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=The Hush Post |date=29 December 2018}}</ref>
*The school has been ranked #218 in the survey of EW Ranking in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=EW Survey 2017 |url=http://educationworld.co/Institution/Details.aspx?Name=Kundan_Vidya_Mandir |publisher=EducationWorld}}</ref>
* It ranked #5 in a list of Punjab's Top School Ranking 2014 by the Elets 's Digital Learning (DL) Ranking.<ref>{{cite web |title=Achievement |url=https://www.kundanvidyamandir.com/Achievement.aspx |website=Kundanvidyamandir.com}}</ref>
* Kundan Vidya Mandir was awarded [[Karmaveer Chakra Award|Rex Karmaveer Education Change Champion Fellowship]] and [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Francisco |first1=Jeroninio |last2=Almeida |first2=Torquato |title=REX Karmaveer Global Fellowship And Karmaveer Chakra Awards |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/REX-Karmaveer-Global-Fellowship-And-Karmaveer-Chakra-Awards/05-05-2019-170041/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=5 May 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Schools|Education}}
* [[Education in Punjab, India]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kvmschool.edu.in/ Official website of Kundan Vidya Mandir]
* [http://kundaninternational.org/ Official website of Kundan International School]
{{Schools in Punjab, India}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Education in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Schools in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Schools in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1941]]

Amoghavarsha JS

2026-02-05T02:05:18Z

Alicolours: adding initial entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian photographer and filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amoghavarsha JS
| image = Amoghavarsha2020.jpg
| caption =
| education = [[Bachelor of Computer Science]]
| occupation = Filmmaker and wildlife photographer
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], India
| website = {{URL|amoghavarsha.com}}
| years active = 2005-present
| footnotes =
}}
'''Amoghavarsha JS''' is an Indian [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]], [[Wildlife photography|wildlife photographer]], and [[Conservation biology|conservationist]]. He is known for his work in wildlife and nature documentary filmmaking, including films such as ''[[Wild Karnataka]]'' (2019) and ''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|Gandhada Gudi]]'' (2022).<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=2019-03-04 |title=A majestic celebration: Wild Karnataka, India's first blue-chip natural history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-majestic-celebration/article26429185.ece |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Wild Karnataka explores the [[biodiversity]] of [[Karnataka]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-03-22 |title=Wild Karnataka wins national award in non-feature category |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/wild-karnataka-wins-national-award-in-non-feature-category/article34136671.ece |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and received two awards at the [[67th National Film Awards]]. He also served as the art director for the album ''[[Stewart Copeland|Divine Tides]]'' by [[Ricky Kej]] and [[Stewart Copeland]], which received two [[Grammy Awards]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Grammy Awards 2023: Bengaluru-based Ricky Kej wins his third Grammy Award for album 'Divine Tides' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/story/grammy-awards-2023-bengaluru-based-ricky-kej-wins-his-third-grammy-award-for-album-divine-tides-369101-2023-02-06 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Amoghavarsha was born in [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India. He earned a bachelor's degree in Computer Science and began his professional career as a software engineer at [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]. During this period, he developed an interest in wildlife photography, frequently visiting forests near [[Bengaluru]]. After two years, he joined the technology startup Asklaila as its first employee and later transitioned to a part-time programming role to focus more on photography.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Deepa |date=2008-12-08 |title=In pursuit of a passion |url=https://citizenmatters.in/688-amoghavarsha-wildlife-photography-photography/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Photography ===
Amoghavarsha's interest in photography developed through frequent visits to the [[Western Ghats]], a biodiversity hotspot in southern India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2024-06-20 |title=10 Indian Wildlife Photographers You Should Follow For Stunning Nature Photography |url=https://121clicks.com/inspirations/best-famous-indian-wildlife-photographers#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=121clicks.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He conducted photography workshops at locations such as [[Thekkady]], [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Bannerghatta National Park]],<ref name=":0" /> and served as a photo ambassador for a camera store in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. He also worked part-time with Felis Creations, a wildlife production company founded by [[Sandesh Kadur]].

In 2020, he was selected as a judge for [[Sony BBC Earth]]'s photography contest, ''Earth in Focus''. As part of the contest, he led a masterclass titled ''The Art of Storytelling Through Photography'', focusing on visual narratives in nature photography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2020 |title=Sony BBC Earth concludes a successful run of photography contest and IP 'Earth in Focus' |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/sony-bbc-earth-concludes-a-successful-run-of-photography-contest-and-ip-earth-in-focus |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filmmaking ===

==== Early projects ====
Amoghavarsha began directing environmental documentaries with ''Kali'', a film centered on the ecological importance of the [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]] in [[Karnataka]]. The film is credited with raising public awareness about the river, contributing to the renaming of the [[Anshi National Park|Dandeli Anshi Tiger Reserve]] to the [[Kali Tiger Reserve]] in 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anshi-Dandeli Tiger reserve may be named after River Kali |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/anshi-dandeli-tiger-reserve-may-be-named-after-river-kali-474167.html |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In the same year, he collaborated with composer [[Ricky Kej]] on ''Shanti Samsara'', a musical project that combined environmental themes with visuals. The film was launched at the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in [[Paris]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author=Niranjan Kaggere |date=Dec 3, 2015 |title=PM's documentary show in Paris reveals state link |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/pms-documentary-show-in-paris-reveals-state-link/articleshow/50017026.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-01 |title=Narendra Modi, Hollande launch Ricky Kej's new music album in Paris |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/narendra-modi-hollande-launch-ricky-kejs-new-music-album-in-paris/articleshow/49992371.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and officially presented by Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and French President [[François Hollande]] at the [[International Solar Alliance]] (ISA) event.<ref name=":3" /> The project featured [[Sanskrit]] verses and spoken-word contributions by individuals such as [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Frances Fisher]],<ref name=":3" /> and [[Rosanna Arquette]]. Many of the visuals used in the film were adapted from ''Kali''.<ref name=":2" />

==== ''Wild Karnataka'' ====
In 2021, Amoghavarsha co-directed the documentary ''[[Wild Karnataka]]'' with [[Kalyan Varma]]. Narrated by [[David Attenborough|Sir David Attenborough]], the film showcased the rich biodiversity of [[Karnataka]] and received two awards at the [[67th National Film Awards]] in India: Best Exploration/Adventure Film and Best Narration/Voice Over.<ref name=":6" /> Music from the documentary was later adapted into the track Mother Earth on ''[[Divine Tides]]'', an album composed by [[Ricky Kej]] and [[Stewart Copeland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Suruchi Kapur |date=2021-06-26 |title=Grammy award-winner Ricky Kej's new album is an ode to earth |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/grammy-award-winner-ricky-kejs-new-album-ode-earth |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

Amoghavarsha served as art director for ''Divine Tides'', which received [[Grammy Awards]] at the [[64th Annual Grammy Awards|64th]] and [[65th Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2024 |title=Ricky Kej, Anoushka Shankar, earn nominations for 67th Grammy Awards |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/ricky-kej-anoushka-shankar-earn-nominations-for-67th-grammy-awards-124110900233_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113154829/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/ricky-kej-anoushka-shankar-earn-nominations-for-67th-grammy-awards-124110900233_1.html |archive-date=2024-11-13 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== ''Gandhada Gudi'' ====
His 2022 documentary ''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)]]'', featuring actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], explored [[Karnataka]]'s ecological landscapes. The film was conceived as a tribute to the 1973 film of the same name, which starred Rajkumar's father, [[Rajkumar (actor)|Dr. Rajkumar]]. Released theatrically in October 2022, the documentary was screened both domestically and internationally. Following its 100-day theatrical run, a park in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] was renamed ''Gandhada Gudi Park'' in honor of the film and its environmental message.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's Gandhada Gudi Opens In Theatres Across USA, UAE And Singapore |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/puneeth-rajkumars-gandhada-gudi-opens-in-theatres-across-usa-uae-and-singapore-6258883.html |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==== ''Homecoming – The Adventure of a Green Sea Turtle'' ====
In 2023, Amoghavarsha's production company, Mudskipper Labs, collaborated with the Museum of Solutions (MuSo) in [[Mumbai]] to produce ''Homecoming – The Adventure of a Green Sea Turtle''. The underwater short film addressed the impact of [[plastic pollution]] on [[Marine ecosystem|marine ecosystems]] and featured narration by actors [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Dia Mirza]]. The film became a permanent installation at MuSo<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Binayak |first=Poonam |date=2024-07-25 |title=Museum of Solutions: World's Greatest Places 2024 |url=https://time.com/6992399/museum-of-solutions/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> and was screened at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIFF Celebrates India's Wildlife with Special Non-Competition Package |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2025664 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628100253/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2025664 |archive-date=2024-06-28 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> It was named runner-up for the Wildlife Conservation Documentary Award of the Year by TOFTigers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards Winners 2024 |url=https://www.toftigers.org/awards-winners-2024 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=TOFTigers |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Conservation work ==
Amoghavarsha has actively participated in [[environmental education]] and [[Nature conservation|conservation]] efforts. He has conducted expeditions and field workshops throughout the [[Western Ghats]] and collaborated with the [[Agumbe#Agumbe Rainforest Research Station|Agumbe Rainforest Research Station]] (ARRS) on telemetry studies of the [[King cobra]] and other ecological research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amoghavarsha |url=https://greatescapesindia.wordpress.com/tag/amoghavarsha/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Travelogues from GreatEscapes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthias |first=Monish |title=Agumbe Rainforest Expedition |url=http://www.monishmatthias.com/2010/09/agumbe-rainforest-expedition.html |access-date=2024-12-13}}</ref>

He has also partnered with the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC) on public awareness initiatives, including the ''Science Express – Biodiversity Special'', a traveling exhibition promoting biodiversity conservation in India. Furthermore, he has contributed to the development of environmental [[Nature interpretation|interpretation centers]] in partnership with the [[Centre for Environment Education]] (CEE).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Park Renamed After Puneeth Rajkumar's Last Film Gandhada Gudi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bengaluru-park-reamed-after-puneeth-rajkumars-last-film-gandhada-gudi-7012399.html |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title
!Role!! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''Huli: How to Save the Tiger?''
|Director||
|-
| 2013 || ''River Terns of Bhadra''
|Director||
|-
| 2014 || ''Kali''
|Director|| Short documentary on Kali River ecosystem
|-
| 2015 || ''Jaya Hai Kannada Thaye''
|Director||
|-
|2015
|''Shanti Samsara''
|Director
|Presented at the [[United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
|-
| 2017 || ''Indian Wildlife National Anthem''
|Director||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Wild Karnataka]]''
|Co-director|| Narrated by [[David Attenborough]]; won two [[National Film Awards]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|Gandhada Gudi]]''
|Director|| Feature film starring [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]; thematic sequel
|-
| 2022 || ''Divine Tides''
|Director||
|-
| 2023 || ''Homecoming - The Adventure Of A Green Sea Turtle''
|Producer|| Underwater short on plastic pollution; MuSo permanent exhibit
|-
|2025
|''Nothing On My Mind''
|Director
|Short film featuring the [[List of high commissioners of Australia to India|Australian High Commissioner to India Philip Green OAM]]
|-
| 2025 || {{Pending film|italic=no|Wild Mumbai}}
|Director|| to be announced<ref>{{cite web |title="Wild Mumbai": After Karnataka, Maharashtra Works on Wildlife Documentary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wild-mumbai-after-karnataka-maharashtra-works-on-wildlife-documentary-2168266}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and recognitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award / Recognition
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2013
|7th CMS Vatavaran Film Festival
|Newcomer Award
|''Huli''
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=7th CMS VATAVARAN Environment and Wildlife Film Festival and Forum 2013 |url=http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/old_files/awardees2014.php |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.cmsvatavaran.org}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|8th CMS Vatavaran Film Festival
|
|''River Terns of Bhadra''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=8TH CMS VATAVARAN NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED {{!}} CMS VATAVARAN |url=http://vat2015.cmsvatavaran.org/nominations-announced/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Impact Docs
|Award of Merit
|''Kali''
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Globa347_wp |date=2016-01-28 |title=Awards of Merit January 2016 |url=https://impactdocsawards.com/winners-january-2016/awards-of-merit/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|[[United Nations]]
|Screening of Wild Karnataka on World Wildlife Day
| rowspan="3" |''[[Wild Karnataka]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-26 |title=Wild Karnataka to be screened at the UN headquarters on World Wildlife Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/wild-karnataka-to-be-screened-at-the-un-headquarters-on-world-wildlife-day/articleshow/74300960.cms |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Wildlife Film Festival Rotterdam
|Newcomer Award
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife Film Festival Rotterdam 2020 Winners Announced! |url=https://www.wildlife-film.com/features/Wildlife-Film-Festival-Rotterdam-2020-Winners-Announced.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.wildlife-film.com}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[67th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film|Best Exploration Film]] & [[National Film Award for Best Narration / Voice Over|Best Narration]]
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-03-22 |title=Wild Karnataka wins national award in non-feature category |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/wild-karnataka-wins-national-award-in-non-feature-category/article34136671.ece |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| rowspan="2" |[[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]
|[[Grammy Award for Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album|Best New Age Album]]
| rowspan="2" |''Divine Tides''
|{{win}}
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|2023
|[[Grammy Award for Best Immersive Audio Album|Best Immersive Audio Album]]
|{{win}}
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|2024
|TOFTigers
|Runner Up for the Wildlife Conservation Documentary Award
|''Homecoming''
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards Winners 2024 |url=https://www.toftigers.org/awards-winners-2024 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=TOFTigers |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.amoghavarsha.com Amoghavarsha official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926004147/http://natgeotv.com/in/secrets-of-the-king-cobra Secrets of The King Cobra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217093814/http://www.mudskipper.in/portfolio/indias-first-wildlife-music-video/ Jaya hey Kannada thaye]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217095323/http://www.mudskipper.in/portfolio/how-to-save-the-tiger/ Huli – How to Save the Tiger?]
* [http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/filmdt.php?id=44 Huli: Technology to the Frontiers of Tiger Conservation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217092536/http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/filmdt.php?id=44 |date=17 December 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217093817/http://www.mudskipper.in/portfolio/river-terns/ River Terns of Bhadra]
* [http://www.mudskipper.in/portfolio/kali/ Kali]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO79orOvYJA/ Wild Karnataka official teaser]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amoghavarsha, JS}}
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian nature photographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]

Kalpana-1

2026-01-25T22:33:28Z

Alicolours: adjusted lead for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Meteorological satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Kalpana-1
| image = METSAT_Kalpana-1_deployed_view.png
| image_caption = Kalpana-1 deployed

| mission_type = [[Weather satellite|Weather]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/kalpana-1 Kalpana-1 on ISRO Web-site]
| COSPAR_ID = 2002-043A
| SATCAT =
| mission_duration = Planned: 7 years Achieved: {{time interval|12 September 2002|September 2017|show=ymd|sep=,}}<ref name=Isro>{{cite web|title=Kalpana - 1|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/kalpana-1|website=www.isro.gov.in|publisher=[[ISRO]]|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731202345/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/kalpana-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-1K|I-1000 Bus]]<ref name=ISAC_website>{{cite web | title=ISAC_website | url=http://www.isac.gov.in/earth-observation/html/kalpana.jsp | publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organization]] | access-date =2018-01-18 }}</ref>
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Center]] [[Space Applications Centre]]
| dry_mass = {{convert|498|kg|lb}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|1060|kg|lb}}
| power = 550 watts
| instruments = [[Very High Resolution Radiometer|VHRR]]
| launch_date = {{start-date|12 September 2002, 10:24:00|timezone=yes}} UTC<ref name="isro_website" />
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV-C4]]
| launch_site = SHAR, [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]]
| launch_contractor =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated = September 2017
| last_contact = 
| decay_date =
| orbit_epoch = 25 September 2002<ref name="satcat">{{cite web |url=https://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt |title=Satellite Catalog |publisher=Jonathan's Space Page |first=Jonathan |last=McDowell |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|35771|km|mi}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|35801|km|mi}}
| orbit_inclination = 0.48 degrees
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.0
| orbit_period = 1436.06 minutes
| orbit_longitude = 74° East
| apsis = gee
}}
'''Kalpana-1''' was the first dedicated [[meteorological satellite]] launched by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] using [[PSLV-C4|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] on 12 September 2002. The satellite is three-axis stabilized and is powered by [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]], getting up to {{convert|550|W}} of power. The METSAT bus was used as the basis for the Chandrayaan lunar orbiter mission of 2008.

==History==
Originally known as MetSat-1, the satellite was the first launched by the [[PSLV-C4]] into the [[Geostationary orbit]]. On February 5, 2003, it was renamed to Kalpana-1 by the [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in memory of [[Kalpana Chawla]]—an Indian born [[NASA]] [[astronaut]] who perished in the {{OV|102}} [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|disaster]].

The satellite features a Very High Resolution scanning [[Radiometer]] (VHRR), for three-band images ([[Visible light|visible]], [[infrared]], and [[thermal infrared]]) with a resolution of {{cvt|2|x|2|km}}, and a Data Relay [[Transponder]] (DRT) payload to provide data to weather terrestrial platforms.<ref name=isro_website>{{cite web|title=Geostationary Satellites - Kalpana-1(METSAT) |publisher=Indian Space Research Organization |date=2009 |url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/kalpana-1.aspx |format=aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014145150/http://www.isro.org/satellites/kalpana-1.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-14 |access-date=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its mission were to collect data in layer of [[cloud]]s, [[water vapor]], and [[temperature]] of the [[atmosphere]] and to establish a small satellite I-1000 bus system which can meet the exclusive service requirements of a meteorological payload for earth imageries

Kalpana-1 went out of service in mid-2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/210|title=Kalpana-1|date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

==VHRR scanning radiometer==
The three band images are:
* Visible
* Thermal [[infrared]]
* Water vapour infrared<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalpana 1|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-043A|website=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{Portal-inline|Spaceflight}}
* [[2002 in spaceflight]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Kalpana-1}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Orbital launches in 2002}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2002]]
[[Category:Kalpana Chawla]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]
[[Category:ISRO satellites]]
[[Category:Weather satellites of India]]

{{India-spacecraft-stub}}

Jenny Bhatt

2026-01-23T23:14:07Z

Alicolours: New A Pg

{{Short description|Indian-American writer}}
{{COI|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jenny Bhatt
| image =
| notable_works = Each of Us Killers; Ratno Dholi: The Best Stories of Dhumketu; The Shehnai Virtuoso and Other Stories by Dhumketu
| occupation = Writer, literary translator, literary critic, podcaster, writing instructor
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|September 18, 1972}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot, Gujarat]], India
| nationality = American
| alma_mater = [[Kimmins High School]] [[University of Hertfordshire]]
| website = {{URL|https://jennybhattwriter.com}}
}}

'''Jenny Bhatt''' (born September 18, 1972) is an Indian American writer, literary translator, and literary critic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-01 |title=An Interview with Jenny Bhatt |url=https://www.southeastreview.org/single-post/an-interview-with-jenny-bhatt |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=thesoutheastreview |language=en}}</ref> She is the author of an award-winning story collection, ''Each of Us Killers'', an award-shortlisted literary translation, ''Ratno Dholi: The Best Stories of Dhumketu,'' and the literary translation, ''The Shehnai Virtuoso and Other Stories'' by Dhumketu''.'' She is the founder of ''Desi Books'', a global multimedia platform for South Asian literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOMB Magazine {{!}} Older People Do Reinvent Themselves: Jenny Bhatt… |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/jenny-bhatt-interviewed/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=BOMB Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, she was awarded a [[National Endowment for the Arts|National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)]] Translation Fellowship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jenny Bhatt |url=https://www.arts.gov/impact/literary-arts/translation-fellows/jenny-bhatt |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.arts.gov |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhatt was born in [[Rajkot, Gujarat]], India, and grew up in [[Mumbai]]. She did most of her high school at [[Kimmins High School]] in [[Panchgani, Maharashtra]]. She attended the [[University of Hertfordshire]] in England as an engineering undergraduate. Thereafter, she worked in [[Germany]], [[England]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-05|title=But Let Us Cultivate Our Garden|url=https://themillions.com/2018/11/but-let-us-cultivate-our-garden.html|access-date=2020-08-23|website=The Millions|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Scotland]], and the [[United States]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Does It Mean to Be a Black or Brown Person at Work?|url=https://rewire.news/article/2020/09/04/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-black-or-brown-person-at-work/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Rewire.News|date=4 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> at various multi-national corporations until 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatt|first=Jenny|date=2018-11-28|title='Emerging' as a Writer — After 40|url=https://longreads.com/2018/11/28/emerging-as-a-writer-after-40/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Longreads|language=en}}</ref>

From 2012 to 2014, she worked as a personal [[Financial adviser|financial advisor]] to people running small businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Heather|date=2013-01-30|title=Jenny Bhatt Engineers New Business Opportunities|url=https://blog.bizsugar.com/2013/01/30/jenny-bhatt-jenny_bhatt-engineers-new-business-opportunities/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=BizSugar Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706170343/https://blog.bizsugar.com/2013/01/30/jenny-bhatt-jenny_bhatt-engineers-new-business-opportunities/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020, she founded Desi Books LLC, a global multimedia forum that showcases [[South Asia|South Asian]] literature and connects readers and writers through conversation and community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-22 |title=Best of desi reads |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/best-of-desi-reads--22744249 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, she began a full-time Ph.D. in Literature at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DE0JIi1S_YE/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

She's based in the [[Dallas, Texas]] area.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=Reading to each other, a woman in Mumbai and man in Dallas turned their talks into marriage|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/books/2020/09/29/reading-to-each-other-a-woman-in-mumbai-and-man-in-dallas-turned-their-talks-into-marriage/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Dallas News|language=en}}</ref>

== Writing (fiction and nonfiction) ==
From 2016 onward, Bhatt's short fiction has been published in various literary journals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-22|title=Publications|url=https://jennybhattwriter.com/publications/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Jenny Bhatt, Writer|language=en}}</ref> Her non-fiction and literary criticism have been published in various venues like ''[[NPR]],''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meena Kandasamy Claims Space For Herself In 'Exquisite Cadavers'|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/08/932102119/meena-kandasamy-claims-space-for-herself-in-exquisite-cadavers|access-date=2020-12-01|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]],''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhatt|first=Jenny|title=Review {{!}} In 'How to Pronounce Knife,' stories of Lao immigrants reveal everyday moments of racism, classism, power and privilege|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/in-how-to-pronounce-knife-stories-of-lao-immigrants-reveal-everyday-moments-of-racism-classism-power-and-privilege/2020/04/23/ec81e8be-8582-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html|access-date=2020-07-14|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Literary Hub]],''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-08|title=20 Debut Works of Fiction by Women Over 40|url=https://lithub.com/20-debut-works-of-fiction-by-women-over-40/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Atlantic]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Rosa Inocencio|title=The Literary Passages That Guide Your Life - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/10/the-literary-passages-that-guide-your-life/503798/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.theatlantic.com|date=12 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt {{!}} |first=Jenny |title=Moving Beyond Stereotypes in South Asian Literature |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/columns-and-blogs/soapbox/article/88155-moving-beyond-stereotypes-in-south-asian-literature.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}</ref> and others.

In 2022 Bhatt guest-edited a collection of Gujarati literature in translation works at ''[[Words Without Borders]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Translating Gujarat: A Literary Intervention Archives |url=https://wordswithoutborders.org/read/collection/november-2022-translating-gujarat-a-literary-intervention/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Words Without Borders |language=en}}</ref>

Bhatt's weekly newsletter, '[https://jennybhattwriter.com/newsletter-we-are-all-translators/ We Are All Translators]' has received mentions at venues like [[Los Angeles Review of Books]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/writing-is-about-connection-a-conversation-with-jenny-bhatt/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Literary Hub]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Lit Hub Daily: September 20, 2022 |url=https://lithub.com/lit-hub-daily-september-20-2022/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Literary Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=This North Texas author is shining a light on Desi authors from around the globe |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/books/2022/11/09/this-dallas-author-is-shining-a-light-on-desi-authors-from-around-the-globe/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Each of Us Killers'' (short story collection) ===
A winner in the Foreword INDIES 2020 Book of the Year Short Stories award category and a finalist in the Multicultural Adult Fiction category,<ref>{{Cite web|title="Each of Us Killers" is a 2020 Foreword INDIES Finalist|url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/awards/books/each-of-us-killers/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.forewordreviews.com|language=en}}</ref> Bhatt's debut short story collection was cited as one of the most anticipated debuts of the second half of 2020 by ''[[Electric Literature]],''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=The Most Anticipated Debuts of the Second Half of 2020|url=https://electricliterature.com/the-most-anticipated-debuts-of-the-second-half-of-2020/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Electric Literature|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Literary Hub]],''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=Lit Hub's Most Anticipated Books of 2020, Part 2|url=https://lithub.com/lit-hubs-most-anticipated-books-of-2020-part-2/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Millions]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-15|title=Most Anticipated: The Great Second-Half 2020 Book Preview|url=https://themillions.com/2020/07/most-anticipated-the-great-second-half-2020-book-preview.html|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Millions|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-02|title=September Preview: The Millions Most Anticipated (This Month)|url=https://themillions.com/2020/09/september-preview-the-millions-most-anticipated-this-month-3.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The Millions|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Entropy (magazine)|''Entropy Magazine'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=August and September 2020 Small Press Releases|url=https://entropymag.org/august-and-september-small-press-releases-3/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=entropymag.org|archive-date=2020-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809194239/https://entropymag.org/august-and-september-small-press-releases-3/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Published by ''7.13 Books,''<ref>{{Cite web|title=7.13 Books|url=https://713books.com/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=7.13 Books|language=en}}</ref> the story collection received a starred review from ''[[Shelf Awareness]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shelf Awareness for Readers for Tuesday, October 6, 2020|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/readers-issue.html?issue=959|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.shelf-awareness.com}}</ref> with praise that “[c]hallenging assumptions, confronting power, manipulating barriers whenever possible–even at grave personal cost–Bhatt’s cast surprises, inspires, frightens, beguiles, but never disappoints.” ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' wrote that Bhatt's "stories are memorable on their own, and they add up to a powerful expression of the hunger for success on one's own terms."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Each of Us Killers Review (Publishers Weekly)|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-7333672-6-4|access-date=2020-07-04|website=www.publishersweekly.com}}</ref> ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' called it a "formally diverse collection with exquisitely crafted stories about longing, striving, and learning what we can control"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jenny-bhatt/each-of-us-killers/|title=Each of Us Killers Review (Kirkus Reviews)|publisher=www.kirkusreviews.com|date=2020-07-14|language=en}}</ref> and listed it as one of the must-read collections of Fall 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fall Preview: Must-Read Story Collections|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/fall-preview-must-read-story-collections/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}</ref> ''Debutiful,''<ref>{{Cite web|last=vitcavage|date=2020-09-01|title=6 debut books you should read this September|url=https://debutiful.net/2020/09/01/6-debut-books-you-should-read-this-september/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=debutiful|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms. Magazine]].''<ref>{{Cite web|title=September 2020 Reads for the Rest of Us - Ms. Magazine|url=https://msmagazine.com/2020/09/02/september-2020-reads-for-the-rest-of-us/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=msmagazine.com|date=2 September 2020 }}</ref> [[Bustle (magazine)|''Bustle'']] listed it as a must-read book of September 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Books Everyone Will Be Talking About All September Long|url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/most-anticipated-books-of-september-2020|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Bustle|date=6 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and as one of the best collections of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Best Short Story Collections Of 2020, From 'Daddy' To 'Verge'|url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/the-best-short-story-collections-of-2020-from-daddy-to-verge|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Bustle|date=30 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ''Largehearted Boy'' listed it as a favorite short story collection of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largehearted Boy: Favorite Short Story Collections of 2020|url=http://www.largeheartedboy.com/blog/archive/2020/12/favorite_short_12.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.largeheartedboy.com}}</ref> ''Book Riot'' listed it as one of the top ten short story collections of 2020 by Asian authors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Megally|first=Stacey|date=2020-12-04|title=10 Short Story Collections by Asian Authors Released in 2020|url=https://bookriot.com/short-story-collections-by-asian-authors/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=BOOK RIOT|language=en-US}}</ref> Other venues that gave positive or rave reviews: ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=D-FW-based author Jenny Bhatt's debut collection 'Each of Us Killers' reveals a world of humanity|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/books/2020/09/08/d-fw-based-author-jenny-bhatts-debut-collection-each-of-us-killers-reveals-a-world-of-humanity/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Dallas News|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Texas Public Radio]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: 'Each of Us Killers' By Jenny Bhatt|url=https://www.tpr.org/podcast/book-public/2020-09-09/review-each-of-us-killers-by-jenny-bhatt|access-date=2020-12-01|website=TPR|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open the Magazine]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatt|first=Jenny|date=2020-10-16|title=The Bloodlust|url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-bloodlust/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> ''The National Book Review;''<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Hot Books: A Heart-Stopping Holocaust Mystery, Chemotherapy's Surprising Origins, and More|url=https://www.thenationalbookreview.com/features/2020/9/7/5-hot-books-a-heart-stopping-holocaust-mystery-chemotherapys-surprising-origins-and-more|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The National Book Review|date=8 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''New York Journal of Books'';<ref>{{Cite web|title=a book review by Murali Kamma: Each of Us Killers|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/each-us-killers|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> ''NRI Pulse'';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Veena|date=2020-10-30|title='Each of Us Killers' by Jenny Bhatt: Powerful anthology deftly explores complexities of life|url=https://www.nripulse.com/each-of-us-killers-by-jenny-bhatt-powerful-anthology-deftly-explores-complexities-of-life/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=NRI Pulse|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[India Currents]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-17|title=Each of Us Killers: Vignettes of Immigrant and Indian Lives|url=https://indiacurrents.com/each-of-us-killers-vignettes-of-immigrant-and-indian-lives/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Best Indian American Magazine {{!}} San Jose CA {{!}} India Currents|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Puerto del Sol]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Toor|first=Pardeep|date=2020-12-03|title=REVIEW {{!}} Jenny Bhatt's Each of Us Killers|url=https://www.puertodelsol.org/single-post/review-each-of-us-killers|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Puerto del Sol|language=en}}</ref> ''[[National Book Critics Circle Award|National Book Critics' Circle]];''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Leonard Prize 2020: Each of Us Killers|url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2020/12/01/leonard-prize-2020-each-of-us-killers/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=National Book Critics Circle|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Phoebe (George Mason University journal)|Phoebe Journal]];''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=A Review of Jenny Bhatt's Each of Us Killers|url=http://phoebejournal.com/review-jenny-bhatts-each-of-us-killers/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=phoebe|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Vagabond City;''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Journal|first=Vagabond City Literary|date=2020-12-14|title=In Review: Each of Us Killers by Jenny Bhatt|url=https://vagabondcitylit.com/2020/12/14/in-review-each-of-us-killers-by-jenny-bhatt/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=VAGABOND CITY|language=en}}</ref> ''Platform Magazine;''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Each Of Us Killers|url=https://www.platform-mag.com/literature/each-of-us-killers.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref> and ''[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line.]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Jonaki|title=Life's like that|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/each-of-us-killers-lifes-like-that/article33211727.ece|access-date=2020-12-01|website=@businessline|date=30 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tabish Khair]], writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', described the work thus: ". . . Bhatt gets under the skin of her characters with an ease that is difficult to achieve when creating characters beyond the pale of capital and caste. [. . .] using lively, sculpted language that avoids the stilted, literary English often afflicting Indian English writing."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khair|first=Tabish|date=2021-01-23|title=All the lives we never lived: Tabish Khair reviews Jenny Bhatt's 'Each of Us Killers'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/all-the-lives-we-never-lived-tabish-khair-reviews-jenny-bhatts-each-of-us-killers/article33632637.ece|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Anthologies ===
Bhatt's story 'Return to India' was included in [[The Best American Mystery and Suspense|''The Best American Mystery and Suspense 2021'']], selected by [[Alafair Burke]] and series editor, [[Steph Cha]]. In her introduction, Burke wrote: "In “Return to India”, Jenny Bhatt uses the structure of witness statements to build a tightly woven mystery, while effortlessly balancing a broad cast of diverse characters and voices as they collectively narrate the painful series of facts leading to a crime of violence."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cha |first1=Steph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPYJEAAAQBAJ |title=Best American Mystery And Suspense 2021 |last2=Alafair |first2=Burke |date=2021-10-12 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-358-52590-5 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the crime/noir forward anthology, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GwBgzwEACAAJ The Dark Waves of Winter]'', edited by David M. Olsen, included a short story by Bhatt titled 'Lili's Song'. ''[https://indiereader.com/ IndieReader]'' called the anthology "a first-rate anthology for literary short story fans with consistently excellent writing throughout."<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE DARK WAVES OF WINTER |url=https://indiereader.com/book_review/the-dark-waves-of-winter/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=IndieReader |language=en-US}}</ref> This story also received a "Distinguished Mention" in [[The Best American Mystery and Suspense|''The Best American Mystery and Suspense 2024'']], selected by [[S. A. Cosby]] and series editor, [[Steph Cha]].

Also in 2023, Bhatt's short story, 'The Weight of His Bones' was included in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WcxozwEACAAJ South to South: Writing South Asia in the American South],''<ref>{{Cite web |title=South to South |url=https://www.tamupress.com/9781680032963/south-to-south |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Texas A&M University Press |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> an anthology edited by Khem K. Aryal.

== Literary Translation ==

=== ''Ratno Dholi: The Best Stories of Dhumketu'' (literary translation) ===
Shortlisted for the '''''Valley of Words Book Award''''' in the 'English Translations From Regional Languages' category,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ratno Dholi: The Best Stories of Dhumketu|url=https://valleyofwords.org/books/ratno-dholi-the-best-stories-of-dhumketu/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Valley of Words|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421223818/https://valleyofwords.org/books/ratno-dholi-the-best-stories-of-dhumketu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> this book is a translation of 26 short stories by the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer, [[Dhumketu (writer)|Dhumketu]], published by ''[[HarperCollins India]]'' in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ratno Dholi|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/ratno-dholi/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]]'' praised the translation as "reasonably fast-paced and eminently accessible."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-20|title=Review: Ratno Dholi: The Best Stories of Dhumketu|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-ratno-dholi-the-best-stories-of-dhumketu/story-AtngBxJhIf0axv97XLfMqN.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ''Womensweb.in'' said that "Jenny Bhatt’s translation is nuanced but simple, and does justice to these stories.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=A Masterclass In Detailing Human Emotions As Ratno Dholi, Dhumketu's Work Remains Relevant Today|url=https://www.womensweb.in/2020/11/dhumketu-ratno-dholi-translation-jenny-bhatt-book-review-nov19wk1sr/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Women's Web: For Women Who Do|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote that "Her translations make for a crisp and honest rendering of 20th century Gujarat . . ."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-22|title=Healing the helpless, only to be banished by society: Read a short story from Dhumketu's Ratno Dholi anthology|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/healing-the-helpless-only-to-be-banished-by-society-read-a-short-story-from-dhumketus-ratno-dholi-anthology-8990681.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "The translator of this collection, Jenny Bhatt, contextualizes [Dhumketu's] work in the introduction while providing insightful details about his craft."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vatsa|first=Mihir|date=2021-02-06|title=A weave of emotions: Review of 'Ratno Dholi: The Best Stories of Dhumketu'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-weave-of-emotions-review-of-ratno-dholi-the-best-stories-of-dhumketu/article33749542.ece|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described the translation as mellifluous and wrote that "well-informed choices for pivotal words open new possibilities of re-readings for a Gujarati reader."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-14|title=How Dhumketu transformed Gujarati literature with his short stories|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/how-dhumketu-transformed-gujarati-literature-with-his-short-stories-7187608/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' praised the depth of each story, adding: “. . . which means that a) the translator has done an excellent job and b) every story in the book is satisfying, something that does not often happen with short story collections.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gulab|first=Kushalrani|date=2021-03-14|title=Book Review {{!}} Worlds within worlds in Dhumketu's best classic short stories|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/140321/book-review-worlds-within-worlds-in-dhumketus-best-classic-short.html|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

=== ''The Shehnai Virtuoso and Other Stories by Dhumketu'' (literary translation) ===
In 2022, the US edition of Bhatt's literary translation of [[Dhumketu (writer)|Dhumketu's]] selected short stories was published as ''The Shehnai Virtuoso and Other Stories'' by [http://deepvellum.com/ Deep Vellum Books]. ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' called it "a love letter to the power of art and the human spirit."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/dhumketu/the-shehnai-virtuoso/ |title=THE SHEHNAI VIRTUOSO {{!}} Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' said that "Complex characters, vibrant imagery, and descriptions of rural Gujarat State bolster each of the stories."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=The Shehnai Virtuoso by Dhumketu |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781646051687 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.publishersweekly.com}}</ref> ''[[Words Without Borders]]'' reviewed it as a "skillful translation."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhumketu's "Shehnai Virtuoso": Exquisite Nuance from a Giant of Letters |url=https://wordswithoutborders.org/book-reviews/dhumketus-shehnai-virtuoso-exquisite-nuance-from-a-giant-of-letters/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Words Without Borders |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Asymptote (magazine)|Asymptote Journal]]'' described it as “. . . a kaleidoscope, abundant in variegating depictions of both landscapes and the human interiors populating them.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's New in Translation: July 2022 – Asymptote Blog |url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2022/07/11/whats-new-in-translation-july-2022/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |language=en}}</ref> The translation also made ''[[World Literature Today]]''{{'}}s 75 Notable Translations of 2022 list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=World Literature Today's 75 Notable Translations of 2022, by Michelle Johnson |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/blog/lit-lists/world-literature-todays-75-notable-translations-2022-michelle-johnson |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=World Literature Today |language=en}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[https://fivebooks.com/ Five Books]'', Bhatt said that "Not only is it the first ever book-length translation of his vast oeuvre, it is also the first ever translation from Gujarati being published in the US, where we have the largest Gujarati diaspora."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Books |first=Five |title=The Best South Asian Novels in Translation |url=https://fivebooks.com/best-books/the-best-south-asian-novels-in-translation-jenny-bhatt/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Five Books |language=en}}</ref>

=== National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Translation Fellowship (2025) ===
In 2025, Bhatt was awarded a [[National Endowment for the Arts|National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)]] Translation Fellowship.<ref name=":0" />

== ''Desi Books'' LLC ==
Bhatt started ''[https://desibooks.co Desi Books]'' as a podcast in April 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khabar : Desi Author and Advocate|url=http://www.khabar.com/magazine/talk-time/desi-author-and-advocate|access-date=2021-04-21|website=www.khabar.com}}</ref> to spotlight books by writers of [[South Asia]]n origin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stories|first=Local|title=Meet Jenny Bhatt of Desi Books Podcast in North Dallas - Voyage Dallas Magazine {{!}} Dallas City Guide|url=http://voyagedallas.com/interview/meet-jenny-bhatt-desi-books-podcast-north-dallas/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=voyagedallas.com|date=9 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> South Asia refers to the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] countries: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and The Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DesiBooks Podcast featured in the Funasia Radio Community Roundup (Sep 6, 2020)|url=https://www.youtube.com/xu81B0Ye63E|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' called it a venue for "the best of desi reads."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-22|title=Best of desi reads|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/best-of-desi-reads/22744249|access-date=2020-12-01|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' described it as one of the most "popular podcasts redefining real talk."<ref>{{Cite web|title=How popular podcasts are redefining real talk - EasternEye|date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/how-popular-podcasts-are-redefining-real-talk/|access-date=2020-12-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' featured Bhatt and [https://desibooks.co ''Desi Books''] saying "This North Texas author is shining a light on Desi authors from around the globe."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=This North Texas author is shining a light on Desi authors from around the globe |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/books/2022/11/09/this-dallas-author-is-shining-a-light-on-desi-authors-from-around-the-globe/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books|The Los Angeles Review of Books]]'' described it as follows: "What started as a modest program now has several channels, featuring conversations on craft, book reviews, and even video episodes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/writing-is-about-connection-a-conversation-with-jenny-bhatt/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2021, ''Desi Books'' was registered as an LLC and a global multimedia forum that showcases South Asian literature and connects readers and writers through conversation and community.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-22|title=DESI BOOKS|url=https://desibooks.co/about/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=DESI BOOKS|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2023, Bhatt announced that she would be winding down the platform although the archives would remain online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Jenny |date=2023-02-03 |title=#DesiBooksNews: An Important Update About Desi Books |url=https://desibooks.co/desibooksnews-an-important-update-about-desi-books/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Desi Books |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Teaching ==
Bhatt has taught creative writing at various institutions and organizations, including ''Writing Workshops Dallas.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jenny Bhatt Writing Workshops Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DITMj1gboec&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2020-08-21|website=www.youtube.com| date=19 August 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Jenny}}
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:American women literary critics]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Literary translators]]
[[Category:Gujarati–English translators]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Dallas]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir

2026-01-15T20:41:44Z

Alicolours: improve page for clarity and added references

{{Short description|Historic Jain temple in Jabalpur, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Bada Mandir
| native_name = हनुमान-ताल मन्दिर
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Hanumantal.jpg
| alt = Hanumantal
| caption =
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|10|N|79|56|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| shrine_quantity = 22
| deity = [[Rishabha]]
| established = 1686
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Bara Mandir''' (हनुमान-ताल मन्दिर) is a historic [[Jain]] temple in [[Jabalpur]],<ref>Bharat ke Digambar Jain Tirth, Volume 1, Balbhadra Jain, 1974</ref> India, right on the edge of Hanumantal, once the main center of Jabalpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.templesofindia.net/temples/hanumantal-bada-jain-mandir-jabalpur|title=Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116152422/http://www.templesofindia.net/temples/hanumantal-bada-jain-mandir-jabalpur|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
[[Bhattaraka]] Harichandrabhushan of [[Sonagiri]], belonging to the [[Balatkara Gana]] division of [[Mula Sangha]] conducted pratishas in 1834, 1839, and 1840.<ref>Vidyadhar Johrapurkar, Madhya Pradesh men jainacharyon ka Vihar, Kailashchandra Shastri Abhinadan Granth, 1980, p. 288-293</ref> Bhattaraka Charichandrabhushan conducted pratishthas in 1866, 1867 and 1889. The bhattarakas of Sonagiri also administered the nearby Jain center of [[Panagar]], where Narendrabhushan installed images in 1797, Surendrabhushana conducted pratishtha in 1822, and Acharyabhushan in 1838.

The temple houses several images from the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] period (10-12th century), including an ornately crafted image of Lord [[Rishabha|Adinath]].<ref>Madhyapradeśa ke purātattva kā sandarbha-grantha: pūrva-Muslima kāla, R. K. Sharma
Madhyapradeśa Hindī Grantha Akādamī, 1974, p.</ref><ref>Khandharin Ka Vibhav, Muni Kantisagar, 1959, p. 168-170</ref> It also has many [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period, [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] period and [[British India|British]] period images, along with those installed after India's Independence.

The temple was visited by Acharya [[Shantisagar]] in 1928, the first Digambar Jain Acharya in the region after many centuries. He arrived after a [[Chaturmas#Jainism|Chaturmas]] in Katni and left for damoh. He later commented that the temple was built like a fortress.<ref>Chartitra Chakravati, Sumeruchandra Divakar, 2006 Edition, p. 217</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Hanumantal gate.jpg|thumb|Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur, lakeside gateway]]
The temple appears like a fortress with numerous [[shikhara]]s. Originally built in 1686 CE,<ref>Parwar Samaj Ka Itihas, Phulchandra Shastri, 1992, p. 391</ref> it was renovated in the 19th century,<ref>Singhai Nemichandra Jain, Digambar jain Parwar Samaj Jabalpur, Jaganmohanlal Shastri Sadhuvad Granth, p. 380-382</ref> the temple has 22 shrines (vedis), making it the largest independent Jain temple in India. The images range from [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] period to modern times. The main room with glasswork was built in 1886 by Bholanath [[Singhai]], who also helped initiate the first two [[Hitkarini Sabha]] schools.

The main room contained the only image of the Jain Goddess, [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]], that is still worshipped in central India. After extensive rebuilding of the internal structure of the temple inspired by Jain Muni Shri Sudhasagar ji,<ref>[https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/gajrath-mahotsav-in-jabalpur-7520453/ रथ में विराजे 24 तीर्थंकर भगवान, शहर मेंं निकली भव्य शोभायात्रा, Patrika, May 09, 2022]</ref><ref>[https://udtibaat.com/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A/ श्री भक्ताम्बर पाठ की महिमा वर्णन, Udti Baat, Sep 14, 2016]</ref> the image was shifted to a cabinet on one side. The idol was found missing on the night of 16 May 2022. A police investigation revealed that the trustees had decided to remove the image from the temple.<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/jabalpur/news/300-year-old-idol-weighing-70-kg-missing-police-engaged-in-search-129813953.html जैन मंदिर से देवी पद्मावती की मूर्ति गायब:300 साल पुरानी 70 किलो वजनी मूर्ति गायब, पुलिस तलाश में जुटी, Bhaskar, May 17, 2022]</ref>

It is the main Jain temple in Jabalpur, the annual Jain procession on the birthday of [[Lord Mahavira]] starts from here<ref>श्रीजी की पालकी निहारने उमड़े जन, 23 April 2013,http://www.pradeshtoday.com/newsdetails.php?news=Shreeji-mass-sedan-behold-Umde&nid=57315 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195921/http://www.pradeshtoday.com/newsdetails.php?news=Shreeji-mass-sedan-behold-Umde&nid=57315 |date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> and terminates at Bada Fuhara. Daily shastra-sabha and evening classes are held. The temple has been renamed Shasanodaya Jain Tirth. In May 2022, a Panchkalyana Pratishtha was organized with culminated in a Gajrath celebration on May 9, 2022.<ref>[https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-panchkalyanak-mahotsav-the-coronation-of-yuvraj-adikumar-and-a-beautiful-display-of-twelve-feelings-of-detachment-7503807 Panchkalyanak Mahotsav : युवराज आदिकुमार का राज्याभिषेक और वैराग्य की बारह भावनाओं का सुंदर प्रदर्शन, Nai Dunia, 07 May 2022]</ref>

==Nearby Jain temples in the Jabalpur area==
* Jain Mandir, Bada Fuhara (Payalwala)
* Jain Mandir, Lordganj
* Wright Town Boarding Jain mandir
* Madhiaji Jain Tirth ([[Pisanhari Ki Madiya]])
* Shri Parasnath Jain Mandir, Shivnagar
* Bhedaghat Shantinath Dig. Jain mandir
* Panagar Jain Tirth
* [[Bahuriband]]
* Bilahri, katni
* Parasnath Jain mandir, Parar-bhata, (Pahadi) katni

There are about 50 Jain temples in Jabalpur.

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Lord Aadinath (cropped).jpg|Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur, [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] period Adinath image
File:Hanumantal vedi.jpg|Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur, vedi with Kalachuri period, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] period images
File:Hanumantal padmavati.jpg|Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur, Goddess Padmavati
File:Hanumantal kshetrapal.jpg|Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur, Kshetrapal
File:Hanumantal granth.jpg|Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur, sacred texts
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kundalpur]]
* [[Hitkarini Sabha]]
* [[Pisanhari ki Marhia]]
* [[Jainism in Bundelkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:17th-century Jain temples]]

Birur Junction railway station

2025-12-20T21:33:57Z

Alicolours: Created page.

{{short description|Railway station in India}}
{{pov|date=August 2023}}

{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Birur Junction
| native_name = <hr/>Biruru Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Birur]], [[Kadur]], [[Chikmagalur district]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.593278|75.972922|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Karnataka
| map_dot_label = Birur Junction
| line = Bengaluru - Hubballi line Birur - Shivamogga - Talguppa line
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|805|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 5
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 7
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = RRB
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| mapframe-caption = Birur Junction
}}

'''Birur Junction railway station''', also known as '''Biruru Junction railway station''' (station code: '''RRB''') is an [[Indian Railways]] station in [[Birur]] in [[Kadur]], [[Chikmagalur district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/state/mangaluru/minister-promises-development-of-birur-rly-station-791212.html|access-date= 31 May 2023|title= Birur Junction}}</ref>

Birur Junction is an important railway station, since pre-independence era. It is the most important railway junction in [[Chikmagalur district]]. This Junction acts as a nexus point between [[Bengaluru]] and [[Shimoga]] and north Karnataka city of [[Hubli]]. This junction belongs to [[Mysore]] division of South-western Railway Zone of Indian Railways. Many intrastate and inter-state trains have their stoppage here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261,371|access-date = 31 May 2023|title= Mysuru Division}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chikmagalur district]]

Pani Manidhan

2025-12-13T18:29:44Z

Alicolours: made a info.

{{short description|1998 novel by Jeyamohan}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox book

| name = Pani Manidhan
| image = Pani-Manidhan.jpg
| caption = ''2nd Ed. cover''
| author = [[Jeyamohan]]
| title_orig = Pani Manidhan
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| series =
| subject = Children's Literature, Fantasy
| genre =
| publisher = [[Kavitha Publications]], [[Kizhakku]], [[Natrinai Pathippagam]]
| pub_date = 1998
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 244
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Pani Manidhan''''' (1998) (Alt: ''Panimanidhan'', ''Panimanithan'') is a children's novel written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by Indian author [[Jeyamohan]]. It encompasses themes like adventure story, science, fantasy, mystery and values making it an important creative work in the children's literature canon in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Neelakandan|first1=Aravindan|title=Pani Manidhan - a Review|url=http://panimanithan.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_8806.html|website=panimanidhan.blogspot.com|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

==Development==
Jeyamohan had been invited by Manoj, the Editor of Tamil newspaper [[Dinamani]]'s ''Siruvar Malar'' children's weekly to write a serialized novel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeyamohan|title=Foreword to Pani Manidhan, 2nd ed|date=September 2021 |url=http://www.jeyamohan.in/6220#.V1wzEPkwjIU}}</ref> Jeyamohan created ''Pani Manidhan'' for the weekly in 1998 and it received considerable fan support from children as well as adults.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Haran Prasanna|title=Children's Literature in Tamil|url=http://panimanithan.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_3471.html|website=panimanidhan.blogspot.com|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref> Kavitha Publications published it as a book in 2002. Kizhakku publications and Natrinai Pathippagam brought out subsequent editions.

==Plot==
[[Yeti]] is the legend of the Snow Man rumored to be found in the mountains of [[Himalayas]]. Many consider the legend to be somewhere between truth and lies.

An Indian military officer named Pandian is asked by his commanders to investigate certain mysterious giant footprints found in snow near a remote village. Pandian, who feels it is just the imagination of the villagers, sets out on a trip and encounters strange happenings, native legends and finally, the wondrous truths themselves.

Pandian rescues a boy named Kim from the snow. A doctor who is also out researching the Snow Man joins the group. Together they- military officer Pandian, the Buddhist mountain boy Kim and the Doctor with the Western Scientific views - begin the search for the Yeti in the mountains. The Doctor tells Pandian that the Yeti might be the proverbial missing link in the evolutionary chain to Humans. But Kim, who says he has seen the Snow Man, says the Yeti looks nothing like the monkeys in the pictures shown by the Doctor and he looks more like [[Homo erectus]].

Along the way, Pandian is surprised to see Kim performing sophisticated breathing and meditation Yoga exercises. Through various adventures, Kim explains his native cultural beliefs and practices that correspond to Pandian's and the Doctor's statements on nature, humanity, soul, evolution and natural effects.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rafiq Raja|title=Buddha's Smile - Pani Manidhan|date=17 July 2014|url=http://panimanithan.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_6229.html}}</ref>

The group encounters [[Bhikshu]]s searching for their [[Lama]]. They are led to a fantasy land where it is revealed that there exists a society of Yetis and other creatures. Their world is one of biblical harmony and coexistence of all creatures. In fact, the Yetis have planned and engineered the whole adventure for the group. Kim is the only human who has throughout remained conscious of the actions of the soul. The group leave the land with far greater understanding of nature and the universe.

On their way back, the group again meets the Bhikshus who choose Kim as their head Lama. The Doctor and Pandian pay their respects to Kim. The truth about the legend of the Yeti the Snow Man is preserved as a secret.

==Themes==
Pani Manidhan has themes of adventure mixed with spiritual pilgrimage. Jeyamohan has said that "..as the children grow up, the story grows with them". It has a fantasy story that is supported by deep discussions on science and philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Neelakandan|first1=Aravindan|title=Arithalin Ellayil|work=Dinamani - Tamil Daily News |url=http://www.dinamani.com/junction/arithalin-ellaiyil/2015/07/19/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D/article2925571.ece|publisher=Dinamani|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Suneel Krishnan|title=Review of Pani Manidhan|url=http://omnibus.sasariri.com/2012/11/blog-post_16.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122030120/http://omnibus.sasariri.com/2012/11/blog-post_16.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 November 2013|website=Omnibus Sasariri|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

The story begins with the scientific analysis by Pandian and ends with the revelation that the Snow Man is the incarnation of [[Maitreya]] Buddha. It explains that Science is not the only way to understand Nature, but without discrediting Science.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeyamohan|title=Ilankanavin Vannangalil - Foreword to 3rd ed.|url=http://panimanithan.blogspot.com/2014/07/blog-post_17.html|website=Natrinai Pathippagam|date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Pani Manidhan is an effort to simultaneously describe the beauty of both Science and Mythology to young readers, and the ways they work.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kesavamani TP|title=Jeyamohan's Pani Manidhan - The Wonderful World of Children|url=http://kesavamanitp.blogspot.com/2014/08/blog-post_68.html|website=Puthaga Alamari|accessdate=11 June 2016|archive-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012173336/http://kesavamanitp.blogspot.com/2014/08/blog-post_68.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rengasubramani|title=Jeyamohan - Pani Manidhan review|url=http://rengasubramani.blogspot.com/2013/02/blog-post_4.html|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

==Style==
Pani Manidhan was written in a style accessible to readers of eight and above. Most of the sentences are only six words in length.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeyamohan|title=Foreword to Pani Manidhan, 2nd ed|date=September 2021 |url=http://www.jeyamohan.in/6220#.V1wzEPkwjIU}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Children's literature}}
<references />

[[Category:Indian children's novels]]
[[Category:Novels in Tamil]]
[[Category:1998 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Yeti in fiction]]
[[Category:Maitreya]]
[[Category:Lamas]]
[[Category:Homo erectus]]
[[Category:Himalayas in fiction]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Children's books set in India]]
[[Category:Novels about cryptids]]

Boisar

2025-12-04T06:57:15Z

Alicolours: small expand layout based on references and added references

{{short description|City in Maharashtra, India}}
{{distinguish|Poisar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name =Boisar
| image_alt = Boisar railway station - Platform board
| official_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
City
| image_skyline = Boisar_railway_station_-_Platform_board_1.jpg
| image_caption = Boisar railway station
| nicknames =
| pushpin_map = Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Boisar in Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8036|N|72.756|E|region:IN-MH||format=dec|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]] (Earlier [[Thane district|Thane]])
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Palghar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR)]] October–December 2015 Report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pcb.net.in/projects/mahindra/happinest/boisar.html|title=Mahindra Happinest, Why Boisar? (Mumbai) | Petroleum, Coal & Banking Executives Welfare Society|website=pcb.net.in}}</ref>
| blank_emblem_size = 300px
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.90
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 4,00,000 + register voter
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council (India)|State Govt, Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[Palghar Municipal Council|Palghar Municipal Council (PMC)]]
| leader_title = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| leader_name = [[Palghar]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]](खासदार)
| leader_name1 = [[Rajendra Gavit]] ([[Shiv Sena]])
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]]
| leader_name2 = [[Boisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boisar]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]](आमदार)
| leader_name3 = [[Rajesh Raghunath Patil]] ([[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]])
| leader_title4 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name4 = Maheyssh Sagar
| population_demonym = Boisarkar, Boisarean, Boisary
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code = 401 501 to 401 506
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-02525]]
| registration_plate = MH-48
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Official language]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Other [[language]]s
| blank2_info_sec1 = English Hindi
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Local News]]
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = IN [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|BOM]] [[Boisar railway station|BOR]]
| IT Company =
}}

'''Boisar''' is the largest industrial town in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It was originally a part of the [[Thane district]] before becoming a part of the [[Palghar district]]. It is approximately 111 kilometers (69 miles) away from the state capital [[Mumbai]], and {{cvt|98|km}} from the [[union territory]] [[Daman, India|Daman]]. It is located in the district Palghar in Maharashtra.

Boisar is governed by the [[Palghar Municipal Council|Palghar Municipal Council (PMC)]]. It is home to [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC)]].

Boisar hosts India's first nuclear power station{{Em dash}}[[Tarapur Atomic Power Station|Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/tarapur-indias-2nd-most-powerful-nuclear-plant-built-with-us-help-completes-50-yrs-today/312366/|title = Tarapur, India's 2nd most powerful nuclear plant built with US help, completes 50 yrs today| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 28 October 2019}}</ref> It has a railway station in the [[Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] as well as [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]. The [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] will have a stop at Boisar.

Boisar is a popular weekend spot for tourists and locals due to nearby beaches, forts and lakes. The place has seen rapid development due to:
* The existence of more than 1500 industrial units.
* Its proximity to [[Mumbai]] & [[Gujarat]].<ref name="fallingrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Boisar.html|title=Maps, Weather and Airports for Boisar, India|website=fallingrain.com}}</ref>
* Easy access by train and road.
*Availability of surplus power and water.
* Its vicinity of Maharashtra's largest fishing port [[Satpati]] ({{cvt|20|km|disp=sqbr}}).
* The upcoming [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor|Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train]] having a stop at Boisar.
*The upcoming [[Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]] (DMIC) being planned to pass via Boisar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naredco.in/news-updates-details.asp?id=23236&prYear=2018 |title=National Real Estate Development Council |publisher=Naredco.in |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* The upcoming [[Mumbai Vadodara Expressway|Mumbai-Vadodara expressway]].
* The expansion of sea transport project.

== Demonym ==
A resident of Boisar is called a ''Boisarkar'', ''Boisarean'', or ''Boisary'' in Marathi, in which the suffixes "kar"', "ean" and "y" means "resident of" or "to belong to". Boisar is located within the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== History ==

Boisar city was part of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] which had ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] between the 8th and 10th centuries. It was ruled by [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] (1521–1594), the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Empire (1594)]], the [[Maratha Empire]] (1739–1818), the [[East India Company]] (1818–1857) and the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947). There are some forts near the city, such as Asava Fort (11 km), [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur Fort]] ({{cvt|11|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Kaldurg Fort]]({{cvt|174|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Shirgaon Fort]] ({{cvt|18|km|disp=sqbr}}), Mahim Fort ({{cvt|20|km|disp=sqbr}}), and [[Asheri fort|Asheri Fort]] ({{cvt|25|km|disp=sqbr}}).

Boisar was initially inhabited by the [[Koli people|Kolis]] and [[Konkani people|Konkanis]] who were fish and used to live in the [[Arabian Sea]] coast. The Kolis are traditional fishermen who speak different dialects of [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

The present [[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanjarisamajpalghar.com/about-vanjarisamaj.aspx|title=ठाणे-पालघर जिल्हा वंजारी समाज हितवर्धक मंडळ, रजि.|first=ठाणे-पालघर जिल्हा वंजारी समाज हितवर्धक मंडळ|last=रजि|website=Vanjarisamajpalghar.com}}</ref> community of Boisar was part of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] and originate from [[Chittorgarh]], [[Rajasthan]]. They migrated to "Moradi" port (today "Murbe") to trade in Boisar because the British started the railway in 1853 which halted the grain trade. Their language is distinct from standard [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as it influenced by [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].

The Vadval community is located in Boisar, [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur]]. They are said to be the descendants of [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty of Devagiri]]. They form one of the few Marathi-speaking communities which belong to [[Kshatriya]] varna but not the traditional [[Maratha clan system|96-clan]] [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha caste]].

Boisar was town in [[Bombay State|Bombay state]] between 18th to 19th century. It was also city in the [[Thane district]] after the [[Independence Day (India)|independence of India]]. [[Palghar district]] is the current district of Boisar from 1 August 2014.

==Geography==
Boisar encompasses an area of {{Convert|8.90|km2|sqmi|abbr=}}. It is located at 19° 48' 13N 72° 45' 22E<ref name="fallingrain" /> and has an average altitude of {{cvt|45|ft}}<ref name="fallingrain"/> at the base of the eastern slopes of the Sahyadri. Boisar is a part of the coastal country known as the [[Konkan]] with the [[Arabian Sea]] forming its western coast, and is about {{Convert|7.21|km|mi|abbr=}} from the shores. It is close to [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Daman, India|Daman]]. People in and around Boisar use Marathi as a common language.

===Hydrography===
The two main rivers flowing through the city are the Surya and the Banganga (which has Betegaon Railway Bridge). Many small creeks are found all along the western coast villages like Kolwade, Kumbhavali, and Murbe where tidal waters flood upstream. There are dams such as the Surya Dam and the Devkhop dam.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image_gap = 20
| image1 =
| width1 = 1984
| caption1 = Surya Dam(22km)
| image2 =
| width2 = 1984
| caption2 = Banganga River
| image3 =
| width3 = 1984
| caption3 = Devkhop Dam(17Km)
| image4 =
| width4 = 1984
| caption4 = Surya River
| total_width = 900
}}
Boisar has no natural lakes but it has artificial ones. The Babule Lake<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/B%C4%81bule+Lake/@19.89579,72.6913244,18z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3be6df7605cbfe8b:0x673d4398f6e0c54f!2sB%C4%81bule+Lake!3b1!8m2!3d19.8955815!4d72.6923509!3m4!1s0x3be6df7605cbfe8b:0x673d4398f6e0c54f!8m2!3d19.8955815!4d72.6923509|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> and Navale Lake<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nav%C4%81le+Lake/@19.8783763,72.6888688,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be6df96a5003fcd:0x42930dca734da7b2!8m2!3d19.8781718!4d72.690873|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> near the city are known for lotus blooms in winter.
{{multiple image
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
| image_gap =20
|image1=
| width1 = 1984
|caption1=Babule Lake(15km)
|image2=
| width2 = 1984
|caption2= Navale Lake(14km)
|total_width =600

}}
The Kokner/Kokaner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/22273291/Kokner-Kokaner-Hot-Water-Springs|title=Kokner / Kokaner Hot Water Springs|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6FZ5_NlYBc|title=Natural Hot water springs kokNer# palghar Maharashtra|via=youtube.com}}</ref> hot water spring is on the banks on the Surya river; the water is a murky greenish brown due to sulphur & chemical deposits from the spring.{{Relevance inline|date=May 2020}}

{{multiple image
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
|image1=
| width1 = 1984
|caption1=Kokaner Hot Water Spring(25km)
|total_width =280
}}

===Pedology===
[[Basalt]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a9a1d5317a33ae8cef33961c34144f84/uploads/2019/07/2019073071.pdf |title=Info |publisher=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |date=2019 |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> and medium deep grayish black soil<ref name="auto"/> are found in the hill area and deep black soils<ref name="auto"/> are found in the basins of Surya river. Coastal saline soil<ref name="auto"/> occurs along the [[Arabian Sea]]. Other than basalt, minor minerals like [[Murrum (mineral)|murrum]] are found in the city.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

===Climate===

According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], the climate of Boisar is tropical, very humid, and warm because of the western coastal plains. The city experiences three main seasons and one transitional season. They are:
#Winter Season (December to February).
#Summer Season (March to June).
#Monsoon Season (June to September).
#Post Monsoon Season / Autumn (October and November): Hot and humid in the coastal areas.
{{Weather box
| location= Boisar
| metric first= yes
| single line= yes
| Jan high C= 28.1
| Feb high C= 28.6
| Mar high C= 30.7
| Apr high C= 32.3
| May high C= 33.1
| Jun high C= 31.9
| Jul high C= 29.7
| Aug high C= 29.2
| Sep high C= 29.7
| Oct high C= 32
| Nov high C= 31.9
| Dec high C= 29.9
| year high C= 31.7
| Jan low C= 17.1
| Feb low C= 17.8
| Mar low C= 21.1
| Apr low C= 23.9
| May low C= 26.6
| Jun low C= 26.3
| Jul low C= 25.0
| Aug low C= 24.7
| Sep low C= 24.2
| Oct low C= 23.2
| Nov low C= 20.2
| Dec low C= 18.1
| year low C= 22.1
| Jan precipitation mm= 1
| Feb precipitation mm= 0
| Mar precipitation mm= 1
| Apr precipitation mm= 1
| May precipitation mm= 10
| Jun precipitation mm= 437
| Jul precipitation mm= 856
| Aug precipitation mm= 466
| Sep precipitation mm= 289
| Oct precipitation mm= 68
| Nov precipitation mm= 9
| Dec precipitation mm= 1
| year precipitation mm= 2477.5
| source= [https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/boisar-55464 Boisar Weather By Month]
| date= June 2012
}}

==Demographics==
Census India 2011 reported a total of 20319 males and 15832 females and a total number of 4896 children below 6 years of age in Boisar. The {{Clarify span|child sex ratio|Male to female?|date=May 2020}} is around 919 compared to the Maharashtra state average of 894. The literacy rate of Boisar is 88.49%, higher than the state average of 82.34%. The city has complete administration over 8,711 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within town limits and impose taxes on properties under its jurisdiction. Out of its total population, 14,372 are employed; 12,312 were males while 2,060 were females. In the census survey, a worker is defined as person who performs a job, service, cultivation, or labour. Of the 14372 people that were surveyed to be working, 89.32% were engaged in main work while 10.68% of total workers were engaged in marginal work.
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em;width:30%;"
|+ '''Population and Literacy of Boisar(2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php?cityid=2742109000|title=Boisar (Thane, Maharashtra, India) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>'''
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| 36151 (100%)
|-
| '''Males'''
| 20319(56.21%)
|-
| '''Females'''
|15832 (43.79)%
|-
| '''Children'''
| 4896(13.54%)
|-
| '''Literacy Rate'''
| 88.49%
|-
| '''Male Literacy'''
| 93.08%
|-
| '''Female Literacy'''
| 82.44%
|}

===Religion===
According to the 2011 census, out of a total of 36,151 people in Boisar, Hindus (83.84%) constituted the majority of the city population. Schedule Caste (SC) constituted 4.82% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 1.76% of the total population. The official language of Boisar is Marathi but Hindi and English are also allowed to be used for any official purpose. Marathi is the most widely spoken language with [[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]], Agri, Koli, Vadvali and Warli dialects. Small communities of Gujaratis and Muslims speak Gujarati and Urdu respectively. Marathi, Hindi, and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Sanskrit and Urdu are optional.
{{Pie chart
|thumb = Center
|caption = Religion in Boisar(2011)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php?cityid=2742109000 |title=Boisar (Thane, Maharashtra, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219004339/https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php?cityid=2742109000 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 83.84
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 11.78
|color2 = Green
|label3 =[[Buddhism]]
|value3 = 1.38
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = [[Jainism]]
|value4 = 1.37
|color4 = Brown
|label5 = [[Christianity]]
|value5 = 0.85
|color5 = DodgerBlue
|label6 =[[Sikhism]]
|value6 = 0.03
|color6 = Yellow
|label7 = Not Stated
|value7 = 0.45
|color7 = Red
|label8 = Others
|value8 = 0.02
|color8 = Black
}}

==Culture==
===Festivals===
Boisar residents celebrate Marathi, Indian, and Western festivals. [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami|Gokulashtami/Dahi Handi]] are popular festivals in the city. Some other festivals celebrated in the city are :

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
![[Hindu calendar|Hindu Calendar Month]]
! [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian calendar Months]]
|-
|[[Gudi Padwa|Marathi New Year (Gudi Padwa)]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]]
|[[Chaitra|Chaitra(चैत्र)]]
|March–April
|-
|[[Akshaya Tritiya]], [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha's Birthday(Budha Purnima)]]
|[[Vaisakha|Vaisakha(वैशाख)]]
|April–May
|-
|[[Vat Purnima]]
|[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha(ज्येष्ठ)]]
|May–June
|-
|[[Guru Purnima]]
|[[Ashadha|Ashadha(आषाढ़)]]
|June–July
|-
|[[Naga Panchami]], [[Coconut day|Narali Purnima(Coconut day)]], [[Krishna Janmashtami|Gokulashtami/Dahi Handi]], [[Pola (festival)|Pola]]
|[[Shraavana|Shraavana(श्रावण)]]
|July–August
|-
|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Anant Chaturdashi]]
|[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada(भाद्रपद)]]
|August–September
|-
|[[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]], [[Sharad Purnima|Kojagiri Purnima]], [[Lakshmi Pujan]]
|[[Ashvin|Ashwina(अश्विन)]]
|September–October
|-
|[[Balipratipada]], [[Diwali]], [[Bhai Dooj|Bhaubeej]]
|[[Kartika (month)|Kartika(कार्तिक)]]
|October–November
|-
|[[Datta Jayanti]], Sri Mahalakshmi Vrat, [[Christmas]]
|[[Agrahayana|Mārgasirsa(मार्गशीष)]]
|November–December
|-
|[[New Year's Day]] [[Makar Sankranti]]
|[[Pausha|Pausha(पौष)]]
|December–January
|-
|[[Rama Navami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Shiv Jayanti]]
|[[Māgha|Māgha(माघ)]]
|November–December
|-
|[[Shiv Jayanti]], [[Holi]]
|[[Phalguna|Phalguna(फाल्गुन)]]
|February–March
|}

==Transportation==
===Railway Station===
{{Main|Boisar railway station}}

* Boisar railway station is the main mode of transportation.
* All local trains runs between Dahanu and Churchgate;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbai77.com/city/3089/local-trains-timetable/dahanu-churchgate-fast/|title=Dahanu Churchgate Fast Trains – Mumbai Local Trains Timetable|last=Jadav|first=Deven|date=2013-08-23|website=Mumbai77 – Mumbai City and Travel Guide|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> Dahanu-Virar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/trains/dahanu-road-virar|title=DAHANU ROAD to VIRAR Trains, Time Table, Distance Between & Travel Time {{!}} DRD VR Trains|website=trainspnrstatus.com|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> has a stop at Boisar railway station.
* It is part of the [[Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>[https://www.makemytrip.com/routeplanner/boisar-mumbai.html]{{dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/BOR/|title=Boisar Railway Station {{!}} Trains Timetable passing through Boisar Station|website=cleartrip.com|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* There are some local trains and express trains that run through Boisar station to the Mumbai Central line and [[Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] via the Boisar-Vasai-Bhiwandi-Panvel railway route.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/bor-boisar-to-bird-bhiwandi-road/873/0/71|title=Boisar to Bhiwandi Road: 7 Trains, Shortest Distance: 78 km – Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* Boisar railway station has 3 platforms and multiple tracks. After a period of neglect, it has become properly maintained.

===Road===
*Transportation inside city is done by three-wheeled buses [[auto rickshaw]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Parking+Lot,+Boisar+-+Palghar+Rd,+Boisar,+Maharashtra+401501/@19.7981803,72.7609652,21z/data=!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sAuto+stand+nearby+boisar!3m4!1s0x3be71ef760e00f8f:0x259de457580bf696!8m2!3d19.798233!4d72.7612274 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
*(Boisar-[[Palghar]]), (Boisar-Navapur, Nandgaon, Alewadi and Kumbhavali) and (Boisar-Tarapur) are connected via 10-seat passenger auto rickshaws and [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bus+Depot+Boisar/@19.7981803,72.7609652,21z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be71ef85c99583b:0x4507a632ff5b4557!8m2!3d19.8005124!4d72.7588231 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] provides AC<ref>{{Citation|title=MSRTC's First Air Conditioned ShivShahi Bus Service from Boisar to Kolhapur|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvmzJ9yLK4c|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Attractive & Popular MSRTC'S Shivshahi Semi Sleeper AC Buses – Interior & Exterior Compilation !!!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6Aqcg6_bfA|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> and non AC bus services to other cities in Maharashtra.
*Boisar is connected to [[National Highway 48 (India)|national highway NH 48]], which connects to Maharashtra and Gujarat.

===Boat Services===
*In city, the coastal area usually commutes by ferry. Routes<ref name="maharashtra1">{{cite web|url=https://mahammb.maharashtra.gov.in/site/upload/pdf/ferry_operator.pdf |title=Ferry operator |publisher=mahammb.maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> are defined by Maharashtra Maritime Board.
# Navapur to Dandi.<ref name="maharashtra1"/>
# Murbe to Satpati.<ref name="maharashtra1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Boat+Farry+Murbe-Satpati/@19.7323411,72.7051608,17z/data=!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be71d470bbb9eb5:0xd80832b39e799c84!2sMurbe-Kharekuran+Boat+Ferry!8m2!3d19.740735!4d72.7102266!3m4!1s0x3be6e2744706d929:0xe2bf4552b5a6c5c4!8m2!3d19.7313051!4d72.7057935 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
# Murbe to Kharekuran.<ref name="maharashtra1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Murbe-Kharekuran+Boat+Ferry/@19.740735,72.7080326,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be71d470bbb9eb5:0xd80832b39e799c84!8m2!3d19.740735!4d72.7102266 |title=Google Maps |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* Ferries are available throughout the year from 6 am to 6 pm, except during monsoons. Timings of ferry can change depending on the tide.

===Air===
*Boisar has no airport.
*The nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji international airport Mumbai(BOM)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Airports Near Me – Boisar, India {{!}} Travelmath|url=https://www.travelmath.com/nearest-airport/Boisar,+India|access-date=2020-09-13|website=travelmath.com}}</ref> which is {{cvt|105|km}} away.

==Education==

===Schools and Higher Secondary Schools (Junior Colleges)===
There are schools and junior colleges in Boisar. Most of them are run by private individuals and trusts. The city's public school system and junior colleges are managed by the education ministry of the Government of Maharashtra. The schools and junior colleges are affiliated with the following boards:

#[[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]].
##[[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC): 10th grade.
##[[Higher Secondary School Certificate|Higher School Certificate]] (HSC): 12th grade.
#[[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).
#[[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE).

=== Institutes headquartered in city proximity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Established
!Institute
!Type
!Commissioning Body/Affiliation
!Level
!Specialisation
|-
|1975
|P.l. Shroff College Chinchani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plshroffcollege.com/|title=P.L. Shroff College – Welcome to P.L. Shroff College|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Public
||Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Graduate and Post-graduate
|Arts,Science,IT and Management.
|-
|1984
|Sonpat Dandekar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sdsmcollege.com/|title=Sonopant Dandekar Sikshan Mandli|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Public
||Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Graduate and Post-graduate
|Arts,Science,IT and Finance Management.
|-
|2009
|Theem College of Engineering<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theemcoe.org/|title=Home {{!}} Theem CoE|website=theemcoe.org|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
||Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Undergraduate (Diploma) and Graduate
|Engineering
|-
|2006
|SAS Institute of Management Studies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sasmba.in/|title=Welcome to > Deep Education Society : Mumbai|website=sasmba.in|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Post-graduate
|Management
|-
|2002
|Dr M.L.Dhawale Memorial Homoeopathic Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mldtrust.org/doctor-of-medicine-in-homoeopathy-m-d-hom/|title=Doctor of Medicine in Homoeopathy (M. D. – Hom)|last=mlddefindia|website=MLD Trust|date=11 July 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences|Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS)]]
|(MD)Post-graduate
|Medical
|-
|2002
|AGS College of Education<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.university.youth4work.com/desagsce_deep-education-societys-a-g-s-college-of-education|title=DESAGSCE – Deep Education Societys A G S College of Education {{!}} Youth4work|website=youth4work.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|(BEd) Graduate
|Education
|-
|2009
|Diwakar Patil College of Education<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/colleges/divakar-patil-education-b-ed-d-k-patil-education-trust-st-81ovdo|title=Divakar Patil Education(B.Ed.) D.K. Patil Education Trust Street No.26/2 Pasthal Village Pasthal Naka Boisar Rarapur Road Tal Palghar Dist Thane 401 501 College, Thane – Address, Fees, Reviews and Admissions 2020|website=iCBSE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|(BEd)Graduate
|Education
|-
|
|Holy Cross Night Degree College<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hckh.in/hckh_college.html|title=International School Boisar {{!}} Degree College Boisar {{!}} Holy Cross Knowledge Hub Boisar|website=hckh.in|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to   [[Mumbai University]]
|Graduate
|Bachelor of Arts, Commerce and Science
|-
|2018
|Diwakar Patil Private Industrial Training Institute(ITI)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iti.directory/mumbai/diwakar-patil-private-iti-pasthal-boisar|title=DIWAKAR PATIL PRIVATE ITI PASTHAL BOISAR|last=iti|date=2019-05-06|website=iti.directory|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
|Private
|Affiliated to  National Council for Vocational Training(NCVT)
|Post School Courses
|Industrial Training
|}

===Professional Programme (Internship and Apprenticeship)===
*Boisar is known for its industrial hub and most industries (especially chemical, pharmaceutical, textile and mechanical companies)<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.jsw.in/people/students-graduates|title=JSW – Students & Graduates|website=jsw.in|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> offer internship and apprenticeship programs to college undergraduates and postgraduates. Banks and hospitals also provide work experience for students and professionals.

===Research Institutions===
Boisar is home to two prominent research institutions: the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) and the Agricultural Research Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dbskkv.org/Research/Research_Stations_&_Organogram.html|title=Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (Agricultural University)|website=dbskkv.org|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Shardul Thakur]] Indian cricketer, CSK player, lives here
* [[Rajani Pandit]] better known as female Sherlock Holmes or India's Sherlock, who is India's first female detective

==See also==
* [[Boisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boisar-Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
*[[Boisar railway station|Boisar Railway Station]]
* [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]]
*[[Sai Baba Boulevard|Township in Boisar-Sai Baba Boulevard]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palghar district topics}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Palghar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Palghar district]]
[[Category:Townships in India]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Peshawar Conspiracy Cases

2025-11-20T18:47:13Z

Alicolours: updated formatting and fixed typos

{{Short description|Set of 5 legal cases from 1922 to 1927 in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}

The '''Peshawar Conspiracy Cases''' were a set of five legal cases which took place between 1922 and 1927 in [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-famous-conspiracy-case-during-british-rule-in-india-1528455239-1|title=List of Famous Conspiracy Cases during British Rule in India|date=8 December 2020}}</ref> The muhajirs, a group of [[Muslims]], were inspired by [[communist revolution]]s and went to the [[Soviet Union]] for training in 1920. Some of them returned to India in 1921 from [[Tashkent]] to incite a revolution. British intelligence got information about it from their foreign office and the police arrested the first batch of revolutionaries and sent them away to a sham trial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peshawar And Kanpur Conspiracy Cases|url=http://cpiml.org/library/communist-movement-in-india/introduction-communist-movement-in-india/peshawar-and-kanpur-conspiracy-cases/|access-date=2022-10-23|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|language=en-US}}</ref>

The defendants in these cases had sneaked into British India from the Soviet Union to allegedly foment a [[proletarian revolution]] against British colonial rule. The colonial government feared that the defendants were entering India with the intention of spreading [[Socialism|socialist]] and [[Communism|communist]] ideas and supporting the [[Indian independence movement|emerging independence movement]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854654|jstor=41854654|last=Lieten|first=Georges Kristoffel|title=Reviewed work: Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1917-1922, Vol. I Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1923-35, Vol. II, G. Adhikari|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|year=1975|volume=36|issue=1|pages=95–100}}</ref>

It was not the only case which became popular and galvanized the imagination of the young population of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Similar such cases included the [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]] of May 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpiml.org/library/communist-movement-in-india/introduction-communist-movement-in-india/peshawar-and-kanpur-conspiracy-cases/|title=Peshawar and Kanpur Conspiracy Cases}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]
* [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]]
* [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|last=Salim|first=Ahmed|title=Freedom Movement and Peshawar Conspiracy Cases|journal=Pakistan Perspectives|date=2016|volume=21|issue=1|pages=29–48}}

[[Category:History of Peshawar]]
[[Category:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Communism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1922 in international relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:1920s in British India]]
[[Category:1922 in British law]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

{{Peshawar-stub}}

Institute of Cost Accountants of India

2025-10-02T10:00:53Z

Alicolours: fixed references also and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|Professional Cost and Management Accounting body in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = The Institute of Cost Accountants of India
| pronounce =
| nickname =
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = ICWAI
| caption =
| logo = ICMAI and CMA logo.jpg
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| abbreviation = ICMAI
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1959|05|28}}
| founding_location =
| merger =
| vat_id =
| registration_id = 
| status = Established under the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959 Statutory body enacted by the Parliament of India
| purpose =
| headquarters = CMA Bhawan, 12 Sudder Street, Kolkata – 700016, India. ( till 2024-25 ) 
CMA Bhawan 3, Institutional Area Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003, India (since 2025-26)
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.558103|88.353672|display=inline}}
| region = India
| services =
| products =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership =
| membership_year =
| owner = 
| sec_gen = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = CMA TCA Srinivasa Prasad
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = CMA Neeraj D. Joshi
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 = CMA Dr. Debaprosanna Nandy
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]], [[Government of India]]
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| members = 100,000
| students = 750,000 (Approx)
| website = {{URL|https://www.icmai.in}}
| remarks =
| formerly = The Institute of Cost & Works Accountants of India
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Institute of Cost Accountants of India''' ('''ICMAI'''), which was previously known as the '''Institute of Cost & Works Accountants of India''' ('''ICWAI'''), is a [[professional accountancy body]] under the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]], [[Government of India]]. It has as its prime responsibility, as assigned by the Ministry, to promote and develop the cost and management accounting profession at the global level.

== History ==

The Institute of Cost Accountants of India was first formed as a registered limited company on 14 June 1944 under the provisions of the Companies Act of 1913. Post Independence, the Institute received statutory recognition when the [[Parliament of India]] enacted "The Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959" (Act No.23rd of 1959),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Cost_and_works_Accountants_Act_1959.pdf |title=ICWAI Act on MCA website |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425131134/http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Cost_and_works_Accountants_Act_1959.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> a special act, on 28 May 1959 to accord statutory recognition to ICWAI (now ICMAI) as an autonomous professional Institute.

The CWA Amendment bill of 2011 was passed by both Houses of the Indian Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 12 December 2011 and assented by the president of India on 12 January 2012. The changes were published in the Official Gazette of India on 13 January 2012.<ref>[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1W0HVbgktCdazY1OvtCttzlekr-F26Hi7/view?usp=sharing Official Gazette ICWAI to ICMAI]</ref> As of 2023, there are a total of 98,500 active members of ICMAI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Official Notification by Institute of Cost Accountants of India to adopt the acronym 'ICMAI'. |url=https://icmai.in/upload/Institute/Notifications/Acronym_ICMAI_1306_23.pdf |website=ICMAI}}</ref>

== International affiliations ==

The ICMAI is a Founding Member of the [[International Federation of Accountants]] (IFAC),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifac.org/History/founding_member_bodies.php |title=Founding Members of IFAC in 1977 |publisher=Ifac.org |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=13 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064314/http://www.ifac.org/History/founding_member_bodies.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants]] (CAPA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capa.com.my/section.cfm?id=24 |title=India |publisher=CAPA |access-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915140531/http://www.capa.com.my/section.cfm?id=24 |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> and [[South Asian Federation of Accountants]] (SAFA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esafa.org/About/MemberMain.aspx# |title=SAFA Member Institutions |publisher=SAFA|access-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009141024/http://www.esafa.org/About/MemberMain.aspx |archive-date=9 October 2011 }}</ref> and Associate member of ASEAN Federation of Accountants.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.afa-accountants.org/news-149-AFA%20Welcomes%20ICMAI%20as%20an%20AFA%20Associate%20Member.html | title=ASEAN Federation of Accountants (AFA) }}</ref> ICMAI is also a member of the National Foundation of Corporate Governance (NFCG).<ref>{{cite web |author=Seemant Ahlawat |url=http://www.nfcgindia.org/aboutus.htm |title=Stakeholder in NFCG |publisher=Nfcgindia.org |date=1 October 2003 |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015004734/http://www.nfcgindia.org/aboutus.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Qualification and syllabus ==

[[File:CMAlogo, to be used by Indian CMAs.jpg|thumb|right|CMA Logo for exclusive use by Indian CMAs]]
This is the primary qualification of the ICMAI following completion of up to three levels (Foundation, Intermediate, and Final) examinations<ref>[https://icmai.in/upload/Students/Syllabus2022/Curriculum_2022.pdf Present Syllabus of ICMAI]</ref> and three years of practical training<ref>[https://icmai.in/studentswebsite/training_prac_train_new.php new practical training scheme]</ref> in areas like Management Accounting, Cost Accounting, Financial Accounting, Taxation, Cost audits, GST audits, Internal audit, Corporate laws, etc. and enables an individual to become a CMA (Cost & Management Accountant).

* The institute has introduced new Syllabus 2022 which fulfills the requirements of the New Education Policy, 2020 and has increased the level of skill development and improved Course Learning objectives<ref>{{cite web | url=https://icmai.in/studentswebsite/CMA_Syl_2022.php | title=Studies }}</ref>
* The old syllabus was introduced in August 2016 following the International Education Guidelines (IEG) of [[International Federation of Accountants|IFAC]] to get the advantages in the process of Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) among different member countries of the world under GATS in [[WTO]].
* Subjects for examinations include [[Cost Accounting]], [[Management Accounting]], [[Corporate Law]], [[Financial Accounting]], [[Operations Management]], [[Strategic Management]], [[Taxation]], [[Financial Management]], Strategic Cost Management, Cost and Management Audit, [[Performance Management]] & [[Business valuation]], etc.
* Students who have passed the degree examination of any recognized university or equivalent are eligible for admission directly to the Intermediate Level.
* Paper-wise exemptions on the basis of reciprocal arrangement are available to students who have passed [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] examinations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icmai.in/student/exemptions/forvariousqualifications |title=Welcome to the Institute of Cost Accountants of India Website ::Students | Exemptions | for Various Qualification |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425064233/http://www.icmai.in/student/exemptions/forvariousqualifications |archive-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Examinations are held twice a year, in June and December, in various examination centers in India and overseas centers. The results are declared in August and February for the June term and December term exams respectively.<ref>[http://icmai.in/studentswebsite/exam.php ICMAI Examination]</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Name!! Position !! Organization
|-
| [[Subhash Chandra Garg]]|| Former [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]]|| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Chanda Kochhar]]|| Former CEO || [[ICICI Bank]]
|-
| [[J Ramachandran]]|| Professor || [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIMB]]
|-
| [[Mrityunjay Athreya]]|| [[Padma Bhushan]], Management Advisor ||
|-
| [[P. K. Mukherjee]]|| Executive Director || [[Sesa Sterlite Limited]]
|-
| [[Kailasam Raghavendra Rao]]|| [[Padma Shri]], Entrepreneur || [[Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Limited]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[B. B. Chakrabarti]]|| Professor, Ex-Director ||[[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]]
|-
|Professor
|[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] [[Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur]]
|-
| [[G. J. R. Krishnan]]|| Musician ||
|-
| [[T. V. Somanathan]] || [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]]|| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Sadanand Date]] ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])|| Director General || [[National Investigation Agency]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{IFAC Members}}
{{Indian Professional Regulators}}

[[Category:Member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants]]
[[Category:Accounting in India]]
[[Category:Management accounting]]
[[Category:Professional associations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational boards based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1959]]

Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan

2025-07-19T15:43:02Z

Alicolours: New A Pg!

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at the Taj Mahal, 15 March 1962.jpg|thumb|Kennedy at the [[Taj Mahal]], 15 March 1962]]

In March 1962, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] embarked on a [[Cultural diplomacy|goodwill tour]] of India and Pakistan, serving in an unofficial diplomatic capacity. While media attention largely focused on her fashion and public image, the visit also marked a deepening of her engagement with the arts and architecture of the region. In subsequent years, she returned to India to co-produce a publication on [[Indian art]].

Accompanied by her sister [[Lee Radziwill]], and as guest of U.S. ambassador to India [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], Kennedy arrived in [[New Delhi]] on 12 March on an [[Air India]] flight. She spent time with Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] before visiting [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra]], [[Varanasi]], [[Udaipur]] and [[Jaipur]]. On 21 March, Kennedy left India to begin a five day tour in Pakistan, where she was greeted by President [[Ayub Khan]].

American magazine ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' estimated Kennedy wore 22 different outfits during her first nine days in India. The goodwill tour likely influenced some of Kennedy's later [[sari-inspired dress|sari-like gowns]]. Some criticism was made of Kennedy being kept away from [[Poverty in India|India's poverty]], but the whole tour was generally aired favourably by the press. In 2019, her sister's personal photo albums of the trip went on auction at [[Christie's]], New York.

==Planning==

According to [[United States Secret Service]] agent [[Clint Hill (Secret Service)|Clint Hill]], a plan for a 17-day [[Cultural diplomacy|goodwill tour]] to [[India]] by [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] was eventually trimmed to nine.<ref name=Hill2012.10>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Clint |last2=McCubbin |first2=Lisa |title=Mrs. Kennedy and Me |date=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4516-4844-7 |pages=125–134 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IX4YwIDRkIMC&pg=PA125|language=en |chapter=10. Travelling with Mrs. Kennedy: India}}</ref> The private visit was initially scheduled for January 1962, but rescheduled for March due to at first the then recent [[annexation of Goa]] and resulting deterioration in US-Indian relations, and then Kennedy's [[common cold|cold]].<ref name=Nehru2012p.438>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=B. K |title=Nice guys finish second: memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341782-8 |location=New Delhi |language=English |oclc=1117765699|pages=438–445}}</ref><ref name=Brown2012>Brown, B.P., 2012. [https://www.proquest.com/openview/a0d267dda7458c60da96d88c5fbf92b5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 Pretty in pink: Jacqueline Kennedy and the politics of fashion]. State University of New York at Albany. PP. 51-57.</ref><ref name="Leaming2002">{{cite book |last1=Leaming |first1=Barbara |title=Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years |date=2002 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-684-86209-3 |pages=173–193 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2FXnnMfUOoC&dq=kennedy+India+1962&pg=PA173 |language=en |chapter=8. Goddess of power}}</ref> It was made semi-official and extended with five additional days in Pakistan.<ref name=Brown2012/> The combined trip came to be known as the "goodwill tour".<ref name=Meecham2018>{{Cite book |last=Rasmussen|first=Briley|editor-last=Meecham |editor-first=Pam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMo9DwAAQBAJ&dq=jacqueline+kennedy+nine+day+india&pg=PA473 |title=A Companion to Modern Art |date=2018 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-63980-1 |pages=473–474 |language=en |chapter=25. MoMA and the modern child: the critical role of education programming in MoMA's modernism}}</ref> Her purpose was to improve relations with the US.<ref name="Leaming2002"/> According to [[Joan Braden]], one of the reporters on the tour, Kennedy did much background reading on Indian history beforehand.<ref name="Walton2013">{{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Whitney |title=Jacqueline Kennedy, Frenchness, and French-American Relations in the 1950s and Early 1960s |journal=French Politics, Culture & Society |date=2013 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=34–57 |doi=10.3167/fpcs.2013.310203 |jstor=24517605 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24517605 |issn=1537-6370|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This included reading several volumes of [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]'s books on philosophy.<ref name=Braden1962/>

India's ambassador to the U.S., [[Braj Kumar Nehru]], noted in his memoirs that on [[John F. Kennedy|her husband's]] instruction, Kennedy sought his advice as to how to make the greatest possible "public impression in India for American friendship for and appreciation of India". Nehru suggested she travel by [[Air India]].<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> The interior of the aircraft front, for the sisters, was transformed to provide as much comfort as [[Air Force One]], and to the rear accommodated a large press team.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> The [[United States Information Agency]] prioritised the tour as important enough to allocate its filming to a Hollywood producer and cameraman, rather than the usual documentary team.<ref name="Dawson2009">{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=Susan Elaine |title=A Blueprint for Cold War Citizenship: Upper Class Women in the U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945-1963 |date=2009 |publisher=The Ohio State University |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1252438053&disposition=inline |language=en}}</ref> Accompanying Kennedy were speech writers, personal attendants, photographers, aides and secret service agents.<ref name=Alam2007>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Mohammed Badrul |title=Jackie Kennedy: Trailblazer |date=2007 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-59454-558-0 |pages=30–32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKpjSXHmzqQC&dq=Jacqueline+Kennedy&pg=PA30 |language=en |chapter=5. Jackie as ambassador of goodwill}}</ref> She also had with her, [[Letitia Baldrige|Tish Baldridge]], her secretary,<ref name=Braden1962/> and [[Cecil W. Stoughton]], the official tour photographer.<ref name=JFKL>Daitch, Vicki (18 September 2002) [https://www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Stoughton%2C%20Cecil%20W/JFKOH-CWS-01/JFKOH-CWS-01-TR.pdf "Cecil W. Stoughton Oral History Interview"]. Merritt Island, Florida</ref>

==India tour==
[[File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|Kennedy with Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi]]
Kennedy was accompanied by her sister [[Lee Radziwill]] and her maid [[Providencia Paredes]].<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> Following a visit to [[Pope John XXIII]], they left Rome on the Air India flight and arrived at [[Palam Airport]], New Delhi, on 12 March 1962, where [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], then India's Prime Minister, and B. K. Nehru were there to greet her.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/><ref name="Pious2001">{{cite book |last1=Pious |first1=Richard M. |title=The Presidency of the United States: A Student Companion |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515006-3 |page=154 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fJQEAAAQBAJ&dq=jacqueline+kennedy+india&pg=PA153 |language=en}}</ref> Having circled the airfield several times due to Kennedy not being ready, B. K. Nehru described her eventual appearance from the aircraft as "a vision of beauty, perfectly coiffed and clothed".<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> A red carpet had been rolled out on the runway and she was followed by her host, [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], the United States ambassador to India.<ref name="Mzezewa2019">{{cite news |last1=Mzezewa |first1=Tariro |title=Up for Auction: Snapshots of Jackie Kennedy in India and Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/travel/jackie-kennedy-christies-india-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331132546/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/travel/jackie-kennedy-christies-india-pakistan.html |archive-date=31 March 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dinner on the first night was at [[Teen Murti Bhavan]], Jawaharlal Nehru's residence.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/>

On 14 March, Kennedy presented [[Indira Gandhi]] with a children's art-making programme, an idea developed by [[Victor D'Amico]] to encourage children to express themselves through art.<ref name=Meecham2018/> The two sisters, Galbraith and his wife, B. K. Nehru who was now Kennedy's guest in India, and Soonu Kapadia, Kennedy's liaison officer in India, departed Delhi by railway.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/><ref name="Leaming2002"/> She visited [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and [[Agra]].<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> At Kennedy's request, they continued their journey to [[Varanasi]] by [[Indian Railways|rail]], and then by air to [[Udaipur]], where they stayed at the Fortress Palace of the Maharana for two nights.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> Among the guests were [[Pamela Mountbatten]].<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> The next stop was [[Jaipur]], where they stayed one night at [[Raj Bhavan, Jaipur|Raj Bhavan]], followed by two nights at the [[Man Singh II|Maharaja's]] Palace.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> In Jaipur, the sisters rode on an elephant.<ref name="Life">{{cite magazine |last=Cosgrove|first=Ben|title=Jackie Kennedy: Photos of the First Lady on a 1962 Visit to India |url=https://www.life.com/people/life-with-jackie-kennedy-the-first-lady-wows-india-in-1962/ |magazine=LIFE |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331124931/https://www.life.com/people/life-with-jackie-kennedy-the-first-lady-wows-india-in-1962/ |archive-date=31 March 2022 |date=9 February 2012}}</ref> They subsequently travelled to [[Amber Fort]] by car, before staying at [[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]].<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> Kennedy then returned to Delhi to attend a dinner at the [[Embassy of the United States, New Delhi|Embassy of the United States]] hosted by Galbraith.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> He later recalled that in India Kennedy "developed her interest in Indian art and architecture".<ref name=Alam2007/> In Delhi, she was escorted around the [[Central Cottage Industries Emporium]] by [[Prem Bery]].<ref name=Dental1962>{{cite book |title=Dental World: Quarterly Journal of the Pierre Fauchard Academy |date=1962 |publisher=The Academy |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzmQuS1V8IoC&pg=PA131 |language=en}}</ref> On her last day in India, the Prime Minister helped her make a selection from the one hundred books she ordered on [[Mogul art|Mughal art]].<ref name=Braden1962>Joan Braden, "An Exclusive Chat with Jackie Kennedy".''Saturday Evening Post'' 235,. 12 May 1962), pp, 85-89.</ref> That day also coincided with [[Holi]], when she accepted a [[tilaka|mark of colour]] on her forehead.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> But, as recalled by B.K. Nehru, when he painted her nose green, she responded by throwing the whole bowl of green colour over him.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> Later, on her return to the US, she told Braden that she was glad to have played Holi against the advice of the Secret Service who told her the colour was made from [[manure]].<ref name=Braden1962/>

==Pakistan tour==
[[File:Pakistan President Mohammed Ayub Khan presents Mrs. Kennedy with a bay gelding as a gift, March 22, 1962 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pakistan President Mohammed Ayub Khan presents Kennedy with a bay gelding as a gift, 22 March 1962]]
Kennedy arrived in Pakistan on 21 March 1962, on a [[Pakistan Air Force]] aircraft.<ref name="JFK4">{{cite web |title=Invitation to Pakistan, March 1962: 21-26 {{!}} JFK Library |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/USG/USG-01-14/USG-01-14 |website=www.jfklibrary.org |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409082441/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/USG/USG-01-14/USG-01-14 |archive-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> She was greeted at the airport by the US Ambassador to Pakistan [[Walter P. McConaughy]], and Pakistan's President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Mohammad Ayub Khan]].<ref name="JFK4"/> During the party laid out for her in Lahore, he gave her a pearl necklace set with rubies, emeralds and diamonds.<ref name="Leaming2002"/> One of her trips, accompanied by [[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan]], included greeting [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] tribal leaders at [[Jamrud Fort]] near the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>{{cite web |title=First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's (JBK) trip to India and Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, visit to Khyber Pass {{!}} JFK Library |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1962/Month%2003/Day%2024/JFKWHP-1962-03-24-B |website=www.jfklibrary.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406180022/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1962/Month%2003/Day%2024/JFKWHP-1962-03-24-B|archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> In Pakistan, she watched a show with dancing horses and camels, and visited [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Bagh]].<ref name=Alam2007/> At the Governor's Palace he presented her with a horse named '[[Sardar (horse)|Sardar]]'.<ref name=Hill2012.11>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Clint |last2=McCubbin |first2=Lisa |title=Mrs. Kennedy and Me |date=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4516-4844-7 |pages=135–149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IX4YwIDRkIMC&q=kennedy+india |language=en |chapter=11. Travelling with Mrs. Kennedy: Pakistan}}</ref><ref name="JFK3">{{cite web |title=First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy (JBK) rides with Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan at Glen Ora, Middleburg, Virginia {{!}} JFK Library |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1962/Month%2009/Day%2025/JFKWHP-1962-09-25-K |website=www.jfklibrary.org |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409065357/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1962/Month%2009/Day%2025/JFKWHP-1962-09-25-K |archive-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> On her last day in Pakistan, when Kennedy asked Khan if she could try on his [[Karakul (hat)|karakul hat]], she liked it, and he gifted it to her.<ref name=Braden1962/><ref name="Heller1963">{{cite book |last1=Heller |first1=Deane Fons |title=Jacqueline Kennedy: The Warmly Human Life Story of the Woman All Americans Have Taken to Their Heart |date=1963 |publisher=Monarch Books |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=of0uAAAAIAAJ&q=jacqueline+kennedy+ayub+khan+hat |language=en}}</ref>

==Fashion style==
Kennedy's fashion style, which she preferred not to talk about, was a regular topic of discussion in the media by the time of her India and Pakistan tour.<ref name=Brown2012/> It was not her intention to have her wardrobe a focus of attention.<ref name=Brown2012/> Worried about the response to her expensive wardrobe, she jokingly told her press secretary that "if you say anything, tell them it's secondhand and that I bought everything at the [[Ritz Thrift Shop]]".<ref name=Brown2012/>

Working for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'', [[Keyes Beech]] was one of the foreign correspondents who covered what they called Kennedy's "glorified fashion show".<ref name=Braden1962/> ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine estimated that during the India trip alone, she wore 22 different outfits, some designed by [[Tiger Morse|Joan "Tiger" Morse]].<ref name="Green2020">{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Cynthia |title=Of Jackie Kennedy's India Spiked Wardrobe |url=https://thevoiceoffashion.com/intersections/famous-wardrobes-then-and-now/of-jackie-kennedys-india-spiked-wardrobe-3500 |website=thevoiceoffashion.com |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405155534/https://thevoiceoffashion.com/intersections/famous-wardrobes-then-and-now/of-jackie-kennedys-india-spiked-wardrobe-3500 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |language=en |date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chrisman2019">{{cite book |last1=Chrisman-Campbell |first1=Kimberly |title=Worn on This Day: The Clothes That Made History |date=2019 |publisher=Running Press |isbn=978-0-7624-9358-6 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrSXDwAAQBAJ&dq=jacquelin+kennedy%27s+nine+day+goodwill+india&pg=PT121 |language=en}}</ref> When she visited the [[Taj Mahal]], she was photographed in a Morse designed [[Blue and green cotton shift dress of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy|green and blue floral-print cotton shift dress]].<ref name="Chrisman2019"/><ref name=Mirzoeff1999>{{cite book |last1=Mirzoeff |first1=Nicholas |title=An Introduction to Visual Culture |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-20046-2 |pages=230–231 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhajBE0mUfwC&dq=jacqueline+kennedy+taj+mahal&pg=PA230 |language=en |chapter=7. Diana's death}}</ref> Several of her gowns were designed by [[Oleg Cassini]].<ref name=Brown2012/> He later recalled that " for the trip to India, I wanted Jackie to stand out, and we both felt that the visual impact of colour was important".<ref name=Brown2012/> Her outfit colours therefore included bright pinks, green and white.<ref name=Brown2012/><ref name=Sawler>{{cite book |last1=Sawler |first1=Harvey |title=Saving Mrs. Kennedy: The Search for an American Hero |date=2004 |publisher=General Store PublishingHouse |location=Ontario |isbn=978-1-897113-10-3 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAPFr4RXNgEC&pg=PA74 |language=en}}</ref> For the cruise along Lake Pichola, she [[Apricot dress of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy|wore an apricot silk zibeline]], and in the silk markets of Benares, she was in lavender.<ref name=Brown2012/><ref name="JFK2">{{cite web |title=Apricot Silk Zibeline Dress (MO 63.1294a) {{!}} JFK Library |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/media/18031 |website=www.jfklibrary.org |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409064647/https://www.jfklibrary.org/media/18031 |archive-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> Her maid, Provy, took care of Kennedy's packing and had been taught how to set her hair.<ref name=Braden1962/> According to Braden, Kennedy was generally quiet and kept reporters guessing her thoughts, the result of which was that they had "little more to scribble down than her "how sweet" when she saw camels dance or her "oh, how magnificent"" when she first saw the Taj Mahal".<ref name=Braden1962/>

==Response==
''Life'' dedicated several pages to the trip, the national press detailed every outfit both the sisters wore, and ''[[Newsweek]]'' gave the tour a mention as a "smash hit".<ref name="Dawson2009"/> ''Elle Magazine'' hired [[Jacqueline Duheme]] to document the trip in a series of miniature watercolours.<ref name="Dawson2009"/> ''LIFE'' reported that despite smaller crowds than others such as the Queen had attracted, “she [nevertheless] conducted herself magnificently.<ref name="Life"/> It also reported that "days after she had gone people still called her "America Rani, Queen of America".<ref name=Mirzoeff1999/> "Her every seam has been the subject of hypnotized attention from the streets of Delhi to the Khyber Pass", the journalist Anne Chamberlin reported.<ref name="Life"/> Fashion historian [[Kimberly Chrisman-Campbell]] included the dress worn outside the Taj Mahal in her 2019 book ''Worn on This Day: The Clothes That Made History''.<ref name="Chrisman2019"/> Kennedy herself described the tour as "a dream".<ref name="Life"/> Criticism did appear in the Indian Press, who argued that Kennedy had not been exposed to poverty in India.<ref name=Nehru2012p.438/> Biographer [[Barbara Leaming]], noted that Kennedy's success in India added pressure to do likewise in Pakistan, and her five days there received a favourable response in the media.<ref name="Leaming2002"/> The ''New York Times'' columnist [[Charlotte Curtis]] credited the success as due to what in her opinion Kennedy stood for... "foreign languages and an effort to understand foreign people in a country that tends to think it is the only country and that English is the only language."<ref name="Walton2013"/> The detail to her fashion style in news reports often diverted attention from the initial purpose of the visit.<ref name=Brown2012/>

==Influence and legacy==
[[File:JFK, Jackie, André Malraux, Lyndon B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa, January 8, 1963.png|thumb|Kennedy in a pink [[sari-inspired dress]] made by [[Oleg Cassini]], 1963<ref name="Green2020"/>]]
According to biographer Tina Santi Flaherty, "Kennedy was taken by the way the sari was draped".<ref name="Green2020"/> Her visit to India likely influenced some of her later outfits.<ref name="Green2020"/> She had bought back several saris with the intention to make them into dresses and upon her return to the US had for a short while popularised the sari and inspired several designers including [[Wesley Tann]] to design sari-inspired dresses.<ref name=Deihl2021>{{cite book |last1=Deihl |first1=Nancy |editor1-last=Way |editor1-first=Elizabeth |title=Black Designers in American Fashion |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=Bloomsbury, London |isbn=978-1-350-13846-9 |pages=134–150 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA8oEAAAQBAJ&q=Wesley+tann&pg=PA133 |language=en |chapter=7. Wesley Tann: the glamour and the guts}}</ref>

Following the tour, Jawaharlal Nehru kept a photograph of Kennedy in his private study for the rest of his life.<ref name="Riedel2012">{{cite journal |last1=Riedel |first1=Bruce |title=JFK's Overshadowed Crisis |journal=The National Interest |date=2012 |issue=120 |pages=53–59 |jstor=42896466 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896466 |issn=0884-9382|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Like Kennedy, 30 years later [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Princess Diana]] was also photographed alone in front of the Taj Mahal.<ref name=Mirzoeff1999/>

Radziwill's personal photo albums of the trip went on auction at [[Christie's]], New York, in 2019.<ref name="Mzezewa2019"/> One blue album with 89 photographs is titled “Visit of Mrs. John F. Kennedy to India (March 1962)”.<ref name="Mzezewa2019"/> Photographs of her tour of Pakistan appear in a green album inscribed “Visit to Pakistan, March 21–26, 1962”.<ref name="Mzezewa2019"/> Kennedy returned to India in 1984 and travelled with [[Naveen Patnaik]] researching Indian artwork and editing a book on the topic, titled ''[[A Second Paradise: Indian Courtly Life, 1590-1947]]''.<ref name="Green2020"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patnaik |first1=Naveen |title=A second paradise : Indian courtly life, 1590-1947 |date=1985 |publisher=New York : The Metropolitan Museum ; Garden City, N.Y : Doubleday & Co. |isbn=978-0-385-19992-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/secondparadisein0000patn/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indira Gandhi & Jacqueline Kennedy (14976499310).jpg|Kennedy and Indira Gandhi
File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy rides an elephant in India (4).jpg|Kennedy rides an elephant in India
File:Jacqueline Kennedy at Jag Mandir on Lake Pichola, Udaipur, India.jpg|Kennedy at Lake Pichola, Udaipur
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy at Polo Match in India.jpg|With [[Gayatri Devi]] and polo team in Jaipur
File:Jacqueline Kennedy feeds an elephant in India.jpg|Kennedy feeds an elephant
File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy at Cottage Industries Emporium in India.jpg|Kennedy with [[Prem Bery]] at the Cottage Industries Emporium
File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with President Rajendra Prasad.jpg|Kennedy with President Rajendra Prasad
File:American Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy at the U. S. Chancery, New Delhi.jpg|Galbraith and Kennedy at the U. S. Chancery, New Delhi
File:Jackiesardar.JPG|Kennedy with Khan and horse Sardar September 1962
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan}}
*{{cite web |title=Reel America "Jacqueline Kennedy's Asian Journey" - 1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/CSPAN3_20210107_002300_Reel_America_Jacqueline_Kennedys_Asian_Journey_-_1962/start/1500/end/1560 |date=7 January 2021}}
*[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/mrs-kennedy-meets-nehru Kennedy meets Nehru 1962]. British Pathe.
*[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/jacqueline-kennedy-in-pakistan/query/kennedy+pakistan Kennedy in Pakistan 1962]. British Pathe.
*{{cite web |title=Visit of Mrs. John F. Kennedy to India (March 1962). [New Delhi:] Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India [1962]. |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6226481 |website=www.christies.com |access-date=4 April 2022 |language=en}}
* {{YouTube|34rODi8sOGQ; Kennedy during Holi 1962}}

{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}

[[Category:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]
[[Category:1962 in India]]
[[Category:1962 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1962 in women's history]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Pakistan–United States relations]]

C. V. Padmarajan

2025-07-17T08:49:55Z

Alicolours: cleaned up structure as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. V. Padmarajan
| image = CV PADMARAJAN, former kerala minister.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|07|22}}
| birth_place = [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj|India]] (present day [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|07|16|1931|07|22}}
| death_place = [[Kollam]], Kerala, India
| residence =
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws|Graduation in Law]]
| occupation = Politician
| office = Minister for Finance
| term_start = 22 March 1995
| term_end = 9 May 1996
| predecessor = Self
| successor = T. Sivadasa Menon
| constituency = [[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
| office2 = Minister for Finance, Electricity and Coir
| term_start2 = 2 July 1991
| term_end2 = 16 March 1995
| predecessor2 = V. Viswanatha Menon
| successor2 = Self
| constituency2 = [[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
| office3 = Minister for Community Development and Fisheries
| term_start3 = 24 May 1982
| term_end3 = 25 March 1983
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = R. Vasanthakumari
| children = 2
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|K. Velu Vaidyar|K. M. Thankamma}}
| website =
| signature =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}

'''C. V. Padmarajan''' (22 July 1931 – 16 July 2025) was an Indian politician and advocate from [[Paravur, Kollam]], [[Kerala]]. He was a minister in the Kerala Government, holding various portfolios including Finance, Electricity, Community Development, and Fisheries. He was also the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] President in 1983–1987 period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/17/stories/2005031709540400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203211026/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/17/stories/2005031709540400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-12-03 |title=Padmarajan is Planning Board vice-chairman |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2005-03-17 |accessdate=2010-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/23/stories/2007092353500300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922051607/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/23/stories/2007092353500300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-09-22 |title=Ponmudi land deal: UDF stages dharna |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2007-09-23 |accessdate=2010-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990413/ige13004.html |title=Brahmapuram deal - Panel indicts ex-minister, top bureaucrats |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1999-04-13 |accessdate=2010-01-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003053022/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990413/ige13004.html |archivedate=2012-10-03 }}</ref>

==Background==
Padmarajan was born at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] in the erstwhile [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] on 22 July 1931 as the son of K. Velu Vaidyar and K. M. Thankamma. He started his political life through All Travancore Student's Congress during the freedom struggle. He started his professional career as a teacher and later he took graduation on Law. He was appointed District Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor in Quilon during 1973–79. He married R. Vasantha Kumari and had two sons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m492.htm |title=C. V Padmarajan - Kerala Niyamasabha |publisher=Niyamasabha.org |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/c_v_padmarajan.php |title=Niyamasabha - C. V Padmarajan |publisher=State of Kerala |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref>

Padmarajan died on 16 July 2025, at the age of 93.<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/16/senior-congress-leader-former-minister-c-v-padmarajan-passes-away.html Former minister CV Padmarajan passes away]</ref>

==Assembly election candidature history==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Result
! Margin
|----
|1980
|[[Kollam (Assembly constituency)#History|Quilon]]
|[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]] ([[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]])
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |Lost
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |2,414<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1980 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref>
|----
|1982
|[[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
|[[J. Chitharanjan]] ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |5,802<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.ws/keralaforum/1982.htm |title=1982 - Kerala Election Results |publisher=Geocities.ws |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref>
|----
|1987
|[[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
|[[P. Ravindran]] ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |Lost
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |2,456<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1987-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1987 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref>
|----
|1991
|[[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
|[[P. Ravindran]] ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |4,511<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1991-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1991 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref>
|----
|1996
|[[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
|[[P. Ravindran]] ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |Lost
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |2,115<ref name=":01">{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1996-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1996 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref>
|----
|1998 (by-election)
|[[Chathannoor (Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
|N. Anirudhan ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |Lost
|style="background: #FFA07A;" |3,938<ref name=":01" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|C. V. Padmarajan}}

{{Paravur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmarajan, C. V.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Presidents of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Jahazpur Fort

2025-07-05T16:39:49Z

Alicolours: rework references to improve readability additionally

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox monument|name=Jahazpur Fort|location=[[Jahazpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]|coordinates={{coord|25.6135446|75.2793576}}|native_name=जहाजपुर फोर्ट|type=Fort|material=|image=Jahazpur Fort, Rajasthan, India.jpg|caption=}}
The '''Jahazpur Fort''' is a [[Mewar]] [[fort]] in the city of [[Jahazpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It was originally established by [[Samprati]], the Jain-devotee grandson of [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]]. In the 14th century, [[Rana Kumbha]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] significantly rebuilt and reinforced its ramparts as part of a strategic frontier‑defense network. After [[Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh’s]] death, the site became a jagir for his brother [[Jagmal Singh]] who had defected to Emperor Akbar until Maratha forces forced its abandonment in the early 18th century. The [[East India Company]] assumed nominal control in 1799, and by the mid‑19th century the fort was largely deserted and fallen into ruin.

== History ==
Jahazpur Fort, perched atop a steep hill some 90 km northeast of [[Bhilwara]], traces its origins to Samprati, the Jain‑devotee grandson of [[List of Maurya emperors|Mauryan emperor]] [[Ashoka]]. In the 14th century, [[Rana Kumbha]] of Mewar undertook major reconstruction, strengthening its ramparts as part of his frontier‑defense network.<ref name="Bureau">{{cite web |title=Jahazpur: The Unheard and Lost Tales Since Mauryan Empire |website=Deshatanam |date=2024 |url=https://deshatanam.com/jahazpur/ |access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref> Following [[Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh’s]] death, local nobles installed [[Maharana Pratap]] instead of his elder brother [[Jagmal Singh]], who defected to Akbar’s service and was granted Jahazpur as a jagir until Maratha incursions in the early 18th century forced his descendants to abandon the hilltop stronghold.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kothari |first=Mahendra |title=The Abandoned Fort of Jahazpur |website=UdaipurTimes |date=15 May 2023 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/travel-and-tourism/jahazpur-the-story-of-the-abandoned-fort/cid10928568.htm |access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref> The [[East India Company]] took nominal control after 1799, and by the mid‑19th century the fort fell into ruin, its temples and palatial quarters largely deserted.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_Policy_Towards_Princely_States_o/IQxuAAAAMAAJ |title=British Policy Towards Princely States of India |date=1990 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Publishers |page=12 |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Jahazpur Fort exemplifies the design principles of [[Medieval architecture|medieval military architecture]], featuring dual defensive walls each bordered by a deep trench and punctuated with numerous bastions for repelling assaults. Although largely reduced to ruins, the surviving sections reveal the fort’s former grandeur, constructed predominantly from sandstone and adorned in places with detailed carvings and traditional [[Jharokha|jharokha balconies]]. Within the compound stands the revered Sarweshwar Nathji Temple, dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], and nearby lies a tranquil pond, offering a peaceful counterpoint to the surrounding fortifications.<ref name="Bureau"/>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bhilwara district]]

Fursat (song)

2025-06-13T09:53:43Z

Alicolours:

{{short description|Single by Arjun Kanungo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Fursat
| cover = Fursat (song).jpg
| type = single
| artist = [[Arjun Kanungo]]
| album = Arjun Kanungo - The Rising Star - EP
| language = [[Hindi]]
| released = {{Start date|2016|04|07|df=y}}
| format =
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=56}}
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| composer = [[Arjun Kanungo]], Ludwig Lindell, Ylva Dimberg
| lyricist = [[Mayur Puri]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|qMfvbKBvOtI|"Fursat"}}
}}
}}
'''Fursat''' is a [[Hindi]] song released in 2016, with lyrics by [[Mayur Puri]] and sung by [[Arjun Kanungo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-launches-new-single-fursat/ | title=Arjun Kanungo launches new single 'Fursat' | date=13 March 2016 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=22 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322042712/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-launches-new-single-fursat/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The video, featuring [[Sonal Chauhan]] and [[Arjun Kanungo]], was directed by Vivek Chauhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/viral/arjun-kanungos-new-singl-fursat-featuring-sonal-chauhan-will-leave-you-speechless-1098404/|title=Arjun Kanungo's new single Fursat featuring Sonal Chauhan will leave you speechless! | India.com|website=www.india.com|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101110559/https://www.india.com/viral/arjun-kanungos-new-singl-fursat-featuring-sonal-chauhan-will-leave-you-speechless-1098404/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/music/watch-arjun-kanungos-new-love-song-fursat-will-leave-you-mesmerised-1225259.html | title=Watch: Arjun Kanungo's new love song 'Fursat' will leave you mesmerised | date=4 April 2016 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101110913/https://www.news18.com/news/music/watch-arjun-kanungos-new-love-song-fursat-will-leave-you-mesmerised-1225259.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
It received more than 10 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160810-arjuns-fursat-crosses-magic-10-million-views | title=Arjun's Fursat crosses the magic of 10 million views | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101110459/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160810-arjuns-fursat-crosses-magic-10-million-views | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi ==
{{Infobox song
| name = Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi
| cover = Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi.jpg
| type = single
| artist = [[Arjun Kanungo]]
| album =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| released = {{Start date|2020|06|25|df=y}}
| format =
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=43}}
| label = VYRLOriginals
| composer = [[Arjun Kanungo]]
| lyricist = [[Mayur Puri]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|lOsywhsG9d4|"Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi"}}
}}
}}
'''Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi''' is a 2020 [[Hindi]] song written by [[Mayur Puri]] and sung by [[Arjun Kanungo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/jul/03/arjun-kanungos-new-romantic-single-fursat-hai-aaj-bhi-is-close-to-his-heart-26210.html | title=Arjun Kanungo's new romantic single Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi is close to his heart | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101111937/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/jul/03/arjun-kanungos-new-romantic-single-fursat-hai-aaj-bhi-is-close-to-his-heart-26210.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The song is sequel to ''Fursat'' which was released in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://orissadiary.com/sonal-chauhan-collaborates-with-arjun-kanungo-again-stars-in-the-music-video-titled-fursat-hai-aaj-bhi/ | title=Sonal Chauhan collaborates with Arjun Kanungo again, stars in the music video titled 'Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi' | date=27 June 2020 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101112158/https://orissadiary.com/sonal-chauhan-collaborates-with-arjun-kanungo-again-stars-in-the-music-video-titled-fursat-hai-aaj-bhi/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Filming took place during [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] pandemic, shot on [[iPhone]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-on-his-lockdown-goal-it-was-to-be-comfortable-shooting-on-my-own-629341 | title=Arjun Kanungo on his lockdown goal: It was to be comfortable shooting on my own | date=26 June 2020 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101112357/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-on-his-lockdown-goal-it-was-to-be-comfortable-shooting-on-my-own-629341 | url-status=live }}</ref> The video of the song is directed by Keyur Shah and it features [[Arjun Kanungo]] and [[Sonal Chauhan]] in the music video.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-and-sonal-chauhan-team-up-for-new-music-video-fursat-hai-aaj-bhi/article31913435.ece | title=Arjun Kanungo and Sonal Chauhan team up for new music video, 'Fursat hai aaj bhi' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 June 2020 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101112127/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-and-sonal-chauhan-team-up-for-new-music-video-fursat-hai-aaj-bhi/article31913435.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q123581774|title=Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi}}

{{Portal bar|India|Music}}
[[Category:2016 songs]]
[[Category:2020 singles]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]

Bharat Veer

2025-06-06T19:01:08Z

Alicolours: minor corrected details for consistency also and updated info for consistency

#REDIRECT [[List of Delhi cricketers#V]]

{{r to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veer, Bharat}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]

Line 11 (Mumbai Metro)

2025-05-30T10:12:56Z

Alicolours: small expand structure additionally

#REDIRECT [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)]]

Bijoynagar

2025-04-27T09:30:26Z

Alicolours:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijoynagar
| other_name =
| nickname = Nogor
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1014|N|91.5059|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Guwahati{{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality corporation Guwahati
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = [[1,00,000]]
| population_as_of =[[59% Hindus]], [[39.45% Muslim]], [[1.55% Jain]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
Unofficial
[[Marwari, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 781122
| registration_plate =AS
| website = {{URL|http://kamrup.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bijoynagar''' is a town in the [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]] district. It is on the south bank of the river [[Brahmaputra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamapia.com/Kamrup/Bijoynagar.html |title=Bijoynagar |publisher=indiamapia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.org.in/assam/kamrup/b/bijoynagar |title=Bijoynagar PinCode |publisher=pincode.org.in |date= |accessdate=2015-08-19}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bijoynagar is located on [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] and is well connected with Guwahati and other nearby towns with both government and private commercial vehicles.

==Religion==

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bijoynagar Town
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|59.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#008000|39.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Jain]]|dodgerblue|1.55}}
}}
As of the 2021 census, 39.45% of the population are [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]] are 39.45% and [[Jain]] are 1.55%.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

==Education==

* Amrit Chandra Thakuria Commerce College
* Haligaon High Madrasa School
* Uparhali Higher Secondary School
* Sarpara Gangapukhuri LP School
* Sarpara Girl's High School
* Sarpara Madrasa High School
* Faculty Public English Medium School
* Benison CBSE School
* Dibyojyoti School
* Assam Jatiya bidyalay School
* Uparhali Girl's High School
* Kidzee school
*

==See also==
* [[Sarpara]]
* [[Haligaon]]
* [[Simina]]
* [[Futuri]]
* [[Uparhali]]
* [[Dakhala]]
* [[Satrapara]]
* [[Khulungpara]]
* [[Jharobari]]
* [[Nohira]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kamrup district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}