Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Recognition of same-sex unions in Gujarat

2026-05-05T18:32:19Z

AliciaPaschall: put up a entry

{{Short description|none}} 
{{SSM|minimal}}

[[Gujarat]] does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]]s or [[civil union]]s. However, [[Cohabitation|live-in relationships]] are not unlawful in Gujarat. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. The [[Gujarat High Court]] upheld this constitutional right in ''Sarvaiya Rajubhai Bachubhai v. State Of Gujarat'' in April 2024. In addition, in June 2020 it recognised a ''[[Maitri karar|maitri karār]]'' between a same-sex couple.

==Legal history==
===Background===
[[Marriage]] in [[India]] is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different religions, notably Hinduism, [[Christianity in Gujarat|Christianity]], and Islam. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bokakhat.gov.in/pdf/The_hindu_marriage_act.pdf|title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|work=bokakhat|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, [[Jainism in Gujarat|Jains]], Buddhists and Sikhs, the ''[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-indian-christian-marriage-act-1872/ |website=lawyerslaw.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> and the ''[[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1937-26.pdf|title= Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|accessdate=September 6, 2022|work=legislative.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the ''Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936'' and the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909'' regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2476/1/a1936_____3.pdf|title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|work=www.indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdf|title=Anand Marriage Act, 1909|work=legislative.gov.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Special Marriage Act, 1954]]'' (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sandesh.com/supplement/hindu-marriage-act-conditions-ceremonies-and-registration|language=gu|title=હિંદુ લગ્ન અધિનિયમ-શરતો, વિધિઓ અને નોંધણી|work=Sandesh|first=Ami|last=Yagnik|date=2 December 2022}}</ref> Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith couples]], [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste couples]], and spouses with [[Atheism|no religious beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf|title=The Special Marriage Act, 1954|work=legislative.gov|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> None of these acts explicitly bans [[same-sex marriage]].

On 14 February 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in ''Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar'' that the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of [[child marriage]]s, [[bigamy]], cases of [[domestic violence]] and unlawful abandonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal-wires.com/case-study/case-study-smt-seema-v-ashwin-kumar-case/|title= Case Study: Smt Seema v. Ashwin Kumar|date=21 October 2022|work=Legal Wires}}</ref> Subsequently, [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor]] [[Nawal Kishore Sharma]] signed the ''Gujarat Registration of Marriages Act, 2006'' into law in March 2006. The act provides for the registration of all marriages solemnized in Gujarat irrespective of the religion, caste or creed of the parties. It created local registrars of marriages, which shall issue [[Marriage license|marriage certificates]] upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The registrar may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. It does not explicitly ban same-sex marriages, and defines marriage simply as including remarriage. However, the act generally refers to married spouses as "bride" and "bridegroom".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4449/1/registrationofmarriagesact.pdf|title=Gujarat Registration of Marriages Act, 2006|work=indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>

Most marriages ({{langx|gu|લગ્ન}}, {{transliteration|kn|lagna}}, {{IPA|kn|ˈləɡnə|pron}}; {{langx|hi|विवाह}}, {{transliteration|hi|vivāh}}; {{langx|sd|شادي}}, {{transliteration|sd|śādī}}; {{langx|bhb|वीवा}}, {{transliteration|bhb|vīvā}}) in Gujarat are [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged]]. Arranged marriage remains the prevailing norm across India, accounting for the vast majority of unions, and often placing pressure on LGBT individuals to marry partners of the opposite sex. Nevertheless, some same-sex couples have participated in traditional marriage ceremonies, although the marriages lack legal status in Gujarat. In 2004, an interfaith same-sex couple were married in [[Vadodara]] according to both Hindu and Muslim traditions. An LGBT charity, Lakshya Trust, stated at the time: "In four years, we have facilitated at least 15 gay marriages. Gay marriages are a boon as the group is already at a high risk of contradicting [[HIV/AIDS]]. The marriages will promote single-partner sex, which will help the HIV prevention campaign." Activists said they hoped the marriage would "send a message to society that they [LGBT people] have equal rights".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/830976.cms|title=Gay marriages groom anti-Aids battle|date=28 August 2004|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Several same-sex couples have entered into so-called "friendship agreements" ({{lang|gu|મૈત્રી કરાર}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sardargurjari.com/visitor/DetailView.aspx?NewsId=128892|title=કઠલાલના કલેસરના શિક્ષકે બે-બે પત્ની કરી છતાં મન ન ભરાતાં અન્ય યુવતી સાથે મૈત્રી કરાર કર્યો|language=gu|date=22 April 2024|work=Sardar Gurjari}}</ref> ''[[Maitri karar|maitri karār]]'', {{IPA|gu|ˈməjtɾi ˈkəɾɑɾ|pron}}) to legitimise their relationships. A {{transliteration|gu|maitri karār}} is a written document, often registered and notarized, which contains the terms and conditions on which a couple agrees to enter into cohabitation. Traditionally, a {{transliteration|gu|maitri karār}} was most commonly a contract between a married man and his unmarried mistress, used to circumvent the provisions of the ''Hindu Marriage Act'' which prohibits bigamy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Love pacts: Just good friends|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19811215-no-cumbersome-divorce-proceedings-people-of-ahmedabad-opt-for-maitri-karar-contract-773519-2013-10-24|access-date=24 August 2017|agency=India Today|date=15 December 1981}}</ref> The first {{transliteration|gu|maitri karār}} between a same-sex couple occurred in 1987 in the [[Chhota Udaipur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/same-sex-couples-in-india-are-using-a-gujarati-practice-to-get-married-111601876888126.html|title=Same-sex couples in India are using a Gujarati practice to get 'married'|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|date=5 October 2020|author=Omkar Khandekar}}</ref> A famous Gujarati resident to have entered into a same-sex marriage is Prince [[Manvendra Singh Gohil]], probable heir of the honorary [[Maharaja]] of [[Rajpipla]], who married his American partner Cecil "DeAndre" Richardson (''né'' Hilton) in [[Seattle]] in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle/manvendra-singh-gohil-many-indian-families-priests-have-accepted-same-sex-marriages-10308821.html|title=Manvendra Singh Gohil: 'Many Indian families, priests have accepted same-sex marriages'|work=www.moneycontrol.com|date=25 March 2023}}</ref>

===Live-in relationships===
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
|map={{Same-sex marriage in India|width=300}}
}}

[[Cohabitation|Live-in relationships]] ({{langx|gu|સહવાસ સંબંધ}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gujaratijagran.com/opinion/truth-of-the-freedom-of-live-in-relationships-the-law-does-not-recognize-live-in-relationships-as-marriages-153728|title=લિવ-ઈન રિલેશનશિપની સ્વતંત્રતાનું સત્ય, કાયદો લિવ-ઈન રિલેશનશિપને લગ્ન તરીકે માન્યતા આપતો નથી.|language=gu|date=27 June 2023|work=Gujarati Jagran|first=Hariom|last=Sharma}}</ref> {{transliteration|gu|sahvās sambandh}}, {{IPA|gu|ˈsəɦʋɑs ˈsəmbə̃ndʱ|pron}}, or {{lang|gu|લિવ-ઇન રિલેશનશિપ}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/photo-gallery/live-in-relationships-in-india-legal-status-rights-1175528.html|title=Live in relationship : શું તમે લિવ-ઈન રિલેશનશિપમાં રહો છો ? જાણો તેની કાનુની માન્યતા શું હોય|language=gu|date=2 February 2025|first=Meera|last=Kansagara|work=TV9 Gujarati}}</ref> {{transliteration|gu|liva-ina rileśanaśipa}}; {{langx|hi|सहवास संबंध}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/blogs/rekha-garg/live-in-relationship-consider-an-insecure-cohabitation-4943389.html|language=hi|work=Hindi News18|title=Live in Relationship: असुरक्षित सहजीवन पर विचार करें|first=Rekha|last=Garg}}</ref> {{transliteration|hi|sahvās sambandh}}; {{langx|sd|گڏ رهڻ وارو رشتو}}, {{transliteration|sd|gaḍ rahṇ wāro rishto}}) are not illegal in Gujarat. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. State courts have sometimes upheld this constitutional right, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage.

In June 2020, a lesbian couple from the [[Mahisagar district]] filed a petition with the [[Gujarat High Court]] seeking police protection from their families and recognition of their right to cohabitation. The couple had entered into a {{transliteration|gu|maitri karār}} as a way to legitimise their relationship; "like in case of a marital union, it had details on property ownership, inheritance and maintenance, in case of separation." The High Court granted their petition on 23 July 2020 and ordered the police to protect the couple.<ref name="maitri">{{cite web|url=https://www.iamgujarat.com/gujarat/ahmedabad/court-comes-to-rescue-of-gujarat-polices-first-lesbian-couple/articleshow/77302619.cms|title=ગુજરાત પોલીસના 'પ્રથમ' લેસ્બિયન કપલની મદદે આવી ગુજરાત હાઈકોર્ટ|website=Gujarati News|date=1 August 2020|language=gu}}</ref> Maya Sharma, an activist with the Vikalp Women's Group, said "such contracts in court cases [are used] in which one of the partners' parents were forcing marriage upon them. It has helped us get judgements in our favour." The High Court ruled similarly in April 2024 when it upheld a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petition filed by a woman's same-sex partner, after she had been allegedly taken away by her husband and confined to her home.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/gujarat-high-court/gujarat-high-court-stray-bulls-pil-dwarka-312597|title=Major Woman Free To Choose Her Own Course: Gujarat High Court On Live-In Partner's Habeas Corpus Plea|first=Bhavya|last=Singh|work=LiveLaw|date=22 April 2024}}</ref> In ''Sarvaiya Rajubhai Bachubhai v. State Of Gujarat'', the court ruled that the woman had the right to live with her live-in partner and ordered police protection. "Since high court was in the ''habeas corpus'' jurisdiction, it just followed the wish of the ''corpus'' (plea) and allowed her to go with the petitioner [''[[sic]]'']", said the partner's lawyer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/man-separates-wife-from-live-in-partner-high-court-reunites-them/articleshow/109444118.cms|title=Gujarat man separates wife from her live-in partner, HC reunites them|work=The Times of India|date=20 April 2024}}</ref> However, the Gujarat High Court has also dismissed similar ''habeas corpus'' petitions, generally when one of the live-in partners is already married to a third party. In ''Bhagwan Rajabhai Chaudhari v. State of Gujarat'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/640bcec1b9c46b56ccb103e3|title=Bhagwan Rajabhai Chaudhari v. State of Gujarat|work=Casmine|date=6 March 2023}}</ref> Judges [[Vipul Pancholi]] and Hemant Prachchhak ruled that a live-in partner could not seek custody of a woman who was legally married to someone else. The court held in March 2023 that since the woman's lawful marriage was not dissolved, her husband's custody could not be treated as "illegal custody", even if the woman and her live-in partner were cohabiting. The court also imposed a cost of [[Indian rupee|₹]]5,000 on the petitioner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.verdictum.in/court-updates/high-courts/live-in-partner-plea-dismissed-custody-of-married-woman-gujarat-1468560|title=Gujarat HC Imposes Cost On Live-In Partner Who Filed Plea To Get Custody Of Woman Married To Another Man|first=Swasti|last=Chaturvedi|date=24 March 2023|work=Verdictum}}</ref> In addition, in a separate case involving an opposite-sex interfaith couple in October 2023, the High Court described live-in relationships as "timepass" and mere "infatuation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/gujarat-high-court-terms-live-in-relationships-timepass-and-infatuation-denies-interfaith-couple-plea-for-protection-news-326309|title=Gujarat High Court Terms Live-In Relationships 'Timepass' And 'Infatuation', Denies Interfaith Couple's Plea For Protection|work=Outlook India|date=23 October 2023}}</ref>

===Transgender and intersex issues===
Like most of [[South Asia]], Gujarat recognizes a traditional [[third gender]] community known as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' ({{lang|gu|પાવૈયા}}, {{transliteration|hi|pāvaiyā}}, or {{lang|gu|હીજડો}}, {{transliteration|gu|hījṛo}}), historically holding respected community roles, and known for their distinct culture, communities led by [[gurus]], and traditional roles as performers. Media outlets have reported that the local [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] culture in [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]] celebrates ritualistic [[transgender]] marriages every year during the festival of [[Holi]], a custom that has been followed for over 150 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bnwjournal.com/2022/07/01/common-law-marriages-a-ray-of-hope-for-lgbtq-couples/|title=Common Law Marriages: A Ray of Hope for LGBTQ Couples|first=Himanshu|last=Verma|date=1 July 2022|work=BNW Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Same-sex marriage in India: Socio-legal aspects|url=https://www.lawjournal.info/article/66/3-1-10-777.pdf|journal=International Journal of Law, Justice and Jurisprudence|date=2023|volume=3|issue=1|page=24-31|first1=Nirmala|last1=Devi|first2=Supreet|last2=Kaur}}</ref> The Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]'' held that the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] does not require the legalisation of same-sex marriages but affirmed that transgender people may marry opposite-sex partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Legal-Progression-Social-Implications-Case-Comment-on-Supriyo-Chakraborty-Anr-v-Union-Of-India|title="Legal Progression & Social Implications Case Comment on Supriyo Chakraborty & Anr v. Union Of India"|work=Manupatra|date=27 May 2024|first1=Rajeev Pratap|last1=Singh Bhutyal|first2=Swasti|last2=Arya}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
*''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Recognition of same-sex unions in India by state|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]

Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic

2026-05-05T09:55:29Z

AliciaPaschall: created a details

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple & Green Line interchange station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Stn., Majestic
| other_name = Majestic Metro Station
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple|line2=Green}}
| image =Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Stn., Majestic metro station (Jan '25).jpg
| image_caption = Majestic metro station entrance 'A' on Gubbi Thotadappa Road
| address = Tank Bund Rd, Bengaluru, [[Karnataka]] 560009
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.975692|77.572836|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| tracks = 4
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] {{rint|bus}} [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
{{font color|purple|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} {{font color|purple|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} [[Island platform]] {{font color|green|Platform-3}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} {{font color|green|Platform-4}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}}
| depth = {{convert|80|ft|m}}
| levels = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} available
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| code = KGWA
| status = Staffed
| architect = GYT - COASTAL [[Joint Venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| opening = 30 April 2016 (Purple Line) 18 June 2017 (Green Line)
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| former =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| mpassengers =
| passengers = 9 lakh <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kempegowda-metro-station-saw-9-lakh-ridership-in-july/article19440764.ece|title = Kempegowda station saw 9 lakh ridership in July|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 August 2017}}</ref>
| pass_system =
| pass_year = July 2017
| pass_rank = 1 out of 41
| pass_percent =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Purple |left1=Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College|to-left1=Whitefield (Kadugodi) |right1=Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station
|to-right1=Challaghatta |line2=Green |left2=Mantri Square Sampige Road |right2=Chickpete|to-left2=Madavara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}} {{BMR Green Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14

}}

[[Kempe Gowda I|'''Nadaprabhu Kempegowda''']] '''Station, Majestic''' is an underground interchange metro station on the east–west corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] and north–south corridor of [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bmrc.co.in/Network.htm |title=Metro Network |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717184537/http://bmrc.co.in/Network.htm |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It opened to the public on 30 April 2016 as part of Namma Metro's Phase-1. This important metro station serves as the interchange station allowing passengers to transfer between these lines for ease of travel.<ref name="contract">{{cite web |url=http://bmrc.co.in/pdf/tenders/ddcmajestic.pdf |title=Design and construct contract of underground station at Majestic |date=December 2009 |publisher=BMRCL |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011222628/http://bmrc.co.in/pdf/tenders/ddcmajestic.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The station is located within walking distance from BMTC & KSRTC's [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], as also the [[Bangalore City railway station|City's Main Railway station]].

==History==
===Construction===
The contract to construct Majestic station was awarded to Coastal-GYT [[Joint Venture|JV]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|272|c}}. Construction began in January 2012 and was expected to be completed in 2014, but faced delays due to the hardness of the rock to be excavated, and missed several deadlines.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sastry|first=Anil Kumar|title=You still can't switch between the corridors when Phase I opens|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article2795178.ece|access-date=15 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ray|first=Aparajita|title=Underground Metro could roll out on May 4|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31806&articlexml=Underground-Metro-could-roll-out-on-May-4-23042016005025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425123131/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31806&articlexml=Underground-Metro-could-roll-out-on-May-4-23042016005025|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2016|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=23 April 2016}}</ref> The delays escalated the cost to {{INRConvert|500|c|nolink=yes}}. KSRTC, the state inter-city bus transport agency, provided BMRCL with 20 acres of land for construction of the station, slightly over half of which was returned to KSRTC after construction was completed. BMRCL paid KSRTC {{INRConvert|4.6|c|nolink=yes}} annually during the construction period as rent for the land. During the construction period, KSRTC incurred a loss of {{INRConvert|100|c|nolink=yes}} as they had to shut down bus services in the area.<ref name="BM1">{{cite web|title=2,240 workers worked day in, day out to build India's largest metro station|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/2240-workers-worked-day-in-day-out-to-build-Indias-largest-metro-station/articleshow/52016650.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

BMRCL employed 2,240 engineers, construction workers and others to build the station.<ref name="BM1"/> Majestic station (and all other underground stations of Namma Metro's Phase-1) was built using the [[cut-and-cover]] method. For Majestic station, the rocks were cut by blasting and 10,000 blasts had to be conducted during excavation.<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |title=Conducted 10,000 blasts to cut hard rocks: BMRCL |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/542956/conducted-10000-blasts-cut-hard.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702093413/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/542956/conducted-10000-blasts-cut-hard.html |archive-date=2016-07-02 |access-date=26 April 2016 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> BMRCL stated that it had used 300,000 cubic meters of sand (equal to the volume of six football fields) and 100,000 cubic meters of cement to build the station.<ref name="BM1"/> The underground section of the station includes a rake interchange to transfer trains between Purple and Green Line trains and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore Metro Rail Project|url=https://kannada.bmrc.co.in/FileUploads/phase2forweb.pdf|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226064226/https://kannada.bmrc.co.in/FileUploads/phase2forweb.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The station opened to the public on 30 April 2016. Green Line services commenced at the station (at one level below purple line) on 18 June 2017.

===Structure===
[[File:Namma Metro – Majestic 4.jpg|thumb|left|187x187px|Inside the station]]
The station has four levels with a total floor surface area of 48,000 square meters (520,000 square feet) and is said to be the largest underground metro station in Asia.<ref name=":0" /> The station area covers 7 acres.<ref name="BM1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-15|title=Majestic! It's biggest Metro station in Asia!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150617/majestic-its-biggest-metro-station-in-asia.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Purple Line train platform is 365 metres long, Green Line train platform is 300 metres long. It has 12 staircases, 18 escape routes and 24 escalators.<ref name="The Hindu3">{{cite web|title=Bengaluru Metro's Purple Line links east and west|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metros-purple-line-links-east-and-west/article8537952.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=29 April 2016|date=30 April 2016}}</ref> The station's platforms are designed to handle 20,000 commuters at any given time.<ref name="BM1" />

The surface level houses the entrances. There are four main entrances facing west, north-west, south and east.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-28|title=Kempegowda metro station to get 4th entrance soon|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/kempegowda-metro-station-get-677715.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Pedestrian subways and sky-walks connect the station to the adjacent railway station and the bus terminals.

Ticket counters are located on a mezzanine floor. The first underground level has platforms for Purple Line trains and the second underground level has platforms for Green Line trains, perpendicular to those of the platforms for Purple Line trains.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="NewIE1">{{cite web|title=Metro June Deadline Stands, But With Rider|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-June-Deadline-Stands-But-With-Rider/2016/01/20/article3235280.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122094941/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-June-Deadline-Stands-But-With-Rider/2016/01/20/article3235280.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2016|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>
==Passenger services==
===Access===
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{Coord|12.975692|77.572}}
| zoom = 16
| width = 300
| height = 300
| caption = Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Majestic Station
| float = left
| label = A
| mark-coord =={{coord| 12.9757414| 77.5711688}}
| mark-size = 11
| label-size = 11
| label-color = red
| label-pos = right

| label1 = A1
| label-pos1 = right
| label-size1 = 11
|label-color1 = red
| mark-coord1 = {{Coord|12.9760650| 77.5715267}}
| mark-size1 = 7

| label2 = B
| label-pos2 = right
| label-size2 = 11
|label-color2 = red
| mark-coord2 = {{Coord| 12.9741855| 77.5730334}}
| mark-size2 = 7

| label3 = C
| label-pos3 = right
| label-size3 = 11
|label-color3 = red
| mark-coord3 = {{Coord| 12.9746275| 77.5729169}}
| mark-size3 = 7

| label4 = D
| label-pos4 = right
| label-size4 = 11
|label-color4 = red
| mark-coord4 = {{Coord| 12.9760979|77.5731485}}
| mark-size4 = 7
}}

There are four entry/exit points – A,A1 B and C and D.
* Entry/Exit point A,A1: Towards [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru Railway Stn.]] and [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Kempegowda bus station]] Terminal 2, 2A, with wheelchair accessibility
* Entry/Exit point B: Towards Chikka Lalbagh with wheelchair accessibility
* Entry/Exit point C: Towards Upparpete Police Station / Tank Bund Road side with wheelchair accessibility
* Entry/Exit point D: Towards the walkway running through [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Kempegowda bus station]] Terminal 1 and BMTC bus station complex
A foot over bridge near the 'A' entry/exit also serves to connect the KSR city railway station on its main entrance as an alternative to using the subway connecting KSR City railway station and Kempegowda Bus station.
<ref>{{cite news |title=Majestic metro station now linked to 3 other transport hubs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/majestic-metro-station-now-linked-to-3-other-transport-hubs/article22810726.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=21 Feb 2018}}</ref> A skywalk directly connecting Metro station with KSR Bangalore city station and Kempegowda bus station is being planned as part of KSR City railway station redevelopment. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Muthi-ur-Rahman |title=A revamp plan for Bengaluru's main rail hub |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/a-revamp-plan-for-bengalurus-main-rail-hub-3145087 |access-date=3 December 2025 |issue=10 August 2024 |publisher=Deccan herald}}</ref>
=== Station layout ===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Stn., Majestic track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to {{BSsplit|[[Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College metro station|Sir M. Visveshwaraya Stn.]],|[[Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College metro station| Central College]]}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{BSsplit|[[Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station metro station|Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna]]|[[Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station metro station|Railway Station]]}}
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}|{{Routemap
| title = Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Stn., Majestic track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Mantri Square Sampige Road}}
*'''P3'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P4'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Chickpete}}
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''Surface level'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Entrances and Exits
|-
|valign=top|'''UG Level-1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
| rowspan="4" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 0px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''UG Level-2'''
|style="border-top:solid 2px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:left;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|style="text-align:left;" width=500|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px gray;" colspan=2 align=Center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''UG Level-3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 4''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Chickpete}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 3''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Mantri Square Sampige Road}}
|}

=== Connections ===

* [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]
* [[Bangalore City railway station|City railway station]]

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[Kempegowda Bus Station]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

* [[List of things named after Kempe Gowda I]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Karnataka]]

Padmasree Warrior

2026-05-03T01:09:16Z

AliciaPaschall: put up new entry

{{Short description|(India born) American chemical engineer and business executive}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmasree Warrior
| image = TechCrunch Disrupt SF 2016 - Day 3 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Warrior in September 2016
| birth_name = Yellepeddi Padmasree
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| spouse = Mohandas Warrior
| children = 1
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[IIT Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]])
* [[Cornell University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])}}
}}

'''Padmasree Warrior''' (born '''Yellepeddi Padmasree''') is an [[Indian-American]] businesswoman and technology executive. She is known for her leadership roles in technology firms like [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] where she was the [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] for seven years, and at [[Motorola]] where she was the CTO for five years. She also was the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Nio Inc.|Nio]] USA, an electric car maker. Currently, she is the founder and CEO of Fable, a curated reading platform focused on mental wellness.<ref name="fortuneJan2021">{{cite news |url=https://fortune.com/2021/01/14/padmasree-warrior-cisco-cto-social-media-for-book-lovers-readers/ |title=Can former Cisco CTO Padmasree Warrior build a better social network for book lovers? |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=14 January 2021}}</ref> She is on the board of directors of [[Microsoft]]<ref name="msftbio">{{Cite web|title=Padmasree Warrior|url=https://news.microsoft.com/exec/padmasree-warrior/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Microsoft|date=2 December 2015|language=en}}</ref> and [[Spotify]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investors.spotify.com/governance/board-of-directors/person-details/default.aspx?ItemId=9f7ee6d2-b628-4247-bbf4-f7717d58204a|title=Padmasree Warrior|website=Spotify|language=en|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>

In 2014, she was listed as one of the 100 most powerful woman in the world by ''Forbes''.<ref name="Forbes14" /> In 2018 she was also featured among "America's Top 50 Women In Tech" by [[Forbes]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Yellepeddi Padmasree was born into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Vijayawada]],[[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NextEV's Padmasree Warrior on Studio 1.0 - Bloomberg|website = [[YouTube]]| date=4 October 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlpEWErMjgY&feature=youtu.be&t=553 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/hlpEWErMjgY |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She went to school at the Children's Montessori School and Maris Stella College in Vijayawada. Warrior received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from [[IIT Delhi]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news | title = IIT-Delhi Award goes to Padmasree Warrior, CTO Motorola | date = 23 August 2004 | publisher = Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd | work = The Economic Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = IIT alumni dominate global Indian tech influencers list | date = 18 February 2012 | publisher = Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/IIT-alumni-dominate-global-Indian-tech-influencers-list/articleshow/11937509.cms? | work = The Times of India | access-date = 27 June 2012}}</ref> She holds a master's degree in chemical engineering from [[Cornell University]].<ref name=Gilpin>{{cite web|last1=Gilpin|first1=Lyndsey|title=Cisco CTO Padmasree Warrior: Engineer, Artist, Business Leader, Sage|url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/cisco-cto-padmasree-warrior-engineer-artist-business-leader-sage/|website=TechRepublic|publisher=ZDNet|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Motorola ===
Warrior joined Motorola in 1984<ref name="Video">{{cite web | url = http://videolectures.net/padmasree_warrior/ | title = Padmasree Warrior | access-date = 27 June 2012 | work = VideoLectures.Net }}</ref> Over the course of her 23 years at the company she was Corporate Vice-president and general manager of Motorola's Energy Systems Group, and Corporate Vice-president and Chief Technology Officer in its [[Freescale Semiconductor|Semiconductor Products Sector]].<ref name="Video" /> Immediately prior to becoming Motorola's CTO, she was general manager of Thoughtbeam, a product of Motorola, in [[Tempe, Arizona]]. When named Motorola's CTO in January 2003, Warrior became a senior vice-president and in 2005 she was promoted to executive vice-president.<ref>[https://www.creativegroupinc.com/Motorola3GSMPressInterview/bios/PADMASREE_WARRIOR.pdf Padmasree Warrior Biography from Motorola] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708201440/https://www.creativegroupinc.com/Motorola3GSMPressInterview/bios/PADMASREE_WARRIOR.pdf |date=8 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.witi.com/center/witimuseum/halloffame/2007/pwarrior.php WITI – Hall of Fame]</ref>

During Warrior's tenure as CTO, Motorola was awarded the 2004 National Medal of Technology by the President of the United States, the first time the company had received this honour. During this period she was a proponent of "Seamless Mobility" – the concept of having seamless communication across all facets of a person's life. The dream was not fully realised and the concept was eventually dropped from Motorola marketing presentations.

=== Cisco ===
On 4 December 2007, she left Motorola to become CTO at [[Cisco Systems]].<ref name=Savitz>{{cite web|last1=Savitz|first1=Eric|title=Cisco Names Padmasree Warrior Chief Technology Officer|url=http://blogs.barrons.com/techtraderdaily/2007/12/04/cisco-names-padmasree-warrior-chief-technology-officer/|website=Tech Trader Daily|publisher=Barron's|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> She left [[Cisco]] in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/06/02/report-cisco-cto-warrior-is-leaving-the-company/|title=Report: Cisco CTO Warrior is leaving the company}}</ref>

=== NIO ===
She joined the Chinese electric car company, NIO Inc, in December 2015 as a board member and as CEO and chief development officer for NIO U.S. She resigned from NIO in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nio-us-ceo-padmasree-warrior-resigns-2018-11|title = Chinese Tesla competitor NIO loses its US chief executive, Padmasree Warrior|website = [[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

=== Fable ===
In September 2019, Warrior founded a new startup, Fable, and is its president and CEO.<ref name="msftbio" /> In January 2021, Fable launched its app, a subscription-based book recommendation engine and private social network.<ref name="fortuneJan2021" /> Warrior has said they're working to improve cognitive fitness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/fable-is-working-to-improve-cognitive-fitness-says-ceo-padmasree-warrior-119111300028_1.html|title=Fable is working to improve cognitive fitness, says CEO Padmasree Warrior|website=Business Insider|date=13 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
[[Fortune Magazine]] called her one of four rising stars on its Most Powerful Women list,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2006/index.html |title=50 Most Powerful Women in Business 2006 | Fortune Magazine |publisher=Money.cnn.com |access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> placing her between the 10 "highest paid" and the "Young and Powerful" categories. In 2005, [[The Economic Times]] ranked Warrior as the 11th Most Influential Global Indian.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Duttagupta |first=Ishani |title=Advantage IIT |work=The Economic Times - indiatimes |access-date=2015-04-19 |date=2005-04-11 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1073963.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411025103/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1073963.cms |archive-date=11 April 2005 }}</ref> In 2001 she was one of six women nationwide selected to receive the "Women Elevating Science and Technology" award from Working Woman Magazine.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/05-29-2001/0001502716&EDATE= |title=TECHXNY/PC EXPO and Working Woman Magazine Announce Winners of First Annual W.E.S.T |publisher=Prnewswire.com |access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> As of 2014, she is listed as the 71st most powerful woman in the world by ''Forbes''.<ref name=Forbes14>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall|work=Forbes|access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> In 2018 she was also featured among "America's Top 50 Women In Tech" by [[Forbes]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/padmasree-warrior/?list=top-tech-women-america |title=Padmasree Warrior |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

Warrior is featured in the Notable Women in Computing cards.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Notable Women in Computing| url = http://www.cs.duke.edu/csed/wikipedia/cards.html}}</ref>

== Board participation ==
Warrior has been a member of [[Microsoft]]'s board of directors since December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft proposes election of new board members|url=http://news.microsoft.com/2015/10/19/microsoft-proposes-election-of-new-board-members/|website=Microsoft News Center|publisher=Microsoft|date=19 October 2015|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="msftbio" /> She is also a board member at [[Spotify]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Spotify - Governance - Board of Directors - Padmasree Warrior |url=https://investors.spotify.com/governance/board-of-directors/person-details/default.aspx?ItemId=9f7ee6d2-b628-4247-bbf4-f7717d58204a |website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=17 June 2019 }}</ref> She was a member of the [[Gap Inc.]] board from 2013 to 2016<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lynch|first1=Shana|title=Cisco CTO Padmasree Warrior joins Gap board|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2013/08/21/cisco-cto-padmasree-warrior-joins-gap.html|website=Silicon Valley Business Journal|publisher=American City Business Journals|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> and the [[Box (company)|Box]] board from 2014 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Padmasree Warrior leaves Box's board after joining Microsoft's |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/01/29/padmasree-warrior-leaves-boxs-board-after-joining-microsofts/ |publisher=[[VentureBeat]] |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

Warrior is on the boards of [[Thorn (organization)|Thorn]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Thorn - About Us |url=https://www.thorn.org/about-our-fight-against-sexual-exploitation-of-children/ |website=[[Thorn (organization)|Thorn]] |access-date=17 June 2019 }}</ref> the [[Joffrey Ballet]],<ref name=McKenzie>{{cite web|last1=McKenzie|first1=Sheena|title=5 things you didn't know about Cisco's Warrior|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/20/tech/5-things-you-didnt-warrior/|website=Leading Women|date=20 May 2014|publisher=CNN|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> Chicago's [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]],<ref name=Dugdale>{{cite web|last1=Dugdale|first1=Addy|title=Crib Sheet: Padmasree Warrior, CTO of Cisco Systems|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1576998/crib-sheet-padmasree-warrior-cto-cisco-systems|website=Leadership|date=10 March 2010|publisher=Fast Company|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> Chicago Mayor's Technology Council,<ref name=Cooney>{{cite web|last1=Cooney|first1=Michael|title=Cisco lands Padmasree Warrior, Geek Queen|url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2349972/cisco-lands-padmasree-warrior--geek-queen.html|website=Layer 8|date=5 December 2007|publisher=Network World|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> and advisory council of Indian Institute of Technology.<ref name=WITI1>{{cite web|title=Padmasree Warrior|url=http://www.witi.com/center/witimuseum/halloffame/247717/Padmasree-Warrior-Executive-Vice-President-and-Chief-Technology-Officer-Motorola,-Inc./|website=WITI Hall of Fame|publisher=WITI|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> She was on the [[Cornell University]] board,<ref>{{cite web |title= Board of trustees adds seven new members |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/05/board-trustees-adds-seven-new-members |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |date=28 May 2013}}</ref> the Texas Governor's Council for Digital Economy,<ref name="Video" /> the Technology Advisory Council for the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], and the Advisory Committee for Computing and Information Science and Engineering of the [[National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation (NSF)]]. She is a mentor in the State Department's International Women Leaders Mentoring Partnership.<ref name=WITI1/> Warrior was on the board of directors for [[Corning Incorporated]] from 2005 through 2008.<ref name=Reese>{{cite web|last1=Reese|first1=Brad|title=Cisco CTO Padmasree Warrior off Corning Board of Directors|url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2344295/cisco-subnet/cisco-cto-padmasree-warrior-off-corning-board-of-directors.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114164729/http://www.networkworld.com/article/2344295/cisco-subnet/cisco-cto-padmasree-warrior-off-corning-board-of-directors.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2015|website=Network World|date=19 May 2008|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Warrior is married to Mohandas Warrior and has a son.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McAlone |first1=Nathan |title=12 spouses who are lucky to be married to the most powerful women in Silicon Valley |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-men-standing-behind-the-most-powerful-women-in-tech-2015-8?r=US&IR=T#mohandas-warrior-is-married-to-padmasree-warrior-former-cto-of-cisco-systems-and-former-cto-of-motorola-1110 |access-date=9 July 2019 |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5 things you didn't know about Cisco's Warrior |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/20/tech/5-things-you-didnt-warrior/index.html |website=CNN |date=20 May 2014 |access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Padmasree Warrior}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [http://newsroom.cisco.com/execbio-detail?articleId=34150 Profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warrior, Padmasree}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century American engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century American engineers]]
[[Category:American business executives]]
[[Category:American chief technology officers]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cornell University College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Motorola employees]]
[[Category:Scientists from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Women chief technology officers]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

With Love (2026 film)

2026-05-02T03:55:05Z

AliciaPaschall: Done

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Madhan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = With Love (2026 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Madhan
| writer = Madhan
| producer = {{ubl
| [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]
| Pasilian Nazerath
| Magesh Raj Pasilian
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abishan Jeevinth]]
* [[Anaswara Rajan]]
}}
| cinematography = Shreyaas Krishna
| editing = Suresh Kumar
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| studio = {{ubl
| [[Zion Films]]
| MRP Entertainment
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|3|Chennai|2026|2|6|India}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title=With Love (2026) |url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/A6AFE2EC004BEEA9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260314140344/https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/A6AFE2EC004BEEA9 |archive-date=14 March 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}4 [[crore]]<ref name="BudgetGross">{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=10 April 2026 |title=Small films, big wins: 7 South Indian hits that surprised in 2026 so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/low-budget-south-indian-films-succeed-content-word-of-mouth-2026-2893996-2026-04-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425000716/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/low-budget-south-indian-films-succeed-content-word-of-mouth-2026-2893996-2026-04-10 |archive-date=25 April 2026 |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}39 crore<ref name="BudgetGross" />
}}

'''''With Love''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[teen film|teen]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Madhan. It is produced by [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]], Pasilian Nazerath, and Magesh Raj Pasilian under the banners of Zion Films and MRP Entertainment. The film stars [[Abishan Jeevinth]] and [[Anaswara Rajan]] in the lead roles. It marks the directorial debut of Madhan and Abishan's debut as a lead actor.

The film was officially announced in August 2025 under the tentative title ''Production No. 4'', as it was the fourth venture of MRP Entertainment, with the official title announced in November 2025. [[Principal photography]] was completed in October 2025 within 35 working days. Filming took place in [[Chennai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]]. The film features music composed by [[Sean Roldan]], cinematography by Shreyaas Krishna, and editing by Suresh Kumar.

''With Love'' premiered in [[Chennai]] on 3 February 2026 and was released theatrically across India on 6 February 2026. The film received positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Sathya Seelan, a designer who avoids marriage proposals, is eventually pressured by his frustrated sister into attending a matchmaking meeting arranged without revealing details about the prospective bride. Reluctantly, he attends and meets Monisha, a social media influencer. Their initially awkward conversation takes an unexpected turn when Monisha realises that Sathya was her senior in school.

Sathya shares his past with Monisha, recalling his school days with his friend Dinesh and his unrequited love for their classmate Anisha. Infatuated with her, Sathya once submitted a blank exam paper when she was absent and was punished by their teacher, Swaminathan. Though he plans to confess his feelings on Anisha's birthday, he fails to do so. On the school annual day, he resolves to confess, but Dinesh reveals that Anisha is already in a relationship with him, leaving Sathya heartbroken.

Monisha then recounts her own past during her 10th-grade years at the same school, where she studied with her friends Vinu and Sandhya. A backbencher who stayed in the school hostel, Monisha once involved Balaji, a class topper, in passing a note during an exam, which led to him being punished when he refused to reveal her identity. Over time, she develops feelings for him and joins his tuition centre to grow closer. Despite intending to confess her feelings, she hesitates and fails. An incident later damages their relationship when a misunderstanding—originating from Monisha confiding in her friends—leads to Balaji being mocked by classmates. Hurt and angered, he distances himself from her. Before the academic year ends, Monisha attempts to reconcile by giving him a slam book, but circumstances prevent them from resolving their differences.

After sharing their stories, Monisha suggests that before committing to each other, they should seek closure with their past relationships. Sathya agrees, and the two begin planning to reconnect with Anisha and Balaji. They contact Dinesh, who informs them that Anisha is married and living abroad but promises to obtain her contact details.

As part of their search for Balaji, Sathya and Monisha travel to Tiruchirappalli for their acquaintance Santhosh's wedding. During this trip, Monisha reveals a past incident involving Sandhya and Santhosh, which led to a misunderstanding with their teacher Swaminathan. In the ensuing conflict, Sathya had once slapped the teacher. Encouraged by Monisha, Sathya later apologises to Swaminathan, and they reconcile.

Meanwhile, Sathya receives a follow request on [[Instagram]] from an anonymous user who also follows Monisha. Although curious, Sathya is unable to learn much as Monisha avoids discussing it. His insecurity leads him to check her phone without permission, where he finds that she referred to him as her "would-be." Upon discovering this breach of trust, Monisha confronts Sathya and asks him to leave. Later, after attending an after-party and reconciling while intoxicated, they share an intimate moment.

The next day, Monisha dismisses the previous night as a consequence of intoxication. The two visit their former school, where they meet Jaffer, a junior of Sathya, who helps them locate Anisha, who is temporarily back in India. Sathya meets Anisha and confesses his past feelings, and the two part on amicable terms, gaining closure.

That night, Sathya learns that the anonymous Instagram user is Balaji. The following day, Sathya and Monisha meet him. During the meeting, Sathya briefly steps away and later sees Balaji hugging Monisha. Misinterpreting the situation as a reconciliation between them, he leaves without confronting either of them.

Distressed, Sathya drunkenly calls Dinesh, expressing despair. Concerned, Dinesh, along with Jaffer, Santhosh, Anisha, and Sathya's family, gathers at his house the next morning. Balaji also arrives and clarifies that he had confessed his feelings to Monisha, but she rejected him, stating that she no longer reciprocates his feelings and wishes to be with Sathya.

Realising his misunderstanding, Sathya rushes to meet Monisha. The two reconcile, resolving their differences and choosing to move forward together.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Abishan Jeevinth]] as Sathya Seelan
* [[Anaswara Rajan]] as Monisha
* Kavya Anil as Anisha, Sathya's former love interest
* Sachin Nachiappan as Balaji, Monisha's former love interest
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Swaminathan, a school teacher
* Theni Murugan as Sathya's father
* Harish Kumar as Dinesh, Sathya's friend
* Rajapandi as a parent
* Sachana Namidass as Sandhya, Monisha's school friend
* Sanjay Mohan as Santhosh, Sandhya’s ex-boyfriend
* RJ Dimple Kanna as Vinu, Monisha's school friend
* RJ Ananthi as Sathya's sister
* Nagaichuvaigal Adhiyamaan as Sathya's friend
* Nagaichuvaigal Vetri as Sathya's friend
* Ayaz Khan as James
* Sudarshan Gandhi as Sathya's brother-in-law
* [[M. Sasikumar]] as Das (cameo appearance; from ''[[Tourist Family]]'')
* Kamalesh Jagan as Mulli (cameo appearance; from ''[[Tourist Family]]'')
* Madhan as a school student and Monisha's fan (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
After the success of [[Abishan Jeevinth]]'s directorial debut ''[[Tourist Family]]'' (2025), he was announced in late August 2025 to make his debut as lead actor in a film jointly produced by Pasilian Nazerath and Magesh Raj Pasilian under MRP Entertainment, along with [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] under her banner [[Zion Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2025 |title=Tourist Family's Abishan Jeevinth to star in Soundarya Rajinikanth's new film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/tourist-familys-abishan-jeevinth-to-star-in-soundarya-rajinikanths-new-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011111331/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/tourist-familys-abishan-jeevinth-to-star-in-soundarya-rajinikanths-new-film |archive-date=11 October 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film marks the directorial debut of Madhan, who previously worked as an associate director on films such as ''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]'' (2024) and ''Tourist Family''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2025 |title=Dir Abishan Jeevinth to debut as actor in new-age love story |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/dir-abishan-jeevinth-to-debut-as-actor-in-new-age-love-story-845062 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007141557/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/dir-abishan-jeevinth-to-debut-as-actor-in-new-age-love-story-845062 |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The project marks Abishan's second collaboration with MRP Entertainment following ''Tourist Family''. Tentatively titled ''Production No. 4'', it represents the company's fourth production venture. Soundarya also served as the film's presenter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2025 |title=Abishan's debut as lead wraps filming |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Oct/15/tamilnews2025oct13abishans-debut-as-lead-wraps-filming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110221844/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Oct/15/tamilnews2025oct13abishans-debut-as-lead-wraps-filming |archive-date=10 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2025 |title=Abishan Jeevinth and Anaswara Rajan share fun moments from their film's Trichy schedule |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/19/abishan-jeevinth-and-anaswara-rajan-share-fun-moments-from-their-films-trichy-schedule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103075330/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/19/abishan-jeevinth-and-anaswara-rajan-share-fun-moments-from-their-films-trichy-schedule |archive-date=3 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Anaswara Rajan]] as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2025 |title=Anaswara Rajan to star alongside Abishan Jeevinth in new film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/anaswara-rajan-joins-soundarya-rajinikanths-upcoming-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251024193846/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/anaswara-rajan-joins-soundarya-rajinikanths-upcoming-film |archive-date=24 October 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place across [[Chennai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]] in a single schedule spanning 35 days,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2025 |title=Abishan Jeevinth and Anaswara Rajan's film wrap-up; Chennai-Trichy schedule completed in just 35 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/abishan-jeevinth-and-anaswara-rajans-film-wrap-up-chennai-trichy-schedule-completed-in-just-35-days/articleshow/124546273.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121143646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/abishan-jeevinth-and-anaswara-rajans-film-wrap-up-chennai-trichy-schedule-completed-in-just-35-days/articleshow/124546273.cms |archive-date=21 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and was wrapped on 13 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2025 |title=Abishan's debut as lead wraps filming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/13/abishans-debut-as-lead-wraps-filming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116191411/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/13/abishans-debut-as-lead-wraps-filming |archive-date=16 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Post-production commenced in early November 2025, with Abishan Jeevinth and Anaswara Rajan beginning dubbing for their portions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2025 |title=Abishan Jeevinth-Anaswara Rajan's film begins dubbing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/10/abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-new-film-begins-dubbing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112181350/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/10/abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-new-film-begins-dubbing |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was later officially titled ''With Love'', with the title teaser released by Soundarya Rajinikanth's father, actor [[Rajinikanth]], on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=21 November 2025 |title=Abishan Jeevinth-Anaswara Rajan's film titled With Love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/21/abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-film-titled-with-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101210849/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/21/abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-film-titled-with-love |archive-date=1 January 2026 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = With Love
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]
| genre = Film soundtrack
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Sean Roldan]]
| prev_title = [[Revolver Rita]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2026
| next_title = [[My Lord (film)|My Lord]]
| next_year = 2026
| chronology = [[Sean Roldan]]
| misc = {{Singles
| name = With Love
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Aiyo Kadhaley
| single1date = 22 December 2025
| single2 = Marandhu Poche
| single2date = 13 January 2026
}}
}}

The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Sean Roldan]], marking his second collaboration with Abishan Jeevinth after ''Tourist Family''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2026 |title=New stills from Abishan-Anaswara's With Love unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/25/new-stills-from-abishan-anaswaras-with-love-unveiled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130102252/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/25/new-stills-from-abishan-anaswaras-with-love-unveiled |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single, "Aiyo Kadhaley", was released on 22 December 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=22 December 2025 |title='Aiyo Kadhaley' from With Love out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/22/aiyo-kadhaley-from-with-love-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112182341/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/22/aiyo-kadhaley-from-with-love-out |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> followed by the second single, "Marandhu Poche", on 13 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=13 January 2026 |title=Second single from With Love 'Marandhu Poche' out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/13/second-single-from-with-love-marandhu-poche-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260114090123/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/13/second-single-from-with-love-marandhu-poche-out |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing (Tamil)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:00
| title1 = Aiyo Kadhaley
| length1 = 3:26
| lyrics1 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra1 = Vijaynarain
| title2 = Marandhu Poche
| length2 = 3:17
| lyrics2 = Madhan
| extra2 = [[Adithya RK]]
| title3 = Morattu Muttal
| length3 = 2:46
| lyrics3 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra3 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| title4 = Ennai Polave
| length4 = 3:25
| lyrics4 = Uma Devi
| extra4 = [[Sublahshini]]
| title5 = Edhukku Dhan Indha Kaadhal
| length5 = 4:29
| lyrics5 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra5 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title6 = Start With Love
| length6 = 0:57
| title7 = Kaadhal Kadhai
| length7 = 1:22
| lyrics7 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra7 = Manoj Krishna, Sushmitha Narasimhan
| title8 = Anisha Theme
| length8 = 2:05
| extra8 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| title9 = Would Be
| length9 = 1:36
| extra9 = Shibi Srinivasan, [[Sean Roldan]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing (Telugu)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:00
| all_writing = Sanare
| title1 = Ayyo Kadhaley
| length1 = 3:26
| extra1 = Vijaynarain
| title2 = Merisi Poye
| length2 = 3:17
| extra2 = Sarath Santhosh
| title3 = Naakem Thakkuva
| length3 = 2:46
| extra3 = M. S. Krishna
| title4 = Ayyo Kadhaley (Female version)
| length4 = 3:25
| extra4 = [[Sublahshini]]
| title5 = Marachipovaali Manasaa
| length5 = 4:29
| extra5 = Deepak Blue
| title6 = Start With Love
| length6 = 0:57
| title7 = Preme Varam
| length7 = 1:22
| extra7 = Manoj Krishna, Sushmitha Narasimhan
| title8 = Anisha Theme
| length8 = 2:05
| extra8 = Manoj Krishna
| title9 = Yesei Raa Yesei Raa
| length9 = 1:36
| extra9 = Shibi Srinivasan
}}

In addition to the original soundtrack, the song "Aval Varuvala", composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] for the 1997 film ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'', is reused in the Tamil version of the film.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

== Marketing ==
In early February, the makers conducted a [[Drone art|drone show]] in [[Edward Elliot's Beach]], the first of its kind in [[Tamil cinema]], to promote the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2026 |title=In a first, Soundarya Rajinikanth's 'With Love' team to use drone show to promote film! |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/in-a-first-soundarya-rajinikanths-with-love-team-to-use-drone-show-to-promote-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201140817/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/in-a-first-soundarya-rajinikanths-with-love-team-to-use-drone-show-to-promote-film |archive-date=1 February 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[DT Next]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2026 |title=வானில் வட்டமடித்த 250 டிரோன்கள்... வித் லவ் படக்குழுவின் வித்தியாச முயற்சி |trans-title=250 drones circled in the sky... A unique effort by the crew of ''With Love'' |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/with-love-movie-team-drone-show-for-promotions-807658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202095201/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/with-love-movie-team-drone-show-for-promotions-807658 |archive-date=2 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''With Love'' premiered at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] on 3 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2018719279948898782 |user=rameshlaus |title=K-town celebs grace #WithLove premiere.. |first=Ramesh |last=Bala |access-date=4 February 2026 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/9lN30 |archive-date=4 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title=மகள் தயாரிப்பில் உருவான படத்தை திரையரங்கில் பார்த்து ரசித்த ரஜினிகாந்த்! |trans-title=Rajinikanth enjoyed watching the film produced by his daughter in the theatre! |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/rajinikanth-enjoyed-watching-the-film-produced-by-his-daughter-in-the-theatre-807863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203170913/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/rajinikanth-enjoyed-watching-the-film-produced-by-his-daughter-in-the-theatre-807863 |archive-date=3 February 2026 |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2026 |title=Abishan Jeevinth-Anaswara Rajan's With Love gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/01/abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-with-love-gets-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112181822/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/01/abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-with-love-gets-release-date |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=1 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2025 |title=Rajinikanth unveils title poster and teaser of daughter Soundarya Rajinikanth's film 'With Love' starring Abishan Jeevinth and Anaswara Rajan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-unveils-title-poster-and-teaser-of-daughter-soundarya-rajinikanths-film-with-love-starring-abishan-jeevinth-and-anaswara-rajan/articleshow/125488275.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121222121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-unveils-title-poster-and-teaser-of-daughter-soundarya-rajinikanths-film-with-love-starring-abishan-jeevinth-and-anaswara-rajan/articleshow/125488275.cms |archive-date=21 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The overseas distribution rights of the film were acquired by Ahimsa Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2019460855323349432 |user=ahimsafilms |title=Tomorrow, #WithLove is in your hands ❤️ Everything we’ve done — across India and all over the world — was driven by one quiet confidence: this film deserves to be felt, shared, and loved. None of this would exist without @soundaryaarajni and @mageshraj — dream producers in the truest sense. Their belief has brought us a film that’s full of heart — the kind of cinema Tamil audiences have been longing for. Let tomorrow be simple. Step into the theatre, let the film do its magic, and walk out a little lighter, a little happier, and smiling without even realising it! 🥰✨💎🙏🏽 |author=Ahimsa Entertainment |access-date=11 February 2026 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/MNSqd |archive-date=14 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital and satellite rights were acquired by [[Netflix]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Netflix picks up Tourist Family director Abishan Jeevinth's first film as actor |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/29/netflix-picks-up-tourist-family-director-abishan-jeevinths-first-film-as-actor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116121732/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/29/netflix-picks-up-tourist-family-director-abishan-jeevinths-first-film-as-actor |archive-date=16 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2026 |title="வித் லவ்" படத்தின் சாட்டிலைட் உரிமையை கைப்பற்றிய பிரபல தொலைக்காட்சி |trans-title=Popular TV channel acquires satellite rights for the film ''With Love''! |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/with-love-satellite-rights-acquired-by-vijay-tv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201120350/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/with-love-satellite-rights-acquired-by-vijay-tv |archive-date=1 February 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "''With Love'' is the kind of film that won’t blow you away with spectacle, but it will sit quietly in your chest for days afterward."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |first=Yashaswini |date=6 February 2026 |title=With Love movie review: A love letter to every love you never confessed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/with-love-movie-review-a-love-letter-to-every-love-you-never-confessed-10517124/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206124112/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/with-love-movie-review-a-love-letter-to-every-love-you-never-confessed-10517124/ |archive-date=6 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Powered by convincing performances, ''With Love'' reins in the urge to be just another launch vehicle, and ends up finding magic in the chaos of love".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=6 February 2026 |title=With Love Movie Review: A no-frills romance with just enough sugar, spice, and everything nice |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Feb/06/with-love-movie-review-a-no-frills-romance-with-just-enough-sugar-spice-and-everything-nice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207230414/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Feb/06/with-love-movie-review-a-no-frills-romance-with-just-enough-sugar-spice-and-everything-nice |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''With Love'' works far better when the interactions and one-liner jokes are character-specific rather than when it resorts to being overly generalised. ''With Love'' doesn't reinvent the genre. It follows a conventional pattern but finds the charm in its likeable lead performances, Sean Roldan’s vibrant music and a lovely supporting cast."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=6 February 2026 |title=With Love Movie Review: A romcom with likeable leads and plenty of charm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/with-love/movie-review/127984487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207004501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/with-love/movie-review/127984487.cms |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''With Love'' is a film that is as casual and breezy as it gets. It has the ingredients of a romantic drama, even if the proportions are a little high or low at times."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=6 February 2026 |title=With Love movie review: Abishan Jeevinth-Anaswara Rajan is breezy romantic drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/with-love-movie-review-abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-breezy-romantic-drama-that-only-thrives-in-its-simplicity/b86f367cb2964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207004951/https://www.ottplay.com/review/with-love-movie-review-abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajans-breezy-romantic-drama-that-only-thrives-in-its-simplicity/b86f367cb2964 |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> K Janani of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''With Love'' scores big in interconnecting the stories of Abishan and Anaswara well, but it lacks the cohesiveness to emerge as a fully satisfying romantic drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=6 February 2026 |title=With Love review: Cute romance with interesting ideas, marred by flat screenplay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/with-love-romantic-drama-review-abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajan-madhan-2863519-2026-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207005148/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/with-love-romantic-drama-review-abishan-jeevinth-anaswara-rajan-madhan-2863519-2026-02-06 |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Though written with a lot of heart and a conviction to make a simple and sweet meet-cute, debutant Madhan’s film ends up as a middling rom-com that lacks inner scaffolding".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=6 February 2026 |title=‘With Love’ movie review: Anaswara Rajan’s cute rom-com lacks inner scaffolding |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/with-love-review-anaswara-rajan-abishan-jeevinth-soundarya-rajinikanth/article70591111.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206113615/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/with-love-review-anaswara-rajan-abishan-jeevinth-soundarya-rajinikanth/article70591111.ece |archive-date=6 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Federal]]'' and Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' also reviewed the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=5 February 2026 |title=With Love review: A sweet rom-com too timid to truly move you |url=https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/with-love-review-rom-com-gk-drama-tropes-228598 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207003920/https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/with-love-review-rom-com-gk-drama-tropes-228598 |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=10 February 2026 |title='With Love' Movie Review: An Orkut-Era Rom-Com Told With Reels-Era Freshness |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/with-love-movie-review-an-orkut-era-rom-com-told-with-reels-era-freshness |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208014951/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/with-love-movie-review-an-orkut-era-rom-com-told-with-reels-era-freshness |archive-date=8 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film reportedly grossed aroung {{INRConvert|11|c}} within the first three days of its release. Shortly thereafter, a meet was held by the film's makers to celebrate its success, which was attended by Rajinikanth who congratulated them. Soundarya described the occasion as an emotional and "priceless" moment, sharing images and videos from the meet on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2026 |title=Rajinikanth meets With Love cast after Rs 11 crore success, praises team, encourages actors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-meets-with-love-cast-after-rs-11-crore-success-praises-team-encourages-actors-2866364-2026-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502033622/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-meets-with-love-cast-after-rs-11-crore-success-praises-team-encourages-actors-2866364-2026-02-11 |archive-date=2 May 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The film, made on a budget of around {{INRConvert|4|c}}, grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|39|c}} in its lifetime.<ref name="BudgetGross" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020s teen comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s teen romance films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Soundarya Rajinikanth]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian teen comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Rashid Akbar Khan Nawani

2026-04-29T07:35:38Z

AliciaPaschall: Stub

{{BLP sources|date=June 2017}}
{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rashid Akbar Khan Nawani
| native_name = {{nq|رشید اکبر خان نوانی}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]<ref name="PA">{{cite web|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/503|title=Punjab Assembly|work=pap.gov.pk|accessdate=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="NA2"/>
| term_start = 29 February 2024
| term_end =
| alongside =
| vice_president =
| vice_prime_minister =
| deputy =
| appointer =
| lieutenant =
| monarch =
| president =
| prime_minister =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| governor-general =
| governor_general =
| succeeding =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[NA-92 Bhakkar-II]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhakkar District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]<ref name="NA"/>
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater =
| majority =
| order2 =
| office1 =
| term_start4 = 1988
| term_end4 = 1990
| term_start3 = 1993
| term_end3 = 1996
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2007
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2013
| alongside2 =
| vice_president2 =
| vice_prime_minister2 =
| deputy2 =
| lieutenant2 =
| monarch2 =
| president2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| governor2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| majority2 =
| parents = Ghulam Akbar Khan (father)<ref name="PA"/>
| relations = [[Saeed Akbar Khan Nawani]] (brother)<ref name="PA"/>
| party = [[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party|IPP]] (2025-present)
| other_party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2024-2025) [[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party|IPP]] (2023-2024) [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2022-2023) [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (2018-2022) [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2008-2018) [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2001-2008) [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (1997-1999) [[Pakistan People’s Party|PPP]] (1993-1996) [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (1990-1993) [[Islami Jamhuri Ittihad|IJI]] (1988-1993) [[Independent politician|IND]] (1985-1988)
| constituency1 = [[Constituency NA-74|NA-74 (Bhakkar-II)]]
| constituency2 = [[Constituency NA-74|NA-74 (Bhakkar-II)]]
| constituency3 = NA-56 Bhakkar-II
| constituency4 = NA-56 Bhakkar-II
}}
'''Rashid Akbar Khan Nawani''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|رشید اکبر خان نوانی}}}}) is a Pakistani politician. He is a member of the 16th National Assembly from [[NA-92 Bhakkar-II]] since 29 February 2024.

Previously, he was elected to National Assembly in 2008 as an [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate but later joined [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]. In that election, he polled 98,366 votes while his nearest rival [[Muhammad Afzal Khan Dhandla]] of [[PML (N)]] got 86,688.<ref name="NA">{{cite web|url=http://www.na.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=127|title=National Assembly of Pakistan|publisher=na.gov.pk|accessdate=2016-03-13}}</ref><ref name="NA2">{{cite web|url=http://www.na.gov.pk/en/former.php?id=1 |title=National Assembly of Pakistan |accessdate=2016-03-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104625/http://www.na.gov.pk/en/former.php?id=1 |archivedate=March 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="leaders">{{cite web|url=http://pakistanileaders.com.pk/profilesPolBack.php?id=393|title=Pakistani Leaders Online, First ever web portal of pakistani leaders|publisher=pakistanileaders.com.pk|accessdate=2016-03-13|archive-date=2016-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314053813/http://pakistanileaders.com.pk/profilesPolBack.php?id=393|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has 6 children, 3 sons and 3 daughters.

He had also been a member of National Assembly Pakistan from 1988-1990, 1993-1996 and 2002-2007.

== Political career ==
He contested the [[1985 Pakistani general election]] from NA-62 Bhakkar as an [[Independent politician|independent candidate]], but was unsuccessful. He received 65,781 votes and was defeated by Amanullah Khan Shahani, another independent.<ref>{{Cite document |last=Mehdi |first=Tahir |date=August 2010 |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008 |publisher=Free and Fair Elections Network |pages=199 |last2=Naqqash |first2=Tahir |last3=Tariq |first3=Shoaib}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from NA-56 Bhakkar-II as an independent candidate in the [[1988 Pakistani general election]]. He received 49,233 votes and defeated Amanullah Khan Shahani, another independent.<ref>{{Cite document |last=Mehdi |first=Tahir |date=August 2010 |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008 |publisher=Free and Fair Elections Network |pages=260 |last2=Naqqash |first2=Tahir |last3=Tariq |first3=Shoaib}}</ref>

He contested the [[1990 Pakistani general election]] from NA-56 Bhakkar-II as an independent candidate, but was unsuccessful. He received 38,695 votes and was defeated by [[Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan Dhandla]], a candidate of [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref>{{Cite document |last=Mehdi |first=Tahir |date=August 2010 |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008 |publisher=Free and Fair Elections Network |pages=319 |last2=Naqqash |first2=Tahir |last3=Tariq |first3=Shoaib}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly from NA-56 Bhakkar-II as an independent candidate in the [[1993 Pakistani general election]]. He received 68,350 votes and defeated Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan Dhandla, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)).<ref>{{Cite document |last=Mehdi |first=Tahir |date=August 2010 |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008 |publisher=Free and Fair Elections Network |pages=384 |last2=Naqqash |first2=Tahir |last3=Tariq |first3=Shoaib}}</ref>

He contested the [[1997 Pakistani general election]] from NA-56 Bhakkar-II as an independent candidate, but was unsuccessful. He received 58,462 votes and was drafted by Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan Dhandla, a candidate of PML(N).<ref>{{Cite document |last=Mehdi |first=Tahir |date=August 2010 |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008 |publisher=Free and Fair Elections Network |pages=454 |last2=Naqqash |first2=Tahir |last3=Tariq |first3=Shoaib}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly in a January 2003 by-election from [[Constituency NA-74|NA-74 Bhakkar-II]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML(Q)). He received 121,190 votes and defeated Muhammad Saifullah, a candidate of [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asghar |first=Raja |date=2003-01-17 |title=PML-Q, MMA win majority seats |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/78037/pml-q-mma-win-majority-seats |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document |last=Mehdi |first=Tahir |date=August 2010 |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008 |publisher=Free and Fair Elections Network |pages=534 |last2=Naqqash |first2=Tahir |last3=Tariq |first3=Shoaib}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly from NA-74 Bhakkar-II as an independent candidate in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]. He received 98,366 votes and defeated [[Muhammad Afzal Khan Dhandla]], a candidate of PML(N). He later joined the PML(N) after his election.<ref>{{Cite document |last=Mehdi |first=Tahir |date=August 2010 |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008 |publisher=Free and Fair Elections Network |pages=642 |last2=Naqqash |first2=Tahir |last3=Tariq |first3=Shoaib}}</ref>

He contested the [[2018 Pakistani general election]] from [[NA-98 (Bhakkar-II)|NA-98 Bhakkar-II]] as an independent candidate, but was unsuccessful. He received 134,809 votes and was defeated by Muhammad Afzal Khan Dhandla, a candidate of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/detailed-gazette-notification |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=ecp.gov.pk |archive-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720203443/https://ecp.gov.pk/detailed-gazette-notification |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly from [[NA-92 Bhakkar-II]] as an [[Independent politician]] (PTI) Supported [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]], candidate in the [[2024 Pakistani general election]]. He received 143,604 votes and defeated [[Muhammad Afzal Khan Dhandla]], another independent candidate. He joined the IPP after his election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/general-elections-2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=ecp.gov.pk |archive-date=2024-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074323/https://ecp.gov.pk/general-elections-2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahir |first=Zulqernain |date=2024-02-17 |title=PML-N boosts efforts to woo independents for coalition govt |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1814852 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rasheed Akbar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Bhakkar District]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1988–1990]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]

{{MuslimN-MNA-stub}}

Rohit Chaudhary

2026-04-24T13:45:38Z

AliciaPaschall: put up info

{{Short description|Indian film and Television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit Chaudhary
| image =
| birth_place = [[Etawah]], India
| occupation = Film actor
| years_active = 2003-present
| alma_mater = [[National School Of Drama]]
}}

'''Rohit Chaudhary''' is an Indian actor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Rohit Chaudhary: Born in Etawah but made in Lucknow! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/rohit-chaudhary-born-in-etawah-but-made-in-lucknow-101616154743068.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2017-08-22 |title=Stepping into the limelight |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/stepping-into-the-limelight/article19541147.ece |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Chaudhary to play an army officer in OM - The Battle Within |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/apr/02/rohit-chaudhary-to-play-an-army-officer-in-om-the-battle-within-2284565.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Kumar Raviraj |date=2021-04-03 |title=Theatre has really helped me a lot as an actor: Rohit Chaudhary |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/interview/theatre-has-really-helped-me-a-lot-as-an-actor-rohit-chaudhary |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for his roles in [[Bareilly Ki Barfi]], [[Bahut Hua Samman]], [[Kanpuriye]], Ghar waapsi, ''[[Love J Action]]'', ''[[The Forgotten Army]]'', jogira sara ra ra and ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bareilly Ki Barfi actor Rohit Chaudhary is grateful for the lead role in Love J Action |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/mar/18/bareilly-ki-barfi-actor-rohit-chaudhary-is-grateful-for-the-leadrole-in-love-j-action-32451.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |date=2021-03-19 |title='Jabriya Jodi' fame actor Priyank Tiwari plays Kanpur boy in SonyLiv's 'Love J Action' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jabriya-jodi-fame-actor-priyank-tiwari-plays-kanpur-boy-in-sonylivs-love-j-action-677508 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Chaudhary essays an army officer in OM - The Battle Within |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/01/rohit-chaudhary-to-play-an-army-officer-in-om-the-battle-within-23725.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chaudhary was born in [[Etawah]].<ref name=":0" /> After his intermediate, he moved to [[Lucknow]] and did a certificate course in computers. He graduated from [[Kanpur University|Kanpur university]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[National School of Drama]] (2011).<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

=== Started as a theatre actor ===
Chaudhary started doing [[theatre]] in 2003.<ref name=":0" /> He played characters in various plays at [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[Bharatendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]] and Rai Umanath Bali Auditorium.<ref name=":0" /> After NSD, he acted in musicals like Zangoora and Jhumroo.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hindi film industry ===
Chaudhary made his debut in 2014 with the film [[Trip to Bhangarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2014-04-21 |title=First Look Of 'Trip To Bhangarh' |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/first-look-of-trip-to-bhangarh-2/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> In the year 2017 he played major role in the film [[Bareilly Ki Barfi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Aashu |date=2017-08-18 |title=Bareilly Ki Barfi MOVIE REVIEW: A cute love triangle that has the simplicity and warmth of a small town! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/bareilly-ki-barfi-movie-review-a-cute-love-triangle-that-has-the-simplicity-and-warmth-of-a-small-town-840800 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He again played noted role in the film [[Kanpuriye]] and [[Jabariya Jodi]] in the year 2019.<ref name=":2" /> In 2020 he acted in the TV series [[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye|The Forgotten Army]] and the film [[Bahut Hua Samman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Forgotten Army Review: Amazon Prime Show On Azad Hind Fauj Does Honest Job Of Capturing History |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-forgotten-army-review-amazon-prime-show-on-azad-hind-fauj-does-honest-job-of-capturing-history-2-2169495 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-07 |title=Movie Review {{!}} Bahut Hua Samman: A Funky, Crunchy & Hilariously Junkie Ride |url=https://glamsham.com/ott/web-review/bahut-hua-samman-movie-review-disney-plus-hotstar-ashish-r-shukla |access-date=2023-03-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He played one of the lead role in TV series Love J Action in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |date=2021-03-12 |title=Love J Action Review: Anud Singh Dhaka Seamlessly Acts In The Show That Depends Too Much On It's Cast |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/love-j-action-review-anud-singh-dhaka-seamlessly-acts-in-the-show-that-depends-to-much-on-its-cast/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> He again played a key role in the film [[Rashtra Kavach Om]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=नेटवर्क |first=बॉलीवुड हंगामा न्यूज |title=Rashtra Kavach OM Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/hindi/review/movie/rashtra-kavach-om-movie-review-239368/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Bollywood Hungama Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film / Web series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
| ''2014''
| ''[[Trip to Bhangarh]]''
|Ashu
|
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|Munna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Kanpuriye]]''
|Kajal Alias Peter
|
|
|-
|''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
|Mukesh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye|The Forgotten Army]]''
|Arshad
|
|
|-
|''[[Bahut Hua Samman]]''
|Chandu Bhaiya
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Love J Action''
|Vikrant
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Rashtra Kavach Om]]''
|Arsalan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''Boond''
|Raghu
|
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Hai Toh Hai]]''
|Badri Bhaiya
|
|
|-
|''[[Gadar 2]]''
|Major Malik
|
|
|-
|2025
|''Shaila''
|Kunal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2024-12-04 |title=Riyom Films to release romantic movie 'Shaila' on Feb 7 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/riyom-films-to-release-romantic-movie-shaila-on-feb-7/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Ginny Wedss Sunny 2]]''
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Rohit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Asodu

2026-04-21T12:17:02Z

AliciaPaschall: put up data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Asodu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.5880|74.7355|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kundapura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1114
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Asodu''' is a village in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-11 |title=Elderly woman, daughter drown in well in Kundapura |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/elderly-woman-daughter-drown-in-well-in-kundapura/article66365892.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Asodu has a total population of 1,114 people consisting of 594 male and 93 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 441.39 hecatres with a population density of 2.524 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 70.2% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2011, Asodu has an employment rate of over 45.69%, 90.96% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

== Agriculture ==
The primary industry of the region is agriculture, with paddy cultivation being one of the primary sources of revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundapur: Black paddy cultivation on experimental basis at Asodu |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=887940 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Majuli

2026-04-19T20:00:13Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{About|the town in India|its namesake district|Majuli district}}
{{Short description|River Island in Assam, Northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Majuli
| image_name = {{multiple image

| align = center
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Doriya River of Majuli.jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Sky lamps at Sri Sri Auniati Satra, Majuli.jpg
| alt2 =
| image3 = Majuli - The largest river island.jpg
| alt3 =
| image4 = Majuli Island.jpg
| alt4 =
| image5 =
| alt5 =
| image6 =
| alt6 =
| image7 =
| alt7 =
| image8 =
| alt8 =
| image9 =
| alt9 =
}}
| image_caption = From top, left to right: Doriya River of Majuli; Kherkoitia River; an anabranch of the [[Brahmaputra]]
| image_size = 200px
| pushpin_map = India Assam
| pushpin_map_caption =
| nickname = 
| location = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|00|N|94|13|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago =
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_km2 = 880 
| length_km =
| width_km =
| highest_mount =
| elevation_m = 84.5
| country = Country {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Assam]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[List of districts of Assam|District]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Majuli district|Majuli]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =
| country_admin_divisions_2 =
| country_largest_city =
| country_largest_city_population =
| population = 167,304
| population_as_of = 2011
| density_km2 = 300
| ethnic_groups = [[Mising people|Mising]], [[Deori people|Deori]], [[Jalia Kaibarta|Kaibarta]], [[Sonowal Kacharis]], [[Koch (caste)|Koch]], [[Ahom people|Ahom]], [[Sutiya people|Sutiya]], [[Kalita (caste)|Kalita]], Gorkhas, [[Brahmin]], Sut, Nath (yogi) groups
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 785102, 785104, 785105, 785110, 785106
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03775
| registration_plate = AS-29
| additional_info = [[Deputy Commissioner]] Ratul Chandra Pathak.
}}

'''Majuli''' (also spelled '''Majoli''')<ref>''[http://majulilandscape.gov.in/ Official Website]''</ref> is the largest [[river island]] in [[Assam]], a state in [[Northeast India]]. It is bordered by the [[Brahmaputra River]] to the south and east, the [[Subansiri River]] to the west, and an [[anabranch]] of the Brahmaputra to the north.

The island is inhabited by members of the [[Mising people|Mising]], [[Deori people|Deori]], and [[Sonowal Kachari people|Sonowal Kachari]] tribes, and serves as a hub of [[Assamese people|Assamese]] neo-[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] culture.<ref>[http://www.india-north-east.com/2012/02/world-heritage-nominee-majuli.html World Heritage Nominee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423073732/http://www.india-north-east.com/2012/02/world-heritage-nominee-majuli.html |date=23 April 2016 }}, ''India-north-east.com''</ref> It is accessible by ferry or boat from [[Jorhat]], which is located approximately 250 kilometers northeast of [[Guwahati]].

Majuli became the first island in India to be designated as a [[List of districts in India|district]] in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Majuli|first1=District|title=World's largest river island, Majuli, becomes India's first island district|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/worlds-largest-river-island-majuli-becomes-indias-first-island-district-2995952.html|access-date=13 September 2016|agency=FP India|date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Majuli has been listed on the [[UNESCO]] Tentative List<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Assam |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1870/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> since March 2004, classified under the Cultural category as part of its [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage]]<ref>{{cite news |date=2004|title=River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Assam|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1870/|agency=UNESCO |access-date= 18 December 2021}}</ref> nomination process.

== Largest river island ==
{{Main|River island#Largest and smallest}}

Majuli is recognized by ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the world's largest inland river island, with it being bordered by the Subansiri River to its north and the Brahmaputra River to its south.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Samrat |date=2017-07-01 |title=Samrat follows the trail of the mighty Brahmaputra |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/unbraiding-the-brahmaputra/article19192861.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Largest river island {{!}} Guinness World Records | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island- | access-date=2025-06-26 | website=www.guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Panchali|title=Majuli—the world's largest river island might just disappear in the future |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/majulithe-worlds-largest-river-island-might-just-disappear-in-the-future/articleshow/64012861.cms |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' cites [[Bananal Island]] in [[Brazil]] as the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bananal-Island | title=Bananal Island | Amazon Rainforest, Wildlife & Conservation | Britannica | date=2 March 2024 }}</ref>

==History==
{{context|section|date=February 2024}}
Majuli is a long and slender river island located in the [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Assam]], India. It developed as a result of [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] changes caused by floods and shifting river courses. The island lies between two channels: the Brahmaputra to the north and the [[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] to the south. The Brahmaputra and one of its major tributaries, the Dihing, once flowed parallel and close to each other. Between 1661 and 1696,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lTvmPLv5_V0C&q=ratanpur&pg=PA21], ''Agrarian System of Medieval Assam, by Jahnabi Gogoi, pg 21 ''</ref> a series of earthquakes set the stage for a massive flood in 1750, reshaping the region. The extreme flood of 1750 appears to have diverted part of the Brahmaputra's flow through the Dihing channel, about 190 km upstream of its former confluence.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X03002666 J.N. Sarma,"Origin and some geomorphological changes of Majuli Island of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India"]</ref><ref>[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/phukan2000linguistic.pdf Phukan, S.K, ''A linguistic study of 24 places of Assam'', p. 299]</ref> Its southern branch became known as the Burhi Xuti, while the northern branch turned into the Luit Xuti. Over time, the Luit Xuti diminished and became the Kerkota Xuti, while the Burhi Xuti expanded into the present-day main channel of the Brahmaputra.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=District at a glance Details Page {{!}} Majuli District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://majuli.assam.gov.in/about-district/district-glance |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=majuli.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

The land between the Dihing and the Brahmaputra, corresponding largely to present-day Majuli, was originally part of the [[Chutia kingdom]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YELHow5lP9kC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE Assam Buranji (SM), p. 9]</ref> It is known from Buranjis that the Chutia official Manik Chandra Barua first received the news of Ahom invasion of Dihing/Majuli and marched against them. Battles were fought at Dihing-mukh(present-day southern Majuli), Dikhou Mukh, ''Shira ati'' and ''Cheruakata'' in the Majuli region. Following the Ahom conquest, it was reorganised as the Mung-klang (Dihing) province of the Ahom kingdom, administered under the newly created office of Dihingia Gohain by [[Suhungmung]] in 1525.<ref>Edward Gait, A History of Assam: “In 1525, Suhungmung proceeded in person to the Dihing country and appointed officers to administer the frontier provinces of Habung, Dihing, and Banlung,” p. 86.</ref>

In the first half of the 17th century, the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Pratap Singha]] built a [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]] on Majuli called Meragarh. [[Lakshmi Singha]], an Ahom king who reigned from 1769 to 1780, wrote a grant in 1776 referring to "Majuli [[Pradesh]]" and its Kamalabari [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satra]], Agnichapori, Gajala Satra, and the [[Tuni River]]. During the [[Moamoria rebellion|Moamaria rebellion]], the island was controlled by Howha, a [[Moamoria|Moamaria]] rebel leader.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nityananda Gogoi, Historical Geography of Medieval Assam |pages=271}}</ref>

Majuli emerged as a [[Culture|cultural]] and [[Religion|religious]] centre of Assam in the 16th century, following the visit of the social reformer [[Srimanta Sankardev]]. Sankardev, a leader of the neo-Vaishnavite movement, propagated [[Vaishnavism]] and established monasteries (known as [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|''satras'']]) on the island. These institutions became important centres of Assamese religion, culture, and [[art]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=neeru |date=2020-10-12 |title=Ekasarana Dharma |url=https://www.dsource.in/resource/majuli-pilgrimage-island-assam/ekasarana-dharma?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.dsource.in |language=en}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

The establishment of satras turned Majuli into a major hub of Vaishnavism, a role it has retained for centuries. Under [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] and following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, the island continued to be recognized as a centre of Assamese culture. It is also noted for being the world's largest river island.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>

Over the 19th and 20th centuries, Majuli experienced severe [[erosion]], significantly reducing its size.<ref>{{cite news |last= Yardley|first= Jim|date= 14 April 2013|title= A Capricious River, an Indian Island's Lifeline, Now Eats Away at It|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/world/asia/indian-island-shrinks-as-brahmaputra-swells-and-sways.html|work= The New York Times|location= Majuli, India}}</ref> In the 1790s, the island covered about 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guha |first1=Amalendu |title=Neo-Vaishnavism to Insurgency: Peasant Uprisings and Crisis of Feudalism in Late 18th Century Assam |date=1984 |page=30 |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/3262}}</ref> By the early 20th century, its area had declined slightly to 1,255 km2 (485 sq mi).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Sarma|first1=J. N.|last2=Phukan|first2=M. K.|date=3 May 2004|title=Origin and some geomorphological changes of Majuli Island of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=60|issue=1–2|pages=1–19|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.013|bibcode=2004Geomo..60....1S}}</ref> As of 2024, continuous erosion had reduced Majuli's area to approximately 880 km2 (340 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web| title = Majuli, world's largest river island is shrinking and sinking |work=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/majuli-worlds-largest-river-island-is-shrinking-and-sinking-181678-2014-02-18 |author=Manogya Loiwal|date=18 February 2014| access-date = 5 April 2016}}</ref>

==Culture and demography==

===Population===
[[File:Assam 146.jpg|thumb|A village in Majuli]]
[[File:People in Majuli.jpg|thumb|A Deori community woman weaving [[gamusa]]]]
[[File:Majuli Island (45).jpg|thumb|From [[Kamalabaria N.C.|Kamalabari]]]]
[[File:Majuli Island (117).jpg|thumb|Kamalabari Satra]]
The population of Majuli consists of 46.38% [[scheduled tribes]] and 14.27% [[scheduled castes]], as well as non-tribal castes of [[Assamese people|Hindu Assamese]]. 99.04% of the island's population follows Hinduism. The Indigenous communities include members of the [[Mising people|Mising]] (41.01%), [[Deori people|Deori]], Kaibarta, and [[Sonowal Kachari people|Sonowal Kachari]] tribes. The non-tribal caste Hindu Assamese communities include [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Kalita (caste)|Kalita]], [[Ahom people|Ahom]], [[Sutiya (ethnic group)|Sutiya]], and [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]]. The languages spoken are [[Mising language|Mising]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], and [[Deori language|Deori]]. The island has [[List of villages in Majuli|144 villages]] with a population of over 150,000, resulting in a density of 300 individuals per square kilometer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Sudipta |date=2023-04-27 |title=Mitul Baruah's Slow Disaster: Life of the storytellers of Majuli |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/mitul-baruah-book-slow-disaster-majuli-floods/article66773551.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A ferry service connecting Majuli to [[Jorhat]] operates six times a day, and [[night buses]] run from Guwahati to Majuli via [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]]. Despite various challenges, modernization has reached the island with the establishment of medical centres and schools. Housing has also transitioned from traditional bamboo and mud structures to concrete buildings.<ref name=":3" />

===Festivals===
[[File:Gayan Bayan in Majuli.jpg|right|thumb|[[Gayan Bayan]] in Majuli]]
[[File:Raas Leela performance.jpg|right|thumb|[[Raas leela]] in Majuli]]
The ''[[Ali Ai Ligang]]'' festival, celebrated mid-February for five days, is a grand event that starts on the second Wednesday and ends on the first Wednesday of [[Falgun]]. Local dishes such as purang apin (packed boiled rice), [[Apo (drink)|apong]] (rice beer), and various pork, fish, and chicken dishes are served. The traditional Mising dance called Gumrag Soman is performed in every village to worship [[Donyi-Polo|Donyi Polo]] (Mother Sun and Father Moon) for a good harvest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=Less known facts about Majuli, the largest river island in the world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/lifestyle/less-known-facts-about-majuli-the-largest-river-island-in-the-world-101626068500496.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In upper Majuli, the majority of Christians from the Mising tribe celebrate Christmas, particularly in the village of [[Jengraimukh]]. For the last half millennium, Majuli has served as the cultural centre and cradle of Assamese civilization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=How an Assam village is building its own tank for safe water during floods |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/how-an-assam-village-is-building-its-own-tank-for-safe-water-during-floods-6254793/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Neo-Vaishnavite satras===
Majuli has long been the centre of Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture, which began in the 15th century under the guidance of the Assamese saint Srimanta Sankardev and his disciple [[Madhavdev]]. Many of the satras built by Sankardev still stand, reflecting the vibrant Assamese culture. Sankardev sought refuge in Majuli, spending time in Belguri in West Majuli, where the historic Manikanchan Sanjog incident took place when he met Madhavdeva for the first time. The first satra in Majuli was established in Belguri by Sankardev, leading to the creation of a total of 65 satras. However, today, only 23 of the original 65 are still active. Out of the 665 original satras in Assam, 65 were located in Majuli.

The main surviving ''satras'' are:
* [[Dakhinpat Satra]]: Founded by Banamalidev, it is known for celebrating [[Raslila|Raasleela]], which is now recognized as one of Assam's national festivals.
* Garamur Satra: Founded by Lakshmikantadeva, Garamur Satra consists of two parts: Garamur Bor Satra and Garamur Saru Satra. Both parts celebrate Raasleela at the end of autumn and house ancient weapons known as ''bartop'' or [[cannon]]s.
* [[Auniati Satra]]: Founded by Niranjan Pathakdeva, this satra is renowned for Paalnaam and Apsara dances, as well as its extensive collection of ancient Assamese artifacts, utensils, jewelry, and handicrafts. It has 125 disciples and over 700,000 global followers.
* Kamalabari Satra: Founded by [[Badala Padma Ata|Badalapadma Ata]], it is a centre of art, culture, literature, and classical studies on the island. Its branch, the Uttar Kamalabari Satra, has performed cultural programs of Satria art both across the country and abroad.
* Narashingha Satra: Established in 1746 by Ahom King Promottra Singha, Alengi Narasingha Satra is a notable institution on the island.
* Benegenaati Satra: This satra is a reliquary of culturally significant antiques and an advanced centre of performing arts. It was founded by Muraridev, the grandson of Sankaradeva's stepmother. Among its notable artifacts is the royal raiment belonging to Ahom King Swargadeo Godadhar Singha, which is made of gold. The satra also preserves a royal umbrella crafted from gold.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Bijoyeta |title=The slow death of India's Majuli Island |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/8/19/the-slow-death-of-indias-majuli-island |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
* Shamaguri Satra: This satra is famous for mask-making in India.
* Bihimpur Satra: This satra preserves the Borgeet, Matiakhara, and [[Satriya]] dances, including various forms such as the Jumora, Chali, Notua, Nande Vringee, Sutradhar, Ozapali, Apsara, Satria Krishna, and Dasavater dances, all propagated by Sankardev. Additionally, it has become a centre for spiritual purification ([[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|''shuddhi'']]) in Northeast India, thanks to the efforts of [[Pitambar Deva Goswami]].<ref name=":4" />

===Literature===

Neo-Vaishnavite preacher Madhavdev met his [[guru]], Sankardev, the founder of neo-Vaishnavism, on the island in an event termed the ''Manikanchan Sanjog''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asom.in/manjuli-tourist-attractions/ | title=Manjuli Tourist Attractions | date=19 June 2018 }}</ref> Madhavdev and his mentor enriched [[Assamese literature]] by writing, among other works, ''[[Nam Ghosa]]'', ''[[Borgeet]]'', and ''Bhatima''. Following the footsteps of these Vaishnava leaders, the satras encouraged the writing of plays and devotional songs.

Majuli has also given birth to a host of literary figures, including well-renowned writers such as [[Dhrubajyoti Bora|Dhruba Jyoti Borah]], poet and critic Rajib Borah, bilingual critic and writer Bhaskar Jyoti Nath, Juri Borah Borgohain, Deba Bhushan Borah, historian Dambarudhar Nath, novelist Gobin Khound, and poet Danny Gam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tamuly |first=D. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFXyPDU-1cC&q=The+Majuli+Island+-+Assam+Dambarudhar+Nath |title=The Blessed Island: A Selection of Writings on Majuli and the Neo-Vaishnavite Movement in Assam |date=2013 |publisher=Programme Production Centre (North-East), Doordarshan |language=en}}</ref>

The second Assamese newspaper, ''Asom Bilasini'', was published from Majuli starting in 1871.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestellarnews.com/news/118404 | title=Assam Bilasini to Asom Barta : Majuli's Newspaper of News and Views | date=4 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Ecology==

[[File:Assam 133.jpg|thumb|left|Majuli wetland]]
[[File:Majuli-area.png|thumb|right|The island is shrinking due to erosion]]

Majuli is a [[wetland]] that serves as a habitat for various rare and endangered avian species, particularly [[migratory birds]] that visit during the winter. Species include the greater [[adjutant stork]], [[pelican]], [[Siberian crane]], and [[Lesser whistling duck|whistling teal]]. After dark, wild geese and ducks take flight to distant destinations.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cruz |first1=Cristina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_YvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Majuli+Island+Ecology&pg=PA94 |title=Soil Nitrogen Ecology |last2=Vishwakarma |first2=Kanchan |last3=Choudhary |first3=Devendra Kumar |last4=Varma |first4=Ajit |date=2021-05-24 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-71206-8 |language=en}}</ref> The island remains relatively pollution-free due to the absence of industrial activity and consistent rainfall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoFEPgAACAAJ |title=The Majuli Island: Society, Economy, and Culture |date=2009 |publisher=Anshah Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8364-056-5 |language=en}}</ref>

However, Majuli faces a significant threat from extensive [[soil erosion]] along its banks. Large embankments built in nearby towns upstream to prevent erosion during the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon season]] have had unintended consequences. The turbulent Brahmaputra River now erodes much of the island. Reports indicate that by 1853, Majuli's total area was 1,150 km2, and roughly 33% of this landmass eroded in the latter half of the 20th century. Since 1991, more than 35 villages have been washed away, and surveys predict that Majuli may cease to exist within the next 15 to 20 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Phartiyal |first1=Binita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SC6oEAAAQBAJ&dq=Majuli+Island+Ecology&pg=PA64 |title=Climate Change and Environmental Impacts: Past, Present and Future Perspective |last2=Mohan |first2=Rahul |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Supriyo |last4=Dutta |first4=Venkatesh |last5=Gupta |first5=Anil Kumar |date=2023-01-17 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-13119-6 |language=en}}</ref>

To save the island, the [[Government of India]] has sanctioned ₹2.50 billion (US$55 million) for its protection. The Water Resources Department and the Brahmaputra Board have been struggling for the past three decades to resolve the erosion problem but with little success. Recently, it was suggested that constructing a four-lane highway protected by a concrete mat along the southern boundary of Majuli, together with the excavation of the Brahmaputra riverbed, could help address the issue. The project also includes two [[floodgate]]s for the Kherkatia Suti, a [[tributary]] of the Brahmaputra. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project has yet to be implemented by the government. However, a nomination has been submitted to [[UNESCO]] for declaring Majuli as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-07 |title=Majuli's largest river island status to help UNESCO World heritage bid: Mahesh Sharma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/assam-majulis-largest-river-island-stauts-unesco-world-heritage-union-culture-minister-mahesh-sharma-3017429/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Local environmental activist [[Jadav Payeng]] has planted a 550-hectare forest known as [[Molai Forest]] to combat erosion on the island.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-03-21 |title='Forest man of India' wants tree plantation to be taught at schools in world |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forest-man-of-india-wants-tree-plantation-to-be-taught-at-schools-in-world/article66644889.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Much of the island was once barren sandbars that were vulnerable to erosion, but thanks to Payeng's afforestation efforts, it has become a lush forest. The forest has become a habitat for various animals, including [[elephant]]s, [[tiger]]s, [[deer]], and [[vulture]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kalita|first1=Jitu|title=India Man Plants Forest Bigger Than Central Park to Save His Island|url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/short-film-showcase/india-man-plants-forest-bigger-than-central-park-to-save-his-island|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020003641/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/short-film-showcase/india-man-plants-forest-bigger-than-central-park-to-save-his-island|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2014|website=[[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 17 May 2017|title= How one man saved an island and brought its animals back|url= https://en.newsner.com/news/how-one-man-saved-an-island-and-brought-its-animals-back/|agency= Newsner}}</ref>

=== Climate threat ===
The island faces threats of complete disappearance due to shrinking wetlands and climate extremes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=D. T. E. |date=2016-06-28 |title=Disappearing Majuli, India's first river island district |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/disappearing-majuli-india-s-first-river-island-district-54610 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tandon">{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=2024-04-15 |title=Majuli's shrinking wetlands and their fight for survival |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2024/04/majulis-shrinking-wetlands-and-their-fight-for-survival/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref> The island also faces the threat of increased flooding,<ref name="Tandon"/> erosion,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Panchali|title=Majuli—the world's largest river island might just disappear in the future |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/majulithe-worlds-largest-river-island-might-just-disappear-in-the-future/articleshow/64012861.cms |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Forced displacement|displacement]], [[internal migration]], and decreasing [[agricultural productivity]].<ref name=":4" />

==Economy==
===Industries ===

[[Agriculture]] is the primary industry in Majuli, with unmilled rice or [[Rice#Harvesting|paddy]] serving as the principal crop. The island cultivates over 100 varieties of rice, including Komal Saul, Bao Dhan, and sticky brown rice, traditionally used in [[Jolpan]] and [[Pitha]]. The economy is also supported by handloom weaving, [[fishing]], [[dairy farming]], [[pottery]], and [[Boat building|boat-making]].<ref>[http://www.assamlog.com ''The Only Govt Jobs updates website open from Majuli''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501122301/http://assamlog.com/ |date=1 May 2017 }}</ref>

[[File:Jengraimukh paddy field.jpg|thumb|A [[paddy field]] in Jengraimukh.]]

===Education sector===
{{main|List of educational institutes in Majuli}}

Majuli's public school system is managed by the [[government of Assam]] and administered by the Assam State School Education Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Assam State School Education Board (ASSEB) |url=https://asseb.in/ |website=asseb.in |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> There are several universities, colleges, and institutes offering higher secondary, undergraduate, and postgraduate programs, located on the island, including [[Majuli University of Culture]], [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology]], [[Majuli College]], [[Jengraimukh College]], [[Rangachahi College]], and [[Pub Majuli College]].

===Tourism sector ===
[[File:Majuli Island (103).jpg|thumb|Several locations around the island are popular for birdwatching.]]

Majuli is situated approximately {{convert|20|km|mi}} from [[Jorhat]]. Tourists can visit the island via a combination of bus and ferry from the Nimati Steamer Ghat, with the journey taking over three hours and involving multiple transfers. Surrounding urban centres include [[North Lakhimpur]], [[Golaghat]], [[Sibsagar]], and [[Dibrugarh district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-06 |title=Manufacturing identities? |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30206559.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

Points of interest in Majuli include the Vaishnava Satras and traditional crafts such as pottery, mask making, and the weaving of handmade ''mekhla chadars''. Several festivals, like [[Ali Ai Ligang]], Paal Namm, Folqu, and [[Porag]], are also celebrated on the island.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mody |first=Sri Anuj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNsEAAAQBAJ&dq=Madhya+Majuli+Tourism&pg=PA29 |title=Socio-economic and environment impacts of tourism |last2=Borah |first2=Philip |publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House |isbn=978-93-90996-34-6 |language=en}}</ref>

The southern region of Majuli is a popular site for birdwatching, particularly from November to March, due to the favourable weather and increased avian activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's largest river island is in India! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/destinations/story/worlds-largest-river-island-is-in-india-assam-majuli-307702-2016-02-08 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=India Today |date=8 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Other notable birdwatching areas include Sakuli Beel, Verki Beel, and Magurmari Beel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phukon |first=Pallabita Bora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNJGEAAAQBAJ&dq=Majuli+There+are+three+locales+for+birdwatching&pg=PT114 |title=Jajabor: Wanderlust Assam |date=2021-10-07 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68538-338-1 |language=en}}</ref>

===Transport===
{{anchor | RORO }}
{{See also|DG_Sea_Connect#RORO|l1=RORO ferries in India}}

Majuli Port is served by a roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry service operated by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] on National Waterway 2. The service employs two low-draft vessels, each capable of carrying approximately 200 passengers, four cars, and two trucks. In addition to water-based transport, a two-lane bridge is under construction to provide a direct road connection between Majuli and Jorhat. Work on the bridge commenced on 18 February 2021, and it is designed to link Neematighat with Kamalabari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/importance-of-mahabahu-brahmaputra-project-bhumi-pujan-majuli-bridge-on-pm-modi-itinerary-on-18-february-inauguration-jogighopa-foundation-stone/721374|title = Importance of Mahabahu-Brahmaputra project, Majuli bridge on PM Modi itinerary on 18 February explained|date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Kamalabari Satra.jpg|Kamalabari Satra
File:Dakhinpat Temple.jpg|[[Dakhinpat Satra]]
File:Filial Piety Rituals.jpg|[[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] at Dakhinpat Satra
File:Assam 098.jpg|[[Garuda]] statue in [[Auniati Satra]]
File:Aauniati satra gate.jpg|Auniati Satra gate
File:Majuli Island , Assam (19).jpg|Kamalabari Post Office
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Islands}}
* [[Majuli Assembly constituency]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
* [[National Geological Monuments of India]]
* [[Tourism in Assam]]
* [[Yatra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Majuli}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Majuli}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030409100449/http://www.majuli.org/ Majuli.org]}} maintained by Majuli Island Protection & Development Council (MIPDC)
* [https://www.majuliislands.com/ MajuliIslands.com] An A to Z information website about the river island Majuli

{{Assam}}
{{Hindu Temples in Assam}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Monuments in India}}
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Majuli| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Assam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Puttur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:34Z

AliciaPaschall: put up a article...

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{for|the defunct constituency in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu|Puttur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Puttur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 206
| map_image = 206-Puttur constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ashok Kumar Rai (Indian politician)|Ashok Kumar Rai]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sanjeev Matandoor
}}
'''Puttur Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. It is one of the 8 constituencies in the [[Dakshina Kannada]].

==Overview==
The constituency was previously part of [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]], but it is now a part of [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || K. Venkatramana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
| K. Iswara
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 elections in India#Madras|1952 By-election]] || R. B. V. Sudarsanavarma
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Naik Subbaya
|-
| rowspan="2" | K. Venkatramana Gowda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[B. Vittaldas Shetty]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[A. Shanker Alva]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | K. Rama Bhat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[Sadananda Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Shakunthala T. Shetty]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Mallika Prasad]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Shakunthala T. Shetty]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Sanjeeva Matandoor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Ashok Kumar Rai (Indian politician)|Ashok Kumar Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Rai (Indian politician)|Ashok Kumar Rai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,607 |percentage = 38.55% |change = {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Kumar Puthila |party = Independent politician |votes = 62,458 |percentage = 36.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asha Thimmappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,558 |percentage = 21.74% |change = {{decrease}}32.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaffi Bellare |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 2,788 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 866 |percentage = 0.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,149 |percentage = 2.40% |change = {{decrease}}9.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,285 |percentage = 81.41% |change = {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,762}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,848 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}15.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjeeva Matandoor |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,073 |percentage = 54.17% |change = {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shakunthala T. Shetty]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,596 |percentage = 42.46% |change = {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = I. C. Kailas Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,424 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{decrease}}3.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,477 |percentage = 11.71% |change = {{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,545 |percentage = 82.47% |change = {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,271}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,948 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shakunthala T. Shetty]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,345 |percentage = 45.42% |change = {{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjeeva Matandoor |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,056 |percentage = 42.48% |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinesh. B. N |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,625 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abubakkar Siddik |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 4,442 |percentage = 3.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekar Madavu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,834 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayaram Bhat A. Madavu |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,506 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,289 |percentage = 2.94% |change = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 142,861 |percentage = 79.54% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,066}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,600 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mallika Prasad]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,605 |percentage = 37.77% |change = {{decrease}}13.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bondala Jagannatha Shetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,180 |percentage = 36.61% |change = {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akka Shakunthala Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,171 |percentage = 20.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nalini Lokappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,721 |percentage = 2.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hameed |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,553 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prasad. H. M |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,173 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 1.15% |change = {{decrease}}7.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,474 |percentage = 76.60% |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,403}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,183 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shakunthala T. Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,119 |percentage = 50.85% |change = {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Sudhakar Shetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,007 |percentage = 42.18% |change = {{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmana Gowda. K. R |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,355 |percentage = 4.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamalakshi Mohan |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,571 |percentage = 2.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,112 |percentage = 8.68% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,243 |percentage = 78.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,052}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,050 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sadananda Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,306 |percentage = 52.94% |change = {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Sudhakar Shetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,013 |percentage = 46.74% |change = {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,293 |percentage = 6.20% |change = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,115 |percentage = 80.58% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,688}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 1.20% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,831 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sadananda Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,015 |percentage = 48.59% |change = {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,611 |percentage = 48.22% |change = {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Hemanath Shetty |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,782 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parpakaje Ishwar Bhat |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,411 |percentage = 1.29% |change = {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 404 |percentage = 0.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,417 |percentage = 79.27% |change = {{increase}}2.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,108}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,270 |percentage = 1.15% |change = {{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,300 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,695 |percentage = 46.58% |change = {{decrease}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sadananda Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,134 |percentage = 44.91% |change = {{increase}}22.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parpakaje Ishwar Bhat |party = Janata Dal |votes = 7,054 |percentage = 7.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Karunakar Rai |party = Janata Party |votes = 926 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 1.66% |change = {{decrease}}26.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,996 |percentage = 77.08% |change = {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,809}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,187 |percentage = 3.29% |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,839 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,426 |percentage = 51.46% |change = {{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rama Bhat Urimajade |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,603 |percentage = 22.83% |change = {{decrease}}22.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. P. Shivarama |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,370 |percentage = 22.51% |change = {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad Delux |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,572 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,823 |percentage = 28.63% |change = {{increase}}26.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,265 |percentage = 74.15% |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,735}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 530 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,802 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rama Bhat |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,618 |percentage = 45.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sankappa Rai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,189 |percentage = 43.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. C. Chacko |party = Janata Party |votes = 5,436 |percentage = 9.32% |change = {{decrease}}34.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Dayananda Prabhu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,090 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,429 |percentage = 2.45% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,233 |percentage = 71.94% |change = {{decrease}}6.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,333}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 900 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,337 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rama Bhat |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,751 |percentage = 43.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Betta. P. Ishwara Bhat |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,109 |percentage = 42.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Hukrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,585 |percentage = 14.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 642 |percentage = 1.08% |change = {{decrease}}25.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,255 |percentage = 78.82% |change = {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,445}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 810 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,445 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Shanker Alva]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,630 |percentage = 56.42% |change = {{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rama Bhat |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 15,695 |percentage = 29.89% |change = {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parameshwara |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 4,353 |percentage = 8.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmanabha Pai |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,566 |percentage = 4.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,935 |percentage = 26.54% |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,635 |percentage = 68.99% |change = {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,513}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,745 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Vittaldas Shetty]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,534 |percentage = 48.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Bhat |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 14,102 |percentage = 31.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,463 |percentage = 14.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Nemiraj |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,446 |percentage = 5.49% |change = {{decrease}}22.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,432 |percentage = 16.68% |change = {{decrease}}4.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,292 |percentage = 70.75% |change = {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,545}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,844 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Venkatramana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,259 |percentage = 48.45% |change = {{decrease}}16.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Uggappa Shetty |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 8,163 |percentage = 27.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rama Bhat |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,383 |percentage = 14.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjiva Rai |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,624 |percentage = 8.92% |change = {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,096 |percentage = 20.71% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,942 |percentage = 55.52% |change = {{increase}}11.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,429}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,730 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}44.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Subbaya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,763 |percentage = 33.15% |change = {{decrease}}38.61 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Venkatramana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,691 |percentage = 31.96% |change = {{decrease}}39.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rama Bhat |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,684 |percentage = 13.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Aithappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 10,759 |percentage = 11.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rai Sanjeeva. K |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 8,881 |percentage = 9.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,079 |percentage = 20.14% |change = {{decrease}}23.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,778 |percentage = 44.43% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,778}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,044 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}38.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 elections in India#Madras|1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. B. V. Sudarsanavarma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,959 |percentage = 71.76% |change = {{decrease}}102.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Siviah |party = Krishikar Lok Party |votes = 10,218 |percentage = 28.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,741 |percentage = 43.51% |change = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,177}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Puttur <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Venkatramana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,735 |percentage = 87.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Iswara |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,299 |percentage = 86.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Karanth |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 27,947 |percentage = 57.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Naiker Ramanna |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 22,339 |percentage = 45.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Beran |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 6,763 |percentage = 13.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Salenna |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 2,811 |percentage = 5.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,788 |percentage = 30.28% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,831 |percentage = 59.77% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,831}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,392 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.77|75.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Sebastião Mazarelo

2026-04-12T01:11:19Z

AliciaPaschall: New

{{short description|Indian politician and medical practitioner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sebastião Mazarelo
| image = Sebastiao Mazarelo.jpg
| caption = Official portrait in 1963
| birth_place = [[Velim, Goa|Velim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vpvelim.in/uploads/plan/VILLAGE%20PANCHAYAT%20VELIM%20-%20GPDP.pdf|title=Gram Panchayat Development Plan, Velim|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006045629/https://vpvelim.in/uploads/plan/VILLAGE%20PANCHAYAT%20VELIM%20-%20GPDP.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| children = 1 (deceased)
| office = [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1963
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]
| successor = [[Roque Santana Fernandes]]
| death_date = Unknown
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| party = [[United Goans Party]] (1963–1967)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Medical practitioner
| relatives = [[James Mazarelo]] (great-nephew)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFjames-mazarello-england-hockey-goalie-making-goans-proud/94045.html|title=James Mazarello: England hockey goalie making Goans proud|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>
}}

'''Sebastião Mazarelo''' was an Indian politician and medical practitioner. He was the first member of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency]]. He served for five years, from 1963 to 1967. He was also one of the notable individuals that played a pivotal role in the [[1967 Goa status referendum|Goa Opinion Poll]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=227 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Diu (India) |first=Goa, Daman and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8iY4iHdGRsC&q=sebastiao+mazarelo |title=Government Gazette. Boletim Oficial |date= April 1964|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Goa, Daman and Diu (India) Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4IAQAAIAAJ |title=Debates; Official Report |year=1967}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Sebastiao Mazarelo was born at Goreamorod, [[Velim, Goa|Velim]] in [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvofAQAAMAAJ&q=sebastiao+mazarelo|title=The Maharashtra Medical Register|year=1968|publisher=Maharashtra Medical Council}}</ref> He had a son, Wilson Benigno Duarte Mazarello, a former footballer and medical practitioner, who played for ''Associacao Academica de Goa''.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |author=Marcus Mergulhao / |title=Former Academica striker Mazarello dies in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/former-academica-striker-mazarello-dies-in-london/articleshow/79829365.cms |access-date=2022-10-05 |work=The Times of India|date=21 December 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazarelo, Sebastião}}
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1963–1967]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:United Goans Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

Pannian Ravindran

2026-04-11T12:53:17Z

AliciaPaschall: put up new data...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pannian Ravindran
| image = Pannyan ravindran DSC 0572.resized.JPG
| caption = Ravindran in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|12|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kakkat, [[Kannur district|Kannur]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office = Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India]] Kerala State Council
| term_start = {{Start date|2012|04|10|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|2015|03|02|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[C. K. Chandrappan]]
| successor = [[Kanam Rajendran]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2005|01|01|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|2009|01|01|df=yes}}
| predecessor2 = [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| successor2 = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| constituency2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| office3 = CPI Central Secretariat Member
| term_start3 = 2016
| term_end3 = 2019
| office4 = CPI Central Control Commission Chairman
| term_start4 = 2019
| term_end4 = 2022
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| spouse = Ratnavally
| children = 3
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 23 September
| year = 2006
| source =
| parents = Smt. Yasodha (mother) 
Shri C.P. Raman (father)
}}

'''Pannian Ravindran''' (born 22 December 1945) is an Indian<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4209&lastls=14|title=Pannian Ravindran Indian Parliament profile.|work=Loksabha|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref>
politician from [[Kerala]] and former state secretary of Kerala State Committee of [[Communist Party of India|CPI (Communist Party of India)]] from 2012 to 2015. He was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member]] of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of India and represented the [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram constituency]].

== Early Life & Education ==
Ravindran lived in a thatched house with mud walls as a child, his family was politically involved with the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=Once an MP without a car, Pannyan Raveendran, the Communist leader who upheld simplicity, turns 80 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/once-an-mp-without-a-car-pannyan-raveendran-the-communist-leader-who-upheld-simplicity-turns-80-qrzzp7sq |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]] |language=en}}</ref> HIs father passed away when he was 12 and due to poverty, he stopped going to school and started working at a beedi factory in [[Kakkad, Kannur|Kakkad]] in order to support his family, his weekly wage was 50 paise.<ref name=":0" /> Therefore his education is a 5th pass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pannian Ravindran, Communist Party of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/candidateshow/pannian-ravindran-8180 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Pannyan Raveendran}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060620042018/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4209 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before = [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Member of Parliament#India|Member of Parliament]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] | years = 2005–2009}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Shashi Tharoor]]}}
{{end}}
{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raveendran, Pannian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]

{{Kerala-CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Air India Flight 112 plot

2026-04-10T23:51:23Z

AliciaPaschall: put up a stub

{{short description|Alleged plot by Sikhs to blow up plane}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
|name = Air India Flight 112 plot
|occurrence_type = Occurrence
|image = Boeing_747-337M,_Air-India_AN0457512.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|date = {{Start date|1986|05|}}
|summary = Failed terrorist plot
|site = N/A
|coordinates = {{coord|40.648|-73.782|type:event_globe:earth_region:US-NY|display=title}}


|total_injuries = 0
|total_fatalities = 0
|total_survivors = 0


|aircraft_type =
|aircraft_name =
|operator =
|tail_number =
|origin =
|stopover =
|stopover0 =
|stopover1 =
|stopover2 =
|stopover3 =
|last_stopover =
|destination =
|passengers =
|crew =
|injuries =
|fatalities =
|survivors =


|plane1_image =
|plane1_alt =
|plane1_caption =
|plane1_type =
|plane1_name =
|plane1_operator =
|plane1_tailnum =
|plane1_origin =
|plane1_stopover =
|plane1_stopover0 =
|plane1_stopover1 =
|plane1_stopover2 =
|plane1_stopover3 =
|plane1_laststopover =
|plane1_destination =
|plane1_passengers =
|plane1_crew =
|plane1_injuries =
|plane1_fatalities =
|plane1_survivors =
|plane2_image =
|plane2_alt =
|plane2_caption =
|plane2_type =
|plane2_name =
|plane2_operator =
|plane2_tailnum =
|plane2_origin =
|plane2_stopover =
|plane2_stopover0 =
|plane2_stopover1 =
|plane2_stopover2 =
|plane2_stopover3 =
|plane2_laststopover =
|plane2_destination =
|plane2_passengers =
|plane2_crew =
|plane2_injuries =
|plane2_fatalities =
|plane2_survivors =
|plane3_image =
|plane3_alt =
|plane3_caption =
|plane3_type =
|plane3_name =
|plane3_operator =
|plane3_tailnum =
|plane3_origin =
|plane3_stopover =
|plane3_stopover0 =
|plane3_stopover1 =
|plane3_stopover2 =
|plane3_stopover3 =
|plane3_laststopover =
|plane3_destination =
|plane3_passengers =
|plane3_crew =
|plane3_injuries =
|plane3_fatalities =
|plane3_survivors =
}}

In May 1986, five Canadian [[Sikh]] terrorists were charged with '''plotting to blow up [[Air India]] Flight 112''' in [[New York City]].<ref>Johnson, Walter. "The Challenge of Diversity", 2006. p. 185</ref><ref>Abbas, Tahir. "Islamic political radicalism", 2007. p. 51</ref> Ostensibly members of [[Babbar Khalsa]], two were convicted and given [[life sentence]]s, while three others were released.<ref>Institute for Conflict Management, "Faultlines, Volume 19", p. 112</ref> However, years later, the courts overturned the sentences and freed the remaining two men noting that the government had failed to disclose "crucial evidence" about the alleged plot,<ref>[[Toronto Star]], "Quebec", June 25, 1998</ref> and defence lawyers argued that the men had been [[entrapment|entrapped]] by police agents who invited them to a meeting, then suggested the crime, and arrested them for showing signs of agreement.<ref>[[Kitchener Waterloo Record]], [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/513968851.html?dids=513968851:513968851&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+12%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=Montreal+men+in+bomb+case+get+new+trial&pqatl=google Montreal men in bomb case get new trial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024131104/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/513968851.html?dids=513968851:513968851&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+12,+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=Montreal+men+in+bomb+case+get+new+trial&pqatl=google |date=2012-10-24 }}, September 12, 1991</ref>

With the arrests coming shortly after the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] that killed 329 passengers, which included over 200 Canadians, the [[Solicitor General of Canada|Solicitor General]] [[Perrin Beatty]] urged Canadians not to spread fear of terrorism.<ref>[[Toronto Star]], "Tory asks Canadians to avoid shunning Sikhs after 5 arrests", June 3, 1986</ref>

==Arrests==
{|style="float:right; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; width:15em; border: 1px solid #a0a0a0; padding: 7px; bg-color=yellow; text-align:left;"
|-
|''Served six years in prison''
|-
|Singh Santokh Khela, 24
|-
|Kashmir Singh Dhillon, 41
|-
|''Released''
|-
|Moninder Singh Anand, 21
|-
|Gurcharan Singh Banwait, 38
|-
|Chattar Singh Saini, 43
|-
|}
The government claimed that the idea for the alleged plot was hatched on April 4, and was targeting an Air India jet leaving [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] on May 30 in New York.<ref name="bind"/> Each of the five men were from [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]],<ref name="bind">Bindman, Stephen. [[Ottawa Citizen]], "Sikhs charged in apparent plot to blow up jet", June 2, 1986</ref> and it was later revealed that Khelsa had been under surveillance by [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] since at least May 1985, when they recorded a phone call he made to [[Tarwinder Singh Parmar]].<ref name="affa">Williams, Gwen. [http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/affidavit.pdf Exhibit 88: Affidavit], February 2002</ref>

A petty criminal codenamed "Billy Joe", with a record for drug trafficking, use of a firearm, kidnapping and assault, approached the [[Sûreté du Québec]] and told them that he'd gotten Maninder Anand to agree to buy a stolen Cadillac, and claimed that he'd heard colleagues talk about blowing up an Air India flight. With a long record of informing on his colleagues for the past 12 years, "Billy Joe" offered to get evidence against these Sikhs in exchange for the police dropping charges against one of his friends who was facing life imprisonment.<ref name="soft">Kashmeri, Zuhair. "Soft target: the real story behind the Air India disaster", p. 109-110</ref>

The case was largely built around an FBI mole, Frank Miele, who spoke to Khela and Dhillon in a bugged Montreal hotel room on May 19 and May 22, offering his services to them under the name of "George" at the urging of "Billy Joe", who had told them he was a member of [[Italian-American Mafia|the Mafia]].<ref name="soft"/><ref>[[Atlanta Journal]], [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7C265D813F1C8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Pope returns home after longest trip of his papacy], December 2, 1986</ref><ref name="canada">Canada.com, [http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/story.html?id=80a4b733-4174-44ea-9c54-7f5b6ef5170f Task force probing publisher's death heads to Montreal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107175648/http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/story.html?id=80a4b733-4174-44ea-9c54-7f5b6ef5170f |date=2012-11-07 }}, June 14, 2008</ref><ref name="fear">[[Toronto Star]], [https://archive.today/20130131181557/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/475670871.html?dids=475670871:475670871&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+06,+1986&author=(CP)&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Jet+plot+suspects+feared+agent,+court+told&pqatl=google Jet plot suspects feared agent, court told], December 6, 1986</ref>

Dhillon was worried because Khela had given the American $6,500 for an ostensibly stolen [[Cadillac]], and agreed to attend the meeting to try to make sure that his friend either had his money returned or got legitimate ownership papers on the car.<ref name="friend">[[Ottawa Citizen]], [https://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=7r4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ye8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1403,3471464&dq=kashmir-singh-dhillon&hl=en Bombing suspect was trying to help friend, lawyer says], December 17, 1986</ref> Dhillon later recalled that the American began talking about "crazy things, like bombing an airplane, bombing embassies and buying arms", and that at their only other meeting three days later, he wrote a note insisting that Miele, who was now claiming to be an explosives expert as well as a car thief, not refer to any criminal activities, instead using code words to discuss his ideas, since he was suspicious this was a police [[sting operation]].<ref name="friend"/> Miele later claimed that the men had indicated they were willing to pay 20 kilograms of [[heroin]] in exchange for him downing a plane.<ref name="frank"/>

On May 28, a week after meeting with Miele, Dhillon was recorded phoning Khelsa to express relief that the stranger seemed to be leaving them alone now, saying "we have nothing to do with him, we don't damn well know him".<ref name="fear"/> On the same day, the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and [[FBI]] claimed to have received a "tip" about a possible bombing plot by Montreal Sikhs,<ref name="bind"/> and the suspects were all arrested by the RCMP.<ref name="bind"/> However, although they were charged with possession of explosives,<ref>[[Chicago Tribune]], "Canada holds Sikhs in plot to bomb jet", June 1, 1986</ref> no sign of any explosives was found.<ref name="nyt">[[The New York Times]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/04/world/around-the-world-no-explosives-found-sikhs-lawyer-asserts.html No explosives found, Sikhs' lawyer asserts], June 4, 1986</ref>

==Trial==
All five were held in the [[Parthenais Detention Centre]],<ref name="bind"/> and entered no plea before judge Jean Pierre Bonin at their [[preliminary hearing]] in the [[Court of Quebec]] at which they were represented by Robert Beaudet. Although the Sikh community rallied to present $2 million in bail for the arrested men, the request was denied at the urging of prosecutor Pierre Garon.<ref name="bind"/><ref name="mont">Montreal Gazette, "Secretive group linked to 5 Sikhs puzzles experts", June 2, 1986</ref><ref>Pruthi, R. K. "Sikhism and Indian Civilization", p. 161</ref>

A month into the proceedings, three of the men were released, partially after it was revealed that several of the recorded conversations had been mistranslated by officials; when Saini telephoned Anand asking to purchase a 12-volt battery to build a light, the RCMP translators suggested he had asked for 12 pounds of explosives to build a bomb.<ref name="soft"/> Charges were simultaneously upgraded against Khela and Dhillon.<ref>[[Toronto Star]], [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/475266981.html?dids=475266981:475266981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+03%2C+1986&author=Special+to+The+Star&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=2+more+Montreal+Sikhs+freed+as+others+charged+with+murder+conspiracy&pqatl=google 2 more Montreal Sikhs freed as others charged with murder conspiracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024130956/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/475266981.html?dids=475266981:475266981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+03,+1986&author=Special+to+The+Star&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=2+more+Montreal+Sikhs+freed+as+others+charged+with+murder+conspiracy&pqatl=google |date=2012-10-24 }}, July 3, 1986</ref> The defence complained that "Billy Joe" was never called to testify, or be [[cross-examination|cross-examined]], noting that he had started the entire process in motion. The RCMP claimed that he had disappeared, but that his alleged contact with them was simply to be taken for granted.<ref name="soft"/>

At trial, where they were represented by Michael Code,<ref>[[Toronto Star]], [https://archive.today/20130131164211/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/472462401.html?dids=472462401:472462401&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+17,+1987&author=(CP)&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Defence+lawyer+asks+lighter+'FLQ'+terms+for+two+terrorists&pqatl=google Defence lawyer asks lighter FLQ terms for two terrorists], January 17, 1987</ref> Khela was confronted with a recorded conversation he had with Miele, in which he was asked "...you want a 747?" and replied "yeah". He told the court that he was confused by the question and believed Miele was referring to a type of truck, and that his curt reply reflected the fact he did not understand much of what was going on since he spoke comparatively little English, and Miele was shouting "all the time". Dhillon later explained that Miele looked like a "pretty dangerous type of guy", and both men maintained that they understood the meeting was to discuss brokering a deal for stolen vehicles from the United States.<ref name="friend"/><ref name="frank">Laurent, Rene. [[Montreal Gazette]], "I was talking about a stolen truck, not a plane", December 16, 1986</ref>

Dhillon was likewise confronted with a paper he had written entitled "Objects of the Sikh Youth of North America" which described his belief that all Sikhs should be trained in [[martial arts]] per the group's illustrious history.<ref name="frank"/>

In December, prosecutor Claude Parent was criticised for a "racist" question in which he demanded to know whether Khela "takes orders from his God".<ref>[[Toronto Star]], "Prosecutor made racist suggestion to suspect in jet plot, lawyer declares", December 13, 1986</ref> On December 12, the pair were both found guilty of conspiracy to commit mass murder, and shortly thereafter justice [[Claire Barrette-Joncas]] sentenced them to life imprisonment.<ref name="affa"/>

On March 6, 1992, their convictions were overturned by the appeals court; the government chose to appeal the overturn, and a new trial was ordered in November 1995. Ten months later, the charges were stayed by the [[Quebec Superior Court]] when it was revealed the government had failed to disclose crucial materials.<ref name="affa"/>

As of 2002, Khelsa claims he is still harassed by CSIS, that the Canadian spy agency disrupted his business and pushed him to give them inside information on Babbar Khalsa's activities in Canada.<ref name="canada"/>

==References==
{{Portal|New York City|1980s}}
{{reflist|2}}

{{Air India}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986}}

[[Category:Air India|112]]
[[Category:Air India accidents and incidents|112]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents in the United States]]
[[Category:Failed airliner bombings]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in Canada]]
[[Category:Trials in Canada]]
[[Category:Quebec case law]]
[[Category:Canadian criminal case law]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Canada in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Canada]]
[[Category:1986 in Quebec]]
[[Category:1986 crimes in Canada]]
[[Category:1986 in Canadian case law]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Canada]]
[[Category:Canada–India relations]]
[[Category:1986 in India]]

Mathew M. Kuzhiveli

2026-04-08T07:38:59Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}{{Short description|Indian children's writer and publisher (1905-1974)}}
{{for|Indian biblical scholar|Kuzhivelil Mathew}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mathew M. Kuzhiveli
| image = M M KuzhuveliKuzhivelil Mathew Indian stamp.png
| imagesize =
| caption = commemorative postage stamp released in honor of Mathew M. Kuzhiveli
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|4|20}}
| birth_place = [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Travancore]], British India (present-day [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]])
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|10|27|1905|4|20}}
| citizenship = {{flag|Travancore}} (1905–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1974)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = children's writer and publisher
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Vijnjanam'' (first Malayalam encyclopedia)
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]|[[Padma Shri]] (posthumously)}}
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Mathew M. Kuzhiveli''' is an Indian teacher, educationalist, publisher, children's writer, and the first encyclopedia author in Malayalam. He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] and the [[Padma Shri]] (posthumously). In 2019, [[India Post]] has honored him by releasing a commemorative postage stamp.

==Biography==
Mathew M. Kuzhiveli was born on April 20, 1905, at [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] in present-day [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=മാത്യു. എം. കുഴിവേലി |url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%82-%e0%b4%8e%e0%b4%b4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%8d/mathew-m-kuzhiveli-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%af%e0%b5%81-%e0%b4%8e%e0%b4%82-%e0%b4%95%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%b4%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b5%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%bf/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017}}</ref> He was born in Kuzhiveli family, which was one of the founding families of the Pala Lalam Old Church, to Mathai Kuzhiveli and Maria.<ref name="deepanalam">{{Cite web |title=പാലായുടെ പത്മശ്രീ |url=https://deepanalam.org/read_article.php?article_id=4589 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=deepanalam.org |language=ml}}</ref> He studied at Pala St. Thomas School and Changanassery S.B. College.<ref name="deepanalam" /> He later completed an L.T. Degree from the Government Training College, Thiruvanthapuram.<ref name="Mintage World">{{cite web |title=India Post honors Mathew M. Kuzhiveli |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/11047-india-post-honors-mathew-m-kuzhiveli/ |website=Mintage World |language=en}}</ref> He was also studied at [[University of Madras]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=W7YmqHveh-EC&q=kuzhiveli+1905&dq=kuzhiveli+1905&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA0pfuk6uTAxU-Q2cHHU1IJbMQ6AF6BAgHEAM#kuzhiveli%201905 |title=Famous India, Nation's Who's who |date=1975 |publisher=Famous India Publications |language=en}}</ref>

After studies, Kuzhiveli became a teacher at Pala St. Thomas High School and later, he became the headmaster of St. Thomas Training School there.<ref name="deepanalam" /> At that time, he also published a magazine called ''School Master'' from Pala.<ref name="deepanalam" />

Later, when the Travancore University (now [[Kerala University]]) was established, Mathew M. Kuzhiveli became the head of the Publications Department there.<ref name="deepanalam" /> There was even an attempt to take disciplinary action against him for being willing to publish a language encyclopedia on his own without asking permission from the authorities while he was working at the university.<ref name="deepanalam" />

Kuzhiveli held several important positions including Deputy Director of Kerala University Publications (1942–48), the first Text Books Officer of the [[Travancore–Cochin]] state (1950–1952), Extension Education Officer of Kerala University (1957–1959), Member of Text Book Committee formed by Kerala Government, Senator of Kerala University and Convenor of different Committees on Education.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="post">{{cite web |title=M. M. Kuzhiveli |url=https://dn720005.ca.archive.org/0/items/india-armenia-joint-issue/M_M_Kuzhiveli_text.pdf}}</ref> He retired from service in 1962 as the Director of Publications Department, Kerala University.<ref name="post"/>

Kuzhiveli died on October 27, 1974.<ref name="Keralaliterature" />

===Personal life===
Kuzhiveli was married to Annamma of [[Angamaly]] Parakkal family.<ref name="deepanalam" /> They had four boys and five girls.<ref name="deepanalam" /> He gave the name Balan, the name of one of his sons, to his children's literature publishing venture.<ref name="deepanalam" />

==Literary contributions==
Kuzhuveli founded the publishing house Balan in 1941 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and published about three hundred books in the genre children's literature, along with a periodical for children titled ''Balan''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7YSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81+%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF&pg=PA13 |title=Yojana January 2021 (Malayalam)(Special Edition): A Development Monthly |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Children's Literature in Kerala: Traces and Trajectories |url=http://www.sahapedia.org/childrens-literature-kerala-traces-and-trajectories |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> He also wrote about sixty books himself.<ref name=":0" /> The books were written in four categories according to the age of the children. He also took care to include various scientific disciplines in all categories. Balan Publishing House stopped functioning after Kuzhiveli's death in 1974.<ref name=":1" />

Kuzhiveli has also written around sixty works. Important works he has written include ''Adhunika Kandupiduthangal'' [meaning:Modern Inventions], ''Everestarohanam'' [meaning:Everest Climbing], ''Shanta Tharam'' [meaning:peaceful star], ''Adhunika vidyabhyasam'' [meaning :Modern Education], ''Charthra Bodhanam'' [meaning:Historical Education], and an 8-volume encyclopedia titled ''Vijnjanam'' [meaning: Knowledge].<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>

''Vijnjanam'' was considered as the first encyclopedia in the Malayalam language.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Mathew+M.+Kuzhiveli&pg=PA1167 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |language=en}}</ref> It contains 1622 entries and 1603 pictures in 10376 pages.<ref name=":2" /> Unlike other encyclopaedias that time, his encyclopedia has been written in the form of essays covering different topics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2019-11-02 |title=Meet the Kerala man who helped craft the first Malayalam encyclopedias |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/meet-kerala-man-who-helped-craft-first-malayalam-encyclopedias-111606 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

The first volume of the encyclopedia was formally released by the then ruler of [[Travancore–Cochin|Thiru-Cochin]], [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Sree Chithira Thirunal]] Maharaja, in 1956 at the Kawadiyar Palace in the presence of his mother, Amma Maharani, his daughter [[Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi|Karthika Thirunal]], and Colonel [[G. V. Raja|Godavarma Raja]].<ref name="deepanalam" /> In 1972, the then Indian President [[V. V. Giri]] formally released the remaining volumes of the encyclopedia, and the then Governor [[V. Viswanathan]] presided over the event.<ref name="deepanalam" />

In his book ''Prachina Kerala Vidhyabhyasam'' [meaning: Ancient Kerala education] published in 1956, he wrote about the history of Kerala education methods of education, types of institutions etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-09-01 |title=Sanskrit Education in Historical Perspective [Chapter 1] [page 10] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/essay/informal-education-of-sanskrit-in-kerala/ocr/1457308/10 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

While in Thiruvananthapuram, he continued to publish an English magazine called ''Trivandrum Letters'' and a Malayalam publication called ''Kuzhiveli Patrika''.<ref name="deepanalam" />

==Awards and honors==
Kuzhiveli has received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] and the [[Padma Shri]] (posthumously), one of the highest civilian awards given by the Government of India.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>

On November 22, 2019, [[India Post]] honored M.M. Kuzhiveli by releasing a commemorative postage stamp in his memory.<ref name="Mintage World"/> The Pala Municipality has paid tribute to him by naming the Municipal Library in Pala as the Padmashri Mathew M. Kuzhiveli Memorial Library.<ref name="deepanalam" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuzhiveli, Mathew M.}}

{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Ashutosh Agnihotri

2026-04-04T03:31:09Z

AliciaPaschall: put up details!

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer of the 1999 batch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashutosh Agnihotri
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|11 March 1974}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Civil servant
| alma_mater =
| education = [[Master of Arts]] [[Master of Science]] [[Bachelor of Science]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| caption =
}}
'''Ashutosh Agnihotri''' is an [[India]]n poet, writer and [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the 1999 batch.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Tourism to go Gujarat way with brand ambassador, marketing initiatives galore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-tourism-to-go-gujarat-way-with-brand-ambassador-marketing-initiatives-galore/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bureaucratic reshuffle:Faiz Ahmed Kidwai appointed DGCA chief, Ashutosh Agnihotri to head FCI |url=https://economictimes.com/news/india/bureaucratic-reshufflefaiz-ahmed-kidwai-appointed-dgca-chief-ashutosh-agnihotri-to-head-fci/articleshow/116917400.cms |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 January 2025}}</ref> He is currently chairman and managing director of [[Food Corporation of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=MHA orders premature retirement of DANICS officer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mha-orders-premature-retirement-of-danics-officer/article67401323.ece/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ashutosh Agnihotri IAS has been appointed as Chairman and MD Food Corporation of India |url=https://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=46559 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=Witness In The Corridors |language=en}}</ref> He is also the Chairman of the [[Central Warehousing Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashutosh Agnihotri Appointed Chairman of Central Warehousing Corporation |url=https://www.logisticsinsider.in/ashutosh-agnihotri-appointed-chairman-of-central-warehousing-corporation/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Logistics Insider |date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Agnihotri was born on 11 March 1974 in [[Kanpur]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Birthdate |url=https://personnel.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/personnel_webcomindia_org_oid_3/this_comm/ias_civil_listmay2022_1.pdf |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[Government of Assam]]}}</ref>

He completed his schooling at Sir Padampat Singhania Education Centre in [[Kanpur]]. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree and a Master’s degree in English Literature from [[Christ Church College, Kanpur |Christ Church College, Kanpur University]]. In 2016, he also earned a Master’s degree in Public Management and Governance from the [[London School of Economics]] and Political Science. <ref>{{cite news |title=B.Sc, MA की डिग्री, UPSC क्रैक करके बनें IAS,अब FCI में मिली ये अहम जिम्मेदारी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/jobs-upsc-ias-fci-cmd-ashutosh-agnihotri-b-sc-ma-degree-now-got-chairman-managing-director-in-food-corporation-of-india-8940503.html |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=5 January 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From FCI to CWC: IAS Ashutosh Agnihotri Appointed Chairman of Central Warehousing Corporation - Know More About Him |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/from-fci-to-cwc-ias-ashutosh-agnihotri-appointed-chairman-of-central-warehousing-corporation-know-more-about-him-121142/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=Indian Masterminds}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National Forensic Sciences University |url=https://www.nfsu.ac.in/details/301 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[National Forensic Sciences University|NFSU]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
Agnihotri has served in various key roles across both the state and central governments. His career began in the Assam-Meghalaya cadre,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashutosh Agnihotri IAS has been appointed as Chairman, Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) |url=https://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=47535 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Witness In The Corridors |language=en}}</ref> where he held the positions of Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate in [[Dibrugarh]], [[Nalbari]], and [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] (Metro) districts. He also served as Commissioner and Secretary to the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why was Agnihotri transferred out of GMDA in just 6 months? |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/why-was-agnihotri-transferred-out-of-gmda-in-just-6-months |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=G Plus |language=en}}</ref>

From 2020 to 2025, he served as Joint Secretary<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashutosh Agnihotri is appointed as Joint Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Circular_AshutoshAgnihotri_IAS_06022020.PDF |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|MHA]]}}</ref> and later as Additional Secretary in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashutosh Agnihotri IAS has been appointed as Additional Secretary Department, MHA, Government of India |url=https://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=45603 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Witness In The Corridors |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable work==

* ''Os Ki Thapaki''<ref>{{cite news |title=Os Ki Thapaki |url=https://rajkamalprakashan.com/os-ki-thapaki-e-book.html?srsltid=AfmBOooqxbKkzkJ1khX3YXiCo_eqelYR1HRnyJ41KcXL_33-NE-mU3Fa |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[Rajkamal Prakashan]]}}</ref>
* ''Kucch Adhure Shabd''<ref>{{cite news |title=IAS officer Ashutosh Agnihotri launches his book “Kuch Adhure Shabd” |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ias-officer-ashutosh-agnihotri-launches-his-book-kuch-adhure-shabd/1712374/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=12 August 2023}}</ref>
* ''The Light of Love and Other Stories''<ref>{{cite news |title=The light of love and other stories |url=http://library.ipeindia.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=23386&query_desc=Provider%3ANew%20Delhi%2C%20and%20location%3AS%20Campus |work=[[Institute of Public Enterprise]] |date=2023}}</ref>
* ''Spandan''<ref>{{cite news |title=IAS officer Ashutosh Agnihotri's new Ram Bhajan gets positive response |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/ias-officer-ashutosh-agnihotris-new-ram-bhajan-gets-positive-response-789324-2024-01-19 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[India Today NE]] |date=19 January 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnihotri, Ashutosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]

Manvat Murders

2026-03-29T20:09:27Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Manvat Murders.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| writer = Girish Joshi
| director = Ashish Avinash Bende
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
* [[Makarand Anaspure]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
* [[Kishor Kadam]]
* Mayur Khandge
}}
| music = Saket Kanetkar
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 8 
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Mahesh Kothare]] [[Adinath Kothare]]
| location = Maharashtra, India
| cinematography = Satyajeet Shobha Shriram
| editor = Faisal Mahadik
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 31-50 mins
| company = Storyteller's Nook
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|10|4}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Manvat Murders''''' is an Indian [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series directed by Ashish Avinash Bende and written by Girish Joshi.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramnath | first=Nandini | title=Human sacrifice, blood offerings, greed for gold: Why the 1970s Manwat murders continue to shock | website=Scroll.in | date=26 September 2024 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073418/human-sacrifice-blood-offerings-greed-for-gold-why-the-1970s-manwat-murders-continue-to-shock}}</ref> Produced under Storyteller's Nook, starring [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Makarand Anaspure]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Kishor Kadam]] and Mayur Khandge.<ref>{{cite web | title=Get set for Manvat Murders | website=The Tribune | date=28 September 2024 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/get-set-for-manvat-murders/}}</ref> It premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Manvat Murders to premiere on Sony LIV in October | website=Telegraph India | date=4 September 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/manvat-murders-to-premiere-on-sony-liv-in-october/cid/2045795}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Web | first=Statesman | title=Manvat Murders: Ashutosh Gowariker returns to acting in Marathi crime thriller | website=The Statesman | date=4 September 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/manvat-murders-ashutosh-gowariker-returns-to-acting-in-marathi-crime-thriller-1503339602.html | access-date=3 October 2024 | archive-date=25 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925185351/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/manvat-murders-ashutosh-gowariker-returns-to-acting-in-marathi-crime-thriller-1503339602.html | url-status=live }}</ref> as Ramakant Kulkarni
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Sai Tamhankar on 'Manvat Murders': Pushed me to explore new dimensions of acting | website=Mid-day | date=22 September 2024 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/sai-tamhankar-manvat-murders-pushed-me-to-explore-new-dimensions-of-acting-23397575 | access-date=3 October 2024 | archive-date=3 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003203709/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/sai-tamhankar-manvat-murders-pushed-me-to-explore-new-dimensions-of-acting-23397575 | url-status=live }}</ref> as Samindri
* [[Makarand Anaspure]] as Uttamrao Barhate
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Rukmini
* Umesh Jagtap as Paranje
* Shardul Saraf as Shukla
* Ketan Karande as Ponkshe
* Sagar Yadav as Ambadas
* Rupesh Jadhav as Kailash Barhate
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Ganpat Salve
* Mayur Khandge as Vakatkar
* [[Treesha Thosar]] as Anita Kulkarni
* [[Vitthal Kale]] as Kaachu Paaku

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Borade | first=Aarti Vilas | title=Manvat Murder : मकरंद अनासपुरे आणि सोनाली कुलकर्णीचा इंटिमेट सीन, 'मानवत मर्डर'चा ट्रेलर पाहिला का? | website=Hindustan Times Marathi | date=4 September 2024 | url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/makarand-anaspure-and-sonali-kulkarni-manvat-murder-web-series-trailer-141725435996685.html | language=mr | access-date=3 October 2024 | archive-date=3 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003203714/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/makarand-anaspure-and-sonali-kulkarni-manvat-murder-web-series-trailer-141725435996685.html | url-status=live }}</ref> It is adapted from the book ''Footprints on the Sand of Crime'' by Ramakant S Kulkarni.<ref>{{cite web | title='CTRL' to 'Do Patti': OTT's upcoming exciting titles in October | website=English.Mathrubhumi | date=1 October 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/ott-release-of-october-where-to-watch-1.9948416 | access-date=3 October 2024 | archive-date=1 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001060427/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/ott-release-of-october-where-to-watch-1.9948416 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

* [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series 2.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Shubhra | title=Manvat Murders review: Ashutosh Gowariker show is a trudge | website=The Indian Express | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/manvat-murders-review-ashutosh-gowariker-show-is-a-trudge-9603170/}}</ref>
* [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Gahlot | first=Deepa | title=Manvat Murders Review: Sensational But Not Sickening | website=Rediff | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/manvat-murders-review/20241004.htm}}</ref>
* Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] rated the series 3/5 stars, noting that while it promises a lot, it delivers less.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manvat Murders Season 1 Review : Promises a lot, delivers less |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/marathi/manvat-murders/season-1/seasonreview/113823757.cms |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] also rated the series 3/5 stars, mentioning that it is unlikely to knock hardened viewers out of their socks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manvat Murders Review: The Series Is Unlikely To Knock Hardened Viewers Out Of Their Socks - 3 Stars |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manvat-murders-review-the-series-is-unlikely-to-knock-hardened-viewers-out-of-their-socks-3-stars-6963183 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Vaibhavi Mishra of [[Gadgets 360]] described the series as a chilling retelling of real-life occult killings but noted that it avoids the big questions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Manvat Murders Review: Ashutosh Gowarikar’s Occult Thriller Disappoints |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/reviews/manvat-murders-review-sonyliv-thriller-ashutosh-gowarikar-sonali-kulkarni-6717466 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33320881}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/manvat-murders-1700001525/ ''Manvat Murders''] on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Chhot

2026-03-27T08:44:19Z

AliciaPaschall: Added Page

{{Short description|Fishing boat found in Bengal}}
[[File:Chhot 17.jpg|thumb|A ''Chhot'' boat with sails]]
'''''Chhot''''' is a fishing boat, found in coastal water and coastal rivers of [[Bengal]].<ref name="Bhattacharyya">{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Swarup |title=History of the chhot boat |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/history-of-the-chhot-boat/article66888957.ece |website=Frontline |publisher=The Hindu Group |access-date=26 December 2023 |date=2 June 2023}}</ref> This boats was widely used by fishermen in the lower reaches of the [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]] and [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] rivers. The boat is capable of sailing in coastal waters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan Datta |title=Chhot’, a lost boat of Bengal |url=https://www-telegraphindia-com.translate.goog/my-kolkata/lifestyle/chhot-lost-boat-of-bengal-remade-on-banks-of-the-rupnarayan-by-anthropologist-swarup-bhattacharya-under-british-museums-endangered-material-knowledge-programme/cid/1895555?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>

''Chhot'' boats were used for fishing as well as for transporting goods. However, the use of these boats is on the verge of extinction.<ref name="Mitra"/><ref name="telegraphindia-Basu"/>

In 2022, ''Chhot'' boat building methods and techniques were documented. This documentation was completed by the ''Endangered Materials Knowledge Program'' (EMKP) funded by the [[British Museum]].<ref name="emkp"/>

== History==
No information is available on the history of the ''Chhot'' boat. The Jhumjhumi was famous for building these boats. These boats were used for fishing as well as carrying cargo until the mid-20th century, but are now used exclusively for fishing. Boats were loaded with rice from [[rice mill]]s around [[Kolaghat]] and delivered to the destination. These boats also used to tow ''Khorokisti'' carrying straw from remote areas of the [[Sundarbans]] to [[Kolkata]].

=== Reconstruction and documentation ===
{{Quote box
|quote = The specialty of this boat called "Chhot" is that the wooden hulls are joined with metal in such a way that the shape of the boat is like a 'V'. Helps to cut river water easily. So the entire process is being documented.
|author = —Prof. John P. Cooper
| width = 25%
|align = right
}}
A reconstruction project was undertaken under a collaborative project between the [[University of Exeter]] in the United Kingdom and the [[Central University of Haryana]] in India to document ''Chhot'' boat construction knowledge.<ref name="Mitra">{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Saheli |title=Bengal's century-old Chhot boat technique to be preserved in the British Museum |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengals-century-old-chhot-boat-technique-to-be-preserved-in-the-british-museum |website=Get Bengal |access-date=26 December 2023 |date=17 February 2023}}</ref> The reconstruction and documentation project is known as ''The chhot-builders of West Bengal, India: Documenting the vanishing craft knowledge of a unique boat-building tradition''.<ref name="emkp">{{cite web |title=The chhot-builders of West Bengal, India: Documenting the vanishing craft knowledge of a unique boat-building tradition |url=https://www.emkp.org/the-chhot-builders-of-west-bengal-india-documenting-the-vanishing-craft-knowledge-of-a-unique-boat-building-tradition/ |website=www.emkp.org |publisher=Endangered Materials Knowledge Program |access-date=26 December 2023 |date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Chattopadhyay">{{cite web |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Suhrid Sankar |title=Chhot boats: A Bengali tradition runs aground |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/the-sinking-art-of-making-chhot-boats-a-bengali-tradition-runs-aground/article66888774.ece |website=Frontline |publisher=The Hindu Group |access-date=26 December 2023 |date=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=Buoyant history afloat on a neglected boat in Bengal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/an-extinct-boat-that-inspired-an-international-project-has-no-takers/article66766762.ece |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=22 April 2023 |location=Howrah/Kolkata}}</ref> A documentary on the making of "Chhot" boats was produced jointly by India and the United Kingdom, with ''Endangered Materials Knowledge Program'' by the financial support of the [[British Museum]].<ref name="news18"/><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |title=Chhot boat for archival project lies in ruins |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/chhot-boat-made-for-the-endangered-material-knowledge-programme-of-the-british-museum-lies-in-ruins/cid/1937485 |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=Telegraph India |publisher=The Telegraph (India) |date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="eisamay">{{cite news |last1=Majhi |first1=Suman |title=হারানো শিল্প টিকিয়ে রাখতে উদ্যোগ! বানানো হচ্ছে মাছ ধরার নৌকা তৈরির ভিডিয়ো, থাকবে ব্রিটিশ মিউজিয়ামে |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/howrah-news/shyampur-village-fishing-boat-created-for-used-preservation-at-british-museum/articleshow/95303810.cms |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=Eisamay |date=4 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

{{multiple image |perrow=2/2|total_width=380|caption_align=left
| align =left
| image1 =Chhot 1.jpg
| image2 =Chhot 2.jpg
| footer = '''Left''': The chief craftsman of the ''Chhot'' boat is (left to right) Panchanan Mondal and his associates are Dilip Mondal, Amal Mondal, Deepak Mondal and Manimohan Mondal, '''Right''': Project Supervisors — (left to right) John P. Cooper, Zeeshan Ali Shaikh and Swarup Bhattacharya.
}}
The construction work of ''Chhot'' was completed at ''Dihimandal Ghat'' at Shyampur, [[Howrah district]], West Bengal. Panchanan Mandal was the main craftsman of this boat; Panchanan Mandal and his 4 sons built this almost defunct boat. The boat was built in about 40 days. All construction activities and procedures from start to finish of boat building are captured by [[videography]], which has been preserved in a museum in England. On 10 November 2022, the boat made its first voyage.<ref name="telegraphindia-Basu">{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Ansuya |title=Built from scratch, 'Chhot' boat sets sail in Roopnarayan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/built-from-scratch-chhot-boat-sets-sail-in-roopnarayan/cid/1897460 |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=Telegraph India |publisher=The Telegraph (India) |date=11 November 2022 }}</ref> A total of Rs 350,000 was spent on the construction of the boat.<ref name="telegraphindia-Basu"/><ref name="news18">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Soumbrata |title=তৈরি হচ্ছে ভারতীয় মাছ ধরার প্রাচীন ছোট নৌকা! |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/howrah/old-and-traditional-small-boats-going-to-make-at-howrah-l18-921450.html |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=News18 Bangla |publisher=News18 |date=5 November 2022}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The design of a ''Chhot'' boat enables the boat to sail in coastal rivers and coastal waters. The hull of this boat is deep and pointed. The hull of the wooden boat is V-shaped,<ref name="telegraphindia-Basu"/> which allows the boat to remain stable in the water even when buffeted by waves or wind. Due to its basically "V" shape, the boat is suitable for coastal waters.<ref name="Mitra"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Fishing vessel topics}}

[[Category:Boats]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]

Surjapuri language

2026-03-26T18:13:48Z

AliciaPaschall: minor expanded page as per guidelines also and added references

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Surjapuri
| altname = Deshi Bhasa
| nativename = গৌড়ীয় ভাষা
| imagecaption = 'Surjapuri' in [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] & [[Devanagari]] scripts
| states = [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]]
| region = [[Bihar]], ([[Kosi-Seemanchal]]) and [[West Bengal]] ([[Islampur subdivision|Islampur]])
| speakers = 2,256,228
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Surjapuri people|Surjapuri]]
| script = [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese]], [[Kaithi]] (historical)
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Odia language|Odia]]–[[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]{{sfn|Toulmin|2006|p=305}}
| fam6 = [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| fam7 = [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamrupa]]{{sfn|Toulmin|2006|p=305}}
| fam8 = [[KRNB lects|Kamta]]
| fam9 = Western Kamta
| iso3 = sjp
| glotto = surj1235
| glottorefname = Surjapuri
}}

'''Surjapuri''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese branch]], spoken in [[Eastern India]] including some eastern parts of [[Purnia division]] ([[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]], and [[Araria district|Araria]] districts) of [[Bihar]], parts of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Goalpara region|Goalpara]] Division of [[Assam]] in India, as well as parts of [[Thakurgaon district]] in Bangladesh and [[Jhapa district]] in [[Nepal]]. Among speakers in some regions, it is known as 'Deshi Bhasa'. It possesses similarities with [[Rangpuri language|Kamatapuri]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].

==Geographical distribution==
Surjapuri is mainly spoken in some parts of [[Purnia division]] ([[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]], and [[Araria district|Araria]] districts) of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=Mithila+India+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=146| isbn=9788170226918 | last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 }}</ref> It is also spoken in [[West Bengal]] (some parts of [[Islampur subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] and [[Jalpaiguri division]] in northern Bengal region), [[Bangladesh]] ([[Thakurgaon District]]) as well as in parts of eastern [[Nepal]] of [[Jhapa District]] and [[Morang District]].

==Related languages==
Surjapuri is associated with the [[Kamtapuri language]] (and its dialects [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]], Rajbanshi and Koch Rajbangshi) spoken in [[North Bengal]] and [[Goalpara region|Western Assam]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hernández-Campoy |editor-first1=Juan Manuel |editor-last2=Conde-Silvestre |editor-first2=Juan Camilo |title=The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc77I8CMgTYC&pg=PA508 |date=15 February 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118257265 |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> as well as with [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].

===Pronouns===
Source:<ref>{{harv|Toulmin|2006|p=184}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Bez|2012}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kakati|1941}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! nominative || oblique
! nominative || oblique
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| mũi
| mo-
| hāmrā
| hāmsā-, hāmcā-
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
| tũi
| to-
| tumrā, tomrā
| tumsā-, tomsā-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! proximal
| yāhāy
| yahā-
| emrā, erā
| ismā-, isā-
|-
! distal
| wahā̃y
| wahā-
| amrā, worā
| usmā-, usā-
|}

Surjapuri has the oblique plural suffixes: sā (hamsā-, tomsā-) and smā (ismā-, usmā-). They are also seen in [[Early Assamese]] as: sā (āmāsā-, tomāsā-) and sambā (esambā-, tesambā-) and their occurrences are similar.<ref>{{harvcol|Bez|2012}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|-
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA link|æ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|}

* Nasalization is also phonemic.
* /i, e/ in medial and initial form are heard as [ɪ, ɛ].{{Sfn|Srivastava|Perumalsamy|2021}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Gitanjali |last=Bez |title=Grammatical Categories in Madhav Kandali's Ramayana |publisher=Gauhati University |year=2012|hdl=10603/116370 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |author-link=Banikanta Kakati |year=1941 |title=Assamese: Its Formation and Development |url=https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment |publisher=Government of Assam |place=Gauhati, Assam}}
* {{citation |last1=Srivastava |first1=S P |last2=Perumalsamy |first2=P |title=Surjapuri |url=http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/12.%20SURJAPURI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103171034/http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/12.%20SURJAPURI.pdf |archive-date=3 Nov 2021 |access-date=15 May 2023 |year=2021}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Toulmin |first=Mathew W. S. |title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan |date=2006 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=The Australian National University |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743 |hdl=1885/45743 |hdl-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |title=Word Formation in Surjapuri |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/march2011/surjapuriwordformationfinal.pdf |journal=Language in India}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/jan2011/surajpurifinal.pdf |title=Case and Case-like Postposition in Surjapuri |journal=Language in India}}

{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

List of governors of Telangana

2026-03-24T19:17:57Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor
| insignia = Emblem of Telangana.svg
| native_name = {{lang|te-Latn|Telaṅgāṇa Governoru}}
| image = File:Shivpratap Shukla.jpg
| imagesize = 150
| incumbent = [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
| style = {{bulleted list|Hon’ble Governor (within India (English)|His/Her Excellency (outside India)}}
| abbreviation =
| status = Head of State
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan (Hyderabad)|Lok Bhavan, Hyderabad]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| formation = 2 June 2014
| inaugural = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| website = {{URL|http://governor.telangana.gov.in/}}
| precursor = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| body = Telangana
| incumbentsince = 11 March 2026
| insigniasize = 150
| insigniacaption = Emblem of Telangana
}}

[[File:India_Telangana_locator_map.svg|upright|thumb|Telangana is in southern India.]]
{{Politics of Telangana}}
The '''governor of Telangana''' is the nominal head and representative of the [[president of India]] in the state of [[Telangana]]. The governor is appointed by the president for a term of five years.

[[Shiv Pratap Shukla]] has been serving as the governor since 11 March 2026.

== History ==

The post of Governor of Telangana emerged in 2 June 2014 following the bifurcation of the state from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Then [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Governor]], [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]] was given the additional charge of the new state. In 20 July 2019, Narasimhan was named as the Governor of Telangana only, taking oath on 24 July 2019. [[Odisha]] leader [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] succeeded him as [[Andhra Pradesh]] governor. In 1 September 2019, the [[President of India]] appointed [[Tamil Nadu]] leader [[Tamilisai Soundararajan|Tamilisai Soundarajan]] as the Governor of Telangana. Soundarajan got additional charge as the [[Governors of Puducherry|LT Governor of Puducherry]] upon the retirement of [[Kiran Bedi]]. Soundarajan subsequently resigned as the Governor of Telangana and the Acting Governor of Puducherry in March 2024 upon the contesting the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Election]] . The [[Governor of Jharkhand]], [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] got additional charge of both the state and the union territory. Radhakrishnan was relieved of his additional duties as the Governor of Telangana and the main duties as the [[Governor of Jharkhand]] once upon his transfer as the [[Governor of Maharashtra]] in July 2024 and was also relieved of his additional duties in [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Puducherry]] in August 2024. Former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tripura|Tripura Deputy Chief Minister]] , [[Jishnu Dev Varma]] was appointed as the Governor of Telangana becoming the first governor not belonging from [[Tamil Nadu]]. After that, [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]] was appointed the governor of Telangana. Since then, Shukla has been the Governor of the state.

==Powers and functions==
{{See also|Governors of India#Powers and functions|l1=Powers and functions of the governor}}
The governor enjoys many different types of powers:

*'''Executive powers''' related to administration, appointments and removals,
*'''Legislative powers''' related to lawmaking and the state legislature, that is Saasana Sabha or Saasana Mandali, and
*'''Discretionary powers''' to be carried out according to the discretion of the Governor.

==List of governors==

;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned/removed

;Color key
*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:14em" | Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died)
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Home state
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Appointer (President)
|-
! style="width:9.5em"| From
! style="width:9.5em"| To
! style="width:5em"| Time in office
|-
! {{ndash}}
| rowspan="2"| [[File:E.S.L. Narasimhan.jpg|91x91px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd) (born 1945) Governor of Andhra Pradesh till 23 July 2019}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| 2 June 2014
| bgcolor="wheat"| 23 July 2019{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Telangana]]}}
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|2 Jun 2014|7 Sep 2019}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 1
| 24 July 2019
| 7 September 2019
|-
! 2
| [[File:Tamilisai Soundararajan with Bathukamma in Raj Bhavan, Hyderabad (30.09.2019) 02.jpg|105x105px]]
| '''[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]''' {{small|(born 1961)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 8 September 2019
| 19 March 2024{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}{{efn-lg|Resigned to contest in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]]}}
| '''{{ayd|8 Sep 2019|19 Mar 2024}}'''
| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:C. P. Radhakrishnan (cropped).png|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]''' (born 1957)
Governor of Jharkhand (Additional charge)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| 20 March 2024
| bgcolor="wheat"| 30 July 2024{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Maharashtra]]|name=Maharashtra}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|20 Mar 2024|30 July 2024}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
! 3
| [[File:Jishnu Dev Varma, Governor of Telangana (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]''' {{small|(born 1957)}}
| [[Tripura]]
| 31 July 2024
| 11 March 2026{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Maharashtra]]|name=Maharashtra}}
| '''{{ayd|31 Jul 2024|11 March 2026}}'''
|-
! 4
| [[File:Shivpratap Shukla.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]''' {{small|(born 1952)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 11 March 2026
| ''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|11 March 2026}}'''
|-
|}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==See also==
* [[Telangana]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Telangana]]
* [[Governors of India]]

{{Governor of Telangana}}
{{Telangana officials}}
{{Current Indian governors}}

[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|Telangana]]
[[Category:Governors of Telangana| ]]
[[Category:Telangana-related lists|G]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Telangana|G]]

Chitrangada Singh

2026-03-20T14:31:33Z

AliciaPaschall: cleaned up intro for clarity

{{short description|Indian film actress (born August 1975)}}
{{about||the Indian businesswoman and descendant of the Scindia dynasty|Chitrangada Singh (princess)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitrangda Singh
| image = Chitrangda Singh snapped in Bandra.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|8|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, India
| family = [[Digvijay Singh (golfer)|Digvijay Singh Chahal]] (brother), [[Chitra Sarwara]] (sister in law)
| years_active = 2005–present
| occupation = Actress
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jyoti Randhawa]]|2001|2014|reason=divorced}}
| children = 1
| website =
}}

'''Chitrangda Singh''' (born 30 August 1975) is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.<ref name="30 August">{{cite news |title=Personal Agenda: Chitrangda Singh |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Personal-Agenda-Chitrangada-Singh/Article1-826290.aspx |date=16 March 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014051754/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Personal-Agenda-Chitrangada-Singh/Article1-826290.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> She made her acting debut with the crime drama ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' (2005), which earned her the [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Female Debut|Bollywood Movie Award for Best Female Debut]].

Singh is known for her appearance in the crime thriller ''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]'' (2011), the romantic comedies ''[[Desi Boyz]]'' (2011) and ''[[I, Me Aur Main]]'' (2013), the financial thriller ''[[Baazaar]]'' (2018), the crime thriller ''[[Bob Biswas]]'' (2021) and the mystery thriller ''[[Gaslight (2023 film)|Gaslight]]'' (2023).She turned producer with the sports drama ''[[Soorma (film)|Soorma]]'' (2018). Singh has since appeared in the series ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'' (2022) and ''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=7 February 2025 |title=How Netflix pulled most unexpected casting coup with Khakee The Bengal Chapter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-netflix-prosenjit-chatterjee-jeet-saswata-chatterjee-parambrata-chattopadhyay-2676206-2025-02-07 |magazine=India Today |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> From 2001 to 2014, Singh was married to golfer [[Jyoti Randhawa]] with whom she has a son.

==Early life and family==
Singh was born on 30 August 1975<ref name="30 August 1975" /> in [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh,<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-did-chitrangada-singh-get-nostalgic-on-the-sets-of-sahib-biwi-aur-gangster-3/18739163 "Why did Chitrangda Singh get nostalgic on the sets of Sahib Biwi Aur Gangster 3?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043452/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-did-chitrangada-singh-get-nostalgic-on-the-sets-of-sahib-biwi-aur-gangster-3/18739163 |date=6 March 2019 }} (14 November 2017), ''Mid-Day''. Retrieved 5 March 2019.</ref> growing up there as well as in [[Kota, Rajasthan]], and also [[Bareilly]] and Sophia Girls' School, [[Meerut]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the latter city being the last where her father, Col. Niranjan Singh, an ex-[[Indian Army]] officer with a transferable job, was posted.<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-chitrangda-thinks-she-looks-thin-in-black/20130306.htm "'Chitrangda likes black. She thinks she looks thin in it'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043850/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-chitrangada-thinks-she-looks-thin-in-black/20130306.htm |date=6 March 2019 }} (6 March 2013), ''Rediff''. Retrieved 5 March 2019.</ref> Her brother [[Digvijay Singh (golfer)|Digvijay Singh Chahal]] is a golfer. After her schooling in [[Meerut]] at Sophia Girls' School, she completed her graduation in [[Home Science]] (food and nutrition) from [[Lady Irwin College]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lady Irwin was strict: Chitrangda Singh |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/educationnews/lady-irwin-was-strict-chitrangda-singh/article1-428259.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=4 August 2015 |date=3 July 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327030358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/lady-irwin-was-strict-chitrangada-singh/story-EFzmDKTJCgzXiirDCsl22L.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
===Breakthrough and struggles (2005-2010)===
[[File:ChitrangdaSingh.jpg|thumb|Singh in 2008 promoting her film ''Sorry Bhai!'']]

Singh began her career as a model before making the transition to the silver screen. After completing her graduation, she began modelling.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/chitrangda-singh-reveals-she-lost-modelling-assignments-because-of-dusky-complexion/story-e7uvROApftozo55F7ABAUK_amp.html |title=Chitrangda Singh reveals she lost modelling assignments because of dusky complexion |access-date=30 August 2021 |date=19 November 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She later drew attention after performing in the music video ''Sunset Point'' by [[Gulzar]], followed by a music video with [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]].<ref name=tele>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050414/asp/calcutta/story_4604339.asp |title=The next Smita Patil |access-date=30 January 2012 |date=14 April 2005 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |location=Calcutta, India |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026024636/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050414/asp/calcutta/story_4604339.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Singh made her film debut with [[Sudhir Mishra]]'s ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' in 2005.<ref name=ind>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-comeback-girl/384156/ The Comeback Girl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011054618/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-comeback-girl/384156 |date=11 October 2010 }} [[Indian Express]], 11 November 2008.</ref> The film received critical acclaim and was a box office average. Singh played Geeta, a college student and social worker opposite [[Kay Kay Menon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood loves politics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/bollywood-loves-politics-360746-2010-05-13|website=India Today|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] stated, "Chitrangada is definitely someone to watch out for. She is a complete natural who zaps the camera with a passionate performance."<ref>{{Cite web | title = Hazaaron Khwaishein is overwhelming! | last = Verma | first = Sukanya | work = Rediff.com | date = 15 April 2005 | access-date = 14 June 2016 | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/15hazaaron.htm }}</ref> John Pancake of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' noted her for giving "her character a deep sense of dignity and decency."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A6175-2005Apr20.html 'A Thousand Dreams': Impassioned in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617164627/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A6175-2005Apr20.html |date=17 June 2017 }} by John Pancake, ''The Washington Post''. 21 April 2005</ref> Her next release, ''[[Kal: Yesterday and Tomorrow]]'' was a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dawn-of-a-new-kal/story-kfmdZlHujjhZdG9sFZL5OK.html|title=Dawn of a new Kal?|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 July 2005|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

Following a three year hiatus,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1287786.cms 'Chitrangada is just taking a break'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308151627/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1287786.cms |date=8 March 2012 }} Ashok Chatterjee, TNN, ''[[The Times of India]]'', 8 November 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/Chitrangada-not-in-golfing-news/articleshow/4980018.cms |title=Chitrangada not in golfing news |date=6 September 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 September 2009 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-07/off-the-field/28091817_1_chitrangada-singh-short-game-golfing |url-status=live}}</ref> Singh returned to films opposite [[Sanjay Suri]] in [[Onir]]'s ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]''.<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web |title=Chitrangada is back! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/01slid1.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012012730/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/01slid1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Its release over the weekend of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai terror attacks]] and was a failure at the box office.<ref>[http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14785880 Sorry Bhai is new beginning for me, says Chitrangada Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429102223/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14785880 |date=29 April 2010 }} IANS, [[Sify.com]], Wednesday, 29 October 2008.</ref> This failure led to another two years break from acting.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/me-and-slapstick-humor-not-sure-chitrangda-singh/400485/ Me and slapstick humor? Not sure: Chitrangda Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225024926/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/me-and-slapstick-humor-not-sure-chitrangda-singh/400485 |date=25 February 2013 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 19 December 2008.</ref>

===Commercial films and fluctuations (2011–2020)===
Singh started 2011 with Sudhir Mishra's ''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]'', where she played a club singer Priti opposite [[Irrfan Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Yeh Saali Zindagi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/It-s-Yeh-Saali-Zindagi/Article1-571587.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021005838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/It-s-Yeh-Saali-Zindagi/Article1-571587.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2010|access-date=12 January 2011|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Despite positive reviews, it emerged an average grosser.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2011|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2556&nCat=box_office_report|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-date=22 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222141805/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2556&nCat=box_office_report|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] noted, "Chitrangada uses her smouldering looks to create a mysterious character whose motivations and actions are unclear."<ref>{{cite web|title=Masand: 'Yeh Saali Zindagi' surprises you |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-yeh-saali-zindagi-surprises-you/142452-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207080947/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-yeh-saali-zindagi-surprises-you/142452-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2011|publisher=[[IBN Live]]|date=3 February 2011}}</ref> Singh then played Tanya, an economics professor opposite [[Akshay Kumar]] in Rohit Dhawan's ''[[Desi Boyz]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitrangada Singh excited about her Desi Boyz |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/chitrangada-singh-excited-about-her-desi-boyz-146530-2011-11-21 |access-date=27 February 2018 |date=25 November 2011}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] stated, "Chitrangada looks stunning and acts well, but her character isn't convincing."<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Desi Boyz : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14319/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615020037/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14319/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2010|access-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> The film emerged a moderate success.<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Worldwide Figures: Twenty Films Cross 50 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215132739/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |archive-date=15 February 2012 }}</ref> In 2012, she performed a dance number in [[Shirish Kunder]]'s ''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-23/news-interviews/32803323_1_playback-singer-first-song-u-certificate |title=Chitrangda turns playback singer |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610025109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-23/news-interviews/32803323_1_playback-singer-first-song-u-certificate |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Singh had three releases in 2013. She first appeared as a prostitute in the short film ''Kirchiyaan''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/tag/kirchiyaan |title=Sudhir Mishra, Chitrangada Singh team up again in Kirchiyaan |work=First Post |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155822/http://www.firstpost.com/tag/kirchiyaan |url-status=live}}</ref> She then played an ambitious Maya opposite [[Arjun Rampal]] in Sudhir Mishra's ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'', which was box office average despite positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun & Chitrangda pair up for Sudhir's next on sexual exploitation|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1266847/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200902/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1266847/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2014|author=Jogindar Tuteja|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=28 April 2013|date=16 February 2011}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' praised her performance and chemistry with Rampal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-inkaar-2151.html|title=Movie Review: Inkaar|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=18 February 2013|work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Singh later played Anushka a career women, in Kapil Sharma's ''[[I, Me Aur Main]]'' opposite [[John Abraham]], which was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitrangada: I wasn't taken seriously as an actor |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-chitrangda-singh-on-i-me-aur-main/20130226.htm |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-date=1 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301014548/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-chitrangda-singh-on-i-me-aur-main/20130226.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed by a dance number in ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' (2014) and ''[[Gabbar Is Back]]'' (2015) and a special appearance in ''[[Munna Michael]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/big-plans-for-akshay-kumars-gabbar-is-back/ |title=Big plans for Akshay Kumar's 'Gabbar Is Back' |date=11 March 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

[[File:Chitrangada Singh at the press conference of DID Li’l Masters (2).jpg|thumb|Singh on her television show in 2018]]

Singh turned a producer in 2018, with the biographical sports drama film ''[[Soorma (film)|Soorma]]'', which was released under her banner C.S. Films and received positive response.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/now-a-film-on-hockey-player-sandeep-singh/article6560777.ece |title=Now a film on hockey player Sandeep Singh |work=The Hindu|accessdate=10 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/chitrangada-to-produce-a-biopic-on-hockey-player-sandeep-singh/ |title=Chitrangada to produce a biopic on hockey player Sandeep Singh |accessdate=12 December 2014 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> She then played a mistress Suhani in [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]'s ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]]'' opposite [[Sanjay Dutt]], which flopped at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title=Film Review: Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/cQ94bmXSv1ss523ldNcVCO/Film-Review-Saheb-Biwi-Aur-Gangster-3.html |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In her last film of the year, Singh played Mandira, a businessman's wife opposite [[Saif Ali Khan]] in Gauravv K. Chawla's ''[[Baazaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-chitrangda-singh-opposite-saif-ali-khan-in-baazaar-2455363 |title=Chitrangda Singh opposite Saif Ali Khan in Baazaar! |access-date=4 June 2017 |work=DNA |archive-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602090129/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-chitrangda-singh-opposite-saif-ali-khan-in-baazaar-2455363 |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, she also ventured into television as a judge with ''[[Dance India Dance|DID Li'l Masters 4]]''. With no release in 2019, she had a cameo appearance in ''[[Ghoomketu]]'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui's film Ghoomketu to premiere on ZEE5 on May 22|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-s-film-ghoomketu-to-premiere-on-zee5-on-may-22/story-bD31FYdGok2NhKngXLztfL.html|date=9 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

===Career expansion and success (2021-present) ===
In 2021, Singh played Mary, an assassin's wife opposite [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in Diya Annapurna Ghosh's ''[[Bob Biswas]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/abhishek-bachchanstarrer-bob-biswas-wraps-shoot/1990621|title=Abhishek Bachchan-starrer ''Bob Biswas'' wraps shoot|date=10 December 2020|access-date=10 December 2020|website=Outlook India|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022050050/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/abhishek-bachchanstarrer-bob-biswas-wraps-shoot/1990621|url-status=live}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' published, "Chitrangada gets a solid part as the ravishing wife of Bob. Though she doesn’t always succeed in shedding the uber-chic baggage, but her Mary shines among the wimpy men around her."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Bob Biswas' movie review: Misses the target, but just by a whisker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bob-biswas-movie-review-misses-the-target-but-just-by-a-whisker/article37818704.ece/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215185106/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bob-biswas-movie-review-misses-the-target-but-just-by-a-whisker/article37818704.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Singh expanded to [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]] with the anthology series ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'', playing Latika, an aspiring novelist opposite [[Arshad Warsi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Modern Love Mumbai: Chitrangda Singh and Arshad Warsi capture bittersweet effects of love, marriage in just one scene |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-chitrangda-singh-and-arshad-warsi-cutting-chai-7922005/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Indian Express |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123043/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-chitrangda-singh-and-arshad-warsi-cutting-chai-7922005/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 May 2022|title=Modern Love Mumbai: Amazon Prime series makes you fall in love with the city, all over again|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-review-amazon-prime-series-makes-you-fall-in-love-with-mumbai-7914810/|access-date=21 May 2022|website=Indian Express|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513050927/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-review-amazon-prime-series-makes-you-fall-in-love-with-mumbai-7914810/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Singh played Rukmani, a royal queen alongside [[Vikrant Massey]] in ''[[Gaslight (2023 film)|Gaslight]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gaslight-teaser-sara-vikrant-and-chitrangda-team-up-for-a-murder-mystery-101678103843127.html |title=Gaslight teaser: Sara Ali Khan, Vikrant Massey and Chitrangda Singh team up for a murder mystery |date=6 March 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] stated, "Chitrangada plays a woman whose allure lies in her ability to mask her desires and secrets behind a benign facade. She pulls it off for the most part."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gaslight-review-sara-ali-khans-earnest-performance-is-uneven-like-the-film-2-stars-3908352#google_vignette |title=Gaslight Review: Sara Ali Khan's Earnest Performance Is Uneven - Like The Film |date=31 March 2023 |work=NDTV |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref> Following this, Singh appeared as Kadambari, in a cameo appearance in ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/chitrangda-singh-has-this-to-say-about-her-cameo-in-khel-khel-mein/2227751/?amp |title=Chitrangda Singh has this to say about her cameo in 'Khel Khel Mein' |date=17 August 2024 |work=The Print |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>

In her first release of 2025, Singh played the leader of opposition in the series ''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Suhani |title=How Netflix is adding 'Bengal Chapter' to 'Khakee' success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-netflix-is-adding-bengal-chapter-to-khakee-success-2692061-2025-03-11 |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Sugandha Rawal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' took note of her "commanding performance",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rawal |first1=Sugandha |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter review: Neeraj Pandey show falls prey to slow pace despite stellar performances |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-neeraj-pandey-show-falls-prey-to-slow-pace-despite-stellar-performances-101742416537698-amp.html |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 March 2025}}</ref> while several reviews criticised her faltered character.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Zinia |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter review: Consistent, pacy, binge-worthy thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-neeraj-pandey-netflix-prosenjit-chatterjee-jeet-2696284-2025-03-20 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 March 2025}}</ref> She then played a businesswoman opposite [[Jackie Shroff]] in ''[[Housefull 5]]''. The film was released in two versions, titled ''Housefull 5A'' and ''Housefull 5B'', each featuring a different climax and murderer.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Housefull 5' wraps filming, movie to release in June 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/housefull-5-wraps-filming-movie-to-release-in-june-2025-3331664 |date=25 December 2024 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Inside Sajid Nadiadwala's 'Housefull 5' Multiple Endings Gambit: 'Bringing Back That Element of Surprise' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sajid-nadiadwala-housefull-5-multiple-endings-1236413688/ |website=Variety |accessdate=30 May 2025}}</ref> Devesh Sharma stated that she adds to the "glamour quotient", but has nothing to do in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Devesh |title=Housefull 5 Review: Leave your brains behind |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/housefull-5-review-leave-your-brains-behind-74467.html |website=Filmfare |accessdate=6 June 2025}}</ref> In late 2025, Singh appeared opposite Salman Khan in the Hindi-language war drama film ''[[Battle of Galwan (2026 film)|Battle of Galwan]]'', directed by [[Apoorva Lakhia]]. The film is produced by [[Salman Khan]] Films and is scheduled for theatrical release in April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Battle Of Galwan teaser: Salman Khan leads war drama inspired by Galwan Valley clash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/battle-of-galwan-teaser-salman-khan-headlines-war-film-inspired-by-galwan-valley-clash-bonus-release-date-10029812 |work=NDTV |date=27 December 2025 |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of Galwan expected release timeline, cast and first look |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/battle-of-galwan-movie-expected-release-salman-khan-2025-09-09-1007399 |website=India TV News |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
After a five-year-long courtship, Singh married golfer [[Jyoti Randhawa]] in 2001. They have a son Zorawar, born in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2012 |title=I was there for my hubby then, he's there for me now: Chitrangda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-was-there-for-my-hubby-then-he-s-there-for-me-now-chitrangda/story-kvOHImX4h8JD8n6l8qJuNM_amp.html |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Jyoti Randhawa and Chitrangda Singh love story: Wedding to divorce |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/the-jyoti-randhawa-and-chitrangda-singh-love-story-wedding-to-divorce-1417581-2018-12-26 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The couple got separated in 2013 and were formally divorced in April 2015. The custody of their son was granted to Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitrangda Singh, Jyoti Randhawa granted divorce |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/chitrangda-singh-jyoti-randhawa-granted-divorce/article1-1209281.aspx |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003141754/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/chitrangda-singh-jyoti-randhawa-granted-divorce/article1-1209281.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Media image==
[[File:Chitrangada Singh promotes Raazi on the sets of DID Lil Masters 3 (6).jpg|thumb|Singh in 2018]]

For her performance in ''Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi'', Singh was placed in ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Best Bollywood Debut Ever" list.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Bollywood Debutants Ever |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/24sd1-best-actresses-ever.htm |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/24sd1-best-actresses-ever.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> In ''Rediff.com''{{'}}s "Best Bollywood Actresses", she was placed 10th in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kulkarni, Ronjita |work=Rediff.com |title=Ten best Bollywood actresses of 2005 |date=23 December 2005 |url=https://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend10.htm |access-date=24 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220225016/https://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend10.htm |archive-date=20 February 2007}}</ref> In the [[The Times of India|''Times'' Most Desirable Women]] list, Singh was placed 11th in 2011 and 4th in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-women/articleshow/7241772.cms |website=Times of India |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219033210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-women/articleshow/7241772.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Women of 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-top-50-most-desirable-women-of-2012/articleshow/19767120.cms |website=Times of India |date=14 May 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126033210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-top-50-most-desirable-women-of-2012/articleshow/19767120.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Singh is a celebrity endorser for several brands such as [[Airtel India|Airtel]], [[Parachute (brand)|Parachute]], [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], [[Garnier]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitrangda Singh is now Garnier's brand ambassador |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/chitrangda-singh-is-garnier-brand-ambassador/chitrangda-singh-is-garnier-brand-ambassador-19/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> [[Tanishq]], [[Titan Company|Titan Eye Plus]], Dollar Missy,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dollar Missy ropes in Chitrangada Singh as Brand Ambassador |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/services/advertising/dollar-missy-ropes-in-chitrangada-singh-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/64368668.cms |website=Economic Times |date=19 June 2018 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> and [[Joyalukkas]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/chitrangada-singh-is-the-face-of-titan-eyepluss-enigma-collection/ "Chitrangada bags another brand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403015658/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/chitrangada-singh-is-the-face-of-titan-eyepluss-enigma-collection/ |date=3 April 2015 }} . Retrieved 26 March 2015</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005
| scope="row"| ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]''
| Geeta Rao
|
|
|-
| scope="row"| ''[[Kal: Yesterday and Tomorrow]]''
| Bhavana Dayal
|
|
|-
| 2008
| scope="row"| ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]''
| Aaliyah
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| scope="row"| ''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]''
| Priti Shirodkar
|
|
|-
| scope="row"| ''[[Desi Boyz]]''
| Tanya Sharma
|
|
|-
| 2012
| scope="row"| ''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Kafirana"
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2013
| scope="row"|''Kirchiyaan''
| Ritu
| Short film
|
|-
| scope="row"| ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]''
| Maya Luthra
|
|
|-
| scope="row"| ''[[I, Me Aur Main]]''
| Anushka Lal
|
|
|-
| 2014
| scope="row"| ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''
| Herself
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film; special appearance in song "Sirippu En"
|
|-
| 2015
| scope="row"| ''[[Gabbar Is Back]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Aao Raja"
|
|-
| 2017
| scope="row"| ''[[Munna Michael]]''
| Judge of ''Dancing Star''
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="3" rowspan"3" |2018
| scope="row"|''[[Soorma (film)|Soorma]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Producer
|
|-
| scope="row"|''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]]''
| Suhani
|
|
|-
| scope="row"|''[[Baazaar]]''
| Mandira Kothari
|
|
|-
| 2020
| scope="row"| ''[[Ghoomketu]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2021
| scope="row"| ''[[Bob Biswas]]''
| Mary Biswas
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chitrangda-singh-cast-as-leading-lady-for-bob-biswas-starring-abhishek-bachchan-2490919.html|title=Chitrangda Singh cast as leading lady for Bob Biswas starring Abhishek Bachchan|website=News18|date=7 February 2020|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208142932/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chitrangda-singh-cast-as-leading-lady-for-bob-biswas-starring-abhishek-bachchan-2490919.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| scope="row"| ''[[Gaslight (2023 film)|Gaslight]]''
| Rukmani Singh Gaikwad
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2021 |title=Gaslight: Chitrangda Singh to play parallel lead alongside Vikrant Massey and Sara Ali Khan |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/chitrangda-singh-to-play-parallel-lead-in-gaslight-309695 |work=The Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
| 2024

| scope="row"| ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
| Kadambari Kapoor
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=12 August 2024 |title='Desi Boyz Era Is Back!' Netizens laud Akshay Kumar and Chitrangda Singh's reunion in Khel Khel Mein |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/desi-boyz-era-is-back-netizens-laud-akshay-kumar-and-chitrangda-singhs-reunion-in-hauli-hauli-song-from-khel-khel-mein-13797749.html/amp |work=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2025
| scope="row" | ''[[Housefull 5]]''
| Maya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Housefull 5: Chunky Panday shares stunning pics from France; Dino Morea, Chitrangda Singh and Nargis Fakhri join him|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-5-chunky-panday-shares-stunning-pics-from-france-dino-morea-chitrangda-singh-and-nargis-fakhri-join-him/articleshow/113594268.cms|work=The Times of India|date=23 September 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Parikrama''
| Rupa
| [[India|Indo]]–[[Italian language|Italian]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goutam Ghose's 'Parikrama' starring Chitrangada Singh to release in theatres this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/goutam-ghoses-film-parikrama-starring-chitrangada-singh-to-release-in-theatres-this-week/cid/2109783 |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=27 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders]]''
| Meera Bansal
| [[Netflix]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2024 |title=Chitrangda Singh joins Nawazuddin Siddiqui in Netflix's Raat Akeli Hai sequel |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chitrangda-singh-joins-nawazuddin-siddiqui-netflixs-raat-akeli-hai-sequel/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2026
| {{Pending film|[[Maatrubhumi: May War Rest in Peace]]}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2025 |title=Chitrangda Singh on starting shoot of Battle of Galwan with Salman Khan: Glad that his fans have accepted me|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/chitrangda-singh-on-starting-shoot-of-battle-of-galwan-with-salman-khan-glad-that-his-fans-have-accepted-me-101757822000165.html |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Dance India Dance|DID Li'l Masters 4]]''
| Judge
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitrangda Singh to debut on TV as a Judge with DID Li'l Masters Season 4 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-chitrangda-singh-debut-tv-dance-reality-show/ |date=13 February 2018 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]''
| Latika
| Episode: "Cutting Chai"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Love Mumbai trailer: From millennial love to same-sex love, a show on different shades of love |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-trailer-prime-video-vishal-bhardwaj-pratik-gandhi-7891876/lite/ |date=28 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''
| Nibedita Basak
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chitrangda Singh returns to OTT with Neeraj Pandey's Khakee: The Bengal Chapter|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/chitrangda-singh-returns-to-ott-with-neeraj-pandeys-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-101722925168533-amp.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 August 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=4|2006 || rowspan=4|''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' || [[Bollywood Movie Awards]] || [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] || {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards: 1999 to 2007 |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=BollywoodAwards.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] || {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/27/981/index.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2006 nominations |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=27 January 2006 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117120517/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/27/981/index.html |archive-date=17 November 2006 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Awards]] || [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] || {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2006 |title=Black sweeps Screen Awards |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12screen.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114063842/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12screen.htm |archive-date=14 January 2006 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] || [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]] || {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominations |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109123057/http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'' || [[Stardust Awards]] || [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]] || {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/10/4832/index.html |title=Nominations for Pan Bahar Max Stardust Awards 2009 |access-date=12 September 2020 |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=10 February 2009 |work=Bollywood Hungama |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921004531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/10/4832/index.html |archivedate=21 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'' || [[Screen Awards]] || [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://screenawards.indianexpress.com/ |title=Screen Awards 2015, Latest News on Screen Awards 2015, Photo Gallery The Indian Express |work=indianexpress.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313230740/http://screenawards.indianexpress.com/ |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Bob Biswas]]'' || [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Hit List OTT Awards]] || Best Supporting Actor - Female || {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Madhushree |date=8 December 2020 |title=Winners of the Hitlist Web Awards 2019-2020 were announced |url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/awards/winners-hitlist-web-awards-2019-2020-announced |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=Media Infoline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Trendsetter of the Year
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Summit and Awards 2025: From Akshay Kumar to Varun Dhawan to Shahid Kapoor to Vidya Balan, celebrities win big |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-summit-awards-2025-akshay-kumar-varun-dhawan-shahid-kapoor-vidya-balan-celebrities-win-big/|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Facebook|ChitrangdaSinghOfficial}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chitrangada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Actresses from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lady Irwin College alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

UWC Mahindra

2026-03-19T09:41:24Z

AliciaPaschall: Starting - done

{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox school
| name = Mahindra United World College of India (MUWCI)
| logo = UWC Mahindra College Logo.png
| motto = UWC makes education a force to unite people, nations and cultures for peace and a sustainable future
| address = Village [[Khubawali]], PO [[Paud]]
| city = [[Pune, Maharashtra]]
| postal_code = 412108
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|32|29|N|73|35|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Independent school|Independent]], [[boarding school]]
| established = {{Start date and age| November 1997}}
| founder = Harish Mahindra
| closed =
| oversight = [[United World Colleges]]
| chairman = Keshub Mahindra
| head = Mr. Gaurav Chopra
| head_label = Head of College
| faculty = 27
| enrollment = 240 (boarding)
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]]
| ratio = 8:1
| other_names = {{plainlist|
* UWC Mahindra College
* UWC Mahindra
}}
| national_ranking = AAAAA, 1# Boarding School in Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.school.careers360.com/articles/top-schools-in-maharashtra-2016|title=Top Schools in Maharashtra 2016|last=www.careers360.com|access-date=2017-02-11|language=en}}</ref>
| newspaper = Hill Dweller
| fees = USD 39,750 for international students and INR 27,30,000 for Indian Nationals (per year, 2025-2026).<ref name="Fees & Financial Support">{{cite web |title=Fees & Financial Support |url=https://www.uwcmahindracollege.org/fees-and-financial-support/ |website=UWC Mahindra College |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
| campus_type = Rural
| colors = Blue and teal
| campus_size = {{Convert|175|acre|km2}}
| affiliation = [[International Baccalaureate]]
| website = {{URL|www.uwcmahindracollege.org}}
}}

The '''Mahindra United World College of India''' ('''MUWCI''', also referred to as '''UWC Mahindra College''' or simply '''UWC Mahindra''') is a pre-university international boarding school, located {{cvt|40|km}} west of [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]], India. The college is a two-year programme with about 240 full-time boarders from around 70 countries, and follows the [[International Baccalaureate]] [[IB Diploma Programme|Diploma Program]] (IBDP).

It is one of the 18 [[United World Colleges]], and the only one in South Asia. The school was established in November 1997 with the support of Harish Mahindra and [[Anand Mahindra]] of the [[Mahindra Group]].

== History ==
On 28 November 1997, [[Queen Noor of Jordan]] and [[Nelson Mandela]] inaugurated the UWC Mahindra College in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nelson Mandela - Speeches - Address by President Nelson Mandela at the opening of the 12th International Council Meeting of the United World Colleges|url=http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1995/951103_colleges.htm|access-date=2021-11-16 |website=www.mandela.gov.za}}</ref> The opening of the school was made possible by a donation of land and building infrastructure by Harish Mahindra, of the [[Mahindra Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UWC Mahindra College |url=https://www.uwc.org/uwc-mahindra-college |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=United World Colleges}}</ref> The company and several members of the family remain involved with the college, with [[Anand Mahindra]] serving as chair of the college<ref name="UWC Mahindra People">{{cite web |title=Meet the People Behind UWC Mahindra College {{!}} Diverse Faculty, Staff & Global Students |url=https://www.uwcmahindracollege.org/people/ |access-date=13 January 2026 |ref=UWC Mahindra People}}</ref>, and the company continuing to fund student scholarships.

== Campus ==
The Mahindra United World College of India is one of eighteen campuses under the [[United World Colleges|United World College]] banner. The campus was designed by architect [[Christopher Charles Benninger]], and is divided into a residential and an academic area. The design incorporates traditional elements and local building materials.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 23. (more information [http://www.library.njit.edu/archlib/lecture-series/1999-fall/benninger.html here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050813084641/http://www.library.njit.edu/archlib/lecture-series/1999-fall/benninger.html |date=13 August 2005 }})</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010223130129/http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_45/architecture/mahindra.html Business Week/Architectural Record award]</ref> Benninger paid homage to traditional Indian architecture by incorporating elements such as [[Wada (house)|wadas]], staggered steps, and lotus ponds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=Our Campus|url=https://uwcmahindracollege.org/about-us/our-campus/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=UWC Mahindra College {{!}} Discover your Purpose|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226031030/https://uwcmahindracollege.org/about-us/our-campus/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The college is located near the village of [[Paud]] in the [[Taluka Mulshi]] region of the western state of [[Maharashtra]], India. It is around {{cvt|40|km}} from the city of [[Pune]] (which, in turn, is around {{cvt|100|km}} south-east of [[Mumbai]]). The MUWCI campus is situated on a hill surrounded by rural communities and overlooking the valley of the [[Mula river, India|Mula river]] near [[Mulshi Dam]].

The residential side of campus is divided into communal clusters called "Wadas". The Wadas house between 40 and 60 students and 4-6 teachers and families. Students live in independent houses of eight students each, with communal courtyards. Teachers also serve as 'Wada parents' (house parents), providing a supportive residential and learning context.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=Residential Life & Community Structures {{!}} UWC Mahindra College |url=https://uwcmahindracollege.org/programmes/2-year-programme/residential-life/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=UWC Mahindra College {{!}} Discover your Purpose |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:UWC Mahindra College, staircase.jpg|thumb|View of one of the staircases leading to the main academic quadrangle.]]

== Academics ==
[[File:UWCMC, Towards the Academic Quad.jpg|thumb|A view of the academic area]]
UWC Mahindra College offers the [[International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme]]. Students can also choose to do the UWC Mahindra College Project Based Diploma by pursuing a research project during their two years of study.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://uwcmahindracollege.org/uwc-learning/academics|title = UWC Mahindra College - Academics|access-date = 19 August 2014|website = UWC Mahindra College|publisher = UWC Mahindra College|archive-date = 24 December 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231224203900/https://uwcmahindracollege.org/uwc-learning/academics|url-status = dead}}</ref>

[[File:Mahindra United World College of India 2006 meeting.JPG|thumb|College Meeting, May 2005]]
The following IB subjects are available at MUWCI, though offerings may change slightly year to year:<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://uwcmahindracollege.org/uwc-learning/academics/international-baccalaureate/components-of-the-ib-diploma-programme|title = The International Baccalaureate Diploma|access-date = 19 August 2014|website = Components of the IB Diploma|publisher = Mahindra UWC of India|archive-date = 24 December 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231224203944/https://uwcmahindracollege.org/uwc-learning/academics/international-baccalaureate/components-of-the-ib-diploma-programme|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>[[IB Diploma Programme#Subject groups]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibo.org/en/school/000969/ |title=Mahindra United World College |website=www.ibo.org}}</ref>
* Group 1: The Students' Best Language - English Literature (HL/SL), English Language And Literature (HL/SL), Spanish Literature (HL/SL), Hindi Literature (SL), Self-Taught Literature (SL)
* Group 2: Modern Language Acquisition - English B (HL), Spanish B (HL/SL), Spanish ab initio (SL), French B (HL/SL), French ab initio (SL)
* Group 3: Individuals and Societies - Psychology (HL/SL), Philosophy (HL/SL), Global Politics (HL/SL), History (HL/SL), Economics (HL/SL), Environmental Systems and Societies (SL)
* Group 4: Experimental Sciences - Physics (HL/SL), Chemistry (HL/SL), Biology (HL/SL), Environmental Systems and Societies (SL), Computer Science (HL/SL).
* Group 5: Mathematics - Analysis & Approaches (HL/SL), Applications & Interpretations (HL/SL)
* Group 6: The Arts - Visual Arts (HL/SL), Film Studies (HL/SL), Theater (HL/SL).
Apart from formal subjects, the experiential learning programme (known as ''Triveni'' at MUWCI) forms a significant part of the students' education. Triveni in [[Hindi]] means confluence of three rivers. Triveni is formed of three streams - (i) the IB CAS (Creativity, Action & Service) programme, (ii) Project & Travel Weeks (iii) a rich on-campus seminar and discussion series including This Is India, Global Affairs, guest speakers and more.

== Students ==
Students in UWC Mahindra College represent many different nationalities. The Class of 2018 represented 57 countries. The inaugural class comprised 91 students from around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=MUWCI Story |url=https://uwcmahindracollege.org/about-us/muwci-story/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=UWC Mahindra College {{!}} Discover your Purpose |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608212646/https://uwcmahindracollege.org/about-us/muwci-story |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Admission ==
Most students are nominated to attend UWC Mahindra College via their UWC National Committees. Indian students, residents and PIO/OCI students can apply via the United World College Committee of India. The selection process is rigorous,{{cn|date=October 2022}} with an acceptance rate of 1.5%. The application process for Indian students starts in August and are finalized by March. The candidates are shortlisted based on potential to demonstrate UWC values and academic merit. Shortlisted candidates are invited to a selection camp held at the MUWCI campus near Pune. During the camp, various activities are conducted including panel interviews, Group Discussions, Object-Presentation and various written and computer based tests. Based on the students' performance the committee nominates students to Mahindra UWC or any of the other United World Colleges.

== Administration ==
The founding Head of college, David Wilkinson, moved to Pune at the inception of UWC Mahindra College in 1997, having previously been the founding head of the [[Li Po Chun United World College]] in Hong Kong. In 2009, Jonathan Long was appointed as Head of college and remained until 2011, when Pelham Lindfield Roberts joined, having previously taught at [[UWC Atlantic]] and been head of school at [[Schule Schloss Salem]], another [[Kurt Hahn]] associated school.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uwcmahindracollege.org/documents/Chairmans_message.pdf |title=A message from the Board of Governors of UWCMC |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224205403/https://uwcmahindracollege.org/documents/Chairmans_message.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Soraya Sayed Hassen took on the role of Head of College in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uwcmahindracollege.org/blog/soraya-sayed-hassen-leadership-for-a-new-era/ |title=UWCMC Blog {{!}} Soraya Sayed Hassen: Leadership for a New Era |website=uwcmahindracollege.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102012545/http://uwcmahindracollege.org/blog/soraya-sayed-hassen-leadership-for-a-new-era/ |archive-date=2019-01-02}}</ref> after Pelham Lindfield Roberts was appointed principal at UWC Changshu China. In July 2021, Dr. Dale Taylor took the role of Head of College. In July 2022, Gaurav Chopra stepped in as Interim Head of College, a role he took on a permanent basis in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-01|title=Gaurav Chopra|url=https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=159&nid=2&storyid=285|access-date=2023-03-17|website=United World Colleges|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Arvinn Gadgil]], '99
* [[Valeria Luiselli]]
* [[Malaika Vaz]], '15

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://uwcmahindracollege.org/}}
* [http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=4279 Plans and images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208095328/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=4279 |date=8 February 2006 }} at archnet.org

{{United World Colleges}}
{{Mahindra Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahindra United World College of India}}
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:United World Colleges]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Private schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Pune district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Edward Headlam

2026-03-18T06:53:57Z

AliciaPaschall: Added A Entry

{{Short description|Director of the Royal Indian Marine from 1922 to 1928}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|the article is messy and contains a lot of unreferenced, irrelevant information|article or section|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]]
| name = Sir Edward Headlam
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CSI|CMG|DSO|FRGS}}
| image = Capt. Sir. Edward James Headlam.jpg
| caption = Capt. Sir. Edward James Headlam.jpg
| birth_date = 1 May 1873
| birth_place = [[Darlington]]
| death_date = 14 Jul 1943
| allegiance = [[British India]]
| branch = Royal Indian Marine
| serviceyears = 24 July 1889 - 6 Sept 1929
| rank = [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
| known_for = Penultimate Director of Royal Indian Marine
| alma_mater = [[Durham School]], [[HMS Conway (school ship)|HMS Conway]]
| spouse = Nancy Hobson née Benyon
}}

[[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] '''Sir Edward James Headlam''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CSI|CMG|DSO|FRGS}} (1 May 1873 – 14 July 1943) was the Director of the Royal Indian Marine for six years from 1922 to 1928. His suggestions were instrumental in transforming the RIM into a combatant navy in the form of the [[Royal Indian Navy]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.6879 |title=The Bombay Chronicle, 27 September 1928 |date=1928-09-27 |publisher=The Bombay Chronicle (Bombay) |location=Mumbai |pages=5}}</ref> He was nicknamed by his men, 'Purana Nimak', [[urdu]] for '[[old salt]]'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birdwood |first=Lord |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8366 |title=Khaki and gown: an autobiography |date=1942 |publisher=Ward, Lock, London |pages=390}}</ref>

== Life ==
Edward James Headlam was born on 1 May 1873 in Darlington,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14640756 |title=Name: Edward James Headlam . Rank: Midshipman . Date of Seniority: 24 July 1889. ... |date=1883–1898}}</ref> to Morley Headlam of Gilmonby Hall, Yorkshire, and Whorlton Grange, Durham.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=WOLLASTON |first=GERALD W |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84757/page/n161/mode/1up |title=Knightage (1929-1930) |date=1935 |publisher=Geo. Gibbons & Co. |edition=18 |location=London |pages=158 |language=en}}</ref>

He married Nancy Benyon, widow of Stanley Hobson of Nigeria in 1918.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life story: Edward James Headlam {{!}} Lives of the First World War |url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/5332107 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk}}</ref>

== Career ==
On 24 July 1889 Headlam was appointed a [[midshipman]] in the [[Royal Naval Reserve]] whilst being educated in the [[training ship]] [[HMS Conway (school ship)|''Conway'']].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Admiralty |first=Great Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aO8XAAAAMAAJ |title=The Navy List |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1891 |location=London |pages=326 |language=en}}</ref> He became a Sub-Lieutenant on 3 Oct 1894 in the [[Royal Indian Marine]], serving in the Marine Survey.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G35PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104 |title=The India List and India Office List for ... |date=1898 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |location=London |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> On 1 April 1900 he was promoted lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGJPAAAAMAAJ |title=The India List and India Office List for ... |date=1902 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |location=London |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>

As a sub-lieutenant, while serving aboard RIMS ''Mayo'', he was part of a party led by Comte Carlo von Landberg which copied and photographed [[Himyaritic language|Himyaric inscriptions]] on 21 Feb 1896.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Landberg |first=Comte Carlo von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Frc_fMFHC4C |title=Critica arabica: Notes préliminaires sur les tribus du pays libre de Daṯîna et du Sultanat des ʿAwâliq supérieurs etc.; Huṣn el-Ṛurâb |date=1897 |publisher=Brill |pages=71 |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Appointments ===
Source:<ref name=":1" />

* H.M. Training Ship ''Conway'' 1887-89<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Durham School |url=http://archive.org/details/b28980311 |title=Durham School register |last2=Earle |first2=Charles S. |last3=Body |first3=Lawrence A. |date=1912 |publisher=Bradbury Agnew |others=Wellcome Library |location=London |pages=319 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[White Star Line]] Sailing Ship '''Copley''<nowiki/>' 1889-93.<ref name=":2" />
* Appointed sub-lieutenant, in Royal Indian Marine, 1894.<ref name=":2" />
* Served in Squadron for Naval Defence of India (April-Oct.), 1897<ref name=":2" />
* Marine Survey of India, 1897-1914
* Promoted to lieutenant, 1900
* Assistant Marine Transport Officer British Expeditionary Force, North China, 1900–01
* Persian Gulf Gun-running Operations, 1911–12
* Promoted to commander, 1913
* Naval Transport Officer East African Forces, 1914–17
* Special promotion to captain, 1914–15
* Principal Naval Transport Officer, South and East Africa, 1917–19
* Principal Naval Transport Officer, East Indies, 1920<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/ANDHRAPATRIKA14061920 |title=ANDHRAPATRIKA Volume no 7 issue no 61 |date=1920-06-14 |publisher=AndhraPatrika |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>
* Promoted to acting captain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 7870 {{!}} Issue 31994, 27 July 1920 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31994/page/7870 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref>
* Promoted to captain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 8413 {{!}} Issue 32017, 13 August 1920 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32017/page/8413 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref>
* Director Royal Indian Marine, 1922–28
* Retired from service on 6 Sept 1929.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Great Britain. Ministry of Defence |url=http://archive.org/details/navylistaug1939grea |title=The navy list |publisher=London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office |others=National Library of Scotland |year=1939 |location=London |pages=942 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 5778 {{!}} Issue 33532, 6 September 1929 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33532/page/5778 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref>

== Delhi Durbar, 1911 ==
At the Delhi Durbar of 1911, he was in charge of the Naval Contingent Camp.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/coronationdurbar030742mbp |title=Coronation Durbar Delhi 1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Press |year=1911 |location=Calcutta |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref> Here, he was in command of Lascars and Stokers of the RIM. To them was entrusted the duty of dealing with the Royal Standard at all ceremonies, while two men under a petty officer were continually at the King's Camp to see that the flag “flew clear.”<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.747 |title=Historical record of the Imperial visit to India 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=201 |language=en}}</ref> <blockquote>The lofty flagstaff used at the Durbar was designed by Captain Lumsden, Director of the Royal Indian Marine, and made at the Bombay Dockyard, as was also the great Standard flown from this mast, which measured thirty-six by eighteen feet.</blockquote>The duties of the contingent were to form [[Guard of honour|Guards of Honour]] for [[George V|King George V]] at the following functions :- State Entry, Foundation Stone of All-India Memorial Ceremony, Durbar, Review and State Departure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Major R B Graham |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279047 |title=Military Report Arrangements For The Coronation Darbar |date=1913 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing|location=Calcutta |pages=130 |language=en}}</ref>

== WWI ==
As the Marine Transport Officer, Indian Expeditionary Force, East Africa, he was part of the landing and evacuation operations during the [[Battle of Tanga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hook |first=F. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.523452 |title=Merchant Adventurers 1914-1918(1920) |date=1920 |publisher=A. and C. Black, Ltd. London |location=London |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref> For the evacuation, timed to start on a rising tide, at 1 pm. Cdr Headlam had assembled 30 Ship' boats, manned by volunteers. At 3:20 pm the evacuation was complete.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Stacke |first=Henry Fitz Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULwiAAAAMAAJ |title=Military Operations: East Africa |date=1941 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=94, 121, 541 |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>"All military transport afloat, i.e., hired transport, tugs, lighters, etc., are under the orders of Commander E. J. Headlam, Royal Indian Marine, Marine Transport Officer, I.E.F. East Africa."- Addendum to Operation Order No. 1 dated 1 Nov 1914, by Maj Gen A E Aitken.<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>On 18th Dec 1914, he made a feint of landing at Moa, and went on to [[Manza Bay]], where he made prizes of some small crafts. He was commanding transport ships Barjora and Rheinfels, carrying a company of the 63rd PLI and a section of the 28th Mountain Battery of the Royal Artillery.<ref name=":3" />

== Work with Bombay Port Trust ==
From 1917 to 1922 he was acting member of the Board of Trustees of [[Mumbai Port Trust|Bombay Port Trust]], representing Neville Frederick Jarvis Wilson,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bombay Port Trust |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.41867 |title=Bombay Port Trust: administration report for the years 1919-20 |date=1916 |publisher=Bombay Port Trust (Bombay) |location=Mumbai}}</ref> and later [[Henry Lancelot Mawbey]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bombay Port Trust |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107974 |title=Administration Report, 1920-21 (bounded together) |date=1920 |publisher=Times Press (Bombay) |location=Mumbai}}</ref> the Directors of Royal Indian Marine.

On 7 Jul 1922 he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of Bombay Port Trust, due to the resignation of Rear-Admiral H L Mawbey.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.102479 |title=The Bombay Government Gazettes July 6th To August 22 1922 |date=1922 |pages=1489, 1743 |language=en}}</ref> Cdr H M Salmond was to represent him on the board during his absence.<ref name=":4" />

On 4 Aug 1922 he was appointed Director of the Royal Indian Marine.<ref name=":4" />

== Evolution of Royal Indian Marine ==

=== Indian Mercantile Marine Committee ===
On 12th Jan 1922 the Indian Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution moved by [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer|Sir P S Sivaswami Iyer]]. On 3rd Feb 1923 Indian Mercantile Marine Committee was appointed to consider and report what measures could be taken to further the objectives of the resolution,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundaram |first=Dr Lanka |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238434 |title=Indias Armies and Their Costs (1946) |date=1946 |publisher=Avanti Prakashan, Bombay |pages=117}}</ref> which were:

# to recognise the need for the training of Indians for nautical careers and encouraging the creation of an Indian Mercantile Marine.
# to accept the policy and measures recommended by the Indian Mercantile Marine Committee.
# to take early steps for the training of Indians in a suitable training ship in Indian waters, for the provision of facilities for future training as apprentices in our mercantile marine ships, and for their employment after completion of their training.
# to arrange from the establishment of primary nautical schools in selected marine stations, and the introduction of Marine Engineering as a subject of instruction in the Engineering College at Sibpur. and
# to announce his intention to adopt in the near future a system of licensing in respect of the coastal trade of India.

The committee was presided by Capt. Headlam, and consisted of [[Arthur Froom|Sir Arthur H Froom]], [[Lallubhai Samaldas|Lalubhai Samaldas]], Jadu Nath Roy, Sir John Biles, and Diwan Bahadur Tiruvenkata Rangachariar. J H Green served as secretary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India. Indian Mercantile Marine Committee |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.92127 |title=Report of the Indian Mercantile Marine Committee, 1923-24 |date=1924 |publisher=Government Central Press (Delhi) |language=}}</ref>

Committee had important observations and recommendations.

* The repeal of the Indian Coasting Trade Act of 1860.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Ramananda |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.8116 |title=The Modern Review - Vol.44; No.1-6 |date=1928 |publisher=The Modern Review Office, Kolkata |location=Calcutta |pages=271–273 |language=en}}</ref>

<blockquote>"We are of opinion that in the interests of the growth of an Indian Meroontile Marine it is necessary to dose the coasting trade of this country to shins belonging to the subjects of foreign nations"</blockquote>

* Regarding training and apprenticeship, the committee observed.<ref name=":6" /><blockquote>It is our considered opinion that the provision of facilities for the training of Indian officers and engineers alone is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the case and that some further steps are required to achieve the object in view. These further steps, we recommend, should be in the form of the eventual reservation of the Indian coasting trade for ships the ownership and controlling interests in which are predominantly Indian.</blockquote>
* The Committee added that for the fulfillment of these conditions a ship should conform to the following conditions;<ref name=":6" />
*# Ship should be registered in India.
*# It should be owned and managed by an individual Indian or by a Joint Stock Company (public or private) which is registered in India with rupee capital, with a majority of Indians on the Directorate and with a majority of its shares held by Indians.
*# Management of such company is predominantly in the hand of Indians.
* The Committee recognised that the Royal Indian Marine should be reorganised into an Indian Navy for the defence of India's coast, harbours, and shipping.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=N. n |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505294 |title=England Work In India |date=1931 |publisher=University of Calcutta |location=Calcutta |pages=154}}</ref>
* That a training ship on the lines of the Worcester or the Conway should be established at Bombay to train young Indians to be- come Sea-officers.<ref name=":7" />

=== Rawlinson Committee ===
Based on the recommendations of the Headlam Committee's report another independent committee was set up for "the reorganization of the Royal Indian Marine". The committee convened in Feb 1925 and was presided by [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Gen Lord Rawlinson]]. Headlam was also part of this committee. The goal was to draw up a scheme for the purpose of putting into effect a policy to "The reconstruction of the Royal Indian Marine as a combatant force, to enable India to enter upon the first stage of her own naval development, and ultimately to undertake her own naval defence".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=India (British). East India (Progress and Condition) |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.108670 |title=Statement exhibiting the Moral and Material Progress and Condition of India, during the year 1925-26 |last2=Hirtzel |first2=A. |date=1927 |publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office (London) |pages=136}}</ref>

=== The Indian Navy Bill and the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act 1934 ===
Based upon the previous two committee reports, the Indian Navy bill was tabled in the British parliament on 2 Mar 1927. After much debate, the Bill was passed on the third reading in the House of Commons, and on the second reading in the House of Lords, on 5 and 28 April respectively. The bill received royal assent on 29 June, and became the [[Government of India (Indian Navy) Act 1927]] ([[17 & 18 Geo. 5]]. c. 8).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Nripendra Nath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.11623 |title=Indian Annual Register 1927, Vol. 1 |date=1927 |pages=183}}</ref>

The act empowered the Indian Legislature to enact and adapt the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act, 1934, which assented to by the Viceroy on 8 Sep 1934.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.05940 |title=Current Indian Statutes, Issue no.-326 |pages=270}}</ref>

On 2 October 1934 at Bombay, the Royal Indian Marine ceased to exist and the Royal Indian Navy was inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. J. E. Collins |url=http://archive.org/details/the-royal-indian-navy-1939-45 |title=The Royal Indian Navy 1939-45 |date=1964 |pages=8}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==

* On 14 October 1900 he received a Bronze Medal from the Royal Humane Society for rescuing a Sepoy who had fallen overboard from the transport ship "Wardha" off Taku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRjp_nFjmjgC |title=The Royal Navy List Or Who's who in the Navy: A Book of Reference Relating to the Personnel of the Navy, Both Active and Retired |date=1916 |publisher=Witherby |location=London |pages=190, 236 |language=en}}</ref>
* Medal and Mentioned in Despatch, China, 1900-01.<ref name=":1" />
* He was mentioned in dispatch dated 17 Jan 1901 by [[Alfred Gaselee|Gen. Gaselee]] for [[Boxer Rebellion|services]] to the forces in China.<ref name=":0" />
* Military order of the dragon<ref>{{Cite book |last=Military order of the dragon |url=http://archive.org/details/militaryorderofd00mili |title=Military order of the dragon, 1900-1911 |date=1912 |publisher=[Washington, D.C., Press of B. S. Adams] |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref>
* Medal and Clasp, Persian Gulf, 1911-12.<ref name=":1" />
* Bronze Star; 1914-15 Star; British War and Victory Medals; Mentioned in Despatches four times.<ref name=":1" />
* He received the Distinguished Service Order on 1 Jan 1916.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532919 |title=India Office List For 1918 |date=1918 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |location=London |pages=170E, 180 |language=en}}</ref>
* Mentioned in Despatches, 30 Jan 1917, East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter Rising and other Despatches, World War 1 |url=https://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyBritishLGDispatchesArmy1916-17.htm#29927 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.naval-history.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 1147 {{!}} Supplement 29927, 30 January 1917 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29927/supplement/1147 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref>
* [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]] in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181478 |title=Whos-who-india-1927 |publisher=Tyson & Co |year=1927 |location=Calcutta |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>
* Was made Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]] on 3 Jun 1924<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533041 |title=India Office List For 1931 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |year=1931 |location=London |pages=150 |language=en}}</ref>
* He was nominated for knighthood in June 1928 and knighted on 27 March 1929<ref name=":1" /> at [[St James's Palace|St. James Palace]].

== Writings ==
A New Island in the Bay of Bengal, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Apr., 1907)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Headlam |first=E. J. |date=1907 |title=A New Island in the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776748 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=430–436 |doi=10.2307/1776748 |jstor=1776748 |bibcode=1907GeogJ..29..430H |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The History of the Royal Indian Marine, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 77, No. 3985 (APRIL 5th, 1929), pp. 519–540 (22 pages)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Headlam |first=E. J. |title=The History of the Royal Indian Marine |date=1929 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41358199 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=77 |issue=3985 |pages=519–540 |jstor=41358199 |issn=0035-9114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Journal Of The Royal Society Of Arts |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.7726 |title=Journal Of The Royal Society Of Arts November Vol-lxxvii (1928) |date=1929 |publisher=The Royal Society Of Arts |pages=520}}</ref>

The Royal Indian Navy, History of the Government Sea Service in India from the earliest time.

# Part 1<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/1914-jusii-v43jan |title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India Volume 43, 1914 January |date=Jan 1914 |publisher=United Service Institution of India |location=Shimla |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref>
# Part 2<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/1914-jusii-v43april |title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India Volume 43, 1914 April-October |date=Apr 1914 |publisher=United Service Institution of India |location=Shimla |pages=241, 403 |language=en}}</ref>
# Part 3<ref name=":5" />
# Part 4<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/1915-jusii-v44 |title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India Volume 44, 1915 |date=Jan 1915 |publisher=United Service Institution of India |location=Shimla |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref>

Report of the Indian Mercantile Marine Committee, 1923-24<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indian Mercantile Marine Committee |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.92127 |title=Report of the Indian Mercantile Marine Committee, 1923-24 |publisher=Government Central Press (Delhi) |year=1924 |location=Delhi |language=en}}</ref>

The Rawlinson Committee Report.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra H. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206692 |title=The Indian Quarterly Register Vol-i(jan-jun-1926) |date=1926 |pages=373}}</ref>

== Arms ==
'''Arms''' : Gules, on a chevron or, between three lambs' heads erased argent, three crosses patee fitchee sable.

'''Crest''' : An unicorn passant or, the dexter foreleg resting upon a cross patee fitchee sable.

'''Motto''': Intellectu et innocentia.

== Bibliography ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Headlam, Edward James}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Darlington]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]

Left–right political spectrum

2026-03-18T06:31:59Z

AliciaPaschall: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|System of classifying political positions}}
{{For|the mathematical model of voter behavior|Spatial model of voting}}{{For|the system to characterize and classify different political positions|Political spectrum}}{{Redirect|Left wing and right wing|the incorporation of political ideas from opposing sides of the political spectrum|Political syncretism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Party politics}}

The '''left–right political spectrum''' is a system of classifying political positions, [[ideologies]] and [[political parties|parties]], with emphasis placed upon issues of [[social equality]] and [[social hierarchy]]. In addition to positions on the left and on the right, there are centrist and moderate positions, which are not strongly aligned with either end of the spectrum. It originated during the [[French Revolution]] based on the seating in the French [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]].

On this type of [[political spectrum]], [[left-wing politics]] and [[right-wing politics]] are often presented as opposed, although a particular individual or group may take a left-wing stance on one matter and a right-wing stance on another; and some stances may overlap and be considered either left-wing or right-wing depending on the ideology.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Milner |first=Helen |year=2004 |title=Partisanship, Trade Policy, and Globalization: Is There a Left–Right Divide on Trade Policy |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/ISQ_milner_judkins2004.PDF |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=48 |pages=95–120 |doi=10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00293.x}}</ref> In France, where the terms originated, the left has been called "the party of movement" or ''liberal'', and the right "the party of order" or ''conservative''.{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2001|p=10}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Adam |last=Garfinkle |title=Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement |year=1997 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=303}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/left |title=Left (adjective) |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]] |year=2011}} and {{cite dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/left?show=1&t=1325146819 |title=Left (noun) |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]] |year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Roger |last=Broad |title=Labour's European Dilemmas: From Bevin to Blair |year=2001 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=xxvi}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Origins in the French Revolution ===
[[File:Estatesgeneral.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|5 May 1789 opening of the [[Estates General of 1789]] in Versailles]]
The terms "left" and "right" first appeared during the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 when members of the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] divided into supporters of the [[Ancien Régime]] to the president's right side and supporters of the revolution to his left side.{{sfn|Bobbio|1996|pp=x, 33}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=McPhee |first=Peter |url=http://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution00mcph_0 |title=The French Revolution, 1789–1799 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |others=[[Internet Archive]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-924414-0 |pages=85–6 |author-link=Peter McPhee (academic) |via=[[Internet Archive]]}} The quotation is an extract from a longer quotation translated on p. 110 of ''Voices of the French Revolution'' edited by Richard Cobb and Colin Jones accessible via the next citation.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesoffrenchre0000unse/page/110/mode/2up |title=Voices of the French Revolution |publisher=Salem House Publishers |year=1988 |isbn=0-88162-338-5 |editor-last=Cobb |editor-first=Richard |editor-link=Richard Cobb |location=Topsfield, Mass. |pages=110 |editor-last2=Jones |editor-first2=Colin |editor-link2=Colin Jones (historian) |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> One deputy, the Baron de Gauville, explained: "We began to recognize each other: those who were loyal to religion and the king took up positions to the right of the chair so as to avoid the shouts, oaths, and indecencies that enjoyed free rein in the opposing camp".<ref name="Hodgson2018">{{cite book |first=Geoffrey M. |last=Hodgson |title=Wrong Turnings: How the Left Got Lost |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |year=2018 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-50591-6 |page=32 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=De Gauville |first=Louis-Henry-Charles |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k46771p |title=Journal du Baron de Gauville, député de l'ordre de la noblesse, aux Etats-généraux depuis le 4 mars 1789 jusqu'au 1er juillet 1790 |date=1864 |pages=20 |language=EN}}</ref>

When the National Assembly was replaced in 1791 by a [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Legislative Assembly]] composed of entirely new members, the divisions continued. "Innovators" sat on the left, "moderates" gathered in the centre, while the "conscientious defenders of the constitution" found themselves sitting on the right, where the defenders of the Ancien Régime had previously gathered.{{clarify|date=August 2017|reason=is "conscientious defenders of the constitution" Gauchet's phrase or does it come from a contemporary source?}} When the succeeding [[National Convention]] met in 1792, the seating arrangement continued, but following the [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|coup d'état of 2 June 1793]] and the arrest of the [[Girondins]], the right side of the assembly was deserted and any remaining members who had sat there moved to the centre. Following the [[Thermidorian Reaction]] of 1794, the members of the far left were excluded and the method of seating was abolished. The new constitution included rules for the assembly that would "break up the party groups".{{sfn|Gauchet|1997|pp=245–247}} Following the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]] in 1814–1815, political clubs were again formed. The majority [[ultra-royalist]]s chose to sit on the right. The "constitutionals" sat in the centre while independents sat on the left. The terms extreme right and extreme left, as well as centre-right and centre-left, came to be used to describe the nuances of ideology of different sections of the assembly.{{sfn|Gauchet|1997|pp=247–249}}

[[Thomas Jefferson]]'s [[Democratic-Republican Party]] supported the French Revolution in the 1790s when he opposed the [[Federalist Party]] that supported Britain. His friend [[Marquis de Lafayette|Marquis de LaFayette]] had been a leader in France. Jefferson wrote LaFayette on November 4, 1823, where "Côté droit" means "right side" and "côté gauche" means "left side.":<ref>"From Thomas Jefferson to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 4 November 1823" (U.S. National Archives) [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-3843 online]</ref><ref>See also: [[Gordon S. Wood]], '' The Radicalism of the American Revolution'' (1992) p.97, [https://archive.org/details/wood-gordon-the-radicalism-of-the-american-revolution-2011-1 online].</ref>

<blockquote>for in truth the parties of Whig and Tory are those of nature. they exist in all countries, whether called by these names, or by those of Aristocrats and democrats, coté droite or coté gauche, Ultras or Radicals, Serviles or Liberals.</blockquote>

===France after 1848===
After 1848, the main opposing camps were the "[[The Mountain (1849)|democratic socialists]]" and the "[[reactionaries]]" who used red and white flags to identify their party affiliation.{{sfn|Gauchet|1997|p=253}} With the establishment of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] in 1871, the terms were adopted by political parties: the Republican Left, the Centre Right and the Centre Left (1871), the Extreme Left (1876) and the Radical Left (1881). The beliefs of the group called the Radical Left were actually closer to the Centre Left than the beliefs of those called the Extreme Left.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Marc |last=Crapez |title=De quand date le clivage gauche/droite en France? |language=fr |trans-title=How old is the left/right divide in France? |journal=Revue française de science politique |volume=48 |number=1 |date=February 1998 |pages=70–72|doi=10.3406/rfsp.1998.395251 |s2cid=191471833 }}</ref>

===20th century usage===
Beginning in the early twentieth century, the terms "left" and "right" came to be associated with specific political ideologies and were used to describe citizens' political beliefs, gradually replacing the terms "[[Red flag (politics)|reds]]" and "the reaction". The words left and right were at first used by their opponents as slurs. Those on the Left often called themselves "[[Republicanism|republicans]]", which at the time meant favoring a republic over a monarchy, while those on the Right often called themselves "[[Conservatism|conservatives]]".{{sfn|Gauchet|1997|p=253}} By 1914, the Left half of the legislature in France was composed of Unified Socialists, Republican Socialists and Socialist Radicals, while the parties that were called "Right" now sat on the right side. The use of the words Left and Right spread from France to other countries and came to be applied to a large number of political parties worldwide, which often differed in their political beliefs.{{sfn|Gauchet|1997|pp=255–259}}

There was asymmetry in the use of the terms Left and Right by the opposing sides. The Right mostly denied that the left–right spectrum was meaningful because they saw it as artificial and damaging to unity. However, the Left, seeking to change society, promoted the distinction. [[Émile Chartier]] said in 1931, "When people ask me if the division between parties of the Right and parties of the Left, men of the Right and men of the Left, still makes sense, the first thing that comes to mind is that the person asking the question is certainly not a man of the Left."{{sfn|Gauchet|1997|p=266}} In British politics, the terms "right" and "left" came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mowat |first=Charles Loch |author-link=Charles Loch Mowat |title=Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940 |date=1955 |page=577}}</ref> Sociologist [[Robert M. MacIver]] said in ''The Web of Government'' (1947):

<blockquote>The right is always the party sector associated with the interests of the upper or dominant classes, the left the sector expressive of the lower economic or social classes, and the centre that of the middle classes. Historically this criterion seems acceptable. The conservative right has defended entrenched prerogatives, privileges and powers; the left has attacked them. The right has been more favorable to the aristocratic position, to the hierarchy of birth or of wealth; the left has fought for the equalization of advantage or of opportunity, for the claims of the less advantaged. Defence and attack have met, under democratic conditions, not in the name of class but in the name of principle; but the opposing principles have broadly corresponded to the interests of the different classes.{{sfn|Lipset|1960|p=222}}</blockquote>

=== Ideological groupings ===
Generally, the left wing is characterized by an emphasis on "ideas such as [[freedom]], [[Egalitarianism|equality]], [[Fraternity (philosophy)|fraternity]], rights, [[Social progress|progress]], reform and [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]]" while the right wing is characterized by an emphasis on "notions such as [[authority]], [[hierarchy]], [[Law and order (politics)|order]], [[duty]], tradition, [[Reactionary|reaction]] and [[nationalism]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Heywood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfNGEAAAQBAJ&q=notions%20such%20as%20authority,%20hierarchy,%20order,%20duty,%20tradition,%20reaction%20and%20nationalism |title=Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |date=2015 |page=119 |isbn=9781350314856 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. |date=2023-01-02 |title=The ideological morphology of left–centre–right |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 |issn=1356-9317}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. J. |author-link=Marius Ostrowski |url=https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723 |title=Ideology |date=2022 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-1-5095-4072-3 |series=Key concepts series |location=Cambridge |pages=95–99}}</ref>

Political scientists and other analysts usually regard the left as including [[anarchists]],<ref name=Brooks>{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Frank H. |date=1994 |title=The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908) |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |page=xi |quote=Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology, anarchism has always included a significant strain of radical individualism ...}}</ref>{{efn|Among whom there are many strains, such as [[anarcho-syndicalism]], [[anarcho-communism]], [[eco-anarchism]], [[anarcho-primitivism]], and [[individualist anarchism]].<ref name=Brooks/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/16/nyregion/16anarchists.html|author=Colin Moynihan |year=2007 |title=Book Fair Unites Anarchists. In Spirit, Anyway|journal=The New York Times |issue=16 April 2007}}</ref>}} [[communists]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=March |first=Luke |year=2009 |title=Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ipg/ipg-2009-1/10_a_march_us.pdf |journal=IPG |volume=1 |pages=126–143 |via=[[Friedrich Ebert Foundation]]}}</ref> [[socialists]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2009 |title=Left |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/left |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> [[democratic socialists]], [[social democrats]],<ref>See
*Euclid Tsakalotis, "European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe" in ''The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World'' (eds. Philip Arestis & Malcolm C. Sawyer: Edward Elgar Publishing 2001), p. 26: "most left-wing approaches (social democratic, democratic socialist, and so on) to how the market economy works...").
*"Introduction" in ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy ''(eds. Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg & Dag Einar Thorsen: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], 2013): "In Scandinavia, as in the rest of the world, 'social democracy' and 'democratic socialism' have often been used interchangeably to define the part of the left pursuing gradual reform through democratic means."</ref> [[left-libertarians]], [[Progressivism|progressives]], and [[social liberals]].<ref>JoAnne C. Reuss, ''American Folk Music and Left-Wing Politics'', [[Scarecrow Press]], 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-3684-6}}</ref><ref>Van Gosse, ''The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975: A Brief History with Documents'', [[Palgrave Macmillan]], 2005, {{ISBN|978-1-4039-6804-3}}</ref> Movements for [[racial equality]],<ref>Michael J. Klarman, "From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality", "... many of the white Americans who were most sympathetic to racial equality belonged to left-wing organizations...", p. 375, [[Oxford University Press]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0195310184}}</ref> as well as [[trade unionism]], have also been associated with the left.<ref>See
*Heikki Paloheimo, "Between Liberalism and Corporatism: The Effect of Trade Unions and Governments on Economic Performance in Eighteen OECD Countries" in ''Labour Relations and Economic Performance: Proceedings of a Conference Held By the International Economic Association in Venice, Italy'' (eds. Renator Brunetta & Carlo Dell'Aringa: [[International Economic Association]]/Palgrave Macmillan, 1990), p. 119: "It is easier for trade unions to have a mutual understanding with left-wing governments than with right-wing governments. In the same way, it is easier for left-wing governments to have mutual understanding with trade unions."
*Thomas Poguntke, "Living in Separate Worlds? Left-wing Parties and Trade Unions in European Democracies" in Citizenship and Democracy in an Era of Crisis (eds. Thomas Poguntke et al.: Routledge: 2015), p. 173 ("So far we have argued that parties of the left are the natural allies of the trade union movement ... it goes almost without saying that this a simplification."), p. 181: "When it comes to overlapping memberships, left-wing parties have always been, by and large, strongly connected to the trade union movement.").</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. J. |author-link=Marius Ostrowski |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1263663019 |title=Ideology |date=2022 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-1-5095-4072-3 |series=Key concepts series |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=102–8 |oclc=on1263663019}}</ref>

Political scientists and other analysts usually regard the right as including [[conservatives]] (among whom there are many strains, including [[traditionalist conservatism]], [[libertarian conservatism]],<ref>Arthur Aughey, Greta Jones & W.T.M. Riches, ''The Conservative Political Tradition in Britain and the United States'' ([[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]]: 1992), pp. 150–53.</ref> [[neoconservatism]],<ref>[[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement'' (Belknap Press: 2010), pp. 111–12: "In 1995, however, a new age of neoconservatism was born, ... one that persists to this day ... Neoconservatism became a full-fledged element of the Republican party, now unambiguously on the right. The newcomers, such as William Kristol and Robert Kagan (the editors of the Weekly Standard), David Brooks, Gary Schmitt, Max Boot, and David Frum ... were men of the right, even if their stance on domestic policy was somewhat different from that of other conservatives."</ref><ref>George H. Nash, ''The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945'' (Regnery Gateway: 2023), p. 368.</ref> and [[ultraconservatism]]<ref>John S. Huntington, ''Far-Right Vanguard: The Radical Roots of Modern Conservatism'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021).</ref>); [[right-libertarians]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Feser |first=Edward C. |author-link=Edward Feser |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter=Conservative Critique of Libertarianism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n62 |isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024 |lccn=2008009151 |pages=95–97 |quote=Libertarianism and conservatism are frequently classified together as right-wing political philosophies, which is understandable given the content and history of these views. |via=[[Google Books]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[anarcho-capitalists]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meltzer |first=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe |title=Anarchism: Arguments for and Against |publisher=[[AK Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-873176-57-3 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe/page/50 50] |quote=The philosophy of 'anarcho-capitalism' dreamed up by the 'libertarian' New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Andrew |title=Modern Political Ideologies |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4443-1105-1 |edition=3rd |location=Hoboken |page=66 |quote=Whom to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory Ludwing von Mises and Hayek), extreme libertarianism (anarcho-capitalism), and crude populism.}}</ref> [[monarchists]],<ref>See
*''Politics in Europe'', 6th ed. (eds. M. Donald Hancock et al.: [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]/[[CQ Press]], 2015), p. 139: "Historically, the political right was characterized by its identification with the status quo. It favored monarchism and deplored the [[French Revolution|Revolutions of 1789]] and [[Revolutions of 1848|1848]]."
*Thomas M. Magstadt, ''Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues'', 12th ed. ([[Cengage Learning]], 2015), p. 28: "Ideologies of the right: Monarchism is at the opposite end of the political spectrum .... After World War I, fascism supplanted monarchism as the principle ideology of the extreme Right."</ref> [[fascism|fascists]],<ref>See
*[[Robert O. Paxton]], ''[[The Anatomy of Fascism]]'', passim, e.g. "The Communist International was certain that the German swing to the Right under Hitler would produce a counterswing to the Left ...", p. 128, [[Vintage Books]], 2005, {{ISBN|978-1400033911}};
*[[Hans-Georg Betz]], ''Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe'' (Macmillan, 1994), p. 23: "One of the central arguments in the literature on fascism was that fascism, and by extension all radical right-wing movements..."
*''The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia'', [[Columbia University Press]], {{ISBN|0-231-05678-8}} "Fascism, philosophy of government that glorifies nationalism at the expense of the individual. ... The term was first used by the party started by MUSSOLINI, ... and has also been applied to other right-wing movements such as NATIONAL SOCIALISM, in Germany, and the FRANCO regime, in Spain."</ref> and [[reactionaries]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought |edition=Third |date=1999 |page=729}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Various political ideologies, such as [[Christian democracy]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Boswell |first=Jonathan |title=Community and the Economy: The Theory of Public Co-operation |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1136159015 |page=160}}</ref> some forms of liberalism, and [[radical centrism]], can be classified as [[centrism|centrist]].{{sfn|Bobbio|1996|p=}}<ref name=":3" />

A number of significant political movements do not fit precisely into the left–right spectrum, including [[Christian democracy]],<ref>André Munro, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christian-democracy Christian democracy], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2013), "Christian democracy does not fit squarely in the ideological categories of left and right. It rejects the individualist worldview that underlies both political liberalism and laissez-faire economics, and it recognizes the need for the state to intervene in the economy to support communities and defend human dignity. Yet Christian democracy, in opposition to socialism, defends private property and resists excessive intervention of the state in social life and education."</ref> and [[regionalism (politics)|regionalism]].<ref name="Stuurman">Siep Stuurman, "Citizenship and Cultural Difference in France and the Netherlands" in ''Lineages of European Citizenship: Rights, Belonging and Participation in Eleven Nation-States'' (eds. Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione & Emilio Santoro: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], 2004), p. 178: "Regionalism and feminism, to take two major examples, were significantly different, but both cut across the old left-right cleavages, presenting a challenge to the traditional political cultures."</ref><ref name=Hayward>Jack Hayward, "Governing the New Europe" in ''Governing the New Europe'' (eds. Jack Ernest, Shalom Hayward & Edward Page: Duke University Press, 1995): "...the rebirth of a repressed civil society has led to a proliferation of social movements which cannot be subsumed under a left-right dichotomy. ... The emergency of a variety of new social movements, particularly green and feminist movements, as well as revived regionalist movements, has prompted the major parties to compete with one another in seeking to incorporate their demand."</ref><ref name=Gould>Andrew C. Gould, "Conclusions: Regional, National, and Religious Challenges to European Identity" in ''Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism'' (eds. Andrew C. Gould & Anthony M. Messina: Cambridge University Press, 2014): "Regionalist parties in the center of the left-right spectrum generally favored integration. Regionalist parties on the extremes of left and right generally opposed integration, albeit for different reasons..."</ref> Though nationalism is generally regarded as a right-wing doctrine, some nationalists favor egalitarian distributions of resources. There are also [[civic nationalists]],<ref>See
* David Miller, "Strangers in Our Midst", HUP, Harvard, Cambridge: MA, 2016
* Ithiel de Sola Pool, ''Technologies Without Boundaries: on Telecommunications in a Global Age'' (ed. Eli M. Noam: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 124: "Nationalism is not a monopoly of either the right or the left. Rather, nationalism is the doctrine of the right-wing that most easily co-opts the left. Historically, liberals and radicals have been internationalists ... Liberal intellectuals have fought for the freedom of movement, freedom from censorship, and world cultural exchange, and have condemned ethnocentrism and prejudice. Right-wing nationalists, on the other hand, have glorified the unique heritage of their own ethnic group. The right has fought foreign influences that would undermine their historic religion, language, customs, or politics. But the description of the left as open and internationalist and the right as closed and nationalist is misleadingly simple. Nationalism has always been the most popularly appealing element in right-wing doctrine. As such it has been seduced and been adopted by the left." *
* Anne Sa'adah, ''Contemporary France: A Democratic Education'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003): "The importance of nationalism as an opposition ideology is particularly clear in the record of the nineteenth century. For most of that century, nationalism was associated with the revolutionary rhetoric of popular sovereignty and used most effectively by the left, which was out of power. In the 1880s, however, after the creation of the Third Republic, nationalism became the preferred weapon the new regime's right-wing critics."</ref> as well as [[Left-wing nationalism|left-wing nationalists]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chazel |first1=Laura |last2=Dain |first2=Vincent |year=2021 |title=Left-Wing Populism and Nationalism: A Comparative Analysis of the Patriotic Narratives of Podemos and France insoumise |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48642382 |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=73–94 |jstor=48642382 |issn=1930-1189}}</ref> [[Populism]] is regarded as having both left-wing and right-wing manifestations in the form of [[left-wing populism]] and [[right-wing populism]], respectively.<ref>See
* Javier Corrales & Michael Penfold, ''Dragon in the Tropics: Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chávez'' (2d ed.: Brookings Institution Press, 2015), p. 150 (discussing difference and similarities between left- and right-wing populism).
* Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, ''The End of the World as We Know it: Social Science for the Twenty-first Century'' (University of Minnesota Press, 1999), p. 95 (same).
</ref> [[Green politics]] is generally regarded as a movement of the left, although there are also [[Green conservatism|green conservatives]]. Andrew Dobson suggests that green politics contains an inherent conservatism as it is "adverse to anything but the most timid engineering of the social and natural world by human beings".<ref>See
* Andrew Dobson, ''Green Political Thought'' (3d ed.: Routledge, 1995: 2000 printing), pp. 27–28; "If ... we take equality and hierarchy as characteristics held to be praiseworthy within left-wing and right-wing thought respectively, then ecologism is clearly left-wing, arguing as it does for forms of equality among human beings and between human beings and other species. However, to argue that ecologism is unequivocal left-wing is not so easy. For instance, green politics is in principle adverse to anything but the most timid engineering of the social and natural world by human beings."
* [[Robyn Eckersley]], ''Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach'' ([[SUNY Press]], 1992), p. 120: "The growing influence of [[ecosocialist]] ideas within the Green movement (most notably in Europe and Australia rather than in North America) has rendered the popular Green slogan "neither left nor right" somewhat problematic. While this slogan originally served to publicize the Green movement's efforts to find a distinct, third alternative to the growth consensus of capitalism and communism, it has since served to generate a lively and sometimes acrimonious debate within the Green movement concerning the proper political characterization of Green politics .... In particular, ecosocialists have mounted a challenge to the presumed left-right ideology neutrality of Green politics by pointing out the various egalitarian and redistribution (and hence 'leftist') measures that are needed to ensure an equitable transition toward a conserver society."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=The Return to "Green" Conservatism |url=https://isi.org/intercollegiate-review/green-conservatism/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=Intercollegiate Studies Institute}}</ref>

=== Political parties ===
[[File:European Parliament - Strasbourg Chart - July 2024.svg|thumb|Seating in the 2024 [[European Parliament]]: 
{{color box|{{party color|The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL}}|border=darkgray}} [[The Left in the European Parliament]] (46) 
{{color box|{{party color|Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats}}|border=darkgray}} [[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats]] (136) 
{{color box|{{party color|Greens–European Free Alliance}}|border=darkgray}} [[Greens–European Free Alliance]] (53) 
{{color box|{{party color|Renew Europe}}|border=darkgray}} [[Renew Europe]] (77) 
{{color box|{{party color|European People's Party Group}}|border=darkgray}} [[European People's Party Group]] (188) 
{{color box|{{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists}}|border=darkgray}} [[European Conservatives and Reformists Group]] (78) 
{{color box|{{party color|Identity and Democracy}}|border=darkgray}} [[Patriots for Europe]] (84) 
{{color box|{{party color|Europe of Sovereign Nations}}|border=darkgray}} [[Europe of Sovereign Nations Group|Europe of Sovereign Nations]] (25) 
{{color box|{{party color|Non-Inscrits}}|border=darkgray}} [[Non-Inscrits]] (32)]]
Political scientists have made models in which the ideologies of political parties are mapped along a single left–right axis.{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=18–20}} [[Klaus von Beyme]] categorized European parties into nine families, which described most parties. Beyme arranged seven of them from left to right: [[Communism|communist]], [[Socialism|socialist]], [[Green politics|green]], [[Liberalism|liberal]], [[Christian democracy|Christian democratic]], [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[far-right politics|right-wing extremist]]. The position of agrarian and regional/ethnic parties varied.{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=22}} A study conducted in the late 1980s on two bases, positions on ownership of the means of production and positions on social issues, confirmed{{how|date=October 2025}} this arrangement.{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=27–29}}

There has been a tendency for party ideologies to persist and values and views that were present at a party's founding have survived. However, they have also adapted for [[Pragmatism|pragmatic]] reasons, making them appear more similar.{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=47}} [[Seymour Martin Lipset]] and [[Stein Rokkan]] observed that modern party systems are the product of social conflicts played out in the last few centuries.{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=186}} They said that lines of cleavage had become "frozen".{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=202}}

The first modern political parties were liberals, organized by the middle class in the 19th century to protect them against the [[aristocracy]]. They were major political parties in that century, but declined in the twentieth century as first the working class came to support socialist parties and economic and [[social change]] eroded their middle class base.{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=29–31}} Conservative parties arose in opposition to liberals to defend aristocratic privilege, but to attract voters they became less doctrinaire than liberals. However, they were unsuccessful in most countries and generally have been able to achieve power only through cooperation with other parties.{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=31–33}}

Socialist parties were organized to achieve [[Labor rights|political rights for workers]] and were originally allied with liberals. However, they broke with the liberals when they sought [[Workers' control|worker control]] of the [[means of production]].{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=33–35}} Christian democratic parties were organized by Catholics who saw liberalism as a threat to traditional values. Although established in the 19th century, they became a major political force following the [[Second World War]].{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=36–37}} Communist parties emerged following a division within socialism first on support of the [[First World War]] and then support of the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]].{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=34}} Right-wing extremist parties are harder to define other than being more right-wing than other parties, but include [[fascism|fascists]] and some extreme conservative and nationalist parties.{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=41–42}} Green parties were the most recent of the major party groups to develop. They have mostly rejected socialism and are very liberal on social issues.{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=43}}

These categories can be applied to many parties outside of Europe.{{sfn|Ware|1996|pp=44–47}} Ware (1996) asserted that in the United States both major parties were [[Economic liberalism|liberal]], even though there are left–right policy differences between them.{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=60}}

== Contemporary terminology ==

=== Worldwide ===
The left-right political spectrum can change over time in a process that affects the views on politicians from more than one country. In most countries, [[classical liberalism]] is thought of as a right-wing ideology, but when classical liberal ideas made their debut, they were thought of as leftist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/deskencyclopedia0000unse_m8d8/mode/2up |title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Edmund |location=New York |pages=541, 370 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

"Left-wing" and "right-wing" in non-Western political contexts may vary significantly from their meaning in Western political contexts.<ref name=":5" />{{Reference page|page=42}} China, for example, is governed by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP).<ref name=":5" />{{Reference page|page=42}} Like communist parties traditionally do, the CCP deems itself as a progressive force on the left-wing.<ref name=":5" />{{Reference page|page=42}} In this context, "left-wing" groups present themselves as supporters of the CCP and its political system, while those supporting [[liberal democracy]] are construed as "right-wing".<ref name=":5" />{{Reference page|page=42}} Summarizing research in the Chinese political context, academic Chenyang Song writes that the left-wing/right-wing dichotomy is not an essential criterion for differentiating Chinese ideological stances.<ref name=":5" />{{Reference page|page=45}}

=== Western Europe ===
In the 2001 book ''The Government and Politics of France'', Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright say that the main factor dividing the left and right wings in Western Europe is class. The left seeks [[social justice]] through [[Redistribution of wealth|redistributive social and economic policies]], while the right defends [[private property]] and [[capitalism]]. The nature of the conflict depends on existing social and political cleavages and on the level of economic development.{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2001|p=7}}

Left-wing values include the belief in the power of [[human reason]] to achieve [[Social progress|progress]] for the benefit of the human race, [[secularism]], [[sovereignty]] exercised through the legislature and social justice and mistrust of strong personal political leadership. To the right, this is regularly seen as [[anti-clericalism]], unrealistic [[Reform movement|social reform]], doctrinaire [[socialism]] and [[class hatred]].

The right wing believes in the established church both in itself and as an instrument of social cohesion, and they believe in the need for strong political leadership to minimize social and political divisions. To the left, this is seen as a selfish and reactionary opposition to social justice, a wish to impose doctrinaire religion on the population and a tendency to authoritarianism and [[Oppression|repression]].{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2001|p=9}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Giddens |author-link=Anthony Giddens |title=Beyond Left and Right, the Future of Radical Politics |pages=22–24 |quote=In many continental European countries, for example, 'conservatism' suggests the political influence of Catholicism. (p. 22) [...] American conservatism, in some of its major forms at least, has almost from its beginnings been aggressively pro-capitalist in ways that its European counterparts have not. [...] (However) the basic dilemmas now faced by conservative and socialist thought are everywhere similar. (p. 23) [...] Conservatism, it is often said, opposes rationalism. (p. 24) |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-8047-2451-7}}</ref>

The differences between left and right have altered over time. The initial cleavage at the time of the [[French Revolution]] was between supporters of [[absolute monarchy]] (the right) and those who wished to limit the king's authority (the left). During the 19th century, the cleavage was between [[Monarchism|monarchists]] and [[Republicanism|republicans]]. Following the establishment of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] in 1871, the cleavage was between supporters of a strong executive on the right and supporters of the primacy of the legislature on the left.{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2001|pp=2–5}}

=== United States ===
A 2005 [[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris Poll]] of American adults showed that the terms ''left wing'' and ''right wing'' were less familiar to Americans than the terms ''[[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]'' or ''[[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=542 |title=Political Labels: Majorities of U.S. Adults Have a Sense of What Conservative, Liberal, Right Wing or Left Wing Means, But Many Do Not |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209185224/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=542 |archive-date=9 February 2010 |website=The Harris Poll No. 12 |date=9 February 2005}}</ref> [[Peter Berkowitz]] writes that in the U.S., the term ''liberal'' "commonly denotes the left wing of the Democratic Party" and has become synonymous with the word ''progressive,''<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Berkowitz |chapter=The Liberal Spirit in America and Its Paradoxes |title=Liberalism for a New Century |editor1-first=Neil |editor1-last=Jumonville |editor2-first=Kevin |editor2-last=Mattson |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=2007 |page=14}}</ref> a fact that is usefully contextualized for non-Americans by Ware's observation that at the turn of the 21st century, both mainstream political parties in the United States, generally speaking, were liberal in the classical sense of the word.{{sfn|Ware|1996|p=60}}

[[Michael Kazin]] writes that the left is traditionally defined as the social movement or movements "that are dedicated to a radically [[egalitarian]] transformation of society" and suggests that many in the [[American Left|left in the United States]] who met that definition called themselves by various other terms.{{sfn|Kazin|2011|p=xiv}} Kazin writes that American leftists "married the ideal of social equality to the principle of personal freedom" and that contributed to the development of important features of modern American society, including "the advocacy of [[equal opportunity]] and equal treatment for women, ethnic and racial minorities, and homosexuals; the celebration of sexual pleasure unconnected to reproduction; a media and educational system sensitive to racial and gender oppression and which celebrates what we now call [[multiculturalism]]; and the popularity of novels and films with a strongly altruistic and [[anti-authoritarian]] point of view."{{sfn|Kazin|2011|pp=xiii–xiv}} A variety of distinct left-wing movements existed in American history, including [[Labor history of the United States|labor movements]], the [[Farmer-Labor]] movement, various [[democratic socialist]] and [[Socialism in the United States|socialist movements]], pacifist movements, and the [[New Left]].{{sfn|Kazin|2011|p=xix}}

== Criticism ==
[[File:Nolan chart normal.png|alt=The Nolan Chart.|thumb|The [[Nolan chart]] in its traditional form]]

[[Political science|Political scientists]] have frequently argued that a single left–right axis is too simplistic and insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs and include other axes to compensate for this problem.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |year=2017 |isbn=9781137606044 |edition=6th |location=Basingstoke |pages=14–17 |oclc=988218349}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Fenna |first1=Alan |title=Government Politics in Australia |last2=Robbins |first2=Jane |last3=Summers |first3=John |publisher=Pearson Higher Education AU |others=Robbins, Jane., Summers, John. |year=2013 |isbn=9781486001385 |edition=10th |location=Melbourne |pages=126 f |oclc=1021804010}}</ref>'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Song |first=Chenyang |title=Nationalist and Popular Culture Practices on Social Media: A Digital Ethnography of Chinese Online Fandom Nationalists |date=2025 |publisher=Transcript |isbn=978-3-8376-7926-7 |edition= |location=Bielefeld}}</ref>'''{{Reference page|page=43}}

American [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] writer [[David Boaz]] argued that the political terms ''left'' and ''right'' are used to spin a particular point of view rather than as simple descriptors, with those on the left typically emphasizing their support for working people and accusing the right of supporting the interests of the upper class; and those on the right usually emphasizing their support for [[individualism]] and accusing the left of supporting [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivism]]. Boaz asserts that arguments about the way these terms should be used often displace arguments about policy by raising emotional prejudice against a preconceived notion of what the terms mean.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Boaz |title=The Politics of Freedom: Taking on the Left, the Right, and Threats to Our Liberties |publisher=[[Cato Institute]] |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-933995-14-4}}</ref>

In 2006, British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] described the main cleavage in politics as not left versus right, but [[Open–closed politics|open versus closed]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/11/tony-blair-s-unfinished-business |title=Tony Blair's unfinished business |first=Jason |last=Cowley |newspaper=[[New Statesman]] |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref> According to Blair, attitudes towards social issues and [[globalisation]] are more important than the conventional economic left–right issues. In this model, "open" voters tend to be [[Cultural liberalism|culturally liberal]], multicultural and in favour of globalisation while "closed" voters are [[Cultural conservatism|culturally conservative]], [[Opposition to immigration|opposed to immigration]] and in favour of [[protectionism]]. The open–closed political spectrum has seen increased support following the rise of [[Populism|populist]] and [[Centrism|centrist]] parties in the 2010s.<ref name="Drawbridges">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21702748-new-divide-rich-countries-not-between-left-and-right-between-open-and |title=Drawbridges up |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=30 July 2016 |access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ID">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21718921-identity-does-not-have-be-exclusive-preserve-far-right-dutch-election-suggests |title=The Dutch election suggests a new kind of identity politics |date=18 March 2017 |access-date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref>

[[Norberto Bobbio]] saw the polarization of the Italian Chamber of Deputies in the 1990s as evidence that the linear left–right axis remained valid. Bobbio thought that the argument that the spectrum had disappeared occurred when either the left or right were weak. The dominant side would claim that its ideology was the only possible one, while the weaker side would minimize its differences. He saw the left and right not in absolute terms, but as relative concepts that would vary over time. In his view, the left–right axis could be applied to any time period.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction]] |date=1996 |first1=Norberto |last1=Bobbio |author1-link=Norberto Bobbio |first2=Allan |last2=Cameron |pages=vi–xiv}}</ref>

A survey of Canadian legislative caucuses conducted between 1983 and 1994 by [[Bob Altemeyer]] showed an 82% correlation between party affiliation and score on a scale for [[right-wing authoritarianism]] when comparing right-wing and [[Social democracy|social democratic]] caucuses. There was a wide gap between the scores of the two groups, which was filled by liberal caucuses. His survey of American legislative caucuses showed scores by American Republicans and Democrats were similar to the Canadian right and liberals, with a 44% correlation between party affiliation and score.<ref>{{cite book |title=The authoritarian specter |first=Bob |last=Altemeyer |author-link=Bob Altemeyer |date=1996 |pages=258–298}}</ref>

While in many Western European democracies, traditionally the left is associated with socially liberal and economically left values, while the right is traditionally associated with socially conservative and economically right values, Eastern European, post-communist parties are frequently juxtaposed, with economically left parties holding nationalist positions more frequently and economically right parties being liberal and internationalist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rohrschneider |first1=Robert |last2=Whitefield |first2=Stephen |date=10 October 2008 |title=Understanding Cleavages in Party Systems |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414008325285 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=280–313 |doi=10.1177/0010414008325285 |s2cid=154318189 |issn=0010-4140|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Nolan Chart]] is a [[political spectrum]] diagram created by [[United States|American]] [[Libertarian Party (United States)|libertarian]] activist [[David Nolan (libertarian)|David Nolan]] in 1969, charting [[political views]] along two axes, representing [[economic freedom]] and [[personal freedom]]. It expands political view analysis beyond the traditional one-dimensional [[Left–right political spectrum|left–right]]/progressive-conservative divide, positioning libertarianism outside the traditional spectrum.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics}}
* [[1800 United States presidential election#Campaign]]
* [[Big tent]]
* [[NOMINATE (scaling method)|NOMINATE]], a quantitative method for displaying the ideological orientation of legislators (such as members of the US Congress) on a two-dimensional map based on their roll-call voting, with one of the two dimensions corresponding to the left-right spectrum
* [[Political spectrum]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bobbio |first=Norberto |author-link=Norberto Bobbio |title=Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction |publisher=University of Chicago Press |others=Trans. and introduced by [[Allan Cameron (author)|Allan Cameron]] |year=1996 |isbn=0-226-06245-7 |translator-last= |translator= |url=https://archive.org/details/leftrightsignifi0000bobb/mode/2up?view=theater |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Whitefield |first2=Stephen |title=The Evolution of Left and Right in Post-Soviet Russia |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |volume=50 |number=6 |year=1998 |pages=1023–1042 |doi=10.1080/09668139808412579 |jstor=154054}}
* {{cite book |last=Gauchet |first=Marcel |chapter=Right and Left |editor1-first=Pierre |editor1-last=Nora |editor2-first=Lawrence D. |editor2-last=Kritzman |title=Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |date=1997 |isbn=0-231-10634-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jou |first=Willy |title=The heuristic value of the left–right schema in East Asia |journal=International Political Science Review |volume=31 |number=3 |year=2010 |pages=366–394 |doi=10.1177/0192512110370721 |s2cid=145568847}}
* {{cite book |last=Kazin |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Kazin |title=American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation |date=2011 |edition=First Vintage Books |publisher=[[Vintage Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Knapp |first1=Andrew |last2=Wright |first2=Vincent |title=The government and politics of France |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2001 |isbn=0-415-21526-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Lipset |first=Seymour Martin |author-link=Seymour Martin Lipset |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalmansoci00inlips |title=Political man: the social bases of politics |location=Garden City, NY |publisher=Doubleday |date=1960}}
* {{cite book |last1=March |first1=Luke |title=Radical left parties in Europe |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. |author-link=Marius Ostrowski |url=https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723 |title=Ideology |publisher=[[Polity]] |year=2022 |isbn=9781509540723}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. |author-link=Marius Ostrowski |date=2023 |title=The ideological morphology of left–centre–right |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 |journal=[[Journal of Political Ideologies]] |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–15|doi=10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pech |first1=Stanley Z. |title=Right, Left, and Centre in Eastern Europe 1860–1940: A Cross-National Profile |journal=[[Canadian Journal of History]] |volume=16 |number=2 |year=1981 |pages=237–262 |doi=10.3138/cjh.16.2.237}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ruypers |first1=John |title=Canadian and world politics |publisher=Emond Montgomery Publications Limited |date=2005 |isbn=1-55239-097-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Ware |first=Alan |title=Political Parties and Party Systems |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1996 |isbn=0-19-878076-1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zechmeister |first1=Elizabeth |title=What's left and who's right? A Q-method study of individual and contextual influences on the meaning of ideological labels |journal=[[Political Behavior]] |volume=28 |number=2 |year=2006 |pages=151–173 |doi=10.1007/s11109-006-9006-5 |s2cid=144588319}}
{{Refend}}

{{Political spectrum}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Left-right political spectrum}}
[[Category:Dichotomies]]
[[Category:Political spectrum]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]

Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

2026-03-17T12:02:13Z

AliciaPaschall: minor edit

{{Short description|Orthodox Church in Kerala, India}}
{{Redirect|Indian Orthodox Church|other uses|Indian Orthodox churches}}
{{about|the modern denomination|the historic church body|Malankara Church}}
{{distinguish|Jacobite Syrian Christian Church}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon =
| icon_width = 100px
| icon_alt = Logo of the MOSC
| name = Malankara Orthodox
Syrian Church
| image = Devalokam Aramana, Kottayam.jpg
| imagewidth = 250px
| alt = Large, white two-storey building
| caption = MOSC Catholicate Palace
| branched_from = [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Malankara Church]]
| type = [[Autocephaly]]
| main_classification = [[Christianity|Christian]]
| orientation = {{ubl|[[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]]|[[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]]}}
| liturgy = [[West Syriac Rite]] ([[Malankara Rite]])
| theology = [[Miaphysitism]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| scripture = [[Peshitta]]
| governance = Episcopal Synod
| structure =
| leader_title = Primate
| leader_name = [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]] [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]
| area = [[India]] and the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani]] [[Diaspora | diaspora]]
| language = [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and other Indian regional languages
| headquarters = Catholicate Palace, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| founder = [[Thomas the Apostle]] (according to tradition) [[Dionysius of Vattasseril|Dionysius VI]]<ref name=AutoD>{{cite web|url=https://smiocbristol.org/vattasseril-thirumeni|title=St. Vattasseril Geevarghese Mar Dionysios|access-date=5 May 2022|publisher=St. Mary's Indian Orthodox|location=[[Pilning]], [[Bristol]]}}</ref><ref name=Dissident/>{{rp|285}}<ref name=Gorgias/>
| founded_date = {{indented plainlist|
* c. 52 AD (Saint Thomas Christianity, by tradition),
*1912 (Establishment of Catholicate)<ref name=CNEWA/>}}
| independence = 1912 (Separation from the Syriac Orthodox Church)<ref name=CNEWA>{{cite web|url=https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/oriental-orthodox-churches/the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church/|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|publisher=[[Catholic Near East Welfare Association]]|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>
| absorbed =
| merged_into =
| separated_from = [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
| separations = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] (1930)<ref name=CEC>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Eastern Churches|author=[[Donald Attwater|Attwater, Donald]]|chapter=The Malankarese|publisher=Bruce Publishing Company|location=[[Milwaukee]]|date=1935|edition=1937 revised}}</ref>{{rp|197}}
| defunct =
| congregations_type =
| members = 1.2 - 2 million
| ministers =
| missionaries =
| churches =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| tax_status =
| tertiary =
| other_names = '''മലങ്കര സഭ''' ('''Malankara Church''') '''Indian Orthodox Church'''
| website = [http://www.malankaraorthodoxchurch.in mosc.in]
}}
{{Oriental Orthodox sidebar}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
The '''Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church''' ('''MOSC''')<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Arthur Russell|title= Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmMarHDbglgC&pg=PT40| year= 2010| publisher = Universal-Publishers| isbn= 978-1-59942-877-2|page=40|quote=The Malankara Orthodox Church of India(also called by a variety of names, such as the Malankara Church). It is located in Kerala, India.}}</ref> also known as the '''Indian Orthodox Church''' ('''IOC''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.neamericandiocese.org/index.aspx|title=Home|publisher=[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America|Northeast American Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> or simply as the '''Malankara Church''',<ref>{{Cite book| author1= John| author2= Anthony McGuckin|title=The Encyclopedia Of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 2 Volume Set| date= November 2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwells| location=West Sussex|isbn=978-1-4443-9254-8|pages=878|quote= The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, also known as '''Indian Orthodox Church''' also '''Malankara Church''', is one of the major and oldest churches in the world.}}</ref> is an [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]]<ref>{{Cite book|author1= Lucian N. Leustean|title= Eastern Christianity and the Cold War, 1945–91
|year=2010|publisher=Routeledge Taylor & Francis Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-86594-1|pages=317}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=Fahlbusch| author2 = Lochman| author3= Mbiti| author4= Pelikan| title= The Encyclopedia Of Christianity, Volume 5 S-Z| date = November 2010| publisher = Vandenhoeck&Rupercht|location=Gittingen, Germany|isbn= 978-0-8028-2417-2|pages=285|quote=The autocephalous Malankara Orthodox Church is governed by Holy Episcopal Synod of 24 Bishops presided over by His Holiness Moran Mar Baselios Mar Thoma Didimos Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan.}}</ref><ref name=CNEWA/> [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox church]] headquartered in [[#Catholicate|Devalokam]], near [[Kottayam]], [[India]]. It serves India's [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] (also known as ''Nasrani'') population. According to tradition, these communities originated in the missions of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century (circa 52 AD).<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch">[https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Muziris ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5''] by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing – 2008. p. 285. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2417-2}}.</ref> It employs the [[Malankara Rite]], an Indian form of the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]] [[liturgical rite]].

The MOSC traces its origin to the historic [[Malankara Church]] and its association with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. Between 1909 and 1912, differences regarding the extent of authority of the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch of Antioch]] led to a division within the Malankara Church. As a result, two ecclesiastical bodies emerged: the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (MOSC) and the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] (JSCC), both of which claim continuity with the Malankara Christian tradition.

Since 1912, the MOSC has maintained the office of the [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]], who also holds the title of [[Malankara Metropolitan]]. The current Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan is [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]], who serves as the primate of the church. In 1934, the MOSC adopted a constitution to systematize the function and administration of the church. It defined the conditional authority of the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch of Antioch]], and vested the powers of temporal and spiritual administration in the supreme hierarch who possesses the offices of the Catholicate and the Malankara Metropolitanate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacob |first=Jossi |chapter=Synodality and Conciliarity in the Life of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Indian Orthodox Church) |editor1=Irina Paert |editor2=Andrey Shishkov |editor3=Alison R. Kolosova |series=The Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Conciliarity in Modern Orthodox Christianity |pages=483-485 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>

The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is in communion with the other Oriental Orthodox Churches. Despite multiple efforts toward reconciliation, disputes between the MOSC and the JSCC, primarily concerning ecclesiastical authority and administrative matters, have continued, including legal proceedings and local conflicts.<ref name="Gorgias">{{cite book |title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians |chapter=Thomas Christians |publisher=[[Gorgias Press]] |author=[[Sebastian Brock|Brock, Sebastian P.]] |date=2018 |editor-last=Mardutho |editor-first=Beth |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="FirstPost">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/malankara-church-row-all-you-need-to-know-about-century-old-dispute-behind-high-drama-between-jacobite-orthodox-factions-in-kerala-7414211.html |title=Malankara church row: All you need to know about century-old dispute between Jacobite, Orthodox factions in Kerala |work=FirstPost |author=FP Staff |date=27 September 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Dissident">{{cite book |title=The Dissident Eastern Churches |author=[[Donald Attwater|Attwater, Donald]] |location=[[Milwaukee]] |publisher=Bruce Publishing Company |date=1937}}</ref>{{rp|272}}

The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts [[miaphysitism]],{{sfn|Winkler|1997|p=33-40}}{{sfn|Brock|2016|p=45–52}} (not to be confused with [[monophysitism]]), which holds that in the one person of [[Jesus Christ]], divinity and humanity are united in one (μία, ''mia'') nature (φύσις – "[[physis]]") without separation, without confusion, without alteration and without mixing<ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' by Ken Parry 2009 {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} page 88 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&dq=Miaphysitism&pg=PA88]</ref> where Christ is [[Consubstantiality|consubstantial]] with [[God the Father]]. Around 500 bishops within the Patriarchates of [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]] and [[Jerusalem]] refused to accept the [[dyophysitism]] (two natures) doctrine decreed by the 4th ecumenical council, the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451,{{Dubious|date=July 2021}} an incident that resulted in the second major split in the main body of the Christian Church (after the [[Nestorian schism]]). While the Oriental Orthodox churches rejected the [[Chalcedonian definition]], the sees that would later become the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] accepted this council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07218b.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1910-06-01 |access-date=2013-06-30}}</ref>

Self-reporting roughly 2.5 million members (with external estimates of roughly 1 million)<ref name=MOSCGorgias>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Baby|last=Varghese|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church |publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|year=2011|author-link=Baby Varghese|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1948-01-01 |title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/malankara-orthodox-syrian-church |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en}}</ref> across 32 [[diocese]]s worldwide, a significant proportion of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church's adherents reside in the southern India state of [[Kerala]] with the Malankara communities in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, South America, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name=MOSCPOP>{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/the_church/the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|access-date=31 May 2022|publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}</ref> ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity Online'' estimated the church has approximately 1.2 million members.<ref>{{Citation |title=Syrian Orthodox Churches in India |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/2211-2685_eco_SI.122 |access-date=2026-03-11 |language=en |doi=10.1163/2211-2685_eco_SI.122|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
{{See also|Saint Thomas Christian denominations|Malankara–Persia relations}}
[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|thumb|420x420px|Chronological diagram of Saint Thomas Christian denominations]]
According to tradition, Christianity first arrived in India with [[Thomas the Apostle]] during the 1st century AD, evolving into [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christianity]] over several centuries.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Baby Varghese|title= Renewal in the Malankara Orthodox Church, India|journal= Studies in World Christianity|volume= 16|issue= 3|year= 2010|publisher= [[Edinburgh University Press]]|pages= 226–244|doi= 10.3366/swc.2010.0102|issn= 1354-9901}}</ref> While isolated and generally independent in administration, Indian Christians maintained contact with the Christian hierarchies of [[Antioch]], Persia, and potentially Alexandria.<ref name="newadvent.org">{{cite book|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm#X|chapter=St. Thomas Christians|title=Catholic Encyclopedia|via=[[New Advent]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125064004/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm|archive-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians| title=Thomas Christians| website=eGEDSH| last1=Brock| first1=Sebastian P.}}</ref> The Saint Thomas Christians had relationships with the Persian [[Church of the East]] from at least the 6th century onward. The Indians inherited its [[East Syriac dialect]] for liturgical use and gradually became Syriac Christians in ritual and doctrine. They received clerical support from Persian bishops, who traveled to [[Kerala]] in merchant ships on the [[spice route]].{{sfnm|Frykenberg|2008|1p=93|Wilmshurst|2000|2p=343}} For much of this period, Saint Thomas Christians were under the leadership of an [[archdeacon]] (a native ecclesiastical head with temporal powers, deriving from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''arkhidiākonos'').

During the 16th century, efforts by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ''[[Padroado]]''–an arm of the [[Catholic Church]]–to bring the Saint Thomas Christians under the administration of the [[Latin Church]] and attempts to [[Liturgical Latinisation|Latinize]] the [[Malankara Rite]] led to the first of several rifts in the community. These divisions intensified following the 1599 [[Synod of Diamper]]. Saint Thomas Christians who were opposed to the [[Portuguese Padroado]] missionaries took the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] on 3 January 1653.{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=100}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=115-116}}{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=316}} The [[Dutch East India Company]] expulsion of the Portuguese from much of Malabar enabled the reconciliation of some Saint Thomas Christians and the Catholic Church, with this group eventually evolving into the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic]] church that adopted the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]'s [[East Syriac Rite]] and [[Dyophysite Christology|Diophysite christology]].

===Malankara Church===
{{main|Malankara Church}}

Many Saint Thomas Christian chose to remain independent from the Catholic Church. Patriarch Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, the [[Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem]], witnessed the 1665 ordination of Thomas as Bishop [[Thoma I]], who forged a renewed relationship with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] of Antioch and Saint Thomas Christians, which laid the foundation for adopting [[West Syriac Rite|West Syrian liturgy]] and practices over the next two centuries. Those who supported the indigenous church leader of Malankara, Thoma I, and adopted [[West Syriac Rite|West Syrian]] liturgies and practices and [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] faith evolved into the [[Malankara Church]].{{sfnm|Vadakkekara|2007|1pp=84, 86|Frykenberg|2008|2p=361}}<ref>"Synod of Diamper." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 December 2011.</ref><ref>For the Acts and Decrees of the Synod cf. Michael Geddes, "A Short History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper &c." London, 1694;Repr. in George Menachery, Ed., Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, Ollur 1998, pp.33-112</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India"</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Eugene Cardinal Tisserant, "Eastern Christianity in India"</ref>

===19th and 20th centuries===
The Arthat Padiyola declared that the administration of Arthat Church was independent and the bishops from Rome, Antioch, and Babylon had no role in the Malankara Church hierarchy, despite continued efforts to integrate the remaining independent Saint Thomas Christians into these patriarchates. In 1807, four gospels of Holy Bible in Syriac were translated to Malayalam by Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban. The Malankara Orthodox Theological Seminary in Kottayam was established in 1815 under the leadership of Pulikottil Ittup Ramban (Mar Dionysius II). The Mavelikara Synod (Padiyola) led by Cheppad Mar Dionysius rejected the suggestions put forward by Anglican missioneries and Reformation group and declared the beliefs and theology of Malankara Church were same as the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

[[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril]], who became the Malankara metropolitan bishop in 1908, played a significant role with the other clerical and lay leaders of Malankara in re-establishing the [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicate of the East]] in India in 1912. Relations with the Syrian Orthodox Church soured in 1909, as [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch]] [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]] who arrived in India claimed temporal jurisdiction over the Church. Dionysius rejected the request, leading to the Patriarch issuing an encyclical deposing him, and thus emerged two factions in the Church.<ref>{{cite book |last= Daniel|first=David |date= July 1972 |title= The Orthodox Church of India: History |publisher= Printaid, New Delhi |pages = 210-215 }}</ref> The faction that supported the Patriarch came to be called as "Bava Kakshi" (Patriarch Faction) and the faction that supported the Malankara Metropolitan came to be known as "Methran Kakshi" (Metropolitan Faction).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/feud-began-19th-century-what-happened-jacobite-orthodox-locked-horns-96295 | title=A feud that began in 19th century: What happened before Jacobite-Orthodox locked horns | date=6 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/1599-today-tracing-kerala-s-jacobite-vs-orthodox-church-battle-66476 | title=From 1599 to today: Tracing Kerala's Jacobite vs Orthodox church battle | date=8 August 2017 }}</ref> The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, wishing to retain its [[autocephaly]], appealed to emeritus [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch]] [[Ignatius Abdul Masih II]] who, according to later Syriac Orthodox sources, was deposed by a Synod in 1903.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=George|last=Kiraz|title=Abdulmasīḥ II|encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Goerge A. Kiraz |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/entry/Abdulmasih-II |publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|year=2011 |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> He enthroned Murimattathil Paulose Ivanios as [[Baselios Paulose I]], [[Catholicos of the East]], on the Throne of St. Thomas at St. Mary's Church in [[Niranam]] on 15 September 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niranamchurch.com/|title= About the church|year = 2009|publisher= Niranam St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church|access-date=25 April 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100127171538/http://niranamchurch.com/|archive-date= 27 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1934, the Malankara Church adopted a constitution to regulate its administration, parishes, and institutions. In 1947, Saint [[Gregorios of Parumala]] was declared as a saint by the Church. In 1952, the official residence of the Malankara Metropolitan and the Headquarters of Malankara Church was shifted to Devalokam from Old Seminary. In 1958, The Supreme Court declared Catholicos Baselios Geevarghese II as the legitimate Malankara Metropolitan, and the two factions of the Malankara Orthodox Church rejoined. In 1964, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch participated in the enthronement ceremony of the Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan, Baselios Augen I. In 1995, the Supreme Court of India declared the MOSC constitution adopted in 1934 was valid.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

=== 21st century ===
In 2002, fresh elections were conducted in Malankara Association under the observation of Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court declared Catholicos [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]] is the official and legitimate Malankara Metropolitan and also declared that this decision cannot be disputed in any platform. In 2003, Vattasheril [[Dionysius VI]] was declared as a saint. In 2012, the centennial of the establishment of the church and Catholicate were celebrated with history classes and church publications.<ref name=TOICentennial>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Centenary-celebrations-of-Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church-begin/articleshow/10591803.cms|title = Centenary celebrations of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church begin | Kochi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=3 November 2011 }}</ref> On 3 July 2017, a major verdict by the Supreme Court of India declared the MOSC legally applicable to all parishes in disputed possession between the MOSC and [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://scroll.in/article/858273/a-century-old-church-dispute-in-kerala-flares-up-again-as-supreme-court-rejects-plea-on-leadership| website=scroll.in| title=Kerala church split}}</ref>
==Hierarchy and doctrine==
[[File:Malankara Metropolitan Mathews III.jpg|thumb|411x411px|[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]] Present Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan]]
The spiritual head of the church is the Catholicos of the East, and its temporal head is the [[Malankara Metropolitan]]. Since 1934, both titles have been vested in one person; the official title of the head of the church is "The Catholicos of the Apostolic Throne of Saint Thomas and The Malankara Metropolitan". Baselios Marthoma Mathews III was enthroned as the Malankara Metropolitan and the Catholicos of the East. He is  the ninth [[Catholicose of the East]] in Malankara and the 21st [[Malankara Metropolitan]].

[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], including the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, accept only the first three [[ecumenical council]]s: the [[First Council of Nicaea]], the [[First Council of Constantinople]], and the [[Council of Ephesus]]. The church, like all other Oriental Orthodox Churches, uses the original [[Nicene Creed]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mosc.in/the_church/the-ecumenical-council-of-nicea-and-nicene-creed/|title=The Creed | Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|website=mosc.in}}</ref> without the [[filioque clause]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mosc.in/the_church/oriental-and-eastern-orthodox-churches/|title=Oriental and Eastern Orthodox churches | Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|website=mosc.in}}</ref> Like the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], it primarily uses the [[liturgy of Saint James]] in [[Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] and other Indian languages.

=== Liturgy and canonical hours ===
[[File:Holy Mass Celebration in Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.jpg|alt=Eucharist celebration|thumb|left|Eucharist celebration of the church.]]
[[File:Holy Altar Kallada church.jpg|thumb|Holy Altar of St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, Kallada]]
The church has used the [[Malankara Rite]], part of the [[Antiochene Rite]], since the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianorthodoxireland.ie/catholicate/liturgy/|title=Liturgy Holy Qurbana St. Thomas Indian Orthodox Church|date=2016-05-13|website=indianorthodoxireland.ie|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref> The [[Jacobite Church]] and the [[Maronite Church]] also belong to the same liturgical family. In the first half of the fifth century, the Antiochene church adopted the [[Liturgy of Saint James]]. In the 4th and 5th centuries, The liturgical language of fourth- and fifth-century Jerusalem and Antioch was Greek, and the original liturgy was composed in Greek.

After the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451, the [[Eastern Church]] was divided in two; one group accepted the council, and the other opposed it. Both groups continued to use the Greek version of the Saint James liturgy. The [[Justin I|Byzantine emperor Justin]] (518–527) expelled the opponents from Antioch, and they took refuge in the Syriac-speaking [[Mesopotamia]] on the Roman–Persian border (modern eastern Syria, [[Iraq]], and southeastern Turkey). The Antiochene liturgical rites were gradually translated into Syriac, and [[Syriac sacral music|Syriac hymns]] were introduced.

Gregorios Abdal Jaleel came to Malankara from Jerusalem in 1665 and introduced Syriac Orthodox liturgical rites. The most striking characteristic of the Antiochene liturgy is its large number of [[Anaphora (liturgy)|anaphoras]] (celebrations of the [[Eucharist]]). About eighty are known, and about a dozen are used in India. All have been composed following the Liturgy of Saint James.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=242
| title = Malankara Orthodox Church – Holy Qurbana
| publisher = Malankaraorthodoxchurch.in
| access-date = 23 October 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430041054/http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=242
| archive-date = 30 April 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

Christians of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church pray the [[canonical hours]] of the [[Shehimo]] at [[fixed prayer times]] seven times a day.<ref name="Kurian2020">{{cite web |last1=Kurian |first1=Jake |title="Seven Times a Day I Praise You" – The Shehimo Prayers |url=http://www.ds-wa.org/seven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html |publisher=[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America|Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]|access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref>

The [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|liturgy of Mor Addai]] is still in use, in anaphora form, similar to the Maronite Sharar. The [[Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom|anaphora of St. John Chrysostom]] is sometimes used.

=== Saints ===
{{Nasrani people}}
In conformity with other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox churches]], and also with the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]], the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church adheres to the tradition of seeking the [[intercession of saints]]. Several have been [[Canonization|canonized]]:
* [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala]]: Entombed in [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala]], and canonized by Geevarghese II in 1947
* [[Baselios Yeldo]]: Entombed in [[St. Thomas Church, Kothamangalam]], and canonised by Geevarghese II in 1947
* [[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril]]: Entombed in the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]], and canonized by Mathews II in 2003
* [[Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares]]: Entombed in St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Ribandar, and declared a regional saint by Paulose II in 2015. (Not officially canonized a saint)<ref>{{cite book |last1= Philip|first1= Dr. Ajesh T.|last2=Alexander| first2=George| date= May 2018|series =Western Rites of Syriac-Malankara Orthodox Churches | volume = I|title= The Mission Untold|location= India|publisher= OCP Publications, Alappuzha| pages = 17|isbn= 978-1-387-80316-3}}</ref>
* [[Fr. Roque Zephrin Noronah]]: Entombed in St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Brahmavar, and declared a regional saint by Paulose II in 2015 (Not officially canonized a saint)<ref>{{cite book |last1= Philip|first1= Dr. Ajesh T.|last2=Alexander| first2=George| date= May 2018|series =Western Rites of Syriac-Malankara Orthodox Churches | volume = I|title= The Mission Untold|location= India|publisher= OCP Publications, Alappuzha| pages = 83|isbn= 978-1-387-80316-3}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="230">
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala (1905).jpg|alt=Painted icon|Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala
File:Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril.jpg|alt=Another icon|Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril
File:Juliusthirumeni.jpg|alt=Another icon|Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares
</gallery>

=== Metropolitan ===
The temporal, ecclesiastical and spiritual administration of the church is vested in the [[Malankara Metropolitan]], subject to the church constitution which was adopted in 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ovsonline.in/1934-constitution-malankara-orthodox-church/|title=1934 constitution of The Malankara Church (മലങ്കരസഭ ഭരണഘടന)|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502165529/http://www.ovsonline.in/1934-constitution-malankara-orthodox-church/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Malankara Metropolitan is president of the Malankara Syrian Christian Association (Malankara Association) and its managing committee, and trustee of community properties. He is the custodian of the Pazhaya Seminary and other common properties of Malankara Syrian Community. He is also the custodian of vattipanam interest which was deposited in Travancore Government by Marthoma VII. He is elected by the Malankara association.

==== List of Malankara metropolitans ====
{{div col}}
#[[Thoma I]] (1653–1670)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koonankurishu.net/koonan-kurishu-old-syrian-church/koonan-kurishu-sathyam/amp/|title=Coonan Cross Oath History|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140528/http://koonankurishu.net/koonan-kurishu-old-syrian-church/koonan-kurishu-sathyam/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#[[Thoma II]] (1670–1686)
#[[Thoma III]] (1686–1688)
#[[Thoma IV]] (1688–1728)
#[[Thoma V]] (1728–1765)
#[[Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Malankara|Thoma VI]] (1765–1808)
#[[Thoma VII]] (1808–1809)
#[[Thoma VIII]] (1809–1816)
#[[Thoma IX]] (1816)
#[[Pulikkottil Dionysius II|Dionysius II]] (1816)
#[[Punnathra Dionysius III|Dionysius III]] (1817–1825)
#[[Dionysius IV of Cheppad|Dionysius IV]] (1825–1852)
#[[Mathews Athanasius]] (1852–1877)
#[[Dionysious V|Dionysius V]] (1865–1909)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1883692/|title=Royal Court Verdict declared Pulikottil Joseph Dionysius as the rightful Malankara Metropolitan}}</ref>
#[[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril|Dionysius VI]] (1909–1934)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/107194354/?type=print/|title=In 1929, Travancore High Court declared Dionysius of Vattasseril will remain as the Malankara Metropolitan (Vattipanam Suit)}}</ref>
#[[Baselios Geevarghese II|Geevarghese II]] (1934–1964)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/107194354/?type=print/|title=In 1958, Supreme Court of India declared Baselios Geevarghese II is the rightful Malankara Metropolitan (Samudayam Suit)}}</ref> ''From 1934 Malankara Metropolitan also holds the office of [[Catholicos of the East]] of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.''
#[[Baselios Augen I|Augen I]] (1964–1975), also Catholicos of the East
#[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I|Mathews I]] (1975–1991), also Catholicos of the East
#[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II|Mathews II]] (1991–2005),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=60636|title=Supreme Court Order July 12, 2002 | Malankara Orthodox TV}}</ref> also Catholicos of the East
#[[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I|Didymos I]] (2005–2010), also Catholicos of the East
#[[Paulose II (Indian Orthodox Church)|Paulose II]] (2010–2021), also Catholicos of the East
#[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III|Mathews III]] (15 October 2021 – present), also Catholicos of the East<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/supreme-head-of-the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church-passes-away/article35273281.ece/ |title=Supreme head of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church passes away|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/new-catholicos-of-the-east-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii-installed-phot-report/|title=Ordination of the new Malankara Metropolitan & Catholicos. H.H Moran Baselios Marthoma Paulose 2 is the present Malankara Metropolitan.Baselios Marthoma Paulose 2 is the 21st Malankara Metropolitan.|date=November 2010|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308194753/https://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/new-catholicos-of-the-east-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii-installed-phot-report/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Catholicate ===
"Catholicos" means "the general head", and can be considered equivalent to "universal bishop."<ref name="Catholicate">{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/catholicate|title=The Catholicate of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|website=Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> The early church had three priestly ranks: ''episcopos'' (bishop), priest and deacon. By the end of the third century, bishops of important cities in the [[Roman Empire]] became known as metropolitans. The fourth-century ecumenical councils recognized the authority of the metropolitan. By the fifth century, the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria and Antioch gained control of the churches in surrounding cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Catholicate of the Malankara orthodox Syrian Church {{!}} |url=https://mosc.in/catholicate/catholicate/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=mosc.in}}</ref> They gradually became the heads of the regional churches, and were known as patriarchs (common father).

Outside the Roman Empire, patriarchs were known as catholicos. There were four catholicates before the fifth century: the Catholicate of the East, the Catholicate of Armenia, the Catholicate of Georgia and the Catholicate of Albania. The archdeacons reigned from the fourth to the 16th centuries; in 1653, the archdeacon was elevated to bishop by the community as Mar Thoma I.

The Catholicate of the East was relocated to India in 1912, and [[Baselios Paulose I]] was seated on the apostolic throne of St. Thomas as the Catholicos of the East by the disposed Patriarch of Antioch Abdul Masih. The headquarters of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and the Catholicos of the East is the Catholicate Palace at Devalokam, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], which was consecrated on 31 December 1951. The new palace, built in 1961, was dedicated by visiting Armenian Catholicos [[Vazgen I]].

The Holy Synod and Managing committee designated H.G.Dr. Mathews Mor Severios to the new Malankara Metropolitan and Catholicos of Malankara Church succeeding Baselios Marthoma Paulose II. He was consecrated as the 22nd Malankara Metropolitan during the Malankara Association that took place on 14 October 2021 at St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala and enthroned as the 9th Catholicos of Malankara Church on 15 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stthomasorthodoxcathedral.com/index.php?/our-church/catholicos-of-the-east.html|title=Catholicos of the East {{!}} our-church|website=stthomasorthodoxcathedral.com|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804005445/https://www.stthomasorthodoxcathedral.com/index.php?%2Four-church%2Fcatholicos-of-the-east.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Relic]]s of St. Thomas are kept in the catholicate chapel, and [[Baselios Geevarghese II|Geevarghese II]], [[Baselios Augen I|Augen I]], [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I|Mathews I]] and [[Paulose II (Indian Orthodox Church)|Paulose II]] are interred there.

==== List of Catholicos of the East of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church ====
{{div col}}
*[[Baselios Paulose I]] (1912–1913)
** Vacant (1913–1925)
*[[Baselios Geevarghese I]] (1925–1928)
*[[Baselios Geevarghese II]] (1929–1964)
** From 1934 Catholicos is also holding the office of [[Malankara Metropolitan]].
*[[Baselios Augen I]] (1964–1975)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I|Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews I]] (1975–1991)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II|Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II]] (1991–2005)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I|Baselios Mar Thoma Didymos I]] (2005–2010)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II|Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]] (2010–2021)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III|Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews III]] (2021–present)
{{div col end}}

==Administration==
Until the 17th century, the church was administered by the archdeacon (Malankara Moopan).<ref>Niranam Granthavari (Record of History written during 1770–1830). Editor Paul Manalil, M.O.C.Publications, Catholicate Aramana, Kottayam. 2002.</ref> The elected archdeacon was in charge of day-to-day affairs, including the ordination of deacons to the priesthood. Ordinations were performed by Persian bishops visiting India. The Malankara Palliyogam (a forerunner of the Malankara Association) consisted of elected representatives from individual parishes. The isolation of the Malankara Church from the rest of [[Christendom]] preserved the apostolic age's democratic nature through interactions with Portuguese (Roman Catholic) and British (Anglican) colonialists. From the 17th to the 20th centuries, the church had five pillars of administration:
* The Episcopal Synod, presided over by the Catholicos of the East
* The Malankara Association, presided by [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
* Three trustees: the Malankara metropolitan and [[Priest Trustee|priest]] and lay trustees
* The Malankara Association's managing and working committees<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/administration/the-managing-committee|title=The Managing Committee|website=mosc.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/administration/the-working-committee|title=The Working Committee|website=mosc.in}}</ref>

===1934 church constitution===
Envisioned by Dionysius VI, the church's general and day-to-day administration was codified in its 1934 constitution. The constitution<ref name=mosc>{{cite web|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Constitution|year= 1934|url= https://mosc.in/uploads/2015/05/MOSC-Constitution.pdf|quote=The Malankara Church is a division of the Orthodox Syrian Church. The Primate of the Orthodox Syrian Church is the Patriarch of Antioch.}}</ref> was presented at the 26 December 1934 Malankara Christian Association meeting at M. D. Seminary,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/administration/administration|title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Church |website=mosc.in}}</ref> adopted and enacted. It has been amended three times. Although the constitution was challenged in court by dissident supporters of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]], [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] rulings in 1958, 1995, 2017 and 2018 upheld its validity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-says-no-review-of-malankara-verdict/article20487475.ece|title=SC says no review of Malankara Church verdict: Upholds 1934 constitution of Church| last=Rajagopal|first= Krishnadas|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 November 2017}}</ref>

The constitution's first article asserts the relationship between the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Malankara Church. The second article addresses the establishment of the Malankara Church by St. Thomas and ascribes primacy to the [[Catholicos]]. The third article regards the church's name. The fourth article describes the faith and its traditions. The fifth article examines church governance [[canon law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/administration/administration|title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Church|publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>

===Malankara Association===
The elected Malankara Association, consisting of parish members, manages the church's religious and social concerns. Formerly the Malankara Palli-yogam (മലങ്കര പള്ളി യോഗം; Malankara Parish Assembly, its modern form is believed to have been founded in 1873 as the Mulanthuruthy Synod, a gathering of parish representatives in [[Parumala]]. In 1876, the Malankara Association began.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=266
| title = Malankara Association
| publisher = malankaraorthodoxchurch.in
| access-date = 22 October 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130425202247/http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=266
| archive-date = 25 April 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

The church constitution outlines the association's powers and responsibilities. The [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]] is the president, and the diocesan [[metropolitan bishop]]s are vice-presidents. All positions are elected. Each parish is represented in the association by an elected priest and laypeople, proportional to parish-membership size.

===Co-trustees===

This is a list of co-trustees ([[Priest Trustee|priest trustee]] & lay trustee) elected by the Malankara Association of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/administration/malankara-association |title=Malankara Association |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ovsonline.in/?p=27876 |title=Malankara Association |publisher=www.ovsonline.in |accessdate=2023-04-15}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 10%; color: #000000;" | Year of Election
! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Clergy Trustee
! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Duration
! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Lay Trustee
! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Duration

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1869
| style="text-align: center;"|Punnathra Chacko Chandapilla Kathanar
| style="text-align: center;"|21 Oct 1869 – 13 Sep 1886
| style="text-align: center;"|Kulangara Ittychan Pailey
| style="text-align: center;"|12 Oct 1869 – ?

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1886
| style="text-align: center;"|Konat Kora Yohannan Kathanar
| style="text-align: center;"|13 Sep 1886 – 9 Mar 1890
| style="text-align: center;"|Kunnumpurath Kora Ulahannan, Kottayam
| style="text-align: center;"|13 Sep 1886 & 31 Mar 1892 – 24 Feb 1901

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1892
| style="text-align: center;"|Konat Kora Mathan Malpan
| style="text-align: center;"|31 Mar 1892 & 23 Nov 1895 – 7 Sep 1911
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1901
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|C. J. Kurien (Kunnumpurath Ulahannan Kora), Kottayam
| style="text-align: center;"|25 Apr 1901 – 7 Sep 1911

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1911
| style="text-align: center;"|Palappalil Mani Paulose Kathanar Pampakuda
| style="text-align: center;"|7 Sep 1911 – 21 Dec 1955
| style="text-align: center;"|Chirakadavil Kora Kochu Korula, Kottayam (d. 1931)
| style="text-align: center;"|07 Sep 1911 – 31 May 1931

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1931
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|E. I Joseph, Kottayam
| style="text-align: center;"|10 Jul 1931 – 15 Jul 1946

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1958
| style="text-align: center;"|Manalil Jacob Kathanar
| style="text-align: center;"|26 Dec 1958 – 28 Dec 1965
| style="text-align: center;"|Ooppoottil Kurian Abraham, Kottayam
| style="text-align: center;"|26 Dec 1958 – 12 Dec 1978

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1965
| style="text-align: center;"|Thengumthottathil T. S. Abraham Cor Episcopa
| style="text-align: center;"|28 Dec 1965 – 28 Dec 1982
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1980
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|Padinjarekkara P. C. Abraham, Kottayam
| style="text-align: center;"|1 May 1980 – 21 Mar 2007

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1982
| style="text-align: center;"|Konat Abraham Malpan
| style="text-align: center;"|28 Dec 1982 – 3 Mar 1987
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|1987
| style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Mathai Nooranal
| style="text-align: center;"|29 Dec 1987 – 29 Nov 2002
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|2004
| style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Dr. O. Thomas
| style="text-align: center;"|10 Jun 2004 – 21 Mar 2007
| style="text-align: center;"|-
| style="text-align: center;"|

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|2007
| style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Johns Abraham Konat
| style="text-align: center;"|21 Mar 2007 – 7 Mar 2012
| style="text-align: center;"|M.G. George Muthoot
| style="text-align: center;"|21 Mar 2007 – 7 Mar 2012

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|2012
| style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Johns Abraham Konat
| style="text-align: center;"|7 Mar 2012 – 1 Mar 2017
| style="text-align: center;"|M.G. George Muthoot
| style="text-align: center;"|7 Mar 2012 – 1 Mar 2017

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|2017
| style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Dr. M.O. John
| style="text-align: center;"|1 Mar 2017 – 4 Aug 2022
| style="text-align: center;"|George Paul (d. 2019)
| style="text-align: center;"|1 Mar 2017 – 26 Nov 2019

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"
| style="text-align: center;"|2022
| style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Dr. Thomas Varghese Amayil
| style="text-align: center;"|4 Aug 2022 – present
| style="text-align: center;"|Ronny Varghese Abraham
| style="text-align: center;"|4 Aug 2022 – present
|}

===Dioceses===
The following are Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church dioceses:<ref>{{cite web|title= Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Dioceses|url=http://mosc.in/dioceses|work=mosc.in|access-date=10 April 2018|date=1 November 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Dioceses !! Territory || Incumbent Metropolitan
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Orthodox Diocese|Thiruvananthapuram Diocese]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kanyakumari]]
|[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]<ref name="mar-gregorios-retirement-kalpana" />
|-
|[[Kollam Orthodox Diocese|Kollam Diocese]]
|[[Kollam]]
|H. G. Dr. [[Joseph Mar Dionysius]]
|-
|[[Kottarakkara Punaloor Orthodox Diocese|Kottarakkara Punaloor Diocese]]
|[[Kottarakkara]], [[Punalur]]
|H. G. [[Yuhanon Thevodoros|Yuhanon Mar Thevodoros]]
|-
|[[Adoor Kadampanad Orthodox Diocese|Adoor Kadampanad Diocese]]
|[[Adoor]], [[Kadampanad]]
|H. G. [[Zacharias Aprem|Zacharias Mar Aprem]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2025/01/Kalpana-No.-194-2025-H-G-Mar-Aprem-Metropolitan.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 194/2025 – H. G. Mar Aprem, Metropolitan (Adoor-Kadampanad) |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2025-11-28}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thumpamon Orthodox Diocese|Thumpamon Diocese]]
|[[Thumpamon]]
|H. G. [[Abraham Mar Seraphim]]
|-
|[[Nilakal Orthodox Diocese|Nilakal Diocese]]
|[[Nilackal]] and [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] regions
|H. G. [[Joshua Nicodemos|Joshua Mar Nicodimos]]
|-
|[[Mavelikara Orthodox Diocese|Mavelikara Diocese]]
|[[Mavelikara]]
|H. G. [[Abraham Ephiphanios|Abraham Mar Ephiphanios]]
|-
|[[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese|Chengannur Diocese]]
|[[Chengannur]]
|H. G. [[Mathews Thimothios (Malankara bishop)|Mathews Mar Thimotheos]]
|-
|[[Niranam Orthodox Diocese|Niranam Diocese]]
|[[Niranam]]
|H. G. [[Yuhanon Chrysostamos|Yuhanon Mar Chrysostamos]]
|-
|[[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Diocese]]
|[[Kottayam]]
|H. G. [[Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros]]
|-
|[[Kottayam Central Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Central Diocese]]
|[[Kottayam]]
|[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]
|-
|[[Idukki Orthodox Diocese|Idukki Diocese]]
|[[Idukki]]
|H. G. [[Zachariah Mar Severios]]
|-
|[[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad West Diocese]]
|[[Kandanad]]
|[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]
|-
|[[Kandanad East Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad East Diocese]]
|[[Kandanad]]
|H. G. [[Thomas Mar Athanasius (Malankara bishop)|Thomas Mar Athanasius]]
|-
|[[Kochi Orthodox Diocese|Kochi Diocese]]
|[[Kochi]]
|H. G. [[Yakob Irenios|Yakob Mar Irenios]]
|-
|[[Angamaly Malankara Orthodox Diocese|Angamaly Diocese]]
|[[Angamaly]]
|H. G. [[Yuhanon Policarpos|Yuhanon Mar Policarpos]]
|-
|[[Thrissur Orthodox Diocese|Thrissur Diocese]]
|[[Thrissur ]]
|H. G. [[Yuhanon Meletius|Yuhanon Mar Meletius]]
|-
|[[Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese|Kunnamkulam Diocese]]
|[[Kunnamkulam]]
|H. G. [[Geevarghese Mar Yulios]]
|-
|[[Malabar Diocese]]
|[[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]
|H. G. [[Geevarghese Pachomios|Geevarghese Mar Pachomios]]
|-
|[[Sulthan Bathery Orthodox Diocese|Sulthan Bathery Diocese]]
|[[Wayanad]]
|H. G. [[Geevarghese Barnabas|Geevarghese Mar Barnabas]]
|-
|[[Brahmavar Orthodox Diocese|Brahmavar Diocese]]
|[[Karnataka]], [[Goa]]
|H. G. [[Yakob Elias|Yakob Mar Elias]]
|-
|[[Bangalore Orthodox Diocese|Bangalore Diocese]]
|[[Bangalore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
|H. G. [[Geevarghese Philoxenos|Geevarghese Mar Philoxenos]] (Asst.)
|-
|[[Madras Orthodox Diocese|Madras Diocese]]
|[[Tamilnadu]], [[Andaman Nicobar]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
|H. G. [[Geevarghese Philoxenos|Geevarghese Mar Philoxenos]]
|-
|[[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Bombay Diocese]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|H. G. [[Geevarghese Coorilose (Malankara bishop)|Geevarghese Mar Coorilose]]
|-
|[[Ahmedabad Orthodox Diocese|Ahmedabad Diocese]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]] , [[Rajasthan]] and [[Oman]]
|H. G. [[Geevarghese Theophilos|Geevarghese Mar Theophilos]]
|-
|[[Delhi Orthodox Diocese|Delhi Diocese]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]],[[Punjab]],[[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] and [[United Arab Emirates]]
|H. G. [[Youhanon Demetrios|Youhanon Mar Demetrios]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Orthodox Diocese|Calcutta Diocese]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and parts of - [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]], and [[West Bengal]]
|H. G. [[Alexios Eusebios|Alexios Mar Eusebios]]
|-
|[[UK, Europe and Africa Malankara Orthodox Diocese|UK, Europe and Africa Diocese]]
|[[UK]], [[Europe]]
|H. G. [[Abraham Stephanos]]
|-
|[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America|Northeast America Diocese]]
|[[America]]
|H. G. [[Zachariah Nicholovos|Zachariah Mar Nicholovos]]
|-
|[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America|Southwest America Diocese]]
|[[America]]
|H. G. [[Thomas Ivanios|Thomas Mar Ivanios]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ds-wa.org/202210182047/his-grace-thomas-mar-ivanios-metropolitan.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028002348/https://ds-wa.org/202210182047/his-grace-thomas-mar-ivanios-metropolitan.html|archivedate=28 Oct 2022|title= His Grace Thomas Mar Ivanios Metropolitan}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Canada|Canada Diocese]]<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Kalpana No.267/2024 – New Diocese|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2024/01/No.-267-2024-New-Diocese-with-List.pdf |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=mosc.in |date=1 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|[[Canada]]
|H. G. [[Zachariah Nicholovos|Zachariah Mar Nicholovos]]
|-
|[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Asia Pacific|Asia Pacific Diocese]]<ref name="auto"/>
|[[Asia]] and [[Pacific]] Regions
|H. G. [[Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros]]
|}

=== Metropolitan bishops ===
The church's episcopal synod has the following diocesan bishops:<ref>{{cite web | title =Holy Synod | url =http://mosc.in/holysynod | website =mosc.in | date = 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2022/01/Kalpana-344-2022-1.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 344/2022 Appointments of Bishops |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-27}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Diocesan Bishop !! Metropolitan of Diocese || Notes
|-
|[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]
|[[Kottayam Central Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Central]], [[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad West]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Orthodox Diocese|Trivandrum Diocese]]<ref name="mar-gregorios-retirement-kalpana">{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2025/01/No.-232-2025-Kalpana-to-all-Parish.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 232/2025 – H.G. Dr. Gabriel Mar Gregorios Metropolitan: Kalpana to all Parish |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2025-11-30}}</ref>, [[Bangalore Orthodox Diocese|Bangalore Diocese]], [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Asia Pacific|Asia Pacific Diocese]] and [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Canada|Canada Diocese]]
|Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan.
|-
|[[Thomas Mar Athanasius (Malankara bishop)|Thomas Athanasius]]
|[[Kandanad East Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad East Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Yuhanon Meletius]]
|[[Thrissur Orthodox Diocese|Thrissur Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Kuriakose Clemis]]
|
|Valiya Metropolita<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2023/01/No.-248-Kalpana-H-G-Mar-Cleemis-Metropolitan.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 248 – H G Mar Cleemis Valiya Metropolita |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-26}}</ref> – Retired
|-
|[[Geevarghese Coorilose (Malankara bishop)|Geevarghese Coorilose]]
|[[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Bombay Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Zachariah Nicholovos]]
|[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America|Northeast America Diocese]]
|Asst. Metropolitan of [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Canada|Canada Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neamericandiocese.org/news/news-events/-new-diocese-for-the-malankara-church/489?fbclid=IwY2xjawGX7KxleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHfL_5IHGU4fURcEEdaOSYUe453Rolp8wbCC6CCw2U_2V5b5IO7iSrTfmpg_aem_FcAFM8XblqXQ8p42tB_Kzw|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Canada Diocese (Kalpana No. MOSC/CMM/270/2024)|publisher=neamericandiocese.org|accessdate=2024-11-05}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yakob Irenios]]
|[[Kochi Orthodox Diocese|Kochi Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Gabriel Gregorios]]
|
|Retired<ref name="mar-gregorios-retirement-kalpana" />
|-
|[[Yuhanon Chrysostamos]]
|[[Niranam Orthodox Diocese|Niranam Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Yuhanon Policarpos]]
|[[Angamaly Malankara Orthodox Diocese|Ankamali Diocese]]
|
|-
|Mathews Theodosius
|
|On Leave
|-
|[[Joseph Dionysius]]
|[[Kollam Orthodox Diocese|Kollam Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Abraham Ephiphanios]]
|[[Mavelikara Orthodox Diocese|Mavelikara Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Mathews Thimothios (Malankara bishop)|Mathews Thimothios]]
|[[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese|Chengannur Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Alexios Eusebios]]
|[[Calcutta Orthodox Diocese|Calcutta Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Yuhanon Dioscoros]]
|[[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Diocese]]
|Asst. Metropolitan of [[Kottayam Central Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Central]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malankarasabha.org/content/22212/New-markAssistant-Metropolitanmark-Appointed-for-Kottayam-Central-Diocese-Malankara-Orthodox-Church|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Kottayam Central Diocese|publisher=www.malankarasabha.org|accessdate=2024-07-12}}</ref> [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Asia Pacific|Asia Pacific Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malankarasabha.org/content/30005/Dr-Yuhanon-Mar-Diascoros-Appointed-as-Assistant-Bishop-of-the-AsiaPacific-Diocese|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Asia-Pacific Diocese Kalpana No. MOSC/CMM/271/2024|publisher=malankarasabha.org|accessdate=2024-11-05}}</ref>
|-
|[[Youhanon Demetrios]]
|[[Delhi Orthodox Diocese|Delhi Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Yuhanon Thevodoros]]
|[[Kottarakkara Punalur Orthodox Diocese|Kottarakara–Punalur Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Yakob Elias]]
|[[Brahmavar Orthodox Diocese|Brahmavar Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Joshua Nicodemos]]
|[[Nilakal Orthodox Diocese|Nilackal Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Zacharias Aprem]]
|[[Adoor Kadampanad Orthodox Diocese|Adoor–Kadampanadu Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Geevarghese Yulios]]
|[[Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese|Kunnamkulam Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Abraham Seraphim]]
|[[Thumpamon Orthodox Diocese|Thumpamon Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2023/01/Kalpana-Thumpamon-Diocese.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 240 – Thumpamon Diocese Mar Seraphim Metropolitan |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-27}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Abraham Stephanos]]
|[[UK, Europe and Africa Malankara Orthodox Diocese|UK, Europe, Africa Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Thomas Ivanios]]
|[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America|Southwest America Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Geevarghese Theophilos]]
|[[Ahmedabad Orthodox Diocese|Ahmedabad Diocese]]
|Asst. Metropolitan of [[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Bombay Diocese]]
|-
|[[Geevarghese Philexinos]]
|[[Madras Orthodox Diocese|Madras Diocese]]
|Asst. Metropolitan of [[Bangalore Orthodox Diocese|Bangalore Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2023/01/Kalpana-Bangalore-Diocese.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 242 – Bangalore Diocese Mar Philaxenos Metropolitan |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-27}}</ref>
|-
|[[Geevarghese Pachomios]]
|[[Malabar Orthodox Diocese|Malabar Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Geevarghese Barnabas]]
|[[Sulthan Bathery Orthodox Diocese|Sulthan Bathery Diocese]]
|
|-
|[[Zachariah Severios]]
|[[Idukki Orthodox Diocese|Idukki Diocese]]
|Asst. Metropolitan of [[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad West Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malankarasabha.org/content/22152/HG-Zacharias-Mar-Severios-Appointed-markAssistant-Metropolitanmark-of-Kandanad-West-Diocese|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Kandanad West Diocese|publisher=www.malankarasabha.org|accessdate=2024-07-10}}</ref>
|}

==Monasteries and convents==
===Monasteries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Location
|-
|[[Monastery of Saint Thomas, Vettikkal]]
| Vettikkal
|-
|[[Mount Tabor Monastery, Pathanapuram]]
|Pathanapuram
|-
|[[The Bethany Ashram]]
|Perunad
|-
|Bethlehem Ashram
|Chengamanad, Kottarakara
|-
|St. George Dayara
|Othera
|-
|St. Paul’s Ashram
|Puthuppady, Kozhikode
|-
|St. Basil Dayara
|Pathanamthitta
|-
|Holy Trinity Ashram
|Angady, Ranni
|-
|Mar Kuriakose Ashram
|Kumbazha North
|-
|Mar Baselius Dayara
|Njaliakuzhy, Vakathanam
|-
|Mount Carmel Ashram
|Mathilakom, East Kallada
|-
|Mount Horeb Ashram
|Muthupilakad
|-
|MGD Ashram and Balabhavan
|Karunagiri, Karukachal
|-
|Christa Sishya Ashram
|Thadagom , Coimbatore (T.N.)
|-
|Mar Gregorios Bethel Ashram
|Kuttikonam, Kunnicode
|-
|St. George Mount Ashram
|Chayalode
|-
|St. Thomas Ashram
|Nellipathy, Agali P.O., Palakkad
|-
|St. Thomas Karunya Vishranthi Bhavan
|Trivandrum
|-
|St. Thomas Karunya Ashram
|Trivandrum
|-
|St. Thomas Karunya MAS, SAF, SHF
|Trivandrum
|-
|Mount Calvary Ashram
|Pattazhy, Kottarakara
|-
|St. George Ashram
|Kulamudi, Mylom, Kottarakara
|-
|Mount Tabore Ashram
|Mathuramala, Pattazhi
|-
|Mar Augen Ashram, Piramadom (S)
|Pampakkuda
|-
|St. Gregorios Mount Ashram
|Kottarakara
|-
|St. Thomas Ashram
|Sooranad, Kollam
|-
|Bethany Ashram
|Kunnamkulam
|-
|Bethany Ashram
|Kuzhimattom
|-
|St. Anthony's Ashram
|Thannithodu
|-
|St. Thomas Ashram
|Bhilai
|-
|Gregorian Community
|Roha
|-
|St. Anthony's Ashram
|Mallapally
|-
|Mount Olive Ashram
|Idukki
|}

===Convents===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Location
|-
|Bethany Convent
|Ranni – Perunad
|-
|Mount Tabore Convent
|Pathanapuram
|-
|St. Mary Magdalene Convent
|Adupputty, Kunnamkulam
|-
|Bethlehem Convent
|Kizhakkambalam, Alwaye
|-
|Nazareth Convent
|Kadampanad South
|-
|Basalel Convent
|Sooranad, Kollam
|-
|St. Mary’s Convent
|Kozhimala, Vallamkulam
|-
|St. Mary’s Asha Bavan
|Kozhimala, Vallamkulam
|-
|St. Paul’s Convent and Balikabhavan
|Puthuppady, Kozhikode
|-
|Mount Carmel Convent
|East Kallada, Kollam
|-
|Gethsemon Convent
|Adichanalloor, Kollam
|-
|Holy Cross Convent
|Sreekariyam – Trivandrum
|-
|St. Mary’s Convent
|Thumpamon
|-
|St. Gregorios Convent
|Kalanthode, NITC, Kozhikode
|-
|Gregorian Community
|
|-
|St Thomas Convent
|Bhilai
|}

==Spiritual organizations==
The church has a number of spiritual organizations:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Orthodox Syrian Sunday School Association of the East (OSSAE)<ref>{{cite web | url =http://ossae.org/ |title=OSSAE website| website =ossae.org}}</ref>
*Orthodox Christian Youth Movement (OCYM)
*[[Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement]] (MGOCSM)<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mgocsm.in/index.php |title=MGOCSMwebsite| website = mgocsm.in/index.php}}</ref>
*Divyabodhanam (Theological Education Programme for the Laity)
*St. Paul's & St.Thomas Suvishesha Sangam (National Association for Mission Studies)
*Orthodox Sabha Gayaka Sangham
*Malankara Orthodox Baskiyoma Association
*Servants of the Cross
*Akhila Malankara Prayer Group Association
*Akhila Malankara Orthodox Shusrushaka Sangham (AMOSS)
*Mission Board and Mission Society
*Ministry of Human Empowerment
*Akhila Malankara Balasamajam
*St. Thomas Orthodox Vaidika Sanghom
*Marth Mariam Vanitha Samajam (women's wing)
*Sruti School of Liturgical Music
*Ecological Commission
*Ardra Charitable Trust<ref>{{cite web |title=Spiritual Organisation |url=http://mosc.in/spiritual |website=mosc.in |publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Seminaries==
The two major seminaries which offers bachelor's and master's degrees in theology are [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ots.edu.in/|title=Orthodox Theological Seminary Kottayam|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> and [[St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary, Nagpur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary {STOTS), Nagpur |url=http://stots.in/ |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The Malankara Orthodox Seminary at Kottayam is the first Orthodox Seminary in Asia established in year 1815.

==Institutions==
===Orphanages===
{{div col}}
*Prathyasa, Prasanthi, Pretheesha, Meempara
*Baselios Marthoma Didymus I Balika Bhavan, Pothukal,Nilambur
*Zachariah Mar Dionysius Memorial Bala Bhavan, Thengali.
*St. Mary’s Boys’ Home, Thalacode, Mulanthuruthy
*St. Paul’s Bala Bhavan, Puthuppady, Kozhikode
*Mar Baselius Children’s Home, Mannapra, Palakkad
*Mar Baselius Children’s Home, Vadavucode
*St. Thomas Children’s Home, Bhilai, (C.G.)
*St. Thomas Mission Centre, Haripad
*M.G.D. Asram & Balabhavan, Karunagiri, Karukachal
*St. Gregorios Balagram, Nirmalagiri, Yacharam, A.P.
*M.G.M. Abhaya Bhavan, Pothenpuram, Pampady
*Holy Trinity Disabled Children’s Home,Alathara, Sreekariyam,TVM
*Mar Greogorios Asram & Children’s Home,Kandanad, Mulamthuruthy
*Mar Greogorios Rehabilitation Centre, Kodunganoor,TVM
*M.G. Bethel Karuna Centre, Karassery, Thathankulam P.O. (T.N.)
*St. Mary’s Balikamandiram, Kizhakambalam, Alwaye
*Basalel Girls’ Home, Sooranad
*St. George Balikagram, St. Thomas Nagar, Mamurdy,Pune
*Joseph Mar Pachomios Memorial Pratheeksha Bhavan,Koothattukulam
*Mar Baselius Santhi Bhavan, Thalavoor, Kottarakkara
*Bethanya Bhavan, Tiruvalla
*NAMS Snehasadan,Vodarahalli.
*Mar Baselius Gregorios Mercy Home, Mannadisala, Vechoochira, Ranni
*St. Thomas Balabhavan, Nellipathy, Agali , Palakkad
*Karunya Visranthi Bhavan, Kattela, Sreekaryam, Tvm.
*Sr. Macreena Santhi Bhavan, Baselios Convent, Kottarakkara
*Cheppad Mar Dionysius Foundation Oldage Home, Cheppad
*St. Paul’s Balagram, P.B. 45, Raisalpur, Itarsi
*BMM II Sneha Bhavan, Kizhakketheruvu, Kottarakara
*Vattasseril Mar Dionysius Home, Madavoor, Muvattupuzha
*St. Gregorios Balika Bhavan, Panamthop, Kunnathoor, Kollam
*St. Gregorios Balabhavan, Thadagom, Coimbatore
*BMM II Balabhavan, Chengamanadu, Kottarakara
*Karunyanilayam, Belavadi ,Mysore
*Kottukulam Visranthi Bhavan, Kuzhimattom
*Mar Athanasius Memorial Prathyasa Bhavan, Kuzhimattom
*Pulikottil Mar Dionysius Bhavan, Kottappady
*Mar Baselius Augen I Memorial Prathyasa Bhavan,Piramadom
*Mar Baselius Paulose I Memorial Prasanthi Bhavan,
*Kadayirippu Asha Bhavan, Kozhimala, Thiruvalla.
*Bethel Convent & Sneha Bhavan, Ambalam ,Tirunelvely
*Prerana Nikethan, St. Thomas OTS, Nagpur
*St. Gregorios Daya Bhavan, No. 69, Bhaktharahalli ,Tumkur
*St. Gregorios Special School, Mount Olive,Kottakkunnu, S. Battery
*St. Gregorios Mission Centre, Sreevaikuntam ,Thoothukkudy, (T.N.)
{{div col end}}

===Hospitals===
{{div col}}
*St. Gregorios Mission Hospital,Parumala
*St. Mary’s Hospital, Eraviperoor
*Malankara Medical Mission Hospital,Kolencherry
*Paret Mar Ivanios Hospital, Puthuppally, Kottayam
*MGDM Hospital, Devagiri, Kangazha
*M.D. Cheriapally Hospital, Kottayam
*Mar Theodosius Memorial Bethany Hospital,Ranni – Perunad
*Mar Theodosius Medical Mission Hospital,Poruvazhy,Kollam
*St. George’s Hospital, Puthuppady, Kozhikode
*Joseph Mar Pachomios Medical Centre, Piravom
*Idukki Orthodox Medical Centre, Nettithozhu, Kumily
*Malankara Medical Mission Hospital,Kunnamkulam
*Kurisupally General Eye Clinic, Puthenangady, Kottayam
*Bishop Walsh Medical Memorial Hospital,Coimbatore
*Madras Medical Mission, Chennai
*BPM Mission Hospital, Uditnarayanpur,Kalahandi
*M.G. Asram Medical Aid Clinic, Mulamthuruthy
*Malankara Medical Mission Eye Hospital,Kariampady
*Mount Tabore Medical Mission Hospital,Pudukottai Dt. (T.N.)
*St. Thomas Mission Hospital, Attappady; Agali, Palakkad
*BGM Trust Hospital, Kundara, Kollam
*St. Mary’s Hospital, Pothanikad, Muvattupuzha
*St. Paul’s Dispensary, Panimunda, Orissa
*St. Mary’s Medical Centre, Aya Nagar, New Delhi
*St. Thomas Charitable Dispensary, Kolkatta
*Mar Theodosius Memorial Medical Mission Hospital,Sasthamcotta.
{{div col end}}

===Medical Colleges===
*Malankara Medical Mission Hospital,Kolencherry
*Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry

===Engineering colleges===
*Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering & Technology, Kuttikkanam, Peermade
*Baselios Mathews II College of Engineering,Sasthamcotta
*Christian College of Engineering and Technology,Bhilai

===Degree colleges===
{{div col}}
*Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta
*Baselius College, Kottayam
*[[St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery]]
*St. Gregorios College, Kottarakara
*St. Stephen’s College, Maloor, Pathanapuram
*Baselios Mathews II B.Ed College, Adoor
*Kuriakose Gregorios College, Pampady
*Mar Dionysius College, Pazhanji
*St. Cyril’s College, Adoor
*Mount Tabore Training College, Pathanapuram
*BMM II Training College, Kottarakkara
*St. Thomas College, Bhilai
*M. G. M. Junior College, Bhilai
*Theophilos College of Nursing, Kangazha
*SG College of Nursing, Parumala
*SG College of Social Science, Parumala
{{div col end}}

=== Teacher training institutions ===
*MSSTTI Thazhakara,Alapuzha
*RMTTI Vadavucode,Ernakulam

==Ecumenical relations==
The church was a founding member of the [[World Council of Churches]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://archive.org/details/wcca5/page/230/mode/2up?q=list| title=World council of churches, Amsterdam 1948| website=archive.org| year=1948| page=230}}</ref> Catholicos Geevarghese II and other metropolitan participated in the 1937 Conference on Faith and Order in [[Edinburgh]]; a church delegation participated in the 1948 WCC meeting in [[Amsterdam]] in 1948, and the church played a role in the 1961 WCC conference in [[New Delhi]]. Metropolitan [[Paulos Gregorios]] was president of the WCC from 1983 to 1991.

The church participated in the 1965 Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/aacp/resolutions/addis-ababa-conference/| title=Addis Ababa Conference| website=theorthodoxchurch.info| access-date=31 December 2018| archive-date=25 February 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124805/http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/aacp/resolutions/addis-ababa-conference/| url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a member of the [[Faith and Order Commission]], the [[Christian Conference of Asia]]
and the Global Christian Forum. A number of primates of sister churches have visited, including [[Patriarch Justinian of Romania]] in February 1957 and in January 1969; [[Catholicos of All Armenians]] [[Vazgen I]] in December 1963; Armenian Patriarch [[Yeghishe Derderian of Jerusalem|Derderian]] of Jerusalem in December 1972; [[Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow]] in January 1977; [[Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia]] [[Ilia II of Georgia|Ilia II]] in September 1982; Archbishop of Canterbury [[Robert Runcie]] in 1986, Patriarch [[Teoctist Arăpașu]] of Romania in 1989; [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] in November 2000; Metropolitan (later Patriarch) [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Kirill]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in December 2006; [[Catholicos of All Armenians]] [[Karekin II]] in November 2008, [[List of Abunas of Ethiopia|Patriarch of Ethiopia]] [[Abune Paulos]] in December 2008; the [[Holy See of Cilicia|Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia]] [[Aram I|Aram I Keshishian]] in February 2010, and [[List of Abunas of Ethiopia|Patriarch of Ethiopia]] [[Abune Mathias]] in November 2016.

In May 2025, a trilateral meeting involving the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], and the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] (of the [[Holy See of Cilicia|Great House of Cilicia]]) took place at the [[Monastery of Saint Pishoy]] in [[Wadi El Natrun]], Egypt to commemorate the 1700th anniversary of the [[Council of Nicaea (325)|Council of Nicaea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting of the Representatives of the Oriental Orthodox Synods in the Middle East at LOGOS Papal Center in Celebration of the Council of Nicaea - Coptic Orthodox Church |url=https://copticorthodox.church/en/2025/05/17/meeting-of-the-representatives-of-the-oriental-orthodox-synods-in-the-middle-east-at-logos-papal-center-in-celebration-of-the-council-of-nicaea/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Egypt |first=Daily News |date=2025-05-17 |title=Patriarchs of Eastern Orthodox Churches arrive in Cairo to commemorate 1700th anniversary of Council of Nicaea |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/05/17/patriarchs-of-eastern-orthodox-churches-arrive-in-cairo-to-commemorate-1700th-anniversary-of-council-of-nicaea/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Dailynewsegypt |language=en-US}}</ref> During this meeting, [[Pope Tawadros II|Pope Tawadros II]] and [[Catholicos Aram I]] expressed their solidarity and support for the decision made by the universal synod of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch not to participate in any liturgical celebrations or formal theological dialogues in the presence of representatives of the "separated faction of the Church in India".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-19 |title=Three Oriental Orthodox Churches seek to resolve dispute in Malankara Church in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-oriental-orthodox-churches-seek-to-resolve-dispute-in-malankara-church/article69594611.ece |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Bureau |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Additionally, the Coptic and Armenian representatives extended an invitation to discuss the ongoing rift between the two claimants to the title of Catholicos of the East, in the presence of the [[Ignatius Aphrem II|Patriarch of Antioch]]; in response, while welcoming the peace mediation efforts, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (MOSC) issued a statement denouncing the aspects of the joint declaration and also cited the ordination of a new [[Maphrian]] in India by Antioch as a violation of its jurisdictional authority.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-05-21 |title=Malankara Orthodox Church says ‘no’ to joint declaration in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/May/21/malankara-orthodox-church-says-no-to-joint-declaration-in-kerala |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandran |first=Abhilash |date=2025-05-20 |title=Oriental Orthodox Churches intervene to mediate Malankara Church dispute |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/May/20/oriental-orthodox-churches-intervene-to-mediate-malankara-church-dispute |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 10 November 2025, [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III|Catholicos Mathews III]] was received by [[Pope Tawadros II]] in Cairo, and a meeting was held.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title= കാതോലിക്കാ ബാവാ കോപ്റ്റിക് ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭാതലവനുമായി കൂടിക്കാഴ്ച്ച നടത്തി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/gulf/2025/11/10/malankara-orthodox-coptic-meeting.html |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Manorama Online |language=en}}</ref> Following discussions, the formation of a joint committee between the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church was proposed, mediated by the Coptic and Armenian Churches.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=BishopAngaelos |number=1987971070708592643 |title=A privilege to be in Cairo today accompanying His Holiness Pope Tawadros II, as part of an official delegation with HE Metropolitan Thomas and Bishop Angelos, to welcome HH Catholicos Mar Basilios Mar Toma Mattius.}}</ref>

===Order of St. Thomas===
The [[Order of St. Thomas (award)|Order of St. Thomas]], the church's highest award is presented to heads of state and churches by the [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]]. Recipients include [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople]], Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians [[Karekin II]], Patriarch of Ethiopia [[Abune Paulos]], Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia [[Aram I]], and Patriarch of Ethiopia [[Abune Mathias]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=62396 |website=Malankaraorthodox.tv| title=Recipients of the order of St. Thomas| access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|India}}
*[[List of Malankara metropolitans]]
*[[List of metropolitans of the Indian Orthodox Church]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Brock|first=Sebastian P.|author-link=Sebastian P. Brock|title=Miaphysite, not Monophysite!|journal=Cristianesimo Nella Storia|year=2016|volume=37|number=1|pages=45–52|isbn=9788815261687|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwKJDAEACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Leslie W.|title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar|year=1956|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation
| last = Fahlbusch
| first = Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley
| year = 198
| title = The Encyclopedia of Christianity
| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008
| isbn = 978-0-8028-2417-2
}}
* {{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-826377-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
* Joseph Cheeran, et al.(2002) Tradition and History of Indian Orthodox Church, p. 300–423
* Menachery, George (1973). [http://www.indianchristianity.com/ ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India Vol. II''].
* Menachery, George (1998). [http://www.indianchristianity.com/ ''The Indian Church History Classics: The Nazranies''].
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=Colonialism and Christian Missions|year=1966|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgdLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|year=2002|orig-year=1985|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC}}
* Tamcke, Martin (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=E2UYCm6b2v0C&dq=%22Ignatius+Abdul+Masih+II%22&pg=PA214 ''Die Christen vom tur Abdin: Hinführung zur Syrisch-orthodoxen Kirche'']. Verlag Otto Lembeck. 3874765806.
* {{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007|location=Delhi|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}
* Van der Ploeg, J. P. M. (1983). ''The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac Manuscripts''. Dharmaram Publications.
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East|year=2011|location=London|publisher=East & West Publishing Limited|isbn=9781907318047|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Winkler|first=Dietmar W.|title=Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology|journal=The Harp|year=1997|volume=10|number=3|pages=33–40|url=https://www.academia.edu/15344445}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}
* [http://mosc.in/ Official website of the Indian (Malankara) Orthodox Syrian Church]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923113736/http://www.catholicate.org/ Complete website of Catholicos of The East and Malankara Metropolitan]
* [http://marthoman.tv/images/MOSC%20Constitution.pdf Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Constitution of 1934]
* [http://orthodoxradio.in/ Indian Orthodox Radio | E – Radio from the Shores of Malankara to the World]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218230815/http://www.orthodoxherald.com/ Indian Orthodox Herald: News about the Catholicate of the East]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140518135510/http://www.mathamariammedia.com/ Matha Mariam Media: A Complete Orthodox Web Portal maintained by Trivandrum Diocese]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082948/http://www.icon.org.in/icon_prev_catholicoses.icon ICON Indian Christian Orthodox Network – Catholicos of the East]
* [http://marthoman.tv/ Malankara Orthodox TV]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}
{{Oriental Orthodoxy footer}}
{{Patriarchates in Christianity}}
{{History of Christianity}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church| ]]
[[Category:1912 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Members of the National Council of Churches]]
[[Category:Members of the World Council of Churches]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Affiliated institutions of the National Council of Churches in India]]

Sanjiv Saraf

2026-03-15T04:16:52Z

AliciaPaschall: content update

{{short description|Indian businessman and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjiv Saraf
| image = File:Sanjiv Saraf.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|12|30|df=y}}
| education = Agricultural Engineering from IIT Kharagpur
| occupation = Chairman of [[Polyplex (company)|Polyplex Corporation Ltd.]]
| organization = [[Rekhta Foundation]]
| website = {{URL|rekhta.org}}
}}

'''Sanjiv Saraf''' (born 30 December 1958) is an Indian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and author. He founded [[Rekhta Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=Rekhta: From Amir Khusrau to Mirza Ghalib, Sanjiv Saraf's initiative is saving India's Urdu heritage, one book at a time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/rekhta-from-amir-khusrau-to-mirza-ghalib-sanjiv-saraf-s-initiative-is-saving-india-s-urdu-heritage-one-book-at-a-time/story-5pYJ3iX1NgcveAkw5wTCmI.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Philanthropy Is Spreading Its Wings In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/column/family-philanthropy-is-spreading-its-wings-in-india/83493/1 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> a not-for-profit organisation which promotes [[Urdu literature]]. The Foundation has curated the [[Rekhta]] portal to document Urdu literary works and it hosts [[Jashn-e-Rekhta]], an annual literary festival, since 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2022 |title=Delhi: Over 50 sessions of qawwalis, ghazals, poetry & more at Jashn-e-Rekhta 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/over-50-sessions-of-qawwalis-ghazals-poetry-more-at-jashn-e-rekhta-2022/articleshow/95864570.cms |access-date=9 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Saraf wrote ''Love Longing Loss'' and ''Nava-e-Sarosh'', focusing on Urdu literature and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjiv Saraf's 'Love Longing Loss' Takes You on the Journey of Ishq, One Sher at a Time |url=https://thewire.in/books/sanjiv-saraf-love-longing-loss-urdu-poetry-book |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Preserving our heritage |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/vivacity/preserving-our-heritage.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Saraf was born on 30 December 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/CMS/About-Founder|title=About Founder|publisher=Rekhta}}</ref> He graduated from [[Scindia School]], [[Gwalior]] in 1975.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2020 |title=The Scindia School Celebrates Its 123rd Founder’s Day Online |url=https://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/The-Scindia-School-Celebrates-Its-123rd-Founder-s-Day-Online/23-10-2020-334773/ |access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref> He later graduated from [[IIT Kharagpur]] in the year 1980 after which he joined the family business.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sanjiv Saraf: A Saviour Of Languages |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/sanjiv-saraf-a-saviour-of-languages/83579/1 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

In 1984, he established [[Polyplex (company)|Polyplex]] Corporation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Growth Story {{!}} polyplex |url=https://www.polyplex.com/growth-story |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=www.polyplex.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polyplex Corporation LTD Information - Polyplex Corporation LTD Company Profile, Polyplex Corporation LTD News on The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> a major producer of thin polyester films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polyester film maker Polyplex raises stake in Thai arm |url=https://www.vccircle.com/polyplex-corp-raises-stake-thailand-based-arm |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> Polyplex is among the thirty five Indian companies in [[Forbes]] Asia's 'Best Under a Billion' list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2011 |title=SRF, Polyplex, Glodyne among 35 Indian companies in Forbes Asia's 'Best Under a Billion' list |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/srf-polyplex-glodyne-among-35-indian-companies-in-forbes-asias-best-under-a-billion-list/articleshow/9806655.cms |access-date=9 March 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Manupatra, India’s legal online resource, was also founded by Sanjiv Saraf in the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |title=Meet Deepak Kapoor, Chief Executive Officer and Founder Director Manupatra |url=https://www.barandbench.com/interviews/deepak-kapoor-chief-executive-officer-and-founder-director-manupatra-0 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Notice |first=The Delhi Walla · in Farewell |date=28 March 2015 |title=Our Self-Written Obituaries – Sanjiv Saraf, Maharani Bagh |url=https://www.thedelhiwalla.com/2015/03/28/our-self-written-obituaries-sanjiv-saraf-maharani-bagh/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=The Delhi Walla |language=en-US}}</ref>

He established the Rekhta Foundation in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2013 |title=10 years of Rekhta |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/10-years-of-rekhta-472499 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> He obtained an honorary doctorate from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] Hyderabad in 2016 for his work in reviving the interest in Urdu language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rasia |date=27 December 2016 |title=MANUU Honours Shah Rukh Khan and Sanjiv Saraf with Doctorate |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/manuu-honours-shah-rukh-khan-sanjiv-saraf-doctorate-1095364/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Sanjiv Saraf to be honoured by Maulana Azad National Urdu University {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-and-sanjiv-saraf-to-be-honoured-by-maulana-azad-national-urdu-university-1719607/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020 he was awarded with the Madhav Award by the Scindia school.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhav Awardees |url=https://www.scindia.edu/madhav-awardees/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=The Scindia School |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2018 - Sir Syed Excellence Award awarded by [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 2018, for the contribution in promoting Urdu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2018 |title=Christian W Troll and Sanjiv Saraf to receive Sir Syed Excellence Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/christian-w-troll-and-sanjiv-saraf-to-receive-sir-syed-excellence-awards/articleshow/65745150.cms |access-date=9 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* 2020 - Madhav Award by Scindia School, Gwalior in 2020, for the entrepreneurial spirit, community service and promotion of Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scindia School Celebrates Its 123rd Founder's Day Online |url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/The-Scindia-School-Celebrates-Its-123rd-Founder-s-Day-Online/23-10-2020-334773 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=BW Education |language=en}}</ref>

* 2013 - Farogh-e-Urdu Award by [[Nai Duniya]] in 2013 for the development of Urdu language.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=14 September 2013 |title=Ansari presents Nai Duniya Awards for excellence in Urdu Journalism |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ansari-presents-nai-duniya-awards-for-excellence-in-urdu-journalism-113091400253_1.html |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>

* 2018 - Alamdar-e-Urdu by Bazm-e-Urdu, Dubai in 2018 for non-scholarly contributions in promoting Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haziq |first=Saman |title=Mehfil-e-Urdu with Bollywood stars attracts thousands |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/community/mehfil-e-urdu-with-bollywood-stars-attracts-thousands |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urdu Awards |url=https://www.bazmeurdu.org/urdu-awards/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=Urdu Cultural Events in Dubai United Arab Emirates |language=en-US}}</ref>

* 2016 - [[Mir Taqi Mir]] Award by AFMI (American Federation of Muslims of Indian Origin) in 2016 for the promotion of Urdu language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American federation of Indian Muslims pledges Scholarships worth Rs.4 crore; gives Excellence Awards for Luminaries |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/9-education-and-careers/15384-american-federation-of-indian-muslims-pledges-scholarships-worth-rs-4-crore-gives-excellence-awards-for-luminaries/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/CMS/About-Founder Profile on Rekhta.org]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad National Urdu University alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Baap Ji

2026-03-11T09:47:42Z

AliciaPaschall: small reworked layout for accuracy and improved wording based on references

{{short description|2021 Indian Bhojpuri film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baap Ji
| image = Baap Ji Official Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Dev Pandey
| producer = Ramjit Jaiswal
| writer = Arbind Tiwari
| starring = {{ubl|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]|Ritu Singh|[[Manoj Tiger]]|[[Kajal Raghwani]]}}
| music = Om Jha
| cinematography = R R Prince
| editing =
| studio = Govinda & Sagar Films Entertainment
| distributor = Worldwide Records Bhojpuri
| released = {{Film date|2021|09|24|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bhojpuri
| budget = 
}}
'''''Baap Ji''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language [[Action film|action]] comedy [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Dev Pandey and produced by Ramjit Jaiswal under his production house "Govinda & Sagar Films Entertainment".<ref>{{Cite web|title='बाप जी' की शादी के खिलाफ खेसारी ने गाड़ा झंडा, YouTube पर वायरल भोजपुरी स्टार की नई फिल्म का ट्रेलर|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-new-movie-baap-ji-trailer-out-bhojpuri-superstar-khesari-lal-yadav-kajal-raghwani-sambhavna-seth-and-manoj-tiger-starrer-movie-baap-ji-trailer-out-on-youtube-abk|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|date=17 January 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> The stars [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] in the lead role and Ritu Singh in the opposite role. While Manoj Singh Tiger, C P Bhatt, Brijesh Tripathi, Saheb Lal Dhari, Abhay Rai, Prakash Jais, Sanjay Verma, Ritu Pandey and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=फिल्‍म 'बाप जी' सेट पर खेसारीलाल यादव के को-स्‍टार ने कहा-खुद में बिग बॉस हैं खेसारी|language=hi|work=Mayapuri|url=https://mayapuri.com/bhojpuri-superstar-khesari-lal-yadav-latest-news-hindi/|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231192126/https://mayapuri.com/bhojpuri-superstar-khesari-lal-yadav-latest-news-hindi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kajal Raghwani]] make a special appearance in a song.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lalten Bhojpuri|date=30 March 2020|title=Baap Ji Bhojpuri Movie में Khesari Lal|language=hi|work=Lalten Bhojpuri|url=https://www.laltenbhojpuri.com/baap-ji-bhojpuri-movie-khesari-lal-yadav/|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
* Ritu Singh<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Dharmendra Dubey|date=29 December 2019|title=खेसारी लाल यादव की फिल्म बाप जी की कहानी हुई लीक, ऋतू सिंह और मनोज टाइगर भी हैं मुख्य किरदार में|language=hi|work=Hindi Rush|url=https://www.hindirush.com/bhojpuri-news/khesarr-lal-yadav-and-ritu-singh-movie-story-revile-138602/amp/|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Manoj Tiger]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kajal Raghwani]]
* CP Bhatt<ref>{{Cite news|last=Puneet Pandey|date=23 December 2019|title=खेसारी लाल यादव-रितु स्टारर फिल्म "बाप जी" में बतौर विलेन नजर आएंगे सिने स्टार "सी.पी भट्ट"|language=hi|work=Gorakhapur Times|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-khesari-lal-yadav-ritu-singh-kajal-raghwani-new-movie-video-viral-on-youtube-19884325.html|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
* Brijesh Tripathi
* Prakash Jais
* Sanjay Verma
* Ritu Pandey
* Saheb Lal Dhari
* Abhay Rai

==Production==
Filming started on 11 December 2019 in [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bihar Patrika Beauro|date=6 January 2020|title=खेसारी लाल यादव की सोशल मीडिया में वायरल भोजपुरी फिल्‍म 'बाप जी' की शूटिंग पूरी|language=hi|work=Bihar Patrika|url=https://biharpatrika.in/archives/28863/baap-jee-movie/|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> with mostly scenes shot at Bajardeeh village and Kaji Rudhauli village in [[Bansi|Bansi tehsil]], Shanteshwar Nath Tripathi's Haveli in Chetia State, Shri Ram Bilas Institute and Medical Sciences at Sonkhar in [[Siddharthnagar|Naugarh tehsil]] in the [[Siddharthnagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=भोजपुरी अभिनेता खेसारी लाल यादव की नयी फिल्म "बाप जी"शूटिंग सिद्धार्थनगर शुरू|url=https://www.nayalook.com/bhojpuri-actor-khesari-lal-yadavs-new-film-baap-ji-shooting-starts-in-siddharthnagar/|last=Akhilesh Mishra|date=19 December 2019|website=Nayalook|language=hi|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hindustan Team|date=30 December 2019|title=भोजपुरी फिल्म 'बाप जी' की शूटिंग देखने उमड़ी भीड़, लगा जाम|language=hi|work=Live Hindustan|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/siddhart-nagar/story-crowd-thronged-to-watch-bhojpuri-film-baap-ji-shooting-2929567.html|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Baap Ji
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Om Jha
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2021||}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Worldwide Records
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| label = Worldwide Records Bhojpuri
| producer = Ramjit Jaiswal
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music of "Baap Ji" is given by Om Jha with lyrics penned by Pyare Lal Yadav, Kundan Preet, Arun Bihari and Yadav Raj. It is produced under the "Worldwide Records Bhojpuri" Music company, who also bought his satellite rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times Now Digital|date=6 December 2019|title=Khesari Lal Bhojpuri news: सुपर स्‍टार खेसारीलाल यादव ने पूरी की भोजपुरी फिल्‍म 'बाप जी' के गानों की डबिंग|language=hi|work=Times Now Hindi|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/bhojpuri/article/khesari-lal-yadav-completed-dubbing-for-bhojpuri-film-baap-ji/271326|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

His first song "Machhriya" was released on 29 January 2021 on the official YouTube channel of "Worldwide Records Bhojpuri" and crossed over 4.5 million views.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Baapji': Khesari Lal Yadav and Kajal Raghwani's dance number 'Machhriya' will get you grooving! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/baapji-khesari-lal-yadav-and-kajal-raghwanis-dance-number-machhriya-will-get-you-grooving/articleshow/80568520.cms|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Track list===
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Machhriya
| extra1 = [[Khesari Lal Yadav]], Khushbu Tiwari KT
| length1 = 4:14
| lyrics1 = Pyare Lal Yadav, Anish Aajam Khan
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}
{{Action-film-stub}}
{{2020s-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (film)

2026-03-04T09:48:19Z

AliciaPaschall: general improved structure as per guidelines and improved wording

{{short description|2011 Indian Marathi-language film by Prakash Jadhav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox film
| name = Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar
| image = Ramabai movie poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = movie poster
| native_name =
| director = Prakash Jadhav
| producer = Prakash Jadhav
| writer =
| screenplay = Prakash Jadhav Anil Baindur
| story = Sadashiv Chavhan
| based_on = 
| starring = Nisha Parulekar Ganesh Jethe Dashrath Hatiskar Snehal Velankar
| narrator =
| music = Dev Chavhan
| cinematography = Trilok Chaudhari
| editing = Prakash Jadhav Anant Dharmadhiari
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2011|01|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar''''' is a 2011 Indian [[biographical film]] in [[Marathi language]], based on the life of [[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai Ambedkar]] also known as Ramai (''mother Rama'') wife of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]. Despite all the hardships, Rambai kept her husband motivated and stood like a rock behind her husband's mission of uplifting the underprivileged classes of the country. This is first film made on Ramabai. The film is directed by Prakash Jadhav and featured Nisha Parulekar, Ganesh Jethe and Dashrath Hatiskar as lead characters. Other popular actors who were roped in for Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (Ramai) are Snehal Velankar and Anil Sutar. The film was released on 7 January 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/ramabai-bhimrao-ambedkar-ramai/movieshow/61243458.cms|title = Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (Ramai) Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Anil Sutar
* Anuya Bam
* Amey Potkar
* R.G. Pawar
* Komal Aapke
* Khushi Ravrane
* Gajanan Rande
* Ganesh Jethe
* Jayant Yadav
* Datta Borkar
* Datta Redkar
* Dashrath Ragankar
* Vilas Jadhav
* Dashrath Hrutiskar
* Dipjyoti
* Nandkumar Newalkar
* Nimesh Chaudhari
* Nisha Parulekar
* Netra Paradkar
* Paranjpe
* Pooja Joshi
* Prathmesh Pradip
* Pradip Bharankar
* Prabhakar More
* Fadke Guruji

===Child artists===
* Kirti Sheregar
* Manali Chandradev
* Manoj Takne
* Mahesh Chavhan
* Mahesh Thakur
* Milind Chakradev
* Radheya Pandit
* Rohit Rode
* Vikrant Ukarde
* Vimal Ghatkar
* Vilas Jadhav
* Shankar Malekar
* Sharayu
* Shailendra Chavhan
* Sanket Pawar
* Satish Mule
* Sadashiv Chavhan
* Sandesh Utekar
* Sayli Vilankar
* Sahil Kamble
* Sonali Mule
* Snehal Vilankar

== Soundtrack ==
# "Barrister Banuni Saheb" – Nandesh Upam
# "Daridryachi Jhal" – Shakuntla Jhadhav
# "Ghalun Pani Tulsila" – Shakuntla Jhadhav
# "Rup Manohar" – Shakuntla Jhadhav
# "Tujhyasang Sansar" – Nandesh Upam
# "Tulas Tu Majhi" – Shakuntla Jhadhav

== See also ==
* [[Ramabai (film)]] - a 2016 [[Kannada]] film on the same topic
* [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)]] - a 2000 English feature film on Dr. Ambedkar

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2011 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Neela Vaanam

2026-03-04T05:17:51Z

AliciaPaschall: fix

{{short description|1965 film by P. Madhavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neela Vaanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| producer = Varathan
| screenplay = [[K. Balachander]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Devika]] [[Rajasri]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Pattu Films
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1965|12|10|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neela Vaanam''''' ({{translation|Blue Sky}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[P. Madhavan]] and produced by Varathan. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Devika]] and [[Rajasri]]. It was released on 10 December 1965.

== Plot ==
Babu, a Bachelor of Arts graduate working as a ticket taker at Shanthi Theatre, often hitchhikes to work. During one such ride, he meets Vimala, and the two gradually fall in love. Babu tells her he will marry only after securing a better job. Vimala’s uncle Varatharajan later comes to approve of their relationship.

Meanwhile, Somanathan, a wealthy paper mill owner, seeks a groom for his daughter Gowri. By chance, Gowri meets Babu and offers him a job at her father’s mill. After Babu is publicly humiliated at Gowri’s birthday party over a missing necklace, Somanathan intervenes, apologizes, and formally employs him.

Babu introduces Vimala to his family, but events take a tragic turn when Gowri is diagnosed with incurable uterine cancer, a fact her parents conceal from her. After a proposed marriage alliance for Gowri collapses, she grows close to Babu and proposes to him. Aware of his daughter’s limited time, Somanathan pleads with Babu to marry her, and Babu reluctantly agrees.

After the marriage, Vimala believes Babu abandoned her for wealth. She later joins the paper mill as Gowri’s assistant, creating tension. To protect Gowri from despair, Babu and Somanathan pretend she is pregnant, allowing her to live happily in her final months. Babu secretly searches for a cure but fails.

Eventually, Gowri learns both of her illness and Babu’s past relationship with Vimala. Accepting her fate, she urges Babu to marry Vimala and dies in his arms. Devastated, Babu leaves the house carrying a doll Gowri cherished as their child. Vimala later finds him and pleads her understanding, but Babu silently walks away.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Babu<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />
*[[Devika]] as Gowri<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />
*[[Rajasri]] as Vimala
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Somanathan: Gowri's father
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Varatharajan: Vimala's father
*[[Nagesh]] as Prakash: Varatharajan's brother-in-law
*Seethalakshmi as Kamala
*[[Kumari Padmini]] as Thilagam: Gowri's friend
*I. S. R as Balraj: Thilagam's husband
*Harikrishnan as Sharma
*Comedy Shanmugam as Babu's friend
*Loose Aarumugam as Guest appearance
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Play Boy
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Babu House Owner
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neelavanam |url=http://tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/168 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074353/http://tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/168 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=Songs4all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=November 2016 |pages=208 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The song "Sollada Vaai Thirandhu" is set in Senjurutti raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration
|-
| "O Lakshmi, O Sheela, O Maalaa" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 02:78
|-
| "O Little Flower, See Your Lover" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:20
|-
| "Oho Ho Odum Ennangale" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:41
|-
| "Mangala Mangaiyum Maappillaiyum" || P. Susheela, L. R. Eswari || 04:10
|-
| "Solladaa Vaay Thirandhu Ammaavenru" || P. Susheela || 03:14
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Neela Vaanam'' was released on 10 December 1965,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1965 – நீலவானம் – பட்டு பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1965 – Neela Vaanam – Pattu Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails29.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181005135332/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails29.asp |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=5 October 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref name="poster">{{Cite news |date=10 December 1965 |title=Neela Vānam |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=9}}</ref> and distributed by Sivaji Films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 1965 |title=Neela Vānam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19651217&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> T. M. Ramachandran of ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' called it a "poor film" and criticised Madhavan's direction as "naive". He also noted "There is nothing much to write home about K. Balachander's screenplay and dialogue" but called Viswanathan's music "pleasing".<ref name="Sport and Pastime">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=8 January 1966 |title=Neela Vanam |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n109/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309094616/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n109/mode/2up |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=9 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=20}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Balachander's screenplay and dialogue but criticised the songs.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=26 December 1965 |title=நீலவானம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1965-12-26/page/n38/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309100453/https://archive.org/details/kalki1965-12-26/page/n38/mode/2up |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=9 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=37 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{P. Madhavan}}
{{K. Balachander}}
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{Improve categories|date=January 2026}}

Music Magic

2026-03-03T17:49:50Z

AliciaPaschall: created a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Music Magic film poster.jpeg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = Manthrakshar DS
| writer = Manthrakshar DS
| producer = Paleem Srikanth Reddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Syed Sohel|Rahul]]
* Kimaya Bhattacharya
* Trinath
* Henna Chopra}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* Joseph Sunder
* Padmanadham}}
| studio = Palred Media & Entertainment Pvt. LTD.
| released = {{Film date|2013|09|20|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Music Magic''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Musical film|musical drama film]] written and directed by Manthrakshar DS and starring [[Syed Sohel]] (credited as Rahul) and Kimaya. It was released on 20 September 2013 to mixed-to-negative reviews.

== Cast ==
* [[Syed Sohel|Rahul]] as Sanjay
* Kimaya Bhattacharya as Pallavi
* Trinath
* Henna Chopra
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* Madhumani

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music composed by Joseph Sunder and Padmanadham. The film has 13 songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-21 |title=Music Magic has 13 songs |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-17/news-interviews/42148129_1_music-magic-songs-movie |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-17/news-interviews/42148129_1_music-magic-songs-movie |archive-date=2013-09-21 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adi Mamam
| length1 = 1:51
| lyrics1 = Ch. Vijay Kumar
| extra1 = Bharagavi Pillai Raghuram
| title2 = Belly (Instrumental)
| length2 = 2:24
| lyrics2 = Joseph Sunder
| extra2 = Joseph Sunder
| title3 = Freedom
| length3 = 3:48
| lyrics3 = Ch. Vijay Kumar
| extra3 = Allen Ganta
| title4 = If You Wanna Be A Winner
| length4 = 3:01
| lyrics4 = Ch. Vijay Kumar
| extra4 = Sam Alex
| title5 = Kothale Koyokandira
| length5 = 4:02
| lyrics5 = Saadhu
| extra5 = Revanth & Geetha Madhuri
| title6 = Loosers
| length6 = 2:36
| lyrics6 = Joseph Sunder
| extra6 = Kenny
| title7 = Nataraaja
| length7 = 3:40
| lyrics7 = Ch. Vijay Kumar
| extra7 = Sunitha
| title8 = Ne Subrabatham
| length8 = 3:48
| lyrics8 = T Ram Mohan Rao
| extra8 = Sunitha
| title9 = R U Ready
| length9 = 3:21
| lyrics9 = Saadhu
| extra9 = Aravind
| title10 = Hip Hop
| length10 = 2:22
| lyrics10 = Ch. Vijay Kumar
| extra10 = Vamshi
| title11 = Silence
| length11 = 5:54
| lyrics11 = Saadhu
| extra11 = Bonnie Chakraborthy
| title12 = Vaani Veena
| length12 = 3:56
| lyrics12 = Ch. Vijay Kumar
| extra12 = Pranavi
| title13 = Vandanamide
| length13 = 3:40
| lyrics13 = Ch. Vijay Kumar
| extra13 = Sunitha
| total_length = 44 min 16 sec
}}

== Reception ==
The film was reviewed in ''Full Hyderabad'' by Kritika Deval, who criticised the script and the acting, commenting that the film "looks and feels exactly like something a media student would make while aiming for the bare minimum of marks".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deval |first1=Kritika |title=Music Magic Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/music-magic/telugu/music-magic-movie-reviews-5653-2.html |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref> It was also reviewed in ''Times of India'', whose reviewer gave it an overall score of 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Citation |title=Music Magic Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Music Magic by Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/music-magic/movie-review/22815210.cms |access-date=2022-11-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=14564400}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian rock music films]]

Ghogha

2026-03-03T15:12:14Z

AliciaPaschall: enhance layout further and corrected details

{{for-multi|the Persian given name|Ghawgha (disambiguation){{!}}Ghowgha|the Iranian rapper|Ghogha (rapper)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=unorganized information|date=March 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghogha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.68|N|72.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12208
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 364110
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghogha''' is a [[census town]] in [[Bhavnagar district]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], India. It is situated on the mid-western bank of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. It was an important historical commercial port on the [[Arabian Sea]] until the development of nearby [[Bhavnagar]] in the nineteenth century.

==Demographics==
In 1872, it had a population of 9,571.<ref name=gbb>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad (Public Domain text)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA341|year=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=340–346}}</ref>

As of the 2011 [[census]] of India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ghogha had a population of 12,208; 49% male and 51% female, and 12.71% of the population was under 6 years of age. The average literacy rate was 70% (below the national average of 74.4%) with male literacy being 77%, and female literacy 63%.

==History==
[[File:CNI Church, Ghogha.jpg|thumb|CNI Church in Ghogha]]
Ghogha was known as the port of '''Gundigar''' during [[Maitraka]] rule of [[Vallabhi]] (AD 480-720). Under [[Chaulukya dynasty]] rule (746-1297), except as a nursery for seamen, Ghogha was not a place of any note.<ref name=gbb/> One of the earliest mentions of the town is by French explorer [[Jordan Catala|Friar Jordanus]], who, in 1321, passing north through [[Thane]] and [[Bharuch]] or as he writes it Parocco, stayed at 'Gogo'. Of the place he has left no details. At this time Ghogha is said to have been in the hands of Muslim soldiers of fortune, from whom, a few years later (1325), Mokhadaji Gohil, the Gohil chief of [[Umrala]], took it and with the [[Piram Island]] made it his headquarters. As ruler of Piram, Mokhadaji levied toll from all ships passing up the Gulf. His exactions came to the knowledge of the emperor [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (1325-1351), then quelling a revolt in Gujarat, and, in 1347, Gogha was taken, Mokhadaji killed, and the Piram fort destroyed. The Emperor, satisfied with the destruction of Piram, left Gogha, at this time 'a great city with large markets,' in the hands of Dungarji, Mokhadaji's son. For about fifty years the Gohils held Ghogha. Near the close of the century (1390) they were forced to pay tribute to Muzaffar Shah I, the founder of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. In the fifteenth century, under the powerful Gujarat Sultanate rulers, the Gohils, though they kept their title of Ghogha chiefs, retired to Umrala. At this time Ghogha was probably under a Muslim governor. At the beginning of the sixteenth century (1503) it was entirely a Muslim town 'of great traffic in a fat and wealthy land.' Ten years later (1513), it was a very large town and a good port dealing in merchandize of all kinds and loading ships for [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] and [[Aden]]. In the struggles for mastery at sea between the Gujarat kings and the Portuguese (1507-1538), Ghogha suffered. A strong and populous place of great trade surrounded by walls of brown stone, it was attacked and burnt by the [[Siege of Diu (1531)|Portuguese in 1531]], and again, as it was beginning to recover, [[Siege of Diu (1546)|in 1546]]. Towards the close of the sixteenth century with the decay of Portuguese power, Ghogha seems to have regained its trade.<ref name=gbb/>

When taken in 1591 by [[Mirza Aziz Koka|Khan-i-Azam Mirza Kotaltash]], one of [[Akbar]]'s viceroys, Ghogha was a large, well-built port with many merchants and ships, the cargoes of which went in small boats to Cambay. It was reckoned part of [[Sorath prant|Sorath]] and, besides port dues, yielded a yearly revenue of £1666 (666,560 dams). In 1612, on the advice of Khojah Nasar the Surat Governor, who praised its fine harbour and its trade with Cambay, the English gained leave to settle at Gogha. But the agent, Whittington, found it a poor town and no regular English factory was established. Two years later (1614), the Portuguese a third time destroyed Gogha, burning 120 trading boats and several ships, one of them the Rahimi, the great 1500 ton pilgrim ship. Following decline of Portuguese, the English were chief traders of the sea. With the Dutch, by raising [[Surat]] to be the chief port of Gujarat, the English injured the trade of the Cambay ports. Still during the seventeenth and for a few years of the eighteenth centuries, Gogha was the centre of a considerable traffic. The Portuguese boats met in its road and were convoyed to Goa by warships; and vessels belonging to the native merchants of Ahmedabad and Cambay sailed from Ghogha to south India and Arabia. Protected on the sea face by a stone fortification, and later on sheltered all round by a mud wall, with a local governor and a military force, Ghogha had a large number of traders, weavers, and sailors.<ref name=gbb/>

[[File:Ahmedabad District Map 1877.jpg|thumb|Ghogha marked as ''Gogo'' in map of Ahmedabad district under Bombay Presidency, British India 1877]]
The eighteenth century was a time of decay. Trade fell off, and Ghogha, handed from one Muslim noble to another (1730-1751), taken by the [[Peshwa]] (1751-1755), recovered by the Nawab of Cambay (1755), and again (1764) taken by the Peshwa, was, under his managers, little able to compete with its pushing rival Bhavnagar. In 1803, when it came under [[British East India Company]], the trade of Ghogha was almost gone. Later it was recovered somewhat under British rule and became part of [[Kathiawar Agency]] followed by [[Western India States Agency]] in 1924. When India became independent in 1947, it became part of [[Bhavnagar district]] in [[Saurashtra State]] which was later merged with [[Gujarat]] in 1960.<ref name=gbb/>

==Mosque==
Barwada Masjid is located in Ghogha, Gujarat, and is believed to be possibly built by Arab traders.

==Inscription==
An inscription possibly related to Kamal Hamid under Zafar Khan rule and a inscription near Gundi Gate, is mostly illegible but mentions names like “Muzaffar” and Khan Anaj.<ref>Corpus Inscripationum Bhavnagar Edited During the rule of H.11. The Maharaja Takitisihghji, India (State), Antiquarian Dept, Bhavnagar State, India, 1839, p.5 to 15</ref>

==Ghogha in Ain-i-Akbari==

During the Mughal period, Ghogha (then referred to as Gogo) was an important port under the rule of Emperor Akbar (14 October 1542 – 27 October 1605). According to Ain-i-Akbari (Part II) by Abul Fazl Allami, the Mughal Empire received revenue from the port costing 666,560. Ghogha and Cambay (Kambháyat) were listed as ports within the same administrative division (sarkar). Cambay was described as a large city with fine buildings, diverse merchants, and abundant trade. Goods arriving at Ghogha were transported to Cambay using smaller vessels called táwari.

The Ain-i-Akbari further notes that Ghogha was part of a district located at the foot of the Shatrunjaya hill, which also included the fort of Palitana. Though in ruins at the time, the fort was considered worthy of restoration. The island of Biram (Perim), formerly used as a governor's residence, was situated nearby. The local landholder (zamindar) belonged to the Gohel clan. The district was recorded to have 2,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry forces.<ref>''Ain-i-Akbari'', translated by Heinrich Blochmann and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pp. 241–247</ref>

==Notable people==
*Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta (1900–1974), India's ambassador to the United States from 1952 to 1958 and recipient of the Padma Bhushan (1954) and Padma Vibhushan (1959), traced his ancestral roots to Ghogha.<ref>Aparna Basu, G.L. Mehta: A Many Splendoured Man, Concept Publishing, 2001.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kalpasar Project|Kalpasar Tidal Energy Project]]
* [[Dahej–Ghogha Sea Connect]]
* [[Ghogha ROPAX Ferry Terminal]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Bhavnagar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]

Nanbargal

2026-03-03T05:02:53Z

AliciaPaschall: created new pg - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nanbargal
| image = Nanbargal poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shobha]]
| producer = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| writer = Shobha
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Neeraj|[[Mamta Kulkarni]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Babul Bose '''Score:''' [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetha Rajan]]
| cinematography = S. Jayachandran
| editing = D. Shyam Mukherjee
| distributor =
| studio = [[V. V. Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|02|14}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nanbargal''''' ({{translation|Friends}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by [[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shobha Chandrasekhar]] in her directorial debut and produced by her son [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2023 |title=இது தெரியாம போச்சே! இந்த படங்களுக்கு தளபதி விஜய் அம்மா தான் இயக்குநரா?.. |url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/actor-vijay-mother-shoba-on-her-experience-in-direction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401145246/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/actor-vijay-mother-shoba-on-her-experience-in-direction.html |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2024 |work=Behindwoods |language=Ta}}</ref> It stars Neeraj and [[Mamta Kulkarni]], with [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], Dinesh, [[G. M. Sundar]] and Shily Kapoor in supporting roles. Its songs were composed by Babul Bose, and the score was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetha Rajan]]. The film did well at the box-office and was remade in Hindi as ''[[Mera Dil Tere Liye]]'' by Shoba's husband [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |pages=97}}</ref><ref name="R">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=V. S. |date=14 April 1998 |title=The reluctant sex symbol |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/apr/14mam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124020106/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/apr/14mam.htm |archive-date=24 January 2013 |access-date=10 December 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=14 April 2006 |title=A celebrity in her own right |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/14/stories/2006041406740200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415151234/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/14/stories/2006041406740200.htm |archive-date=15 April 2006}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
Vijay, Gopi, Salim, Beeda and Bheema are good friends and classmates. Priya, a rich and arrogant girl, has first quarrels with Vijay. Vijay first loved her, but she ridicules him and hurts him. When his friends try to teach a lesson to Priya, Vijay saves her and they fall in love. Priya's father, an influential businessman, is ready to break their relationship.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Neeraj as Vijay
*[[Mamta Kulkarni]] as Priya
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Gopi
*Dinesh as Salim
*[[G. M. Sundar]] as Beeda
*Shily Kapoor as Bheema
*[[Nagesh]] as Rajasekhar
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Priya's father
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Priya's mother
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Sidambaram (guest appearance)
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Police Inspector
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
}}

==Production==
''Nanbargal'' marked the directorial debut of Shoba Chandrasekhar.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=General Profile of Shoba Chandrasekar - Classical Singers |url=http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=684 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040037/http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=684 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=21 April 2024 |work=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]}}</ref><ref name="ne" /> The film was produced by her son [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].<ref name="ne">{{cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=விஜய் தயாரிப்பில் அவரது அம்மா எழுதி, இயக்கிய படம் எது தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-nanbargal-film-is-written-and-directed-by-shoba-chandrasekhar-produced-by-her-son-actor-vijay-891807.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240421132927/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-nanbargal-film-is-written-and-directed-by-shoba-chandrasekhar-produced-by-her-son-actor-vijay-891807.html |archive-date=21 April 2024 |access-date=21 April 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Babul Bose, with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]] and [[Pulamaipithan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanbargal |url=https://gaana.com/album/nanbargal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911062416/http://gaana.com/album/nanbargal |archive-date=11 September 2017 |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Achu Vellam Tharean Machinichiye
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 6:45
| title2 = Atheri Paacha Pachadhan
| extra2 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 6:23
| title3 = Ennuyerea Ennuyerea
| note3 = Solo Version
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 5:57
| title4 = Ennuyerea Ennuyerea
| note4 = Duet Version
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, Satheesh
| length4 = 6:51
| title5 = Kaadhal En Paavam Endraal
| extra5 = Mano, Shoba Chandrasekar
| length5 = 6:38
| title6 = Kalangalaal Azhiyadhadhu
| extra6 = Mano, Vijayramani, Satheesh, Prabhakar
| length6 = 5:53
| title7 = Vellai Rojavea
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra, Satheesh
| length7 = 6:25
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Nanbargal'' was released on 14 February 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanbargal (1991) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/nanbargal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116165923/https://screen4screen.com/movies/nanbargal |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The film has a swift pace, some interesting characters, a lot of fun whipped by the hero's sidekicks [...] and fastpaced music (new entrant Babu Bose), but what is film music these days but canned cacophony".<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=22 February 1991 |title=Nanbargal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film's first half was sweet, but post-interval portions were bitter.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=1991-03-10 |title=நண்பர்கள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-03-10/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230831130324/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-03-10/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=12 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

After the film's success, a temple was built in [[Mamta Kulkarni]]'s name.<ref name="R"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Babul Bose]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thrissur district

2026-02-26T06:01:51Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{Short description|District in Kerala, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thrissur district
| other_name = Trichur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Kerala|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Cheraman Juma Palli (ചേരമാൻ ജുമാ പള്ളി).jpg
| photo2a = Chimmini Forest (24191470004).jpg
| photo2b = Cape of Kodungallur.jpg
| photo3a = Sakthan Thampuran Palace, Thrissur.jpg
| photo3b = Koothambalam at Kerala Kalamandalam.jpg
| photo4a = The View of the Athirapally Falls during the onset of Monsoon.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 210
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:''' [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], Cape of [[Kodungallur]], [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], [[Athirappilly Falls]], [[Shakthan Thampuran Palace]], [[Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]]
}}
| image_map = India Kerala Thrissur district.svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=240 |frame-height=300 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Thrissur District'''
|type=shape |id=Q2429655
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title=Thrissur District of Kerala
|type2=line|id2=Q1186|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Kerala State
}}
| map_caption = '''Location in [[Kerala]]'''
| coordinates = {{coord|10.52|N|76.21|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Thrissur]]
| parts_type = Subdivisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{Collapsible list
| title = Revenue Divisions: 2
| 1 = [[Thrissur]]
| 2 = [[Chalakudy]]
}}

{{Collapsible list
| title = Taluks: 6
| 1 = [[Thrissur taluk|Thrissur]]
| 2 = [[Chalakudy taluk|Chalakudy]]
| 3 = [[Mukundapuram taluk|Mukundapuram]]
| 4 = [[Kodungallur taluk|Kodungallur]]
| 5 = [[Chavakkad taluk|Chavakkad]]
| 6 = [[Kunnamkulam taluk|Kunnamkulam]]
}}
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = Arjun Pandian IAS <ref>https://thrissur.nic.in/en/district-collector/</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Commissioner of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Nakul Rajendra Deshmukh, IPS<ref>https://thrissurcity.keralapolice.gov.in/who-is-who</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police]] (Rural)
| leader_name3 = B. Krishna Kumar, IPS<ref>https://thrissurrural.keralapolice.gov.in/who-is-who</ref>
| leader_title4 = Divisional Forest Officer, Thrissur
| leader_name4 = Kurra Srinivas IFS
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3032
| area_rank = [[List of districts of Kerala|4th]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,243,170
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_footnotes = <ref name="tsrdemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala|year=2020|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=55|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 1070
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = '''KL-08''' [[Thrissur]], '''KL-45''' [[Irinjalakuda]], '''KL-46''' [[Guruvayur]], '''KL-47''' [[Kodungallur]], '''KL-48''' [[Wadakkancherry]], '''KL-64''' [[Chalakkudy]], '''KL-75''' [[Thriprayar]]
| website = {{URL|thrissur.nic.in}}
| nickname = '''''Cultural capital of Kerala'''''
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| official_name =
| blank_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.781<ref name="unhdi-gdl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Kerala.html|title=Kerala | UNDP in India|website=UNDP}}</ref> ({{color|Green| High}})}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2005)}}
}}

'''Thrissur district''' ({{IPA|ml|t̪riʃ(ː)uːr|lang|Thrissur.ogg}}), anglicised as '''Trichur''', is one of the [[List of districts of Kerala|14 districts]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. It is situated in the central region of the state. Spanning an area of about {{cvt|3,032|km2}}, the district is home to over 9% of Kerala's population.

Thrissur district is bordered by the districts of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] to the north, the district of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] to the south and [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] to the east. The [[Arabian Sea]] lies to the west and [[Western Ghats]] stretches towards the east. It is part of the historical [[Malabar Coast]], which has been trading internationally since ancient times. The main language spoken is [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]].

Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at [[Thrissur]] city. The district is known for its ancient [[temple]]s, [[church (building)|churches]], and [[mosque]]s.

== Etymology ==
The term 'Thrissur' is the shortened form of the word 'Thrissivaperur' which means "the town in the name of Lord Siva". The town is built on an elevated ground, at the apex of which is the famous Vadakkumnatha Temple. A place of great antiquity, Thrissur was also known as Vrishabhadripuram and 'Ten Kailasam' in classical Sanskrit texts.<ref name="trichur.com">{{Cite web|title=Trichur, Trichur kerala, Trichur pooram, Hotels in Thrissur, Trichur map, Thrissur Properties, Trichur Hotels, Trichur Real Estate|url=https://www.trichur.com/artandculture1.htm|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.trichur.com}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Thrissur}}
[[File:Plan of the Hindu temple at Trichur.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Map of City of [[Thrissur]] with [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] prepared by [[John Gould]] in 1816.]]
From ancient times, Thrissur District has played a part in the political history of Kerala. The early political history of the District is interlinked with that of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala with their capital at [[Vanchi Muthur|Vanchi]]. The whole of the present Thrissur District was included in the early Chera Empire.<ref name="trichur.com"/> The District can claim to have played a part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

[[Kodungalloor]], which had the distinction of being the "Premium Emporium of India", gave shelter to all the three communities which have contributed to the prosperity of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]. These three communities are the [[Christians]], the [[Jews]] and the [[Muslims]].

The Thrissur district was ruled by the Perumal dynasty from the 9th to the 12th centuries and following that was part of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thampuran |first=Ashalatha |title=History of the Cochin Royal Family: Tracing the Journey of Perumpadappu Swarūpam |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/history-cochin-royal-family-tracing-journey-perumpadappu-swarupam |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>

In 1790 [[Sakthan Thampuran|Raja Rama Varma]] (1790–1805) popularly known as [[Saktan Tampuran]] ascended the throne of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. With the accession of this ruler the [[English people|English]] or modern period in the history of Cochin and of the District began. Saktan Tampuran was mainly responsible for the destruction of the power of the feudal Nair chieftains and increase of royal power. Another force in the public life of [[Trichur]] and its suburbs was the [[Namboodithiri]] community and [[Menon (subcaste)|Menons]] of royal ancestry. A large part of the Thrissur Taluk was for long under the domination of the Yogiatiripppads, the ecclesiastical heads of the Vadakkunnathan and Perumanam Devaswoms.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

The wave of nationalism and political consciousness which swept through the country since the early decades of this century has its repercussions in the District as well. Thrissur District has been in the forefront of the country-wide movement for temple entry and abolition of untouchability. The ''[[Guruvayur Satyagraha]]'' is a memorable episode in the history of the national movement.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,83,266|13=1911|14=7,69,702|15=1921|16=8,13,758|17=1931|18=9,93,913|19=1941|20=11,54,598|21=1951|22=14,03,150|23=1961|24=16,88,333|25=1971|26=21,28,877|27=1981|28=24,39,633|29=1991|30=27,37,311|31=2001|32=29,74,232|33=2011|34=31,21,200|35=2018|36=32,43,170|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

Source: Official Statistics 2007<ref>Official [[website]] of [[Thrissur]] district http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/barefacts.htm {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!width=175|District
!width=125|Thrissur
|-
|Area
|3,027
|-
|Population (2011)
|31,21,200
|-
|Males
|14,80,763
|-
|Females
|16,40,437
|-
|Sex ratio : Females/1000
|1107
|-
|Density of Population
|1031
|-
|Per Capita Income (in Rs)
|21,362
|-
|Literacy rate
|95.08%; Male 96.78%; Female 93.56%
|-
|Coastal line in km.
|54
|-
|Water bodied area in ha.
|5,573
|-
|Forest area in ha.
|103619
|-
|}

According to the [[Vital statistics (government records)|2018 Statistics Report]], Thrissur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,243,170,<ref name="tsrdemo_2018"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Mongolia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Mongolia 3,133,318 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Iowa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =Iowa 3,046,355}}</ref> The [[2011 Census of India]] gives it a ranking of 113th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book: Thrissur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/666/download/2312/DH_2011_3207_PART_A_DCHB_THRISSUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The district has a population density of {{convert| 1026 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 4.58%.<ref name=districtcensus /> Thrissur has a [[sex ratio]] of 1107 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 95.32%. 67.17% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 10.39% and 0.30% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus /> Thrissur was also the second highest urbanized district in [[Kerala]] after [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Chapter_IV.pdf | title=Chapter IV - Trends in Urbanization | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115153440/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Chapter_IV.pdf | archive-date=2019-11-15}}</ref>

[[Malayalam]] is the predominant language, spoken by 98.91% of the population as of 2011.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title = Religions in Thrissur district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Kerala|Hinduism]]|darkorange|58.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|24.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]|green|17.07}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religions in taluks
!Talukas
!Hindus
!Christians
!Muslims
!Others
|-
|[[Thrissur]]
|style="background:darkorange" |61.25
|33.53
|4.86
|0.36
|-
|[[Kodungallur]]
|style="background:darkorange"|59.22
|8.43
|32.16
|0.19
|-
|[[Mukundapuram]]
|style="background:darkorange"|56.65
|35.56
|7.63
|0.16
|-
|[[Talappilly]]
|style="background:darkorange" |61.13
|16.11
|22.54
|0.23
|-
|[[Chavakkad]]
|style="background:darkorange" |52.13
|8.60
|39.07
|0.20
|}

Hinduism is the majority religion in Thrissur, with 58.4% of the population. Christians and Muslims form significant minority.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11379/download/14492/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==== Hindus ====
The [[Hinduism|Hindu]] community consists of mainly [[Nair]]s, [[Thiyyar]]s, [[Ambalavasis]], [[Brahmin]]s (including the local [[Namboodiri]]s and migrants like [[Iyer]]s and [[Gouda Saraswat Brahmins]]) etc. The Scheduled Castes, around 12% of the population of the district, also form a section among the Hindus of the district.

[[Guruvayur Temple]] is a [[Hindu]] shrine dedicated to the Lord [[Guruvayurappan]], located in the town of [[Guruvayur]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is one of the most important pilgrim centres for [[Hindus]] in [[South India]].{{sfnp|Logan|1887|p=ccccxi–ccccxii}}

==== Christians ====
The [[Catholics]] ([[Syro Malabar Church]] and [[Latin Church|Latin]]), [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church|Jacobite]] and [[Chaldean Syrian Church|Chaldeans]] are the main sections of the [[Christian]] Community in the district. [[Syro-Malabar Church]] constitute 81% of the Christian population of the district. [[Kunnamkulam]], a town in the northern part of the district is the center for the Orthodox, [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] (Thozhiyoor church), [[Pentecostals]] and [[Marthomites]]. A notable church in the area is [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur]].

According to [[Saint Thomas christian]] tradition, the Palayur church was established in 52 AD by [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]], one of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|twelve apostles]] of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon| title = Kerala District Gazetteers: Trichur, Kerala, Volume 7|year=1962| publisher = Superintendent of Govt. Presses| url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/kerala-district-gazetteers-trichur|pages=72, 100}}</ref> It is the first church in India, and Saint Thomas performed the first [[baptism]] in India here.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheshadri|first=Veena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TmVAQAAQBAJ&dq=palayoor+church&pg=PT52|title=India: A to Z|year=2013|isbn=9789351184263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&dq=palayoor+church&pg=PT130|title=Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2018|isbn=9789351952404}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Ponnani Taluk|journal=[[Malabar Manual]]|volume=II|year=1887|url=https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/page/n421/mode/1up|last=Logan|first=William|author-link=William Logan (author)|page=ccccxi}}</ref> It is part of the [[Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ]] (seven major churches) that he established in India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The People: Religion: Christianity|journal=[[Malabar Manual]]|volume=I|year=1887|url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/18/mode/2up|first=Logan|last=William|author-link=William Logan (author)|page=199}}</ref> The original small church structure has been retained at the original site.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Two Copper Plate Records from Palaiyur|journal=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=IV Part I|year=1927|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277149/page/n97/mode/2up|first=A. S. Ramanatha|last=Ayyar|pages=84–91}}</ref>

==== Muslims ====
[[Muslim]]s live predominantly in the coastal belt of the district, from north Punnayoorkkulam to South Azhikode. They are dominant in [[Guruvayur]] and [[Chavakkad]], in good in numbers [[Kodungalloor]], Kaipamangalam and [[Nattika]] areas. [[Sunni]]s are the major section in Muslim community.

The first mosque in India is claimed to be [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] in [[Kodungallur]]. Legend claims that it was built in 629 CE, which makes it the oldest mosque in the [[Indian subcontinent]] which is still in use. It was built by [[Malik Deenar]], Persian tābiʿūn of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, on the orders of the successor of [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]], [[Chera dynasty|the Chera King]] of modern-day Kerala. The mosque was constructed in Kerala style with hanging lamps.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<gallery widths="180">
File:Vadakkumnathan Temple.jpg|[[Vadakkumnathan Temple]] during the [[Maha Shivaratri]] festival
File:Guruvayoor Temple 1.jpg|Guruvayur Sri Krishna Temple
File:Cheraman Masjid 2.jpg|[[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] Oldest mosque in india
File:St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor.jpg|Palavur Church

</gallery>

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Thrissur Rivers and Lakes Map.png|thumb|Rivers and Lakes in Thrissur District]]

Thrissur is situated in southwestern India ({{coord|10.52|N|76.21|E|}}) and is in the central part of [[Kerala]]. Thrissur is at sea level and spans an area of about {{cvt|3032|km2}}. It is bounded on the north by small parts of [[Malappuram]] district, on the east and north by [[Palakkad]] district, on the east by small parts of [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], on the south by [[Ernakulam]] district, and on the west by the Arabian Sea ({{cvt|54|km}}). Descending from the heights of the [[Western Ghats]] in the east, the land slopes towards the west forming three distinct natural divisions – the highlands, the plains and the sea board. [[Karimala Gopuram]] is the highest point in Trissur situated in the border of [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] of Palakkad.

The [[Periyar River|Periyar]], the [[Chalakudy]], the [[Karuvannur]], the [[Kurumali River]] (main tributary of the Karuvannur River) and the Ponnani ([[Bharatha Puzha]]) are the main river systems in the district. They take their origin from the mountains on the east, and flow westward and discharge into the [[Arabian Sea]]. There are a number of tributaries also joining these main rivers. There are waterfalls such as [[Athirappilly Falls]] which is widely known as the "Indian Niagara" nowadays. This is the only district in Kerala with the presence of both Periyar and Bharathappuzha, though they flow only a small distance through the district.

The district has a tropical humid climate with an oppressive hot season and plentiful and seasonal rainfall. Annual rainfall is about {{cvt|3000|mm}}. The hot season from March to May is followed by the South West Monsoon season from June to September. The period from December to February is the North East Monsoon season. However the rain stops by the end of December and the rest of the period is generally dry.
{{clear}}

== Culture ==
[[File:Great temple.jpg|right|thumb|[[Thriprayar Temple|Thriprayar Shree Ramaswami Temple]] at [[Triprayar]]]]
[[File:Chalakudy River bank on a summer sunrise.jpg|thumbnail|[[Chalakudy River]]]]
Thrissur is known as cultural capital of [[Kerala]].The district is known for the [[Thrissur Pooram]].
An ancient cultural center, Thrissur houses the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], the [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]], the [[Kerala Lalitakala Academy]] and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Thrissur|Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Academy]]. The town is built around a hillock, crowned by the [[Vadakkumnathan]] (Siva) Temple. The temple is a classical example of Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines.

Thrissur also has added to its name The ''[[Church of Our Lady of Dolors]]'', popularly known as the ''New Church''(Puthen Palli). It is the third tallest church in [[Asia]] and the tallest in [[India]]. The first two churches of India are also situated in Thrissur, the [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor]] and the [[Marthoma Pontifical Shrine, Kodungallur]]. The Metropolitan of the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] (the name used for the [[Church of the East]] in [[India]]) is also headquartered in Thrissur, and many religious publications are printed by Mar Narsai Press. The largest Christian pilgrim center in the district, [[St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty|St.Joseph's Shrine]] is situated at Pavaratty.
There is a legend which tells [[Saint]] [[Thomas (Apostle)]] was landed in [[kodungallur]], [[Muziris]] in 52 AD. The [[St. Thomas Church (Palayur)|Saint Thomas Church]] established by him houses many ancient relics. [[Puthenchira]] in [[Thrissur]] is the birth place of the Catholic Saint [[Mariam Thresia]].

According to myth, [[Malik Bin Deenar]] and 20 others who were the followers [[Muhammad]], the founder of [[Islam]], first landed in [[Kodungallur]] in Thrissur district when they came to India. Islam received royal patronage in some places here, and later spread to other parts of India. He built the mosque [[Cheraman Juma Masjid]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Ron Geaves |title=Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1s1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |year=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4742-7175-2 |pages=6 }}</ref> which makes it the first mosque in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mosque-in-Kerala-dates-back-to-the-Prophets-time/articleshow/48138989.cms|title=Mosque in Kerala dates back to the Prophet's time|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tinkering-with-the-past/article7442583.ece|title=Tinkering with the past|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 July 2015|last1=Anandan|first1=S.}}</ref>

[[Guruvayur]], home to the Sree Krishna Temple, is {{cvt|25|km}} to the north of the city. It is a sacred place not only for Keralites but for Hindus all over the world as well. The adjacent towns of [[Chavakkad]] and [[Kunnamkulam]] are important centers of Muslims and Christians respectively. The Temple at [[Thriprayar]] is another important place of worship. This ancient temple is one of the few Temples dedicated to Lord Srirama in Kerala. Incidentally, two other temples dedicated to Lord Rama, viz., the Thiruvilwamala Temple and the Kadavallur Temple, fall in Thrissur district. Thirumangalam Temple situated at Thirumangalam desam, Engandiyur, Thrissur District. The Temple facing to Gurvayur Ernakulam National Highway. In this temple, there are two idols, one is Siva and the other is Maha Vishnu. Both have same the importance. But Siva is the main Idol. Because of this the temple listed in the 108 Siva temples list. The temple faces to the eastern side and has very good Sreekovil.

[[Kodungallur]], the capital of the erstwhile [[Chera Empire]], is a region of great archeological and historical significance. The [[Kodungallur_Bhagavathy_Temple|Bhagavathi Temple]] here attracts thousands of devotees from all over Kerala. The Cheraman Juma Masjid, believed to be the oldest Mosque in India is situated here. [[Irinjalakkuda]], where the only Bharatha Temple in India is located, is another place of importance. The Unnayi Warrier Smaraka Kalanilayam which is located near the Koodalmanickyam Temple is an important center of Kathakali Learning. Since ancient times Thrissur has been the most important center of Vedic Learning in Kerala. Yagas are still conducted in her soil with the same fervour as they used to be. The only centre of traditional Vedic Learning left in Kerala is situated at the heart of Thrissur Town.

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Thrissur District}}

== Administration of Thrissur ==
{{main|Administration of Thrissur district}}

'''Thrissur District''' has four types of administrative hierarchies:
* District, Taluk, and Village administration managed by the state government of Kerala; non-elected posts.
* Panchayath Administrations, which are managed by the elected local bodies ''(Tier-3)''
* Municipal administrations, which are managed by elected municipal councils (single tier - Municipalities and Municipal Corporation)
* Assembly Constituencies for the State Government of Kerala ''(Tier-2)''
* Parliament Constituencies for the Union Government of India ''(Tier-1)''

===Revenue sub-districts and Taluks ===
Source:<ref>https://thrissur.nic.in/en/villages-255/</ref>

[[File:Subdistricts of Thrissur.svg|thumb|Taluks in Thrissur District]]
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #DEE8F1 solid"
|-
|style="background-color:#A1C2CF; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |'''Taluks & its Headquarters'''
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #BEE8F1 solid"
|[[Thrissur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Thrissur]]'''
|----
|[[Mukundapuram]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Irinjalakuda]]'''
|----
|[[Kodungallur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Kodungallur]]'''
|----
|[[Chavakad]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Chavakad]]'''
|----
|[[Thalapilly]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Wadakkanchery]]'''
|----
|[[Chalakudy]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Chalakudy]]'''
|----
|[[Kunnamkulam]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Kunnamkulam]]'''
|}
|}
The district is divided into two Revenue Sub Divisions: Thrissur and Irinjalakuda, and is headed by the Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO). The district is divided into seven taluks, headed by the Thasildar. Each of these taluks is further divided into villages headed by a village officer, with a total of 255 villages in the district. The numbers in the brackets denote the number of villages in each taluk.
*Taluks under '''Thrissur Revenue Division''':
**Thrissur (74)
**Chavakkad (29)
**Talappilly (45)
**Kunnamkulam (29)
*Taluks under '''Irinjalakuda Revenue Division''':
**Mukundapuram (29)
**Chalakudy (31)
**Kodungallur (18)

====Local Self-Governing Bodies====
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" align="right" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #DEE8F1 solid"
|-
|style="background-color:#A1C2CF; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |'''Municipalities'''
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style=" background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse: collapse; border:2px #DEE8F1 solid"
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Kunnamkulam]]
|----
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Chalakudy]]
|----
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Kodungallur]]
|----
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Chavakad]]
|----
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Guruvayur]]
|----
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Irinjalakuda]]
|----
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Wadakkanchery]]
|}
|-
|style="background-color:#A1C2CF; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |'''Municipal Corporation'''
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style=" background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse: collapse; border:2px #DEE8F1 solid"
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Thrissur]]
|}
|}

The district of Kerala has the following Local Self-Governing Bodies (LSGs), which form the third-tier government.
*District Panchayats - 1
*Block Panchayats - 16
*Grama Panchayats - 86
*Municipalities - 7
*Municipal Corporations - 1

Thrissur Municipal Corporation is the only [[municipal corporation]] in the district.

====Kerala State Assembly Constituencies====
There are 13 [[constituencies]] from the district of [[Thrissur]]:

*61 - [[Chelakkara Assembly Constituency]]
*62 - [[Kunnamkulam Assembly Constituency]]
*63 - [[Guruvayoor Assembly Constituency]]
*64 - [[Manalur Assembly Constituency]]
*65 - [[Wadakkanchery Assembly Constituency]]
*66 - [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]
*67 - [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]]
*68 - [[Nattika Assembly Constituency]]
*69 - [[Kaipamangalam Assembly Constituency]]
*70 - [[Irinjalakuda Assembly Constituency]]
*71 - [[Puthukkad Assembly constituency|Puthukkad Assembly Constituency]]
*72 - [[Chalakudy Assembly Constituency]]
*73 - [[Kodungallur Assembly Constituency]]

====Lok Sabha Parliamentary Constituency====
The district of Thrissur forms part of three parliamentary constituencies:
*[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]]; headquartered in Chalakkudy, Thrissur district. (3/7 assembly constituencies in Thrissur district)
*[[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]]; headquartered in Alathur, Palakkad district. (3/7 assembly constituencies in Thrissur district)

[[Suresh Gopi]] is the Thrissur MP, [[Benny Behanan]] is the Chalakudy MP, and [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]] is the Alathur MP.

==Major Towns==
*'''Thalappilly taluk:''' [[Wadakkancherry]], [[Chelakkara]], Thruvilwamala, [[Pazhayannur]], Cheruthuruthi, [[Mayannur]]
*'''Kunnakulam taluk:''' [[Kunnamkulam]], Kechery, Perumpilavu, Pazhanji
*'''Chavakad taluk:''' [[Chavakad]], Guruvayoor, Vadanappilly, Triprayar
*'''Thrissur taluk:''' [[Thrissur]], Arimbur, Kuthiran, [[Pattikkad, Thrissur|Pattikkad]]
*'''Kodungallur taluk:''' [[Kodungalloor]], Perinjanam, Moonupeedika
*'''Mukundapuram taluk:''' [[Irinjalakuda]], Puthukkad, Mala
*'''Chalakudy taluk:''' [[Chalakudy]], Muringoor, Meloor, Kodakara, Koratty

== Media ==
The first newspaper which published from Thrissur was ''Lokamanyan'' in 1920. Then came ''Deenabandhu'' in 1941 and ''[[General (newspaper)]]'' in 1976. Major Malayalam [[newspapers]] published in Thrissur include ''''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'', [[Kerala Kaumudi]] and [[Madhyamam]]. A number of evening papers are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, [[Kannada language|Kannada]], Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] are also sold in large numbers.

==Politics==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+ [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Constituencies from Thrissur district (13)
!width="20px" |Sl no.
!width="75px" |Constituency
!width="85px" |MLA
!width="35px" |Party
!width="35px" |Alliance
|-
| 1 ||[[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] ||[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 2 ||[[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]] ||[[A. C. Moideen]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 3 ||[[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]] ||[[N. K. Akbar]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 4 || [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]] ||[[Murali Perunelli]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 5 ||[[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]] ||[[Xavier Chittilappilly]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 6 ||[[Ollur (State Assembly constituency)|Ollur]] ||[[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|CPI||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 7 ||[[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]] ||[[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|CPI||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 8 ||[[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]] ||[[C. C. Mukundan]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|CPI||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 9 || [[Kaipamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]]|| [[E. T. Tyson]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|CPI||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 10 ||[[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]] ||[[R. Bindu]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 11 || [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]] ||[[K. K. Ramachandran]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 12 || [[Chalakudy (State Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]]||[[T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph]] ||style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|INC||{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 13 || [[Kodungallur (State Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]] ||[[V. R. Sunil Kumar]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|CPI||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|}

== Industries ==

Thrissur is known for the power [[loom]] industry and the [[Textile]] Mills like the ''Alagappa Textiles'' in [[Alagappa Nagar]], ''Kerala Lakshmi Mills'' at [[Pullazhi]], ''Rajgopal Textiles'' at Athani, ''Sitaram Spinning and Weaving Mills'' Thrissur, ''Vanaja Textiles'' at [[Kurichikkara]] (now defunct), ''Bhagavathy Spinning Mills'' at [[Thanikkudam]] and ''Kunnath Textiles'' at Thrissur. Thrissur are engaged in the manufacture of hosiery products.

[[File:Poomala.jpg|200px|left|thumb|A view from [[Poomala]], mountain]]

The [[coir]] and the [[tile]] industry offer employment for many people in the district. The first [[saw mill]] in the state was erected at Trichur (1905). Most of the [[timber]] is brought down from the forests to Thrissur and [[Chalakkudy]], which are the most important timber marts in the District. [[Canning]] is a developing industry in Thrissur and ''Darlco Cannings'' and ''Kayee Plantations Cannings''; both have major units at Thrissur. The ''Thrissur Fruits and Vegetables Marketing Society'' are establishing a canning industrial unit at [[Nadathara]] and it is going on very successfully. Besides all these the ''match stick industry'', [[pharmaceuticals]], [[printing]] etc. give Thrissur its fame as a bustling industrial centre. The first Worker's [[Indian Coffee House]] of the state was opened in Thrissur (1957).

The 400 kV Electric Power Station at Madakkathara near [[Thanikkudam]] is the major electrical hub connecting the [[KSEB]] electrical power system to the national electrical grid. The station serves more than 30% of the state's electrical energy requirements and acts as the principal feed to the northern half of Kerala.

[[Avinissery]], a census town at south of Thrissur city is an important centre of Khadi and Village Industries.

== Places of interest ==
{{See also|List of tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
[[File:Chimmony Dam-10.JPG|thumb|[[Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary]] – {{cvt|30|km}} from [[Thrissur]] City.]]
[[File:The Athirapally Falls flowing its usual discharge.jpg|thumb|The Athirapally Falls flowing its usual discharge]]
* [[Athirapilly Water Falls]] ({{cvt|63|km}} from Thrissur City): This 80 feet high waterfall at the threshold of the Sholayar ranges is a picnic spot. Two amusement parks – DreamWorld and SilverStorm – are located nearby.
* [[Vazhachal]] : Just a short drive from [[Athirapilly]] is close to dense forests and a part of the [[Chalakudy]] river.
* [[Chalakudy River]] : This Perennial River is the 5th Longest river in Kerala and the richest river in fish diversity perhaps in India.
* [[Punnathur Kotta Elephant Sanctuary]] ({{cvt|23|km}} from city): It is the largest elephant park in the world, with over 60 elephants.
* [[Peechi Dam]]: ({{cvt|20|km}} from city) It is a good picnic spot. The dam was started as an irrigation project for the surrounding villages in Thrissur. At the same time, it catered the drinking water needs of the population of Thrissur City. It serves as an irrigation dam, reaching out to the paddy fields in and around Thrissur city. Built across the Manali River. Elephants may be seen on the bank of Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1958 covering 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi).
* [[Poomala Dam]]: A natural reserve and tourist spot with an irrigation dam.
* [[Chavakkad Beach]]
* [[Vazhani Dam]] ({{cvt|24|km}} from city): It is a good picnic spot built over Kechery River .
* [[Snehatheeram Beach]]: This beach is around {{cvt|23|km}} from town of Thrissur near by Nattika village.
* [[Chimmony dam]] ({{cvt|35|km}} from city)
* [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] ({{cvt|30|km}}): It is in [[Cheruthuruthy]] and was founded by the Poet [[Sri. Vallathol Narayana Menon]], to encourage the study of the ancient arts of Kerala such as [[Kathakali]] and [[Mohiniyattom]].
* [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]]
* [[Thrissur Zoo|Thrissur Zoo & Museum]] ({{convert|2|km|disp=sqbr|abbr=on}}): Opened in 1885, it is a {{convert|13.5|acre|adj=on}} big zoo. The zoo is home for various animals, reptiles and birds.

== Important towns ==
[[File:Thrissur Kulassery temple.jpg|thumb|upright|Kulassery Narasimha Temple, Thrissur]]

* [[Chalakudy]]
* [[Chavakkad]]
* [[Chelakkara]]
* [[Guruvayur]]
* [[Irinjalakuda]]
* [[Kodungallur]]
* [[Kunnamkulam]]
* [[Pazhayannur]]
* [[Triprayar]]
* [[Vadanappally]]
* [[Wadakkancherry, Thrissur|Wadakanchery]]

== List of villages ==
{{Main|List of villages in Thrissur district}}


== Gallery ==
<gallery>File:Perunal 028.JPG|Perunal, Thrissur Dt
File:Gurovayoor.jpg|[[Guruvayur Temple]] entrance – 25 km from [[Thrissur]] City.
File:Vadumnathan-one.jpg|East Gate of [[Vadakumnathan Temple]].
File:Our Lady of Dolours Basilica (82265).jpg|[[Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours, Thrissur]]
File:Poothan thira (1).jpg|[[Poothan and Thira]] for the Machattu Vela festival, near Wadakkanchery.
File:Muthuvara Shiva Temple.JPG|Muthuvara Shiva Temple.
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1952
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- Trichur District | publisher=Travancore-Cochin Government Press
| location = Trivandrum
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5611/1/23588_1951_TRI.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Trichur District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5664/1/22063_1961_TRI.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook - Thrissur (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3207_PART_A_THRISSUR.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook - Thrissur (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3207_PART_B_THRISSUR.pdf
}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|Thrissur District}}
* [http://thrissur.nic.in/ Government Portal]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=k&msa=0&msid=114038809751246788218.000440d8cff499fc85a7c&ll=10.526843,76.215742&spn=0.013101,0.018003&z=16 Satellite image of Thrissur]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220201643/http://www.thrissurpolice.com/ Website of Thrissur Police]

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Thrissur district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Palakkad district]]
|East = [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Ernakulam district]]
|Southwest =
|West = ''[[Lakshadweep Sea]]''
|Northwest = [[Malappuram district]]
}}

{{Thrissur district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Thrissur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Kerala]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]

Kerala Motor Vehicles Department

2026-02-24T13:29:26Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{refimprove|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Kerala Motor Vehicles Department
| nativenamea = {{lang|ml|മോട്ടോർ വാഹന വകുപ്പ്, കേരളം}}
| logo = MVD Kerala Logo Resized.png
| logocaption = Logo of Kerala MVD
| image_size = 120
| abbreviation = MVD
| motto = Safety, Service, Technology
| mottotranslated = സുരക്ഷ- സേവനം-സങ്കേതിക വിദ്യ 
| country = India
| divname = [[Kerala]]
| governingbody = [[Department of Transport (Kerala)|Transport Department]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| constitution1 = Section 213 of [[Motor Vehicles Act]] (1988)
| constitution2 = Kerala Motor Vehicles Taxation Act, 1976
| speciality1 = vehicle
| speciality2 = road
| speciality3 = tax
| oversightbody =
| headquarters = Transport Commissionerate, Trans Towers, [[Vazhuthacaud]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| minister1pfo = Minister for Transport
| chief1name = Nagaraju Chakilam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = Transport Commissioner
| chief2name = P.S Pramoj Sanker [[IOFS]]
| chief2position = Additional Transport Commissioner
| unittype = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in Kerala|RTO]]
| unitname = 18 <ref>https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/en/directory</ref>
| officetype = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in Kerala|Sub RTO]]
| officename = 69 <ref>https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/en/directory</ref>
| stationtype = [[Enforcement]] [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]]
| stations = 14
| website = https://mvd.kerala.gov.in
}}

The '''Kerala Motor Vehicles Department''', colloquially known as the '''MVD''' or '''Kerala MVD''', is the [[Department of motor vehicles|motor vehicle]] [[law enforcement agency]] under the [[Department of Transport (Kerala)|Transport Department]] of the [[Government of Kerala]]. It is responsible for the enforcement of motor vehicle laws, issuing [[Driver's license|driving licences]], [[Motor vehicle registration|registering motor vehicles]], ensuring [[road safety]], and the levy and collection of [[road tax]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite report
| title = Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
| publisher = Motor Vehicles Department, Government of Kerala
| url = https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/Downloads/KMVR.pdf
| access-date = 9 January 2026
| type = Government Notification (S.R.O. No. 1286/89)
}}</ref> The department is administered by the Transport Commissioner who is the Head of the Department. The current Transport Commissioner is Nagaraju Chakilam, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2024-09-14 |title=9 IPS transferred in Kerala, C Nagaraju made State Transport Commissioner |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2024/09/9-ips-transferred-in-kerala-c-nagaraju-made-state-transport-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Elets eGov |language=en}}</ref>

It is primarily responsible for enforcing the [[Motor Vehicles Act|Central Motor Vehicles Act, 1988]], and its associated rules and regulations within the state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite report
| title = Kerala Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
| publisher = Motor Vehicles Department, Government of Kerala
| url = https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/Downloads/KMVR.pdf
| access-date = 9 January 2026
| type = Government Notification (S.R.O. No. 1286/89)
}}</ref>

== Organization ==
===Transport commissionerate===
The Kerala MVD functions under the provisions of Section 213 of the [[Motor Vehicles Act]], 1988. The headquarters of the Motor Vehicles Department, known as the Transport Commissionerate, is situated in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

The Motor Vehicles Department is headed by the Transport Commissioner, typically an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of the rank of [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]] (ADGP). The current Transport Commissioner is CH Nagaraju IPS. The Transport Commissioner is assisted by the Additional Transport Commissioner, Joint Transport Commissioners and Deputy Transport Commissioners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Kerala ADGP Sreejith transferred from Crime Branch, posted as Transport Commissioner |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-adgp-sreejith-transferred-crime-branch-posted-transport-commissioner-163195 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> At the Head Office, one Additional Transport Commissioner, two Joint Transport Commissioners, one Senior Deputy Transport Commissioners, one Assistant Transport Commissioner, and other ministerial and administrative officials assist the Transport Commissioner.

===Zonal offices===
There are four zonal offices headed by Deputy Transport Commissioners (Dy TCs).
{| class="wikitable"
! Sl. No.
! Zone
! Administrative jurisdiction<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/Downloads/2016%20-%202017.pdf|website=mvd.kerala.gov.in|access-date=2026-02-01|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240905000455/https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/Downloads/2016%20-%202017.pdf|archive-date=2024-09-05}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| South Zone
(HQ: [[Thiruvananthapuram]])
| RTOs and Sub RTOs in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], and [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] districts
|-
| 2
| Central Zone-I
(HQ: [[Thrissur]])
| RTOs and SRTOs in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] districts
|-
| 3
| Central Zone-II
(HQ: [[Ernakulam|Eranakulam]])
| RTOs and SRTOs in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] districts
|-
| 4
| North Zone
(HQ: [[Kozhikode]])
| RTOs and SRTOs in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts
|}

===Regional Transport Offices (RTOs)===
{{Main|List of Regional Transport Office districts in Kerala}}
The MVD has two functional wings: Enforcement Wing and Administration Wing.

There are 19 [[Regional Transport Office|Regional Transport Offices]] (RTOs) responsible for transport administration, including [[Motor vehicle registration|vehicle registration]], [[Driver's license|issuance of driving licences]], and other vehicle- and licence-related services. It includes two Special RTOs located at Thiruvananthapuram—one for the nationalised sector ([[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] vehicle registration) and another for government vehicles (KL-90).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala introduces special ‘KL-90’ registration series for government vehicles; KSRTC to retain ‘KL-15’|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-govt-vehicles-new-kl-90-registration-jkaw43up|website=@mathrubhumi|date=2025-10-31|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt vehicles to be registered under 'KL 90', KSRTC to continue as KL 15|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1638436&u=govt-vehicles-to-be-registered-under-kl-90-ksrtc-to-continue-as-kl-15|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Keralakaumudi|last=Daily}}</ref>

=== Enforcement Regional Transport Offices ===
Kerala has 14 Enforcement Regional Transport Offices (RTOs), one in each district, responsible for road safety enforcement and the implementation of motor vehicle laws within their respective jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Order giving sweeping powers to Enforcement RTOs welcomed|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/order-giving-sweeping-powers-to-enforcement-rtos-welcomed/article38419696.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2022-02-12|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=John L.|last=Paul}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Organizational structure, functions and responsibilities of Motor Vehicles Department. |url=https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/en/organization-structure}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New RTO enforcement office to come up under Safe Kerala Project|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/new-rto-enforcement-office-to-come-up-under-safe-kerala-project/articleshow/68142936.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2019-02-25|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The MVD Enforcement Wing comprises 14 RTOs, 65 Motor Vehicle Inspectors and 187 Assistant Motor Vehicles Inspectors.<ref>{{Cite news|title=No drivers posted for MVD’s enforcement fleet|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/no-drivers-posted-for-mvds-enforcement-fleet/article35014264.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2021-06-28|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=John L.|last=Paul}}</ref>

===Sub Regional Transport Offices===
{{Main|List of Regional Transport Office districts in Kerala#Sub Regional Transport Offices|l1 = List of Sub Regional Transport Offices in Kerala}}

Sub-regional Transport Offices are headed by joint regional transport officers (JRTOs). There are 68 SRTO offices across the state.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sanctioned strength of the Motor Vehicles Department (MVD)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Citizen charter of Motor vehicle Department |url=https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/Downloads/citizencharter.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
! Category
! Post
! Sanctioned strength
|-
| rowspan="10" | Executive
| Transport Commissioner
| 1
|-
| Additional / Joint Transport Commissioner
| 1
|-
| Senior Deputy Transport Commissioner & Secretary, State Transport Authority
| 1
|-
| Senior Deputy Transport Commissioner (Tax)
| 1
|-
| Assistant Transport Commissioner
| 1
|-
| Zonal Deputy Transport Commissioners
| 4
|-
| Regional Transport Officers
| 18
|-
| Joint Regional Transport Officers
| 42
|-
| Motor Vehicle Inspectors
| 126
|-
| Assistant Motor Vehicle Inspectors
| 286
|-
| rowspan="9" | Non-executive
| Administrative Officer
| 1
|-
| Law Officer
| 1
|-
| Finance Officer
| 1
|-
| Statistical Officer
| 1
|-
| Accounts Officer
| 1
|-
| Senior Superintendents
| 31
|-
| Junior Superintendents
| 49
|-
| Head Accountant / PRO / Head Clerk
| 117
|-
| Clerks (LD & UD)
| 614
|}

== Functions and responsibilities ==
* Enforcement of motor vehicle laws and traffic regulations<ref name=":0" />
* Issue and renewal of driving licences and learner’s licences<ref name=":0" />
* Registration of motor vehicles and issue of Registration Certificates<ref name=":0" />
* Transfer of ownership and change of address in registration records<ref name=":0" />
* Issue and renewal of permits for transport and [[Commercial vehicle|commercial vehicles]]<ref name=":0" />
* Conduct of vehicle fitness tests and certification
* Levy and collection of motor vehicle tax and [[road tax]]<ref name=":0" />
* Assignment of registration marks and issue of number plates
* Regulation and monitoring of public transport vehicles
* Road safety promotion, accident prevention and traffic enforcement initiatives<ref name=":0" />

== Rank structure==
The following is the rank structure of the executive cadre of the Department:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Title
! Insignia
! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | Transport Commissioner
| Post held by an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer on deputation.
|-
| colspan="2" | Additional Transport Commissioner
| Ex-cadre post
|-
| colspan="2" | Joint Transport Commissioner (Jt. TC)
| Managerial/administrative role
|-
| colspan="2" | Senior Deputy Transport Commissioner (Sr. Dy. TC)
| Managerial/administrative role
|-
| colspan="2" | Deputy Transport Commissioner (Dy. TC)
| Zonal-level supervisory officer.
|-
| Regional Transport Officer (RTO) / Assistant Transport Commissioner (ATC)
|[[File:Regional Transport Officer (RTO) Rank Insignia (Kerala).png|50px]]
| Head of a [[Regional Transport Office]]
|-
| Joint Regional Transport Officer (Jt. RTO)
|[[File:Joint RTO rank insignia (Kerala).png|50px]]
| Head of a Sub-Regional Transport Office
|-
| Motor Vehicles Inspector (MVI)
|[[File:Rank insignia of Motor Vehicle Inspector in Kerala.png|104x104px]]
| Field-level executive officer
|-
| Assistant Motor Vehicles Inspector (AMVI)
|[[File:Insignia of Assistant Motor Vehicle Inspector (Kerala).png|106x106px]]
| Entry-level executive post
|}

== In Media ==

== Initiatives ==

=== Technological Advancements: AI Cameras (2023-Present) ===
In 2023, the Kerala Motor Vehicles Department (MVD) became the first transport department in [[India]] to implement a large-scale [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] (AI) camera system for traffic violation detection and road safety enforcement. This initiative, known as the "Safe Kerala" scheme, involved the installation of 726 cameras across the state. The AI cameras detect violations such as not wearing helmets and seat belts, overspeeding, careless driving, three people travelling on a two-wheeler among others.

Out of the total cameras, 692 were designated for automated fine imposition. During a trial run period, these cameras successfully identified a significant number of traffic violations. MVD officials reported capturing around 4.5 lakh violations, with some cameras detecting as many as 2,500 offenses daily. Following the official launch in April 2023, the number of violations captured by the cameras reportedly dropped to around 2 lakh per day, suggesting a positive impact on driver behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Kerala: AI cameras detect 38,520 traffic violations in first 12 hours of implementation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ai-cameras-in-kerala-detect-38520-traffic-violations-in-the-first-12-hours-of-implementation-2389396-2023-06-06 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=AI cameras run successfully; violations reduced considerably: Kerala MVD |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ai-cameras-run-successfully-violations-reduced-considerably-kerala-mvd-1.8523250 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=AI-powered cameras to monitor Kerala roads from Thursday: Refresh your road rules awareness |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ai-powered-cameras-to-monitor-kerala-roads-from-thursday-refresh-your-road-rules-awareness-1.8491113 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=AI camera: Kerala MVD to convene high-level meeting on May 24 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-mvd-to-convene-high-level-meeting-to-discuss-ai-camera-operation-ites-1.8578682 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Youth fined Rs 86,500 after AI camera captures him 155 times without helmet |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1185417&u=youth-fined-rs-86500-after-ai-camera-captures-him-155-times-without-helmet-1185417 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-11-12 |title=Apparition or plain hallucination?: ‘Unidentified’ female figures in AI camera images leave Kerala motor vehicle department spooked |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Nov/12/apparition-or-plain-hallucination-unidentified-female-figures-in-ai-camera-images-leavekerala-motor-vehicle-department-spooked-2632259.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Youth caught changing number plate 51 times to cheat AI cameras, fined Rs 60,000 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/youth-caught-changing-number-plate-51-times-to-cheat-ai-cameras-fined-rs-60-000-1.8960184 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheriyan |first=George |date=2023-06-20 |title=Road safety: Kerala's AI camera project shows promising results {{!}} Policy Circle |url=https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/keralas-ai-camera-project-success/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kallungal |first=Dhinesh |date=2024-07-07 |title=Within a year, MVD strikes it rich through AI cameras |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/within-a-year-mvd-strikes-it-rich-through-ai-cameras/article68378601.ece |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In a recent dispute between the Kerala Motor Vehicles Department (MVD) and the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB), tensions escalated after the MVD imposed a significant fine on a KSEB contract vehicle for various traffic violations. The fine was issued based on evidence captured by AI-powered traffic surveillance cameras. In retaliation, the KSEB reportedly cut power supply to MVD offices in certain regions, leading to disruptions in the department's operations. While the KSEB claimed the power cut was a routine procedure due to non-payment of bills, there were allegations that it was a deliberate act of retaliation.

== See also ==

* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Police]]
* [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH), Government of India

==References==
<ref>{{Cite web |last=aishwarya.nair |title=Kerala: Motor Vehicle Department slaps fine on KSEB, latter pulls plug over delay in bill payments |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/kerala-motor-vehicle-department-slaps-fine-on-kseb-latter-pulls-plug-over-delay-in-bill-payments-anr-rx25s1 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=KSEB disrupts electricity supply to MVD office in Kalpetta |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kseb-disrupts-electricity-supply-to-mvd-office-in-kalpetta-1.8680228 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-06-28 |title=Days after being fined, KSEB removes fuse of MVD office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jun/28/days-after-being-fined-kseb-removes-fuse-of-mvd-office-2589145.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://mvd.kerala.gov.in Official website of Kerala Motor Vehicles Department]
* [https://vahan.parivahan.gov.in Online vehicle services ('Vahan') (India)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305182556/https://parivahan.gov.in/parivahan/ |date=2023-03-05 }}
* [https://sarathi.parivahan.gov.in Online driving licence services ('Sarathi') (India)]

[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]
[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Kerala]]

Ampareen Lyngdoh

2026-02-22T14:20:56Z

AliciaPaschall: added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh
| image = Ampareen Lyngdoh (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 180
| caption = Official portrait
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Meghalaya]]
| termstart = 7 March 2023
| termend = 16 September 2025
| 1namedata = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 2blankname = Portfolios
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Health and Family Welfare|Information and Public Relations|Law}}
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Banteidor Lyngdoh]] {{small|(Agriculture)}}|[[Prestone Tynsong]] {{small|(Health)}}|[[James Sangma]] {{small|(Information, Law)}}}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[Timothy Shira]] {{small|(Agriculture)}}|[[Wailadmiki Shylla]] {{small|(Health)}}|[[Lahkmen Rymbui]] {{small|(Information, Law)}}}}
| termstart1 = 12 March 2013
| termend1 = 6 March 2018
| 1namedata1 = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 2blankname1 = Portfolios
| 2namedata1 = {{bulleted list|Labour|Urban Affairs, Municipal Administration {{small|(until 2016)}}|Public Works Department (Buildings) {{small|(from 2016)}}}}
| termstart2 = 24 April 2010
| termend2 = 1 March 2013
| 1namedata2 = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 2blankname2 = Portfolios
| 2namedata2 = {{bulleted list|School Education and Literacy {{small|(until 2011)}}|Higher and Technical Education {{small|(until 2011)}}|Science and Technology {{small|(from 2011)}}|Urban Affairs {{small|(from 2011)}}|Municipal Administration and Housing {{small|(from 2011)}}}}
| termstart3 = 13 May 2009
| termend3 = 19 April 2010
| 1namedata3 = [[D. D. Lapang]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 2blankname3 = Portfolios
| 2namedata3 = {{bulleted list|Elementary and Mass Education|Higher and Technical Education|Printing and Stationery}}

| office4 = [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Member, Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[East Shillong Assembly constituency|East Shillong]]
| term_start4 = 2013
| predecessor4 = ''Constituency established''
| constituency5 = [[Laitumkhrah Assembly constituency|Laitumkhrah]]
| termstart5 = 2008
| termend5 = 2013
| predecessor5 = Robert Garnett Lyngdoh
| successor5 = ''Constituency abolished''

| nationality = Indian
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (2022-present)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (2008–2009)|[[Indian National Congress]] (2009{{ndash}}2022)}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Peter G. Marbaniang]]|Q.E. Lyngdoh}}
| children = {{ubl|Grazel Lyngdoh|Jade Lyngdoh|Kyra Lyngdoh}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|5|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], India
| residence = [[Laitumkhrah]], [[Shillong]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], former [[lecturer]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Jesus and Mary College]] [[Master of Arts]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] [[Ph.D.]], [[North Eastern Hill University]].
| alma_mater = Loreto Convent, Shillong [[Jesus & Mary College]], [[University of Delhi]] [[Jamia Milia Islamia]] [[North Eastern Hill University]] (Ph.D)
| spouse = Fantin Joseph Lakadong
}}
'''Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh''' (born 5 May 1965) is an Indian politician who has served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]] since 2008. She is currently serving as Adviser to the [[Government of Meghalaya]]. She also served as a Cabinet Minister in the State Government of [[Meghalaya]] from 2023 to 2025.

She was previously a [[Cabinet Minister]] in the [[Government of Meghalaya]] for Labour Affairs, Information Technology, Information & Broadcasting, Housing, Urban Development Affairs, and Housing from 2013 to 2018; and Minister for Education from 2009 to 2013.

Until August 2021, she served as a Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]], in charge of the state of [[Mizoram]]. She served as the working president of the Indian National Congress in the state of Meghalaya until 2022.

She was the sole female member of the house in the 60 member [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from 2008 to 2013. Prior to joining active politics, she was a [[lecturer]] at St. Anthony's College, Shillong, where she taught mass communication.

== Early life and family ==

Ampareen Lyngdoh was born in [[Shillong]]. She is the daughter of [[Peter G. Marbaniang]] and Q. E Lyngdoh. Her father was a [[Member of Parliament]] and [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130131/jsp/northeast/story_16501949.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125219/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130131/jsp/northeast/story_16501949.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=...Ampareen keeps norm, files papers |author=Andrew W. Lyngdoh |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=31 January 2013 }}</ref> Her brother, Robert Garnett Lyngdoh was a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] who also served as the [[Home affairs|Home]] Minister in the [[Government of Meghalaya]].

She is married and has three children.

== Education ==

Lyngdoh completed her school education at the Loreto Convent, Shillong.

She pursued her undergraduate degree in English at the [[Jesus and Mary College]] at the [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jmc.ac.in/docs/ssr-upload.pdf |title=Self-study report 2014 |publisher=Jesus & Mary College |access-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref> She graduated from [[Jamia Milia Islamia]] University in 1990 with a master's degree in Mass Communication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla-bye-election/2009/17-laitumkhrah/affidavits/ampareenlyngdoh_assets-liabilities.pdf|title=Election Affidavit}}</ref>

In 2013, Lyngdoh earned a [[Ph.D.]] from the [[North Eastern Hill University]]. The title of her thesis was ''Influence of Media on Public Opinion During The Periods of Social Unrest: A Study of Meghalaya''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nehu.ac.in/Schools/Economics%20&%20Management/Library%20Science/PH.php |title=Department of Library & Information Science: Dr. P. Hangsing |publisher=North-Eastern Hill University |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110122151/http://www.nehu.ac.in/Schools/Economics%20%26%20Management/Library%20Science/PH.php |archive-date=10 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early career ==

Lyngdoh was a professor of Mass Communications at St. Anthony's College, Shillong where she was the head of the Department of Mass Communication.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/meghalayas-tech-savvy-neta-has-her-feet-on-the-ground/articleshow/62880706.cms|title=Meghalaya's tech-savvy neta has her feet on the ground|date=February 12, 2018|work=Times of India}}</ref>

== Political career ==
She started her political career as a member of the [[Indian Youth Congress]], and was closely involved in the election campaigns of her father, [[Peter G. Marbaniang]] and her brother Robert G. Lyngdoh before joining active politics. They were both leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]].

[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee with the Speaker, Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, Shri A.T. Mondal alongwith a delegation of Ministers & MLAs from Meghalaya, in New Delhi on May 01, 2013.jpg|thumb|President Shri Pranab Mukherjee with the Speaker, Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, Shri A.T. Mondal and Ampareen Lyngdoh, Minister, Government of Meghalaya along with MLAs from Meghalaya, in New Delhi on May 01, 2013]]

=== United Democratic Party ===
Lyngdoh briefly joined the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (UDP) in 2008 after the [[Indian National Congress]] refused to give her a ticket to contest the 2008 state Assembly elections.<ref name="Telegraph_jibe_2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090725/jsp/northeast/story_11278838.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123210/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090725/jsp/northeast/story_11278838.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Pre-poll jibe at Ampareen's flip-flop|date=25 July 2009|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

When the United Democratic Party gave her an election ticket, 44 members of the party resigned in protest because her brother Robert G Lyngdoh was a Congress [[legislator]] and the state's minister for education at that time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ticket-to-cong-mla-s-sister-forces-exodus-from-udp/238946/0|title=Ticket to Cong MLA's sister forces exodus from UDP|date=14 November 2007|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref>

As a candidate from the United Democratic Party, Lyngdoh won the [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008 state assembly elections]] from the [[Laitumkhrah]] constituency, a stronghold of her family from which her father and her brother had been elected earlier to become the only woman [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the 8th [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]. She defeated Malcom B Tariang, who fought the election as an independent candidate.<ref name="rediff_by_2009">{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/21/cong-wins-meghalaya-by-poll-bjp-wins-ktaka-seat.htm|title=Cong wins Meghalaya by-poll, humbled in K'taka|date=21 August 2009|work=rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Re-joining the Indian National Congress and subsequent suspension ===
Lyngdoh met [[Indian National Congress]] President [[Sonia Gandhi]] in New Delhi, after which she resigned from the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] and the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] on 31 March 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/UDP-MLA-Ampareen-Lyngdoh-quits/articleshow/4347101.cms|title=UDP MLA Ampareen Lyngdoh quits|date=2 April 2009|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

She re-joined the Congress, her party rewarding her by making her the state's minister for education, although she was no longer a legislator.<ref name="Telegraph_jibe_2009" /> Her resignation from the Assembly resulted in a [[by-election]], which she won in August 2009. Once again, she defeated Tariang, who fought as a UDP candidate this time.<ref name="rediff_by_2009" />

She was the only female legislator in the Meghalaya Assembly from 2008 to 2013.<ref name="rediff_by_2009" /><ref name="TH_retains_2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/poll-results-congress-retains-power-in-meghalaya/article4462477.ece|title=Poll Results: Congress retains power in Meghalaya|date=28 February 2013|work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> During these five years, her assets increased by 9000%, from {{INR}} 23,518 to {{INR}} 2,100,000, according to the affidavits she submitted to the Election Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news/37059046_1_crorepati-candidates-women-candidates-udp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143905/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news/37059046_1_crorepati-candidates-women-candidates-udp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|title=113 crorepatis in fray for Meghalaya polls|work=The Economic Times|access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/60-of-MLAs-crorepatis-in-Meghalaya/articleshow/18787980.cms|title=60% of MLAs 'crorepatis' in Meghalaya|author=Manosh Das|date=4 March 2013|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 14 February 2022, Lyngdoh along with 4 other fellow Congress MLAs was suspended by the party for backing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] allied [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All 5 Meghalaya Congress MLAs face suspension for joining BJP-backed govt |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/feb/14/all-5-meghalaya-congress-mlas-face-suspension-for-joining-bjp-backed-govt-2419325.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Positions in the Indian National Congress ==

[[Indian National Congress]] President [[Rahul Gandhi]] appointed Lyngdoh a secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]] in charge of [[Mizoram]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/india/rahul-appoints-9-new-aicc-secretaries/296410.html|title=Rahul Gandhi appoints new AICC secretaries}}</ref> ahead of the crucial state assembly election in 2018. She was appointed as the President of the Meghalaya chapter of the [[All India Professionals Congress]] in August, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/08/14/ampareen-to-head-state-unit-of-professionals-cong/|title=Ampareen to head state unit of Professionals' Cong|work=The Shillong Times|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref>

In August 2021, she was appointed as the working president of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Meghalaya.

In February 2022, a group of 5 [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs led by Ampareen Lyngdoh gave their support to the [[Conrad Sangma]] [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] backed government. This resulted in an expulsion of all five last remaining [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs.

== Positions in government ==
Lyngdoh has served as a [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Minister]] in the state government, and during her first two terms as a Cabinet Minister, she held portfolios including Public Works Department, Information Technology, Information & Communication, Urban Development, Housing, Labour, Education and Tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110923/jsp/northeast/story_14541344.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213232/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110923/jsp/northeast/story_14541344.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Move to reduce slums in Shillong – Education minister sets 10-year target|date=23 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-04/news/27604111_1_education-minister-compulsory-education-education-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020100439/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-04/news/27604111_1_education-minister-compulsory-education-education-act|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2015|title=Right to Education by 2012: Meghalaya Education minister|date=4 June 2010|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref> She was the Chairman of the Meghalaya Urban Development Agency while holding the Urban Development portfolio.

Following her re-election as a member of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly in 2023, Lyngdoh was appointed as a Cabinet Minister in the [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2003)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]] 2.0 Government, she served in this position till 2025. Later, she was appointed as the Adviser to the Government of Meghalaya.

== Assembly committees ==

Lyngdoh is the Chairperson of the Meghalaya Assembly [[Standing Committee]] for the Empowerment of Women and a member of the Assembly Committee for Welfare of Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Other Backward Classes.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Legal issues ==

In 2017, the [[High Court of Meghalaya]] cancelled the appointment of 365 teachers who were appointed in Government lower primary schools after allegations of irregularities in the selection process which were conducted in 2010 when Lyngdoh was the state's minister for education purportedly involved many politicians from the state. The court also directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] to probe the "criminal aspect" of the irregularities that were alleged to have marked the selection process.<ref>{{cite news |title=In poll-bound Meghalaya, a seven-year-old recruitment controversy comes back to haunt the Congress |url=https://scroll.in/article/856953/in-poll-bound-meghalaya-a-seven-year-old-recruitment-controversy-come-back-to-haunt-the-congress}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
In 2008 Lyngdoh contested the [[Laitumkhrah]] constituency as a UDP candidate, winning her first election to the state assembly.

In 2009 she contested the by-election in the Laitumkhrah constituency as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, winning again.

In 2013 she contested the East Shillong Constituency, defeating the UDP candidate and former [[Deputy Chief Minister]] Bindo M Lanong.<ref name="TH_retains_2013" />

In 2018 Lyngdoh contested the East Shillong Constituency, once again winning the seat with a 36% margin. Her nearest rival from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by over 6,000 votes. She also defeated former [[Deputy Chief Minister]] Bindo M Lanong of the UDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1516.htm?ac=16|title = Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/info?stateac=44&eid=269|title=IndiaVotes AC: Meghalaya 2018|website=IndiaVotes|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>

She won in 2023, on a [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] ticket defeating Indian National Congress candidate Manuel Badwar by 1,711 votes.
{| class="wikitable"
! Election
! Year
! Party
! Constituency
! Result
! Votes
! % votes
! Source
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| 2008
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| rowspan=2|[[Laitumkhrah]]
| Won
| 3,775
| 34.10%
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/March2008/pollupd/ac/states/S15/Partycomp17.htm |title=17 – Laitumkharah (ST) Assembly Constituency |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30139 |title=AC Summary: Laitumkharah 2008 Tweet |publisher=India Votes |access-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] ([[by-election]])
| 2009
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Won
| 5,800
| 54.81%
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/bye-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2009-17-laitumkhrah-bye-elections.pdf |title=Bye-Election to Legislative Assembly, August, 2009 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| 2013
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan=3|[[East Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|East Shillong]]
| Won
| 10,103
| 62.9%
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/33426 |title=AC Summary: East Shillong 2013 |publisher=India Votes |access-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
|2018
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Won
|10,368
| 61.4%
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/44/43279/269|title=IndiaVotes | India's largest election database}}</ref>
|-
|[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
|2023
|[[National People's Party (India)]]
|Won
|6,636
| 39.56%
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/44/43279/269|title=IndiaVotes | India's largest election database}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyngdoh, Ampareen}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Women members of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]

Pradyota dynasty

2026-02-16T15:53:26Z

AliciaPaschall: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Dynasty of Avanti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Pradyota dynasty
| common_name = Pradyota dynasty
| image_map = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map_caption = Map of the 16 Mahājanapadas.
| p1 = Brihadratha dynasty
| p2 =
| s1 = Shaishunaga dynasty{{!}}Magadha
| s2 =
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| leader1 = Pradyota (first)
| year_leader1 = 6th century BC
| capital = [[Ujjain]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| today = [[India]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]
}}

'''Pradyota dynasty''' was a ruling dynasty of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]], founded by Pradyota, after his father Punika, a minister in the court of the king of Ujjaini, the northern part of the former Avanti kingdom, and placed his own son on the throne in 546 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last= Jain|first= Kailash Chand|title= Malwa through the Ages|page=99|quote=The Purānas wrongly mention Pradyota and Bimbisara as rulers of Magadha separated by a interval of over 150 years.They were in fact contemporaries ruling over Avanti and Magadha respectively as known to us from Buddhist, Jain and other Sanskrit works. The mistake of including the Avanti rulers in the Magadha list probably a rose on account of the sovereignty established by Avanti over Magadha.}}</ref>

'Pradyota or Chanda Pradyota' was the founder of the dynasty and the ruler of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]]. Pradyota was the son of Pulika (or Punika), who is said to have killed previous King [[Ripunjaya]] of [[Brihadratha dynasty]] at [[Ujjain]], to make his son the king. Pradyota is said to have ruled for 23 years.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=101}}

According to 'Visarasreni' of [[Merutunga]], Palaka was the son of Pradyota who have ruled from c. 659–635 BCE.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=85}} He is said to have conquered [[Kosambi]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=101}} Palaka is said to have ruled for 25 years.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=102}}

Visakhayupa, Ajaka, Nandivardhana is said to have ruled for 50, 21 and 20 years respectively.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=102}}

==Pradyota==
'''Pradyota''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|Pradyota}}) or '''Pajjota''' ([[Pali]]: {{transliteration|pi|Pajjota}}) was a king of Avanti. By the 6th century BCE, the Vitihotra clan who had previously ruled the Avanti kingdom became extinct, and the kingdom itself became divided into two states, with a northern kingdom whose capital was [[Ujjain|Ujjenī]], and a southern kingdom whose capital was [[Maheshwar|Māhissati]].{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=114}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=146}} Pradyota's father was Puṇika or Pulika, who was the minister at the court of the king of the {{transliteration|sa|Uttara}} (northern) Avanti kingdom centred around Ujjenī.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}} Pradyota became king of Avanti when his father placed him on the throne of the northern part of the kingdom around Ujjenī after killing its king.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}

Once on the throne of Avanti, Pradyota sought to consolidate and expand his kingdom, and he was an accomplished soldier who was able to defeat many rulers and turn Avanti into one of the most powerful states of Ancient India in his time.{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=210-212}} Pradyota engaged in friendly diplomatic relations with the [[Vajjika League]], and he married the princess [[Śivā]], who was the daughter of [[Chetaka|Ceṭaka]], the consul of the powerful [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi republic]] which led the Vajjika League. Śivā was herself a cousin of the 24th [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]] [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], who was the son of Ceṭaka's sister [[Trishala|Trisalā]].{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=66}} Ceṭaka and his daughters had become adepts of Mahāvīra's teachings, and Jain sources claim that Pradyota had embraced Jainism and promoted its propagation, most likely due to the influence of Śivā, while Buddhist sources claim that he had embraced [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=210-212}} Buddhist texts however also claim that Pradyota did not have any positive policies, and Buddhist records called him {{transliteration|pi|Caṇḍa-Pajjota}} ("Cruel Pradyota") because of his cruelty.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}

Pradyota also initiated friendly relations with another one of Ceṭaka's sons-in-law, the king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] of the newly rising power of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in the eastern Gangetic plain, and at one point, Pradyota fell ill, and Bimbisāra sent his renowned physician [[Jīvaka]] to Avanti to treat Pradyota.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}} However, Jain records also claim that Pradyota attempted to attack Magadha during the reign of Bimbisāra, but was defeated by Bimbisāra's son Abhaya.{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=210-212}}

The relations between Pradyota and the [[Surasena|Śūrasena kingdom]] were also close, with the Śaurasenī king Subāhu being nicknamed {{transliteration|sa|Avantiputra}} ("son of Avanti") because he was the son of either an Avantika princess or of Pradyota himself.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}

Under Pradyota, the Avanti kingdom controlled the important sea port city of [[Bharuch|Bharukaccha]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=M. R. |author-link= |date=1960 |title=Historical and Cultural Chronology of Gujarat |url= |location=[[Vadodara]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] |page=26 |isbn=}}</ref> from where trade was carried out with states of ancient [[Western Asia]] such as the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]] and [[Persians|Persian]] [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] empires.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patil |first=Devendrakumar Rajaram |author-link= |date=1952 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Madhya Bharat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1284 |location=[[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Bharat]], [[India]] |publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of [[Madhya Bharat]] |page=14 |isbn=}}</ref>

Pradyota also engaged in hostilities with the kingdom of [[Vatsa]], against which he carried out an initially successful military campaign until its king [[Śatānīka]] was able to repel him. Śatānīka later died of dysentery while Pradyota was carrying out a second campaign against Vatsa, around 495 BCE.<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=R. Morton |date=1957 |title=On the Ancient Chronology of India (II) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/596129 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=266–280 |doi= 10.2307/596129|jstor=596129 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623203211/https://www.jstor.org/stable/596129 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Jain sources, the queen-regent of Vatsa after Śatānīka's death was his widow Mṛgavatī, who was also the sister of Pradyota's wife Śivā; Mṛgavatī repeatedly rejected the demands of Pradyota to marry her during her regency and made Pradyota wait until Udayana had grown up into a capable ruler, at which point she joined the Jain [[Digambara|{{transliteration|sa|Nirgrantha}}]] order with the permission of Pradyota and in the presence of Mahāvīra, before whom Pradyota could not refuse her request, and entrusted Udayana to Pradyota.{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=500}} Based on these sources, it can be inferred that Pradyota had captured Udayana in the campaign during which Śatānīka had died.<ref name="Smith"/> Pradyota married his daughter Vāsavadattā to Udayana, and restored him to the throne of Vatsa,{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}} although Udayana henceforth remained under Pradyota's influence.<ref name="Smith"/>

Pradyota fought a war against the king [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]] of [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhāra]], in which he was unsuccessful and was saved only because another war broke out between Pukkusāti and the [[Arjunayanas|Pāṇḍava]] tribe located in the [[Punjab]] region.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}

Following Bimbisāra's son [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]]'s usurpation of the throne of Magadha after killing his father, and after Ajātasattu had started a policy of attacking and conquering the Vajjika League, Pradyota took advantage of his control over Vatsa to plan an attack on the Māgadhī capital of [[Rajgir|Rājagaha]], in response of which Ajātasattu fortified his capital.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}<ref name="Smith"/>

===Death===
Pradyota reigned for 23 years,{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}} and died on the same day as [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]]'s passing.{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=210-212}}

===Descendants===
In addition to his daughter Vāsavadattā, Pradyota had two sons, named Gopāla and Pālaka, all born from his marriage with the Licchavika princess Śivā.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gune |first=P. D. |date=1920 |title=PRADYOTA, UDAYANA AND ŚRENIKA — A JAIN LEGEND |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702319 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi= |jstor=41702319 |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> Gopāla succeeded Pradyota but abdicated in favour of Pālaka. Pālaka was an unpopular tyrannical leader, and the population of Avanti overthrew him and instead placed Aryaka on the throne.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}

Pajjota and his descendants, collectively known as the Pradyota dynasty, ruled over Avanti until it was finally conquered by Magadha in the late 5th century BCE.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=98-104}}

== List of rulers ==
Five Kings of Pradyota dynasty ruled for 138 years from 546 to 408 BCE.

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Pradyota dynasty Rulers
!King
!Reign (BCE)
!Period
|-
|-
| [[Pradyota|Pradyota Mahasena]]
| 546 - 523 BCE
| 23
|-
| Pālaka
| 523 - 499 BCE
| 24
|-
| Viśākhayūpa
| 499 - 449BCE
| 50
|-
| Ajaka / Rājaka
| 449 - 428BCE
| 21
|-
| Varttivarddhana / Nandivardhana
| 428 - 408 BCE
| 20
|}

==See also==
*[[Pradyota]]
*[[Brihadratha]]
*[[Haryanka dynasty]]
*[[Avanti-Magadhan Wars]]
*[[Abhira people|Abhira]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C |date=1972 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=First |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1972}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson PLC]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sikdar |first=Jogendra Chandra |author-link= |date=1964 |title=Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra |url= |location=[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] |publisher=Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa |pages=388–464 |isbn= }}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Avanti (India)|Avanti dynasties]]
| years =
| before = [[Vitihotra dynasty]]
| after = [[Haryanka dynasty]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Avanti (region)]]

Parikshit

2026-02-14T12:52:07Z

AliciaPaschall: small improve formatting as per guidelines and corrected details

{{short description|King of Kuru Kingdom and Grand Son of Arjun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Sage Sukdeva and King Parikshit.png
| caption = 18th century illustration of Sage [[Shuka]] and King Parikshit
| succession = [[List of Kuru kings|King of Kuru]]
| reign = 12th-9th centuries BCE{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| title = Kauravya [[Raja]] Vishvajanina
| predecessor = [[Yudhishthira]] (Grand Uncle) according to Mahabharata
| successor = [[Janamejaya]] (Son)
| dynasty = [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]
| spouse = [[Madravati]]
| father = [[Abhimanyu]]
| mother = [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttarā]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic Religion]]
| issue = {{hlist|[[Janamejaya]]}}
}}

'''Parīkṣit''' ({{langx|sa|परीक्षित्}}, {{IAST3|Parīkṣit}}{{refn|group=note|"Parīkṣit" is the correct [[Sanskrit]] form of the name. "Pārikṣita" refers to a son/descendant of Parikṣit, e.g. [[Janamejaya]] (Witzel 1997). Parīkṣita is a past participle meaning "examined", not a name.}}) was a [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king who reigned during the Middle [[Vedic period]] (12th–9th centuries BCE).<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, 97–265.</ref> Along with his son and successor, [[Janamejaya]], he played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state, the arrangement of [[Vedas|Vedic hymns]] into collections, and the development of the orthodox [[srauta]] ritual, transforming the Kuru realm into the dominant political and cultural center of northern [[Iron Age India]].<ref>Michael Witzel, "Early Sanskritization. Origins and development of the Kuru State". B. Kölver (ed.), Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India. München : R. Oldenbourg 1997, 27-52 {{cite web|title=EJVS - Current and Back Issues|url=http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/issues.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815004414/http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/issues.html|archive-date=15 August 2006|access-date=2010-07-05|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also appears as a figure in later legends and traditions. According to the legendary accounts in [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]], he succeeded his granduncle [[Yudhishthira]] to the throne of [[Hastinapur]].{{refn|group=note|According to the [[Mahabharata]] his capital was at [[Hastinapura]]. But the [[Vedic literature]] indicates that the early [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]s had their capital at Āsandīvat,<ref>Michael Witzel, "Early Sanskritization. Origins and development of the Kuru State". B. Kölver (ed.), Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India. München : R. Oldenbourg 1997, 27-52 {{cite web |url=http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/issues.html |title=EJVS - Current and Back Issues |access-date=2010-07-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815004414/http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/issues.html |archive-date=15 August 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> identified with modern [[Assandh]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AL45AQAAIAAJ&q=asandh |title = Prāci-jyotī: Digest of Indological Studies|year = 1967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA177 |title = Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|isbn = 9780143414216|last1 = Dalal|first1 = Roshen|year = 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=18}} }}

==Introduction==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajang kulit pop voorstellende Pariksit TMnr 8-290.jpg|thumb|Parikesit in the [[Java Island|Javanese]] ''[[wayang kulit]]'' shadow theatre]]
<blockquote>
"Listen to the good praise of the King belonging to all people, who, (like) a god, is above men,
(listen to the praise) of Parikṣit! - 'Parikṣit has just now made us peaceful dwelling; darkness
has just now run to its dwelling.' The Kuru householder, preparing (grains) for milling, speaks
(thus) with his wife. — 'What shall I bring you, sour milk, the ''mantha'' [a barley/milk drink?' the wife keeps asking in the Realm of King Pariksit. — By itself, the ripe
barley bends heavily (''iva'') over the deep track of the path. The dynasty thrives auspiciously in the
Realm of King Parikṣit.”<ref>Witzel 1997</ref><ref>Bloomfield, Hymns of the Atharva-Veda. ([[Sacred Books of the East]] 42.) Oxford 1897, repr. Delhi 1964</ref>
</blockquote>

Parikshit is eulogised in a hymn of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (XX.127.7-10) as a great [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king (''Kauravya''), whose realm flowed with milk and honey and people lived happily in his kingdom. He is mentioned as the ''raja vishvajanina'' (universal king).{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|pp=10-13}}

According to the Mahabharata, Parikshit married princess [[Madravati]] of the [[Madra Kingdom]], reigned for 60 years, and died. It is believed that his son, [[Janamejaya]], succeeded the throne.<ref>Raychaudhuri (1996), p.19</ref>

==Historicity==
Only one Parikshit is mentioned in Vedic literature; however, post-Vedic literature (Mahabharata and Puranas) seems to indicate the existence of two kings by this name –– one who lived before the [[Kurukshetra War]], an ancestor to the [[Pandavas]], and one who lived later as a descendant of the [[Pandava]]s. Historian [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]] believes that the second Parikshit's description better corresponds to the Vedic king, whereas the information available about the first is scanty and inconsistent, but Raychaudhuri questions whether there were actually two distinct kings. He suggests that the doubling was eventually "invented by genealogists to account for anachronisms" in the later parts of the Mahabharata, as "a bardic duplication of the same original individual regarding whose exact place in the Kuru genealogy no unanimous tradition had survived," and therefore there "is an intrusion into the genealogical texts" of the late, post-Vedic tradition, which also has two of Parikshit's son Janamejaya.<ref>Raychaudhuri (1996), pp.13-19</ref>{{refn|group=note|Also, Witzel (1995) only refers to one Parikshit and one Janamejaya.}}[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|right|thumb|[[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] and other kingdoms of the [[Vedic period]]]]

[[Michael Witzel]] notes Parikṣhit to be an early Kuru king; he dates the Pārikṣita Dynasty to c. 1200–1100 BC (the late Rig-Vedic period).<ref>{{citation|author=Michael Witzel |year=1989 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/dialects.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106173508/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/dialects.pdf| archive-date=November 6, 2021|title=Tracing the Vedic dialects |pages= 19, 141}}</ref> In contrast, H.C. Raychaudhuri had dated him to ninth century BC.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=29}} Witzel deems Parikṣhit (along with other kings of the dynasty) to be primarily responsible for the collation of diverse strands of material into singular "national" collections — [[Rigveda samhita|Rig Veda Samhita]], [[Samaveda|Samveda Samhitas]], and [[Khilani]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=The Realm of the Kurus: Origins and Development of the First State in India|publisher=Summaries of the Congress of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies|year=1989|location=Kyoto|pages=1–3}}</ref>

==Family==
[[File:King Parikshit Hunting.jpg|thumb|left|King Parikshit hunting]]
[[File:Parikshit was crowned by Yudhisthira.jpg|thumb|Parikshit was crowned by Yudhisthira.]]
Parikshit is the son of [[Abhimanyu]] and [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]], and grandson of [[Arjuna]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|pp=11-16}}<ref>{{cite book|last= Dowson|first= John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft#page/n45/mode/2up|year=1888|publisher=Trubner & Co., London|page=1}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' (XIII.5.4), Parikshita had four sons, Janamejaya, Bhimasena, Ugrasena and Śrutasena. All of them performed the ''[[ashvamedha|Asvamedha Yajna]]''.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|pp=14,39}}

His bodily existence ended due to the curse of the sage [[Shringi Rishi|Shringi]], who used the [[Nāga]] king, [[Takshaka]], the ruler of [[Taxila]] as the instrument of death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharaja Parikshit|url=http://www.dharmakshetra.com/sages/Parikshit.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714153153/http://www.dharmakshetra.com/sages/Parikshit.htm|archive-date=14 July 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Parikshit was the husband of Queen Madravati and was succeeded by his son [[Janamejaya]].<ref>Misra, V.S. (2007). Ancient Indian Dynasties, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{ISBN|81-7276-413-8}}, p.278</ref> According to the ''Mahabharata'', he ruled for 60 years and died.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|pp=19}}

==Legends==

[[File:Sage Sukdeva narrating the story of Krishna to Raja Parikshata, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Sage Shukdeva narrating the story of Krishna to Parikshit]]
Parikshit is believed to be a reincarnation of [[Satya Yuga]], the personified first yuga in Hindu scriptures. The [[Bhagavata Purana]] (1.8.9) states that the son of [[Drona]], [[Ashwatthama]] had prepared a [[Brahmastra]] (a powerful weapon summoned to [[Brahma]]) to kill the Pandavas heir (King Parikshit), while he was in his mother's ([[Uttarā]]) womb, as a revenge against the [[Pandavas]] for killing his relatives and friends (in particular his father [[Drona]] and friend [[Duryodhan]]) in the [[Kurukshetra]] war. Uttarā was terrified by the powerful rays of the weapon and worried about her child. Her mother-in-law [[Subhadra]] prayed to [[Krishna]], who was also her brother, for help to save their heir. Krishna pacified her and protected the child in the womb from the deadly weapon and thus saved his life. Parikshit was thus born to Uttara. He was named Vişņurāta, because [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] had given him to the Pandavas when their race was about to become extinct. Later he was crowned heir to the Pandavas at [[Hastinapura]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was Raja Parikshit in Mahabharat and why the story of his death is philosophical|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/who-was-raja-parikshit-in-mahabharat-and-why-the-story-of-his-death-is-philosophical/588140|access-date=2020-08-29|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=7 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

After his coronation, he performed three sacrifices. While performing the sacrifices he traveled throughout the country. Once he saw a man beating a one-legged bull with a rod, and kicking a cow. He became angry at this sight and arrested the man. Parikshit was about to kill him when the man revealed his true identity as [[Kali (demon)|Kali]]. Kali begged forgiveness from Parikshit, who forgave him but ordered him to leave the kingdom. Kali obeyed this order and left Parikshit's kingdom. Satisfied, the cow revealed herself as the [[Prithvi]], who was grief-stricken for Krishna had returned to his abode ([[Vaikuntha]]) and had left earth. The bull was [[Dharma]] whose other three legs were mutilated and he now only stood one leg in the Kali Yuga.<ref>Motilal Bansaridas Bhagavata Purana Book 1 Skandha I Chapter 16-17</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Kashyapa alive tree what is burnt by Takshak ( near Pond ) and parikshit bitten by Takshak.jpg|thumb|150px|Death of Parikshit and Kashyapa alive burnt tree from Razmnama]]
Once while hunting, King Parikshit encountered [[Kali (demon)|Kali Purush]] who asked him for a new shelter other than his places of gambling, prostitution, vice and immoral relationship. King Parikshit allowed him to reside in gold. Though he asked him to reside in illicitly obtained gold, the crown of King happened to be of illicitly obtained gold (the crown originally belonged to Jarasandha, was taken by Bhima after killing him and wasn't returned to Jarasandha's successors), eventually Kali Purush entered King's mind. As the king crossed paths he saw sage Shamika meditating and asked him the whereabouts of a deer which he was hunting. But the sage did not respond as he was meditating. Angry at this, Parikshit tossed a dead snake around the sage's neck due to the ill effects of Kali Purush in his mind. The sage had a son named Shringi (not to be confused with [[Rishyasringa|Shringi]] in Ramayan), who heard this incident from another sage's son named Krisa. He became furious as he didn't know the deceit played by Kali Purush. He [[curse]]d Parikshit to die of a [[snakebite]] in seven days, for disrespecting his father, [[Rishi]] Shamika.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

When Shamika learned of the curse his son had given, he was disappointed. Shamika ordered his disciple Gaurmukha to go to Parikshit and tell him everything about his death. When Parikshit heard about the curse he accepted his fate, but the ministers created a mansion that would stand on a solitary column and remain well guarded.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

[[Kashyapa]], a sage who knew how to cure snakebites was coming for the king. But [[Takshaka]] changed the mind of the sage by offering him more wealth. [[Takshaka]] came to the king in form of a worm in fruits and bit Parikshit, which instantly led to his death.<ref>Prtap Chandra Roy Mahabharata, Astika Parva</ref>

The death of Parikshit is also recorded by another episode when the Pandavas conquered [[Indraprastha|Khandavaprastha]] (now known as Indraprastha). Takshaka is the head of snakes, who was residing in [[Patala|Nagaloka]] without any human disturbance. When the [[Pandava]]s arrived, Takshaka felt his freedom is seized, with pure anger, he ordered his troops to attack the Pandavas and their subjects. The widespread attack resulted in the death of many people, or everyone except the Pandavas and their wife [[Draupadi]]. After this incident, [[Arjuna]], the third Pandava, lifted his bow and set fire to the Nagaloka. Takshaka grew even more furious and vowed to kill one of the lineages of the Pandavas. The vow of Takshaka and the curse of Rishi Shamika's son Shringi gave the ultimate destiny of Parikshit that he will be killed by a snakebite.

On hearing of his father's death by Takshaka, Parikshit's son [[Janamejaya]] vowed to kill Takshaka within a week. He starts the Sarpasatra, a yagna, which forced each and every snake in the universe to fall in the [[havan]] [[Vedi (altar)|kund]]. However, [[Indra]] tries to save Takshaka from getting pulled in sacrifice. The sages who perform sacrifice start chanting "Indraay swaahaa, Takshakaay cha swaahaa". Due to this, even Indra starts getting pulled in the sacrifice. Later, this yagna/sacrifice was stopped from doing so by [[Astika (mythology)|Astika]] Muni (who is the son of [[Mansa Devi|Manasa Devi]]). Thus, Takshaka was spared, and [[Janamejaya]] stops his Sarpasatra. That day was [[Shukla Paksha]] [[Panchami]] in the month of [[Shraavana|Shravana]] and is since celebrated as the festival of [[Nag Panchami|Naga Panchami]].{{sfn|Garg|1992|p=743}}

== Succession ==
Parikshit was succeeded by his son [[Janamejaya]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=30}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Parīkṣit}}
*[[Kuru kingdom]]
*[[Hindu mythology]]
*[[Janaka]]
*[[Bimbisara]]
*[[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{citation |last=Garg|first=Gaṅgā Rām|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PA743|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-376-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |title=Political History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cosmo Publications]] |isbn=81-307-0291-6 }}

{{Mahābhārata}}

[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Kings of Kuru]]
[[Category:9th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Mounika

2026-02-08T17:53:24Z

AliciaPaschall: created entry - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Distinguish|Mounica}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vijaya Rekha{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
| othername = Mounika, Mounica
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress, voice artist
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Balu Mahendra]]|1998|2014|end=his death}}
| children =
| years_active =
}}

'''Vijaya Rekha''', known by her stage name '''Mounika''', is an Indian film and television actress who appeared in [[South Indian cinema|South Indian film]]s and [[Tamil television drama|Tamil television serials]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} She was the third wife of director [[Balu Mahendra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Mounika Interview – Talks About Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.tamiltvshows.net/2014/03/actress-mounika-interview-talks-about-balu-mahendra/ |publisher=tamiltvshows.net |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mounika was living together with [[Balu Mahendra]]. Balu Mahendra has confirmed his relationship with Mounika in many of his interviews and also in his blog.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drama mars Balu Mahendra's second wife Mounika's arrival to pay homage |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/drama-mars-balu-mahendras-second-wife-mounikas-arrival-pay-homage-137928.html |publisher=kollytalk.com |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209223403/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/drama-mars-balu-mahendras-second-wife-mounikas-arrival-pay-homage-137928.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> They started living together in 1996 and married in 1998, but went public about their marriage only in 2004.

==Film career==
Mounika was introduced by [[Balu Mahendra]] in the film ''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]'' that was released in 1985.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Partial filmography==
===Films===
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Role !!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]'' || Handicap lady ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Yathra]]'' || Singer Girl on the bus || Malayalam film
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]'' || Dancer in group ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Komaram Bheem (film)|Komaram Bheem]]'' || Komaram Bheem's wife || Telugu film
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]'' || Valli ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]'' || Shenbagam || Debut as lead
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Rasukutty]]'' || Poovaatha || Guest appearance
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Amaravathi (1993 film)|Amaravathi]]'' || Geetha, Balasubramaniam's daughter ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[May Madham]]'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]'' || Arumugasamy's wife ||
|-
| 1997 ||''[[Thambi Durai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Mugam (1999 film)|Mugam]]'' || Anjala ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Manasu (film)|Manasu]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[En Iniya Ponnilave]]'' || Rosie ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' || Ramesh's mother||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' || Mangamma Rani (Samiyadi) ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Meendum Oru Mariyathai]]'' || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]'' || Thangam ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kannagi (2023 film)|Kannagi]]'' || Sarala ||
|}

===Voice Artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !! Actress
|-
| 1996 || [[Kalki (1996 film)|''Kalki'']] || [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Raman Abdullah]]'' || [[Eswari Rao]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || [[Eswari Rao]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Julie Ganapathy]]'' || [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|1997||[[Nimmathi Ungal choice-2 (Kannamavin Kadhai)|''Nimmathi Ungal Choice-2'']]||Kannama ||rowspan=5|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|1997–1999||''Galatta Kudumbam''||
|-
|2000||''Sontham''|| Akhila
|-
|rowspan=2|2000||''Take It Easy Vazhkai''||
|-
|''Balu Mahendravin Kathai Neram''||
|-
|2000–2001||''Akhila''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2001–2002||''Aalu Magalu''||
|-
|2003–2007||''Sorgam''||Kanchana/Seetha (Maayamma)||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2006||''Sharadha''|| ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2008–2009||''Anandham Vilaiyadum Veedu''|| ||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2019–2020||[[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|''Agni Natchathiram'']]||Jeyanthi Selvam||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|[[Ayutha Ezhuthu (TV series)|''Ayutha Ezhuthu'']]||Kaaliammal ||rowspan=2|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2023–2025||[[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|''Aaha Kalyanam'']]||Koodeswari
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=http://spicyonion.com/actress/mounica/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909080357/http://spicyonion.com/actress/mounica/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 September 2013 |title=Mounika |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=spicyonion.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mounika}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jason Fernandes

2026-02-07T23:02:32Z

AliciaPaschall: Made New Pg Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian blockchain entrepreneur}}
{{Lead too long|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jason Fernandes
| image = Jason Fernandes Entrepreneur (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Entrepreneur|financial advisor|writer}}
| known_for = [[Blockchain]], [[Internet of Things]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Texas at Austin]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.jasonfernandes.com/}}
| relatives = [[Carlos Nicholas Fernandes]] (brother)
}}

'''Jason Fernandes''' is Web3 [[entrepreneur]], Investor,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Hardik |date=2022-12-27 |title=The Accidental Crypto Investor |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/the-accidental-crypto-investor/441814 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> and technology columnist hailing from [[Goa]]. Fernandes is the co-founder of AdLunam Inc.a Web3 investment platform. As a teenager, Fernandes founded the internet portal ZeoCities.com, the non-profit LDKids.org and wrote for ''[[Intelligent Computing CHIP magazine (India)|CHIP Magazine]]''.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-i-genius-chronicling-gifted-children-1964290
|title=I. Genius: Chronicling gifted children
|work=DNA India
|date=February 23, 2014
|access-date=November 17, 2018
|first=Patricia
|last=Mascarenhas
}}</ref> Later, while studying at the [[University of Texas, Austin]], Fernandes co-invented the [[Network DVR|Internet-based DVR]], [[InstantTV]],<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/The%2BBusiness%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20101202-250486.html
|title=Appeals court hits RecordTV's play button
|work=The Business Times
|date=Dec 2, 2010
|access-date=November 17, 2018
|first=Michelle
|last=Quah
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403175908/http://www.asiaone.com/News/The+Business+Times/Story/A1Story20101202-250486.html
|archive-date=2018-04-03
|url-status=live
}}</ref> and was part of the founding team at PerceptiveI (a company that developed ECRM software for [[Fortune Global 500|Fortune 500]] companies). Fernandes was a monthly technology columnist for [[GlobeAsia Magazine]], Indonesia for 5 years producing over 60 columns over this period. Fernandes is often quoted in Web3 publications and has spoken at [[TEDx]] events.<ref name="TEDxSpeakers">
{{cite news
|url = http://www.navhindtimes.in/the-speakers-of-tedx-panaji/
|title = The Speakers of TEDx-Panaji
|work = [[The Navhind Times]]
|date = Jan 24, 2017
|access-date = 2018-11-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113413/http://www.navhindtimes.in/the-speakers-of-tedx-panaji/
|archive-date = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jason Fernandes was born in Bombay (now known as [[Mumbai]]) to artists Thomas and Jeanette Fernandes. Fernandes was a teenager when he was diagnosed with dyslexia. It was then that he was given access to the family computer, which started his journey into technology.<ref name="BBCTriumph" />

==Career==
===Teenage years===
In 1998, Fernandes bought his first website domain, www.jasonsoftware.com, which later became ZeoCities.com: a [[web portal]] offering free email, websites, search engine, news, and chat. He also became a writer and technology troubleshooter for one of India’s most widely read computer publications, CHIP Magazine (christened Dr. Chip).<ref name="Rediff2000">
{{cite web
|url=https://www.slideshare.net/JasonFernandes8/an-interview-with-jason-fernandes-who-proves-that-disability-or-otherwise-true-talent-and-determination-knows-no-boundaries-rediff-education-acheiver-track
|title=Rediff Achiever Track - Interview
|work=Rediff.com
|date = March 28, 2000
|first=Dhritiman
|last = Hui
}}</ref> In 1999, Fernandes created Learning Disabled Kids, a non-profit website, as a way of helping others better understand dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, attention deficit disorder and other learning disabilities. For this, in 1999, he was awarded the Childnet International Award (UK).<ref name="BBCTriumph">
{{cite news
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/617284.stm
|title=Net triumph for dyslexic boy
|work=BBC UK
|date=Jan 24, 2000
|access-date=November 17, 2018
|first=Sanjeev
|last=Srivastava
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122929/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/617284.stm
|archive-date=2018-10-18
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="LATimesChildnetUK">
{{cite news
|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-13-fi-43408-story.html
|title=Social 'Dot-coms' Profit on Learning
|newspaper=LA Times
|date=Dec 13, 1999
|access-date=November 17, 2018
|first=Lawrence
|last=Magid
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtePVEs2Pis
|title=INDIA: BOMBAY: WEBSITE ON DYSLEXIA
|work=Associated Press Archive (YouTube)
}}</ref>

===College years===
Fernandes moved to the [[United States]] to study at the [[University of Texas, Austin]]. While studying there, he was among the founding members of [[RecordTV.com]] (now known as InstantTV), where he holds a patent for a [[Network DVR]]; he also part of the founding team of PerceptiveI, a company that developed patented [[ECRM]] software for [[Fortune Global 500|Fortune 500]] clients like [[Eastman Chemical Company|Eastman Chemical]] Asia Pacific, Great Eastern Life .<ref name="ToISmartKlock">
{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/48914987.cms
|title=Goa's start-up entrepreneur looks for crowd funding from Kickstarter for a smart clock
|work=The Times of India
|date=Sep 11, 2015
|access-date=November 17, 2018
|first=Newton
|last=Sequeira
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/48914987.cms
|archive-date=2018-10-18
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="Patent">
{{cite web
|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2008024084A1/en?oq=jason%2bfernandes
|title=WO2008024084A1 - A system and method for recording television and/or radio programmes via the internet - Google Patents
|work=Google Patents
}}</ref>

===Return to India and subsequent career===
After completing his education, Fernandes moved back to India, residing in [[Goa]]. He then started working as a technology columnist for Indonesia’s [[GlobeAsia Magazine]]. Over the years, his writings have appeared in ''The Jakarta Globe'', [[Intelligent Computing CHIP magazine (India)|''CHIP'']], [[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA India'']], ''The Goan'' and [[MW (Indian magazine)|''Man's World Magazin''e]], among others.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.globeasia.com/search/jason%20fernandes/
|title=Jason Fernades' articles on GlobeAsia Magazine
|access-date=2018-10-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161740/https://www.globeasia.com/search/jason%20fernandes/
|archive-date=2018-10-18
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/authors/jason-fernandes
|title=Jason Fernades' author page on DNA India
|access-date=2018-10-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018124103/https://www.dnaindia.com/authors/jason-fernandes
|archive-date=2018-10-18
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

Fernandes helped develop SmartKlock, a "smart" clock that gave its users only important notifications. For this product, he ran a Kickstarter campaign.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://echai.in/discover/smartklock-inc
|title=SmartKlock - Reinventing the Clock!
|work=eChai
|date=19 July 2017
}}</ref> Eager to hear more opinions on it, he wrote to [[Steve Wozniak]] in September 2014. Wozniak replied with an encouraging note and an autographed photograph of the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] co-founders sitting with the [[Apple I]] prototype.<ref name="ToISmartKlock" /> This venture slowly grew into FUNL Corp, which offers an app designed to block out unnecessary notifications, with a reward-based system (working on blockchain). Along with Vadim Fedotov and Gene Hoffman, Fernandes also co-founded [[Malta]]-based AET Ventures (AEToken).

Fernandes has advised the country of [[Barbados]], the [[Government of Goa]], and multiple Goan political parties on IT and Education policy.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=6864
|title=Take IT to villages; get Goan youngsters back to Goa |work=GoaNews.com
|access-date=2018-10-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018141010/http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=6864
|archive-date=2018-10-18
|url-status=live
}}</ref> He was a speaker at TEDxPanaji in 2017,<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/tedxpanaji-makes-grand-debut/
|title=TEDxPanaji makes grand debut
|work=Navhind Times
|access-date=2018-10-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207093152/http://www.navhindtimes.in/tedxpanaji-makes-grand-debut/
|archive-date=2017-02-07
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="TEDxSpeakers"/> keynote speaker at the International Blockchain Congress,<ref name="IBCStartupGoa">
{{cite web
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIvZE8dxi4w&t=299
|title=Are ICOs The Next IPO? International Blockchain Congress
|website=[[YouTube]]
|date=12 August 2018
}}</ref> and has been a featured speaker at events hosted by the [[Computer Society of India]], Goa Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI), [[Goa University]], [[BITS Pilani]] University, [[Goa Engineering College]] and 91Springboard.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Business/In-Business/Blockchain-New-kid-on-the-tech-block/135020.html
|title=Blockchain: New kid on the tech block
|work=Herald Goa
|date=Aug 20, 2018
|access-date=November 17, 2018
|first=Vikant
|last=Sahay
}}</ref>

===Blockchain and Cryptocurrency===
In November 2017, Fernandes founded [[blockchain]] startup FUNL Corp, a platform that “filters notifications using a social blocking approach making real-time intelligent decisions on whether to block or let a notification through to your phone based on data executed from other users”.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://newsonair.nic.in//writereaddata/Archive/2017112917049-FMGOLD-Parikrama-Bulletins-56988.mp3
|title=All India Radio (AIR) Parikrama - Radio Show
|date=Nov 27, 2017
|work=News On AIR
|access-date=November 17, 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232206/http://newsonair.nic.in//writereaddata/Archive/2017112917049-FMGOLD-Parikrama-Bulletins-56988.mp3
|archive-date=2018-10-24
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Later, Fernandes co-founded a blockchain based payment solution for the [[affiliate marketing]] industry (built on the [[Ethereum]] blockchain as a side chain), called Affiliate Economy Token or AEToken. In October 2018, AEToken won the competition for the best ICO pitch at the Malta Blockchain Summit.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://digitalgoa.com/malta-blockchain-summit/
|title=Company Co-Founded by Goan Entrepreneur Jason Fernandes bags award at Malta Blockchain Summit
|work=Digital Goa
|access-date=2018-11-04
|archive-date=2018-11-04
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104160047/http://digitalgoa.com/malta-blockchain-summit/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessgoa.in/aetoken-win-at-malta-blockchain-summit/|title=AEToken win at Malta Blockchain Summit |work=Business Goa|date=November 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>

In December 2018, Fernandes became a biweekly guest on [[Malta]]’s BloxliveTV, for his opinion on cryptocurrency. He has since appeared on their "Crypto Now" and the "New On The Block" shows.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katapy|title=Jason Fernandes and Edward Iskra talk best blockchain use cases|url=https://rcm.system73.com/KTDATA/393/lrgimgthumb/88264.jpg|language=en|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720042340/https://rcm.system73.com/KTDATA/393/lrgimgthumb/88264.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2019, they profiled Fernandes on their show "Be Influenced", which highlights people in the blockchain industry.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katapy|title=Jason Fernandes on staying ahead of emerging technologies|url=https://rcm.system73.com/KTDATA/393/lrgimgthumb/88930.jpg|access-date=2019-08-15|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403173341/https://rcm.system73.com/KTDATA/393/lrgimgthumb/88930.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2019, Fernandes decided to launch his own channel, ''TokenJay.TV'', which promotes people in the blockchain industry and working in other technologies that promote sustainability.<ref name="GoanTokenJay">{{Cite news|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=55980|title=Award-winning Goan entrepreneur to launch media channel TokenJay.TV|date=12 December 2019|work=The Goan Everyday|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref>

In 2021 AdLunam Inc. was co founded by Jason Fernandes, Nadja Bester and Lawrence C Hutson and was incorporated in the [[British Virgin Islands]]. Serving as a Launchpad and Accelerator for projects that mint tokens leading to a public offering called an IDO (Initial Dex Offering). It raised USD 1 Million Dollars in 24 hours and completed raising USD 2 Million dollars in 5 days successfully closing its funding round.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-03 |title=Crypto launchpad co-founded by Goan raises $2m in 5 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/crypto-launchpad-co-founded-by-goan-raises-2m-in-5-days/articleshow/89955511.cms |access-date=2024-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Recently He was also profiled in Fortune India<ref>{{Cite web |title=JioNews - Breaking News, Latest News, Live News |url=https://jionews.com/magazine/978/%7Bwindow.location.href%7D |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=JioNews - Breaking News, Latest News, Live News |language=en}}</ref> 40 under 40 magazine edition.

Fernandes often speaks on the subjects of [[cryptocurrency]] and blockchain at conferences and seminars. He has been a Keynote speaker at a Blockchain seminar at [[Padre Conceição College of Engineering]] (PCCE) in 2018.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%98Bigg-Leap-2018%E2%80%99-Entrepreneurial-seminar-and-Business-Idea-contest-held-at-PCCE/136990.html
|title='Bigg Leap 2018' Entrepreneurial seminar and Business Idea contest held at PCCE
|work=Herald Goa
|access-date=2018-10-24
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024233440/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%98Bigg-Leap-2018%E2%80%99-Entrepreneurial-seminar-and-Business-Idea-contest-held-at-PCCE/136990.html
|archive-date=2018-10-24
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
and has also taken the stage at the World Blockchain Summit 2023 in Dubai & Bangkok,<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Blockchain Summit Global Series on LinkedIn: Speaker |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/wbs-series_speaker-activity-7138120951359053824-Uycn |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> WoW Summit Hong Kong,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Speakers - Hong Kong 2023 {{!}} WOW SUMMIT |url=https://hongkong2023.wowsummit.net/speakers/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tech Circus Event London UK,<ref>{{Cite web |title=AdLunam Inc. on LinkedIn: 🎉Thrilled to announce that our co-founder Jason Fernandes, is speaking at… |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/adlunaminc_thrilled-to-announce-that-our-co-founder-activity-7069355441348071425-jWXt |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> World Fintech Summit Singapore,<ref>{{Cite web |title=AdLunam Inc. on LinkedIn: #nfts #web3 #metaverse #crypto |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/adlunaminc_nfts-web3-metaverse-activity-7067153596441616384-KPT1 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> Web 3 Carnival Bangalore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web3 Carnival 2023 |url=https://www.web3carnival.world/speakers |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.web3carnival.world |language=en}}</ref> among others. Jason Fernandes has also hosted the podcast, Diving Into Crypto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AdLunam: The Future of NFTs |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/2M44BWChyHNVWBxZgKgDcX |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and Accolades==
Fernandes has been awarded the Seaside Startup Summit 2018 Award, Startup@Singapore Award, the First National Technopreneurship competition Award (Singapore), "Best [[Business plan|Business Plan]]" award from Sybase at the Global Entrepreneurs Challenge at [[Stanford University]], [[California]], the Childnet International Award (UK) in 1999<ref name="LATimesChildnetUK"/> and in 2000 he was featured on [[Rediff.com]]'s "Achiever Track".<ref name="Rediff2000" /> In 2015, he won the Asian Scientist Writing Prize, for his piece entitled ''Moore’s Law and Evolution: How non-biological evolution made Charles Darwin irrelevant'', which focused on how evolution has been far outpaced by non-biological evolution and the age of the [[cyborg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goan-wins-acclaim-at-Asian-Science-Writing-Prize/articleshow_new/48302040.cms|title=Goan wins acclaim at Asian Science Writing Prize|last=|first=|date=Aug 1, 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref> He also holds a patent for a [[Network DVR]].<ref name="Patent" /> In 2019, he was awarded the [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]].<ref name="GoanTokenJay" />

He was awarded the Goa Entrepreneurship award in 2023 for Innovation in Blockchain technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jason Fernandes on LinkedIn: #adlunam {{!}} 11 comments |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/thejasonfernandes_adlunam-activity-7035260527052271617-PamZ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023 his company, AdLunam Inc. was awarded with the BOLD awards in 2 categories, BOLDEST NFT and BOLDEST Crowd Funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AdLunam, Inc. |url=https://bold-awards.com/project/adlunam-inc/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=BOLD Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> In the same year The Times of India Awards North, awarded AdLunam Inc. for Excellence in Innovative Crypto / NFT.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Times Business Awards, North 2023: Acknowledging the very best in Business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/times-business-awards-north-2023-acknowledging-the-very-best-in-business/articleshow/99638521.cms |access-date=2024-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{YouTube|yXSsrD1y4cI|Taking Control of your digital life {{!}} Jason Fernandes {{!}} TEDxPanaji}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Jason}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:People associated with cryptocurrency]]
[[Category:Writers with dyslexia]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18

2026-02-05T04:16:29Z

AliciaPaschall: put up a page

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian Reality Show (2024)}}
</noinclude>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 18
| image = Bigg Boss 18 Logo.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #1E3A45
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 23
| winner = [[Karanveer Mehra]]
| runner_up = [[Vivian Dsena]]
}}
| num_episodes = 107
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|10|6|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|19|df=yes}}
| prev_series = [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17|Season 17]]
| next_series = [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Season 19]]
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 18''''' also known as '''''Bigg Boss: Time Ka Tandav''''' was the eighteenth season of the Indian [[Hindi]]-language reality show [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|''Bigg Boss'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Bigg Boss 18 Premiere Date OUT: Salman Khan is here to remind why he's the OG; promo gives mega blockbuster feels |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-18-premiere-date-out-salman-khan-is-here-to-remind-why-hes-the-og-promo-gives-mega-blockbuster-feels-1349575 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 6 October 2024 on [[Colors TV]] and [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 promo Salman Khan makes stylish return, announces premiere date |newspaper=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-promo-salman-khan-announces-premiere-date-theme-2604705-2024-09-23}}</ref> [[Salman Khan]] hosted the show for the fifteenth time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25 |title=Bigg Boss 18 Promo: Salman Khan reveals the theme of the season by predicting the contestants' future in the house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-promo-salman-khan-reveals-the-theme-of-the-season-by-predicting-the-contestants-future-in-the-house/articleshow/113665480.cms |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18 Promo: Salman Khan Is Back And How. Bonus - Premiere Date |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-promo-salman-khan-is-back-and-how-bonus-premiere-date-6628879 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The grand finale of the season took place on 19 January 2025, where [[Karanveer Mehra]] emerged as the winner, while [[Vivian Dsena]] was declared as the first runner-up.<ref name=BiggBoss18Winner>{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18 Winner:Karanveer Mehra lifts the trophy; takes home Rs 50 Lakhs" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-winner-Karanveer-mehra-lifts-the-trophy-takes-home-rs-50-lakhs/articleshow/117379097.cms}}</ref>

==Production==

=== Promotions ===
[[Nia Sharma]] was announced as the first confirmed contestant during the ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 14]]'' finale on 29 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 18: Rohit Shetty announces Nia Sharma as the first confirmed contestant of the Salman Khan hosted show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-rohit-shetty-announces-nia-sharma-as-the-first-confirmed-contestant-of-the-salman-khan-hosted-show/articleshow/113797629.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, she later revealed that she would not be participating in the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-tv-actor-nia-sharma-says-overwhelmed-by-crazy-hype-as-she-declines-entering-the-show-salman-khan-2612156-2024-10-06|title=BB 18: Nia Sharma says overwhelmed by crazy hype as she denies entering the show|date=6 October 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>

From 3 October to 5 October, promotional clips featuring [[Shilpa Shirodkar]], [[Shehzada Dhami]], [[Chahat Pandey]], [[Vivian Dsena]], Alice Kaushik, Gunratan Sadavarte and [[Eisha Singh]], were released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-promo-90s-star-and-aakhein-actress-shilpa-shirodkar-returns-to-television-with-salman-khan-hosted-show-says-i-was-unconventional-and-bold-/articleshow/113917312.cms|title=Bigg Boss 18 Promo: 90s star and Aakhein actress Shilpa Shirodkar returns to television with Salman Khan hosted show; says 'I was unconventional and bold...'|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-shehzada-dhami-to-participate-in-salman-khan-show-watch-article-113916543|title=Bigg Boss 18: YRKKH Fame Shehzada Dhami To Participate In Salman Khan's Show - Watch|date=3 October 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-18-can-you-guess-this-female-contestant-who-is-all-excited-to-appear-on-salman-khan-hosted-show-watch-1351851|title=Bigg Boss 18: Can you guess THIS female contestant who is all excited to appear on Salman Khan-hosted show? WATCH|date=4 October 2024|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 New Promo: Vivian Dsena Confirmed As Contestant For Salman Khan's Show |website=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/bigg-boss-new-promo-vivian-dsena-confirmed-as-contestant-set-for-salman-khans-show-2802956.html/amp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Promo: After being suspended from The Maharashtra and Goa Bar Council, Advocate Gunaratna Sadavarte is set to enter the house |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-promo-after-being-suspended-from-the-maharashtra-and-goa-bar-council-advocate-gunaratna-sadavarte-is-set-to-enter-the-house/articleshow/113979072.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-18-is-vivian-dsenas-sirf-tum-co-star-eisha-singh-also-entering-the-salman-khan-hosted-show/articleshow/113934373.cms |title=Exclusive - Bigg Boss 18: Is Vivian Dsena's Sirf Tum co-star Eisha Singh also entering the Salman Khan hosted show? |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

On 6 October 2024, the grand premiere promo showcasing [[Avinash Mishra]] was released.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 FIRST Contestant Out: Avinash Mishra Confirms He's in Salman Khan Show This Year |website=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bigg-boss-18-first-contestant-out-avinash-mishra-confirms-hes-in-salman-khan-show-this-year-9075820.html}}</ref> Additionally, a promo featuring [[Hrithik Roshan]] introducing Arfeen Khan and [[Sara Arfeen Khan]] were also released the same day.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Bigg Boss 18': Hrithik Roshan's close friend joins 'Bigg Boss 18', shocks Salman Khan with unexpected questions |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-hrithik-roshans-close-friend-joins-bigg-boss-18-shocks-salman-khan-with-unexpected-questions/articleshow/113989227.cms}}</ref>

=== Broadcast ===
Bigg Boss 18 weekdays episodes aired on 10 PM. The weekdays episode also includes ''Tandav Ka Overtime'', which meant that the standard hour-long episode was extended with additional content to cover the house events. The weekend episodes, titled ''Weekend Ka Vaar'' aired at 9:30 PM hosted by [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Grand Premiere: Date, Time And Other Streaming Details Of Salman Khan's Show |website=Times Now News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-grand-premiere-date-time-and-other-streaming-details-of-salman-khans-show-article-113938222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Salman Khan to shoot Weekend Ka Vaar on Thursday with Tiger Shroff |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-salman-khan-shoot-weekend-ka-vaar-thursday-tiger-shroff-singham-again-2625641-2024-10-30}}</ref>
As in the previous two seasons, a special segment was also included, titled ''Haaye Daiya with Ravi Bhaiyya, Garda Udaa Denge'' hosted by Season 1 finalist [[Ravi Kishan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Ravi Kishan joins Salman Khan on Colors show, to host a special segment on Sundays | newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-18-ravi-kishan-joins-salman-khan-on-colors-show-to-host-a-special-segment-on-sundays-9650743/}}</ref>

=== Theme ===
The theme for this season is "Time Ka Tandav". Bigg Boss will play with time, he will see the contestants past, present and future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/salman-khan-returns-for-bigg-boss-18-time-ka-tandav-theme-revealed20240923121156/|title=Salman Khan returns for Bigg Boss 18: 'Time Ka Tandav' theme revealed|website=ANI News}}</ref>

=== Morning anthem ===
Like the last two seasons, this season also had a morning anthem titled ''Bigg Boss, Bigg Boss Happy, Happy Morning Hain'' instead of the usual wake-up songs. Later on, Wake-up Songs were brought back where the housemates were given a choice of 4 songs and had to choose one of them.

=== Eye logo ===
The color scheme of the eye combines blue, gold, and white. The design prominently includes a stylized eye at the center, which has a striking blue color with detailed textures, resembling an iris and pupil. Surrounding the eye is a circular clock motif, with gold outlines and clock markings, suggesting a theme of time or vigilance.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 to premiere on October |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-to-premiere-on-october-6-watch-new-promo-featuring-host-salman-khan-colors-101727063195519.html}}</ref>

===Release===
The teaser was released on 16 September 2024 voiced by [[Salman Khan]], announcing the arrival and theme of this season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 18 teaser: Host Salman Khan to return with 'Time Ka Taandav' theme|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-teaser-host-salman-khan-to-return-with-time-ka-taandav-theme-watch-101726547366237.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=17 September 2024 }}</ref> On 22 September 2024, [[Colors TV]] released a new promo featuring Khan, marking his return to the show after absence in the OTT version while announcing the premiere date for the new season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Bigg Boss 18 Premiere Date OUT: Salman Khan is here to remind why he's the OG; promo gives mega blockbuster feels |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-18-premiere-date-out-salman-khan-is-here-to-remind-why-hes-the-og-promo-gives-mega-blockbuster-feels-1349575 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

=== House ===

The house of this season had a "timeless cave and fort-like" theme. The house was located in [[Film City, Mumbai]] for the sixth time. The house had seven sections: living area, kitchen area, dining and sitting area, bedroom area, garden area, jail and confession room. A large Trojan horse structure is at the house's entrance. BB jail of the house resembled a cave, next to the bedroom. The swimming area has rocky surroundings and the bathroom was designed like a Turkish ''hammam''. As in the two previous seasons, the house's entrance and exit were through a tunnel instead of the main door. The house was under the surveillance of 108 cameras.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/step-inside-bigg-boss-18-house-with-cave-and-fort-like-interiors-unique-jail-and-turkish-hammam-bathroom-watch-101728100427243.html|title=Step inside Bigg Boss 18 house with, cave and fort-like interiors, unique jail and Turkish hammam bathroom |date=5 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive - Omung Kumar on Bigg Boss 18 house: My inspiration came from staying in cave hotels abroad, especially in Turkey, but this set reflects our India, with its carvings, sculptures |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-omung-kumar-on-bigg-boss-18-house-my-inspiration-came-from-staying-in-cave-hotels-abroad-especially-in-turkey-but-this-set-reflects-our-india-with-its-carvings-sculptures/articleshow/113954527.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 house tour: Step inside ancient fort-inspired bedroom, cave-like kitchen and secret entrances |website=India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-house-tour-step-inside-ancient-fort-inspired-bedroom-cave-like-kitchen-and-secret-entrances-watch-2024-10-05-955597}}</ref>

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:fit;"
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Karanveer
| Day 1
| Day 107
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Vivian
| Day 1
| Day 107
| {{Runner up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Rajat
| Day 1
| Day 107
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
| 4
| Avinash
| Day 1
| Day 107
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" | 3rd Runner-up
|-
| 5
| Chum
| Day 1
| Day 107
| style="background:#FF69B4;" | 4th Runner-up
|-
| 6
| Eisha
| Day 1
| Day 107
| style="background:#F5F5DC;"| 5th Runner-up
|-
| 7
| Shilpa
| Day 1
| Day 102
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Chaahat
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Shrutika
| Day 1
| Day 96
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
|Kashish
|Day 28
|Day 91
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Sara
| Day 1
| Day 83
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Edin
| Day 44
| Day 77
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Yamini
| Day 44
| Day 77
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Digvijay
| Day 28
| Day 76
| style="background:#BFF000;" | {{nowrap|Evicted By Housemates}}
|-
|15
|Tajinder
|Day 1
|Day 70
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Aditi
| Day 44
| Day 56
| style="background:#BFF000;" | {{nowrap|Evicted By Housemates}}
|-
| 17
| Alice
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 18
| Arfeen
| Day 1
| Day 34
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 19
| Shehzada
| Day 1
| Day 27
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 20
| Nyrraa
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 21
| Muskan
| Day 1
| Day 20
| style="background:#BFF000;" | {{nowrap|Evicted By Housemates}}
|-
| 22
| Hema
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 23
| Gunratan
| Day 1
| Day 10
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
|}

== Housemates ==
The list of housemates in the order of entering the house:
[[File:Bigg_Boss_18_Original_Contestants.jpg|thumb|right|18 Original entrants of season with host and eye logo]]

===Original entrants===
* [[Chahat Pandey]] – Actress<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeem |first=Eba Fatima |title=Bigg Boss 18: Former AAP Minister Chahat Pandey To Join The Show |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-former-aap-minister-chahat-pandey-to-join-the-salmankhan-show/335826/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> She is known for her roles in ''[[Hamari Bahu Silk]]'' and ''[[Nath (TV series)|Nath]]''.<ref name="BusStdList">{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Sudeep Singh |title=Bigg Boss Season 18: Check complete list of contestants, and some surprises|url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-season-18-check-complete-list-of-contestants-and-some-surprises-124100700314_1.html|access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shehzada Dhami]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Fame Shehzada Dhami To Participate In Salman Khan's Show - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-shehzada-dhami-to-participate-in-salman-khan-show-watch-article-113916543}}</ref> He is known for his role in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Avinash Mishra]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-20 |title=Shehzada Dhami, Nyrraa Banerji, Chaahat Pandey and Avinash Mishra set to be locked up inside Bigg Boss 18 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shehzada-dhami-nyrraa-banerji-chaahat-pandey-and-avinash-mishra-set-to-be-locked-up-inside-bigg-boss-18/articleshow/113530399.cms |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He his known for his roles in ''[[Yeh Teri Galiyan]]'', ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' and ''[[Nath (TV series)|Nath]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] – Actress<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Nyrraa Banerji, Shilpa Shirodkar and Meera Deosthale confirmed for Bigg Boss 18; Shezada Dhami, Zaan Khan in talks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nyrraa-banerji-shilpa-shirodkar-and-meera-deosthale-confirmed-for-bigg-boss-18-shezada-dhami-zaan-khan-in-talks-9581939/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She worked primarily in Hindi language films in 1990's. In 2013, she made a comeback to acting with ''[[Ek Mutthi Aasmaan (TV series)|Ek Mutthi Aasmaan]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* Tajinder Bagga – Politician. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Shrutika Arjun]] – Actress and entrepreneur<ref>{{cite news|title=Shrutika Arjun enters Bigg Boss Hindi season 18|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 October 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shrutika-arjun-enters-bigg-boss-hindi-season-18/articleshow/114002789.cms}}</ref> She previously acted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] movies. She made a comeback with reality show ''[[Cooku with Comali season 3|Cooku with Comali (Season-3)]]'' finishing in first place.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Nyra Banerjee|Nyrraa Banerjee]] – Actress. She is known for her roles in ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' and ''[[Pishachini]]''. She also participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Chum Darang]] – Actress and model. She was the winner of the beauty pageant ''Miss [[All Arunachal Pradesh Students' Union|AAPSU]]'' and is known for her roles in [[Badhaai Do]] and ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Karan Veer Mehra]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=Karanveer Mehra in Bigg Boss 18, Padmini Kolhapure also approached |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-karanveer-mehra-padmini-kolhapure-2604103-2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his roles in ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' and ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''. He also participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14]]'' finishing in first place.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* Rajat Dalal – Fitness influencer and former weightlifter.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* Muskan Bamne – Actress. She is known for her role in ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* Arfeen Khan – Life coach and motivational speaker. He is the husband of [[Sara Arfeen Khan]].<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1985)|Sara Khan]] – Actress and wellness coach. She is the wife of Arfeen Khan.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Eisha Singh]] – Actress. She is known for her roles in ''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]'' and ''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* Gunratan Sadavarte – Lawyer. He is known for being involved in Maharashtra's "Maratha Aarakshan" case.<ref name="BusStdList" />
* Hema Sharma – Social media influencer and actress. She has gained recognition under the name "Viral Bhabhi".<ref name="BusStdList" />
* [[Vivian Dsena]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18 Promo: Vivian Dsena To Participate In Salman Khan-Hosted Show |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-season-18-colors-ka-beta-vivian-dsena-is-also-participating-6720133 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his roles ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'', [[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon|''Madhubala'']], [[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|''Shakti'']] and [[Sirf Tum (TV series)|''Sirf Tum'']]. He also participated in the reality series [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8|''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8'']] and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=Bigg Boss Season 18: Check complete list of contestants, and some surprises |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-season-18-check-complete-list-of-contestants-and-some-surprises-124100700314_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227110756/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-season-18-check-complete-list-of-contestants-and-some-surprises-124100700314_1.html |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alice Kaushik – Actress. She is known for her role in ''[[Pandya Store]]''.<ref name="BusStdList" />

=== Wild card entrants===
* Digvijay Singh Rathee – Reality TV alumni and actor. He is known for participating in ''[[MTV Roadies: Karm Ya Kaand]]'' and [[MTV Splitsvilla|''MTV Splitsvilla X5'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Splistsvilla 15 Fame Digvijay Singh Rathee Announced As First Wild Card Contestant |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-splistsvilla-15-fame-digvijay-singh-rathee-announced-as-first-wild-card-contestant |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2WCEntry">{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Kashish Kapoor Joins Digvijay Rathee As Wild Card, Says 'Yahan Bhi Tum Mere Karan Ho'|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-kashish-kapoor-joins-digvijay-rathee-as-wild-card-says-yahan-bhi-tum-mere-karan-ho-article-114851526|access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Times Now|date=November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Kashish Kapoor – Reality TV alumnus. She participated in ''MTV Splitsvilla X5''.<ref name="2WCEntry" />
* Aditi Mistry – Fitness model, influencer and actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Aditi Mistry Opens Up On Her Journey, Criticises Eisha Singh And Vivian Dsena |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-aditi-mistry-opens-up-on-her-journey-criticises-eisha-singh-and-vivian-dsena-aa-9159621.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Wildcard Contestant Aditi Mistry Gets Evicted From the House |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-wildcard-contestant-aditi-mistry-faces-eviction-7138606 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Edin Rose – Actress and model. She is known for her roles ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' and ''[[Ravanasura]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Edin Rose to enter as third wildcard contestant in Salman Khan-hosted show? Here's what we know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-18-edin-rose-to-enter-as-third-wildcard-contestant-in-the-show/b0fc1dfd56589 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
* Yamini Malhotra – Actress and dentist. She made her small-screen debut with ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]].''{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Twists ==
=== Bigg Boss "Top 2" prediction ===
On the Grand Premiere, Salman Khan revealed the top two finalists of the season to be Vivian Dsena and Alice Kaushik, predicted by Bigg Boss. If they both reached the finale, Bigg Boss would open the voting line only for them.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-premiere-live-updates-salman-khan-contestants-vivian-dsena-karan-veer-mehra-arfeen-khan-sara-rajat-dalal-101728212097346.html|title=Bigg Boss 18 premiere highlights: Salman Khan reveals Vivian Dsena and Alice Kaushik are finale contestants |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Jail punishment ===
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Week
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Days
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Punishment by
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Punishment given to
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Special power
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Ref.
|-
| 1
| 1-5
| Self
| Hema and Tajinder
| rowspan="4" | Control over the house ration
| <ref name="TajinderHemaJailPower">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-hema-sharma-tajinder-choose-power-over-freedom-in-bigg-boss-jail-twist-control-all-contestants-ration-article-12838376.html|title=Bigg Boss 18: Hema Sharma, Tajinder choose power over freedom in Bigg Boss jail twist, control all contestants ration |website=Money Control}}</ref>
|-
| 2-3
| {{nowrap|11-20}}
| Bigg Boss
| Avinash
| <ref name="AvinashJailPower">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-avinash-mishra-not-evicted-from-house-and-is-in-charge-of-the-ration-says-ab-villain-bann-ke-dikhaunga-article-12844510.html|title=Bigg Boss 18: Avinash Mishra not evicted from house and is in charge of the ration; says 'ab villain bann ke dikhaunga' |website=Money Control}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 18-20
| Housemates
| Arfeen
| <ref name="ArfeenJail">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-arfeen-khan-to-serve-time-in-bb-jail-uncertainty-looms-over-sara-arfeen-khans-future-in-the-show/articleshow/114489751.cms|title=Bigg Boss 18: Arfeen Khan to serve time in BB jail, uncertainty looms over Sara Arfeen Khan's future in the show |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| 3-4
| 20-26
| Bigg Boss
| Sara and Tajinder
| <ref name="TajinderSaraJail" />
|-
| 4-5
| 26-29
| Time God
| Rajat and Shrutika
| Control over the menu
|
|}

=== Time ka Tandav ===
During Weekend Ka Vaar, a new activity room was introduced. This room of time will be always in present and helps housemates to take important decision based on what happened in past and what will be happen in future.<ref name="TimekaTandavRoom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-18-october-12-2024-highlights-vivian-dsena-alice-kaushik-unlock-new-room-punish-housemates-with-salman-khans-help/5bfc627119374|title=Bigg Boss 18 October 12 2024 Highlights: Vivian Dsena-Alice Kaushik unlock new room, punish housemates with Salman Khan's help |website=Money Control}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Week
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Time
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Contenders
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Power
! scope="col" style="background:#1E3A45; color:#fff;" | Ref.
|-
| 1
| Past
| Alice Vivian
| Punish guilty housemates on past decisions
| <ref name="TimekaTandavRoom" />
|-
| 2
| Rowspan =3|Future
| Rajat Vivian
| Throne of Control
|
|-
| 4
| Karanveer
| To give his opinions on future decisions
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 written update, November 2: Vivian Dsena gets angry at Karan Veer Mehra; says 'dhokebaaz, mere se jalta hai' |website=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-18-written-update-november-2-vivian-dsena-gets-angry-at-karan-veer-mehra-says-dhokebaaz-mere-se-jalta-hai-1356513}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| Chum Karanveer Kashish Rajat Shrutika Tajinder
| To caution their {{nowrap|friends by exposing}} someone in case they are eliminated
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Rajat Dalal warns his friend Digvijay Rathee to stay away from Shilpa Shirodkar; says 'Saath wale ke baarein mein bhi bolte dekha hain aapko' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-rajat-dalal-warns-his-friend-digvijay-rathee-to-stay-away-from-shilpa-shirodkar-says-saath-wale-ke-baarein-mein-bhi-bolte-dekha-hain-aapko/articleshow/115374660.cms|work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 7
|Past
| Alice Avinash Chaahat Digvijay Karanveer Kashish Vivian
| Taking out anger on housemates who are nominated with them in case they are eliminated
|<ref>{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18 November 23 2024 Highlights: Salman Khan schools Rajat Dalal, Shilpa Shirodkar, Digvijay Rathee and Avinash Mishra" |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-18-november-23-2024-highlights-salman-khan-schools-rajat-dalal-shilpa-shirodkar-digvijay-rathee-and-avinash-mishra/175227bd83649}}</ref>
|}

== Weekly summary ==
The main events in the ''Bigg Boss 18'' house are summarised in the table below.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:90%; line-height:20px"
! rowspan="9" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white; " | Week 1
! Entrances
|During the Grand Premiere, host Salman Khan welcomed new housemates and introduced them to audience. Chaahat, Shehzada, Avinash, Shilpa, Tajinder, Shrutika, Nyrraa, Chum, Karanveer, Rajat, Muskan, Arfeen, Sara, Eisha, Gunratan, Hema, Vivian and Alice entered house in order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-launch-live-streaming-updates-bigg-boss-18-contestants-salman-khan-hosted-bb-season-18-grand-premiere-latest-news-liveblog-113984477|title=Bigg Boss 18 Launch Updates: 18 Contestants Enter The House, Donkey AKA Gadharaj To Play Key Role |website=Times Now News |date=7 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
! Twists
|
*On the Grand Premiere, Bigg Boss predicted that Chaahat would end up in jail, but she could change her fate by convincing two other housemates to take her place. If she failed, Chaahat would go to jail. After convincing Tajinder and Hema, Chaahat avoided jail, while Tajinder and Hema were sent to jail until further orders from Bigg Boss.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-tajinder-pal-singh-bagga-and-hema-sharma-are-first-contestants-to-go-jail-thanks-to-chaahat-pandey-6323755.html|title='Bigg Boss 18': Tajinder Pal Singh Bagga and Hema Sharma Are First Contestants To Go to Jail, Thanks to Chaahat Pandey |website=latestly.com |date=7 October 2024 }}</ref>

*During the Grand Premiere, Bigg Boss also predicted that Vivian and Alice would be the top two contestants of the season, and that voting lines would only open for them if they both reach the finale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-18-launch-live-updates-salman-khan-jio-cinema-9605417/|title=Bigg Boss 18 Grand Premiere Live Update: Salman Khan confirms Vivian Dsena, Alice Kaushik as Bigg Boss finalists; a donkey joins 18 contestants inside the house |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=6 October 2024 }}</ref>

*On Day 2, Bigg Boss presented two options to the jailed Tajinder and Hema: a) they could gain control over ration by remaining in jail until further orders from Bigg Boss, or b) they could be released from jail and become ordinary housemates like the others. Tajinder and Hema chose option a, allowing them to control the ration while in jail. Ration supplies were sent from the storeroom to the jail, where they would be distributed as they saw fit.<ref name="TajinderHemaJailPower" />

*On Day 4, Bigg Boss announced that jailmates Tajinder and Hema could be released if two other housemates took their place in jail. The first to go was Chaahat, who volunteered. Bigg Boss then asked all the housemates who supported the release of both Tajinder and Hema. Karanveer, Eisha and Avinash did not support their release. Consequently, Bigg Boss allowed them to choose another housemate to accompany Chaahat in jail. The three agreed on Gunratan, but he declined to go. As a result, since neither Chaahat nor Gunratan was imprisoned, Tajinder and Hema remained incarcerated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-sarkar-daud-ibrahim-bhi-mujhse-darte-hai-says-gunratna-sadavarte-as-he-refuses-to-go-to-jail-in-bb-house|title=Bigg Boss 18: 'Sarkar, Daud Ibrahim Bhi Mujhse Darte Hai,' Says Gunratna Sadavarte As He Refuses To Go To Jail In BB House |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

*On Day 5, Bigg Boss gave Tajinder and Hema the chance to be released from jail if they sacrificed all the rations currently present in the house, promising them daily basic rations. They both agreed to this arrangement and were released from jail, while all the rations were returned to Bigg Boss.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-october-11-episode-tajinder-singh-bagga-hema-sharma-get-out-of-the-jail-but-article-114157709|title=Bigg Boss 18: Tajinder Singh Bagga-Hema Sharma Get Out Of The Jail, But... |website=Times Now News |date=12 October 2024 }}</ref>

*During the grand premiere, a donkey named ''Gadhraj'' was sent into the house, where he was tied in the garden near the smoking area. On Day 7, host Salman Khan announced the end of his presence in the house.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-guess-who-got-evicted-on-the-first-weekend-ka-vaar-episode-donkey-gadhraj-101728875771294.html|title=Bigg Boss 18: Guess who got evicted on the first weekend ka vaar episode? Donkey Gadhraj |website=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| '''Maut Ka Farmaan'''
On Day 3, the nomination process was held in the garden area, where all housemates' photos were displayed on the ''Maut Ka Farmaan'' board. First, each housemate nominated one contestant. Later, the archer would shoot an arrow at the photo of the nominated housemate. Any housemate who received three or more nominations would be nominated for eviction; those receiving less than three nominations would be safe. The archer had ten arrows, allowing housemates to nominate a maximum of ten contestants.<ref name="FirstWeekNomination" />
|-
| Chaahat, Gunratan, Karanveer, Muskan, and Avinash were nominated for the first week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="FirstWeekNomination" />
|-
|- style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! ''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tasks
| On Day 1, Bigg Boss assigned a task to the housemates to earn rations. During this task, an hourglass was placed in the garden, where housemates in pairs needed to keep an eye on it while sitting on a horse. Each pair would first fill the sand kept near the hourglass up to the yellow line. They then needed to open a knob at the bottom to allow the sand to flow from the hourglass until it reached the red line mark. After that, the pair would stop the knob and hand it over to the next pair, who would repeat the same procedure.
However, the housemates failed to comply with the rules. The first violation was by Shilpa, who fell asleep while watching the hourglass, and the second violation was Karanveer, who started the task alone instead of in a pair. As a result, Bigg Boss halted the task and announced that instead of 16 boxes of rations, he would only provide six boxes.<ref name="Hourglasstask">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/bigg-boss-18-avinash-mishra-shehzada-dhami-get-into-fight-over-ration-task-9080187.html|title=Bigg Boss 18: Avinash Mishra, Shehzada Dhami Get Into Fight Over Ration Task |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#ccc;" | Task cancelled<ref name="Hourglasstask" />
|-
! Sponsored
| On Day 7, Bellavita gifted perfume to the housemates.
|-
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 7, there was no eviction. However ''Gadhraj'' was removed from the house.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-weekend-ka-vaar-no-eliminations-this-week-donkey-gadhraj-is-released-after-peta-s-letter-6778417|title=Bigg Boss 18: No Contestant Eliminated On First Weekend Ka Vaar, Donkey Gadhraj Freed Post PETA's Intervention |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white; " | Week 2
! Twists
| On Day 11, Following the hunger strike, Bigg Boss opened the confession room for the housemates and asked them to state one demand they wanted fulfilled to resolve their problems in the future. Later, Bigg Boss revealed that only Avinash, Shrutika, Tajinder, and Chum requested ration for all housemates. Bigg Boss announced he would provide the ration, but to receive it, the housemates needed to change one significant event from the past. The two events to consider were the release of Tajinder and Hema from jail and the absence of any eviction among the nominated housemates last week.

Bigg Boss presented two options for the housemates to choose from: the first option involved selecting any two housemates to go to jail, and the second option was the eviction of one nominated housemate among Chaahat, Karanveer, Muskan, and Avinash. The housemates initially selected the first option but couldn't reach a decision. Eventually, they chose the second option, evicting Avinash by majority vote.

Later, Bigg Boss announced that Avinash would exit the house, only to unexpectedly return to jail with control of the house's ration, which Bigg Boss granted in exchange for making the decision.<ref name="AvinashJailPower" />
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
|'''Tandav Express'''
On Day 10, Bigg Boss announced that, as the Time God, Arfeen was safe from nominations and asked him for two names he wanted to nominate. He named Tajinder and Muskan. Later, Bigg Boss revealed that there would be a task involving a station named Khatra Nagari, where a train named Tandav Express had arrived. Only passengers carrying food items could board this train to become safe from nominations. The last two housemates to enter the train or the two housemates who remained at the station after the train's departure would be nominated.

The shopkeepers distributing food items to the housemates in the first round would be Tajinder and Muskan, as they were nominated by Arfeen. In the subsequent rounds, the two housemates who were nominated would become the shopkeepers.<ref name="SecondWeekNomination" />
|-
| Muskan, Tajinder, Rajat, Chaahat, Avinash, Shrutika, Shilpa, Karanver, Hema, Alice were nominated for the second week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="SecondWeekNomination" />
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 9, Bigg Boss assigned a task in the activity area for all housemates to compete for the title of the house's first Time God, who would have the power to change decisions from the past, present, and future, as well as control over time in the house. This role was more significant than that of the captain, who merely received immunity and some rights.

The task was conducted in two rounds. In the first round, dolls representing nine of the eighteen housemates will be offered to the devil by any housemate. The housemates whose dolls were offered would be eliminated from the race to become the Time God. In the second round, dolls from the remaining nine housemates would be offered, with eight dolls being chosen by any housemate to be offered to the devil. The housemate whose doll was not offered would become the Time God.

Arfeen's doll was safe, which allowed him to become the Time God.<ref name="ArfeenTimeGod" />
|- style="background:#ff0800; color:#fff;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Arfeen<ref name="ArfeenTimeGod" />
|-
! rowspan=4 | Sponsored
| On Day 12, Bellavita organized a task involving two teams, with Shilpa and Rajat judging them. Team A's skit depicted Shrutika and Vivian as a couple taking a sweet box as a gift to a Diwali party. Karanveer played the role of a Bellavita salesman, attempting to persuade them to choose a Bellavita perfume box instead of the sweet box.

In Team B's performance, Alice and Eisha portrayed best friends who also planned to take a sweet box to the Diwali party, with Shehzada taking on the role of their salesman. Both teams' salesmen incorporated Bellavita's key attributes into their performances, highlighting points such as: "Bellavita perfumes are long-lasting because they contain oils imported from Europe," "Over the past two years, more than 5 crore bottles of Bellavita perfumes have been sold," and "With four distinct fragrances, Bellavita offers a unique alternative to traditional sweet gifts. That's why we say, 'Think Beyond Meetha, Gift Bellavita.'"

The judges chose Team A and they received gift hampers filled with Bellavita perfumes. Since the housemates were together during this Diwali celebration, Bellavita also prepared gift hampers for their families outside.

Team A was chosen, so hampers were awarded to Shrutika, Vivian and Karanveer.
|-
| On Day 13, Harpic India introduced a task featuring a mood-o-meter currently present in the house, which rates the mood after using the bathroom. Whenever a guest arrives, they will provide their mood rating on the Harpic mood-o-meter. If the bathroom is not clean, they will give a sad rating, while a clean bathroom will receive a happy rating. Red Harpic Bathroom Cleaner specializes in everyday bathroom cleaning. All housemates must clean the bathrooms with Red Harpic Bathroom Cleaner to keep everyone's mood happy, as there will be surprises waiting during the weekend episodes. After this cleaning process, the mood-o-meter can be used, and if the bathrooms remain clean, the effects will be noticed during the weekend.

All housemates then cleaned the bathrooms and basins with Red Harpic Bathroom Cleaner, eagerly awaiting the arrival of guests that weekend. During the Weekend Ka Vaar episodes, Krushna Abhishek inspected the bathrooms. He was pleased with the cleaning efforts and gave happy ratings on the Harpic mood-o-meter.
|-
| On Day 14, Macho conducted a poll to choose the Macho Toing Man of the Week among the male housemates. The results were announced, and Vivian was selected as the Toing Man of the Week. He received a gift hamper from Macho as a reward.
|-
| On Day 14, Blue Heaven gifted their range of cosmetic products to the female housemates for always being ready and presentable in the house.
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| style="background:#fcf;" | On Day 10, Gunratan walked out of the house due to his court case, becoming the first housemate to exit.<ref name="GunratanOut" />
|-
| style="background:salmon;" |On Day 14, Hema was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the second housemate to exit.<ref name="HemaEviction" />
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white; " | Week 3
! rowspan="2" | Twists
| On Day 18, Bigg Boss called Avinash and presented him with two choices: to be released from jail and live as an ordinary housemate, or to remain in jail but gain additional powers, including control over the household's rations. Avinash opted for the second choice, deciding to stay in jail with enhanced authority.

Subsequently, Bigg Boss announced to all the housemates that the jail had now transformed into a powerhouse due to its new privileges. To assist Avinash, another housemate would be chosen by the others and jailed. By majority vote, they chose Arfeen, who was promptly sent to join Avinash in jail.

Shortly after this, Bigg Boss played an audio clip for all the housemates, revealing a past conversation in which Arfeen remarked that Sara did not deserve to be in the house. Bigg Boss emphasized that Arfeen, now holding power in jail, had significant influence over the dynamics within the house. As a consequence of his words, Sara was instructed to wear a "Expiring Soon" necklace that symbolized her impending eviction, which could happen within the next 24 hours.<ref name="ArfeenJail" />

Later, Bigg Boss introduced a rankings task for the housemates, excluding those in jail, based on their contributions to the show. All housemates, except for Arfeen and Avinash, were required to rank themselves from 1 to 14, with 1 being the most valuable contributor and 14 the least.

As the housemates struggled to reach a consensus on their rankings, Bigg Boss intervened by announcing that Arfeen and Avinash, would take over the responsibility of ranking their housemates.

Arfeen and Avinash announced the rankings for all housemates, placing them from 1 to 14. The rankings were determined as follows: Rajat, Vivian, Shilpa, Sara, Eisha, Shrutika, Alice, Karanveer, Chaahat, Shahzada, Chum, Nyrraa, Tajinder, and Muskan.

As Tajinder and Muskan were at the bottom of the rankings, Bigg Boss informed them that their contributions to the show had been lacking. With the message that "time doesn't wait for anyone," Tajinder and Muskan were given the Expiry Soon necklace, which they would wear alongside Sara. Additionally, they were warned that they were on a ticking time bomb; their time in the house was limited, and one of them would soon be evicted.

Sara, Tajinder and Muskan were up for eviction as they had been given the Expiry Soon tag.<ref name="ExpirySoon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/bigg-boss-18-expiry-soon-tag-bottom-2-contestants-names-out-3118897/|title=Bigg Boss 18 'expiry soon' tag: Bottom 2 contestants names out |website=siasat.com|date=24 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| On Day 20, housemates had to place a "Get Out" sticker on the face of Muskan, Sara, or Tajinder, all of whom were wearing the "Expiry Soon" tag. The housemates had to vote for whom they believed should leave the house. Muskan received the most votes, 6, and was subsequently evicted. Tajinder received 4 votes, while Sara garnered 3, indicating their unpopularity.

Additionally, Bigg Boss announced that Arfeen and Avinash would be released from jail, with Sara and Tajinder taking their places, thus gaining control over the house's ration supplies. Furthermore, Bigg Boss confirmed that the previous nominations for public voting remain valid, meaning either Avinash, Rajat, Nyrraa, or Vivian will be evicted per public vote this weekend.<ref name="MuskanEviction" /><ref name="TajinderSaraJail">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-avinash-mishra-and-arfeen-khan-are-out-of-jail-tajinder-bagga-and-sara-arfeen-khan-went-inside-201729841502446.html|title=बिग बॉस ने पलटा गेम, खत्म हुई अविनाश और अरफीन की जेल की अवधि, अब कारागार पहुंचे ये 2 सदस्य |website=Live Hindustan |date=25 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nominations
| On Day 17, Bigg Boss asked all housemates to name their favorite member in the house. The majority chose Shrutika as their favorite. Following this, Bigg Boss gathered all housemates in the activity area, where a lamp and a chair were set up for the genie. Since Shrutika was voted as the favorite, she was given the power to control nominations instead of the Time God, who was not elected this week.

Shrutika will distribute nomination rights to each housemate as follows: four housemates will receive no nomination rights, another four, 1 nomination right, four, 2 rights, and four, 3 nomination rights. Each housemate will be called individually by Bigg Boss to approach the lamp and rub it. After doing so, the genie, represented by Shrutika, will inform them of the number of nomination rights they have received.

Once notified, each housemate will stand under the light corresponding to their nomination rights and proceed to nominate the number of housemates allowed by their rights.<ref name="ThirdWeekNomination" />
|-
| Avinash, Nyrraa, Rajat, Muskan, Vivian were nominated for the third week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="ThirdWeekNomination" />
|-
|-
! Time God Task
| '''Bigg Boss General Elections'''
On Day 16, Bigg Boss summoned Rajat in confession room and presented him with two choices: he could either secure the contendership for the Time God for himself or give it to another housemate. Rajat opted to claim the contendership for himself, becoming the first contender for the Time God title.

Later, Bigg Boss announced a formal election between the current Time God, Arfeen and Rajat, who was vying to become the future Time God. The election setup, complete with campaigning, would take place in the garden area. Rajat, as Contestant 1, was assigned the symbol of the sun, while Arfeen, as Contestant 2, would represent the moon.

In the first phase, both contestants needed to promote their candidacies to the other housemates, explaining why they should be chosen as the Time God. Afterward, one housemate would endorse their preferred contender and also share their reasons.

At the sound of the buzzer, the second phase commenced. Each housemate then entered the confession room individually to cast their vote in a ballot box.

Once the election process concluded, Bigg Boss announced that there was no definitive result, as both contenders received an equal number of votes—eight each. Consequently, there would be no Time God for the week.<ref name="ThirdWeekNoTimeGod" />
|- style="background:#cfc;"
!style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! ''None''<ref name="ThirdWeekNoTimeGod" />
|-
! Task
| '''Welcome to Hell'''
On Day 19, Bigg Boss offered all housemates a chance to earn rations for themselves. Hell was created in the garden area, overseen by its keepers, Arfeen and Avinash. Each housemate was required to sacrifice a personal belonging in the fire pit and, in exchange, they could request items from Arfeen and Avinash. The two would decide whether to grant any requests, and if so, to what extent; they also had the option to deny requests altogether.

Housemates who chose not to sacrifice anything would not receive any rations. After the distribution, any remaining rations would be returned to the jail, under the control of Arfeen and Avinash. Those who received no items would be lined up against a wall. Once Arfeen or Avinash pressed a buzzer, a blast would ensue, dousing the housemate with black ink.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Shrutika Arjun bashes Avinash Mishra during ration task; calls him out for his 'insensitive' nature |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-shrutika-arjun-bashes-avinash-mishra-during-ration-task-calls-him-out-for-his-insensitive-nature/articleshow/114595592.cms}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sponsored
| On Day 16, Galaxy Jewels presented a key to Avinash, who was in jail and controlling the house's ration supply. This key unlocked a dispenser filled with chocolates from Galaxy Jewels. Avinash had the privilege of sharing these chocolates with up to three housemates whom he considered to have a special bond with. He chose to share the treats with Eisha, Alice, and Muskan.
|-
| On Day 19, My Trident installed a small valve in the bedroom, showcasing their folklore bedsheets made from 100% cotton. One of the bedsheets, which featured the design of Kalpavriksha (the wishing tree), was elegantly laid on the My Trident bed.
|-
| On Day 20, Macho announced the results of the "Toing Man of the Week" poll, which allowed viewers to vote for their favorite male housemate. Rajat was chosen as the winner and received a Macho Sporto gift hamper as a prize.
|-
| On Day 21, host Salman Khan unveiled the Go Cheese Greet Corner, situated near the jail, where Go Cheese will deliver cheesy surprises throughout the season. This time, Go Cheese treated all the housemates to pizza.
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| style="background:#BFF000;" | On Day 20, Muskan was evicted after the majority of housemates voted her out, becoming the third housemate to exit.<ref name="MuskanEviction" />
|-style="background:salmon;"
| On Day 21, Nyrraa was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the fourth housemate to exit.<ref name="NyrraaEviction" />
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white; " | Week 4
! Twists
|
On Day 26, Bigg Boss granted a special power to the Time God, Vivian. With Sara and Tajinder's term in jail coming to an end, it was Vivian's responsibility to send two new housemates in their place. He could take suggestions from the other housemates about whom to choose. Ultimately, Vivian decided to send Rajat and Shrutika to jail.

Later, Bigg Boss announced that all the house rations would be stored in the kitchen instead of the jail, but this time, the ration would not be controlled by jailmates. Instead, the power to decide the menu for the kitchen would belong to the jailmates, as Bigg Boss provided them with a whiteboard and marker to vote on what dishes should be prepared.<ref name="RajatandShrutikaJail">{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 18: Vivian Dsena puts Shrutika Arjun and Rajat Dalal in Jail |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/bigg-boss-18-vivian-dsena-puts-shrutika-arjun-and-rajat-dalal-in-jail_213570 |newspaper=India Forums}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
| On Day 24, housemates were required to nominate two fellow contestants in the confession room. However, those nominated would face a shock outside as a consequence. During the nomination process, Chum apologised to her housemates prior to entering the confession room to cast her votes. This resulted in Bigg Boss canceling her right to participate in the nominations.<ref name="FourthWeekNomination" />
|-
| Shehzada, Shrutika, Eisha, Avinash, Alice, Arfeen, Shilpa were nominated for the fourth week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="FourthWeekNomination" />
|-
! Time God Task
| '''Tandav Garh'''
On Day 25, Bigg Boss presented a task to become Time God of the House. In this task, the house is transformed into Tandav Garh, ruled by Rajmata Shilpa. She has two princes, Vivian and Karanveer, who are rival brothers competing for her throne. The prince who becomes the successor gains the power to be the Time God.

The task consists of two rounds. In the first round, both princes must present their case to Rajmata Shilpa, explaining why they deserve to succeed her and become the Time God. They will highlight their strengths while pointing out the weaknesses of their opponent. After their presentations, the people of Tandav Garh will have the opportunity to question both princes.

In the second round, the princes must win the heart of Princess Chum. Upon completing this round, Princess Chum will recommend the prince who won her admiration to Rajmata Shilpa. Rajmata, considering the performances from both rounds, will decide which prince will be her successor and thus become the Time God of the house. Rajat will serve as the commander to Rajmata Shilpa during this task.

After the conclusion of both rounds, Rajmata Shilpa chose Prince Vivian as the successor to her throne and announced him as the Time God of the house.<ref name="VivianTimeGod" />
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Vivian<ref name="VivianTimeGod" />
|-
! Punishments
|
On Day 23, Bigg Boss reprimanded all housemates for their lack of organization and cleanliness in the house. He then turned to Vivian, who the housemates consider a favorite of Bigg Boss, and asked him who he thought was the most unorganized person in the house. Vivian named Chaahat, after which Bigg Boss asked the other housemates for their opinions; three of them agreed.

In response, Bigg Boss announced that Chaahat would allocate duties for all housemates. She would oversee the distribution of duties, ensuring that everyone completed their assigned duties. Chaahat was provided with a duty board where she would write the names of housemates next to their respective duties.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 October 28 Episode Written Update: Avinash Mishra-Eisha Singh Call Chahat Pandey 'Unhygienic', Say 'Woh Hamesha Left Over...' |website=Times Now News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-october-28-episode-avinash-mishra-eisha-singh-call-chahat-pandey-unhygienic-say-woh-hamesha-left-over-article-114703185}}</ref>

Until then, Rajat, who had previously served as the supervisor during the Time God's tenure, would train the housemates on how to properly execute their duties. Chaahat then allocated the following duties on the duty board:
{| class="wikitable style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="8" | Duty Board
|-
! Breakfast Cleaning
| Eisha Alice
! Lunch Cooking
| Shilpa Chum
! Dining Area Cleaning
| Avinash
! Toilet Cleaning
| Karanveer Shrutika
|-
! Breakfast Chopping
| Chaahat
! Lunch Utensils Cleaning
| Vivian Arfeen
! Living Area Cleaning
| Shilpa
! Wash-Basin Cleaning
| Karanveer Avinash
|-
! Breakfast Cooking
| Chaahat Alice
! Dinner Cleaning
| Alice
! Garden Area Cleaning
| Rajat
! Bedroom Cleaning
| Chaahat
|-
! Breakfast Utensils Cleaning
| Shilpa
! Dinner Chopping
| Shehzada Shrutika
! Garden Pool Cleaning
| Rajat
! Balcony Area Cleaning
| Chaahat
|-
! Lunch Cleaning
| Eisha
! Dinner Cooking
| Shehzada Shrutika
! Bathroom Cleaning
| Avinash Eisha
! The Office Cleaning
| Shilpa
|-
! Lunch Chopping
| Shilpa Chum
! Dinner Utensils Cleaning
| Vivian Arfeen
! Luggage Area Organising & Cleaning
| Shehzada Rajat
! Bedroom Bedsheet Making
| Chaahat
|}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Sponsored
| On Day 25, My Trident introduced a task where two teams would make a bed using My Trident bedsheets and rugs. Following this, each team would perform on a song. Team A consisted of Avinash and Eisha, while Team B included Karanveer and Chum. Shilpa and Vivian judged the performances, declared Team B the winners and awarded Karanveer and Chum a My Trident gift hamper.
|-
| On Day 26, Harpic India organized a special activity in the house to celebrate Diwali. In this activity, Karanveer and Avinash were responsible for cleaning the bathrooms, wash basins with Red Harpic, and toilets with Blue Harpic. Once they completed the cleaning, Vivian would inspect their work and provide a rating on the mood-o-meter. Satisfied with the efforts of Karanveer and Avinash, Vivian gave a happy rating on the mood-o-meter.
|-
| On Day 27, Galaxy Jewels presented a hamper of chocolates to Vivian, who was honored as the Time God during Diwali Week and became the Jewel of the House. Vivian had the option to share these chocolates with whomever he chooses.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 27, Shehzada was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the fifth housemate to exit.<ref name="ShehzadaEviction"/>
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="15" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white; " | Week 5
! Entrances
| During Weekend Ka Vaar, host Salman Khan introduced new wildcard entrants to the audience. On Day 29, Digvijay and Kashish officially entered the house.<ref name="2WCEntry" />
|-
! Twists
| On Day 29, Bigg Boss announced Rajat and Shrutika's release from jail and that the jail would be closed for a few days.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
On Day 30, Bigg Boss summoned all housemates to the activity area, where a hungry octopus awaited them. The octopus would only be fed through the nominations of the housemates. Bigg Boss granted the nomination rights to the Time God Vivian, who was tasked with nominating eight housemates. Digvijay and Kashish were exempt from nominations, as it was their first week in the house. Vivian nominated Rajat, Chaahat, Shrutika, Sara, Karanveer, Arfeen, Tajinder, and Chum.

Unexpectedly, Bigg Boss revealed that not all eight nominees were truly out of the running; four of them could still achieve safety. After announcing the nominated housemates by Bigg Boss, if at least four raise their hands to vote for a housemate's safety, then that nominated housemate would be safe. As he called out the names—Rajat, Chaahat, Karanveer, Shrutika, and Chum—Ultimately, Rajat, Karanveer, Shrutika, and Chum received enough votes to secure their safety.

Consequently, Chaahat, Sara, Arfeen, and Tajinder remained nominated for elimination.<ref name="FifthWeekNomination" />
|-
| Chaahat, Sara, Arfeen, Tajinder were nominated for the fifth week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="FifthWeekNomination" />
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 32, Bigg Boss assigned Team B a task to compete for the title of Time God, following their previous victory. In this challenge, Rajat, Chaahat, Shrutika, Digvijay, Karanveer, and Sara were required to hold the Time God's staff (scepter) using only one hand. Any contestant who lost their grip, changed hands, or relied on both hands would be eliminated. The last contestant remaining would be declared the new Time God, with Vivian moderating the task.

As the task progressed, Shrutika, Chaahat, Rajat, and Sara were eliminated, leaving Digvijay and Karanveer as the final two contenders. During the intense challenge, the staff broke, with Digvijay holding one half and Karanveer holding the other.

Given the task rules, Bigg Boss announced that since the staff was broken and neither contestant held it until the end, no one could be awarded the title of Time God. As a result, Vivian was reinstated as Time God and would continue his tenure.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Vivian<ref name="VivianAgainTimeGod" />
|-
! rowspan="3" |Tasks
| '''Hammer Making Factory'''
On Day 31, Bigg Boss announced the end of Vivian's tenure as Time God and introduced the selection process for the next Time God. This would involve a task between two teams, competing to create a soil hammer in the Hammer Making Factory, conducted in rounds. Each round would start with the factory siren.

From each team, two members would try to make the hammer while the other two would protect it. At the end of each round, a moderator would declare the results, awarding the winning team a real hammer. This hammer would allow them to eliminate one member of the opposing team by breaking their pot.

The team with the most members remaining at the end of the task would win, and all its members would then be eligible to become the next Time God.

The teams were as follows:

'''Team A:''' Vivian, Avinash, Eisha, Alice, Shilpa, and Chum '''Team B:''' Rajat, Chaahat, Shrutika, Digvijay, Karanveer, and Sara

Arfeen and Tajinder were excluded from the task due to violating house rules by sleeping, and Kashish would serve as the task moderator.
{| class="wikitable style=" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Round
! Won
! Eliminated
|-
| 1
| Team B
| Avinash
|-
| 2
| Team B
| Chum
|-
| 3
| Team B
| Vivian
|}

As Team B was leading the task with a score of 3-0, it became clear that Team A could no longer secure a win. Consequently, Bigg Boss announced the conclusion of the task, declaring Team B as the winner.<ref name="VivianAgainTimeGod" />
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner – Team B: Rajat, Chaahat, Shrutika, Digvijay, Karanveer and Sara
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" | Failed – Team A: Vivian, Avinash, Eisha, Alice, Shilpa and Chum
|-
! Punishments
|
* On Day 29, Bigg Boss reprimanded Sara for speaking English in the house and asked her what she would prefer as a consequence for not speaking Hindi. She humorously replied, "Tea". Bigg Boss responded by excluding tea powder from their next ration.
* On Day 30, Bigg Boss reprimanded Kashish for speaking English in the house. He then asked her what she would prefer as a consequence for not using Hindi, to which she humorously replied, "Coffee". So Bigg Boss responded by excluding coffee powder from their next ration.
|-
! rowspan="4" |Sponsored
| On Day 29, Macho conducted a poll to choose the Macho Toing Man of the Week among the male housemates. The results were announced, and Vivian was selected as the Toing Man of the Week. He received a gift hamper from Macho as a reward.
|-
| On Day 32, Go Cheese celebrated Team B's victory by sending a generous supply of cheese for the winning team members.
|-
| On Day 34, Blue Heaven surprised the female housemates by gifting them a selection of their serum products.
|-
| On Day 34, host Rohit Shetty introduced Ching's Chinese Sriracha Sauces to the housemates, highlighting them as some of the spiciest sauces in the world.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 34, Arfeen was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the sixth housemate to exit.<ref name="ArfeenEviction" />
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="14" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" | Twists
|
On Day 36, Bigg Boss introduced the option for the housemates to select their weekly ration. He noted that while he was willing to provide all the necessary items, previous violations of rules meant they could only choose 50 from the list. The housemates requested an increase in the number of items, and Bigg Boss agreed, stating he would provide more than 50 if they followed all rules. However, if they violated any rule, he would seize all rations. Some of the basic weekly ration lists are placed here.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Whole Wheat Flour
|1 packet is 1 kg (Max. 10 packets)
|Cabbage
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 4 kg)
|Masoor Dal
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 8 packets)
|Tomato
|1 tray
|-
|Basmati Rice
|1 packet is 1 kg (Max. 10 packets)
|Cauliflower
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 4 kg)
|Yellow Moong Dal
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 8 packets)
|Potato
|1 tray
|-
|Jowar Flour
|1 packet is 500 gram (Max. 3 packets)
|Methi
|1 tray is 1 bundle (Max. 3 bundles)
|Urad Dal
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 8 packets)
|Lemon
|1 basket
|-
|Besan
|1 packet is 500 gram (Max. 3 packets)
|Spinach
|1 tray is 1 bundle (Max. 3 bundles)
|Split Green Moong Dal
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 8 packets)
|Haldi
|
|-
|Poha
|1 packet is 500 gram (Max. 4 packets)
|Carrot
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 3 kg)
|Chana Dal
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 8 packets)
|Mustard Seeds
|
|-
|Rava
|1 packet is 500 gram (Max. 4 packets)
|Beetroot
|1 kg is 1 item (Max. 1.5 kg)
|Chole
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 4 packets)
|Oil
|
|-
|Toor Dal
|1 packet is 500 gram (Max. 8 packets)
|Apple
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 30 kg)
|Brown Chana
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 4 packets)
|Ginger
|
|-
|Chicken
|1 packet is 900 gram (Max. 5 kg)
|Watermelon
|1 tray is 3 kg (Max. 12 kg)
|Whole Masoor
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 4 packets)
|Red Chili Powder
|
|-
|Eggs
|1 tray is 1 dozen (Max. 12 dozens)
|Grapes
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 8 kg)
|Whole Green Moong
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 4 packets)
|Green Chili
|
|-
|Cow's Milk
|1 packet is 1 liter (Max. 28 packets)
|Orange
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 20 kg)
|Whole Urad Dal (Kali Dal)
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 4 packets)
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
|-
|Curd
|1 packet is 600 gram (Max. 14 packets)
|Pear
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 14 kg)
|Rajma
|1 packet is 250 gram (Max. 4 packets)
|-
|Paneer
|1 tray is 1.5 kg (Max. 1.5 kg)
|Pomegranate
|1 tray is 1 kg (Max. 25 kg)
| colspan="2" |
|}
The housemates initially demanded 150 items, but when Bigg Boss agreed to their request, they declined and settled for just 50 items. Later, Bigg Boss presented three additional options that were missing from the original list: (1) Coffee or Vivian's Coffee, (2) Tea or Green Tea. To select any of these options, the housemates would have to sacrifice five of the items they had initially chosen.

Ultimately, they decided against any of the additional options and stuck with the 50 items. Bigg Boss reprimanded them for choosing just 50 instead of taking the opportunity to request more, particularly since they had consistently failed to follow the rules. He emphasized that they should not voice concerns only regarding ration while ignoring their responsibility to adhere to the rules. In the end, Bigg Boss provided the housemates with their chosen 50 items as part of their weekly ration.
|-
|
On Day 41, Bigg Boss presented Time God Rajat with a unique opportunity to alter the timeline, allowing him to change nominations from the past. As the Time God, Rajat could save one housemate from nominations, excluding himself.

In this process, he had to stick the photos of the housemates on a punching bag and punch the photos of those he wished to keep nominated. Ultimately, the last housemate remaining on the board would be saved from nomination.

Rajat chose to save Digvijay from nominations, while all others remained on the list. Later, Bigg Boss disclosed that, based on the voting results up to that point, Digvijay was actually in the Top 2 and already in a safe zone.<ref name="Nomination changed"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|'''BB Post Office'''
On Day 37, the Bigg Boss house transformed into a village setup for the nomination process. The garden area featured two telephones—one for all the housemates, referred to as "villagers," and another at the BB Post Office, which was managed by Vivian, who served as the postman.

When Bigg Boss called for nominations, each housemate approached the communal telephone to contact the post office. They informed Vivian of their two nomination choices. As a postman, Vivian meticulously recorded their nominations in letters.

Once all the letters were written, Vivian had the power to cancel the nomination letters from any three housemates of his choice. After making his selections, he would then deliver the letters to the nominated housemates, who had been put forward for eviction this week.<ref name="SixthWeekNomination" />

Vivian cancelled Karanveer, Rajat and Digvijay's nomination letters.
|-
| Tajinder, Shrutika, Rajat, Digvijay, Karanveer, Kashish, and Chum were nominated for the sixth week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="SixthWeekNomination" />
|-
! Time God Task
|'''Bagga Tea Corner'''
On Day 39, Bigg Boss played a freeze-and-release game with the housemates. Afterward, the crew spread tea and coffee packets throughout the house. Bigg Boss then announced a special task to determine the 'Time God' among Shilpa, Rajat, and Chaahat.

For this task, a shop named Bagga Tea Corner, owned by Tajinder, was set up in the house. However, thieves had turned over a truck carrying tea and coffee packets intended for Bagga Tea Corner. The contenders—Shilpa, Rajat, and Chaahat—would play the roles of these "thieves."

With packets scattered across the floor, each contender had to collect the items and place them in their carts. Other housemates could support their favorites by transferring packets; however, only the contenders were allowed to pick them up from the floor.

As a twist, since the tea and coffee were not provided by Bigg Boss due to rule violations, housemates had the chance to collect these packets for their rations. They could transfer packets from the contenders’ carts to Bagga Tea Corner, ensuring that only the packets in the shop remained in the house. Any packets collected in the contenders' carts would be returned to Bigg Boss.

The contender with the highest number of collected packets would become 'Time God.' Eisha was the moderator for this task.

After the completion of the task, Bigg Boss asked all the housemates whom they wanted to appoint as the new 'Time God.' He then asked Eisha to identify which of the three contestants had gathered the most packets. Eisha revealed that Rajat was carrying the most. So, Rajat was declared the new 'Time God.'<ref name="RajatTimeGod"/>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;"|Rajat<ref name="RajatTimeGod"/>
|-
! rowspan="3" |Task
|
On Day 38, Bigg Boss instructed all housemates to form pairs, consisting of one boy and one girl, as only couples were allowed to attend the pajama party in the bedroom. Chaahat and Kashish were the only two girls left without partners. In response, Bigg Boss announced the establishment of two hostels in the garden—one for boys and one for girls—since the boys and girls were in love with one another. Chaahat and Kashish would serve as the wardens of these hostels.

During the task, both wardens would eliminate one pair from entering the pajama party in each round. There would be five rounds, and the last remaining pair would become contenders for the title of Time God. The pairs participating were as follows: Avinash and Alice, Vivian and Eisha, Karanveer and Chum, Digvijay and Shrutika, Rajat and Shilpa, and Tajinder and Sara.

{| class="wikitable style=" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Round
! Eliminated
|-
| 1
| Vivian and Eisha
|-
| 2
| Tajinder and Sara
|-
| 3
| Avinash and Alice
|-
| 4
| Digvijay and Shrutika
|-
| 5
| Karanveer and Chum
|}

Ultimately, Rajat and Shilpa were the last pair standing, avoiding elimination. They became contenders for the title of Time God.

Bigg Boss announced that since Chaahat and Kashish were not chosen by anyone as partners, they were appointed as wardens and thus missed the opportunity to claim contendership for the title of Time God. However, one of them could still compete for the title. The housemates who were not invited to the pajama party decided, through a mutual discussion, who among Chaahat and Kashish would become the third contender for Time God.

After deliberation, the non-contender housemates chose Chaahat. Bigg Boss then revealed that Chaahat would join Shilpa and Rajat in a task to compete for the Time God.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner – Rajat and Shilpa
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" | Failed – Avinash, Alice, Vivian, Eisha, Karanveer, Chum, Digvijay, Shrutika, Tajinder and Sara
|-
! rowspan="4" |Sponsored
| On Day 35, Macho gifted their Macho Sporto Range to Toing Man of the Week Karanveer, who was selected by audience poll for male housemates.
|-
|
On Day 40, Ching's Chinese introduced a cook-off challenge. In this competition, two teams were tasked with preparing dishes using Ching's Chinese Schezwan Chutney. Rajat, serving as the Time God, took on the role of judge and was responsible for allocating cuisines to both teams from the following options: East - Momos, West - Vada Pav, North - Paratha, and South - Uthapam.

Rajat assigned the North cuisine, Paratha, to the team of Alice and Chaahat, while the East cuisine, Momos, was given to the team of Chum and Shilpa. After the cooking was completed, Rajat tasted each dish and made his decision regarding the winner. Ultimately, he declared the North team, consisting of Alice and Chaahat, as the winners. They received gift hampers from Ching's Chinese as a reward.
|-
| On Day 41, Macho gifted their Macho Sporto Range to Toing Man of the Week Digvijay, who was selected by audience poll for male housemates.
|-
|
On Day 41, Blue Heaven introduced a task where two teams competed: one team consisting of Karanveer and Chum, and the other composed of Avinash and Eisha. In this challenge, the male member of each team was responsible for preparing the female member by applying a love duo lipstick and touching up her face.

Once both female contestants were ready, the other female housemates voted to determine who looked better. The scores ended up tied, leading to both teams sharing the hamper provided by Blue Heaven.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 42, there was no eviction.<ref name="NoEviction"/>
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="16" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 7
! Entrances
| During Weekend Ka Vaar, host Salman Khan announced to the audience that three new wildcard contestants would enter the house this week. On Day 44, Aditi, Edin, and Yamini entered the house.<ref name="3WCEntry">{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Aditi Mistry, Yamini Malhotra, and Edin Rose to Enter as Wild Cards |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/bigg-boss-18-aditi-mistry-yamini-malhotra-and-edin-rose-to-enter-as-wild-cards_214270#google_vignette}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"|Twists
|
On Day 45, Bigg Boss tasked the male housemates with selecting one of three new wildcard entrants to receive a special power and they chose Edin. Bigg Boss then revealed that Edin was granted the exclusive power to shop for the weekly rations for the house, where only she could see what items were available.

Following this, Edin could choose items from the storeroom and pass them to other housemates mouth-to-mouth, with no one allowed to touch the items. After Edin selected an item, each housemate would pass it along until the last person in line dropped it into a designated box. If any item was accidentally dropped during the process, passing would restart from the beginning.

The housemates were arranged in the following order: Edin, Karanveer, Shilpa, Chum, Shrutika, Kashish, Chaahat, Rajat, Digvijay, Avinash, Eisha, Vivian, Tajinder, Sara, Aditi, and Yamini. Alice served as the moderator and did not participate in the item passing.

Ultimately, the housemates successfully collected milk, chicken, ghee, curd, urad dal, moong dal, rice, chhole, tur dal, rawa, aata, paneer, apples, poha, ginger, and potatoes.<ref>{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18 November 19 Episode Highlights: Eisha's Million Dollar Reaction To Avinash Failing Ration Task" |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-november-19-episode-live-highlights-eishas-million-dollar-reaction-to-avinash-failing-ration-task-article-115457842}}</ref>
|-
| On Day 48, Bigg Boss called the Time God Digvijay into the confession room. He shared that he has always prioritized relationships in the show. Bigg Boss then offered him, as Time God, the chance to change the timeline and save Kashish from the eviction process. He declined, resulting in Kashish remaining nominated and then evicted.<ref name="KashishNotSaved"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
| On Day 44, Bigg Boss set up a lavish display of luxury food items on the dining table, featuring a throne at its center. Later, Bigg Boss announced that all the food items were exclusively for Time God Rajat. Each housemate, when called by Bigg Boss, would approach Rajat, who was seated on the throne. Based on their interaction, Rajat would choose how many food items to enjoy from each housemate, correlating that number to the nomination rights he wished to grant them. Rajat had the option to give a maximum of five nomination rights and a minimum of zero.<ref name="SeventhWeekNomination"/>
|-
| Karanveer, Avinash, Chaahat, Vivian, Digvijay, Kashish, and Alice were nominated for the seventh week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="SeventhWeekNomination"/>
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 47, a nymph appeared above the house's swimming pool and communicated only through her messenger. The contenders for the title of Time God, along with Edin, would not compete to become the Time God.

During the event, all non-contenders, except Edin, would race towards the swimming pool upon hearing a whispering sound. The first to cross the yellow line would become the messenger of the mysterious nymph. Once selected, the messenger would retrieve a cue card detailing a relationship within the house and read it aloud. The contenders would then engage in a debate based on the content of the card until the buzzer signaled the end of the discussion.

Following the debate, the messenger would decide, based on which arguments' deceiptfulness and absurdity, whom to eliminate. Taking off a mic, the messenger would announce their choice and then push the eliminated contender into the swimming pool. Each housemate could serve as a messenger only once, while Edin would act as the moderator for the task.

{| class="wikitable style=" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Round
! Messenger
! Eliminated
|-
| 1
| Vivian
| Karanveer
|-
| 2
| Chum
| Eisha
|-
| 3
| Sara
| Avinash
|-
| 4
| Rajat
| Tajinder
|}

Ultimately, Digvijay remained and became Time God.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Digvijay<ref name="DigvijayTimeGod"/>
|-
! rowspan="3" |Task
|
On Day 46, Bigg Boss announced the end of Rajat's tenure as Time God, introducing a new task to determine the next contenders for the title. A small jail was set up in the garden area of the house, where five male housemates would be "arrested" and handcuffed to each corner. Meanwhile, five female housemates—excluding the new wildcard entrants—would attempt to convince or torture the male housemates to quit the jail and take their place.

Only two female housemates could enter the jail at a time to interact with two male housemates. The new wildcard entrants, Aditi, Edin, and Yamini, would serve as jailers, deciding which two female housemates to send in at any given moment for convincing or torturing.

Notably, Rajat, the former Time God, would not participate in this task.

During the task, Alice successfully replaced Vivian but was later swapped out for Eisha.

By the end of the task, Karanveer, Avinash, Tajinder, Digvijay, and Eisha emerged as contenders for the next Time God.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner - Karanveer, Avinash, Tajinder, Digvijay and Eisha
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" | Failed - Chaahat, Chum, Alice, Kashish, Shrutika, Shilpa, Sara and Vivian
|-
! rowspan="5" | Sponsored
| On Day 45, My Trident introduced a new bedsheet from their "Road to Jaipur" collection, named "Gulab Baugh." This design is inspired by the beauty of roses, is crafted from 100% cotton, and features a thread count of over 500, ensuring both comfort and durability.
|-
| On Day 46, a key of Galaxy Flutes Chocolates distemper was provided to new wildcard entrants allowing them to indulge in a sweet treat.
|-
| On Day 47, Go Cheese sent their slice products and other ingredients for making burgers to the newly elected Time God, Digvijay, to celebrate his victory. Digvijay was given chance to make a burger and share it with a housemate he feels particularly special about in the house. He shared it with Shrutika.
|-
| On Day 48, Macho conducted a poll to choose the Macho Toing Man of the Week among the male housemates. The results were announced, and Vivian was selected as the Toing Man of the Week. He received a gift hamper from Macho as a reward.
|-
| On Day 49, host Salman Khan introduced Bellavita's new line of moodtech perfumes and gifted them to the contestants.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 49, Alice was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the seventh housemate to exit.<ref name="AliceEviction"/>
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
On Day 51, the "Room of Memories" was set up in the activity area, showcasing photos of cherished moments shared by all housemates except the three new wild card entrants. Bigg Boss then summoned Aditi, Edin, and Yamini into the room, explaining that the show revolves around the connections formed within the house. He noted that, thus far, the three of them had not established any connections. Bigg Boss gave them until the upcoming weekend to make these relationships, announcing that one of them would face eviction based on their lack of connections.

Later, Bigg Boss revealed that the nomination process for the old housemates would happen in pairs, determined by their connections. Each pair would enter the Room of Memories, where they would sit on a scooter with a sidecar and discuss who would step down and be nominated, while the other would remain safe. If the pair could not reach a decision before the buzzer sounded, both would face nomination. The housemate opting for nomination would dismount the scooter and use an axe to break the photo behind them.

As the Time God, Digvijay had the right to save any pair from the nomination process.

Pairs were in following order: Rajat and Chaahat, Shrutika and Chum, Avinash and Eisha, Shilpa and Vivian, Karanveer and Tajinder, Sara and Kashish.

Once the nominations were completed, Bigg Boss announced a double eviction for the upcoming weekend. One eviction would involve one of the three new wild card entrants, based on the votes of the housemates, while the second eviction would be among the old housemates who had been nominated, decided by audience votes.
|-
| Aditi, Edin and Yamini were nominated for the eighth week's weekend eviction process by votes of housemates while Shrutika, Avinash, Vivian, Karanveer, Tajinder, Kashish and Sara were nominated for the eighth week's weekend eviction process by audience votes.<ref name="EighthWeekNomination"/>
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 53, Edin, Eisha, and Vivian competed for the title of Time God. This week's tasks were centered on the theme of relationships within the house, beginning and ending with this focus. The task for time god would test the strength of the relationships among Eisha, Edin, and Vivian, as well as their ability to leverage those connections.

Once the buzzer sounded, the three contenders would climb onto the shoulders of their partners. After the climb, they could not dismount—partners were required to carry the contenders around the house. They were not allowed to sit, use the bathroom, or lean against any walls to relieve the weight. The other housemates would play a significant role in this task, as well. Each contender would wear an earpiece linked to a radio station stationed in the dining area balcony. Once the task commenced, housemates could enter the radio station and use the microphone to annoy any contender they disliked with taunts or comments. These distractions aimed to stress the contenders, potentially causing them to jump down and forfeit the task. Any contender whose feet touched the ground would immediately be eliminated.

Shilpa would serve as the moderator for this task. The pairs were as follows: Eisha with Avinash, Vivian with Rajat, and Edin with Karanveer.<ref name="EishaTimeGod"/>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Eisha<ref name="EishaTimeGod"/>
|-
! rowspan="5" |Tasks
|
On Day 52, Bigg Boss granted Time God Digvijay the power to select a contender who would not become the next Time God. Digvijay chose Avinash, who was then eliminated from the race. Following this, Bigg Boss announced that Digvijay's tenure as Time God had ended, signaling the need to select the next contenders, with former Time Gods Vivian, Rajat, and Digvijay playing crucial roles.

A mischievous bear and its cubs were causing chaos in the garden area of the house. While the cubs were playful, the mother bear was a force to be reckoned with, brimming with energy and hunger for the housemates. Interestingly, her three favorites were the ex-Time Gods: Vivian, Rajat, and Digvijay.

A cave setup represented the bear's den in the garden. As the task commenced, Vivian, Rajat, and Digvijay would take their places inside the cave. At intervals, the sound of rustling leaves signaled that one of the bear's cubs would slide down from one of the two slides. When this happened, all housemates except the ex-Time Gods would attempt to capture the cub. Whoever caught the teddy bear would be safe from the bear's wrath.

Soon after, the sound of the bear's growl would echo, prompting one of the ex-Time Gods to exit the cave. Miniatures of all housemates were set up in the garden. The first ex-Time God to emerge from the cave could eliminate three housemates from the contention to become the Time God by breaking their miniatures with his feet. During the rounds, other housemates were allowed to enter the cave and suggest which housemates should be eliminated.

At the conclusion of the task, three contenders would be up for becoming next Time God: two from the safe miniatures and third would be the ex-Time God who had exited the cave the most times to break miniatures. Avinash will serve as the moderator for this task.

{| class="wikitable style=" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Round
! Safe
! Ex-Time God
! Eliminated
|-
| 1
| Tajinder
| Digvijay
| Kashish Aditi Yamini
|-
| 2
| Chaahat
| Vivian
| Shrutika Karanveer Chum
|-
| 3
| Edin
| Rajat
| Chaahat Shilpa Tajinder
|-
| 4
| Eisha
| Vivian
| Sara
|}

At the end of task, Vivian, Eisha and Edin became contenders for becoming next Time God.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner - Vivian, Eisha and Edin
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" | Failed - Digvijay, Rajat, Kashish, Aditi, Yamini, Shrutika, Karanveer, Chum, Chaahat, Shilpa, Tajinder and Sara
|-
| '''Kissa Kursi Ka'''
On Day 54, the housemates participated in a ration task. At the sound of the buzzer, all housemates have to gather around the seating arrangement in the dining area. Once they were in place, the Bigg Boss anthem would be played. Following the anthem, the housemates will move around the chairs in a fashion similar to musical chairs.

When the music stopped, everyone has to quickly sit down in the nearest chair. The first chair next to the storeroom was significant: whoever sat in that chair would have the first choice of the ration baskets placed in front of them. After the music stopped, the person sitting on that chair would get up, select a basket, and then pass it along until it reached the last person in line. The last person would place the basket in the kitchen area; this ration would be for the entire house and under control of the Time God Eisha.

If at any point someone holding a basket decided they did not want to pass it and preferred to keep it for themselves, they could choose to do so. In that case, the basket's contents remained under their control. Eisha will be the moderator for the task.

In the end, none of the baskets reached the kitchen area; instead, all the ration baskets remained under the control of various housemates.
|-
|
On Day 55, the Room of Memories returned to the house. Last time, Bigg Boss had set an expiry date for Aditi, Edin, and Yamini, and that date had now arrived. Bigg Boss called Aditi, Edin, and Yamini to the activity area, where the Room of Memories was set up. The connections made by these three housemates would be tested, with the ultimate results in the hands of all the housemates.

In the activity area, photos of each housemate with Aditi, Edin, and Yamini were displayed. Each housemate had to enter the activity area and indicate which had best built connections. After selecting a name, they were required to attach their photo with that housemate to a designated wall.

At the conclusion of this activity, the housemate among Aditi, Edin, and Yamini with the fewest photos on the wall would be evicted from the house. Edin received eleven photos, Yamini received three photos, while Aditi received none. As Aditi received no photos, she was evicted from the house.<ref name="Aditi eviction"/>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Sponsored
|
On Day 53, Vaseline introduced an opportunity called "Live Your Bollywood Moment" for all housemates. The garden area was transformed into a snowy wonderland. To celebrate the season Bollywood-style, the challenge focused on three elements: immense confidence, flawless skin, and, of course, Vaseline.

The task was divided into three teams: Team A included Chaahat and Rajat, Team B featured Karanveer and Edin, and Team C comprised Shilpa and Vivian. Each heroine had to moisturize her skin using Vaseline Deep Moisture and perform with their partner a dance to an iconic winter-themed Bollywood song.

After all the performances, moderator Eisha would announce the winning team based on outstanding execution and creativity. Team A, consisting of Rajat and Chaahat, was declared the winner and was rewarded with an exclusive gift hamper from Vaseline.
|-
|
On Day 55, Good Knight introduced an engaging activity in the house featuring their latest product: the Good Knight Flash. This new vaporizer is two times stronger and faster than any other liquid vaporizers, effectively repelling mosquitoes for an extended period, ensuring families enjoy a restful night's sleep. Remarkably, the Good Knight Flash remains effective for up to two hours after being switched off.

In the garden area, a display board showcased photos of all the housemates. One by one, the ex-time gods—Vivian, Rajat, Digvijay, and current time god—Eisha—plugged in the new Good Knight Flash and attached a photo of a housemate they felt was like a "mosquito"—someone who irritates them and sucks their blood.

During this activity, Vivian chose Chaahat, Rajat selected Karanveer, Digvijay chose Shrutika and Eisha picked Digvijay.
|-
| On Day 56, Go Cheese delighted all the former female housemates by providing them with gourmet pizzas as a token of appreciation.
|-
! style="background:salmon;" | Exits
| style="background:#BFF000;" | On Day 55, Aditi was evicted after the majority of housemates voted her out, becoming the eighth housemate to exit.<ref name="Aditi eviction"/>
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 9
! Twists
|
On Day 63, host Farah Khan announced that this week's eviction process would not involve the audience; instead, the housemates would vote to decide who to evict. She asked each housemate to nominate one person for eviction. Kashish received 6 votes, Chum received 5 votes, Sara received 2 votes, Karanveer received 1 vote, and Digvijay received 1 vote. Later, Farah revealed that there would be no eviction this week.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
On Day 58, Bigg Boss summoned all housemates to the activity area for nominations. There was a demonic power's pet to make the housemates fear being nominated. Any housemate pricked by the creature's thorn would find themselves nominated. However, Eisha, the house's time god, was able to counteract this.

One by one, the housemates sat before Eisha. Bigg Boss then prompted the other housemates to express their desire to nominate the seated housemate. If at least three voiced their reasons for nomination, that individual would be officially nominated. If Eisha chose to save the nominated housemate, she would present a vial of antidote, providing a chance to escape the poison of nominations. However, Eisha had only three vials at her disposal, meaning she could save only three housemates from the impending danger.<ref name="NinethWeekNomination"/>
|-
| Shilpa, Sara, Chum, Kashish, Digvijay, and Karanveer were nominated for the ninth week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="NinethWeekNomination"/>
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 59, Bigg Boss announced the end of Eisha's tenure as the Time God. He then called all housemates to the garden area, where a gaming zone had been set up. The housemates had embarked on a journey together, where starting is easy, but completing the journey is much more challenging. Along the way, they encounter difficulties, challenges, and obstacles. A journey requires hard work, dedication, resilience against opponents, and sometimes, just a stroke of luck.

The upcoming game will test all these qualities, and the housemate who excels will become the next Time God. The task will proceed as follows:

1. Luck: A spinning wheel is placed near the swimming pool, featuring the names of all housemates. Eisha will spin the wheel, and when it stops, the name next to the arrow will get a chance to compete for the title of Time God.

2. Hard Work: Dominos are set up in the garden area. Once the buzzer sounds, the housemate selected by the spinning wheel will have 30 minutes to create a wall of dominos from the starting point to the finish point.

3. Challenges: While one housemate is building the wall, other housemates who do not want them to become Time God can sabotage the effort by knocking over the dominos. If the builder fails to complete the wall within the time limit, they will lose their chance to become Time God.

Eisha's name will not be on the spinning wheel, as she will serve as the moderator for this task.

After Avinash, Vivian, Kashish, Karanveer, and Chaahat failed to build a wall of dominoes, Bigg Boss announced that the housemates' lack of effort would prevent the house from receiving its time god. However, Bigg Boss clarified that the task would not be canceled, and a time god would still be appointed. He reminded everyone that the task relied significantly on luck.

Eisha would spin the wheel, and the names of the two housemates who landed on the arrow would become contenders for the time god. Those not chosen would miss this opportunity. The task involved two colors of bricks: gold and silver. Each contender would select one color, and upon the sound of the buzzer, they would start building their domino wall. Other housemates could assist their chosen contender but were not allowed to interfere with the opponent.

Only the contenders could dismantle each other's walls. If neither contender finished their wall by the next buzzer, the one who built the most wall segments would become the next time god of the house.

Following Bigg Boss's command, Eisha spun the wheel, resulting in Rajat being selected as the first contender and Digvijay as the second. Digvijay chose gold while Rajat opted for silver.

As the moderator of the task, Eisha disqualified Digvijay and declared Rajat the winner. Consequently, Rajat became the time god.<ref name="RajatAgainTimeGod"/>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Rajat<ref name="RajatAgainTimeGod"/>
|-
! Task
|
On Day 61, the Bigg Boss house transformed into BB Retreat, where a special guest would soon arrive. This guest was known for her grand hobbies and a distinct personality that follows her own rules. If things didn't align with her preferences, she could become quite angry, and it would be the housemates' responsibility to ensure she remained happy.

Rajat, the designated manager of the BB Retreat, was asked by Bigg Boss to choose two assistant managers. He selected Avinash and Shrutika for the role, while the remaining housemates became the staff of BB Retreat. During the guest's stay, the housemates were tasked with keeping her satisfied.

Bigg Boss issued a warning to all housemates: the level of dedication they showed in fulfilling their responsibilities would directly impact their rations for the following week. The happier they kept the guest, the more fulfilled their own needs would be. Essentially, the housemates needed to prepare for an evening of hospitality, ensuring that their guest felt comfortable and content.

Later, Bigg Boss welcomed the high-profile guest, Shalini Passi, an art and design collector, UNICEF champion for children member, and philanthropist, to BB Retreat.

On Day 62, Bigg Boss announced that Shalini's time to say goodbye to BB Retreat had come. Before her departure, Bigg Boss asked Shalini whether she was satisfied with the service provided by the housemates. Shalini responded with a resounding yes, as the housemates kept her happy. As a result, all the rations kept on the rack were made available to the housemates. As tokens of appreciation, Shalini presented a gift to each housemate.
|-
! Punishments
| On Day 63, host Farah Khan issued a stern warning to all housemates that any act of physical aggression would result in immediate eviction from the house. This warning followed a physical incident that had occurred during the week.
|-
! Sponsored
| On Day 60, Parle-G, a trusted brand, introduced its latest product, Chakki Atta, which is whole wheat flour made using the traditional chakki method to retain nutritional fibers. Parle-G has organized a task for the boys in the house. In this task, the boys will create heart-shaped parathas using Parle-G Atta and present them to any girl of their choice, explaining their reason for the gift. The task moderator, Yamini, will reward the boy whose heart-shaped paratha and reason resonate with her the most with a hamper from Parle-G. Yamini chose Digvijay as winner and rewarded him with a hamper by Parle-G.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" | Exits
| On Day 63, there was no eviction.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="12" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
On Day 65, Bigg Boss emphasized the importance of opinions in the house. Each housemate had reached this stage because of their perspectives on the house dynamics, relationships, and fellow contestants. The nomination process would be based on these opinions.

During this twist, the housemates found themselves on a jungle safari, with Rajat acting as their guide. However, Rajat manipulated the situation to his advantage, trapping the others while locking himself in a secure hut to protect himself from a "hungry, dangerous lion." Interestingly, Rajat didn't just lock himself in; he also confined one of his favorite housemates in the hut, though his favorite constantly changed.

Before each round, Rajat would summon a housemate to his hut. The chosen housemate would be exempt from nominations for that round. However, Rajat could only select a housemate a maximum of three times.
|-
| Digvijay, Karanveer, Chaahat, Tajinder, Edin and Vivian were nominated for the tenth week's weekend eviction process.<ref name="TenthWeekNomination"/>
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 67, yesterday's story revolved around the narrative of equations, particularly the journey of contenders challenging time. From the previous task, the house generated four contenders for Time God: Rajat, Chum, Shrutika, and Avinash. In today's task, this story continues and a new Time God will be chosen.

In the dining area, a framework of three circles was set up. When the buzzer sounded, the four contenders stood on the outer circle and began to circulate while carrying a bowl filled with colored water. Each bowl bore two markings: a black marking and a red one. At the start of the task, the contenders chose their favorite color of water to fill their bowls up to the black marking before they began their rounds.

The rules mandated that while the contenders could walk at their own pace, they could not stop moving. If the water in any contender's bowl dipped below the red marking or if they dropped their bowl, that contender would be eliminated from the race for the Time God title. Ultimately, the last contender remaining with water in their bowl would be declared the new Time God.

Kashish moderated the first round. Shrutika was ruled out first for stepping beyond the circle. In the second round, Shrutika was the moderator and Rajat was eliminated as he dropped his bowl. Rajat moderated the third round and Chum was eliminated. Only Avinash remained with water in his bowl, and became the new Time God.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Avinash<ref name="AvinashTimeGod"/>
|-
! rowspan="5" |Tasks
|
On Day 66, Bigg Boss announced the conclusion of Rajat's tenure as the Time God. He explained that a contender qualifies through passion, skill, and capability. Among all housemates, the three who accumulate the highest Bigg Boss currency will become contenders for the Time God title.

In this task, Karanveer, Digvijay, and Avinash will act as taxi drivers, while Yamini and Chaahat will serve as traffic officers. The remaining housemates will play the role of passengers. As the task begins, all passengers will be locked in their positions, while the three taxi drivers will navigate the house in their taxis seeking the next fare.

Roads will be designated within the house, and taxi drivers must stay on these routes. Passengers cannot move independently; they must use taxis to travel from one location to another. When the signal turns green, accompanied by the sound of a starting vehicle, passengers will indicate where they want to go. Taxi drivers can set their fares in BB currency according to their discretion.

When the signal turns red, marked by the sound of brakes, the taxis must stop. Each passenger will start with 7,000 BB currency. Both passengers and taxi drivers must strive to maintain maximum BB currency, as the passenger with the highest currency will become the first contender, while the taxi driver with the most earnings will secure the second spot. If any taxi driver or passenger violates the rules, traffic officers can impose fines.

At the end of the task, the traffic officer with the highest BB currency will be named the third contender for the Time God.

During the task, traffic officers Chaahat and Yamini overlooked violations committed by taxi drivers and passengers. As a result, Bigg Boss revoked their opportunity to contend for the Time God while they remained in their roles until the task's completion.

At the end of the task, Bigg Boss announced that there would be three contenders for the Time God, having eliminated the traffic officers from contention. The top two passengers with the most BB currency would now become the contenders.

Bigg Boss asked everyone to reveal their BB currency. Among the taxi drivers, Digvijay had 1,000, Karanveer had 7,200, and Avinash had 25,300. As Avinash had the highest BB currency, he became the first contender for Time God.

Among the passengers, Shrutika and Chum had 7,000 each, while Rajat had 22,500. The remaining passengers—Edin, Tajinder, Vivian, Shilpa, Eisha, Sara, and Kashish—had 0 BB currency. Consequently, Rajat, Chum, and Shrutika became the next contenders for Time God.

Thus, Avinash, Rajat, Chum, and Shrutika were announced as the final contenders for Time God.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner - Avinash, Rajat, Chum and Shrutika
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" | Failed - Karanveer, Digvijay, Yamini, Chaahat, Edin, Tajinder, Vivian, Shilpa, Eisha, Sara and Kashish
|-
|
On Day 68, Bigg Boss informed all housemates that during this Weekend Ka Vaar, one of the six nominated contestants—Edin, Tajinder, Chaahat, Karanveer, Digvijay, and Vivian—would sit on the sofa for the last time. However, in a generous mood, Bigg Boss announced that all six nominated housemates would have a chance to exempt themselves from the danger of elimination.

Today, the house will occasionally echo with yawns. During these moments, the bedroom lights will dim. When this happens, the nominated contestants can approach any housemate they want, engaging in conversation to win them over. In the center of the bedroom, there are photos of all the nominated housemates.

When the sound of chirping birds is heard, six housemates from the safe group will pick up a photo of one of the nominated contestants. The safe housemate who picks up the photo and reaches Avinash last will see their nominated contestant's photo thrown into the pool. This act signifies that the chance for that nominated housemate to escape the nominations will sink just like the photo.

At the end of the task, the nominated contestant whose photo remains unthrown will be safe from this week's nominations.

At the end of Round 1, Kashish reached last while holding Chaahat's photo, resulting in Chaahat remaining nominated. In Round 2, Eisha reached last with Vivian's photo, and thus, Vivian remained nominated. During Round 3, Eisha again reached last while carrying Digvijay's photo, leaving Digvijay nominated as well. In Round 4, Rajat reached last while holding Edin's photo, which meant Edin also stayed nominated. Finally, in the last round, Shrutika reached last with Tajinder's photo, leaving Tajinder nominated too. As Karanveer's photo was the only one not thrown into the pool, he was saved from nomination.<ref name="NominationSaved"/>
|-
| '''Sachchai ka Ration'''
On Day 69, Bigg Boss will challenge the housemates to confront the truth and demonstrate the courage to embrace it. The amount of truth revealed will determine the weekly ration allocated to them. Each season of Bigg Boss has its own distinct flavor—love, friendship, rivalry, and passion. This season stands out because it encompasses them all: friendship, love, enmity, conflict, alliances, and differing opinions. However, what truly matters to the housemates is their ration and the numbers game involved.

Until now, the housemates have hidden their true feelings behind the facade of rationing. Bigg Boss will present truths to the housemates disguised as ration discussions. The quantity of truth revealed will directly influence how much ration they receive.

During this task, the social media audience's opinions about housemates will be introduced. One by one, housemates will enter the activity area to hear the opinions directed at them. Each time a majority of housemates agree with the audience's opinion, they will earn one item of ration. Conversely, if the majority disagrees, they will not receive anything.
|-
! rowspan="2"|Sponsored
| On Day 67, Go Cheese launched a social media contest in the outside world. In the contest, viewers deemed Rajat the Bigg Boss housemate most "extra cheesy and amazing," just like Go Cheese. So he received cheese momos made with Go Cheese and also Go Cheese and Govardhan ghee for an entire year.
|-
| On Day 70, Bellavita presented a set of their Mood Tech perfumes to Avinash for becoming the Time God. They mentioned that he could gift it to someone whose mood he wished to change. Avinash decided to give the set to Vivian.
|-
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 70, Tajinder was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the ninth housemate to exit.<ref name="TajinderEvicted"/>
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="15" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 11
! Twists
|
On Day 76, the game of time revealed that the past, present, and future are constantly in flux, and it is our decisions that remain steadfast. However, Shrutika's choices have often changed like dry leaves swaying in the wind.

She was tasked with ranking all housemates based on their contributions to the show. The housemate she deemed to have contributed the most would receive a number 1 leaf around their neck, while the one she felt had contributed the least would wear the number 13 leaf. Shrutika ranked the housemates from 1 to 13 in the following manner:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Rank
! Housemate
|-
| 1
| Rajat
|-
| 2
| Avinash
|-
| 3
| Chum
|-
| 4
| Karanveer
|-
| 5
| Sara
|-
| 6
| Shilpa
|-
| 7
| Vivian
|-
| 8
| Chaahat
|-
| 9
| Kashish
|-
| 10
| Eisha
|-
| 11
| Digvijay
|-
| 12
| Edin
|-
| 13
| Yamini
|}

Bigg Boss announced the conclusion of Shrutika's ranking process, referencing Newton's basic law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In this case, the action was the rankings, and the reaction would be eviction from the house. He further instructed that until his next announcement, all housemates would be required to wear their assigned ranking leaves.

Bigg Boss called all the housemates into the activity area to address the consequences of Shrutika's recent actions. The bottom six in the rankings were particularly affected, facing the repercussions of her choices. Many housemates mentioned the "main door of the house" in past. The Time God of the house seemed to believe that the bottom six were not contributing adequately, hinting at their potential exit from the main door in the future.

When Bigg Boss asked Shrutika if she wanted to alter the rankings, she declined, leaving Chaahat, Kashish, Eisha, Digvijay, Edin, and Yamini vulnerable for eviction. In ancient times, some intellectuals foretold the future by writing on banyan leaves; a similar method would be applied in the eviction process.

All housemates would take a leaf from the banyan tree and use a marker to write the name of one housemate from the bottom six whom they believed contributed the least to the show. The housemate with the most leaves attached at the end of this process would face eviction in a dramatic "Tandav of Time."

Though most housemates voted for Digvijay's eviction, Bigg Boss made an unprecedented announcement: had Digvijay not been in the bottom six, based on votes, he would have ranked in the top five. But due to the majority's votes against him, Digvijay was evicted.

Later, Bigg Boss revealed that all housemates, except Shrutika, remained nominated for eviction.
|-
! rowspan="4" |Nominations
|
On Day 72, Bigg Boss initiated the nomination process by asking Time God Avinash to choose one male housemate among the four in the house to cancel their nomination rights. Avinash selected Digvijay, allowing the other three male housemates to proceed with their nominations.

Later, Bigg Boss opened Avinash's café in the activity area, where café owner Avinash met with each of the nine female housemates individually. Each female housemate shared two names of those they wished to nominate. Avinash had the power to cancel the nomination rights of two female housemates. Meanwhile, the female housemates who received nomination rights were given two cups of coffee to distribute to the individuals they nominated.
|-
| Yamini, Rajat, Karanveer, Shilpa, Chaahat, Digvijay, Chum and Shrutika were nominated for the eleventh week's weekend eviction process.
|-
|
On Day 75, Bigg Boss announced that nominations would take place like those of the Time God, Shrutika. In the house, new nominations would be introduced, along with a weekly ration that Shrutika would shop for. During this shopping process, Shrutika would buy ration from her housemates.

Bigg Boss would pair one nominated housemate with one safe housemate. One by one, these pairs would be called to the garden area, where each housemate would choose a basket of rations from the selection available. They would then attempt to sell their basket to Shrutika.

If Shrutika chose the basket from the nominated housemate, that housemate would remain nominated for that round. However, if she selected the basket from the safe housemate, that safe housemate would have the opportunity to save one nominated housemate and replace them with any safe housemate of their choice.

To keep everyone informed about the nominations and avoid confusion, a magnetic board was placed in the garden area to display the pictures of nominated and safe housemates. After each round, Shrutika would update the board accordingly.

There would be a total of seven rounds. At the end of these rounds, all housemates' pictures under the "nominated" section on the board would represent the new nominations, and those individuals would face the eviction process.

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Round
! Nominated Housemated
! Safe Housemate
! Chosen
! Swapped from
! Swapped to
|-
| 1
| Shilpa
| Vivian
| Vivian
| Yamini
| Sara
|-
| 2
| Rajat
| Eisha
| Eisha
| Rajat
| Kashish
|-
| 3
| Karanveer
| Kashish
| Kashish
| Sara
| Eisha
|-
| 4
| Yamini
| Edin
| Edin
| Kashish
| Avinash
|-
| 5
| Chaahat
| Sara
| Sara
| Chum
| Vivian
|-
| 6
| Chum
| Avinash
| Chum
| colspan=2 {{No}}
|-
| 7
| Digvijay
| Kashish
| Kashish
| Shrutika
| Rajat
|}

During the last round, Digvijay found himself as the only original nominated housemate left without a pair, since all the original safe housemates were already paired up. Consequently, Bigg Boss instructed the original safe housemates to choose one among them to pair with Digvijay, and they selected Kashish.

Rajat, Chaahat, Vivian, Eisha, Shilpa, Karanveer, Avinash and Digvijay were new nominated housemates.

After completion of task, Time God Shrutika approached Bigg Boss, requesting additional rations, as she felt there were not enough in the house. Bigg Boss reprimanded her, pointing out that instead of negotiating and securing proper rations for the house, she had been focused on altering nominations. He noted that she was openly encouraging the safe housemates to come and change their nominations before making their ration selections.

In response to the situation—given that the process intertwined nominations with ration distribution—Bigg Boss decided to redistribute all the available rations among the housemates while nominating every housemate except Time God Shrutika.
|-
| Avinash, Chum, Chaahat, Digvijay, Edin, Eisha, Karanveer, Kashish, Rajat, Sara, Shilpa, Vivian and Yamini were nominated for the eleventh week's weekend eviction process.
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 74, Bigg Boss announced a task that would test the housemates' patience and haste. In the garden area, there was a fruit storeroom filled with artificial fruits, overseen by the security guard Rajat, who has a fondness for fruit. To tempt him away, genuine fruit was placed for Rajat to enjoy. While he may not be a contender for the title of "Time God," his decisions would determine who would become the next Time God.

Rajat, basing his choices on his own equations, would signal housemates when it was time to steal from the storeroom. The call "Rajat jaao, fal khaao" would signify that Rajat could start eating, allowing two non-contenders—Chaahat, Kashish, Yamini, Edin, Sara, and Avinash—to sneak in and gather as many fruits as they could. During this time, they needed to fill the basket of their favored contender with the stolen fruits.

Rajat would have a basket filled with fruit too, but he could only eat three at a time, and the speed at which he ate would depend on his equations. Once the stealing phase concluded, it would be up to the contenders to protect their fruits from the other contenders.

At the end of the task, the contender with the most fruits in their basket would be declared the next Time God. Rajat would serve as the moderator alongside the guard.

At the end of the task, Shrutika's basket contained the most fruits among all the contenders, which resulted in her being declared the next Time God.
|-
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" |Shrutika
|-
! rowspan="3" |Tasks
|
On Day 73, Bigg Boss announced the conclusion of Avinash's tenure as Time God. He expressed his gratitude to a sister-brother duo who had introduced him to two important words: "clarity" and "samikaran." He elaborated on the meanings of these words, stating that they would serve as the foundation for selecting the next Time God. He proposed a task involving colors—an idea that could not be executed without mentioning Avinash. Known for his playful antics, Avinash had a keen interest in self-portraits. Both groups were tasked with creating a painting of him, and whichever artwork he favored would lead its members to become contenders for the Time God title. Two painting setups were arranged in the garden area, with seating for Avinash on a platform above the swimming pool. At the end of the task, Avinash would sign the painting he liked best, declaring that group the contenders for Time God.

Bigg Boss announced the teams as follows:

Team 1: Karanveer, Vivian, Eisha, Shilpa, Chum, Shrutika, and Digvijay

Team 2: Rajat, Sara, Edin, Yamini, Kashish, and Chaahat

Avinash was designated as the moderator, and the task would commence after a buzzer signal.

During the task, several housemates violated the rules by throwing water and damaging the microphones they were wearing, prompting Bigg Boss to halt the activity. He then instructed Avinash to promptly select a painting he liked. Ultimately, Avinash chose the painting created by Team 1 and signed on it, signaling their victory and marking them as the new contenders for Time God.

After Avinash selected the painting from Team 1, Karanveer, Vivian, Eisha, Shilpa, Chum, Shrutika, and Digvijay were officially declared the contenders for the next Time God.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner - Team 1 - Karanveer, Vivian, Eisha, Shilpa, Chum, Shrutika and Digvijay
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" | Failed - Team 2 - Rajat, Sara, Edin, Yamini, Kashish and Chaahat
|-
! rowspan=3 | Sponsored
| On Day 73, Harpic Disinfectant Bathroom Cleaner presented the ''Bigg Bathroom Roast'', an entertaining event featuring stand-up comedian Gaurav Kapoor. During the roast, Gaurav humorously poked fun at the housemates while simultaneously promoting Harpic Disinfectant Bathroom Cleaner.
|-
|
On Day 77, Christmas arrived early for the housemates as Bellavita brought special Christmas gifts. Bellavita gift sets are popular for Secret Santa gifts for friends, family, and colleagues.

In the house, the beloved "ex-time gods"—Vivian, Rajat, Eisha, and Avinash—will take on the role of Secret Santa. Each will select a Bellavita perfume that best suits a fellow housemate's personality and write a personalized note to accompany it. After receiving their gifts, each housemate will read the note aloud, trying to guess which Secret Santa gifted them.

Once a housemate successfully identifies their Secret Santa, they will join them for a dance to a song played by the jukebox. Finally, all the ex-time gods will open a special gift hamper from Bellavita, revealing unique gifts for each housemate.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Secret Santa
! Gifted to
! Perfume
|-
| Eisha
| Edin
| Glam
|-
| Vivian
| Chum
| Blush
|-
| Rajat
| Shilpa
| Devil
|-
| Avinash
| Karanveer
| Fantasy
|}
|-
| On Day 77, Go Cheese treated all housemates with cheese balls to mark advance celebrations of Christmas in house.
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| style="background:#BFF000;" | On Day 76, Digvijay was evicted after the majority of housemates voted him out, becoming the tenth housemate to exit.
|-style="background:salmon;"
| On Day 77, Edin and Yamini were evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the eleventh and twelfth housemates respectively to exit.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 12
! Twists
|
On Day 82, Bigg Boss asked all housemates to vote for whom they wanted to give the "Get Out" tag based on their filled "pot of sins." Sara received 7 votes, while Rajat, Shrutika, and Karanveer each received 1 vote.

In the end, Bigg Boss granted the Time God Chum the power to save one nominated housemate—Chaahat, Rajat, Kashish, Avinash, Eisha, Sara, or Vivian—from nominations. Chum chose to save Chaahat. As a result, Rajat, Kashish, Avinash, Eisha, Sara, and Vivian remained nominated.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
On Day 79 at 5:15 PM, Bigg Boss announced that, in celebration of Christmas and the nomination day, two types of individuals had arrived in the colony: gift-givers and gift-breakers. Bigg Boss called all the housemates to the activity area, where each housemate's abode was displayed, with one housemate sitting by each window.

Shrutika was tasked with placing a specific number of gifts outside each window based on her discretion. She could place a maximum of five gifts and a minimum of one gift at each window. The number of gifts a housemate received would affect their nominations positively. Shrutika decided to distribute the gifts as follows:
*5 gifts to Chum and Karanveer,
*4 gifts to Shilpa and Chaahat,
*3 gifts to Kashish and Rajat,
*2 gifts to Vivian and Sara,
*1 gift to Avinash and Eisha.

After the gift distribution, Bigg Boss announced that the number of gifts each housemate received would represent their "lives" for the nomination process. One by one, housemates would stand before their windows wearing coats and use axes to break the gifts of two nominated housemates. At the end of this activity, any housemate with no gifts left would be nominated.

The nominations unfolded as follows:
*Avinash nominated Sara and Kashish,
*Karanveer nominated Sara and Eisha,
*Eisha nominated Chaahat and Kashish,
*Rajat nominated Chaahat and Vivian,
*Vivian nominated Chaahat and Kashish,
*Shilpa nominated Avinash and Rajat,
*Chum nominated Vivian and Rajat,
*Kashish nominated Chaahat and Shilpa,
*Chaahat nominated Rajat and Chum,
*Sara nominated Shilpa and Karanveer.

As a result of the gifts being completely broken at the windows, the housemates nominated were Sara, Eisha, Kashish, Avinash, Vivian, Rajat, and Chaahat.
|-
| Sara, Eisha, Kashish, Avinash, Vivian, Rajat and Chaahat were nominated for the twelfth week's weekend eviction process.
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 82, Bigg Boss addressed the housemates, reminding them that they had all come to win this competition and were on their unique journeys. However, the path they tread is challenging, and many may falter along the way; not everyone reaches their destination. In the snowy valley, Bigg Boss has created a special path—the same one that leads to the coveted title of Time God. This path has become desolate due to Chum's past mistakes, but the housemate who conquers this path will earn a spot in the 14th week.

Today, the housemates will engage in skiing on the course set in the garden area. Skis have been placed on a designated track, and each housemate will pair up, donning shoes attached to the skis. They must navigate the course until further instructions from Bigg Boss. If any housemate removes their foot from the shoe or if any part of their body touches the ground, they will be eliminated from the task. Additionally, the skis must always remain on the designated track. If one partner falls out, the remaining partner can continue on the ski alone. Ultimately, the last housemate standing will be declared the Time God.

Shrutika will serve as the moderator for this task, and she will make the final decision on any eliminations.

The pairs participating were Vivian and Chaahat, Shilpa and Kashish, Eisha and Sara, Karanveer and Rajat, and Avinash and Chum.

At the end of the task, when asked by Bigg Boss, Shrutika announced that Chum was the last one standing on the skis. Consequently, Chum was crowned the Time God.
|-
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | Chum
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tasks
|
On Day 80 at 5:15 PM, Bigg Boss announced the dismissal of Shrutika as Time God. He then assigned a task to the housemates to compete for the contendership of Time God. Snow began falling in the garden area, and all housemates were required to build snowmen from it while protecting their creations from others. Shrutika would serve as the moderator for this task, which would be conducted in rounds.

At the end of each round, Shrutika would select two snowmen that she deemed the best. The winning housemates would then go to the activity area, where a mega bonanza Christmas sale awaited. With purchasing their weekly rations, they would be using their shopping to compete for the contendership of Time God. The housemates had a total of 20,00,000 points for this shopping spree.

Bigg Boss initiated the task with an offer to Chaahat, allowing her to listen to an audio clip discussing her in exchange for 50 points, which she accepted. This same offer was later extended to Avinash, who also decided to accept it.

At the end of the first round, Shrutika declared Chum and Karanveer's snowman as the best, granting them access to the BB Christmas Market. In the market, all weekly rations were displayed, but only one of them could collect the weekly ration. The one who didn't would get the Time God's contendership..

For this task, two boards, pens, and buzzers were provided for each contestant. Additionally, two matrices were set up: one showing the current total shopping amount of ₹19,99,900 and the other indicating the minimum bid amount for the Time God's contendership. Bigg Boss called on them to write down their bids, which had to exceed the minimum amount. The contestant with the higher bid would get the Time God contendership, while the one with the lower bid would buy the weekly ration.

Chum bid ₹19,99,899, while Karanveer bid ₹1,00,001. Since Chum had the higher bid and only one point remained, Karanveer secured one point for purchasing the weekly ration. He opted to buy one lemon with his point for the house's weekly ration.

Although the task was aimed at determining the Time God, it inadvertently ended with a direct benefit to the house. The housemates in the activity area used all their points, contributing to the overall ration and Time God contendership. As a result, the house received one lemon as part of the weekly ration. Chum became the Time God, and Bigg Boss instructed her that her first responsibility as Time God was to ensure that all previous rations remained available in the storeroom, with no items left in the house.

Chum failed to comply with Bigg Boss's orders by not ensuring that all rations were stored in the storeroom. As a result, Bigg Boss dismissed her from her position as Time God. The rations that the other housemates had already taken were returned and counted as the weekly ration.
|-
|
On Day 81, for the first time in its history, Bigg Boss informed the housemates of the actual date. This announcement was made in relation to an upcoming task centered around dates, necessitating that the housemates be aware of the time. Starting 21 December, a particular topic began to dominate discussions within the house. Many housemates contributed their opinions, which caused the issue to escalate into a fiery debate.

On 22 December, following the nominations, tensions intensified dramatically. Bigg Boss refrained from commenting on who was right or wrong, leaving the housemates to navigate the situation on their own. Serious accusations were levied by one housemate against another. From 22 to 23 December, the accused attempted to speak to several housemates, but the accuser refused to engage in one-on-one discussions.

The incident involved Avinash and Kashish. Bigg Boss observed the situation closely throughout 23 December. Eventually, Kashish expressed to Shilpa that she desired a public apology from Avinash. A court session was scheduled for 24 December to address the matter between them. This would not be just a task related to ration and time god; due to which task could get impacted with equations and dynamics within the house.

The court was to convene in the garden area, a setting where Bigg Boss had witnessed the events unfold. The only housemate attempting to understand the situation impartially was Karanveer. When asked if he would defend Avinash, he affirmed that he would. Bigg Boss then questioned Kashish, noting that all the housemates were supporting her. He asked her to choose another advocate besides Karanveer, to which she selected Rajat, who accepted the role.

As both advocates prepared to present their arguments, Bigg Boss showed the housemates a video of the incident dating back to 12 December. The discussions revealed a transformation from light-hearted remarks to serious allegations, with the accuser asserting that she was always open and in the right.

Flirting hasn't occurred in the house; Bigg Boss never endorsed it. Now, this situation rests in the hands of the housemates, as they will serve as the jury. After a thorough hearing, they will decide who is right: Kashish or Avinash. Following Bigg Boss's prompt, the jury will deliver their verdict

Bigg Boss asked the jury who they believed was right, and all the members raised their hands in favor of Avinash. As a result, Avinash was deemed innocent in this matter.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sponsored
|
On Day 82, Vaseline introduced "Gluta Hya," a super-light, non-sticky serum-lotion that promises visibly glowing skin after just one use. To celebrate this, Vaseline organized a fashion show to crown the "Vaseline Glow Queen."

In this task, Eisha, Kashish, and Chum will prepare themselves using Vaseline products at the designated Vaseline station in the garden area. Following their preparations, a fashion show will take place, with boys chosen by the girls cheering them on. After the fashion show concludes, each of the three girls will explain why they deserve the title of Vaseline Glow Queen.

Ultimately, the other girls in the house will vote for one winner, who will receive the title of Vaseline Glow Queen along with a special hamper.

Kashish was crowned the Vaseline Glow Queen and received the title along with a special hamper.
|-
| On Day 83, Bellavita presented their perfume sets to the housemates in celebration of the New Year.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 83, Sara was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the thirteenth housemate to exit.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 13
! rowspan="2" | Twists
| On Day 86, Bigg Boss sent the weekly rations while reminding the housemates not to repeat any past mistakes.
|-
| On Day 87, guest Kangana Ranaut announced a change to the morning routine in the Bigg Boss house. The traditional wake-up to the Bigg Boss anthem was canceled. Instead, a jukebox will be placed near the gym, allowing housemates to select their wake-up song from a choice of four songs. Each day, they will select one, which will then be played as the wake-up anthem.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
On Day 86 at 17:00 hrs, an elusive circle appeared in the activity area, controlled by the time god, Chum. She would decide which housemates would be nominated for eviction in the 13th week. A protective pillar in the circle, anchored to the ground, surrounded by floating stones, set the stage for the event, with all housemates gathered in the activity area.

First, Chum displayed the photos of two housemates on the pillar, granting them temporary safety. She then called each housemate one by one, allowing them to select a photo from the pillar and swap it with another. Each housemate aimed to nominate someone while trying to save another. However, no one could swap their own photo on the pillar. At the end of the activity, the two housemate photos remaining on the pillar would be safe, while the others would face nomination.

Chum saved Vivian and Rajat.

The swaps were as follows:
*Chaahat swapped Vivian with Karanveer.
*Avinash swapped Rajat with Chaahat.
*Vivian swapped Chaahat with Shrutika.
*Rajat swapped Karanveer with Shilpa.
*Eisha swapped Shrutika with Avinash.
*Kashish swapped Shilpa with Rajat.
*Shrutika swapped Rajat with Karanveer.
*Shilpa swapped Avinash with Eisha.
*Karanveer swapped Eisha with Shilpa.

In the end, Karanveer and Shilpa remained on the pillar of protection, securing their safety. Consequently, Avinash, Eisha, Kashish, Vivian, Rajat, Chaahat, and Shrutika were nominated for eviction.
|-
| Avinash, Eisha, Kashish, Vivian, Rajat, Chaahat and Shrutika were nominated for the thirteenth week's weekend eviction process.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#ccc;" | "None"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tasks
|
On Day 87 at 14:15 hours, Bigg Boss addressed the housemates, stating that while people often fall ill, if a person becomes toxic, they can affect everyone around them. To address this, Bigg Boss announced the opening of an emergency ward within the house for any arising emergencies.

First, Bigg Boss will call two doctors to the activity area and will disclose the name of a specific disease. The doctors will then determine which housemate is associated with that disease. The housemate named will be summoned to the emergency ward as a patient.

Bigg Boss warned the housemates that when they are called as a patient, they might not feel shocked initially. However, they will experience a true shock upon entering the ward, where their treatment will commence with a shock band. The two doctors will then start their treatment, utilizing some delicious and exciting "doses" available in the emergency ward. The doctors will administer three doses to the housemate of their choosing.

Additionally, Bigg Boss has provided costumes for the task in the storeroom, and all participants must wear them while completing the challenge.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Doctors
! Patient
! Disease
|-
| Rajat-Avinash
| Kashish
| Selfishness
|-
| Eisha-Chum
| Rajat

| Double Face
|-
| Vivian-Karanveer
| Kashish
| Unhygienic
|-
| Karanveer-Avinash
| Rajat
| Liar
|-
| Rajat-Chum
| Karanveer
| Attitude
|}

As tensions escalated between Rajat and Karanveer, the task came to a halt. Upon the arrival of guest Kangana Ranaut in the house, she addressed the housemates. Due to their inability to complete the task, she announced that half of their weekly ration would be confiscated and instructed them to return it to the storeroom.
|-
|
On Day 88 at 15:15 hrs, Bigg Boss addressed the housemates, saying, "Eighty-eight days ago, you entered my world and transformed it into your own. I could refer to you as contestants or participants, but I choose to call you family because you all share an equal right to every corner, scent, and soul of this house, just as I do. You have filled my world with your vibrant colors and, during this time, forged relationships that serve as a protective blanket against the chill of loneliness.

In this journey of building new connections, the housemates reflected on their existing relationships. Some commented that they learned how to nurture a relationship, while others admitted they had previously struggled with listening—an essential skill in any bond. Within the walls of this house, they developed an ability to truly listen.

Whenever someone shed tears, another housemate was there to offer comfort, like a handkerchief. When someone faced pain, others stepped in to provide support. In moments of longing for their mothers, fathers, siblings, or children, the housemates made an effort to fill the void left by those memories. This house has instilled in them the importance of passion in relationships.

Today marks a return to peace. In this space, where they have come to feel at home, there will be a merging of their external relationships with those formed within these walls. From this moment onward, when Bigg Boss instructs everyone to freeze, they must remain still in their current positions until they are released. This exercise will symbolize their journey together and the connections they have created."

Family members of housemates will enter the Bigg Boss house, where the housemates were required to follow the orders given by Bigg Boss: "Freeze" and "Release." Failure to comply with these orders would result in consequences for their ration.

On Day 88, the following family members entered the house at different intervals: Bhawna Pandey, Chaahat's mother; Anoushka Ranjit, Shilpa's daughter; Rekha Singh, Eisha's mother; Sangeeta Mishra, Avinash's mother; and Nouran Aly, Vivian's wife. They stayed in the house while exited house on Day 89.

On Day 89, prior to the arrival of new guests, Bigg Boss addressed the housemates. He acknowledged that he had overlooked minor mistakes made during the emotional family reunions. However, he noted that Chaahat had repeatedly failed to follow the "Freeze" command, prompting Bigg Boss to reprimand all the housemates. He informed them that half of their ration would be deducted after the guests' departure. If the housemates continued to disregard the rules, Bigg Boss warned that all their ration would be taken away.

On Day 89, Yamik Dulom Darang, Chum's mother; Kamlesh Dalal, Rajat's mother; Kamsin Mehra, Karanveer's sister; Sangita Kumari, Kashish's mother, and Arjun, Shrutika's husband entered the house at different intervals. They stayed in the house and exited on Day 90.

As many housemates failed to follow Bigg Boss's orders, he announced at the end of the task that he was prepared to take away all their rations. However, considering it was the start of a new year and not wanting the housemates to go without essentials, he decided to forgive their mistakes and chose not to impose any penalty on their rations.
|-
! rowspan="3" | Sponsored
| On Day 86, Crax sent packets of their Biggies Cheese Puffs to Chum as a congratulatory for becoming Time God.
|-
|
On Day 90, Ching's Desi Chinese brought a cook-off challenge between two teams. Team A consisted of Chaahat and Rajat, with Rajat preparing noodles and Manchurian while acting like Chaahat, and Chaahat mimicking Rajat. Team B featured Avinash and Karanveer, where Avinash would prepare fried rice and paneer chili while imitating Karanveer, and Karanveer would act like Avinash.

Both teams were required to use Ching's Chinese Sriracha sauces in their dishes. After the cooking was completed, both teams presented their creations to the moderator, Chum, who evaluated the dishes. Ultimately, Chum declared Avinash and Karanveer as the winners and awarded them a hamper from Ching's Chinese.
|-
| On Day 91, Go Cheese surprised all the housemates with a gourmet cheese platter to celebrate the New Year.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 91, Kashish was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the fourteenth housemate to exit.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="12" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | Week 14
! Twists
|
'''BB Chunaav'''

On Day 96, Bigg Boss gathered the nominated housemates—Shrutika, Chaahat, and Rajat—who were informed that they might be seeing the house for the last time, as one of them would soon exit. Bigg Boss then called all housemates to the garden area, where a live audience awaited them.

Bigg Boss explained that there would be an election process consisting of two rounds. In the first round, each of the three nominated housemates would deliver a speech to the audience, explaining why they deserve to stay in the house and why they should be voted for. In the second round, they would take turns explaining why the other two nominated housemates do not deserve to remain and why they should not be voted for.

After both rounds concluded, Bigg Boss asked the safe housemates whether they preferred to make the eviction decision based on external audience votes or the votes of the audience present in the house. The safe housemates chose to base their decision on the external audience votes.

Ultimately, Bigg Boss announced that, according to the external audience votes, Shrutika had been evicted from the house.

Chaahat and Rajat remained nominated for the weekend eviction process of the fourteenth week.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
On Day 93, Bigg Boss announced that Chum is no longer the Time God and is now eligible for nomination. The housemates were informed that the nomination process would occur in groups of three, organized as follows:

*Group 1: Avinash, Vivian, and Eisha

*Group 2: Karanveer, Shilpa, and Chum

*Group 3: Rajat, Chaahat, and Shrutika

This season revolves around the concept of Time Ka Taandav, and this indicates that the essence of time is essential for the game. The group that loses will face direct nominations for the eviction process.

A Time Booth has been set up in the garden area. Each group will enter the booth one by one, where one member will sit in the front chair to start counting. The other two members will sit in the back chairs wearing headphones. The back seated members must refrain from counting and cannot assist the front member. While the front member counts, the other groups are allowed to ask questions to distract them. The front member must respond while trying to maintain the count.

Members outside the booth can change in positions between the seated members. The group aims to accurately count for a total of 13 minutes. When the front member feels they have completed the time, they will show a placard that says "Time Up" and exit the booth. The group whose count diverges the most from 13 minutes will face nomination.

During the counting session for Rajat, Shrutika, and Chaahat, Rajat, who was seated in the back, inadvertently had counting aloud, prompting Chaahat, who was in the front chair, to immediately show the "Time Up" placard. This violation of the rules led Bigg Boss to halt the task at that moment.

Bigg Boss announced that the task would no longer continue, as the team of Rajat, Shrutika, and Chaahat had been disqualified. This disqualification meant that their time could not be counted. Consequently, the team of Karanveer, Shilpa, and Chum was also exempt from participating in the task, as one team had already been nominated.

As a result, Shrutika, Chaahat, and Rajat were officially nominated for eviction.
|-
| Shrutika, Chaahat, and Rajat were nominated for the fourteenth week's midweek eviction process.
|-
! Time God Task
|
On Day 95, Bigg Boss announced a crucial task to determine the winner of the ticket to the final week between Chum and Vivian. This task would also designate the last "God of the House." In the garden area, a stretcher was set up, which both contenders would carry using both hands.

Vivian was assigned golden bricks, while Chum received silver bricks. Supporters for each contender were tasked with collecting their respective colored bricks and placing them into the stretcher that was being carried by both contenders. Importantly, once the bricks were placed in the stretcher, supporters could not remove them, and the contenders could not free their hands from the stretcher. Only Chum and Vivian were allowed to try to remove bricks from the stretcher during the task.

At the end of the task, the contender with the most bricks in their stretcher would be declared the "Time God" and would secure the first spot in the final week. Rajat would serve as the moderator for the task while also participating alongside the contenders.

At the end of the task, Rajat announced Vivian as the winner, which made him Time God and making him the first housemate to secure a spot in the final week.

Later in the day, feeling guilty, Vivian was asked by Bigg Boss if he wanted to sacrifice his position as the first housemate to go to the final week in favor of another contender. He agreed. Consequently, Bigg Boss announced Chum as the new Time God and the first housemate to enter the final week. However, Chum refused, prompting Bigg Boss to reprimand the housemates. He declared that there would be no Time God and that no one would be in the final week, emphasizing that the efforts made by the other housemates in the contendership task and the "Time God" task were now in vain.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" |Time God
! style="background:#cfc;" | <s>Vivian Chum</s>
|-
! rowspan="3" |Tasks
|
On Day 94, a wounded bird arrived in the garden area of the house. In ancient times, it was believed that birds could travel through time, and this bird had the potential to take housemates with it into the final week of the show. However, some mischievous individuals chose not to celebrate this opportunity of housemates. They attacked the bird with arrows, leaving it only able to carry the eggs of two housemates. This meant that only those two housemates would be contenders for the coveted ticket to the final week. Shrutika, Chaahat, and Rajat were unable to participate in the task because they were nominated.

In the task, Rajat operated an egg shop where housemates could collect eggs. Each housemate had to retrieve an egg from a basket and present it to Rajat. The first housemate to hand over an egg would receive a quantity ranging from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 5 eggs, as determined by Rajat. After receiving their eggs, the housemate had the choice to inscribe their name or the name of another housemate on the eggs.

At the end of the task, the two housemates with the most names on the eggs would become contenders for the ticket to the final week.

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Round
! Winner
! Eggs given
! Name on eggs
|-
| 1
| Avinash
| 3
| Avinash
|-
| 2
| Karanveer
| 4
| Chum
|-
| 3
| Vivian
| 5
| Vivian
|-
| 4
| Karanveer
| 3
| Chum
|-
| 5
| Vivian
| 2
| Vivian
|}

At the end, Chum and Vivian excelled, each accumulating 7 eggs, while Avinash only managed to collect 3. Consequently, Chum and Vivian emerged as the contenders for the ticket to the final week.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;" | Winner - Chum and Vivian
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;" | Failed - Avinash, Karanveer, Shilpa and Eisha
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sponsored
|
On Day 95, Harpic introduced a Truth or Dare challenge for the housemates. Chum spun a wheel six times; the names that emerged in the first three spins would answer a truth question posed by another housemate, while those in the last three spins would complete a dare. At the end of the challenge, Chum decided the winners for both the truth and dare segments. She declared Shrutika the winner of the truth challenge and Avinash the winner of the dare challenge, presenting them with hampers from Harpic.
|-
| On Day 98, Bellavita gifted hamper of mood-tech perfumes to housemates.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 96, Shrutika was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the fifteenth housemate to exit.
|-style="background:salmon;"
| On Day 98, Chaahat was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the sixteenth housemate to exit.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="20" style="background:#1E3A45; color:white;" | {{nowrap|Week 15}} FINALE WEEK
! rowspan="5" |Happenings
| On Day 100, journalists and reporters entered the house to interview the top seven housemates about their journeys in the competition.
|-
|
On Day 102, Bigg Boss treated all the housemates to a special celebration. Later, Bigg Boss emphasized the significance of the Bigg Boss house in each contestant's journey and its impact on everyone involved. While discussing the house, Bigg Boss welcomed Omung Kumar, the creator of the Bigg Boss house from multiple seasons.

Omung Kumar brought letters from each housemate's family members and took the time to sit down with them at their favorite spots in the house to read the letters together. After everyone had shared those heartfelt messages, Bigg Boss gave a letter for Shilpa, informing her that her time in the house had come to an end and that she would be exiting alongside Omung Kumar. Shilpa then made her exit from the house with Omung Kumar.

Later in a day, Bigg Boss announced the finalists as follows: Karanveer from Delhi, Vivian from Ujjain, Eisha from Bhopal, Rajat from Faridabad, Avinash from Raipur, and Chum from Pasighat.

Additionally, Bigg Boss nominated all the finalists for audience voting, giving viewers the opportunity to help their favorite contestant win the season.
|-
| On Day 103, the journey videos of the finalists were screened for them in the garden area, where they watched together with their fans.
|-
| On Day 104, Elvish, Vicky, Rudraksh, Sandiip, Barkha, Shilpa, Snehiil, and Ved entered the house as supporters of Rajat, Vivian, Eisha, Chum, Karanveer, and Avinash, respectively. They participated in a questioning session with journalists and reporters, defending the housemates they supported.
|-
| '''Maha Roast'''
On Day 104, Bigg Boss announced that, as it was the pre-finale eve, a Maha Roast would take place later in the day. Scriptwriter Vankush Arora entered the house to help the housemates prepare for the roast. He announced the formation of two teams:

*Team Krushna: Chum, Avinash, and Vivian
*Team Sudesh: Karanveer, Eisha, and Rajat

Later in the day, Krushna and Sudesh entered the activity area, where the setup for the Maha Roast had been prepared.

Avinash, Eisha, Vivian, Rajat, Chum, and Karanveer participated in the Maha Roast, delivering entertaining performances.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
| On Day 100, Bigg Boss nominated Vivian, Avinash, Eisha, Rajat, Shilpa, Chum and Karanveer for the fifteenth week's midweek eviction process.
|-
| On Day 102, Bigg Boss nominated Karanveer, Vivian, Eisha, Rajat, Avinash and Chum for winning the season.
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sponsored
| On Day 102, Go Cheese sent pasta made with their own cheese to the finalists, celebrating their amazing journey. They also invited the finalists for an exclusive tour of the Go Cheese World Factory.
|-
|
On Day 104, Hyundai launched their new SUV, the Creta Electric, in the activity area of the house. To celebrate, they organized a dance-off challenge between two teams:

*Team A: Eisha and Avinash
*Team B: Chum and Karanveer

Both teams prepared a music video showcasing the new Creta Electric in their performances. The performances were judged by two special judges, Krushna and Sudesh. Rajat and Vivian unveiled the Creta Electric, giving India its first glimpse of the vehicle.

The special judges, Krushna and Sudesh, evaluated both teams' performances and declared Team A the winners. As a reward, Team A received delicious cupcakes.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
| On Day 102, Shilpa was evicted after facing the public vote, becoming the seventeenth housemate to exit.
|-
! colspan="2" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:gold; color: black;" |Day 107 Grand Finale
|-
|
During the Grand Finale, Veer Pahariya entered the activity area for the first eviction of the night. The area featured a fighter jet, with all housemates lined up in jackets while Veer sat in the cockpit. When Veer pressed the red button, a dramatic blast indicated which housemate would be evicted. The blast occurred in front of Eisha, prompting her exit with Veer, making her the eighteenth housemate to exit.

For the second eviction, Salman announced a twist: the housemate whose family member entered through the main gate would be evicted. When Chum's mother appeared, it meant Chum had to leave the house, becoming the nineteenth housemate to exit alongside her mother.

In the third eviction, Junaid Khan and Khushi Kapoor entered the garden area, where hearts representing each of the four remaining housemates were displayed. The housemate without top three hearts would be evicted. Avinash's heart had evicted, leading to his exit with Junaid and Khushi, making him the twentieth housemate to exit.

The fourth eviction was announced by Salman from the stage, revealing Rajat as the next evicted housemate. He became the twenty-first housemate to exit the house.

With only the top two housemates remaining, Bigg Boss called Vivian and Karanveer to the main gate. They received heartfelt messages reflecting on their journeys, knowing they would soon leave the house, which would fall silent and dark forever. Bigg Boss wished them well as they made their way to the stage for the winner's announcement, becoming the twenty-second and twenty-third housemates to exit.

On stage, Salman welcomed both Vivian and Karanveer before announcing Karanveer as the winner of the season.
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:gold; text-align:center"|Finalists
|-
! style="background:#F5F5DC;" style=" text-align:center;" |5th Runner Up
! style="background:#F5F5DC;" | Eisha Singh
|-
! style="background:#FF69D4;" style=" text-align:center;" |4th Runner Up
! style="background:#FF69D4;" | Chum Darang
|-
! style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
! style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center" |Avinash Mishra
|-
! style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" |2nd Runner-up
! style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" | Rajat Dalal
|-
! style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" |1st Runner-up
! style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" | Vivian Dsena
|-
! style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" |Winner
! style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" | Karanveer Mehra
|}

== Nominations table ==

<div style="overflow-x:scroll;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%; background:#1E3A45; color:white;" |#BB18
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" | Week 15
|-
! Day 17
! Day 20
! Day 37
! Day 41
! Day 44
! Day 48
! Day 51
! Day 55
! Day 58
! Day 63
! Day 65
! Day 68
! Day 72
! Day 75
! Day 76
! Day 79
! Day 82
! Day 93
! Day 96
! Day 100
! Day 102
! style="background:#FFD700;" |Day 107 Grand Finale
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;" |
! Nominees for Time God
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not Introduced''
| All Housemates
| colspan="2" | Rajat Arfeen
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Time God''
| Karanveer Vivian
| <s>Rajat Chaahat Shrutika Digvijay Karanveer Sara</s>
| colspan="2" | Shilpa Rajat Chaahat
| colspan="2" | Karanveer Avinash Tajinder Digvijay Eisha
| colspan="2" | Eisha Edin Vivian
| colspan="2" | Rajat Digvijay
| colspan="2" | Avinash Chum Rajat Shrutika
| colspan="3" | Chum Digvijay Eisha Karanveer Shilpa Shrutika Vivian
| colspan="2" | Avinash Chaahat Chum Eisha Karanveer Kashish Rajat Sara Shilpa Vivian
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Time God''
| colspan="2" | Chum Vivian
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Time God''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! Time God
| '''Arfeen'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Time God''
| colspan="2" | '''Vivian'''
| colspan="2" | '''Rajat'''
| colspan="2" | '''Digvijay'''
| colspan="2" | '''Eisha'''
| colspan="2" | '''Rajat'''
| colspan="2" | '''Avinash'''
| colspan="3" | '''Shrutika'''
| colspan="2" | '''Chum'''
| colspan="2" | <s>'''Vivian Chum'''</s>
|-
! Time God's''' '''Nominations
| Tajinder Muskan (to evict)
| Rajat Chaahat Shrutika Sara Karanveer Arfeen Tajinder Chum (to evict)
| Karanveer Rajat Digvijay (Nominations Cancelled)
| Digvijay (to save)
| Vivian (Nomination Cancelled)
| Kashish (cancelled to save)
| Rajat Chaahat (to save)
| Edin {{nowrap|(to save)}}
| Vivian Yamini Avinash (to save)
| Kashish (to evict)
| Sara{{sup|3}} Avinash{{sup|1}} Eisha{{sup|3}} Yamini{{sup|3}} Kashish{{sup|3}} Digvijay{{sup|1}} (to save)
| Chaahat Vivian Digvijay Edin Tajinder (to evict)
| Digvijay Kashish Chaahat (Nominations Cancelled)
| Vivian Eisha Kashish{{sup|2}} Edin Sara (to change nominations) Chum (to keep nominations)
| Chaahat{{sup|8}} Kashish{{sup|9}} Eisha{{sup|10}} Digvijay{{sup|11}} Edin{{sup|12}} Yamini{{sup|13}} (bottom 6)
| Karanveer{{sup|5}} Chum{{sup|5}} Shilpa{{sup|4}} Chaahat{{sup|4}} Kashish{{sup|3}} Rajat{{sup|3}} Vivian{{sup|2}} Sara{{sup|2}} Avinash{{sup|1}} Eisha{{sup|1}} (lives given)
| Chaahat (to save)
| Vivian Rajat (to save)
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Time God''
|-
| colspan="28" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! Evict
! Task
! colspan="3" | Evict
! Save
! Evict
! Save
! Evict
! Save
! Save/Evict
! Save
! colspan="3" | Evict
! Save
! Evict
! Save/Evict
! colspan="2" | Evict
! none
! Save/Evict
! 13-Min
! colspan="2" | none
! colspan="2" |'''''WIN'''''
|-
| colspan="28" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Karanveer
| Gunratan Avinash Tajinder
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Muskan Avinash Nyrraa
| Muskan
| Alice Avinash
| style="background:#FBF373" | Rajat Chum
| <s>Tajinder Alice</s>
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Vivian Alice Tajinder
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated with Tajinder''
| Edin
| Rajat Sara Vivian Tajinder Kashish Yamini Edin Avinash
| style="background:#959FFD" | Sara
| Tajinder Sara
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Saved''
| Rajat Yamini
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Yamini
| Sara Eisha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Shilpa (to save) Eisha (to evict)
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Qualified''
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#73FB76;" | '''''Winner''''' (Day 107)
|-
! Vivian
| Chaahat
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Tajinder
| Shehzada Shrutika
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated against Shilpa''
| Edin
| Chum Karanveer Digvijay
| Kashish
| Digvijay Chaahat
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Karanveer Shilpa
| style="background:#959FFD" | Yamini (to save) Sara (to evict)
| Digvijay
| Chaahat Kashish
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Shrutika (to save) Chaahat (to evict)
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Qualified''
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" | '''''1st Runner-up''''' (Day 107)
|-
! Rajat
| Muskan Avinash
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Nyrraa
| Muskan
| Shrutika Vivian
| style="background:#FBF373" | Chaahat Karanveer Chum
| <s>Alice Avinash</s>
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #cfc 50%, #959FFD 50%);" |''Time God''
| style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| Edin
| Shilpa Chum Karanveer Kashish
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| Edin{{sup|4}}
| Chaahat Digvijay
| style="background:#959FFD" | ''Nominated''
| Digvijay
| Chaahat Vivian
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Shilpa (to save) Karanveer (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Disqualified''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | '''''{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}''''' (Day 107)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Avinash
| rowspan="2" | Gunratan Karanveer Rajat Shehzada Tajinder Hema
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| rowspan="2" | Sara
| rowspan="2" | Arfeen Shrutika
| rowspan="2" | Chum
| rowspan="2" | Chum Karanveer
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| rowspan="2" | Chaahat Shrutika Chum Kashish Digvijay
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated against Eisha''
| rowspan="2" | Yamini
| rowspan="2" | Shilpa Chum Karanveer Digvijay
| rowspan="2" | Karanveer
| rowspan="2" | Karanveer Vivian
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="2" | Digvijay
| rowspan="2" | Sara Kashish
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="2" | Chaahat (to save) Rajat (to evict)
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373" |''Qualified''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" | '''''3rd Runner-up''''' (Day 107)
|-
| style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 11)
|-
! Chum
| Chaahat
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| Avinash Rajat Vivian
| Muskan
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Cancelled''
| style="background:#FBF373" | Rajat Shrutika
| Digvijay Chaahat
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Alice Avinash
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved against Shrutika''
| Edin
| Vivian Avinash
| style="background:#959FFD" | Kashish
| Sara Kashish
| Karanveer{{sup|5}}
| Yamini Rajat
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Yamini
| Vivian Rajat
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''Time God''
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Qualified''
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" | '''''4th Runner-up''''' (Day 107)
|-
! Eisha
| Chaahat Gunratan Muskan
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| Karanveer
| Tajinder
| Arfeen Chaahat
| Chum Shrutika
| Sara Rajat
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Karanveer Chaahat Chum Shrutika Sara
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved against Avinash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| Digvijay
| Chaahat Chum
| Vivian{{sup|2}} Digvijay Tajinder
| Chum Shilpa
| style="background:#959FFD" | Rajat (to save) Kashish (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD" | Digvijay
| Chaahat Kashish
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Avinash (to save) Shrutika (to evict)
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Qualified''
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | '''''5th Runner-up''''' (Day 107)
|-
! Shilpa
| Chaahat
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Chaahat Avinash Nyrraa
| Tajinder
| Shehzada Alice
| Rajat Karanveer Chum
| Tajinder Shrutika
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Digvijay Chaahat Karanveer Kashish Sara
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved against Vivian''
| Edin
| Sara
| style="background:#959FFD" | Sara
| Tajinder Edin
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not saved''
| Yamini Rajat
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Edin
| Avinash Rajat
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Eisha (to save) Avinash (to evict)
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Qualified''
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 102)
|-
! Chaahat
| Gunratan Muskan Vivian
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Eisha
| Muskan
| Avinash Eisha
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Rajat Karanveer Shrutika
| Chum Alice
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Alice Avinash Eisha Vivian Karanveer
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| Yamini
| Vivian Avinash
| Kashish
| Vivian Eisha
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| <s>Yamini Kashish</s>
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" | Yamini
| Rajat Chum
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| Karanveer (to save) Vivian (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Disqualified''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
! Shrutika
| Gunratan Hema
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Avinash Muskan
| Muskan
| Avinash Shilpa
| style="background:#FBF373" | Rajat Karanveer Chum
| Kashish Shilpa
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Kashish Avinash Vivian Chaahat Eisha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated against Chum''
| Edin
| Shilpa Kashish
| Kashish
| Yamini Edin
| Tajinder{{sup|3}}
| Yamini Vivian
| colspan="3" style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Karanveer (to save) Rajat (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Disqualified''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 96)
|-
! Kashish
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in House''
| style="background:#FBF373" | Rajat Chaahat Karanveer Shrutika
| Tajinder Shrutika
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Shrutika Shilpa Alice
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Not Saved''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated with Sara''
| Edin
| Shrutika Digvijay Yamini
| style="background:#959FFD" | Chum
| Digvijay Chaahat
| Chaahat
| <s>Shrutika Chaahat</s>
| style="background:#959FFD" | Sara Shrutika (to save) Eisha Rajat (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD" | Digvijay
| Chaahat Shilpa
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Rajat (to save) Shilpa (to evict)
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! Sara
| Chaahat Karanveer
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| Nyrraa Shehzada Muskan
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Expiry Soon''
| Avinash Eisha
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Rajat
| Tajinder Avinash
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Digvijay Shilpa Avinash Karanveer Vivian
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated with Kashish''
| Edin
| Shilpa Chum Karanveer Digvijay
| style="background:#959FFD" | Chum
| Digvijay Karanveer
| Digvijay Tajinder
| Karanveer Digvijay
| style="background:#959FFD" | Chum (to save) Vivian (to evict)
| Digvijay
| Shilpa Karanveer
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 83)
|-
! Edin
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in House''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Expiry Soon''
| Yamini
| Chum
| Digvijay Karanveer
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Shrutika Chum
| style="background:#959FFD" | Kashish (to save) Avinash (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD" | Digvijay
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Yamini
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in House''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Expiry Soon''
| Edin
| Chum
| Tajinder Edin
| Digvijay
| Shrutika Chaahat
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" | Digvijay
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Digvijay
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in House''
| style="background:#FBF373" | Rajat Shrutika
| <s>Avinash Alice</s>
| style="background:#FBF373" | ''Saved''
| Alice Sara Tajinder Avinash Vivian
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| Yamini
| Shilpa Sara Vivian Tajinder Kashish Avinash
| style="background:#959FFD" | Kashish
| Vivian Eisha
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD" |Yamini
| colspan="8" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 76)
|-
! Tajinder
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Didn't nominate''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Arfeen Sara
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Expiry Soon''
| Eisha Alice
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Rajat Chaahat Chum Shrutika
| Karanveer Kashish
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Karanveer Digvijay Kashish
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated with Karanveer''
| Edin
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Didn't nominate''
| Chum
| Karanveer Shilpa
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
! Aditi
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not in House''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Expiry Soon''
| colspan="15" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 55)
|-
! Alice
| Chaahat Gunratan Muskan
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Tajinder
| Shehzada Karanveer
| Chum Shrutika
| Rajat Digvijay
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Digvijay Kashish Chaahat
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="17" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Arfeen
| Chaahat Muskan Avinash
| style="background:#cfc" |''Time God''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Muskan
| Shrutika Eisha
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Rajat
| colspan="21" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 34)
|-
! Shehzada
| Chaahat Avinash
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| Rajat Vivian
| Sara
| Alice Shilpa
| colspan="22" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 27)
|-
! Nyrraa
| Muskan
| style="background:#FBF373" |''Safe''
| Rajat Avinash
| Sara
| colspan="23" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! Muskan
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Didn't nominate''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Tajinder
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Expiry Soon''
| colspan="23" style="background:#BFFF00;" |{{nowrap|''Evicted by Housemates''}} (Day 20)
|-
! Hema
| Chaahat
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="25" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! Gunratan
| Chaahat Karanveer
| colspan="26" style="background:#fcf;" |''Walked'' (Day 10)
|-
| colspan="28" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 2|2]],[[#endnote 3|3]],[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]''
| ''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
| ''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| ''[[#endnote 11|11]]''
| ''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
| ''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
| ''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
| ''[[#endnote 15|15]]''
| ''[[#endnote 16|16]]''
| ''[[#endnote 17|17]]''
| ''[[#endnote 18|18]]''
| ''[[#endnote 19|19]]''
| ''[[#endnote 20|20]]''
| ''[[#endnote 21|21]]''
| ''[[#endnote 22|22]]''
| ''[[#endnote 23|23]]''
| ''[[#endnote 24|24]]''
| ''[[#endnote 25|25]]''
| ''[[#endnote 26|26]]''
| ''[[#endnote 27|27]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 28|28]]''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! rowspan="2" | Against Public Vote
| rowspan="2" | Avinash Chaahat Gunratan Karanveer Muskan
| rowspan="2" | Alice Avinash Chaahat Hema Karanveer Muskan Rajat Shilpa Shrutika Tajinder
| rowspan="2" | Avinash <s>Muskan</s> Nyrraa Rajat Vivian
| rowspan="2" | Muskan Sara Tajinder
| rowspan="2" | Alice Arfeen Avinash Eisha Shehzada Shilpa Shrutika
| rowspan="2" | Arfeen <s>Chum</s> Chaahat <s>Karanveer</s> <s>Rajat</s> Sara <s>Shrutika</s> Tajinder
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Chum <s>Digvijay</s> Karanveer Kashish Rajat Shrutika Tajinder
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Alice Avinash Chaahat Digvijay Karanveer Kashish Vivian
| colspan="2" | Aditi Edin Yamini
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Chum Digvijay Karanveer Kashish Sara Shilpa
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Digvijay <s>Karanveer</s> Chaahat Tajinder Edin Vivian
| rowspan="2" |<s>Chum</s> <s>Chaahat</s> <s>Digvijay</s> <s>Karanveer</s> <s>Rajat</s> <s>Shilpa</s> <s>Shrutika</s> <s>Yamini</s>
| rowspan="2" | Avinash Chum Chaahat <s>Digvijay</s> Edin Eisha Karanveer Kashish Rajat Sara Shilpa Vivian Yamini
| rowspan="2" | Edin Eisha Chaahat Digvijay Kashish Yamini
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Avinash <s>Chaahat</s> Eisha Kashish Rajat Sara Vivian
| rowspan="2" | Avinash Chaahat Eisha Kashish Rajat Shrutika Vivian
| rowspan="2" | Chaahat Rajat Shrutika
| rowspan="2" | Chaahat Rajat
| rowspan="2" | Avinash Chum Eisha Karanveer Rajat Shilpa Vivian
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | '''''Avinash Chum Eisha Karanveer Rajat Vivian'''''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
| colspan="2" | Avinash Karanveer Kashish Sara Shrutika Tajinder Vivian
|-
! Re-entered
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
! style="background:#DAFF99;" | Avinash
| colspan="25" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-style="background:#fcf;"
! Walked
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
! style="background:#fcf;" | Gunratan
| colspan="25" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-style="background:#FFE08B;" |
! Ejected
| colspan="27" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Evicted
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
! style="background:#BFFF00;" | Avinash
! colspan="2" style="background:#BFFF00;" | Muskan
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Shehzada
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Arfeen
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Alice
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#BFFF00;" | Aditi
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Tajinder
! colspan="3" style="background:#BFFF00;" | Digvijay
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Sara
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Kashish
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Shrutika
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Chaahat
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | Shilpa
! style="background:#F5F5DC;" | Eisha
! style="background:#FF69B4;" | Chum
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" | Hema
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background:#FA8072;" | Nyrraa
! colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;"| Edin
! style="background:#DDA0DD;" | Avinash
! style="background:#7FFFD4;" | Rajat
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;"| Yamini
! style="background:#D1E8EF;" | Vivian
! style="background:#73FB76;" | Karanveer
|-
! References
|<ref name="FirstWeekNomination">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-week-1-nomination-chaahat-pandey-gunaratna-sadavarte-karan-veer-mehra-and-two-others-get-nominated-article-114095581|title=Bigg Boss 18 Week 1 Nomination: Chaahat Pandey, Gunaratna Sadavarte, Karan Veer And Two Others Get Nominated |website=Times Now News|date=9 October 2024 }}</ref>
|<ref name="ArfeenTimeGod">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-october-14-episode-arfeen-khan-becomes-captain-aka-time-god-of-house-article-114227074|title=Bigg Boss 18 Latest Episode: Arfeen Khan Becomes Captain AKA 'Time God' Of House|date=15 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="GunratanOut">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-gunaratna-sadavarte-out-of-the-house-for-this-reason-article-114224763|title=Bigg Boss 18: Gunaratna Sadavarte Out Of The House For THIS Reason |website=Times Now News |date=14 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="SecondWeekNomination">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-week-2-nominations-avinash-mishra-rajat-dalal-shilpa-shirodkar-and-7-others-get-nominated-article-114260856|title=Bigg Boss 18 Week 2 Nominations: Avinash Mishra, Rajat Dalal, Shilpa Shirodkar And 7 Others Get Nominated |website=Times Now News|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="AvinashEviction">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-avinash-mishra-evicted-after-his-heated-arguments-with-other-housemates-watch-2024-10-16-957359|title=Bigg Boss 18: Avinash Mishra evicted after his heated arguments with other housemates|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="HemaEviction">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-day-13-viral-bhabhi-hema-sharma-evicted-from-salman-khan-show-2620343-2024-10-21|title=Bigg Boss 18 Day 13: 'Viral Bhabhi' Hema Sharma evicted from Salman Khan show|date=21 October 2024 }}</ref>
| colspan="2" | <ref name="ThirdWeekNoTimeGod">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-october-21-episode-no-time-god-this-week-and-the-reason-will-leave-you-in-shock-article-114437240|title=Bigg Boss 18: No Time God THIS Week And The Reason Will Leave You In Shock|date=22 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ThirdWeekNomination">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-week-3-nomination-vivian-dsena-nyrraa-banerji-avinash-mishra-and-2-others-get-nominated-article-114475952|title=Bigg Boss 18 Week 3 Nomination: Vivian Dsena, Nyrraa Banerji, Avinash Mishra And 2 Others Get Nominated|date=23 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ExpirySoon" /><ref name="MuskanEviction">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-18-anupamaa-s-muskan-bamne-gets-evicted-in-20-days-karan-veer-mehra-rajat-dalal-vote-her-out-3115012|title=Bigg Boss 18: Anupamaa's Muskan Bamne gets evicted in 20 days, Karan Veer Mehra, Rajat Dalal vote her out}}</ref><ref name="NyrraaEviction">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-18-nyrraa-banerji-gets-evicted-from-salman-khan-hosted-reality-show-9641217/|title=Bigg Boss 18: Nyrraa Banerji gets evicted from Salman Khan-hosted reality show|date=27 October 2024 }}</ref>
|<ref name="FourthWeekNomination">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Week 4 Nomination: Avinash Mishra, Shilpa Shirodkar, Shehzada Dhami, Eisha Singh And 3 Others Get Nominated |website=Times Now News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-week-4-nomination-avinash-mishra-shilpa-shirodkar-shehzada-dhami-eisha-singh-and-3-others-get-nominated-article-114743937}}</ref><ref name="VivianTimeGod">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Vivian Dsena Wins Time God Title, Shrutika Arjun Faces Cleaning Challenge |website=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-vivian-dsena-wins-time-god-title-shrutika-arjun-faces-cleaning-challenge-article-114805852}}</ref><ref name="ShehzadaEviction">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Elimination: Shehzada Dhami Out Of The Salman Khan Show" |website=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-elimination-shehzada-dhami-out-of-the-salman-khan-show-article-114838768}}</ref>
|<ref name="FifthWeekNomination">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Week 5 Nomination: Chahat Pandey, Sara Arfeen Khan And 2 Others Get Nominated |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-week-5-nomination-chahat-pandey-sara-arfeen-khan-and-2-others-get-nominated-article-114988641}}</ref><ref name="VivianAgainTimeGod">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 November 6 Episode Promo: Vivian Dsena-Avinash Mishra Forcibly Pin Down Rajat Dalal In Time God Task |website=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-vivian-dsena-avinash-mishra-forcibly-pin-down-rajat-dalal-in-time-god-task-article-115012306}}</ref><ref name="ArfeenEviction">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Arfeen Khan gets evicted from the show; Wife Sara cries inconsolably |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-arfeen-khan-gets-evicted-from-the-show-wife-sara-cries-inconsolably/articleshow/115123479.cms}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | <ref name="SixthWeekNomination">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Nomination Task: Tajinder Bagga, Kashish Kapoor And 5 Others Get Nominated |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-nomination-task-tajinder-bagga-kashish-kapoor-and-5-others-get-nominated-article-115189874}}</ref><ref name="RajatTimeGod">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Chum Accuses Chahat Of Biting Her, Rajat Dalal Becomes Time God" |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-chum-accuses-chahat-of-biting-her-rajat-dalal-becomes-time-god-article-115308997}}</ref><ref name="Nomination changed">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Rajat Dalal to save This contestant from Nomination" |work=India Forums|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/bigg-boss-18-rajat-dalal-to-save-this-contestant-from-nomination_214180}}</ref><ref name="NoEviction">{{Cite news|title=NO EVICTION In Bigg Boss 18 This Week? Are Makers Trying To Save Contestant Tajinder Singh Bagga?|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/no-eviction-in-bigg-boss-18-this-week-are-makers-trying-to-save-contestant-tajinder-singh-bagga/382288/}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | <ref name="SeventhWeekNomination">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Episode Updates: Karan Lock Horns With Rajat, Chahat Pandey, Vivian Dsena And Others Get Nominated |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-november-18-episode-updates-karan-veer-mehra-lock-horns-with-rajat-dalal-chahat-pandey-vivian-dsena-and-others-get-nominated-article-115426105}}</ref><ref name="DigvijayTimeGod">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18 November 21 Episode Written Update: Digvijay Rathee Chosen Times God, Vivian Dsena REFUSES To Do House Duties" |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-november-21-live-updates-vivian-dsena-eliminates-karan-veer-mehra-in-time-god-task-claims-he-fails-to-maintain-relations-article-115534864}}</ref><ref name="KashishNotSaved">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Digvijay Rathee refuses to save Kashish Kapoor from elimination; Says THIS as Salman Khan asks him about ex-girlfriend Unnati" |work=PINKVILLA|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-18-digvijay-rathee-refuses-to-save-kashish-kapoor-from-elimination-says-this-as-salman-khan-asks-him-about-ex-girlfriend-unnati-1359655?amp}}</ref><ref name="AliceEviction">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Alice Kaushik gets eliminated from the show; Eisha Singh breaks down and cries inconsolably"|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-alice-kaushik-gets-eliminated-from-the-show-eisha-singh-breaks-down-and-cries-inconsolably/articleshow/115632087.cms}}</ref>
|colspan="2"|<ref name="EighthWeekNomination">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18 Vivian Dsena saves Shilpa Shirodkar, nominates himself"|work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-vivian-dsena-shilpa-shirodkar-nominates-himself-salman-khan-karan-veer-mehra-2640172-2024-11-26}}</ref><ref name="EishaTimeGod">{{Cite news|title="BB 18 Day 51: Eisha Singh becomes Time God with Avinash Mishra's help"|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-eisha-singh-time-god-avinash-mishra-help-2641455-2024-11-28}}</ref><ref name="Aditi eviction">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18 November 29 Highlights: Wildcard Aditi Mistry Fails To Make 'Connections', Gets Evicted" |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-november-29-live-updates-rajat-dalal-hits-back-at-digvijay-rathee-for-calling-him-paltu-article-115813493}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | <ref name="NinethWeekNomination">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Week 9 Voting Process: How To Save Digvijay Rathee, Karan Veer Mehra And 4 Others From Eviction|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-week-9-voting-process-how-to-save-digvijay-rathee-karan-veer-mehra-and-4-others-from-eviction-article-115922838}}</ref><ref name="RajatAgainTimeGod">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Rajat Dalal, once again, became the new Time God|work=India Forums|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/bigg-boss-18-rajat-dalal-once-again-became-the-new-time-god_214965}}</ref>
| colspan="2"| <ref name="TenthWeekNomination">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18 Week 10 Voting Process: How To Save Vivian Dsena, Karan, Digvijay And 3 Others From Elimination?" |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-week-10-voting-process-how-to-save-vivian-dsena-karan-veer-mehra-digvijay-rathee-and-3-others-from-elimination-article-116217378}}</ref><ref name="AvinashTimeGod">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Avinash Mishra Becomes New Time God Beating Chum Darang And Rajat Dalal" |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-avinash-mishra-becomes-new-time-god-beating-chum-darang-and-rajat-dalal-10206194}}</ref><ref name="NominationSaved">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Chum Darang shines during the task; saves close friend Karan Veer Mehra from nominations"|work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-chum-darang-shines-during-the-task-saves-close-friend-karan-veer-mehra-from-nominations/articleshow/116292412.cms}}</ref><ref name="TajinderEvicted">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Politician Tajinder Bagga gets evicted from the house due to least number of votes"|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-politician-tajinder-bagga-gets-evicted-from-the-house-due-to-least-number-of-votes/articleshow/116345690.cms}}</ref>
| colspan="3"| <ref name="DigvijayEvicted">{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Wildcard contestant Digvijay Rathee gets evicted from Salman Khan's show"|work= Indian Express|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-18-wildcard-contestant-digvijay-rathee-gets-evicted-from-salman-khans-show-9735675/lite/}}</ref><ref name="YaminiandEdinEvicted">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Day 76: Edin Rose, Yamini Malhotra out of the show in double eviction|work= IndiaToday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-edin-rose-yamini-malhotra-evicted-kashish-kapoor-breaks-down-chaahat-pandey-2654008-2024-12-23}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | <ref name="SaraEvicted">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Day 83: Sara Arfeen Khan bids goodbye, Salman Khan's birthday celebrated|work= IndiaToday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-28-update-dec-29-sara-arfeen-khan-evicted-2657388-2024-12-30}}</ref>
| <ref name="KashishEvicted">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Kashish Kapoor Gets Evicted Two Weeks Before Grand Finale|work= NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-kashish-kapoor-gets-evicted-from-the-reality-show-7408964}}</ref>
| <ref name="ShrutikaEvicted">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Shrutika Arjun Gets Evicted A Week Before Finale|work= NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shrutika-arjun-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-18-7448181}}</ref>
| <ref name="ChaahatEvicted">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Double Eviction: Chahat Pandey To Be Eliminated After Shrutika Arjun|work= EnglishJagran|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-double-eviction-chahat-pandey-eliminated-after-shrutika-arjun-10211899}}</ref>
|
| colspan="2" |<ref name=BiggBoss18Winner/>
|}
</div>
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=black}} indicates the Time God.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=black}} indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=black}} indicates that the housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#fa8072|border=black}} indicates that housemate was evicted from the house.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=black}} indicates that housemate was ejected from the house.
: {{Color box|#FCF|border=black}} indicates that housemate walked out from the house.
: {{Color box|#BFFF00|border=black}} indicates that housemate was evicted by other housemates' votes.
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner up.
: {{Color box|#F5F5DC}} indicates the fifth runner up.

=== Nomination notes ===
* {{note|1|1}}: ''On Day 3, Housemates had to voice-out to nominate a housemate. If a housemate who is voiced out by housemates receives three or more nominations, they will be nominated.''
* {{note|2|2}}: ''On Day 10, Gunratan left the house due to prior work commitments.''
* {{note|3|3}}: ''On Day 10, Bigg Boss asked Time God to nominate two housemates, they became shopkeepers for the nomination task. In the task, In each round two housemates who were left out will be nominated, while the remaining housemates will be safe.''
* {{note|4|4}}: ''On Day 11, Bigg Boss gave two choices to housemates for receiving a luxury ration, 1. Send two housemates to jail. 2. Evict one of the housemates who were nominated the previous week. The majority of housemates chose a housemate for eviction and Avinash was evicted. Later, Avinash re-entered on the same day.''
* {{note|5|5}}: ''On Day 17, Bigg Boss gave control of nominations to Shrutika where she will choose who can nominate housemates.''
* {{note|6|6}}: ''On Day 18, Bigg Boss assigned the Expiry Soon tag to Sara after Arfeen, who had gained special powers from being in jail, said in past that she didn't deserve to remain in the house. On Day 19, Tajinder and Muskan were ranked the bottom two based on their contributions to the show, which resulted in them receiving the Expiry Soon tag. Bigg Boss issued a stern warning to all three that their time was running out and that one of them would soon face eviction. Following the eviction, Bigg Boss announced that nominations up for public voting are still valid and one housemate would be evicted facing public vote on this weekend.''
* {{note|7|7}}: ''On Day 24, Housemates had to nominate two other housemates while Bigg Boss cancelled Chum's right due to apologizing to other contestants before nomination.''
* {{note|8|8}}: ''On Day 30, the Time God had the right to nominate eight housemates. Digvijay and Kashish were exempt from nominations. After nominations by Time God a maximum of four nominated housemates can be safe from nominations if four or more than four housemates raise their hands to vote for that housemate's safety.''
* {{note|9|9}}: ''On Day 37, Housemates had to nominate two other housemates while the Time God had the right to cancel the votes cast by any three housemates.''
* {{note|10|10}}: ''On Day 41, the Time God was empowered to save one nominated housemate.''
* {{note|11|11}}: ''On Day 44, Bigg Boss gave control of nominations to the Time God where he will grant nomination rights to housemates ranging from 0 to 5.''
* {{note|12|12}}: ''On Day 48, the Time God was empowered to save Kashish from nomination or not.''
* {{note|13|13}}: ''On Day 51, Bigg Boss nominated three new wild card entrants. For the old housemates, the nomination process was conducted in pairs: one could be saved while the other would be nominated. If both members of a pair could not reach a decision, both would face nominations. Additionally, the Time God had the right to save any pair from being nominated. Later, Bigg Boss announced that there would be a double eviction at weekend: one eviction would be determined by the housemates' votes for the new three wild card entrants, while the second would be decided by the audience votes for the nominated old housemates.''
* {{note|14|14}}: ''On Day 55, housemates selected which of the three new wild card entrants they wanted to save from elimination. The entrant with the fewest votes would be evicted.''
* {{note|15|15}}: ''On Day 58, housemates nominated by at least three housemates were directly nominated. However, the Time God was able to exempt three nominees.''
* {{note|16|16}}: ''On Day 63, housemates had to nominate one nominee whom they want to evict from the house.''
* {{note|17|17}}: ''On Day 65, housemates had to nominate two other housemates while the Time God was empowered to save any housemate from that housemate and any housemate could be saved from a maximum of three housemates.''
* {{note|18|18}}: ''On Day 68, a nominated housemate had the opportunity to save themselves from elimination. To do this, the other safe housemates attempted to reach the Time God while carrying a photo of the housemate they wanted to save. In each round, the safe housemate who reached the Time God last would sacrifice the photo of the nominated housemate they carried, leading to the latter's nomination remaining intact.''
* {{note|19|19}}: ''On Day 72, the housemates were required to nominate two fellow housemates. Meanwhile, the Time God had the authority to cancel the nomination rights of one male housemate and two female housemates.''
* {{note|20|20}}: ''On Day 75, Bigg Boss granted Time God the authority to change nominations. If Time God chose a nominated housemate, that individual would remain nominated. However, if a safe housemate was chosen instead, that safe housemate could swap any nominated housemate with a safe one. At the end of the task, Time God requested additional rations, as rations were linked to the nomination process. In response, Bigg Boss decided to distribute all rations while simultaneously nominating all housemates.''
* {{note|21|21}}: ''On Day 76, Time God ranked housemates from 1 to 13, The six lowest-ranked housemates were eligible for eviction. Every housemate voted for which of the six they wanted to evict.''
* {{note|22|22}}: ''On Day 79, Bigg Boss had the authority to allocate "lives" to each housemate, with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 5. Housemates could then nominate any two individuals, and those whose lives were exhausted would face direct nomination.''
* {{note|23|23}}: ''On Day 82, Time God got the power to save any nominated housemate.''
* {{note|24|24}}: ''On Day 86, Time God would save any two housemates and after saving them Time God will call other housemates in a order as per her decision where those housemate will save any housemate while replacing them with one who is already in safe zone putting them into nominated.''
* {{note|25|25}}: ''On Day 93, nominations took place in groups. Each group was tasked with counting for exactly 13 minutes. The group that deviated the most from this time would face nomination.''
* {{note|26|26}}: ''On Day 96, Chaahat and Rajat still remained nominated for weekend's eviction process.''
* {{note|27|27}}: ''On Day 100, All housemates were nominated by Bigg Boss as it was Finale Week and all will be nominated till the end of week.''
* {{note|28|28}}: ''On Day 102, All finalists were nominated by Bigg Boss for winning the season.''

== Guest appearances ==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
|+
| bgcolor=#1E3A45|'''{{Font color|white|width=2%|Week(s)}}'''
| bgcolor=#1E3A45|'''{{Font color|white|width=2%|Day(s)}}'''
| bgcolor=#1E3A45|'''{{Font color|white|width=15%|Guest(s)}}'''
| bgcolor=#1E3A45|'''{{Font color|white|width=30%|Notes}}'''
| bgcolor=#1E3A45|'''{{Font color|white|width=1%|Ref.}}'''
|-
! style="background:#1E3A45;" |{{Font color|white|Grand Premiere}}
| style="background:#1E3A45;" |{{Font color|white|Day 0}}
| [[Aniruddhacharya]]
| To interact and advice contestants
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title=Bigg Boss 18: Aniruddhacharya blesses contestants, gifts Salman Khan Bhagavad Gita |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-aniruddhacharya-blesses-contestants-gifts-salman-khan-bhagavad-gita-2612100-2024-10-06 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Week 1
| rowspan="3" | Day 7
| [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Triptii Dimri]]
| To promote their movie ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
| <ref name="TrainStdList">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=Bigg Boss 18 Weekend Ka Vaar: Salman Khan welcomes Mallika Sherawat, Rajkummar Rao, Triptii Dimri and others on the special episode |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-weekend-ka-vaar-salman-khan-welcomes-mallika-sherawat-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-and-others-on-the-special-episode-article-12840155.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mallika Sherawat]]
| To promote her movie ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
| <ref name="TrainStdList" />
|-
| [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Sudesh Lehri]] and [[Bharti Singh]]
| Mahasangam x ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
| <ref name="TrainStdList" />
|-
! Week 2
| Day 14
| [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Sudesh Lehri]], [[Ankita Lokhande|Ankita Lokhande Jain]] and Vicky Jain
| Mahasangam x ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Ankita Lokhande and Vicky Jain to appear on Weekend Ka Vaar |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/bigg-boss-18-ankita-lokhande-and-vicky-jain-to-appear-on-weekend-ka-vaar_213070}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Week 3
| rowspan="3" | Day 21
| Sangeeta Mishra and Bhawna Pandey
| Avinash and Chaahat's mothers, to support them
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chahat Pandey's mom lashes out at Avinash Mishra for 'insulting' her daughter in Bigg Boss 18: 'Puri India ne tumhari..' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-chahat-pandey-mom-lashes-out-at-avinash-mishra-for-insulting-her-daughter-in-bigg-boss-18-3115039}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arbaz Khan]], [[Arshad Warsi]] and [[Meher Vij]]
| To promote their movie ''[[Bandaa Singh Chaudhary]]''
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Bigg Boss 18: Singham Again's Ajay Devgn, Rohit Shetty and Banda Singh Chaudhary cast Arbaaz Khan and Arshad Warsi to grace WKV |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/tv/exclusive-bigg-boss-18-singham-again-s-ajay-devgn-rohit-shetty-and-banda-singh-chaudhary-cast-arbaaz-khan-and-arshad-warsi-to-grace-wkv/ar-AA1sIgCe?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rohit Shetty]] and [[Ajay Devgn]]
| To promote their movie ''[[Singham Again]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Week 5
| rowspan="2" | Day 34
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| To host ''Shukravaar Ka Vaar'' in absence of Salman Khan, to promote her movie ''[[The Sabarmati Report]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: Rohit Shetty REPLACES Salman Khan For This Weekend Ka Vaar, Ekta Kapoor To Host Special Segment |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-rohit-shetty-replaces-salman-khan-for-this-weekend-ka-vaar-ekta-kapoor-to-host-special-segment-article-115046587 |website=[[MSN]] |date=7 November 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Rohit Shetty]]
| To host ''Shanivaar Ka Vaar'' in absence of Salman Khan
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 6
| rowspan="5" | Day 42
| Khushi Singer
| To entertain the housemates
| <ref>{{Cite web |title="Bigg Boss 18 Promo: Dolly Chaiwala, Ashneer Grover, and Khushi Join Salman Khan on Stage (Watch Video)" |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-promo-dolly-chaiwala-ashneer-grover-and-khushi-join-salman-khan-on-stage-watch-video-a510/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dolly Chaiwala]]
| To give his special tea to housemates
| <ref>{{Cite news |title="Bigg Boss 18 November 16 Episode: Dolly Chaiwala Makes Tea In His Style, Salman Khan Baffled" |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-dolly-chaiwala-makes-tea-in-his-style-salman-khan-baffled-article-115350937 |website=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vikrant Massey]] and [[Rashi Khanna]]
| To promote their movie ''[[The Sabarmati Report]]''
| <ref>{{Cite news |title="Bigg Boss 18 November 16 2024 Highlights: Vikrant Massey and Raashi Khanna grace Salman Khan's show" |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-18-november-16-2024-highlights-vikrant-massey-and-raashi-khanna-grace-salman-khans-show/05a4ff4fe7725}}</ref>
|-
| Ashneer Grover
| To analyse the housemates
| <ref>{{Cite news |title="Bigg Boss 18: Salman Khan tells Ashneer Grover, 'I had never heard of your name and you gave wrong info and numbers about me' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-salman-khan-tells-ashneer-grover-i-had-never-heard-of-your-name-and-you-gave-wrong-info-and-numbers-about-me/articleshow/115393355.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sandiip Sikcand]] and Rekha Singh
| Karanveer's friend and Eisha's mother respectively, to interact with them
| <ref>{{Cite news |title="Bigg Boss 18 November 17 Episode Written Update: Eisha Singh's Mother Criticises Her Decision As Sanchalak: 'Main Rajat Ko Disqualify...' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-nov-17-episode-eisha-singh-mother-criticises-her-decision-as-sanchalak-main-rajat-ko-disqualify-article-115391102/amp |work=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
! Week 7
| Day 49
| [[Hina Khan]]
| To interact with housemates
| <ref>{{Cite news |title="Bigg Boss 18: Hina Khan supports Karan Veer Mehra and exposes Shilpa Shirodkar's double standards, 'He can bring the house down'" |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/bigg-boss-18-hina-khan-supports-karan-veer-mehra-and-exposes-shilpa-shirodkars-double-standards-he-can-bring-the-house-down-entertainment-news-3028090/}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Week 8
| rowspan="3" | Day 56
| [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]]
| To promote her show ''Apollena – Sapno Ki Unchi Udann''
| <ref>{{Cite news |title="Exclusive - Aditi Sharma to visit Bigg Boss 18 to promote her upcoming show 'Apollena' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-aditi-sharma-to-visit-bigg-boss-18-to-promote-her-upcoming-show-apollena/articleshow/115819590.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Raftaar]] and [[Ikka Singh]]
| To promote their show ''[[MTV Hustle|MTV Hustle 4.0]]''
|
|-
| [[Krushna Abhishek]] and [[Sudesh Lehri]]
| To entertain the housemates
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Krushna Abhishek and Sudesh light up Weekend Ka Vaar; leave Salman Khan in splits |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bb-18-krushna-sudesh-light-up-weekend-ka-vaar-with-laughter-leaving-salman-khan-in-splits/c3a8b4de4d361}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Week 9
| Day 60
| [[Anurag Kashyap]], Sweta Singh, Rohit Khilnani and Saurabh Dwivedi
| To take interview of housemates
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 December 4 Updates: Vivian Dsena, Shilpa Shirodkar Get Candid With Anurag Kashyap|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-december-4-updates-vivian-dsena-shilpa-shirodkar-get-candid-with-anurag-kashyap/ar-AA1vhijR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18: Shweta Singh GRILLS Avinash Mishra About Dating Rumours With Bhavika Sharma|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-shweta-singh-grills-avinash-mishra-about-dating-rumours-with-bhavika-sharma-article-115966812}}</ref>
|-
| Day 61-62
| Shalini Passi
| As a guest in ''BB Retreat''
|
|-
| Day 63
| [[Farah Khan]]
| To host ''Weekend Ka Vaar'' in absence of Salman Khan
| <ref>{{Cite news|title="Farah Khan schools contestants for targeting Karan Veer Mehra on Bigg Boss 18"|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-farah-khan-schools-sara-arfeen-khan-tajinder-pal-bagga-karan-veer-mehra-salman-khan-2646695-2024-12-08}}</ref>
|-
| Day 63
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]]
| To promote their song ''Aankh''.
| <ref>{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Sanya Malhotra Calls Badhaai Do Star Chum Darang Her Favourite Contestant" |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-sanya-malhotra-calls-badhaai-do-star-chum-darang-her-favourite-contestant-article-116111627/amp}}</ref>
|-
! Week 10
| Day 70
| Nouran Aly and Kamlesh Dalal
| Vivian's wife and Rajat's mother respectively, to interact with them
| <ref>{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Vivian Dsena takes BIG step after his wife Nouran questions his friendship with Karan Veer Mehra" |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-18-vivian-dsena-takes-big-step-after-his-wife-nouran-questions-his-friendship-with-karan-veer-mehra-3122581}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Week 11
| Day 73
| Gaurav Kapoor
| For ''Bigg Bathroom Roast'' and promote ''Harpic Bathroom Cleaner''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | Day 77
| [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Keerthy Suresh]] and [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| To promote their movie ''[[Baby John (film)|Baby John]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-day-75-varun-dhawan-salman-khan-congratulate-keerthy-suresh-wamiqa-gabbi-2653724-2024-12-22|title=Bigg Boss 18 Day 75: Special guest Varun Dhawan asks Salman Khan to congratulate Keerthy Suresh|date=22 December 2024 |access-date= 22 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Shalini Passi
| To interact and celebrate Christmas with housemates
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-18-shalini-passi-joins-host-salman-khan-on-stage-for-weekend-ka-vaar-bakes-a-special-cake-for-him/articleshow/116511263.cms|title=Exclusive - Bigg Boss 18: Shalini Passi Joins Host Salman Khan On Stage For Weekend Ka Vaar; Bakes A Special Cake For Him|website=Timesofindia|date=20 December 2024 |access-date= 20 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mannara Chopra]] and [[Bharti Singh]]
| To announce upcoming season of ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-weekend-ka-vaar-rahul-vaidya-rubina-dilaik-to-grace-salman-khan-show-article-116659466/amp|title=Bigg Boss 18 Weekend Ka Vaar: Rahul Vaidya, Rubina Dilaik To Grace Salman Khan's Show|website=TimesNowNews|date=25 December 2024 |access-date= 25 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! Week 12
| Day 83
| [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Sudesh Lehri]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Rahul Vaidya]] and [[Rubina Dilaik]]
| To celebrate the birthday of host and to promote upcoming season of ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="19" |Week 13
| rowspan="3" |Day 87
| [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| To promote her movie ''[[Emergency (2025 film)|Emergency]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kangana-ranaut-reveals-bigg-boss-18-contestants-created-drama-returns-bb-house/|title=Kangana Ranaut reveals Bigg Boss 18 contestants 'created drama' as she returns from BB house|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=31 December 2024 |access-date= 31 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Pradeep Kiradoo
| To predict future of housemates
|
|-
| [[Bharti Singh]], [[Karan Kundrra]], [[Munawar Faruqui]], Abhishek Kumar and Samarth Jurel
| To promote the upcoming season of ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bharti-singh-gets-spotted-outside-the-bigg-boss-18-house-for-new-year-special-episode-see-post/articleshow/116802877.cms|title=Bharti Singh Gets Spotted Outside The Bigg Boss 18 House For New Year Special Episode; See Post|website=Timesofindia|date=30 December 2024 |access-date= 31 December 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-18-december-31-written-update-why-did-munawar-faruqui-ask-avinash-mishra-to-mimic-shalin-bhanot-find-out-1365097%3famp|title=Bigg Boss 18, December 31 Written Update: Why did Munawar Faruqui ask Avinash Mishra to mimic Shalin Bhanot?|website=Pinkvilla|access-date= 31 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |Day 87-88
|Bhawna Pandey (Chaahat's mother)
| rowspan="12" |To meet housemates for Family Week
|
|-
|Anoushka Ranjit (Shilpa's daughter)
|
|-
|Rekha Singh (Eisha's mother)
|
|-
|Sangeeta Mishra (Avinash's mother)
|
|-
|Nouran Aly (Vivian's wife)
|
|-
|Day 88
|Layan Dsena (Vivian's daughter)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |Day 89-90
|Yamik Dulom Darang (Chum's mother)
|
|-
|Kamlesh Dalal (Rajat's mother)
|
|-
|Kamsin Mehra (Karanveer's sister)
|
|-
|Sangita Kumari (Kashish's mother)
|
|-
|Arjun Raaj (Shrutika's husband)
|
|-
|Day 90
|Arav (Shrutika's son)
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | Day 91
| [[Ram Charan]] and [[Kiara Advani]]
| To promote their movie ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 18: Game Changer team Ram Charan, Kiara Advani to meet Salman Khan on Weekend Ka Vaar|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-game-changer-team-ram-charan-kiara-advani-to-meet-salman-khan-on-weekend-ka-vaar-2025-01-02-969232|website=IndiaTVNews|date=2 January 2025 |access-date= 2 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kamya Panjabi]]
| To provide opinion to Vivian
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-18-day-88-salman-khan-kamya-panjabi-critique-vivian-dsena-game-2659623-2025-01-04|title=Bigg Boss 18 Day 88: Salman Khan, Kamya Panjabi critique Vivian Dsena's lacklustre game|website=IndiaToday|date=4 January 2025 |access-date= 4 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adnan Khan]], Ayesha Singh and Mona Vasu
| To promote their TV Series ''[[Mannat – Har Khushi Paane Ki]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-weekend-ka-vaar-ayesha-singh-mona-vasu-and-adnan-khan-to-grace-salman-khans-show-see-post-article-116942384/amp|title=Bigg Boss 18 WKV: Ayesha Singh, Mona Vasu And Adnan Khan To Grace Salman Khan's Show - See Post|website=Timesofnow|date=4 January 2025 |access-date= 4 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sonu Sood]]
| To promote his movie ''[[Fateh (2025 film)|Fateh]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salman-khan-gift-sonu-sood-for-his-directorial-debut-fateh-heer-23462593|title=Salman Khan's gift to Sonu Sood for his directorial debut Fateh|website=Mid-Day|date=10 January 2025 |access-date= 10 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 14
| rowspan="4" |Day 98
| Rasha Thadani, Aman Devgan and [[Abhishek Kapoor]]
| To promote their movie ''Azaad''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bigg-boss-18-salman-khan-calls-raveena-tandon-rasha-thadanis-badi-behen-recreates-iconic-hook-steps-9185819.html|title=Bigg Boss 18: Salman Khan Calls Raveena Tandon Rasha Thadani's 'Badi Behen', Recreates Iconic Hook Steps|website=News18|access-date= 11 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Raveena Tandon]]
| To support her daughter
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-18-written-update-january-11-raveena-tandon-recalls-salman-khans-comment-on-her-weight-see-his-rare-pic-with-little-rasha-thadani-1366960%3famp|title=Bigg Boss 18 Written Update, January 11: Raveena Tandon recalls Salman Khan's comment on her weight; see his rare PIC with little Rasha Thadani|website=Pinkvilla|access-date= 12 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shreyas Iyer]], [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] and [[Shashank Singh]]
| For announcement of captain for their team [[Punjab Kings]] for the upcoming [[2025 Indian Premier League|IPL]] season
| <ref>{{Cite news|title="Yuzvendra Chahal on Bigg Boss 18 sets with Shreyas Iyer and Shashank Singh"|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/yuzvendra-chahal-spotted-on-bigg-boss-18-sets-with-shreyas-iyer-and-shashank-singh-2663118-2025-01-10}}</ref>
|-
| [[Krushna Abhishek]] and [[Kashmera Shah]]
| To promote their upcoming season of ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 15
| Day 102
| [[Omung Kumar]]
| To deliver letters from their family members to the housemates and to conduct the final eviction from the house.
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Day 104
| Vankush Arora
| To help the housemates for Maha Roast
|
|-
| [[Elvish Yadav]], Vicky Jain, Rudraksh Singh Chauhan, [[Sandiip Sikcand]], [[Barkha Bisht]], [[Shilpa Shinde]], Snehiil Dixit Mehraa and Ved Raj
| As a supporter of housemates to answer the questions by the media.
|
|-
| [[Krushna Abhishek]] and [[Sudesh Lehri]]
| For Maha Roast
|
|-
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFD700;" |Grand Finale
| rowspan="5" style="background:#FFD700;" |Day 107
| Veer Pahariya
| To promote his movie ''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]''
|
|-
| [[Elvish Yadav]], Vicky Jain, Abhishek Kumar, [[Mannara Chopra]] and [[Ankita Lokhande|Ankita Lokhande Jain]]
| To promote their upcoming season of ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|
|-
| Priyanshi Yadav, [[Amar Upadhyay]], [[Sreejita De]], [[Mishkat Varma]], [[Samiksha Jaiswal]] and Khushbu Rajendra Trivadi
| To promote their TV shows ''[[Doree (TV series)|Doree]] and Ram Bhavan'' respectively
|
|-
| Junaid Khan and [[Khushi Kapoor]]
| To promote their movie ''Loveyapa''
|
|-
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| To support his son
|
|}

== Reception ==
The series grand premiere episode was reviewed by [[NDTV]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 18 Grand Premiere: From Salman Khan's One-Liners To Shilpa Shirodkar Speaking In English - Top 5 Moments From The Night |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-premiere-here-are-top-5-moments-you-cant-miss-6733405 |work=NDTV}}</ref> During the grand premiere of Bigg Boss 18, as Salman Khan announced Vivian's entry the viewership of JioCinema grew by 0.1 crores within seconds as his name was announced on Sunday evening.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madaan |first=Jishika |date=2024-10-07 |title=Bigg Boss 18 TRP: Vivian Dsena Boosts Viewership By 0.1 Crores Within Seconds, Will He Beat Sidharth Shukla's Bigg Boss 13 To Rewrite History? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-18-trp-vivian-dsena-boosts-viewership-by-0-1-crores-within-seconds-will-he-beat-sidharth-shuklas-bigg-boss-13-to-rewrite-history/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Koimoi |language=en}}</ref> The grand finale of Bigg Boss 18 achieved a [[Target rating point|TRP]] of 3.1, marking one of the highest ratings for the show in recent years, only surpassed by Bigg Boss 13.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sneha |title=Bigg Boss 18 Grand Finale Breaks Records With Highest TRP, Best Since Season 13! |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-grand-finale-breaks-records-with-highest-trp-best-since-season-13/453273/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=News24 |date=26 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/bigg-boss-18/ ''Bigg Boss 18''] at [[Colors TV]]
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/shows/bigg-boss/18/ ''Bigg Boss 18''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Television
}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|18]]

2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho

2026-02-05T04:08:53Z

AliciaPaschall: put up stub!

{{Infobox sports season
| title = 2023-24 Ultimate Kho Kho season
| logo = Ultimate_Kho_Kho_Logo.svg
| league = [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]
| sport = [[Kho Kho]]
| defending_champs = [[Odisha Juggernauts]]
| hosts = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium (Cuttack)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| duration = 24 December - 14 January 2024
| no_of_matches =
| no_of_teams = [[#Teams|6]]
| season_champ_name = Champions
| season_champs =
| league_champs = [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]]
| second_name = Runner-ups
| second_place = Chennai Quick Guns
| prevseason_year = [[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
| nextseason_year = [[2024–25 Ultimate Kho Kho|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–2024 season of [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]''' was the second edition of the league.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Viransh |date=2023-12-13 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho announces Season 2 schedule, defending champions Odisha Juggernauts take on Rajasthan Warriors in opener |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kho-kho/news-ultimate-kho-kho-announces-season-2-schedule-defending-champions-odisha-juggernauts-take-rajasthan-warriors-opener |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> It was hosted from 24 December 2023 to 13 January 2024 in [[Cuttack, Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-12-13 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho announces fixture, schedule for season 2; Defending champion Odisha Juggernauts to face Rajasthan Warriors in opener |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-schedule-fixture-venue-time-ukk-2023-news-updates/article67634300.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> 6 teams played 34 matches.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-11-20 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 player draft to be held on Tuesday, 275 players in the fray |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-ukk-season-2-player-draft-to-be-held-on-tuesday-in-bhubaneswar-275-players-in-the-fray/article67554327.ece |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]] beat [[Chennai Quick Guns]] 31–26 in [[2023-24 Ultimate Kho Kho final|the final]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-01-13 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Gujarat Giants beats Chennai Quick Guns to lift title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-gujarat-giants-champion-beats-chennai-quick-guns-odisha-juggernauts-third/article67738766.ece |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The player draft for the season was held on November 21, 2023, where 145 out of 272 draftable players were selected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=NextGen Dominates Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 Players Draft |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/nextgen-dominates-ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-players-draft-18386451.htm |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=275 Players In The Fray For Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 Player Draft {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/sports/275-players-in-the-fray-for-ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-player-draft-6519111/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> A total of 18 players have been retained by the franchises from the previous season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 Player Draft to be held in Bhubaneswar on November 21 |url=https://technosports.co.in/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-player-draft/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=technosports.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2: 275 Players In Fray For Player Draft To Be Held On November 21 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/sports/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-275-players-in-fray-for-player-draft-to-be-held-on-november21-10115131 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

=== Format ===
A change to the rules was introduced in this season that each tagged defender would always be worth 2 points to the attacking team,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Odisha: Cuttack gears up for Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 |url=https://orissadiary.com/odisha-cuttack-gears-up-for-ultimate-kho-kho-season-2/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref> as opposed to the format in the previous season where a bonus 3rd point could be earned if an attacker tagged a defender while diving.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |title=Scoring, fouls & more - All the rules of Kho Kho you need to know before Ultimate Kho Kho 2022 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/scoring-fouls-all-rules-kho-kho-need-know-ultimate-kho-kho-2022 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Squads, format, fixtures – all you need to know about latest Indian sports league |url=https://scroll.in/field/1030441/ultimate-kho-kho-squads-format-fixtures-all-you-need-to-know-about-latest-indian-sports-league |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |date=2022-08-14 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022: Revamped format, changed mat dimensions, tickets; all you need to know |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-revamped-format-changed-mat-dimensions-tickets-all-you-need-to-know-195659.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=MyKhel}}</ref> The rule around Dream Runs was also changed, such that 1 point is earned by a batch of defenders for surviving 3 minutes, and then 1 more point for every 30 seconds afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho revolutionises traditional sport: Expanding, innovating and inspiring |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/ultimate-kho-kho-revolutionises-traditional-sport-expanding-innovating-and-inspiring-259092 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

=== Prize money ===
The winning team received {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2024}}, while the runner-ups received {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2024}} and the third-placed team received {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2024}}.<ref name=":1" />

=== Popularity ===
The official social media handles for UKK received over 213 million views during the tournament, totalling a 150% increase in popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Nigamanth |date=2024-01-15 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho season 2: Tweaked rules, fresh faces breathe new life into the game |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-tweaked-rules-fresh-faces-breathe-new-life-into-the-game/article67742633.ece |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{{location map+|India3|width=300|float=right|caption=Locations of the UKK teams|alt=Locations of the UKK teams|places={{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |mark=Orange pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Mumbai Khiladis</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |mark=Pink pog.svg|long=75.82 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Rajasthan Warriors</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=17.37 |mark=Yellow pog.svg|long=78.48 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Telugu Yoddhas</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Gujarat Giants</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=20.9517|long=85.0985|mark=Brown pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Odisha Juggernauts</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0827 |long=80.2707 |mark=Blue pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Chennai Quick Guns</div>|position=right}}}}
The six teams are named Chennai Quick Guns, Gujarat Giants, [[Mumbai Khiladis]], Odisha Juggernauts, Rajasthan Warriors, and [[Telugu Yoddhas]].<ref name=":0" />

== Squads ==

=== Chennai Quick Guns ===

==== Attackers ====
Balvir Singh,Jaswant Singh,Manoj Patil,P Narasayya,Sachin Gaur,V Kabilan,Venu Gopal S

==== Defenders ====
Buchannagari Raju,Jeevith Daasari Rao,M Vignesh,Mahesh Madhukar Shinde,N Suresh,P Anand Kumar,Prasad Vijay Patil,Pritam Ankush Chougule,S.Santhru,SibinM,Vijaybhai Vegad

==== All-Rounders ====
Amit Vasant Patil'''(C)''',M Vignesh,Madan,P.Jai Prasath,Rajvardhan Shankar Patil,K Ram Mohan,Ramji Kashyap

=== Gujarat Giants ===

==== Attackers ====
Abhinandan Mahadev Patil,Aniket Bhagwan Pote,Bhat Hakmaji Govind,Chinmoy Nandi,Nilesh Sarjerao Patil,Praful Raju Bhange,Ranjan Shridhar Shetty'''(C)''',S.Kavin Raj,Sagar Shubhash Lengare,Sarath Kumar Saravanan,Shubham Motiramji Jambhale

==== Defenders ====
Ajay Kumar Mandra,Akshay Sandeep Bhangare,Dhiraj Vinod Bhave,Manoj Sarkar,Mareppa,Rutishbhai Jayantibhai Barde,SagarDeepakraj Potdar,Saleem Khan,Vinayak Sadashiv Pokarde

==== All-Rounders ====
Debendra Nath,TJaggannath Das,Pothi Reddy Siva Reddy,SuyashVishwas Gargate

=== Mumbai Khiladis ===

==== Attackers ====
Abhishek Pathrode,Abishek M S,Avik Singha,Bichu S S,Devendra Dagur,Durvesh Vikas Salunke,Milind Rajendra Kurpe,Rahul Bharat Sawant,Rajesh Kumar,Shubham Kachhi,Sreejesh S,Ummer Ahmad Rathar

==== Defenders ====
Ajay Panchabhai,FaizankhaSherkha Pathan,GajananMaruti Shengal,Gaurav,Gaurav Kandpal,Harish Mohmmad,Rajat Malik,Rohan Bapuso Kore,Rohit Verma,Sourabh Nathaji Ahir,Sribin KP,Srijin J,Vijay Gajanan Hajare'''(C)'''

==== All-Rounders ====
Visag S

=== Odisha Juggernauts ===

==== Attackers ====
Darshanapu Sathish,Dinesh Naik S,Lipun Mukhi,Mahesha.P,Manoj Narayanrao Ghotekar,Mukesh Prajapat,Shiv Kumar Sen,Siddheswar Tudu,Sukanath Sing,Suraj Shital Lande

==== Defenders ====
Gowtham M K,Gurjinder Singh,Suresh Kumar,Swayam Satyaprakash Parija,Thungana Vinod Kumar,Vishal

==== All-Rounders ====
Aditya Kudale,Arjun Singh,Avinash Shivaji Desai,Dilip Ratan Khandavi,Dipesh Vijay More'''(C)''',Jagannath Murmu,Milind Dilip Chavrekar'''(C)''',Nilesh Ananda Jadhav,Subhasish Santra

=== Rajasthan Warriors ===

==== Attackers ====
Ashwani Ranjan,Atla Siva Nagi Reddy,Biswajit Das,Konjengbam Dhananjoy Singh,Majahar Kalandar Jamadar'''(C)''',Mohammed Taseen,Mukesh Maurya,Sourabh Shivaji Adavkar,Suresh Shamrao Sawant,Sushant Sanjay Kaldhone

==== Defenders ====
[[Akshay Ganpule]]'''(C)''',Bhuneshwar Sahu,Jithin B,Mahesh M,Shailesh Mahadev Sankapal,SK.Murtaja Ali,Tapan Pal

==== All-Rounders ====
Abhijit Vasant Patil,Bharat Kumar Pradhan,Dilrajsing Rekha Sengar,Govind Yadav,Hrushikesh Vijay Murchavade,Nikhil B,Sushant Dattatray Hajare,Yalla Satish

=== Telugu Yoddhas ===

==== Attackers ====
Adarsh Dattatray Mohite,Aditya Das,Dhanush K C,Gavara Venkatesh,P Hemachandran,Prajwal K H'''(C)''',Sinam Rokeson Singh,Sachin Bhargo,Thokchom Sadananda Meitei,V Subramani

==== Defenders ====
Avdhut Bharat Patil,Bojjam Ranjith,Deepak Vitthal Madhav,Dhruv,Prasad Vaibhav Radye,Sudershan

==== All-Rounders ====
Anukul Sarkar,Arun Ashok Gunki,Arun S. A.,Bala Sambi Reddy Pittu,Pratik Kiran Waikar,Rohan Tanaji Shingade

== Points table ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Pos
!Teams
!Played
!Won
!Lost
!Tied
!No Result
!Score Difference
!Points
!
|-
|1
|Chennai Quick Guns
|10
|7
|1
|2
|0
|76
|25
| rowspan="4" |Qualified For Semi-Final
|-
|2
|Odisha Juggernauts
|10
|6
|2
|2
|0
|37
|23
|-
|3
|Gujarat Giants<ref>{{Cite web |title=Points Table Standings |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/points-table-standings |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>
|10
|6
|3
|1
|0
|55
|21
|-
|4
|Telugu Yoddhas
|10
|6
|4
|0
|0
| -5
|18
|-
|5
|Mumbai Khiladis
|10
|2
|7
|1
|0
| -62
|10
| rowspan="2" |Eliminated
|-
|6
|Rajasthan Warriors
|10
|0
|10
|0
|0
| -101
|2
|}
Points format:<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2023: All you need to know |url=https://khelnow.com/kho-kho/2023-12-ultimate-kho-kho-2023-faqs |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref>

* 3 points awarded for a win
* 2 points for a tie
* 1 point for a loss by less than 4 points

== League Stage ==
All Matches will be played in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium (Cuttack)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule Fixtures Results |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

=== 24 December 2023 ===

==== Match 1 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 35-27 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Rajasthan Warriors by 8 points. [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-rajasthan-warriors-677 Report]''

==== Match 2 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 46-44 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Mumbai Khiladis by 2 points. [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-mumbai-khiladis-678 Report]''

=== 25 December 2023 ===

==== Match 3 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 30-41 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Rajasthan Warriors by 11 points.'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-gujarat-giants-679 Report]

==== Match 4 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 38-32 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Telugu Yoddhas by 6 points.'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-telugu-yoddhas-680 Report]

=== 26 December 2023 ===

==== Match 5 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 34-30 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Mumbai Khiladis by 4 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-mumbai-khiladis-681 ''Report'']
==== Match 6 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 34-34 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Match Tied on 34 points each [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-chennai-quick-guns-682 Report]''

* First tie of UKK history

=== 27 December 2023 ===

==== Match 7 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 38-28 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Rajasthan Warriors by 10 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-rajasthan-warriors-683 ''Report'']
==== Match 8 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 28-31 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Mumbai Khiladis by 3 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-odisha-juggernauts-684 ''Report'']
=== 29 December 2023 ===

==== Match 9 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 27-31 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Rajasthan Warriors by 4 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-chennai-quick-guns-685 ''Report'']

==== Match 10 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 41-24 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Telugu Yoddhas by 17 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-telugu-yoddhas-686 ''Report'']

=== 30 December 2023 ===

==== Match 11 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 36-31 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Mumbai Khiladis by 5 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-mumbai-khiladis-687 ''Report'']

==== Match 12 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 29-34 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Odisha Juggernauts by 5 points [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-gujarat-giants-688 Report]''

=== 31 December 2023 ===

==== Match 13 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 29-28 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Odisha Juggernauts by 1 points [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-odisha-juggernauts-689 Report]''

==== Match 14 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 30-31 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Mumbai Khiladis beat Rajasthan Warriors by 1 points.'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-mumbai-khiladis-690 ''Report'']

=== 1 January 2024 ===

==== Match 15 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 29-35 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Gujarat Giants by 6 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-chennai-quick-guns-691 ''Report'']

==== Match 16 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 27-34 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Rajasthan Warriors by 7 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-telugu-yoddhas-692 ''Report'']

=== 2 January 2024 ===

==== Match 17 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 30-30 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Match Tied on 30 points each'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-odisha-juggernauts-693 ''Report'']

==== Match 18 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 26-26 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Match Tied on 26 points each'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-gujarat-giants-694 ''Report'']

=== 3 January 2024 ===

==== Match 19 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 22-40 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Mumbai Khiladis by 18 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-telugu-yoddhas-695 ''Report'']

==== Match 20 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 21-32 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Rajasthan Warriors by 11 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-odisha-juggernauts-696 ''Report'']

=== 5 January 2024 ===

==== Match 21 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 38-30 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Chennai Quick Guns by 8 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-chennai-quick-guns-697 ''Report'']

==== Match 22 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 46-22 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Rajasthan Warriors by 24 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-rajasthan-warriors-698 ''Report'']

=== 6 January 2024 ===

==== Match 23 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 27-30 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Gujarat Giants by 3 points.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-odisha-juggernauts-699 Report]''

==== Match 24 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 18-41 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Mumbai Khiladis by 23 points.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-chennai-quick-guns-700 Report]''

=== 7 January 2024 ===

==== Match 25 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 29-27 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Mumbai Khiladis beat Rajasthan Warriors by 2 points.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-rajasthan-warriors-701 Report]''

==== Match 26 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 35-27 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Telugu Yoddhas by 8 points.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-telugu-yoddhas-702 Report]''

=== 8 January 2024 ===

==== Match 27 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 22-42 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Telugu Yoddhas by 20 points''.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-gujarat-giants-703 ''Report'']

==== Match 28 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 42-19 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Rajasthan Warriors by 23 points''.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-rajasthan-warriors-704 ''Report'']

=== 9 January 2024 ===

==== Match 29 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 34-24 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Mumbai Khiladis by 10 points.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-mumbai-khiladis-705 Report]''

==== Match 30 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 38-21 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Gujarat Giants by 17 points''.[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-mumbai-khiladis-705 ''Report'']

== Knockouts ==
{{4TeamBracket
| RD1 =
| RD2b = Third place
| RD1-team1 ='''Chennai Quick Guns'''
| RD1-score1 ='''31'''
| RD1-team2=Telugu Yoddhas
| RD1-score2 =29
| RD1-team3='''Gujarat Giants'''
| RD1-score3='''29'''
| RD1-team4=Odisha Juggernauts
| RD1-score4=27
| RD2-team1 = Chennai Quick Guns
| RD2-score1=26
| RD2-team2= '''Gujarat Giants'''
| RD2-score2='''31'''
| RD2b-team1= Telugu Yoddhas
| RD2b-score1=24
| RD2b-team2= '''Odisha Juggernauts'''
| RD2b-score2='''32'''
}}

=== 11 January 2024 ===

==== Semi-Final 1 ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 27-29 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Odisha Juggernauts by 2 points.''

[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-gujarat-giants-707 Report]

==== Semi-Final 2 ====
'''20:30(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 31-29 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Telugu Yoddhas by 2 points.''

[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-telugu-yoddhas-708 Report]

=== 13 January 2024 ===

==== 3rd Place Playoff ====
'''19:30(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 32-24 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Telugu Yoddhas by 8 points.''[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-telugu-yoddhas-752 Report]

==== Final ====
{{Main|2023-24 Ultimate Kho Kho final}}
'''20:00(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 26-31 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Chennai Quick Guns by 5 points.''[https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-gujarat-giants-709 Report]

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Player of the Tournament
|Rising Star of the Tournament
|Attacker of the Tournament
|Defender of the Tournament
|-
|Ramji Kashyap (Chennai Quick Guns)
|Shubham Thorat (Gujarat Giants)
|Pratik Waikar (Telugu Yoddhas)
|Aditya Ganpule (Telugu Yoddhas)
|}

== Stats ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/stats |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

=== Player Stats ===

==== Top Attackers ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Total Points
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|CQG
|84
|-
|Pratik Waikar
|TY
|68
|-
|Rahul Mandal
|
|58
|}

==== Top Defenders ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Defending Time
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|CQG
|33:03
|-
|Aditya Ganpule
|TY
|23:15
|-
|Vijay Shinde
|
|21:30
|}

==== Top Wazirs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Wazir Points
|-
|Pratik Waikar
|TY
|68
|-
|Durvesh Salunke
|
|38
|-
|Deepak Sahoo
|
|36
|}

==== Total Sky Dives ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Count
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|CQG
|27
|-
|Rahul Mandal
|
|16
|-
|Suraj Lande
|
|15
|}

==== Total Pole Dives ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!TY
!Count
|-
|Pratik Waikar
|TY
|13
|-
|Arun Gunki
|
|11
|-
|Aniket Pote
|
|7
|}

==== Total High 5s ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player{{Efn|A High 5 is when a player dismisses a minimum of 5 defenders in a single turn.}}
!Team
!Count
|-
|Abhinandan Patil
|GG
|1
|-
|Sanket Kadam
|GG
|1
|-
|Pratik Waikar
|TY
|1
|}

==== Not Outs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Count
|-
|Dilip Khandavi
|OJ
|7
|-
|Arun Gunki
|TY
|6
|-
|Sumon Barman
|CQG
|6
|}

==== Total Touch Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Touch Points
|-
|Sreejesh S
|MK
|32
|-
|Suyash Gargate
|
|30
|-
|Gajanan Shengal
|
|28
|}

==== Total Dive Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Dive Points
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|CQG
|58
|-
|Pratik Waikar
|TY
|44
|-
|Rahul Mandal
|
|40
|}

=== Team Stats ===

==== Team Total Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team Points
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|412
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|401
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|383
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|377
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|283
|}

==== Team Attacking Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Attacking Points
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|350
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|342
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|334
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|314
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|256
|}

==== Team Defending Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Defending Points
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|60
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|57
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|57
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|37
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|25
|}

==== Team Touch Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Touch Points
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|176
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|168
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|142
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|136
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|132
|}

==== Team All Outs Taken ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!All Outs Taken
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|2
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|1
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|1
|}

==== Team All Outs Conceded ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!All Outs Conceded
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|1
|-
|Rajasthan Warriors
|1
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|1
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|1
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}}{{Ultimate Kho Kho}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Ultimate Kho Kho}}
[[Category:Ultimate Kho Kho seasons]]

Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre

2026-02-05T01:02:49Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Minister of State for Human Resource Development]] (from 29 July 2020 as Education)
| term_start = 30 May 2019
| term_end = 7 July 2021
| minister = [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
| predecessor = [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]
| successor = [[Subhas Sarkar|Dr. Subhas Sarkar]] and [[Annpurna Devi]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology]]
| term_start1 = 30 May 2019
| term_end1 = 7 July 2021
| minister1 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister2 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[S.S. Ahluwalia]]
| successor1 = [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of State for Communications]]
| term_start2 = 30 May 2019
| term_end2 = 7 July 2021
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2=[[Manoj Sinha]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola, Maharashtra]]
| term_start3 = 13 May 2004
| term_end3 = 4 June 2024
| successor3 = [[Anup Dhotre|Anup Sanjay Dhotre]]
| predecessor3 = [[Prakash Ambedkar]]
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly, Maharashtra]]
| term_start4 = 6 October 1999
| term_end4 = 14 May 2004
| successor4 = [[Tukaram Bidkar]]
| predecessor4 = Bhausaheb Lahane
| constituency4 = [[Murtizapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murtizapur]]
| name = Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre
| image = Sanjay Dhotre.jpg
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|02|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Akola city|Akola]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Akola city|Akola]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Engineering, Amravati]]
| spouse = Suhasini Dhotre
| children = 2 sons including [[Anup Dhotre]]
| profession = [[Industrialist]] [[Agriculturist]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 1 June
| year = 2019|
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/3992?from=members
}}

'''Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre''' (born 26 February 1959) is an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra and formerly [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India#Ministers of State|Minister of State]] in the [[Government of India]] and a former member of the [[17th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represents the [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/mp_lok_sabha_nov_2013.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124456/http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/mp_lok_sabha_nov_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> constituency of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) political party.

He was also a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]],<ref>http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Maharashtra {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> [[15th Lok Sabha]]<ref>http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=23 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> and [[16th Lok Sabha]] between 2004 and 2019 from [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]].

==Education and early career==
Dhotre holds a [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering]] from the [[Government College of Engineering, Amravati]]. He graduated in 1981.

==Career==
In May 2019, Dhotre became Minister of State for [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Human Resource Development]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Communications]] and [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Electronics and Information Technology]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

===Debate details in Lok Sabha===
*14-Jul-2014 (I) The Budget (Railways) – 2014-15 (II) Demands for Excess Grants (Railways) – 2011-12
*14-Jul-2014 - Need to expedite the gauge conversion of the Ratlam-Fatehabad-Indore-Mhow-Khandwa-Amalakhurd-Akot-Akola Section
*31-Jul-2014 - flood and drought situation in the country
*11-Aug-2014 - The Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2024
*25-Nov-2014 - Demand for recognizing Anganwadi workers as regular govt employees
*11-Mar-2015 - The Budget (Railways) – 2015–16; (ii) Demands Grants on Account (Railways) – 2015–16; and (iii) Supplementary Demands for Grants (Railways) – 2014-15
*19-Mar-2015 - Discussion on the agrarian situation in the country
*22-Apr-2015 - Regarding not to scrap Handloom Reservation Act<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/sanjayshamraodhotre|title=Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre|date=25 October 2016}}</ref>
*Resignation from Modi Cabinet on Wednesday 7 July 2021

===Positions held in Lok Sabha===
*5 Aug. 2004 and 5 Aug. 2007 - Aug. 2008 - Member, Committee on Information Technology
*31 Aug. 2009 - Member, Committee on Rural Development
*14 Aug. 2014 onwards - Member, Committee on Estimates
*1 Sep. 2014 onwards - Member, Standing Committee on Railways
*1 Sep. 2014 onwards - Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Agriculture
*3 July 2015 onwards - Convenor, Sub Committee-III, Committee on Estimates

===Legislative===
*Member, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] - 1999 to 2004
*Elected for [[14th Lok Sabha]] (First Term) <ref>http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Maharashtra {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*Re-elected for [[15th Lok Sabha]] (Second Term)[[15th Lok Sabha]]<ref>http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=23 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*Re-elected for [[16th Lok Sabha]] (Third Term)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3992 |title=Lok Sabha |access-date=13 February 2012 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009021917/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3992 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Re-elected for [[17th Lok Sabha]] (Fourth Term)

==Family and personal life==
Sanjay Dhotre was married to Suhasini in 1983. They have two sons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/sanjay-shamrao-dhotre.html|title = Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history}}</ref> His eldest son [[Anup Dhotre]] is [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Lok Sabha]] from [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजप उमेदवार बदलणार, वंचितकडून पुन्हा आंबेडकर, अकोल्यात काय होईल, वाचा ग्राऊंड रिपोर्ट... |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/akola/loksabha-election-2024-ak0la-loksabha-constituency-bjp-anup-dhotre-vijay-malokar-vs-vba-prakash-ambedkar/articleshow/107356219.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3992 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{17th LS members from Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhotre, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Akola]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]

FM broadcasting in India

2026-02-02T16:26:33Z

AliciaPaschall: basic adjusted section and fixed typos

{{Short description|Type of radio broadcasting in India}}

{{multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{update|date=August 2017}}}}

'''FM broadcasting in India''' began in 1977; growing popularity after 2001 when the privatisation of FM broadcasting began. AIR's FM LRS (Local Radio Station) was inaugurated on 1 July 2000 at 06:00 in [[Kodaikanal]] relaying Madurai programs in the frequency 100.5 MHz. 100.5 was so popular that LRS was upgraded to an FM Channel in just two months. The channel covered a radius of about {{Convert|200|km|abbr=on}} due to its location at 2200 meters above MSL at Kodaikanal. KODAI FM is popularly known as it is the biggest individual FM channel in India, in both area coverage and listenership.

As of December 2018, there are more than 369 operational private radio stations in more than 101 cities and towns across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Operational%20FM%20rado%20Channels%20city%20wise%20list_0.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=mib.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225134639/https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Operational%20FM%20rado%20Channels%20city%20wise%20list_0.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Government of India]]-owned [[All India Radio]] which has about 470 FM stations covering 92% of the area and 99.19% of the population of India. [[All India Radio|AIR]] originates programming in 23 languages and 179 dialects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All India Radio {{!}} Prasar Bharati |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/all-india-radio-2/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=prasarbharati.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/06%20AIR%20STATIONS%20HAVING%20FM%20TRANSMITTERS%20191218.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=allindiaradio.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142952/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/06%20AIR%20STATIONS%20HAVING%20FM%20TRANSMITTERS%20191218.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in [[Chennai]], then Madras, and was expanded during the 1990s, nearly 50 years after FM broadcasting grew in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.org/milestone.html |title= Mile Stone|website=allindiaradio.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525235547/http://allindiaradio.org/milestone.html |archive-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> India first experimented with private [[FM broadcast]]s in [[Goa]] and the large metropolitan areas of [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Chennai]]. These were followed by private stations in [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Lucknow]].

Until 1993, [[All India Radio]], a government undertaking, was the only radio broadcaster in India. The government then decided to privatise the radio broadcasting sector.{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}} It sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in [[Indore]], Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, [[Vizag]], and Goa to private operators, who developed their own program content. [[The Times Group]] operated its brand, Times FM, till June 1998. After that, the Indian Government decided not to renew contracts given to private operators. Instead, in 2000, the Indian Government announced the auction of 108 FM frequencies across India, opening up the FM broadcasting industry to private competition.

[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Bangalore, started on 3 July 2001, is India's first private FM radio station.<ref name="SAGE">{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Biswarup|date=26 August 2014|title=A new kind of radio: FM broadcasting in India|journal=Media, Culture & Society|language=en|volume=36|issue=8|pages=1084–1099|doi=10.1177/0163443714544998|s2cid=143785018}}</ref> It launched with presenters such as Vera, Rohit Barker, Seetal Iyer, Jonzie Kurian, Geeta Modgil, Suresh Venkat, and Chaitanya Hegde and Priya Ganapathy on the weekends.<ref>[[Radio City (Indian radio station)]]</ref> [[The Times Group]] rebranded its radio operations, establishing the [[Radio Mirchi]] brand. The first [[Radio Mirchi]] station began broadcasting on October 4, 2001 in [[Indore]].

Indian policy states that the broadcasters are assessed a one-time entry fee (OTEF), for a license period of 10 years. Under the Indian accounting system, this amount is amortised over the 10-year period at 10% per annum. The annual license fee for private broadcasters is either 4% of revenue share or 10% of [[Reservation price|reserve price]], whichever is higher.

India's earlier attempts to privatise its FM channels ran into rough weather when private players bid heavily and most could not meet their commitments to pay the government the amounts they owed.{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}}

== Content ==
Nationally, many of the current FM broadcasters, including the [[Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[Mid-Day]], and [[BBC]] are established media institutions in India and are making a strong pitch for news on FM, which is currently limited to nationalized stations only. Private FM stations are allowed to rebroadcast news from All India Radio, as long as they do so without any changes or additions.<ref>{{cite web | title = Control freakery | publisher = The Indian Express | date = Oct 19, 2013 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/control-freakery/1184364/ | access-date = Oct 19, 2013 }}</ref> The Supreme Court of India on 17 October 2013 issued a [[public interest litigation]] to the central government requesting that the rules should be changed to allow FM stations to broadcast news reports.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Why not let private radio stations air news?
|publisher = Hindustan Times
|date = October 17, 2013
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi/Why-not-let-private-radio-stations-air-news/Article1-1136570.aspx
|access-date = 19 October 2013
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131022070239/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Why-not-let-private-radio-stations-air-news/Article1-1136570.aspx
|archive-date = 22 October 2013
}}</ref>

== Radio stations by location ==
{{update section|date=December 2018}}
{{see also|List of FM radio stations in India}}

===National Capital Region===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Frequency
!Language
|-
|Radio Jamia (''see [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]'')
|'''90.4 MHz'''
|Multilingual
|-
|[[RADIO 7]]
|90.4 MHZ
|Hindi
|-
|[[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] Community Radio
|90.4 MHz
|Multilingual
|-
|Radio SD 90.8
|90.8 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]
|91.1 MHz
|Multilingual
|-
|[[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]]
|92.7 MHz
|Multilingual
|-
|[[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]]
|93.5 MHz
|Multilingual
|-
|[[MY Fm]]
|94.3 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[Radio One (India)|Radio One]]
|94.3 MHz
|Hindi English
|-
|Hit95 FM
|95.0 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|Apna Radio (''[[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]'')
|96.9 MHz
|Multilingual
|-
|[[Radio Mirchi]]
|98.3 MHz
|Multilingual
|-
|[[AIR FM Gold]]
|100.1 MHz
|Multilingual
|-
|[[FM Rainbow Lucknow]]
|100.7 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[All India Radio JAIPUR]]
|101.2 MHZ
|Hindi
|-
|Amit Bharti
|101.6 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[AIR FM Rainbow]]
|102.6 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[AIR AlWAR]]
|103.1 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[Fever 104 FM|Fever 104]]
|104.0 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|104.8 Ishq
|104.8 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[Gyan Vani]]
|105.6 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|[[AIR FM Gold|Vividh Bharti]] (''[[All India Radio]]'')
|105.4 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|Radio Nasha
|107.2 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|Sawai Madhopur FM
|101.5 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|Noida FM
|107.4 MHz
|Hindi
|-
|Gurgaon Ki Awaz
|107.8 MHz
|Hindi
|}
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://trace.bharatiyamobile.com/mobile-fm-radio-stations.php?location= |title=FM Radio Stations in |website=trace.bharatiyamobile.com |access-date=2016-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/delhi-radio.htm |title=Delhi Radio Stations on FM, mediumwave and shortwave |website=www.asiawaves.net |access-date=2016-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://onlineradiofm.org/ |title=Listen FM Radio Stations Online - Radio Mirchi, DevotionalFM Stations|website=www.onlineradiofm.org }}</ref>

===Kolkata, West Bengal===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Community radio|Radio]] [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute|SRFTI]] (90.4 MHz, Available within a 10 Km radius of the film institute)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communityvoices.in/directory/community-media-profile/1409/|title=Community Media: SRFTI 90.4 F.M., Kolkata, West Bengal | profile by CommunityVoices.in}}</ref>
*[[Community radio|Radio]] [[Jadavpur University|JU]] (90.8 MHz, Available within a 5 km radius of the University, from 11:00 AM to 7:30 PM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/radioju.php|title = Welcome to Jadavpur University website}}</ref>
*[[Community radio|Y FM]] NSHM (91.2 MHz, Available within a 10 km radius of the institute, from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nshm.com/fm-nshm-community-radio/|title = Home}}</ref>
*[[Friends FM]] (91.9 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] (92.7 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Radio Nasha]] (94.3 MHz, formerly Radio One) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[AIR FM Gold]] (100.1 MHz)
*[[Akashwani Kolkata]] (100.3 MHz) (Bengali)
*[[Vividh Bharati|AIR FM Vividh Bharati]] (101.8 MHz)
*[[Fever 104 FM]] (104 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Ishq FM]] (104.8 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[AIR FM Rainbow]] (107 MHz)
{{div col end}}

===Asansol, West Bengal===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] (92.7 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Radio Mirchi]] (95.0 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)

===Siliguri, West Bengal===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Radio Misty 94.3|Radio Misty]] (94.3 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
*[[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
{{div col end}}

===Bolpur Santiniketan, West Bengal===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Akashwani Santiniketan]] (103.1 MHz) (Bengali, Hindi)
{{div col end}}

===Suri, West Bengal===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Community Radio|Gitanjali Radio]] (90.4 MHz Cultural radio station opened in 2024) (Bengali)
{{div col end}}

=== Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[IIT Kanpur]] Radio (90.4 MHz)
*[[Waqt Ki Awaz]] (91.2 MHz)
*[[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] (92.7&nb{{div col end}}sp;MHz)
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz)
*[[Fever 104 FM]] (95.0 MHz)
*[[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz)
*[[AIR FM Rainbow]] (102.2 MHz)
*[[Vividh Bharati]] (103.7 MHz)
*[[Mirchi Love]] (91.9 MHz)
*[[News Channel English]] (105.6 MHz)
*[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] (104.8 MHz)
*[[Gyan Vani]] (106.4 MHz)
*[[AIR FM Gold]] (736 MW)
{{div col end}}

=== Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[All India Radio|AIR Ayodhya]] Radio (101.4 MHz)
*[[Ayodhya|Awadhi Radio]] (98.2 MHz)
*[[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] (92.7 MHz)
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz)
*[[Fever 104 FM]] (95.0 MHz)
*[[All India Radio|Radio Ayodhya]] (102.9 MHz)
*[[Vividh Bharati]] (103.7 MHz)
*[[Air|Awadh University Radio]] (96.9 MHz)
*[[Ayodhya|NAG FM]] (106.4 MHz)
{{div col end}}

=== Rajasthan ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1 MHz)
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz)
*[https://myfmindia.com/] (94.3 MHz)
*[[Tadka]] (95.0 MHz)
*[[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz)
*[[Radio Selfie]] (90.8 MHz)
*[[All India Radio]] (100.3 MHz)
*[[All India Radio(Jaipur)]] (101.2 MHz)
*[[Mirchi Love]] (104.0 MHz)
*[[89.6 FM Sikar]] (89.6 MHz)
{{div col end}}

=== Ahmedabad, Gujarat ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Radio Mirchi]] - 98.3 FM (Times Group)
*[[My FM]] - 94.3 FM [[D B Corp Ltd.]]
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] - 93.5 FM (Sun Group
*[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] - 91.1 FM (Music Broadcast Limited)
* [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] - 95.0 FM (Only Bollywood Retro Station of Ahmedabad)
*AIR Vividh Bharati - 96.7 FM (All India Radio)
*Micavaani - 90.4 FM (Mudra Institute of Communications)
*AIR Gyan Vaani - 105.4 FM (All India Radio)
*Mirchi Love - 104 FM (Times Group)
*All India radio - 100.1 FM
*Radio Nazariya - 107.8 FM (Drishti)
{{div col end}}
*[[Big Fm]] - 92.7

===Hyderabad===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Frequency (MHz)
!Language
|-
|[[Bol 90.4 FM]]
|90.4
|Multilingual
|-
|[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]
|91.1
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|[[Big 92.7 FM]]
|92.7
|Telugu/Hindi
|-
|[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]]
|93.5
|Telugu
|-
|[[Fever 104 FM|Fever Fm]]
|94.3
|Hindi
|-
|[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi 95]]
|95
|Hindi
|-
|[[Radio Mirchi]]
|98.3
|Telugu
|-
|[[All India Radio]] (AIR / AIR / Twin Cities FM Rainbow)
|101.9
|Telugu
|-
|All India Radio (AIR / AIR / Vvd Bharti)
|102.8
|Hindi
|-
|[[Kool 104]]
|104
|English
|-
|Gyan Vani
|105.6
|Hindi
|-
|Magic Fm
|106.4
|Telugu
|-
|Radio Charminar
|107.8
|Telugu/Hindi
|-
|Deccan Radio
|107.8
|Hindi
|}

===Mumbai, Maharashtra===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Bansal FM]] 95.5
*[[Vividh Bharati]]
*[[Jago Mumbai]] 90.8
*[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] 91.1 FM
*[[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] 92.7
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 93.5
*[[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] 94.3 (Only English Radio station of Mumbai)
*[[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM
*[[Radio Dhamaal]] 106.4
*[[AIR FM Gold]] 100.7
*[[RAINBOW FM]] 102.2
*[[Fever 104 FM]] 104.0
*[[Oye 104.8]] 104.8
*[[AIR FM Rainbow]] 107.1
*[[Mumbai One]]
*[[Magic FM (India)|Magic FM]] 106.4
*[[Gyan Vani]]
*[[Radio MUST]]
*[[Radio Nasha]] 91.9
{{div col end}}

===Bengaluru, Karnataka===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Radio City (India radio station)|Radio City]] 91.1 FM - [[Kannada]]
*[[Indigo 91.9 FM]] FM - (English, Devotional)
*[[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big]] 92.7 FM - [[Kannada]]
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 93.5 FM - [[Hindi]]
*[[Radio One (India)|Radio ONE]] FM 94.3 - [[English language|English]]
*[[Radio Mirchi]] 95 FM - [[Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Tune-into-Radio-Mirchi-95-FM-for-the-latest-Bollywood-music/articleshow/52115907.cms|title = Tune into Radio Mirchi 95 FM for the latest Bollywood music | Bengaluru News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
*[[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM Kannada
*[[Ragam]] 100.1 FM (Classical)
*[[FM Rainbow]] 101.3 FM (Kannada, Hindi, English)
*[[Vividh Bharti]] 102.9 FM (Kannada, Hindi)
*[[Fever FM]] 104 FM (Hindi)
*[[Radio Active (India)|Radio Active]] Community Radio 106.4 FM (Kannada, English, Hindi)
{{div col end}}

===Chennai, Tamil Nadu===

Source:<ref name=":0" />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*AIR FM - RAINBOW 101.4 Multilingual
*AIR FM - GOLD 102.3 Tamil
*Chennai Live 104.8 FM ENGLISH
*Hello FM (106.4), Tamil
*[[Suryan FM |Suryan FM 93.5]], Tamil
*[[Fever 104 FM|Fever FM 91.9]], Tamil
*[[BIG FM 92.7]], Tamil
*[[Radio City (Indian Radio Station)|Radio City FM 91.1]], Tamil
*[[Radio Mirchi |Radio Mirchi FM 98.3]], Tamil
*Radio one 94.3, Tamil
*Anna FM 90.4 Tamil
{{div col end}}

===Kerala state===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Radio Mattoli FM 90.4, [[Wayanad]]
*[[Radio DC]] FM 90.4, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
*Radio Macfast FM 90.4, [[Thiruvalla]]
*AIR Real FM 103.6 in [[Kozhikode]]
*Radio Mirchi 104.00 in [[Kochi]]
*[[Radio Mango 91.9]], in [[Kochi]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kozhikode]] & [[Kannur]] & 92.7 in [[Alappuzha]]
*[[Red FM 93.5]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]] & [[Kannur]] & Red FM 95 in [[Thrissur]]
*[[Club FM 94.3]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]] & [[Kannur]] & Club FM 104.8 in [[Alappuzha]], [[Thrissur]] & [[Kozhikode]]
*[[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]],
*[[BIG FM 92.7]] in Thiruvananthapuram
*AIR FM Rainbow 107.5 in [[Kochi]]
*AIR Ananthapuri FM 101.9 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]],
*AIR Thiruvananthapuram 106.5
*AIR Thrissur 101.1
*AIR Kochi FM 102.3
*AIR Kannur 101.5
*AIR Devikulam 101.4
*[[AIR Manjeri FM]] 102.7
*AIR Gyan Vani-Kochi 106.5
*Radio Media Village [[Changanacherry]] FM 90.8
*[[Global Radio 91.2 FM]] [[Alappuzha]]
*[[Radio Neythal 107.8 FM]] [[Alappuzha]]
{{div col end}}

== Market view, Jaipur ==
Traditionally, radio accounts for 7% to 8% of advertiser expenditures around the world. In India, it is less than 2% at present.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}

The ministry of broadcasting in India is setting up more (86) FM Radio to all parts of India by March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/air/160328-86-new-air-stations-come-march-2017 | title=86 new AIR stations to come up by March 2017}}</ref>

List of FM Stations in Jaipur:
:1. 94.3 MY FM (Listenership; 18 lacs plus)
:2. 98.3 Radio Mirchi (Listenership; 12 lacs plus)
:3. 104 Mirchi Love (Listenership; 10 lacs plus)
:4. 93.5 Red FM (Listenership; 8.6 lacs plus)
:5. 91.1 Radio City (Listenership; 6 lacs plus)
:6. 95 Tadka (Listenership; 1.4 lacs plus)

== Current allocation process ==
In FM Phase II — the latest round of the long-delayed opening up of private FM in India — some 338 frequencies were offered of which about 237 were sold.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Audio broadcasting}}

[[Category:Lists of radio stations in India]]

T. S. Chockalingam

2026-01-08T05:09:08Z

AliciaPaschall: Stub - done

{{Short description|Renowned Indian journalist, writer, and freedom fighter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|05|03|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1966|01|06|1899|05|03|df=yes}}
}}

'''T. S. Chockalingam''' (3 May 1899 – 6 January 1966) was a pioneering Tamil journalist,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |date=2001-04-03 |title=AN Sivaraman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/apr/03/guardianobituaries |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> writer, and advocate of Indian independence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=விக் கி ர மன் |first=கலை மா மணி |date=2010-11-28 |title=தென்காசிச் சிங்கம்' டி.எஸ். சொக்கலிங்கம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2010/Nov/28/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-274939.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> During the [[Indian independence movement|pre-Independence period]], his editorship of [[Dinamani]] accorded him the reputation as the dominant Tamil-language journalist of the 1930s and 1940s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chettiar |first=SM. L. Lakshmanan |date=April 1955 |title=A Brief Survey of the Tamil Press |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM8luQy.TVA_BOK_0006370/page/158/mode/2up |journal=Tamil Culture: Journal of the Academy of Tamil Culture |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=158–168 |via=Archive.org}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chockalingam was born in [[Tenkasi]], [[Tirunelveli district]], to Sankaralingam Pillai and Lakshmiyammal.<ref name=":1" /> He had three brothers and two sisters. His family owned a prominent general store named ''Madathukadai''.<ref name=":1" /> After his father died, his brother Chidambaram Pillai managed the business. However, Chidambaram's arrest in the Ash Murder Case led Chockalingam to take over the store, which disrupted his education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> His sister, Sornathammal, was married to [[P. Chockalingam|P. Chockalingam of Ambasamudram]], a prominent freedom fighter and communist..

== Career in journalism ==
He started at the ''Tamil Nadu'' magazine under [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]].<ref name=":1" /> By 1931, Chockalingam had launched the pioneering quarter ''[[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]]'' magazine, ''Gandhi''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=A. R. |date=4 September 2017 |title=Manikodi |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/manikodi |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> He later co-founded the ''[[Manikkodi]]'' magazine with V. Ramaswami Iyengar and [[Stalin Srinivasan]] in 1933.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Editor's Note|editor-first=Lakshmi|editor-last=Holmström |first=Lakshmi |last=Holmström |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-zkWwwt-tAC |title=Short Stories: Mauni, A Writer's Writer |date=1997 |publisher=Katha |isbn=978-81-87649-51-9 |page=14|language=en}}</ref>

Chockalingam became the first editor of the [[Dinamani|''Dinamani'' newspaper]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Chatterji |first=Mrinal |date=1 August 2019 |title=Tamil Journalism – Post-Independence and its progress |url=https://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-29-no-8/tamil-journalism-post-independence-and-its-progress/ |journal=Madras Musings |volume=XXIX |issue=8}}</ref> In his inaugural editorial, he encouraged every Tamilian to take pride in their identity and to proudly call themselves Indian when outside [[Tamil Nadu]]. His tenure saw the involvement of prominent writers such as A. N. Sivaraman, [[Pudhumaipithan]], [[C. S. Chellappa]], and [[Ku. Alagirisami]] as assistant editors. He resigned from ''Dinamani'' in 1943 along with several colleagues.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 1944, Chockalingam launched the daily newspaper ''Dinasari''.<ref name=":2" /> Despite its challenges, he continued his journalistic pursuits by founding other publications, including ''Janayugam'', ''Bharatham'', and ''Navasakthi''.<ref name=":1" /> In 1988, the [[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]] described Chockalingam as one of the most important nationalist journalists in Tamil.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2 |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |page=1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC |language=en |chapter=Journalism, Literary-Tamil}}</ref>

== Congress politics ==
In [[1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election|1937]], Chockalingam was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislature|Legislative Assembly]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], representing Tenkasi constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhanasekaran |first=Pon |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZU0k0Yy#book1/ |title=டி.எஸ் . சொக்கலிங்கம் |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-260-2099-7 |series= |location=New Delhi |pages=13 |language=TA |trans-title=T S Chockalingam |via=Tamil Digital Library}}</ref>

== Contributions to Tamil literature ==
Chockalingam introduced Pudhumaipithan, a pivotal Tamil writer. He provided Pudhumaipithan with opportunities across various publications he was involved with, including ''Dinamani'', ''Manikkodi'', and ''Dinasari''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vēṅkaṭācalapati |first=Ā Irā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk-KZmcUEvAC |title=In Those Days There was No Coffee: Writings in Cultural History |date=2006 |publisher=Yoda Press |isbn=978-81-902272-7-8 |language=en}}</ref> It is said that the translation of "''[[War and Peace]]''" by T.S.Chokkalingam has played a major role in forming the modern prose in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=A |first=Srinivas |title=Evolution and changing contours of Translation Studies in Tamil Literature |url=https://www.technoarete.org/common_abstract/pdf/IJSEM/v5/i4/Ext_53768.pdf |journal=International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=636–638 |issn=2456-1304}}</ref>

=== Biographies ===

* Jawaharlal Nehru<ref name=":1" />
* ''Vangam Thantha Singam'' on Subhas Chandra Bose<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vallikannan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjv9EAAAQBAJ |title=Tamil Prose after Bharathi |date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05129-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* Kamaraj<ref name=":1" />

=== Short stories ===

* Alli Vijayam<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Chockalingam died on 6 January 1966.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chockalingam, T.S.}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil journalists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]

Kondapalli (disambiguation)

2025-12-23T18:37:26Z

AliciaPaschall: Made The Post Basic Info

'''[[Kondapalli]]''' is a suburb of Vijayawada, in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

'''Kondapalli''' may refer to:

*[[Kondapalle, East Godavari district]], a village in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Kondapalli Fort]], a fort in Kondapalli village of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Kondapally Toys]], popular toys made in Kondapalli village of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]] (1914—2002), Indian communist leader
*[[Kondapalli Raja]], a 1993 Telugu-language film

{{disambig}}

26th International Film Festival of India

2025-12-15T03:32:31Z

AliciaPaschall: put up new article!

{{Short description|Indian film festival in 1995}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number =26
| award =International Film Festival of India
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema
| award_org =
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| announced_date =
| presented_date =
| host =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffigoa.org/}}
| lifetime_achievement =
| best_feature =
| last = 25th
| next = 27th
}}
The '''26th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held during 10-20 January 1995 at [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1994Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1994.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|date=April 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403135953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1994Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1994.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chinnarayana |first=Pulagam |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Siva?sort=3&page=1 |title=A natural frustration in the history of celluloid |language=Telugu |date=August 2007 |work=[[Telugu Naadi (magazine)|Telugu Naadi]] |location=[[United States]] |issn=1559-7008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531122221/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Siva?sort=3&page=1 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016 |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=130480|title=26th International film festival of India, 1995|via=pib}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDPYmG1fDDs|title=1995 - 26th International Film Festival Of India|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19950131-iffi-95-cliched-themes-of-poverty-and-tragedy-leave-indian-cinema-stagnant-and-tired-808306-1995-01-30|title=IFFI '95: Cliched themes of poverty and tragedy leave Indian cinema stagnant and tired|website=India Today}}</ref>

The festival was made interim non-competitive following a decision taken in August 1988 by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231211420/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/var.1995.11.2.51|title=Bombay: The 26th International Film Festival of India: January 10–20, 1995|first=Nicholas B.|last=Dirks|date=September 27, 1995|journal=Visual Anthropology Review|volume=11|issue=2|pages=51–53|doi=10.1525/var.1995.11.2.51|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Non-Competitive Sections==
*Cinema of The World
*Indian Panorama - Feature Films
*Indian Panorama - Non-Feature Films
*Indian Panorama - Mainstream Films

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1995 film festivals]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|26th]]
[[Category:1995 in Indian cinema]]

Govt. Post Graduate College, Hisar

2025-12-10T16:20:04Z

AliciaPaschall: Added Stub.

{{Short description|College in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Post Graduate College, Hisar
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1950
| closed =
| type = [[Public universities|Public]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|29.1474|75.7194|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|40|acre}}
| former_names =
| colours =
| other_name = Govt PG College, Hisar
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]]
| website = {{website|https://www.gchisar.com}}
| logo =
}}

'''Guru Gorakhnath Government Post Graduate College, Hisar''' is a [[Public university|public funded]] college located in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]] for fodder research and training.<ref name=IP1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/day-long-bazaar-held-at-govt-college-in-hisar/ Day-long bazaar held at govt college in Hisar], The Tribune, 28 Sept 2025.</ref>

==Etymology==

The college is named after the [[Gorakhnath]], who lived between 11th to 12th<ref>{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=G.W. |year=1938 |title=Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogis |edition=6th |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120805644}} (2009 Reprint), p=249.</ref> or even 14th<ref>{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=G.W. |year=1938 |title=Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogis |edition=6th |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120805644}} (2009 Reprint), pp=228–230.</ref> century CE.

==Location==
It lies on Hisar- rajgarh road to the east of the college. To the north is [[Mahabir Stadium]].

== History ==
In 1950, the college was established at a rented building on the Railway road shared by the ''Punjab Veterinary College'' which was later moved to the [[Government Livestock Farm, Hisar]] in 1961 and eventually became part of the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]] later and is currently part of the [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]] (LUVAS). In 1976, the govt college moved to its current 49-acre site located on Rajgarh road, where the newly constructed 5 blocks buildings cost INR 5,000,000 at that time.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.127-128| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987| access-date=2 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date=1 May 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1977–78, the college had 1,624 students (1,404 boys and 220 girls).<ref name=gaz1/> In 2007–08, the college had 3,395 students and 125 faculty members with a ''teacher student ratio'' of 1:27.

== Details ==
The college offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses in arts, science, commerce, business, computer and electronics.<ref name=IP1/>

==Pranpir Badshah Tomb==
{{main|Pranpir Badshah tomb}}
In the college campus, there lies the 12th century [[Pranpir Badshah tomb]] immediate-east of the Panchayat bhawan.

== See also ==
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gchisar.com}}
* [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/place/Govt+Post+Graduate+College+Hisar/@29.147476,75.719404,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x11e7b048674639be?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4vfePka3MAhUCUI4KHTVZAkwQ_BIIgAEwCg Google map]

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)]]

Department of Environment and Forests

2025-12-03T12:01:41Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Department of Environment and Forests (Tamil Nadu)
|nativename =
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =TamilNadu Logo.svg
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed ={{start date and years ago|1995|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|headquarters = [[Chennai]]
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name =[[M. Mathiventhan]]
|minister1_pfo = Minister of Forests Department
|minister2_name = [[Meyyanathan Siva V|Siva. V. Meyyanathan]]
|minister2_pfo = Minister of Environment department
|chief1_name = Dr.P.Senthil Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|chief1_position = Principal Secretary to Government
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/8 Environment and Forests Department]
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Environment and Forests''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The department was created in 1995 and is responsible for environmental management and forests in the state.

== Forests ==
[[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] is the nodal agency responsible for the protection and management of forests in the state.<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/8|title=Environment and Forests department|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Forests occupy an area of {{convert|22,643|km2|abbr=on}} constituting 17.4% of the geographic area.<ref name="TNAU">{{cite web|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forest_wildlife_resources_index.html|title=Forest Wildlife resources|access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> The state has varies forest [[ecosystem]]s with the [[Western Ghats]] being one of the eight hottest [[biodiversity hotspot]]s in the world and a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple=1&unique_number=1921|title=Western Ghats|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/South-Western-Ghats-Montane-Rainforest.pdf|title=South Western Ghats montane rain forests|publisher=Ecological Restoration Alliance|access-date=15 April 2006}}</ref> There are about 2,000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu and more than 5900 species of plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnenvis.nic.in/tnenvis_old/forest.htm|title=Forests of Tamil Nadu|publisher=ENVIS|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

The department is also responsible for the management of wildlife protection areas.<ref name="Gov1">{{cite web|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/forests_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Forests department policy note 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Protected areas cover an area of {{convert|3305|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the {{convert|22643|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} recorded forest area of the state.<ref name="TNAU"/> Important ecological regions of Tamil Nadu are the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] in the [[Nilgiri Hills]], the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] in the [[Agastya Mala]]-[[Cardamom Hills]] and [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]] coral reefs.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf|title=Biosphere Reserves in India|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|date=2019|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> The state has five [[National parks of India|National Parks]], 18 [[Protected areas of India#Wildlife sanctuaries|wildlife sanctuaries]], five elephant sanctuaries as per [[Project Elephant]], five [[tiger reserves of India|tiger reserves]] as per [[Project Tiger]] and seventeen bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panwar|first=H. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110|title=Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future|publisher=Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.|pages=110–117|year=1987|isbn=978-0-8155-1133-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mysore/Project_elephant_status_for_Bhadra_sanctuary/articleshow/4066438.cms|title=Project Elephant Status|date=2 February 2009|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|title=Bio-Diversity and Wild Life in Tamil Nadu|url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx|publisher=ENVIS|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> There is one conservation reserve, two [[List of protected areas in India#Zoos|zoos]] recognised by the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] and five [[crocodile farm]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guindy Children's Park upgraded to medium zoo|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/28/guindy-childrens-park-upgraded-to-medium-zoo-2481397.html|date=28 July 2022|access-date=31 October 2022|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The department also manages the Government Rubber Corporation, Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation Limited (TAFCORN), Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation (TANTEA) and Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Conservation And Greening Society (TNBCGS).<ref name="Gov1"/>

== Environment ==
The Environment department is responsible for [[pollution control]] across various ecosystems through the [[Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board]].<ref name="Gov2">{{cite web|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/ecc_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Environment department policy note 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The department formulates policies to mitigate the impact of pollution in water bodies, control of air and noise pollution, [[climate change adaptation]] and coastal regulation.<ref name="Gov2"/>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]
* [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)]]
* [[Department of Environment (Kerala)]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra|Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK)]] Forest Science Centres

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/8 Official website of the Tamil Nadu Forests and Environment Department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State forest departments of India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Subnational environment ministries|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Environment of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Be Dune Teen

2025-12-03T04:39:10Z

AliciaPaschall: put up new entry

{{Short description|Marathi-language dramedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Be Dune Teen.jpeg
| native_name = बे दुणे तीन
| genre = Family drama, comedy
| creator = Atharva Soundankar Himanshu Pile
| writer = Akshay Smita Shrinivas
| screenplay = Atharva Soundankar Himanshu Pile
| director = Atharva Soundankar Himanshu Pile
| starring = Kshitish Date Shivani Rangole Pushkaraj Chirputkar Deeksha Ketkar Virajas Kulkarni Shubhankar Ekbote
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 1
| producer = Trupti Basutkar Vaibhav Kesarkar
| cinematography = Piyush Mahajan
| editor = Himanshu Pile
| company = Vrushank Productions
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = 
}}

'''Be Dune Teen''' (Marathi: '''बे दुणे तीन''') is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language family [[Comedy drama|dramedy]] streaming television series which is directed by Atharva Soundankar and Himanshu Pile and produced by Vrushank Productions. It stars Kshitish Date and Shivani Rangole as Abhay and Neha, a young married couple whose relationship is reshaped when they learn they are expecting triplets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news18marathi.com/entertainment/be-dune-teen-trailer-web-series-release-on-5th-december-in-zee-5-ott-kshitish-date-shivani-rangoli-1540498.html|title=Be Dune Teen : पोटात 3 बाळं अन् हिरोईन होते गायब, शिवानी रांगोळेची धम्माल सीरिज, या दिवशी येतेय OTT वर|date=30 November 2025|website=News 18 Marathi|last=Gurav|first=Minal}}</ref> [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]], Deeksha Ketkar, Virajas Kulkarni and Shubhankar Ekbote appear in supporting roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Be Dune Teen OTT release date: Here's when and where you can stream Marathi dramedy series|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/be-dune-teen-ott-release-date-when-where-stream-marathi-dramedy-series/3ff27cad1e210|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en|last=Vasudevan|first=Aishwarya}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series follows Abhay and Neha, a married couple whose lives change after they learn during a medical visit that they are expecting triplets. The narrative moves between different points in time, depicting the pressures that arise in their relationship as they navigate financial strain, work-related challenges, shifting responsibilities, and frequent disagreements. A parallel thread shows Abhay being questioned by the police when Neha goes missing, with the storyline gradually revealing the circumstances that led to that moment. As the couple confronts misunderstandings and the demands of impending parenthood, the series traces how these events affect their relationship and the eventual arrival of their children.

== Cast and characters ==

* Kshitish Date
* Shivani Rangole
* [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]]
* Shubhankar Ekbote
* Deeksha Ketkar
* Suraj Parasnis
* Virajas Kulkarni

== Production ==
''Be Dune Teen'' is produced by Vrushank Productions for ZEE5's Marathi-language slate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बे दुणे तीन या मराठी ओरिजिनल मालिकेचा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित,अभय-नेहाच्या आयुष्याचा गोड-तिखट प्रवास|url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/trailer-of-marathi-original-series-be-dune-teen-released-1063597.html|website=Navarashtra|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-12-02|language=mr|first=अमृता|last=यादव}}</ref> The series is directed by Atharva Soundankar and Himanshu Pile, who work jointly on the episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=शिवानी रांगोळे-क्षितिश दातेच्या नव्या सीरिजचा ट्रेलर प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला, नाव आहे फारच खास, कुठे पाहता येणार? वाचा...|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ott/new-marathi-series-be-dune-teen-zee5-shivani-rangole-kshitish-date-hrc-97-5533910/|website=Loksatta|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-12-02|language=mr}}</ref> It was developed as a family drama centred on the experiences of a couple preparing for the birth of triplets and uses a multi-timeline format to present events from different stages of their lives.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The series is scheduled to premiere on 5 December 2025 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Be Dune Teen’ trailer explores the highs and lows of partnership and parenting|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/be-dune-teen-trailer-explores-the-highs-and-lows-of-partnership-and-parenting-1026143|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=2025-11-25|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OTT Release: घरबसल्या ओटीटीवर काही तरी नवीन पाहायला विचार करताय? या आठवड्यात रिलीज होतायत या हटके वेब सीरिज|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ott-release-this-week-be-dune-teen-web-series-elvish-yadav-aukat-se-bahar-and-other/articleshow/125669676.cms|website=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2025-12-02|language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=38999951}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/be-dune-teen/0-6-4z5862340 ''Be Dune Teen''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]

Communist movements in India

2025-11-25T05:46:52Z

AliciaPaschall: Made The Entry & Citations.

{{short description|none}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2023}}
{{Communism in India|all}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
'''Communist movements in India''' refers to the various social and political movements led by [[communist]]s in India. [[Communism in India]] has existed since the 1920s. Some of the major events are listed below.

==Indian independence movement==
{{Main article|Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement}}

==Peasant movements==
{{Further|All India Kisan Sabha}}
Communists were actively involved in various movements from the 1920s. The [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (AIKS) was founded in 1936, which predominantly became active in India. By 1942, AIKS and communists dominated the peasant movement in the country. The members of AIKS or [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]] were mostly communists. This created a political and social base for communists among the peasant section of India. [[Sahajanand Saraswati]], [[Karyanand Sharma]], [[Bhogendra Jha]] were most notable leaders of the movements.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142005 | jstor=44142005 | title=Peasant Movements and Emergence of Left Politics in Bihar (1920—1945) | last1=Pandey | first1=S. N. | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year=1979 | volume=40 | pages=642–652 }}</ref> Afterwards Bakasht movement (1946-1952), Madhubani movement, Darbhanga movement <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145534 | jstor=44145534 | title=Peasant Movement and Communist Mobilization in Bihar: A Case Study of Darbhanga (1950-70) | last1=Chaudhry | first1=Vandhana | last2=Chaudhry | first2=Vandana | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year=2003 | volume=64 | pages=1074–1082 }}</ref>

===Telangana armed struggle (1946-51)===
{{Main article|Telangana Rebellion}}
[[File:Armed_peasants_-_Telangana_armed_struggle.jpg|thumb|The [[Telangana armed struggle]] (1946–1951) was a peasant rebellion by communists against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad. ]]During the 1920s and the early 1930s the Communist Party existed but was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. A Communist Group was founded in [[Tashkent]] on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the [[Communist International]] by [[M.N. Roy]]. Roy made contacts with [[Anushilan]] and [[Jugantar]] groups in [[Bengal]]. Small communist groups were formed in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] (led by [[S.A. Dange]]), [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (led by [[Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar|Singaravelu Chettiar]]), [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] (led by [[Shaukat Usmani]]), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Sindh]] (led by [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah|Ghulam Hussain]]) and [[Bengal]] (led by [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]]).<ref>M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 89</ref>

===Tebhaga Movement (1946-1950)===
{{Main article|Tebhaga movement}}
During 1946, sharecroppers had contracted to give half of their harvest to the landlords. Soon sharecroppers began to assert that they would pay only one-third and that before division the crop would stay in their [[godown]]s and not that of the [[Jotedar]]s. In September 1946 Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha decided to launch the Tebhaga movement. The peasant movement led by [[Communist Party of India]] broke out in [[Kakdwip]], [[Sonarpur]], [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] and [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]. In many areas the agitations turned violent, and landlords fled, leaving parts of the countryside in the hands of Kisan Sabha. The movement resulted in clashes between Jotedars and [[Bargadar]]s (sharecroppers). "Tebhaga" meantime one third portion of the whole.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asok Majumdar|title=The Tebhaga Movement : Politics of Peasant Protest in Bengal 1946-1950|date=2011|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-9350021590|page=13}}</ref> The prominent leaders of the movement were: [[Kansari Halder]], Ganesh Das, [[Ashok Bose]] and Rash Behari Ghosh. Peasant leaders like Gajen Malik, Manik Hazra, Jatin Maity, Bijoy Mondal and others rose to prominence. The movement continued till 1950, when the Bargadari Act was enacted. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Farmer's movements in Rajasthan===
Communists or more precisely [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] has done multiple subsequent peasant and farmer's movements in Rajasthan. In 2000, the Kisan Sabha led by communists laid siege to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] and demanded an increase in the number of hours they were supplied with power each day. In 2004, the CPI(M) again started a movement in Shri Gangangar district bordering the Shekhawati region, against the reduction in their water allowance from the Indira Gandhi Canal. This resulted death of four farmers as [[Rajasthan Police]] opened fire on the agitating farmers. The government had to agree to increase the water allowance. In 2005, CPI(M) again agitated against to a hike in electricity tariffs, by conducting sit-in in state capital, [[Jaipur]] which subsequently resulted decreasing the tariffs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/851229/sikar-farmer-agitation-how-the-cpi-m-created-a-red-island-in-rajasthan | title=Sikar farmer agitation: How the CPI(M) created a 'red island' in Rajasthan }}</ref>
[[File:Sikar-Kisan-Andolan (Sikar Farmer Movement).jpg|alt=Sikar Kisan Andolan 2017 (Sikar Farmer Movement 2017)|thumb|Sikar Kisan Andolan 2017]]
A large farmer's movement started in Rajasthan on 1 September 2017 to promote farmer's loan waivers, minimum support price and other demands under the leadership of [[All India Kisan Sabha (Ashoka Road)|Akhil Bhartiya Kishan Sabha (AIKS)]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170925/jsp/nation/story_174909.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014210/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170925/jsp/nation/story_174909.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2017|title=Cattle and cash curbs stoke farm revolt - Joined by DJs, farmers force Rajasthan to waive loans and commit on minimum support price|date=24 September 2017|work=The Telegraph (India)|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Kisan Sabha, President, Amra Ram, Former MLA Pema Ram, Hetram Benwal, Pawan Duggal, Mangal Singh Yadav, Bhagirath Netar, Sagar Mal Khachariya and others were leading the movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/is-rajasthans-sikar-become-the-new-mandsaur-1104867.html|title=किसान आंदोलन: कहीं सीकर तो नहीं बन रहा दूसरा मंदसौर!|date=10 September 2017|work=News 18|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> [[Sikar]] was the center of movement, so it is known as "Sikar Kisan Andolan".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/video/show/prime-time/prime-time-with-ravish-kumar-on-farmer-issue-467536|title=प्राइम टाइम: राजस्थान के सीकर से किसान आंदोलन|date=12 September 2017|work=NDTV India|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Thousands of farmers gathered in Sikar ''Mandhi'' on 1 September, and said their ''Padav'' would continue until demands were accepted. ''Kishan Padav'' ''([[Hindi]]: किसान पड़ाव)'' continued in Sikar and Other Districts including Bikaner, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu, Churu, Hanumangarh, Shri Ganganagar, Alwar till 10 September.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/sikar-news/today-jam-in-rajasthan-after-sikar-1-1802331/|title=किसान आंदोलन : सीकर के बाद अब आज पूरे राजस्थान में देखने को मिल सकते हैं ऐसे नजारे, मीणा व बेनीवाल भी आए साथ|date=12 September 2017|work=Rajasthan Patrika|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> During this, government imposed [[Section 144]] and also blocked Internet services in Sikar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/rajasthan-sikar-farmers-protests-sector-144-imposed-internet-services-snapped-hi/301639|title=Rajasthan Sikar Farmers' Protests: Section 144 Imposed, Internet Services Snapped, Highways Blocked|date=13 September 2017|work=Öutlook|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> When the demands were not accepted, on 10 September, AIKS called a Statewide Indefinite Highway Strike. After beginning from Sikar, this movement spread throughout Rajasthan, it had a widespread impact in 14 districts.<ref name=":6" /> Meanwhile, Sikar and other cities were also kept under strike. Traders and many organizations supported the Farmer's Movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/farmers-call-for-bandh-in-sikar-today/articleshow/60400065.cms|title=Farmers observe Bandh in Sikar district|date=8 September 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sikar-farmers-get-traders-support/article19622814.ece|title=Sikar farmers get traders' support|date=5 September 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> On 11th day, on the call of the Kisan Sabha, the farmers blocked highways and all other major and minor roads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-farmers-agitation-sikar-andolan-jhujhunu-farmers-churu-1043971-2017-09-13|title=Rajasthan: Sikar farmers' agitation paralyses traffic on National Highway-52, at least six districts affected|date=13 September 2017|work=India Today|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/sikar-news/video-2-states-and-6-districts-affected-from-sikar-jam-1-1800139/|title=सीकर किसान आंदोलन : किसानों ने सडक़ों पर डाला महापड़ाव, 2 राज्य व 6 जिले प्रभावित|date=11 September 2017|work=Rajasthan Patrika|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Then the government invited the delegation of farmers for the talks on 11 September. After 2 days long talk government buckled on 13 September night and accepted the demand of farmers.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/government-farmers-call-truce-panel-to-work-out-waiver/articleshow/60508576.cms|title=Government, farmers call truce, panel to work out waiver|date=14 September 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> The movement was withdrawn after the demands were accepted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/rajasthan/sikar-farmers-call-off-13-day-agitation-after-rajasthan-govt-announces-debt-waiver-2042204.html|title=Sikar farmers call off 13-day agitation after Rajasthan govt announces debt waiver|date=14 September 2017|work=Zee News|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shekhawati-farmers-withdraw-agitation-on-loan-waiver-issue/article19681448.ece|title=Shekhawati farmers withdraw agitation on loan waiver issue|date=14 September 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-SIK-OMC-compromise-with-government-and-farmers-5694491-PHO.html|title=किसान आंदोलन: दिनभर सरकार के साथ बातचीत, चक्का जाम, आधी रात समझौता|date=14 September 2017|work=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

== Left movements in Manipur (1940-1951)==
At the jail, Irabot Singh met Indian communist leaders like [[Hemanga Biswas]] and Jyotirmoy Nandi. He was greatly influenced by them.<ref>[https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Article_Hijam_Irabot.How_Irawat_became_a_communist_1 How Irawat became a communist 1]. E-pao.net (30 September 2010). Retrieved on 2018-11-28.</ref>

Irabot was finally permitted to enter Manipur in March 1946. In Manipur he organised a new party called the Manipur Praja Mandal in April 1946. He attended two sessions of the [[Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha]] before he was expelled from the membership of the Working Committee of the Mahasabha on the charge of being a member of the Communist Party of India. He attended the second congress of the CPI held at Calcutta from 28 Feb to 6 March 1948.<ref>[https://www.e-pao.net/manipur/images/History/Souvenir_Hijam_Irabot_20100930.pdf Irabot Day Observation Delhi Special Edition]. e-pao.net (30 September 2010)</ref><ref>[https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Article_Hijam_Irabot.Profile_Hijam_Irabot_Souvenir Profile Hijam Irabot Souvenir]. E-pao.net. Retrieved on 28 November 2018.</ref>

Irabot could not attend the first meeting of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] held on 18 October 1948 because of the warrant against him. Irabot formed an underground [[Kangleipak Communist Party|Communist Party of Manipur]] on 29 October 1948 and carried out [[Insurgency in Manipur|armed struggle against the government]]. He died on 26 September 1951 at the foothills of the Anggo Hills.<ref>[https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Article_Hijam_Irabot.How_Irawat_became_a_communist_2 How Irawat became a communist 2]. E-pao.net. Retrieved on 28 November 2018.</ref>

==Participation in Goa Liberation movement (1954-1961)==
During [[Goa liberation movement#1953 onwards: intensification of Satyagraha movement|Satyagraha Movement in Goa]], [[Communist Party of India]] decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Countrywide lists of satyagrahis were prepared, who were then sent to Goa borders in a series of memorable satyagrahas, which has few parallels in the annuls of the history. Batches after batches defied the Portuguese police and military, entered the borders of Goa, raised Indian Tricolour, and were fired upon and lathi-charged brutally. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured.<ref name="newsclick.in">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|access-date=2021-07-24|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref name="50 Years of Goa Liberation">{{Cite web|title=50 Years of Goa Liberation|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|access-date=2021-07-24|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Communism in India]]

M. M. Alex

2025-10-08T23:09:33Z

AliciaPaschall: created new info - done

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Tone|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. M. M. Alex
| image = Dr. Alex attending a function at Citi Centre Chennai.JPG
| caption = Dr. Alex attending a function at Citi Centre Chennai
| birth_name = Mathew Mullasseril Alex<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Actor-M-M-Alex-Passes-Away/2015/06/24/article2883219.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028172357/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Actor-M-M-Alex-Passes-Away/2015/06/24/article2883219.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2015 |title=Actor M M Alex Passes Away |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=24 June 2015 |accessdate=24 December 2015}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1959|05|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|06|23|1959|05|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[CMS College Kottayam|CMS College, Kottayam]]|[[Michigan State University College of Human Medicine]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Human Life Scientist}}
| spouse = Anitha
| children = 2, including [[Pallikoodam Pogamale|Tejas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cinematic Thrill of Going Back to School |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/oct/31/the-cinematic-thrill-of-going-back-to-school-836764.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.drmmalex.com}}
}}

'''Mathew Mullasseril Alex ('''25 May 1959 – 23 June 2015), popularly known as '''Dr. M. M. Alex ''', was an Indian actor and alternative medicine researcher. He was known for starring in blockbuster Malayalam films, ''[[Rajavinte Makan]]'' (1986) and ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'' (1987)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/flash_back/555622/|title=തൂവാനത്തുമ്പികൾ കണ്ടവർ മറക്കില്ല അലക്സ് മാത്യുവിനെ|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=24 June 2015|accessdate=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920034702/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/flash_back/555622/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Actor Alex Passed Away {{!}} Thoovanathumbikal movie actor|url = http://www.vinodamelam.com/2015/06/actor-alex-mathew-passed-away.html|website = VINODAMELAM|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref> Alex produced more than 220 documentaries and digitisations on world peace, religion, tourism, health systems and human rights. He was also the founder of Vedik India Society and The Institute of Ancient Integrative Therapies Research.<ref name="Express">{{cite web|title = Actor M M Alex Passes Away|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Actor-M-M-Alex-Passes-Away/2015/06/24/article2883219.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151028172357/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Actor-M-M-Alex-Passes-Away/2015/06/24/article2883219.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 28 October 2015|website = The New Indian Express|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref> He also served as the jury member for the [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Prakash Jha to head National Awards' jury|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-07-09/news/27526319_1_indian-panorama-prakash-jha-feature|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017100526/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-07-09/news/27526319_1_indian-panorama-prakash-jha-feature|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 October 2015|website = timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>

Alex was honoured with the "Ambassador of Peace Award" by [[List of Unification Church affiliated organizations|Universal Peace Federation]] and "Samskrita Mitra" award by the Government of India.<ref name="IBT India">{{cite web|title = 'Thoovanathumbikal' Actor Alex Mathew aka Dr MM Alex Passes Away|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thoovanathumbikal-actor-alex-mathew-aka-dr-mm-alex-passes-away-636813|website = International Business Times, India Edition| date=23 June 2015 |accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref> He was also the president of [[Samskrita Bharati|Samskrita Bharathi]] – Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|title = alex {{!}} Search Results {{!}} संस्कृतभारती Samskrita Bharati India|url = http://samskritabharati.in/?s=alex|website = samskritabharati.in|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>

Dr. M. M. Alex died from a [[cardiac arrest]] on 23 June 2015, aged 56.

== Early life ==
Dr. Alex was born as Mathew M. Alex in Kottayam, [[Kerala]]. He was the son of Ammini Alex, a panchayat officer and Health officer M. M. Alexander of the Mullasseril house.<ref>{{cite web|title = Mullasseril {{!}} Mullasseril Kudumbayogam Kollad|url = http://mullasserilkudumbayogamkollad.com/?page_id=5|website = mullasserilkudumbayogamkollad.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223052021/http://mullasserilkudumbayogamkollad.com/?page_id=5|archive-date = 23 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> He grew up in Kottayam with his elder brother Shaji M. Alex and younger sister Saji M. Alex. He graduated from [[CMS College Kottayam]], before starting his career as an actor.

Mathew later went by his father's name Alex and became M. M. Alex although it is not clear as to why.

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
[[File:23-1435052721-thoovanathumbikal-alex.jpg|thumb|Alex as Babu in Thoovanathumbikal]]

Alex debuted in the Malayalam Blockbuster "[[Rajavinte Makan]] (1986)", as a student leader.<ref>{{cite web|title = Actor Alex Mathew dead|url = http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=66072|website = kaumudiglobal.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-date = 23 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223053820/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=66072|url-status = dead}}</ref> The film starred [[Mohanlal|Mohan Lal]] and [[Suresh Gopi]]. It was directed by [[Thampi Kannanthanam]]. He continued to reprise the same role in its remake, [[Makkal En Pakkam]] (Tamil – 1987). His flair for playing a villain bagged him roles in more than 60 films. He was well noted for his role as "Babu" in the successful film, "[[Thoovanathumbikal]] (1987)" starring Mohan Lal and directed by [[Padmarajan]].<ref name="blogspot">{{cite web|title = Imprints on Indian Film Screen: M.M.Alex Mathew|url = http://imprintsonindianfilmscreen.blogspot.in/2015/07/alex-mathew-became-familiar-to.html|website = imprintsonindianfilmscreen.blogspot.in|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref> His role as an antagonist gained him wide publicity.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGrvhEROIH8|title = Alex Mathew as Babu in Thoovanathumbikal (1987)| website=[[YouTube]] | date=13 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcTP90ZuXZQ|title = Alex with Mohan Lal as Babu, Thoovanathumbikal| website=[[YouTube]] | date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> He concluded his acting career with the Malayalam film "[[Parampara (1990 film)|Parampara]] (1990)" directed by [[Sibi Malayil]]. Though it was at the peak of his acting career, Alex decided to quit and enter the field of alternative medicine and spirituality.<ref>{{cite web|title = Mathrubhumi Interviews Dr.M.M. Alex|url = http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/6971/show-guru/E|website = mathrubhuminews.in|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-date = 4 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160104202426/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/6971/show-guru/E|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Alternative medicine ===
[[File:Dr. Alex with Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam at a conference, IIT Madras.jpg|thumb|Dr. Alex with Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam at a conference, IIT Madras.]]

Dr. M. M. Alex received an honorary doctorate in [[Indology]] and [[alternative medicine]] from the [[Michigan State University College of Human Medicine]].<ref name="ukmalayalee1">{{cite web|title = 'Thoovanathumbikal' Actor Alex Mathew aka Dr MM Alex Passes Away|url = http://www.ukmalayalee.com/movie-news/news.php?id=MjA5NQ==|website = www.ukmalayalee.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706090358/http://www.ukmalayalee.com/movie-news/news.php?id=MjA5NQ==|archive-date = 6 July 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> He founded the non-profit organisations Vedik-India Society (2000),<ref name="Express" /> E-Ducatus Foundation, Institute of Ancient Integrative Therapies and Research<ref name="Life Positive">{{cite web|title = When ancient therapies meet modern medicine – Life Positive|url = https://www.lifepositive.com/when-ancient-therapies-meet-modern-medicine/|website = Life Positive|accessdate = 21 December 2015|language = en-US}}</ref> with his wife, Anitha Alex.<ref>{{cite web|title = Anitha Alex {{!}} Assistant Director {{!}} Maiya|url = http://maiya-themovie.com/anitha-alex/|website = maiya-themovie.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He travelled extensively and digitised India district wise to promote Indian culture around the world. He also developed a massive database on 250 common ailments and therapies from eastern disciplines like [[Ayurveda]], [[Yoga]], [[Mantra]], [[Tantra]], Sangeetha Sastra, Manas Ayurveda and Gandharva Veda.<ref name="TED">{{cite web|title = TEDxDelhi {{!}} TED.com|url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/318|website = www.ted.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref> He worked on merging modern and ancient medical therapies by creating a digital database on medical aspects of various alternative forms of treatment.{{blockquote|"When it comes to health and health care, we are ignorant. Self-realisation about the ancient systems of healing and good living combined with contemporary medicines can help improve the quality of life."<ref>{{cite news|title = An alternative route to good health|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/an-alternative-route-to-good-health/article333476.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2009-03-17|access-date = 2015-12-21|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>}}His work involved a comprehensive and integrated understanding of many systems and modules that operate in the fields of:<ref>{{cite web|title = Dr. M. M. Alex {{!}} Mediander {{!}} Connects|url = http://www.mediander.com/connects/47744276/dr.-m.-m.-alex/#!/video/|website = Mediander|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223052902/http://www.mediander.com/connects/47744276/dr.-m.-m.-alex/#!/video/|archive-date = 23 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

# Western medical care and research (e.g. diagnostics, current pharmacological/surgical therapies and clinical discovery/trials methodology.
# Life sciences ([[biology]], [[biochemistry]] and [[genetics]]).
# Traditional Indian medical therapies.
# Astrophysics and their impact on human biology.
# Current high-impact lifestyle/psychological/psycho-social/environmental issues (e.g. ageing, stress, sleep, [[circadian rhythm]]s, [[infertility]] and [[electromagnetic field]] effects/nutrition from GM crops).

== Tourism and religion ==
With the craft and credibility from the film industry, Alex produced more than 220 documentaries ranging from [[Major religious groups|World religion]], education, tourism, Health systems and many other titles. He continued to work on projects for the [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation|Tourism of Kerala]] and other states during the 1990s. His notable works include the documentaries ''A Vision'' and ''Mission to Tirupati'',<ref>{{cite web|title = Profiles of Murukan Conference Participants: First International Conference on Skanda-Murukan|url = http://murugan.org/events/98_participants.htm|website = murugan.org|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://drmmalex.com/mission.html|title = drmmalex|last = M.M|first = Alex|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223064954/http://drmmalex.com/mission.html|archive-date = 23 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> 'Alphabet of life' and 'A Pilgrimage to Holy Sabarimala'.<ref>{{cite web|title = Filmmaker with a divine mission|url = http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/10/20/stories/2003102001430200.htm|website = [[The Hindu]]|date = 20 October 2003|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It was one of the few documentaries screened in association with the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC) festival. Alex conducted a global tour with the support of the Union Department of Tourism. He helped organise the Nishagandhi Dance Festival, Kerala in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title = Nishagandhi Dance and Music Festival 2015|url = https://www.keralatourism.org/nishagandhi|website = www.keralatourism.org|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Culture ===
Apart from research and tourism, Alex was a propagator of the [[Sanskrit]] language. He was the president of [[Samskrita Bharati]], Tamil Nadu (2005–2015).<ref>{{cite web|title = Samskrita Bharati's answer to Discrimination against Sanskrit in TN|url = http://www.haindavakeralam.com/samskrita-bharatis-answer-hk16330|website = Haindava Keralam| date=19 June 2007 |accessdate = 21 December 2015|language = en-US}}</ref> The organisation aims to democratise and popularise Sanskrit language by encouraging the use of simple Sanskrit in everyday conversational texts. Alex was also the Head of Sanskrit Academies and Research Institutes for the World Samskrit Book fair.<ref>{{cite web|title = National Advisory Board @ World Samskrit Book Fair विश्व संस्कृत पुस्तक मेला|url = http://www.samskritbookfair.org/about/national-advisory-board|website = www.samskritbookfair.org|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-date = 23 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223050526/http://www.samskritbookfair.org/about/national-advisory-board|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Alexonics ===
[[File:Dr.Alex giving a talk at TEDx Delhi.jpg|thumb|Dr.Alex giving a talk at TEDx Delhi]]

Dr. Alex had invented a unique custom made audio module called 'Alexonics'.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tlrn2AhcMcc|title = Dr.M.M. Alex at TED.x Delhi| date=28 October 2010 |publisher = TED.xDelhi}}</ref> Each module is produced according to an individual's [[Astrology|astrological]] profile resulting in a 93,312 file database. The repeated listening to its vibrations can enhance and regulate the physiological as well as the psychological self. He had worked on this project with Late. Dr. Solomon Victor, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam]], Dr. B.M. Hegde and Dr. Sandeep, over a span of 25 years. With the ambition to spread world peace, Alex disseminated 'Alexonics' to a few world leaders and world pioneers.<ref>{{cite web|title = TEDxDelhi MM Alex Alexonics|url = http://autoutline.ru/watch/Tlrn2AhcMcc-tedxdelhi-mm-alex-alexonics.html|website = autoutline.ru|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223044422/http://autoutline.ru/watch/Tlrn2AhcMcc-tedxdelhi-mm-alex-alexonics.html|archive-date = 23 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> He was invited to deliver a talk on Alexonics for Ted.x at Delhi in 2010. The product will be available to the public soon.

=== Nakshatra paintings ===
Dr. Alex conceived a unique ideology to depict the 27 [[Nakshatra]]s as the wives of the moon ([[Chandra|Lord Chandra]]) in a set of 30 paintings, including those of the [[Solar deity|Sun god]], Moon god and the Cosmic Serpent ([[Nāga|Naga]]). The paintings are based on the Samhitas, [[Shastra]]s, [[Vedas]], [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics|Meta-physics]], [[Astrophysics]] and Bio- physics. These are to be auctioned soon.

== Events ==
* He was the Judge for the [[Malayala Manorama|Malayala Manorama's]] 3rd Annual [[Pookalam]] Festival along with his wife, Anitha Alex September 2005<ref>{{cite web|title = Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Coming out with their creative best for Onam|url = http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/10/stories/2005091006290200.htm|website = [[The Hindu]]|date = 10 September 2005|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Chief guest of the World Sanskrit Day Function held in August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title = Aum: Dr M. M. Alex|url = http://blog.bhadesia.com/2008/08/dr-m-m-alex.html|website = blog.bhadesia.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>
* Delivered a lecture on 'Good Health Today with Modern and Ancient Therapies' at the [[India Habitat Centre]], May 2009<ref name="Life Positive" />
* Conducted a 28-day [[Agnihotra]] [[Yajna|Yagna]] for [[World peace|World Peace]] in July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title = The triple eclipse and you|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article98770.ece?service=print|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223034015/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article98770.ece?service=print|url-status = dead|archive-date = 23 December 2015|website = www.newindianexpress.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>
* Delivered a lecture on 'Impact of Triple Eclipses- Reality or Myth?' at the India Habitat Centre, Delhi. The event was organised by the Foundation of Peace, September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title = FGG Events|url = http://fggprogrammes.blogspot.in|website = fggprogrammes.blogspot.in|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>
* Was invited as a speaker for [[TED (conference)|TEDx.Delhi]] to talk on his custom made device "Alexonics" August 2010.<ref name="TED" />
* Helped organise the World Samskrit Book Fair (Head of Sanskrit Academies and Research) in January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title = 02 World Samskrit book Fair|url = http://issuu.com/swamijyoti/docs/02-world-samskrit-book-fair/1|website = Issuu| date=28 December 2010 |accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
* Jury for the [[50th National Film Awards]], India (2003)<ref>{{cite web|title = PIB Press Releases|url = http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjul2003/09072003/r0907200316.html|website = pib.nic.in|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref>
* Jury for the [[58th National Film Awards]], India (2011)<ref>{{cite web|title = Notes For – 58th National Film Awards – Notesok.In – Student – Study – School – Notes – Free|url = http://notesok.in/answer.php?id=58th+National+Film+Awards|website = notesok.in|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Recipient of the 'Ambassador of Peace' award from the [[List of Unification Church affiliated organizations|Universal Peace Federation]]<ref name="IBT India" /><ref>{{cite web|title = TEDxDelhi – MM Alex – Alexonics|url = http://www.up-date-me.com/frame/viewonline.htm?onlineId=20i14863&term=|website = www.up-date-me.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Recipient of the 'Samskrita Mitra' award from the Government of India.<ref name="blogspot" />

== Death ==
Dr. Alex died in Chennai on 23 June 2015, following a cardiac arrest.<ref name="IBT India" /><ref name="ukmalayalee1"/><ref>{{cite web|title = Malayalam actor Alex Mathew died – Thoovanathumbikal, Babu|url = http://www.topmovierankings.com/news/malayalam-actor-alex-mathew-died|website = www.topmovierankings.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-date = 23 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223043054/http://www.topmovierankings.com/news/malayalam-actor-alex-mathew-died|url-status = dead}}</ref> The Funeral was held at St.Paul's Orthodox Church at Kollad near Kottayam on 25 June.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsaN53Ab3kk|title = Dr.M.M. Alex Funeral at Kollad| date=25 June 2015 |publisher = Youtube}}</ref> He is survived by his wife Anitha Alex<ref>{{cite web|title = Sign Up {{!}} LinkedIn|url = https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=AAEAAAH509ABSWaWTEP6MYoHXdbFk7miIa3mi0I&authType=name&authToken=rxYy&trk=prof-sb-browse_map-name|website = www.linkedin.com|accessdate = 21 December 2015}}</ref> and sons Dr. Alexander Mathew and Basil Mathew (Actor Tejas)<ref name="Express"/><ref>{{cite web|title = A Venkatesh to direct a youth Tamil movie|url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/a-venkatesh-to-direct-a-youth-tamil-movie-469146.html|website = IBNLive|accessdate = 21 December 2015|archive-date = 28 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160128133105/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/a-venkatesh-to-direct-a-youth-tamil-movie-469146.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Filmography (partial) ==
* ''1986-[[Rajavinte Makan]]''
* ''1986-[[Rareeram]]''
* ''1987-[[Avalude Katha]]''
* ''1987-[[Thoovanathumbikal]]''
* ''1987-[[Kanikanum Neram]]''
* ''1987-[[Kottum Kuravayum]]''
* ''1988- [[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]''
* ''1988- [[August 1 (film)|August 1]]''
* ''1990- [[Randam Varavu]]''
* ''1990- [[Parampara (1990 film)|Parampara]]''
* ''1990- [[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]''

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.drmmalex.com/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222232524/http://www.filmyfriday.com/bollywood-news/thoovanathumbikal-actor-alex-mathew-aka-dr-mm-alex-passes-away Article by FilmyFriday]
* [http://www.m3db.com/artists/35768 Article by M3DB, Malayalam]
* [http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/actor-alex-mathew-died.html Malayalamanorama]
* [http://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/thoovanathumbikal-actor-alex-mathew-passes-away-135300.html One India Malayalam]
* Indian Habitat Centre – [http://www.indiahabitat.org/download/publication/annual_report/ihc_annual_report_2008-09.pdf Annexure 1 March 28] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320023153/http://indiahabitat.org/download/publication/annual_report/ihc_annual_report_2008-09.pdf |date=20 March 2015 }} | Programs: Jan 2009 – December 2009
* {{IMDb name|7424222|name=Alex Mathew}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alex, M. M.}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine researchers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Mr. Manaivi

2025-09-07T18:12:04Z

AliciaPaschall:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mr. Manaivi.jpeg
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| creator =
| writer = '''Dialogue''' Rathi Bala
| director = Sulaimaan (Episode 1-225 & 474) A. Jawahar (November 7th 2023 to July 29th 2024; Episode 226 to 473 approx.)
| screenplay = Rathi Bala
| starring = Shabana Shahjahan Pavan Ravindra
| opentheme = "Kaatre Poongatre" Sridhar Ramesh M.M Monisha (Vocal) [[Pa. Vijay]] (Lyrics)
| theme_music_composer = Visu
| editor = Aravind Anbazhagan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 619
| list_episodes =
| cinematography = Vinoth Bharathi
| producer = Vaidehi Ramamurthy
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20–22 minutes per episode
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Vision Time India Private Limited
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|12|22|df=y}}
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| related =
}}

'''''Mr. Manaivi''''' ({{translation| Mister/Mr. Wife}}) was an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] television series which premiered on 6 March 2023 replacing Kannana Kanne serial and ended on 22 December 2024 replaced by [[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargiradhu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavan and Shabana starrer'Mr Manaivi' to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pavan-and-shabana-starrermr-manaivi-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/106371726.cms|website=Times of India |date=29 December 2023 }}</ref> in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from Monday to Sunday. The show starred Shabana Shahjahan Aryan; with Pavan Ravindra in the lead roles.

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around a newly married couple as they face challenges and problems in their daily life. Anjali (Shabana Shajahan Aryan), a strong and independent woman, who expects equality in the society, manages her life on her own, while Vicky (Pavan Ravindra), who aspires to be a Homemaker (Mr Homemaker / Mr. Manaivi), faces many issues in his role of Homemaker. The main plot revolved around this theme.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Debjani Modjak as Anjalidevi alias Anjali VigneshKumar: Vicky's wife; Ranjitham's granddaughter
**Shabana Shajahan Aryan as Anjalidevi alias Anjali VigneshKumar
*Pavan Ravindra as Vigneshkumar alias Vicky (Mr. Manaivi): Anjali's husband; Maragatham's grandson; Swetha's ex-love interest (2023–2024)

===Recurring===
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Ranjitham: Anjali's grandmother; Vedhanayagam's mother (2023–2024)
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Gunavathi Sivakumar alias (Guna): Sivakumar's Second wife; Anjali's step mother, Kavi malar's mother (2023–2024)(Antagonist)
*Smriti Kashyap / VJ Keerthi as Kavi Malar Sivakumar: Anjali's half-sister (2023–2024)(Antagonist)
*[[Jeeva Ravi]] as Sivakumar alias (Siva): Muthulakshmi's Widower and Gunavathi's Husband, Anjali's and Kavi Malar's father (2023–2024)
*Lakshmi Vasudevan as Gayathri: Sivakumar's sister Anjali and Kavi Malar's Paternal aunt, Muthulakshmi and Gunavathi's Sister-in-law (2023-2024)
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha Sathupathy]] as Maragatham: Vicky, Naresh and Viji's grandmother; Rajmohan and Chandramohan's mother (2023–2024)
* Balaji Thiyagarajan Dayalan as Mahesh: Kavi Malar's fiancé (Dead)
* Tharani as Chitra: Vedhanayagam's wife, Anjali's Maternal aunt (2023–2024)
* Sree Priya as Sathya: Vedhanayagam's daughter (2023)
* Sanjay Kumar Asrani as Rajmohan: Vicky's father (2023–2024)
* Rajkanth as Chandramohan: Rajmohan's brother; Vicky's uncle (2023–2024)
* Ammu Ramachandran as Saranya Chandramohan: Vicky's aunt (2023–2024)
* VJ Aswath as Nareshkumar Chandramohan alias Naresh: Chandramohan's son, Viji's brother and Vicky's younger cousin brother (2023)
*Punitha Balakrishnan Character Replacement Jayashree as Vijayalakshmi Chandramohan alias Viji: Naresh's younger sister and Vicky's younger cousin sister (2023)
*Tamil Selvan as Paper rose: Anjali's friend work mate (2023–2024)
*Jenny as Anu: Anjali's friend and work mate (2023–2024)
*[[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] as Vedhanayagam: Ranjitham's elder son; Anjali's maternal uncle (2023)
*Lokesh Baskaran as Akilan Vedhanayagam: Anjali's ex-fiancé; Vedhanayagam's son (2023)
* [[Mansi Joshi (actress)|Mansi Joshi]] as Swetha: Anjali's arch-rival (2023)
*Bhanumathy as Karthigai Srinivasan: Swetha's mother (2023)
*V.Dasarathy as Srinivasan: Swetha's father; Rajmohan's friend (2023)
*Shravnitha as Vennila: Anjali's neighbour (2023)
*Sabari as Anjali's neighbour and enemy; Vedhanayagam's friend (2023)

===Special appearances===
* [[Gayatri Jayaraman]] as Muthulakshmi Sivakumar: Sivakumar's first wife; Anjali's mother (Dead; Photographic Appearance)
* Samyuktha as Child Anjali (2023)
* Aalam as Child Vicky (2023)
* Maanya Anand as Tulasi (2023)
* Ashwanth Karthi as Rajapandi (2023)
* [[Chaitra Reddy]] as Kayal (2023)
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Advocate Surya (2023)
* Geetha Ravishanker as Surya's mother (2023)

==Production==
=== Development ===
On end 2022, [[Sun Network]] confirmed through a press release that it would distribute new Tamil serial, to be produced by Vision Time India Pvt Ltd. Initially, the title of the serial was named Jodi. Later renamed as Mr.Manaivi.

===Casting===
''[[Sembaruthi]]'' fame Shabana Shajahan<ref>{{cite web |title=ஷபானாவின் புது சீரியல்.. டைட்டில் கொஞ்சம் கூட எதிர்பார்க்கலையே! இப்படி மிரட்டுறாங்களே?கதை இதுதானா?|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actress-shabana-sun-tv-serial-mr-manaivi-promo-and-fans-reaction-499610.html|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=20 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=வருகிறது 'செம்பருத்தி' நாயகி ஷபானாவின் மற்றுமோர் புதிய சீரியல்.. மகிழ்ச்சியின் உச்சத்தில் ரசிகர்கள்..!|url=https://cinesamugam.com/sembaruthi-heroine-shabanas-yet-another-new-serial-is-at-the-peak-of-happiness-for-fans-1676885674|website=cinesamugam.com|language=ta}}</ref> was cast in the female lead role as Anjali<ref>{{cite web |title=செம்பருத்தி நாயகியின் புதிய தொடர் மிஸ்டர் மனைவி|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/21/sun-tv-new-serial-mr-manaivi-lead-by-sembaruthi-serial-shabana-4004849.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=21 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> However, she left the show in May 2024, because of some reason.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shabana quits 'Mr Manaivi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shabana-quits-mr-manaivi-says-thanks-to-everyone-once-again/articleshow/109216558.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=11 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Actor ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]'' fame Pavan Ravindra plays the title role alongside her, making his debut in [[Tamil television drama]]s. Kannada actress Maansi Joshi was selected to portray the main antagonist. Actress [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] was cast as Ranjitham, who is Anjali's grandmother, [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] was cast as Maragatham and [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] was cast as Vedhanayagam. In end of September 2023, Actor [[Aravind Akash]] was cast in cameo.<ref>{{cite web |title=அரவிந்த் ஆகாஷ் நட்புக்காக நடிக்கும் தொடர்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/sep/26/tamil-serial-news-aravind-aakash-act-in-mr-manaivi-serial-in-sun-tv-4078910.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=26 September 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

In begin December 2023, Actress Smriti joins the cast as Kavi Malar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Smriti joins the cast of 'Mr. Manaivi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-smriti-joins-the-cast-of-mr-manaivi/articleshow/105805117.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=7 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> However, in end of October, Smriti portraying Kavi Malar quit the series<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2024|title=மிஸ்டர் மனைவி தொடரில் இருந்து நடிகை ஸ்மிருதி விலகியுள்ளார்.|url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2024/Oct/25/mr-manaivi-serial-news|website=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref> and VJ Keerthi replaced her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2024|title='Mr மனைவி' சீரியலில் இருந்து வெளியேறிய முக்கிய நடிகை! இனி இவருக்கு பதில் இவர்தான்!|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/smriti-kashyap-quit-sun-tv-mr-manaivi-serial-mma-slx49r|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|language=ta}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 20 February 2023, in which we see the protagonist, two grandmothers in a temple talking about their grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mister Manaivi (Mr. Manaivi) Serial Promo Added By Sun TV – Launch Date, Story, Star Cast|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/mister-manaivi-serial-star-cast/|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=செம்பருத்தி ஷபானாவின் 'மிஸ்டர் மனைவி'….,வைரலாகும் ப்ரோமோ…|url=https://enewz.in/sembaruthi-shabana-new-serial-mister-manaivi|website=enewz.in|date=20 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Airing history ==
The show started airing on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 6 March 2023 From Monday to Saturday at 20:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) replacing ''[[Kannana Kanne]]'' time slot.<ref>{{cite web |title=எண்டு கார்டு போடப்படும் சன் டிவி சீரியல்கள்... புதிய சீரியல்களின் வருகைதான் காரணமா?|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/sun-tv-popular-serials-abiyum-nannum-and-kannana-kanne-is-being-replaced-by-new-serials-malar-aand-mister-manaivi-103581|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=24 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> From Monday 2 October 2023, the show was shifted to 22:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) replacing ''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]'' time slot.<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியின் பிரபல சீரியல்களின் நேரம் மாற்றம்.. ரசிகர்கள் கடும் அதிருப்தி..!|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sun-tv-famous-serials-anbe-vaa-mr-manaivi-time-change-142267|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=26 September 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> and later it aired at 22:30.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sun TV Pushes Airing Of Iniya and Mr Manaivi; Check New Timings|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sun-tv-pushes-airing-of-iniya-and-mr-manaivi-check-new-timings-8865734.html|website=[[News18 India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The show got a TVR of 8.95 in July 2023 becoming the channel's No 5 series. And became the No 6 serial of all Tamil serial U+R market.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethirneechal To Mr. Manaivi: Here Is The List Of This Week's Top 10 Tamil TV Serials Based On TRP Rating|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2023/ethirneechal-to-mr-manaivi-here-is-the-list-of-this-weeks-top-10-tamil-tv-serials-based-on-trp-ra-357679.html?story=3|website=www.filmibeat.com| date=21 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2023, [[The Times of India|ETimes TV]] conducted a poll to find the TV show that is the Tamil audience's favourite television show. Interestingly, the romantic love drama series 'Mr. Manaivi' got 46% of the netizens shared that their favourite show.<ref>{{cite web |title=ETimes TV's poll results: Netizens select Mr Manaivi as their favourite daily soap; take a look at the other TV shows on the list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/etimes-tvs-poll-results-netizens-select-mr-manaivi-as-their-favourite-daily-soap-take-a-look-at-the-other-tv-shows-on-the-list/articleshow/99777465.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=26 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Ref.
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Ninnishtam Ennishtam'' നിന്നിഷ്ടം എന്നിഷ്ടം
| 7 August 2023
| [[Surya TV]]
| 20 January 2024
| rowspan="2"| Remake
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya TV Serial Ninnishttam Ennishtam Actors and Characters – Ameen Madathil as Vicky, Sandra Babu as Anjali|url=https://www.keralatv.in/ninnishttam-ennishtam-serial-actors/|website=www.keralatv.in |date=31 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Preetiya Arasi'' ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಅರಸಿ
| 16 October 2023
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 14 January 2024
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Preethiya Arasi – New Serial Promo {{!}} 16 Oct 2023 @ 9 PM {{!}} Udaya TV| website=[[YouTube]] | date=October 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjl6qLNBjB8|access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26766577}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]