Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

A. M. H. Nazeem

2026-05-07T09:37:08Z

AliNiazOfficial: New.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2016}}
{{original research|date=October 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''A. M. H. Nazeem''' is the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the [[Karaikal South (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Karaikal South]] constituency and a former health minister and opposition leader of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] union territory in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/puducherry-elections-2016/news/DMKs-AMH-Nazeem-faces-tough-battle-as-he-aims-for-sixth-consecutive-term/articleshow/52265494.cms|title=DMK MLA faces tough battle as he aims for 6th consecutive term|date=14 May 2016|agency=PTI|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

==Personal information==
He is the son of Hameed Maraicaiar. His age is 59.{{when|date=May 2021}} He is a member of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).

==Career==
Nazeem's political career started in the year 1983. In 1990, he was elected to the Puducherry Assembly from [[Karaikal North (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Karaikal North]] in 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006. In 1996, when DMK was in power, he became the health minister. In 2006, he was the opposition leader.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/edition_villupuram/puducherry/2014/04/22/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D/article2182183.ece|title=காரைக்கால் வளர்ச்சியை சிந்தித்து வாக்களியுங்கள்: நாஜிம் பிரசாரம்|publisher=}}</ref> In 2011, Nazeem once again became MLA, contesting in the newly created [[Karaikal South (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Karaikal South constituency]], defeating V.K.Ganapathy by nearly 1500 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/puducherry-assembly-elections-2021-karaikal-south-constituency-profile-aiadmks-kau-asana-defeated-dmks-amh-nazeem-by-just-20-votes-9255261.html|title=Puducherry Assembly elections 2021, Karaikal South constituency profile: AIADMK's KAU Asana defeated DMK's AMH Nazeem by just 20 votes|date=27 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/pondicherry/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html |title=Pondicherry Assembly Election Results in 2011 |publisher= |website=Elections.in |date= |access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> He was defeated by K. A. U. Asana in the 2016 election by 20 votes, after many alliance party workers worked against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/dmk-nominates-nazeem-in-puducherry/article5772921.ece|title=DMK nominates Nazeem in Puducherry|date=11 March 2014|publisher=|work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2021 elections, Nazeem defeated his rival K.A.U. Asana, by scoring 71.15% votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseU0727.htm?ac=27|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==Developments in Karaikal under his career==
Nazeem is the MLA who helped with the re-construction of [[Chandra Theertham]] temple tank. He is responsible for the festival of theppam in the [[Chandra Theertham]] temple tank after 30 years.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} He helped to construct and celebrate the Karaikal chariot festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=53933|title=காரைக்கால் கைலாசநாதர் கோயிலில் பங்குனி தேர் திருவிழா!|publisher=}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/govt-will-not-permit-environmentally-polluting-industries-cm_734527.html|title=Govt will not permit environmentally polluting industries: CM|publisher=}}</ref> He also played a prominent role in getting [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|JIPMER]]'s branch in Karaikal, [[National Institutes of Technology, Puducherry|NIT]] and construction of the fishing harbour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/puducherry-assembly-polls-dmk-mla-nazeem-faces-tough-battle-as-he-aims-for-sixth-consecutive-term-116051400118_1.html|title=Puducherry assembly polls: DMK MLA Nazeem faces tough battle as he aims for sixth consecutive term|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=14 May 2016|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazeem, AMH}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karaikal district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{Puducherry-politician-stub}}

Wandoor Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:24:58Z

AliNiazOfficial:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Wandoor
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 36
| map_image = Wandoor Town 2017.jpg
| map_caption = [[Wandoor]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = SC
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| mla = [[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 2,26,426 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
}}
'''Wandoor State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[A. P. Anil Kumar]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Wandoor Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 22 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Wandoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|2
|[[Mampad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|3
|[[Thiruvali]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|4
|[[Chokkad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|5
|[[Kalikavu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|6
|[[Karuvarakundu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|7
|[[Tuvvur|Thuvvoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|-
|8
|[[Porur, Malappuram|Porur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nilambur (Taluk)|Nilambur]]
|}
<mapframe text="Wandoor Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13113861,Q13112521,Q16135436,Q20578794,Q13111192,Q13111031,Q13112567,Q16136594"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Wandoor Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/wandoor-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Wandoor
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[Vella Eacharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| M. A. Kuttappan
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| rowspan="3" |[[Pandalam Sudhakaran]]
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| [[N. Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| rowspan="5" |[[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 – 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| 2021 – 2026
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
There were registered voters in the constituency for the 2026 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2026">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2026, CEO Kerala
|url=
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Wandoor]]<ref name="result_2026">{{Cite web
|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S1136.htm
|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2026 (36-WANDOOR)
|access-date=
|website=results.eci.gov.in
|publisher=Election Commission of India
}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
|votes = 121,074
|percentage = 59.59%
|change = {{gain}}8.15
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. K. K. Damodaran
|votes = 73,135
|percentage = 36.00%
|change = {{loss}}6.28
}}

{{Election box candidate
|party = IND-NDA
|candidate = E. P. Kumaradas
|votes = 6,018
|percentage = 2.96%
|change = {{loss}}1.19
}}

{{Election box candidate
|party = IND
|candidate = ANILKUMAR S/O KUTTAN
|votes = 1,267
|percentage = 0.62%
|change = -
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,674
|percentage = 0.82%
|change = {{gain}}0.43
}}

{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 47,939
|percentage = 23.60%
|change = {{gain}}14.44
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,03,168
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}8.30
}}

{{Election box end}}
=== 2021 ===
There were 2,26,426 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Wandoor]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1136.htm?ac=36|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (36-WANDOOR)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
|votes = 87,415
|percentage = 51.44%
|change ={{loss}}1.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = P. Midhuna
|votes = 71,852
|percentage = 42.28%
|change ={{gain}}5.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. P. C. Vijayan
|votes = 7,057
|percentage = 4.15%
|change ={{loss}}1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = Krishnan. C
|votes = 2,943
|percentage = 1.73%
|change ={{loss}}0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 664
|percentage = 0.39%
|change ={{loss}}0.13
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 15,563
|percentage = 9.16%
|change ={{loss}}6.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,69,931<ref name="result_2021"/><ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|percentage = 75.05%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{gain}}0.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{loss}}1.15
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,10,149 registered voters in Wandoor Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Wandoor]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. P. Anil Kumar]]|votes=81,964|percentage=52.59%|change={{decrease}}5.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Nishanth|votes=58,100|percentage=37.28%|change={{increase}}0.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sunitha Mohandas|votes=9,471|percentage=6.08%|change={{increase}}3.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Krishnan Kuniyil|votes=3,399|percentage=2.18%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Krishnan Eranhikkal|votes=1,178|percentage=0.76%|change={{decrease}}0.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Velayudhan Venniyur|votes=920|percentage=0.59%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=808|percentage=0.52%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 23,864
|percentage = 15.31%
|change ={{decrease}}6.50
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,55,840|percentage=74.16%|change={{increase}}0.78}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{decrease}}5.91
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,80,715 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Wandoor]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. P. Anil Kumar]]|votes=77,580|percentage=58.50%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=V. Rameshan|votes=48,661|percentage=36.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kotheri Ayyapan|votes=2,885|percentage=2.18%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Krishnan Eranhikkal|votes=1,682|percentage=1.27%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=P. Anil Kumar|votes=953|percentage=0.72%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=T. C. Theyyan|votes=849|percentage=0.64%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 28,919
|percentage = 21.81%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,610|percentage=73.38%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Wandoor]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|11.20|76.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]

Mylanji (2026 film)

2026-05-06T20:36:14Z

AliNiazOfficial: Starting Basic Details W/ Refs

{{Short description|2026 Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mylanji
| image = Mylanji (2026 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ajayan Bala]]
| writer = Ajayan Bala
| producer = Dr. Arjunan
| starring = Sriram Karthick [[Krisha Kurup]]
| cinematography = Cheziyan
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Ilayaraaja]]
| studio = Ajay Arjun Productions
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''Mylanji''' is an Indian Tamil-language romance film written and directed by [[Ajayan Bala]]. The film is produced by Dr. Arjunan under the banner Ajay Arjun Productions.It stars Sriram Karthick and [[Krisha Kurup]]. The film was released on 13 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-14 |title=அஜயன் பாலாவின் மைலாஞ்சி படப்பிடிப்பு நிறைவு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/Nov/14/ajayan-bala-mailanji-movie-4105586.html |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Dinamani |language=ta |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120184148/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/nov/14/ajayan-bala-mailanji-movie-4105586.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Sriram Karthick as Surya
* [[Krisha Kurup]] as Charu
* [[Singampuli]] as Gulam Ali
* [[Munishkanth]] as Ethiraj
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Ajayan Bala. It is produced by Dr. Arjunan under Ajay Arjun Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title='மைலாஞ்சி' படத்தின் ட்ரெய்லர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.thamilan.lk//articles/y3AgBRMAegzjrn0UuYFY |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Thamilan}}</ref> Cinematography is handled by Cheziyan. The music for the film is composed by [[Ilayaraja]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-10-11 |title=“மைலாஞ்சி” படத்தின் டீசர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/mylanji-film-teaser-out-1184255 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta |archive-date=2025-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011111852/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/mylanji-film-teaser-out-1184255 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "One could see what the director was getting at with these two innocent souls unable to navigate a territory they're unfamiliar with. The floor is so weak that if you poke it a little, the whole thing collapses like a sinkhole."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mylanji Movie Review: Love story built on a non-problem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mylanji/movie-review/128301642.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic appriciated the film making<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-14 |title="மைலாஞ்சி" படம் எப்படி இருக்கிறது?- விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/how-is-the-movie-mylanji-review-in-tamil |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta |archive-date=2026-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215183254/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/how-is-the-movie-mylanji-review-in-tamil |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' critic wrote that this ''Mylanji'', which shows no perfection or innovation in either its screenplay or its directing, only makes the audience's eyes red with boredom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ilaiyaraaja-musical-ajayan-balas-mylanji-movie-tamil-review|title=மைலாஞ்சி விமர்சனம்: வழக்கமான முக்கோண காதல் கதைதான்; `மிஸ்டர் நேர்மை' நாயகன் ஜெயித்தாரா?|first=|last=|date=13 February 2026|website=Vikatan|language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2026 romance films]]

Vamona Navelcar

2026-05-06T08:14:16Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up the stub added tags.

{{Short description|Portuguese painter (1929–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Vamona Navelcar
| image = Artist Vamona Navelcar, in Goa, India..JPG
| caption = Navelcar at his residence in 2009
| birth_name = Vamona Ananta Sinai Navelcar
| other_names = Ganesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|05|05}}
| birth_place = [[Pomburpa]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|10|18|1929|05|05}}
| death_place = [[Panaji, Goa]], India
| citizenship = Portugal
| field = Painting, drawing
| training = [[Escola de Belas Artes]]
| movement =
| works = ''Angoch Woman''
| patrons =
| awards =
}}

'''Vamona Ananta Sinai Navelcar''' (5 May 1929 – 18 October 2021) was a Portuguese artist who studied and worked in [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]], [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], and [[Goa]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrão |first=R. Benedito |date=2024-07-28 |title=Vamona Navelcar and the Carnation Revolution: The blossoming of change betwixt continents |url=https://scroll.in/article/1070376/vamona-navelcar-and-the-carnation-revolution-the-blossoming-of-change-betwixt-continents |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> He began his art career in Mozambique, after training in Portugal, where he also lived for some time. He excelled in Christian figurative art. He adopted the name of '''Ganesh''', after an incident that caused him to be "[[Punarjanman|reborn]]" and in memory of his brother Ganesh.<ref name="ScrollCelebrate2018">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/861124/vamona-navelkar-goa-is-finally-celebrating-the-artist-who-reflects-all-its-complexities|date=8 January 2018|title=Vamona Navelcar: Goa is finally celebrating the artist who reflects all its complexities|last=Das|first=Arti|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601100357/https://scroll.in/magazine/861124/vamona-navelkar-goa-is-finally-celebrating-the-artist-who-reflects-all-its-complexities|url-status=live}}</ref>

Navelcar had been called "a state treasure of Goa, whose remarkable oeuvre spans several decades." He had twice received the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]] Fellowships (1963 and 1971) and he won an international award at the International Exhibition of Art in [[Monte Carlo]] for his ink drawing, ''Angoch Woman''. He is considered a "prolific master of line" with a specialisation in murals and bas-relief composed of metallic, wooden and glass structures and his works form part of private and museum collections worldwide.<ref name="GALF">{{Cite web |url=http://www.goaartlitfest.com/galf2012/participatingartist_2012.htm#Navelcar |title=Participating artists 2012 |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213122051/http://www.goaartlitfest.com/galf2012/participatingartist_2012.htm#Navelcar |archive-date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BSPessoa2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/goan-artist-to-present-portuguse-pm-with-pessoa-painting-117043000348_1.html|title=Goan artist to present {{as written|Portu|guse [sic]}} PM with Pessoa painting|date=30 April 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603063012/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/goan-artist-to-present-portuguse-pm-with-pessoa-painting-117043000348_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life and career==

===Early life (1929–1954)===
Navelcar was born on 5 May 1929 in the village of [[Pomburpa]], [[Bardes]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]. He grew up by drawing and hiding his work from his family, who disapproved of it.<ref name="IEPortrait2013">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/portrait-of-an-unknown-artist/1102436/0 |title=Portrait of an unknown Artist |website=Indian Express |date=14 April 2013 |first=Pallavi |last=Pundir |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110341/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/portrait-of-an-unknown-artist/1102436/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Navelcar joined [[Bombay University]] in 1950 and was admitted to the Wardha University to study Hindustani ([[Hindi]]) and [[Urdu]]. He gained his SSCE and SSC in 1954 and decided not to continue to study medicine as he wanted to pursue arts by then.<ref name="AnneBio2013">{{Cite book|title=Vamona Navelcar: An Artist of Three Continents|last=Ketteringham|first=Anne|publisher=VS Arts|year=2013}}</ref> Returning to Goa, he secured a job with the Chowgule Company as an accountant and continued to produce his art work in his spare time, which was noticed and admired by his colleagues. After being asked by Chowgule, the owner of the company, to do some portraits of dignitaries of the time, including [[Paulo Bénard Guedes]], who was the [[Governor-General]] of [[Portuguese India]] in 1953, his work was noticed. Guedes asked him to draw a portrait of Dr [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], the then [[Prime Minister of Portugal]], and subsequently awarded him a scholarship to study art in Portugal.<ref name="IEPortrait2013" />

===Portugal (1954–1963)===
In 1954, Navelcar set off to Portugal to study, but before he could apply to the [[Escola de Belas Artes]], he first had to study Portuguese as well as other subjects at a secondary level to bring him to the level required for acceptance. The courses and subjects set for him would normally have taken 4 years to complete, but he did them in one year.<ref name="AnneBio2013" />

In 1955, at the age of 25 he applied to the Escola Superior de Belas Artes and was accepted without reservation. His studies went well but he faced many difficulties, particularly in the early days with the written and spoken Portuguese language. His relationship with his teachers and their assistants was also not good as they seemed to resent his talent and knowledge, though the professors and directors of the institution liked and admired his work.<ref name="AnneBio2013" />

In December 1961, Goa was annexed by India. The political changes at that time caused great difficulty for Navelcar as he lost his grant to study just six months before he was due to graduate because he would not sign a document denouncing [[Nehru]]'s [[Liberation of Goa]]. However, with the help of one of his professors he was given a grant by the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]] in 1963, which allowed him to complete his studies.<ref name="ScrollCelebrate2018" />

In 1962 he graduated from the Escola Superior de Belas Artes with a thesis painting titled ''A Rotina'' and a year later completed his postgraduate painting titled, ''Ramayana''. This was an oil interpretation of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', which featured [[Rama]] and [[Hanuman]] on either side of [[Sita]].<ref name="IEPortrait2013" /> After graduation, Navelcar tried to get a teaching position in Portugal but everywhere he applied he was rejected.<ref name="AnneBio2013" />

===Mozambique (1963–1976)===
Navelcar soon became desperate and applied to the overseas department and managed to secure a position in Mozambique. In 1963 he set off to Africa, believing he had a position at the technical college in Mozambique's capital Lourenco Marques (now named [[Maputo]]). However, on his arrival, the overseas director, Dr Oliveira Boléo told Navelcar that he would be posted to the technical school in [[Quelimane]]. So, this is where he started teaching as a professor of geometry and mathematics in [[Lyceums]], first in Quelimane for one year and then onto [[Nampula]], being in Mozambique for thirteen years in total. However, at every step of the way he followed his passion for the arts, teaching those students who were interested in art the different techniques and processes, as well as expanding his own talent, evolving as an artist of the world and one to be reckoned with.

Navelcar had a good life there, having a manservant named Sheriff who he trusted and became extremely fond of as a person. Once again Navelcar taught geometry as a main subject and art as a secondary subject. He was loved by all the students for his gentle and kind manner as well as his talent in teaching. However, when he asked his director for a room for a studio that he could use, he was told there was none spare. Some weeks later Navelcar asked to use one of the toilets that was not used and on this occasion, having no excuses he could think of, the director agreed. This studio was one of the places that Navelcar loved to be to do his creative work in peace and quiet.<ref name="AnneBio2013" /> He described how Francis Baker, too, would display his work in a toilet. During this period, he produced many paintings, drawings and murals, including the ''Angoch Woman'' (fisher woman).<ref name="IEPortrait2013" /><ref name="NTReticent2009">{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=200905075|title=Reticent Master in the Limelight|last=Patnaik|first=Shoma|date=7 May 2009|website=Navhind Times|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110336/http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=200905075|url-status=live}}</ref>

Time went by with many rewards and achievements in his art, expanding his talent and trying out new techniques including [[collages]], [[ceramics]], [[sculptures]] in metal, wood and other materials. He made many murals and large paintings as well as portraits of dignitaries throughout his time in Africa. He supported the local African people and became very fond of their company and their talents as well as all his students at college, never displaying any discrimination.<ref name="AnneBio2013" />

====Imprisonment (1975–1976)====
As Mozambique fought for its independence through the [[FRELIMO]] (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) movement, Navelcar supported the freedom fighters of Mozambique, often doing murals or helping his students to prepare posters, but never doing it openly or signing his work for fear of being punished by the Portuguese authorities. Navelcar supported freedom of the people to rule themselves, with no external interference from other countries as well as freedom of speech in which ever medium one chooses.

On 25 April 1974 there was a military coup in Portugal called the [[Carnation Revolution]], coupled with much civil unrest which toppled the dictatorial [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime. Consequently, by 25 June 1975, the FRELIMO took over governance of Mozambique. Navelcar celebrated with the African communities. At the end of the term the students held a party to celebrate. However, this displeased the new strict [[communist]] FRELIMO regime, who arrested all those who attended the party (including Navelcar) on 3 November 1975. They were taken to Imala, a prison camp in the forest some 90 kilometres from Nampula.

They were all held here for eighty one days until they were released on 23 January 1976 after the intervention of Armando Panguene, the newly appointed Provincial Governor in Nampula. During their stay in the prison camp they were subjected to hard labour, digging in the fields and in the cashew plantations, collecting the cashew nuts and apples. Many a time Navelcar refused to go to the fields and devised ways of helping his students by suggesting that they paint and make murals on the walls to revere and help the FRELIMO movement. The commander of the camp agreed in most cases to Navelcar's requests, so in that manner he was able to help his students, particularly the girls, to avoid the hard physical work in the fields. This helped keep up the spirits of both he and his students. Navelcar and his students were released in January 1976 with a convoy of police and parents arriving to bring them all safely back to Nampula.<ref name="AnneBio2013" />

===Return to Portugal (1976–1982)===
During his imprisonment, Navelcar had contracted a severe [[ear infection]], so on his return, he immediately sought medical help. By then most of the Portuguese had left Mozambique so it was difficult to find a qualified doctor. However, there was a Polish doctor still at the government hospital who told him that he should return to Portugal as soon as possible as there were no suitable medicines in the country. Immediately Navelcar made plans to return to Portugal, destroying all his teaching material and books. He packed two suit cases, one with clothes and the other with his work, trophies and certificates. Within eight days he was ready to leave and set off to Portugal, assisted by his trusted servant Sheriff, who was also distraught at Navelcar's decision to leave Africa.

The flight took a long time as the route was tortuous, needing to stop only at places where it was safe to do so. On arrival in Portugal one bag was missing, the one with all his important documents and art work in it. Desperate to find it he tried all manner of contacts but all failed to find the missing case. Distraught by this event, Navelcar sat down and did a drawing signing it "Ganesh," vowing at that time never to sign, “Vamona Navelcar” again. (Further, this indicated his rebirth, and was a tribute to his elder brother Ganesh, who mentored Vamona but died at the age of 15 when Vamona was 6 years old.)

Navelcar managed to secure a pension from the Government of 60% of his last salary form Mozambique, but with escalating prices and turmoil, times were very hard indeed. Eventually, after seven years back in Portugal with no prospect of work or people having spare money for the luxuries of purchasing paintings, Navelcar decided to return to Goa. Quickly forming a plan to leave Portugal, telling no one, even his closest friends until the last moment, he packed his few possessions and his work, booked the flights and asked his dear friend Dr Alexandre Ribeirinho to take him to the airport. So, on 6 October 1982, Vamona Navelcar set off back to his homeland of Goa.<ref name="AnneBio2013" />

===Return to Goa (1982–2021)===
Navelcar returned to Goa to feel "lost and ignored" by the public and even by his own family.<ref name="IEPortrait2013" /> He claimed to have returned to try to find peace of mind and tranquility for his soul but added that he has found none. His work is mostly [[Abstract art|abstract]], and he was influenced heavily by European artists. He also admired the work of Goan artists like [[F. N. Souza]] and [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde]].<ref name="NTReticent2009" />

In 2017, Casa de Goa, a centre for cultural activities which has promoted ties between Goa and Portugal for about 30 years, celebrated their 50th anniversary. As part of the celebrations, the Prime Minister of Portugal, [[António Costa]] was presented with a portrait of Portuguese poet [[Fernando Pessoa]], painted by Navelcar. Costa's father, [[Orlando da Costa]], had once visited Navelcar's Pomburpa home and Navelcar had drawn a portrait of him.<ref name="BSPessoa2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/estado-indiano-de-goa-oferece-quadro-de-fernando-pessoa-a-antonio-costa|title=Estado indiano de Goa oferece quadro de Fernando Pessoa a António Costa|date=1 May 2017|website=SAPO 24|language=pt|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603063012/https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/estado-indiano-de-goa-oferece-quadro-de-fernando-pessoa-a-antonio-costa|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Death===
Navelcar died on 18 October 2021 at the age of 92 at a hospital in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|title=Goa: Renowned artist Vamona Navelcar passes away in Panaji|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-renowned-artist-vamona-navelcar-passes-away-in-panaji/articleshow/87101234.cms|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2021|website=The Times of India|date=18 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-renowned-artist-vamona-navelcar-passes-away-in-panaji/articleshow/87101234.cms}}</ref>

==Artistry==
[[File:Artist Vamona Navelcar and others at the launch of an art event in Goa..JPG|thumb|Inaugurating an art event in Goa.]]
Describing his work in 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented: "The ethic extends to the great Vamona Navelcar. Known for his elegant line, for epitomizing gentility, the seniormost contributor has rendered a grotesque skull-bedecked ''Ogre'', a painting that immediately recalls [[Angelo da Fonseca]]'s ''Apocalypse'' (a likewise searing vision painted after a lifetime of making serene images)."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goan-art-renaissance/articleshow/12311858.cms|title=Goan art renaissance|date=18 March 2012|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318123928/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goan-art-renaissance/articleshow/12311858.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dr Carmo Gracias from Margao, who owns more than 20 of Navelcar's paintings along with dozens of others by other Goan and Indian artists, describes how Navelcar can quickly create a rendition of [[Jesus Christ]]. He claims that Navelcar is exquisite in his style of line drawing, in which he draws an image in a single continuous stroke while not lifting his pencil or pen.<ref name="HeraldJourney2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/From-Goa-to-the-world-%E2%80%93-The-journey-of-Vamona-Navelcar%E2%80%99s-art/132722.html|title=From Goa to the world – The journey of Vamona Navelcar's art|website=oHeraldo|first=Dolcy|last=D'Cruz|date=30 June 2018|language=en|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601185518/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/From-Goa-to-the-world-%25E2%2580%2593-The-journey-of-Vamona-Navelcar%25E2%2580%2599s-art/132722.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goan artist Bina Nayak has been quoted as having said that Navelcar is "the M.F. Hussain of Goa," likening him to the famed Indian artist.<ref name="Goanet" />

==Exhibitions==
Navelcar's first exhibition was in the early 1960s at the Palacio Foz in [[Lisbon]].<ref name="BSPessoa2017" />

As part of Semana da Cultura (a celebration of Indo-Portuguese cultural fusion) in 2011, Navelcar's work was displayed at the [[Sunaparanta, Goa Centre for the Arts]] in an exhibition titled "In dreams the work is born". The exhibition ran from 22 to 31 October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sgcfa.org/events_disp.php?id=26|title=Exhibition of Paintings by Vamona Navelcar - 22nd to 31st Oct 2011|website=Sunaparanta|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-date=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506232843/http://www.sgcfa.org/events_disp.php?id=26|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 23 June to 9 September 2012, Navelcar exhibited his work at the Figueiro de Vinhos gallery, in the centre of Portugal.<ref name="Goanet">{{cite web|url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-news-goanet.org/2012-July/005038.html|title=[Goanet-News] Vamona Navelcar ... in Portugal|website=lists.goanet.org|access-date=15 January 2013|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081459/http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-news-goanet.org/2012-July/005038.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A Retrospective exhibition was held in Portugal from June to October 2012 curated by Vamona's long standing friend and admirer, Professor Antonino Martins Mendes.<ref name="AnneBio2013" />

On 1 May 2017, an exhibition celebrating his life and work called "The Great Goan Art Festival" was organized by Marius Fernandes at Campal in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/art-festival-held-to-celebrate-veteran-artist-vamona-navelcar/articleshow/58463074.cms|title=Art festival held to celebrate veteran artist Vamona Navelcar|date=1 May 2017|first=Nida|last=Sayed|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/art-festival-held-to-celebrate-veteran-artist-vamona-navelcar/articleshow/58463074.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

His works were displayed from 12 December 2017 to 12 January 2018 at the Fundacao Oriente, Panjim, in an exhibition titled ''Goa/Portugal/Mozambique: The Many Lives of Vamona Navelcar'', featuring 16 of his works. The exhibition was curated by [[R. Benedito Ferrão]] and co-hosted by the Al-Zulaij Collective; an accompanying book edited by Ferrão was released with the same title as the exhibition. That exhibition would be the last time Navelcar's art would be seen publicly while he was still alive.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/giving-vamona-navelcar-his-due/ |title=Giving Vamona Navelcar his due |website=The Navhind Times |date=19 December 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110339/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/12/19/magazines/buzz/giving-vamona-navelcar-his-due/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIGO/2017/12/16&entity=Ar00401&sk=81B37F88 |title=Smart Lessons From Art City Panaji |website=The Times Of India |date=16 December 2017 |first=Vivek |last=Menezes |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110353/https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIGO%2F2017%2F12%2F16&entity=Ar00401&sk=81B37F88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biographical works==
The late aeronautical engineer and [[UK]] [[expatriate|expat]] Anne Ketteringham wrote a biography on Navelcar in conjunction with VS Arts.<ref name="Goanet" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2013/jun/16/biography-of-a-reclusive-artist-487186.html|title=Biography of a reclusive artist|website=The New Indian Express|first=Sunita|last=Raghu|date=16 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601074507/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2013/jun/16/Biography-of-a-reclusive-artist-487186.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DKlCsD2tUGn/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> The book is called ''Vamona Navelcar, An Artist of Three Continents'' and was launched in Goa at Gallery Gitanjali, Panaji on 12 April 2013 with an exhibition of Vamona Navelcar's works from over the decades.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goastreets.com/goa-news/the-corner-2/ |date= 4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307185534/http://goastreets.com/the-corner-2/|title=The Corner |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead |website=GoaStreets.com |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>

The book ''Goa/Portugal/Mozambique: The Many Lives of Vamona Navelcar'' (Fundação Oriente, 2017), edited by [[R. Benedito Ferrão]], was released in 2017 in conjunction with a retrospective of the artist's work in an exhibition of the same title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=W&M professor’s exhibition celebrates the complexity of Goan identity |url=https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2017/wm-professors-exhibition-celebrates-the-complexity-of-goan-identity.php |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=William & Mary |language=en}}</ref> The book also contains the graphic novella, ''The Destination is the Journey'', written by Ferrão and illustrated by Navelcar; it is loosely based on the artist's life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrão |first=R. Benedito |last2=Kandolkar |first2=Vishvesh Prabhakar |date=2023-06-03 |title=Vamona Navelcar’s Lost Suitcase: Drawing (from) the Impossibility of Nation in The Destination is the Journey |url=https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/ecas2023/paper/69554 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=nomadit.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Selma |date=2025-12-18 |title=The Most Famous Suitcase in Goan Art History |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2025/12/17/the-most-famous-suitcase-in-goan-art-history |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

An extensive political biography about Navelcar written by [[R. Benedito Ferrão]] and [[Vishvesh Prabhakar Kandolkar]] appears in the Spring 2022 issue of the journal ''[https://www.upress.umn.edu/journals/verge/ Verge: Studies in Global Asias]'' and is titled "Canvas Adrift: Vamona Navelcar, Artist of the Unframed Ocean."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferrão |first=R. Benedito |last2=Kandolkar |first2=Vishvesh Prabhakar |date=2022 |title=Canvas Adrift: Vamona Navelcar, Artist of the Unframed Ocean |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48679489 |journal=Verge: Studies in Global Asias |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1O8–140 |issn=2373-5058}}</ref>

Navelcar is the subject of a 2019 documentary on his life titled ''I am nothing'' with Ronak Kamat directing it and sound editing by Ashley Fernandes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=49469|title=I am nothing: Vamona Navelcar|date=24 February 2019|first=Bharati|last=Pawaskar|website=The Goan|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110404/https://www.thegoan.net//i-am-nothing-vamona-navelcar/49469.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Laxman Pai]]
* [[F. N. Souza]]
* [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Vamona Navelcar: An Artist of Three Continents|last=Ketteringham|first=Anne|publisher=VS Arts|year=2013}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/5/3/the-knight-in-the-many-lives-of-vamona-navelcar|title=The Knight in the Many Lives of Vamona Navelcar|first=Jugneeta|last=Sudan|website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017|date=4 May 2018 |language=en-US}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Facebook|VamonaNavelcar}}
* {{YouTube|e6FdKP_CRAI|Interview}} by [[Frederick Noronha]]
* [https://aow.degruyter.com/artist/_00803938 Vamona Navelcar] at [[De Gruyter|Artists of the World]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navelcar, Vamona}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Portuguese male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Portuguese painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Portuguese male artists]]

Pennu Case

2026-04-26T01:10:26Z

AliNiazOfficial: started new article

{{Short description|2026 Malayalam Drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pennu Case
| image = Pennu Case Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Febin Sidharth
| writer = Febin Sidharth Resmi Radhakrishnan
| producer = Mukesh R Mehta Umesh K R Bansal Rajesh Krishna C V Sarathi
| starring = [[Nikhila Vimal]] [[Hakim Shahjahan]] [[Ramesh Pisharody]] [[Aju Varghese]] [[Shivajith]]
| music = Ankit Menon
| cinematography = Shinoz
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio =
| distributor = E4 Entertainments Zee Studios London Talkies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|01|10|India}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| budget =
| gross =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Pennu Case''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] movie written and directed by Febin Sidharth in his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/pennu-case-malayalam-film-release-date-nikhila-vimal-scammer-hqk7soju | title=Men get away with it, women don't': Nikhila Vimal opens up ahead of Pennu Case release | date=18 December 2025 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Mathrubhumi News | archive-date=18 December 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218202050/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/pennu-case-malayalam-film-release-date-nikhila-vimal-scammer-hqk7soju | url-status=live}}</ref> The screenplay was cowritten by Resmi Radhakrishnan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/10/nikhila-vimal-pennu-case-teaser.html | title=Nikhila Vimal turns wedding scammer in 'Pennu Case'; teaser out now | date=10 October 2025 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Onmanorama | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322140513/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/10/nikhila-vimal-pennu-case-teaser.html | url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Hakim Shahjahan]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Shivajith]] and [[Ramesh Pisharody]] in important roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/08/movies-to-watch-theatres-this-week-jana-nayagan-postponed.html | title=With 'Jana Nayagan' delayed, here are movies you can catch in theatres this week | date=8 January 2026 | access-date=18 March 2026 | work=Onmaorama | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322141413/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/08/movies-to-watch-theatres-this-week-jana-nayagan-postponed.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
A group of men storms into a wedding hall, creating chaos and attacking the groom, Subash. The situation escalates, and all of them are taken into police custody. At the police station, a shocking truth comes to light. The groom's fiancée, Rohini, had previously married each of those men. Investigations under [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Manoj reveal that Rohini had done fraudulent marriages across rural areas cheating many men. When questioned about her motives, she remains silent, visibly frightened by someone.

After a few days, she finally breaks her silence. She reveals that her life took a drastic turn after a landslide in [[Kerala]] forced her and her mother to relocate to [[Mysore]]. There they found shelter with Arul, the son of her father's friend. During that time, both fell in love with each other. Struggling to find a stable job, she faced financial pressure, especially when her mother fell seriously ill. Desperate for money to cover the medical expenses, she was drawn into a fraudulent marriage racket operated by a man named David. Under his direction, she married a man, only to flee on the wedding night with all the jewellery, handing it over to David in exchange for money. With that she managed to pay her mother's hospital bills and secure her discharge. She decided never to repeat the crime. However, David threatened her and forced her to continue participating in the scam trapping her in a cycle she could not escape.

Once, she got caught by the [[Karnataka Police]]. But was released under David's influence and money. However, she becomes a pawn in their game. Determined to escape, she secretly gathered crucial evidence from David's laptop and approached the police. But her hope shatters when she realises that the police themselves are in a team with David. She is sent back. Later Rohini, along with Arul and her mother are attacked as a warning. Soon after, a powerful figure known as Jeevan Pulikkunnel, an influential leader from Kerala and the real mastermind behind the entire racket enters the scene. He takes Rohini back to Kerala and forces her to continue the same fraudulent marriage operations there. Under strict surveillance by David and team, Rohini was taught what to say, how to behave, and how to gain the trust of the targets. She continued this life of deception, until she is finally caught now.

For Manoj, it has now turned into a personal case as he has a past with Jeevan. Manoj underwent a punishment transfer due to a false sexual harassment orchestrated by Jeevan. Now, seeing Rohini's case as an opportunity, Manoj decides to expose the entire network and take revenge by bringing out the truth with solid evidence. Manoj and his team devise a plan for it. During a hospital visit for Rohini's medical checkup, they deliberately created an opportunity for her to escape. Manoj and Rohini collects the pendrive that contains all the evidence against Jeevan and David. Rohini is let free but is kept under surveillance by Manoj's team. Believing that David or his men will eventually come to her to retrieve the evidence, Manoj keeps waiting. But using a clever distraction, Rohini evades the surveillance and escapes on a bus. Despite this, Manoj arrests Jeevan, convinced that the evidence in the pendrive will finally expose everything. However, at the police station its revealed that the pendrive contains nothing but songs. There is no evidence.

In a stunning twist, it becomes clear that Rohini had been deceiving everyone all along. The emotional backstory she narrated, the Mysore incident, David, the forced crimes, was nothing but a fabricated tale, inspired by a television serial. Even Arul's story was cleverly constructed after she learned about his death from a newspaper. She had manipulated the police team with the same methodology she used on her victims, the grooms. Manoj faces suspension. Rohini continues her life as a master of fraudulent marriages. Manoj finds her in a temple in [[Tamil Nadu]], with a husband and apparoches her.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Nikhila Vimal]] as Rohini
*[[Hakim Shahjahan]] as [[Inspector#India|CI]] Manoj
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Subash
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Vijaykumar
*[[Shivajith]] as David
*[[P. P. Kunhikrishnan]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Gangettan
*[[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad Ali]] as Thomas
*Kiran Peethambaran as Jeevan Pulikkunel
*Praveen Raja as Arul
*Anarkali Nazar as Rajeesha, Manoj's wife
*Sreerekha as [[Constable#India|CPO]] Sini
*Ranji Kankol as [[Constable#India|CPO]] Aneesh
*Lali P M as Rohini's mother
*Abdul Kareem Valiyakath (Lala Malappuram) as Basheer
*[[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Rohini's tamil husband ([[cameo appearance]])
}}

==Production==
The movie was announced on October 31, 2024, by releasing the title poster.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nikhila-vimal-to-star-in-pennu-case/article68818905.ece | title=Nikhila Vimal to star in 'Pennu Case' | date=1 November 2024 | access-date=18 March 2026 | work=The Hindu | archive-date=4 April 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404064648/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nikhila-vimal-to-star-in-pennu-case/article68818905.ece | url-status=live}}</ref> The title poster was an illustration of a group of men chasing a bride.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/nikhila-vimals-next-film-titled-pennu-case-announced-article-114856795 | title=Nikhila Vimal's Next Film Titled Pennu Case Announced | date=1 November 2024 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=The Times Now | archive-date=6 February 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206131701/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/nikhila-vimals-next-film-titled-pennu-case-announced-article-114856795 | url-status=live}}</ref> The shooting of the movie began in February 2025 after traditional pooja ceremony at Mysore.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/26/nikhil-vimal-starrer-pennu-case-goes-on-floors | title=Nikhila Vimal-starrer Pennu Case goes on floors | date=26 February 2025 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=The cinema Express | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322204824/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/26/nikhil-vimal-starrer-pennu-case-goes-on-floors | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/nikhila-vima-film-pennu-case-goes-on-floors-in-mysore-viral-photo-8762037 | title=നിഖില വിമലിനു പിന്നിൽ മുഖം മറച്ച് അണിയറപ്രവർത്തകർ; 'പെണ്ണ് കേസിൽ' പെട്ടവർ വൈറൽ | date=27 February 2025 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=The Indian Express Malayalam | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260322205315/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/nikhila-vima-film-pennu-case-goes-on-floors-in-mysore-viral-photo-8762037 | url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was shot in Mysore and Kerala. The shooting was wrapped up on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/18/its-a-wrap-for-nikhila-vimal-starrer-pennu-case | title=It's a wrap for Nikhila Vimal starrer Pennu Case | date=18 April 2025 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=The Cinema Express | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322205705/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/18/its-a-wrap-for-nikhila-vimal-starrer-pennu-case | url-status=live}}</ref> The teaser of the movie was released on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2025/10/10/official-teaser-of-the-film-pennu-case-has-been-released.html | title=നിഖില വിമലിൻ്റെ 'പെണ്ണ് കേസ് '; ടീസർ പുറത്ത് | date=10 October 2025 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=Twenty Four News | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322205944/https://www.twentyfournews.com/2025/10/10/official-teaser-of-the-film-pennu-case-has-been-released.html | url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 20 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/pennu-case-official-trailer-nikhila-vimal-hakkim-shah-articleshow-45t8o45 | title='പെണ്ണ് കേസു'മായി നിഖില വിമൽ; ട്രെയ്ലർ പുറത്ത് | date=20 December 2025 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=Asianet News | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322210450/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/pennu-case-official-trailer-nikhila-vimal-hakkim-shah-articleshow-45t8o45 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The cinematography of the movie was done by Shinoz. [[Shameer Muhammed]] handled the editing of the movie. The screenplay was cowritten by Febin Sidharth and Resmi Radhakrishnan. The dialogues were penned by Jyothish M, Sunu A V and Ganesh Malayath.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/nikhila-vimals-pennu-case-movie-release-update-articleshow-24ickdz | title=നിഖില വിമലിന്റെ 'പെണ്ണ് കേസ്' വരുന്നു; റിലീസ് അപ്ഡേറ്റ് | date=9 October 2025 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=Asianet News | archive-date=22 March 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260322210710/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/nikhila-vimals-pennu-case-movie-release-update-articleshow-24ickdz | url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The songs of the movie was composed by multiple music directors. Ankit Menon was the music supervisor of the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.keralatv.in/pennu-case-releasing-on-10-january | title=Pennu Case Malayalam Movie Releasing on 10 January, find the Theater List of the Film | date= 9 January 2026 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Kerala TV | archive-date=11 January 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260111024616/https://www.keralatv.in/pennu-case-releasing-on-10-january | url-status=live}}</ref> The track listing is as given below.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6Jhw10SLNWPeGrk5Tl8Oep | title=Soundtrack of the Malayalam Movie Pennu Case | date=22 March 2026 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Spotify}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Pennu Case (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Kadhal Nadhiye
| music1 = Pravatish Pradeep<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kaadhal-nadhiye-video-song-from-pennu-case-starring-nikhila-vimal-released-10581411 | title=കണ്ടിരിക്കാൻ തന്നെ എന്തുഭംഗി; ട്രെൻഡിംഗിൽ ഇടം പിടിച്ച് 'കാതൽ നദിയേ' ഗാനം | date=21 October 2025 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Malayalam Indian Express | archive-date=23 October 2025 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251023072056/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kaadhal-nadhiye-video-song-from-pennu-case-starring-nikhila-vimal-released-10581411 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], iSai
| lyrics1 = Ganesh Malayath, Ponnumani
| length1 = 3:57

| title2 = Narayana Jaya
| music2 = Arcado<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/10/30/pennu-case-lyrical-video-out.html | title=നിഖില വിമലിന്റെ 'പെണ്ണ് കേസ്'; പുതിയ ഗാനം പുറത്ത് | date=30 October 2025 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Manorama Online News | archive-date=11 December 2025 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251211043254/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/10/30/pennu-case-lyrical-video-out.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| extra2 = Pranavam Sasi
| lyrics2 = Adarsh Ajith, Black
| length2 = 3:37

| title3 = Kaathangal
| music3 = Haniya Nafisa
| extra3 = [[Neha Nair]]
| lyrics3 = Haniya Nafisa
| length3 = 3:15

| title4 = Padi Thanda Pathni
| music4 = Cee Vee, Farhash<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/pennu-case-starring-nikhila-vimal-new-lyrical-video-out-articleshow-2i5a0og | title=പെണ്ണ് കേസു'മായി നിഖില വിമൽ; ചിത്രത്തിലെ പുതിയ ലിറിക്കൽ വീഡിയോ പുറത്ത് | date=4 January 2026 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Asianet News | archive-date=5 January 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260105003638/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/pennu-case-starring-nikhila-vimal-new-lyrical-video-out-articleshow-2i5a0og | url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra4 = Cee Vee, Farhash
| lyrics4 = Farhash
| length4 = 2:41
}}

==Release==
The film was initially planned to release on 16 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/pennu-case-nikhila-vimal-release-date-et2z4mhp | title=നിഖില വിമലിന്റെ പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'പെണ്ണ് കേസ്'; ജനുവരി 16-ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളില്‍ | date=17 December 2025 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=Mathrubhumi News | archive-date=10 March 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310093708/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/pennu-case-nikhila-vimal-release-date-et2z4mhp | url-status=live}}</ref> As [[Jana Nayagan]] movie got postponed, there were freed up slots available across Kerala.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/08/nikhila-vimals-pennu-case-release-advanced | title=Nikhila Vimal's Pennu Case release advanced | date=8 January 2026 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=Cinema Express | archive-date=23 March 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260323025050/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/08/nikhila-vimals-pennu-case-release-advanced | url-status=live}}</ref> Hence the movie was preponed and released on 10 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2026/01/08/nikhila-vimal-pennu-case-movie-release-date |title='കേസ് നേരത്തെ വിളിച്ചു'; നിഖില വിമലിന്റെ 'പെണ്ണ് കേസ്' ജനുവരി 10ന് | date=8 January 2026 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=Manorama Online News | archive-date=23 March 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260323030243/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2026/01/08/nikhila-vimal-pennu-case-movie-release-date.html | url-status=live}}</ref> The movie premiered on [[Amazon Prime]] on 10 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/pennu-case-starts-streaming-on-ott-nikhila-vimal-11194602 | title=Pennu Case OTT: പെണ്ണ് കേസ് ഒടിടിയിലെത്തി, എവിടെ കാണാം? | date=11 March 2026 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work= Malayalam Indian Express | archive-date=23 March 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260323070203/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/pennu-case-starts-streaming-on-ott-nikhila-vimal-11194602 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Dhanya K. Vilayil of [[The Indian Express]] opines that the movie if one is not going behind the logic, the movie won't disappoint you. Its a two-hour fun ride.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/pennu-case-movie-review-rating-nikhila-vimal-10984956 | title=Pennu Case Review: തമാശകളും ചിരിയും കൈകോർക്കുന്ന ക്ലീൻ കോമഡി; 'പെണ്ണ് കേസ്'റിവ്യൂ | date=9 January 2026 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=The Indian Express Malayalam | archive-date=23 January 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260123041906/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/pennu-case-movie-review-rating-nikhila-vimal-10984956 | url-status=live}}</ref> Princy Alexander of [[Onmanorama]] says that even though the movie doesn't explore the dramatic possibilities of the premise, the movie offers light humor, serviceable mystery and an interesting gender inversion which is a small step away from convention. She also appreciates the performance of Nikila Vimal and Hakkim Shajahan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2026/01/11/nikhila-vimal-pennu-case-movie-review-aju-varghese.html | title=Pennu Case:' A light con, flipped with wit and restraint Review | date=11 January 2026 | access-date=22 March 2026 | work=Onmanorama | archive-date=17 January 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260117220041/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2026/01/11/nikhila-vimal-pennu-case-movie-review-aju-varghese.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Anjana George of [[The Times of India]] gives a rating of two on five and writes that despite having an interesting idea, the movie fails due to poor execution, weak performances and flawed technical execution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/pennu-case-movie-review-rating-nikhila-vimal-10984956 | title=Pennu Case Review: തമാശകളും ചിരിയും കൈകോർക്കുന്ന ക്ലീൻ കോമഡി; 'പെണ്ണ് കേസ്'റിവ്യൂ | date=11 January 2026 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=The Times Of India | archive-date=17 January 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260117220041/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2026/01/11/nikhila-vimal-pennu-case-movie-review-aju-varghese.html | url-status=live}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of [[The Hindu]] writes that the movie fails to use any possibilities of materials in their hand due to weak writing and ends up in an average territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pennu-case-movie-review-an-average-con-drama-sans-any-exciting-elements/article70498255.ece | title=Pennu Case' movie review: An average con drama | date=12 January 2026 | access-date=19 March 2026 | work=The Hindu | archive-date=9 February 2026 | archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260209111902/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pennu-case-movie-review-an-average-con-drama-sans-any-exciting-elements/article70498255.ece | url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|34383140}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about female psychopaths and sociopaths]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]

Mohinder Bhagat

2026-04-24T13:34:47Z

AliNiazOfficial: Starting First Article More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohinder Bhagat
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Sheetal Angural]]
| constituency = [[Jalandhar West Assembly constituency|Jalandhar]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| spouse =
| father = [[Chunni Lal Bhagat]]
}}
'''Mohinder Bhagat''' is an Indian politician from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. He is the elected MLA from [[Jalandhar West Assembly constituency|Jalandhar West]] on an [[Aam Aadmi Party]] ticket. He was previously associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-leader-mohinder-bhagat-joins-aap-ahead-of-jalandhar-lok-sabha-bypoll-3948725</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-07-13 |title=Jalandhar West Assembly bypoll result: AAP's Mohinder Bhagat wins in Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab-assembly-byelection-results-2024/article68399300.ece |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |last2=Pareenja |first2=Puneet |date=2024-07-13 |title=Assembly bypolls: AAP's Mohinder Bhagat wins Jalandhar West seat by margin of over 38,000 votes |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/aap-mohinder-bhagat-wins-jalandhar-west-seat-assembly-bypoll-election-results-by-margin-of-over-37000-votes-aam-aadmi-party-bjp-congress-latest-update-2024-07-13-941607 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

Mohinder won the seat by a margin of 55k:17k votes in the by elections of 2024, defeating his own ex-colleague [[Sheetal Angural]] who joined [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] just before the Lok sabha elections 2024. The latter felt cheated by BJP during the elections that led to his huge defeat.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Bhagat was previously a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and had contested the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]] and [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] on a BJP ticket from [[Jalandhar West Assembly constituency]].<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-leader-mohinder-bhagat-joins-aap-ahead-of-jalandhar-lok-sabha-bypoll-3948725</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagat, Mohinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

MLA (2018 Telugu film)

2026-04-22T20:18:30Z

AliNiazOfficial:

{{short description|2018 action film by Upendra Madhav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = MLA (Manchi Lakshanalunna Abbayi)
| image = MLA Telugu Movie Poster.jpg
| alt = An angry man holding a spade as an improvised weapon.
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Upendra Madhav]]
| producer = Kiran Reddy Bharath Chowdary T. G. Vishwa Prasad Vivek Kuchibotla
| writer = [[Upendra Madhav]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] [[Kajal Aggarwal]] [[Ravi Kishan]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Prasad Murella]]
| editing = Tammiraju
| studio = Blue Planet Entertainments LLP People Media Factory
| distributor = Blue Planet Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|2018|03|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|17.5 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2018 |title=Tollywood box office report of 2018: highest grossing Telugu movies of year; List of hits and flops |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/2018s-tollywood-movies-box-office-collection-list-highest-grossing-telugu-films-year-780150 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Manchi Lakshanalunna Abbayi''''' ({{translation|A boy with good qualities}}), also known as '''''MLA''''', is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2018 |title=MLA (aka) Manchi Lakshanalunna Abbai review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/mla/mla-review.html |website=Behindwoods.com |quote=The movie brims with the typical love action story template [...] MLA is an attempted romantic action political flick that drags in a sort of hangover from some previous Telugu flicks.}}</ref> written and directed by [[Upendra Madhav]] who earlier worked as a writer for films such as ''[[Bruce Lee – The Fighter|Bruce Lee]]'' and ''[[Aagadu]]''. Starring [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Ravi Kishan]] in the lead roles, it was produced by Kiran Reddy, Bharath Chowdary, TG Viswa Prasad, and Vivek Kuchibhotla under Blue Planet Entertainments banner, their second venture after ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]''.<ref name="boxo" /> In the film, a young man must become an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and defeat a corrupt politician in order to marry the woman he loves.

The film was released on 23 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=MLA Telugu Movie Review {3/5}: Entertaining, 'time-pass' kind of a film to watch along with your family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mla/movie-review/63427634.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180325083525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mla/movie-review/63427634.cms |archive-date=25 March 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |work=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2018 |title=MLA movie review: Kajal Aggarwal-Kalyan Ram starrer is forgettable |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mla-movie-review-kalyan-ram-kajal-aggarwal-star-rating-5108642/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330224939/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mla-movie-review-kalyan-ram-kajal-aggarwal-star-rating-5108642/ |archive-date=30 March 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=indianexpress.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2018 |title=MLA Telugu Movie Review – Kalyan Ram MLA Movie Review – 123telugu.com |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/kalyanram-mla-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328061124/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/kalyanram-mla-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=www.123telugu.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA review. MLA Telugu movie review, story, rating – IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mla-review-telugu-movie-21645 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402145250/https://www.indiaglitz.com/mla-review-telugu-movie-21645 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=indiaglitz.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2018 |title='MLA' review: This Telugu film offers a few smart tweaks to a routine tale |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mla-review-telugu-film-offers-few-smart-tweaks-routine-tale-78390 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402145250/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mla-review-telugu-film-offers-few-smart-tweaks-routine-tale-78390 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=thenewsminute.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2018 |title=Kalyan Ram's MLA Movie Review & Rating |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-03-23/Kalyan-Rams-MLA-Movie-Review--Rating-/368775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101627/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-03-23/Kalyan-Rams-MLA-Movie-Review--Rating-/368775 |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=The Hans India |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gadappa is a corrupt politician who has been resorting to dirty tricks in order to win. When he again wins the elections, and the village landlord's son loses, he proceeds to kill the reporter who was about to expose him to the general public.

Kalyan is a young man who gets a job at his brother in law's office and falls for Indu, his chairman's daughter, upon seeing her good qualities and tries to convince her to reciprocate, but she doesn't. One day, when Marthaali, a local goon and his henchmen, beat up his company's employees and snatch their land, Kalyan accepts the challenge to bring back the stolen land in exchange for reciprocation from Indu. Kalyan and his team bring Pattabhi, a cunning lawyer, to support them in court. Knowing that Marthaali and his wife love each other deeply, Kalyan and Indu act like a couple and film everything, later replacing the background with Marthaali's house using [[chroma key]]. A legal notice is sent, due to which Marthaali and his wife go to the court, where the fabricated footage shown by Kalyan proves him and Indu to be the owners. However, Marthaali accepts he forcefully took away Kalyan's company's land, causing Pattabhi to close the case and send Marthaali to jail.

Indu privately meets Kalyan and thanks to him but also tells him that due to her background, they won't be able to live together. Kalyan apologizes instead for chasing her all the time and confesses his love for her, before getting attacked by goons who try to kidnap Indu. Kalyan gets up and fights them all using improvised weapons. After beating down the final goon, he tells him to go and inform Marthaali he's not going to let him get away with this, before the goon reveals he doesn't know any Marthaali and that Indu isn't the chairman's daughter. She reveals she swapped her post with the chairman's daughter because her father, the landlord whose son lost, was forcing her to marry Gadappa for political power. She finally reciprocates, following which Kalyan takes her back to her village and patiently explains the value of parents and his love for Indu, which impresses her family. However, her father challenges him to become an MLA and defeat Gadappa in the upcoming elections.

Kalyan accepts the challenge and is joined by Gadappa's ex-PA, who was loyal but fired for making a small mistake. They team up and introduce a lot of reforms, but that doesn't convince the public. Kalyan tricks Gadappa's new PA into believing he knows what the public wants instead of water, due to which Gadappa sends a truck full of alcohol for the men. The men drink and hit their wives, due to which Kalyan decides to help them and wins their support. However, a child worker dies from the chemical infection in a glass bottle factory, causing an enraged Kalyan to fight Gadappa's goons, free all the children and blackmail Gadappa into giving him 60 lakh rupees for educating the children, using the slain reporter's pen drive containing the evidence. He emotionally convinces the parents to stop sending their kids to factories and instead to schools. The school, too, is attacked, but Kalyan encourages everyone to fight back and eventually wins their support.

Soon, Kalyan is attacked on a bridge and left severely wounded, following which he is admitted to the hospital. He is saved, but Gadappa threatens to destroy everyone's lives by all dirty means possible. In order to save them, he instructs Kalyan to destroy his reputation with his own hands in front of the public. Kalyan lies that he was doing all the service for money and his girlfriend, further asking everyone not to vote for him. The next day, the voting begins, and Kalyan starts getting higher votes, due to which Gadappa's henchmen try to attack the polling booth. He himself decides to come there, and on the way, is attacked by numerous schoolkids who throw stones at him. They are joined by Kalyan, who, again using improvised weapons, manages to fight and defeat Gadappa. The police arrive, and having seen all the evidence against him given to them by Kalyan's PA, arrest Gadappa. Kalyan wins the elections, and the public reveals he did a lot for them, and thus they made him win. Kalyan marries Indu, whose father gives up the lust for power and instead values public love.

== Cast ==
* [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] as Kalyan Chaturvedi
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Indu
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as MLA Gadappa
* [[Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Nagappa, Indu's father
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Pattabhi
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Chantti, the CEO
* Manali Rathod as Smitha, Chairman's Daughter
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Prasad, Kalyan’s brother In-law
* Anchor Lasya as Kalyan's sister
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Indu's brother
* [[Prudhviraj]] as Kalyan's PA
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Gadappa's PA
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Marthaali
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as a village member
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Politician
* [[M. Sasikumar]] as himself
* [[Samuthirakani]] as himself

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''MLA'' had a successful opening day at the Indian box office, the best of [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]'s career. It also had a successful [[United States|US]] debut; opening at 200 movie theatres.<ref name="boxo">{{Cite news |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |title=Producers thrilled with MLA's openings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producers-thrilled-with-mlas-openings/articleshow/63444697.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430200218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producers-thrilled-with-mlas-openings/articleshow/63444697.cms |archive-date=30 April 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018 |work=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] and released by [[Aditya Music]].

{{Infobox album
| name = MLA
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 March 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue = [[Hyderabad]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 18:02
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Mani Sharma
| prev_title = [[Okka Kshanam]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = Ee Maya Peremito
| next_year = 2018
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:02
| title1 = Most Wanted Abbayi
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Hey Indu
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Girl Friend
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Yuddam Yuddam
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = Anurag Kulkarni
| length4 = 5:49
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt7322890}}

[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 action films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2018 masala films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]

Karakul hat

2026-04-20T17:29:46Z

AliNiazOfficial:

{{Short description|Traditional sheep fur hat of Central and South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Jinnah1945c.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founding father of [[Pakistan]], wearing a Karakul.]]
The '''Karakul hat''' ({{nq|قراقلی}}), also known by other names,{{efn|It is sometimes spelled as '''Qaraqul''' '''hat''' and also known as an '''Astrakhan hat''', '''Uzbek hat''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar S. |author-link=Akbar Ahmed |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1997 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic tity: The Search for Saladin |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-75022-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT33 |page=85}}</ref> and '''Jinnah Cap'''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2022 |title=Decoding Afghanistan's colourful headgear culture |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|AlJazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/18/decoding-afghanistans-colourful-headgear-culture |quote=known as a Jinnah cap across the border in Pakistan, where it was popularised by the country’s founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Baig |first=Zulfiqar |date=9 October 2019 |title=Jinnah Cap – a dying legacy |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2075387/jinnah-cap-dying-legacy}}</ref>}} is a hat made from the fur (either {{ill|Karakul fur|ru|Каракуль (мех)}} or [[karakulcha]]) of the [[Karakul sheep|Karakul]] breed of [[Domestic sheep|sheep]].<ref name="foxnews">{{Cite news |title=Hamid Karzai's Famous Hat Made From Aborted Lamb Fetuses |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/hamid-karzais-famous-hat-made-from-aborted-lamb-fetuses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501230853/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,51034,00.html |archive-date=1 May 2008 |work=FOXNews.com |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2007 |title=Qaraquls Burst Upon the Fashion World |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/bizfocus/archives/2007/05/27/2003362700/print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216031746/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/bizfocus/archives/2007/05/27/2003362700/print |archive-date=16 December 2007 |work=Taipei Times |page=12 |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=HSUS Investigation Reveals Slaughter of Unborn and Newborn Lambs for Fur: Dateline NBC Features Undercover Investigation Documenting Animal Cruelty |date=12 December 2000 |url=http://www.infurmation.com/press_detail.php?id=99 |language=en |last1=Humane Society of the United States |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060531022711/http://infurmation.com/press_detail.php?id=99 |archive-date=31 May 2006 |website=Infurmation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2000 |title=Transcript of NBC "Dateline" Feature on Karakul Production |url=http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsF02d.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510115715/http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsF02d.htm |archive-date=10 May 2008 |website=furcommission.com |language=en}}</ref> The fur from which it is made is referred to as ''[[Astrakhan (fur)|Astrakhan]]'', ''broadtail'', ''qaraqulcha'', or ''Persian lamb''.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} The hat is peaked, and folds flat when taken off the wearer's head.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

[[File:ابراهیم گاوسوار.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Afghan leader)|Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]], [[Hazaras|Hazara]] leader in 1944 from [[Afghanistan]], wearing Karakul.]]
The cap is typically worn by Muslim men in [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]]. It was worn by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founding father of [[Pakistan]], where it is known as the Jinnah cap. The karakul, which had distinguished all educated urban men since the beginning of the 20th century, has fallen out of fashion in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clothing in Afghanistan |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xiii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050442/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xiii |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nordland |first=Rob |date=26 January 2010 |title=The Afghan Leader's Hat, Always More Than Just Headgear, Is Losing Its Cachet |language=en |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/world/asia/27karzai.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610073134/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/world/asia/27karzai.html |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=KO |date=24 March 2022 |title=The Royal Headgear: Qarakul - Kashmir Observer |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/03/24/the-royal-headgear-qarakul/ |access-date=24 January 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Design and production ==
In terms of design, the cap is peaked and has several parts. It folds flat when taken off the head. The cap has been particularly popular among the Muslim population of Central and South Asia, however, there is no religious significance attached to it.

The cap is made of the fur of the Qaraqul or Karakul breed of sheep, which is found in the desert areas of Central Asia. The sheep have been named in connection to the city of [[Qorakoʻl]], a town in the [[Bukhara Region]] of Uzbekistan. Later, the cap gained popularity in Mazar-i-Sharif, a city in Afghanistan, after which Uzbek craftsmen introduced the craft to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasin |first=Aamir |date=8 December 2019 |title=The last Jinnah cap maker in Rawalpindi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1520988 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jinnah Cap – a dying legacy">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Jinnah Cap – a dying legacy |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2075387/jinnah-cap-dying-legacy |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The karakul fur is obtained from a newly born sheep, which gives the cap its tough and curly texture as well as a specific pattern.<ref name="Jinnah Cap – a dying legacy"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why we stopped selling Karakul Caps |url=https://www.kashmirbox.com/blogs/craft/why-we-stopped-selling-karakul-caps |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=KashmirBox.com |date=6 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The karakulcha (diminutive of "karakul"), a finer and more expensive material, is taken from lamb fetuses or miscarriages.<ref name="foxnews"/>

== Kashmiri variations ==
Karakul caps have been worn by [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] for the past several decades. The Karakul cap is colloquially known as a "Karakuli" in the Kashmir Valley. The traditional headgear of the gentry in Kashmir has historically been the [[turban]] tied in a similar fashion to the Pashtun equivalent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Ashraf |date=1 January 2013 |title=The Karakul Cap |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jan/1/the-karakul-cap-29.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128135213/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jan/1/the-karakul-cap-29.asp |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 |website=GreaterKashmir.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Karzai.jpg|alt=|Afghanistan former president, [[Hamed Karzai]] wearing a Karakul hat
File:25 01 2020 Banquete no Palácio Presidencial (49439510138).jpg|[[Ram Nath Kovind]], former president of India, wearing the hat
File:Tagore Iran.jpg|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] wearing a karakul hat in a 1932 group photograph in the [[National Consultative Assembly|Majlis]] of [[Iran]]
File:Die Kürschnerkunst, Hans Werner, 1914 (S. 199) Bucharische Lammfelle und daraus gefertigte 'Persianer'-Mützen.jpg|Bukhara Karakul skins and Karakul hats
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Karakul caps}}
* [[List of hat styles]]
* [[List of fur headgear]]
* [[Fur wedge cap]], of similar shape
* [[Papakha]], also can be made of karakul fur
* [[Side cap]] (Pilotka)

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{hats}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Uzbek clothing}}

[[Category:Afghan clothing]]
[[Category:Hats]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Islamic male clothing]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
[[Category:Pakistani headgear]]
[[Category:Woolen clothing]]
[[Category:Uzbek clothing]]

Narghat Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:17:45Z

AliNiazOfficial: Starting Basic Page Initial Version...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narghat
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| constituency_no = 207
| established = 1967
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Narghat Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Narghat Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2010-12-10 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 18 September 2010 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||Prafulla Kumar Gayen||[[Bangla Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Subodh Chandra Maity||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Bankim Behari Maity||Bangla Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Saradindu Samanta||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Bankim Behari Maity||[[Janata Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Bankim Behari Maity||Janata Party<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Bankim Behari Maity||[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Brahmamay Nanda||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Brahmamay Nanda||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Brahmamay Nanda||[[West Bengal Socialist Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Brahmamay Nanda||West Bengal Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Results==
===2006===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Narghat<ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25204.htm|title = Panskura Purba|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=204| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164727/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=204| url-status = usurped| archive-date = May 19, 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Panskura Purba| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Panskura Purba |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-01 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Brahmamoy Nanda
|votes = 75,212
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Amiya Kanti Bhattacharjee (Kablu)
|votes = 66,602
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suvendu Kumar Bej
|votes = 3,802
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = SP
|candidate = Pratap Nayek
|votes = 2,227
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = PDS
|candidate = Sk. Zakir Hussain
|votes = 2,103
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 150,046
|percentage = (91.9%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 10.65#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+BJP vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996, and 1991 state assembly elections, Brahmamay Nanda of [[West Bengal Socialist Party]] (contested on [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] symbol in 1996 and 1991) won the 207 Narghat assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Amiya Kanti Bhattacharya of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006 and 2001, Suvendu Kumar Bej of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, and Swades Kumar Manna of Congress in 1991. Bankim Behari Maity, Independent/ [[Janata Party]], defeated Suvendu Bej of Congress in 1987, Swadesh Kumar Manna, Independent in 1982 and Saradindu Samanta of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp207.htm |title = 207 - Narghat Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-07 }}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Saradindu Samanta of Congress won in 1972. Bankim Behary Maity of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1971. Subodh Chandra Maity of Congress won in 1969. P.K.Gayen of Bangla Congress won in 1967.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref> Prior to that the Narghat seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{coord|22.1317|N|87.8900|E|display=title|region:IN-WB|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Munawwar Ali

2026-04-16T05:13:26Z

AliNiazOfficial: Starting The Biography Initial Version

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Munawwar Ali
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1884
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1951|12|11|1884}}
| birth_place = [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet District]], [[Assam Province|North-East Frontier Province]], British India
| death_place =
| office = [[Speaker of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = ''office established''
| successor = [[Abdul Karim (Bengal Legislative Assembly member)|Abdul Karim]]
| term_start = 1947
| term_end = 1948
| party = [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League|EBML]]
| other_party = [[Assam Provincial Muslim League|APML]] (1937–1947)
| alma_mater = [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]]
| profession = Lawyer
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Mahmud Ali (politician)|Mahmud Ali]] (nephew)|[[D. M. H Obaidur Raza Chowdhury]] (nephew)}}
}}
'''Munawwar Ali''' (1891–1951) was a Pakistani politician, lawyer, and poet.

== Early life ==
Ali was born in 1884<ref>{{cite book|url=https://nihcr.edu.pk/Downloads/PDF%20Books/Leaders%20of%20Pakistan%20Movment,%20VOL.%201.pdf|title=Leaders of Pakistan Movement: Papers Presented at the Two-Day International Conference, April 7–8, 2008|editor1=Sajid Mahmood Awan|editor2=Syed Umar Hayat|year=2018|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research|place=[[Quaid-i-Azam University]]|page=63|isbn=978-969-415-132-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025021626/https://nihcr.edu.pk/Downloads/PDF%20Books/Leaders%20of%20Pakistan%20Movment,%20VOL.%201.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> in Sylhet District of the North-East Frontier Province (later renamed [[Assam Province]]), British India (present-day [[Sunamganj District]], Bangladesh).<ref name=ব/> After completing his secondary education from a local school and higher secondary education from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Meerut College]] in 1907 and a Bachelor of Law degree from [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] in 1909. In 1913, he became a member of the [[Indian Red Cross Society]] and served the wounded soldiers during the [[Balkan Wars]]. He continued his service as its member until 1919.<ref name=ব/>

== Career ==
In 1919, he was elected a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. During this time, he played a role in protecting the rights of Bengali Muslim migrants in his province. He served as the chairman of the [[Sunamganj Municipality]] from 1921 to 1937. In 1930, he was appointed chairman of the Assam Muslim League (Shafi) and held the position for five years. In 1937, he became a member of the [[All-India Muslim League]] (AIML). From 1938 to 1942 and again in 1944, he served as provincial minister in Assam. In 1946, he was appointed secretary of the parliamentary party of the [[Assam Provincial Muslim League]] (APML). In 1947, he campaigned in support of voting for joining Pakistan in the [[Sylhet referendum]]. After the [[independence of Pakistan]], his tenure as a member of the Assam Legislative Assembly ended,<ref name=ব/> and he became a member of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=ব/><ref name=আ/> In 1947, he was elected Speaker of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly.<ref name=ব/>

== Poetry ==
Ali was also a poet. His poetry collections include:<ref name=ব>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/tribute_to_MMAli.pdf|title=Tribute to Maulvi Munawwar Ali of Sylhet|first=Muhammad|last=Akhtaruzzaman|access-date=23 March 2026|work=Bengal Muslim Research Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401054402/https://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/tribute_to_MMAli.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Jilwa'', 1942
* ''Bangla Amparar Kabyanubad'', 1950

== Death, family and legacy ==
Ali died of a heart attack on 11 December 1951. He had six sons and two daughters.<ref name=আ>{{cite news|title=মুনওয়ার আলীর এন্তেকাল|language=bn|page=2|date=12 December 1951|newspaper=[[The Azad]]}}</ref> His father was Musaraf Ali, lawyer and co-founder of the Cachar Native Joint Stock Company.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Humanities_June_2017.pdf|title=Changing Face of Global and Local Entrepreneurship: A Case Study on Sylhet Tea Plantation|first=Ashfaque|last=Hossain|page=30|volume=62|issue=1|year=2017|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Humanities)|editor=Akmal Hussain|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527032443/https://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Humanities_June_2017.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Politician [[D. M. H Obaidur Raza Chowdhury]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailysangram.com/post/192096-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA|title=আংখি মুঞ্জিয়া দেখ রূপ-দীলের চক্ষে চাইয়া দেখ বন্ধুয়ার স্বরূপ|language=bn|date=13 June 2015|work=[[The Daily Sangram]]|access-date=2 January 2021}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and politician [[Mahmud Ali (politician)|Mahmud Ali]] were his nephews.<ref>{{cite journal |date=December 2006 |title=A Freedom Fighter |journal=The Concept |publisher=Raza Afsar Khan |publication-place=Islamabad |volume=26 |oclc=7810867}}</ref> A book on his life titled ''Ek Alokito Bektitta Munawwar Ali'', containing articles by multiple authors, has been published by Sompadona Parishad.<ref name=ব/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Sunamganj District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1937–1946]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College alumni]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]

Sonamura North Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:44Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up a stub w/ infobox.

{{refimprove|date=March 2024}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonamura North
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1963
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 15,206
| mla = Debendra Kishore Chowdhury
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Sonamura North Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Debendra Kishore Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonamura North<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Debendra Kishore Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,807 |percentage=74.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. C. S. Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=2,439 |percentage=20.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. C. Das |party=Independent politician |votes=655 |percentage=5.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,368 |percentage=53.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,901 |percentage=82.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,206 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam

2026-04-14T11:53:49Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up a article from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian literary organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam''' ({{langx|ta|விஷ்ணுபுரம் இலக்கிய வட்டம்}}) is a literary organization created by Tamil writer [[Jeyamohan]] and his readers and fans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Website - Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam|url=https://vishnupuram.wordpress.com/|website=vishnupuram.wordpress.com|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref> It is named after his noted work [[Vishnupuram]]. It is currently based out of [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] and is being coordinated by K.V.Arangasamy. It awards the [[Vishnupuram Award]] every year.

==Purpose==
The Vattam was created in 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeyamohan on Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam|url=http://www.jeyamohan.in/7255#.V1n3RLsrIdU|website=jeyamohan.in|date=20 April 2014 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref> with the purpose of promoting quality literature among the [[Tamils|Tamil]] community in the world and to create attention for high quality writing and writers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Writer Madhavan bags Akademi award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Writer-Madhavan-bags-Akademi-award/articleshow/50228629.cms|date=18 December 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|first=M T|last=Saju|accessdate=18 August 2020}}</ref> To that effect, the organization periodically conducts literary meetups, seminars, conferences and informal gatherings to discuss literary works and other arts.

In 2010, the Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam instituted the annual [[Vishnupuram Award]] that recognizes under-recognized stalwarts of Tamil literature.

==Events organized by Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam==
===Vishnupuram Award ceremonies===
* [[Vishnupuram Award]] for [[Aa Madhavan]] (2010)
* Vishnupuram Award for [[Poomani]] (2011), [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnupuram award for Poomani|url=http://www.jeyamohan.in/21902#.V1oehfkwi00|website=Jeyamohan.in|date=21 October 2011 |accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Book Reading Colloquium (2012), [[Karaikudi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnupuram Karaikudi seminars|url=https://vishnupuram.com/category/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81/}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Award for poet [[Devadevan]] (2012), [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite news|title=In the stillness of Poetry|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-stillness-of-poetry/article4235002.ece|website=The Hindu|date=24 December 2012 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Award for [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Srilankan Tamil]] writer [[Thelivathai Joseph]] (2013), [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vishnupuram award for Sri Lankan Tamil writer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vishnupuram-award-for-sri-lankan-tamil-writer/article5314697.ece|website=The Hindu|date=4 November 2013 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnupuram award for Thelivathai Joseph|url=http://www.seythigal.com/?p=804|website=Seythigal.com}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Award for poet [[Gnanakoothan]] (2014), [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Poet Gnanakoothan interview|url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/general/literature/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D/article6711465.ece|website=tamil.thehindu.com|date=21 December 2014 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnupuram Award 2014 event video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOoj_ZGvOI4|website=Youtube.com| date=27 February 2015 |publisher=Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Award for poet [[Devathachan]] (2015), [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Award spotlights works of unsung Tamil poet|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Award-spotlights-works-of-unsung-Tamil-poet/articleshow/50289645.cms|website=Times of India|date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnupuram Award for Devathachan|url=https://devathachan.wordpress.com/2015/08/31/vishnupuram-award-for-devathachan/|website=devathachan.wordpress.com|date=31 August 2015 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Award for Writer [[Vannadasan]] (2016). [[Coimbatore]]
* Vishnupuram Award for Writer C.Muthusamy (2017). [[Coimbatore]]
* Vishnupuram Award for Writer [[Raj Gauthaman]] (2018) [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnupuram Award for Raj Gauthaman|url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/111265|website=www.jeyamohan.in|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Award for poet Abi (Habibullah) (2019) [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=கவிஞர் அபிக்கு விஷ்ணுபுரம் விருது |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/124281/ |website=jeyamohan.in |date=30 July 2020 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram Award for writer Sureshkumara Indrajith (2020) [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=விஷ்ணுபுரம் விருது 2020 சுரேஷ்குமார இந்திரஜித்துக்கு |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/137520/ |website=jeyamohan.in |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
* Vishnupuram award for poet [[Vikramadityan]] (2021) - announced <ref>{{cite web |title=விஷ்ணுபுரம் விருது, விக்ரமாதித்யனுக்கு |url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/152054/ |website=jeyamohan.in |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=டிச.26-ல் கவிஞர் விக்ரமாதித்யனுக்கு விஷ்ணுபுரம் விருது: கோவை விழாவில் கவுரவம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/749138-in-dec-26-vishnupuram-award-for-poet-vikramaditya-on-the-26th-honor-at-the-coimbatore-festival.html |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=20 December 2021 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cong leader Jairam Ramesh to felicitate Vishnupuram awardee on December 26 {{!}} Entertainment |url=https://mynews24x7.in/cong-leader-jairam-ramesh-to-felicitate-vishnupuram-awardee-on-december-26-entertainment/ |website=MyNews 24x7 |date=20 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221032707/https://mynews24x7.in/cong-leader-jairam-ramesh-to-felicitate-vishnupuram-awardee-on-december-26-entertainment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Literary Conferences===
* Kalapria Padaippukkalam (2010), [[Coimbatore]], Critical review of the creative world of poet [[Tk Kalapria]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalapria Padaippukalam - Nigazhvu Kurippugal|url=http://solvanam.com/?p=8451|website=Solvanam.com| date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
* Ooty Poetry Conference (2010), Narayana Gurukulam, [[Ooty]] [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Writer A Madhavan Bags Sahitya Akademi Award|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Tamil-Writer-A-Madhavan-Bags-Sahitya-Akademi-Award/2015/12/18/article3183320.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804162531/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Tamil-Writer-A-Madhavan-Bags-Sahitya-Akademi-Award/2015/12/18/article3183320.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2016|website=New Indian Express|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kadaitheruvin Kadhaisolli|url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/56494-writermadhavan-wins-sahitya-akademi-award.art|website=Vikatan.com|date=17 December 2015 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref>
* [[Devadevan]] Poetry Conference (2011), [[Thiruparappu]]
* Ooty Conference on Epics (2011), Narayana Gurukulam, [[Ooty]]
* [[Devadevan]] Poetry Conference (2011), [[Thiruparappu]]
* [[Yuvan Chandrasekhar]] Poetry Conference (2011), [[Kanyakumari]]
* Vishnupuram Book Reading Colloquium (2012), [[Karaikudi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnupuram Karaikudi seminars|url=https://vishnupuram.com/category/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81/}}</ref>
* Ooty Literature Conference (2012), Narayana Gurukulam, [[Ooty]]
* [[Kalpetta Narayanan]] Poetry Conference (2012), [[Alappuzha]]
* Literature Conference (2013), [[Yercaud]]
* Conference on Venmurasu (2014), [[Munnar]]
* Ooty Literature Conference (2014), Narayana Gurukulam, [[Ooty]]

===Felicitation Events===
* [[Nanjilnadan]] Felicitation (2011), [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nanjilnadan Felicitation|url=https://nanjilnadan.com/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4/|website=Nanjilnadan.com|accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
* Felicitation event for writer [[Poomani]] on winning the [[Sahitya Academy Award]] (2015), [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Poomani Felicitation event|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BDbBOEFMgY|website=Youtube.com| date=24 January 2015 |publisher=Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref>

===Others===
* Venmurasu books release event (2014), Chennai<ref>{{cite web|title=Venmurasu event|url=http://kaviyam.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=563:2014-11-30-17-24-27&catid=38:-2014|website=Kaviyam.in|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* Vishnpuram Ilakkiya Vattam website -https://vishnupuramvattam.in/
* Jeyamohan website - http://www.jeyamohan.in

[[Category:Writers' organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]

Virendra Singh (Rajasthan politician)

2026-04-13T22:43:43Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up basic bio nd citations.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Virendra Singh
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rakesh Pareek]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Sanpla,
| occupation = Politician
| constituency = [[Masuda Assembly constituency|Masuda]]
}}

'''Virendra Singh''' (born 1965)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Virendra Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MASUDA(AJMER) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=487 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Virendra Singh, BJP Candidate from Masuda Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/rajasthan/virendra-singh-s20aed2008a104e2023c003/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Masuda Assembly constituency]] in [[Ajmer district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masuda Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/masuda |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Masuda Assembly Election Results 2023: Masuda Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/masuda-assembly-result-20104 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Masuda Assembly constituency|Masuda]], Ajmer district, Rajasthan. His father Bhanwar Singh is a farmer. He completed his BCom at a college affiliated with [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur in 1986.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won from Masuda Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 74,266 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Rakesh Pareek]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 26,716 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masuda Constituency Election Results 2023: Masuda Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/masuda |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Masuda Assembly Election 2023: Masuda Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} मसूदा विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/masuda-assembly-result-20104 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Masuda Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Virendra Singh Wins From Masuda |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/masuda-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647118 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> In the election affidavit, he stated his assets as Rs.83.5 lakhs and noted that no criminal cases were registered against him.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Virendra}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer district]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kehar Singh Gill

2026-04-13T05:11:44Z

AliNiazOfficial: New.

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{one source|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalCompetition |[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics]]|}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=British India}} }}
{{MedalGold| [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] | [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Kehar Singh Gill''' was a British Indian field hockey player. He was part of the [[India men's national field hockey team|British India hockey team]] that won gold medal at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SR">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1928/HOK/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417060026/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1928/HOK/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Hockey at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games |work=Sports Reference |accessdate=9 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhsinhockey.com/Default.aspx?id=715062|title=Sikhs in hockey|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India FH Squad 1928 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Kher Singh}}
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Sampat Agrawal

2026-04-12T00:18:14Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up some pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sampat Agrawal
| image =
| caption = Agrawal in 2023
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[Businessman]]}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office = Member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Basna Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| education = [[MATS University]], Postgraduate in Hindi (2018)
| father = Jagdish Chandra Agrawal
| website =
| spouse = Saroj Agrawal
}}
'''Sampat Agrawal''' (born 1961)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is a first time MLA from [[Basna Assembly constituency]] in [[Mahasamund district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Basna Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Sampat Agrawal defeats INC's Devendra Bahadur Singh with 36793 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/basna-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470857-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sampat Agrawal, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Sampat Agrawal, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/sampat-agrawal-50040-1 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Agrawal is from [[Basna]], Mahasamund district, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of Jagdish Chandra Agarwal. He completed his post graduation in Hindi at [[MATS University]], Chhattisgarh in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sampat Agrawal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BASNA(MAHASAMUND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=410 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a businessman and a director of Neelanchal Engineering Ventures Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neelanchal Engineering Venture Private limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/NEELANCHAL-ENGINEERING-VENTURES-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U45400CT2014PTC001323 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=ZaubaCorp |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sampat Agrawal - Zauba Corp |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/SAMPAT-AGRAWAL-06715366 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.zaubacorp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sampat Agrawal, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Sampat Agrawal, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/sampat-agrawal-50040-1 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Agrawal won from Basna Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 108,871 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Devender Bahadur Singh of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 36,793 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Basna Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/basna-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8688261.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Basna Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Sampat Agrawal Wins From Basna |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/basna-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647375 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=News.ABP live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basna Constituency Election Results 2023: Basna Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/basna |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Sampat}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mahasamund district]]

Sainikudu

2026-04-07T22:26:41Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up initial pg from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sainikudu
| image = Sainikudu.jpg
| caption = Sainikudu Promotional poster
| director = [[Gunasekhar]]
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]] [[Swapna Dutt]]
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Gunasekhar '''Dialogues''': [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[Mahesh Babu]] [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] [[Irrfan Khan]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cinematography = [[Balasubramaniem]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| distributor = Vyjayanthi Movies
| released = {{Film date|2006|11|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹250 million<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite web |date=2006-12-29 |title=Friday Review Hyderabad : A few hits and many flops |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |archive-date=3 January 2007 }}</ref>
}}
'''''Sainikudu''''' ({{translation|''Soldier''}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political fiction|political]] [[action drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Gunasekhar]] and produced by [[C. Aswani Dutt]] and [[Swapna Dutt]]. It stars [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Irrfan Khan]] in the lead roles, while [[Prakash Raj]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Telangana Shakuntala]], and [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] play supporting roles. The film marks Irrfan Khan's only Telugu film till date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-on-sainikudu-co-star-irrfan-s-demise-brilliant-actor-gone-too-soon-1672422-2020-04-29|title=Mahesh Babu on Sainikudu co-star Irrfan's demise: Brilliant actor gone too soon|date=29 April 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-on-sainikudu-co-star-irrfan-s-demise-brilliant-actor-gone-too-soon-1672422-2020-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="irfankhan">{{cite web|title=''Irfan Khan in Sainikudu''|website=www.totaltollywood.com|url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/news/ttnews781.html|accessdate=3 July 2006|archive-date=5 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705210014/http://totaltollywood.com/news/ttnews781.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The music, cinematography and editing were handled by [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Balasubramaniem]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].

''Sainikudu'' was released on 30 November 2006 and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref name="releasedateandprint">{{cite web| title=''Sainikudu to be released with 270 prints on Nov. 30''| website=www.indiaglitz.com |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/27164.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126005131/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/27164.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2007|accessdate=24 November 2006}}</ref> The film was partially reshot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Kumaran'', with a comedy track involving [[Vadivelu]].

==Plot==
Siddharth and his friends saves the people from floods at Ranga Saipet, [[Warangal district]]. Parakala Purushottam Yadav alias Pappu Yadav, a former gangster recommended for [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh|Assembly Elections]] by the [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|CM]], gets the attention of people by announcing a sum of {{INR}}50 million for flood victims. Siddharth learns that the food needed for the flood victims has been taken elsewhere to be sold, which is an illegal way to earn money and backing up the flood relief fund into the pockets of the politicians.

Siddharth saves the stock in time and takes it to the flood victims for distribution, thus annoying Pappu. J. Venkat Rao alias "Mondi Naani", Pappu's right-hand, threatens Siddharth and a strife develops between Mondi Naani and Siddharth. Siddharth later declares that his friend Ajay Kumar will be contesting the election against Pappu Yadav. Siddharth and his team get accolades from the people for this decision and start campaigning. To cut the good name of Siddharth's group in the people and to win sympathy, Pappu Yadav conspires for a bomb blast allegation on Siddharth and his team.

The mission gets accomplished and Pappu declares Siddharth and his team as terrorists. Pappu becomes the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] and his marriage is settled with Varalakshmi, a talkative woman. Siddharth, with the help of college students, kidnaps Varalakshmi from the marriage hall, demanding that Pappu Yadav confesses his crimes in front of everyone. While being kidnapped, Varalakshmi develops feelings for Siddharth. Pappu Yadav chases after Siddharth to get Varalakshmi back, but Siddharth manages to prove his innocence and puts an end to Pappu, Mondi Naani and other crooked politicians.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mahesh Babu]] as Cherukuri Siddhartha "Siddharth"
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Varalakshmi
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Parakala Purushottam Yadav alias Pappu Yadav
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Jonnalagadda Venkat Rao alias "Mondi Naani"
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Chakrapani, Varalakshmi's father
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Pochamma
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ajay Kumar, Siddharth's friend
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Ravi, Siddharth's friend
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Siva, Siddharth's friend
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Narasimha, Pappu Yadav's lawyer
* [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Balram
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as Krishna Rao
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as News Reporter Subramanyam
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Venkataratnam
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Duvvasi
* [[Prudhvi Raj|Prudhviraj]] as Pappu Yadav's henchman
* [[Vadivelu]] as Hotel Server (Tamil version)
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]] in an [[item number]]<ref name="kamnainsainikudu">{{cite web|title=''Irfan Khan, Kamna in Mahesh's Sainikudu''|website=www.totaltollywood.com|url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/news/ttnews781.html|accessdate=23 October 2006|archive-date=19 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719105946/http://www.totaltollywood.com/news/ttnews781.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{colend}}

==Music==
''Sainikudu'' has six songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The music was released simultaneously in 10 venues from five countries – India, USA, Australia, Singapore and Dubai on the morning of 21 October 2006. The producer of the film, [[C. Ashwini Dutt|Ashwini Dutt]], arranged the use of a satellite transmission to relay the live audio release across the globe.<ref name="audiorelease">{{cite web | title=''Ashwini Dutt Innovations''| website=www.idlebrain.com |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/msraju-innovation.html| accessdate=23 November 2006}}</ref> The music proved to be extremely successful upon release.<ref name="chartbuster">{{cite web | title=''"Sainikudu" slated for Nov. 30''| website=www.indiaglitz.com |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/26841.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118224810/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/26841.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2006| accessdate=24 November 2006}}</ref> The song "Go Go Go Adhigo" is based on "[[Smooth Criminal]]" by [[Michael Jackson]], from his 1987 album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.andhrafriends.com/topic/8991-post-original-songtheme-to-our-hit-songsjust-for-fun/ | title=Post Original song/Theme to our Hit Songs..Just for fun | date=15 August 2009 }}</ref> The song "Orugalluke Pilla" is inspired by "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" by [[A. R. Rahman]], from the 1998 movie ''[[Dil Se]]''.

{{Infobox album
| name = Sainikudu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 October 2006
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:20
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| prev_title = [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

{{tracklist|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu Track-List<ref>{{cite web |title=Sainikudu – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – Saavn |date=21 October 2006 |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/sainikudu/tFGKeVtKAB4_ |accessdate=4 November 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716225718/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sainikudu/tFGKeVtKAB4_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| total_length = 32:20
| title1 = Bylaa Bylamo
| extra1 = [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| length1 = 5:42
| title2 = Maayeraa Maayeraa (Enthentha Dooram Teeram)
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Unnikrishnan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| length2 = 5:51
| title3 = Aadapilla Aggipulla
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| length3 = 4:54
| title4 = Sogasu Choodatharamaa
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics4 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| length4 = 4:57
| title5 = Orugalluke Pilla
| extra5 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], [[N. C. Karunya|Karunya]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| lyrics5 = [[Veturi]]
| length5 = 5:43
| title6 = Go Go Go Adhigo (Sainikudu)
| extra6 = [[KK (singer)|KK]] & Chorus
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| length6 = 5:13
| all_writing =
}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Kumaran
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:52
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer =[[Harris Jayaraj]]
}}
{{tracklist|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil Track-List<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumaran – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/kumaran/OKIlzV82oaQ_ |accessdate=4 November 2018 |date=1 December 2006 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716225716/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kumaran/OKIlzV82oaQ_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| total_length = 30:52
| title1 = Bayla Baylamo
| extra1 = V. V. Prasanna, [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
| lyrics1 = Paruthi
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Nizhal Endrum
| extra2 = Ramu, Vinaya
| lyrics2 = [[Snehan]]
| length2 = 5:20
| title3 = Pombala Ellam
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| lyrics3 = [[Snehan]]
| length3 = 4:53
| title4 = Sorgathil Pookkum
| extra4 = Anuradha Sriram
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| length4 = 4:56
| title5 = Oru Bambaram
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Harini, Jayalakshmi
| lyrics5 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length5 = 5:43
| title6 = Go Go Azhago
| extra6 = [[Senthildass Velayutham]]
| lyrics6 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length6 = 4:50
}}

==Awards==
* 2006 – [[Nandi Award for Best Special Effects]] – [[Rana Daggubati|Rana]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/the-multifaceted-leader/article2884906.ece The multifaceted 'leader'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420034508/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/the-multifaceted-leader/article2884906.ece |date=20 April 2014 }}. The Hindu (12 February 2012). Retrieved 23 April 2016.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0843372|Sainikudu}}

{{Gunasekhar}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Warangal]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gunasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]
[[Category:Films set in Warangal]]

Payal Rajput

2026-04-04T13:32:08Z

AliNiazOfficial: started a data

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Payal Rajput
| image = Payal Rajput.jpeg
| caption = Rajput in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1992|12|5}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actress
| image_size =
| years active = 2010–present
}}

'''Payal Rajput''' (born 5 December 1992) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] films. She made her film debut with the Punjabi film ''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]'' (2017), for which she won the [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Award Punjabi for Best Debut Actress]]. Rajput then made her Hindi film debut with ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ain-t-a-dual-personality-says-payal-rajput-113092900429_1.html|title=Ain't a dual personality, says Payal Rajput|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=29 September 2013|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/marriage-palace-trailer-catch-the-twisted-tale-of-a-simple-marriage-starring-sharry-mann-and-payal-rajput/articleshow/66456303.cms|title='Marriage Palace' trailer: Catch the twisted tale of a simple marriage starring Sharry Mann and Payal Rajput|website=The Times of India|date=November 2018 }}</ref>

Rajput started her acting career with the Hindi television series ''[[Sapnon Se Bhare Naina]]'' (2010). She then appeared in shows including ''[[Aakhir Bahu Bhi Toh Beti Hee Hai]]'' and ''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]''. She made her Telugu film debut with ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]'' (2018), for which she received [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]]. Her other notable films include, ''[[Venky Mama]]'' (2019), ''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]'' (2021), ''[[Head Bush]]'' (2022) and ''[[Mangalavaaram]]'' (2023).

==Early life and career==
Rajput was born on 5 December 1992 in [[Delhi]], India.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Rajput started her television career in ''[[Sapnon Se Bhare Naina]]'' as Sonakshi.<ref name=PRGD/> She played the lead role of Siya in ''[[Aakhir Bahu Bhi Toh Beti Hee Hai]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/tv/|title=Indian TV shows, TV Stars, News and Gossip | MSN India|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> in ''[[Gustakh Dil]]'' as Ishaani and in ''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]'' as Maya.

In 2017, she debuted in the Punjabi film industry by playing the role of the main female lead, Kainaat Dhillon, in ''Channa Mereya'', opposite Ninja.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The film is a remake of the Marathi film ''[[Sairat]]'', and was released on 14 July 2017.<ref name=PRGD>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Payal-Rajput-Garima-Shrivastav-in-Gustakh-Dil/articleshow/21004889.cms|title=Payal Rajput & Garima Shrivastav in Gustakh Dil|website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2013 }}</ref> She made her Telugu film debut with 2018 film ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]'' and reunited with director [[Ajay Bhupathi]] after five years in the venture ''[[Mangalavaaram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payal Rajput goes topless in bold 1st look poster of Ajay Bhupathi's Mangalavaaram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/payal-rajput-goes-topless-in-bold-1st-look-poster-of-ajay-bhupathis-mangalavaaram-2364267-2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]'' || Kainaat Dhillon || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sing |first=Bobby |date=2017-07-17 |title=Channa Mereya (Punjabi) Movie Review: It's a fairly good remake of Sairat |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Channa-Mereya-Punjabi-Movie-Review-Film-Rating-Sairat-remake-Bollywood-news-18427180 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Channa-Mereya-Punjabi-Movie-Review-Film-Rating-Sairat-remake-Bollywood-news-18427180 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2018 || ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'' || Rinki Vohra || [[Hindi]] || ||
|-
| ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]'' || Indu || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Five unknown things about Ajay Bhupati, Karthikeya and Payal Rajput's 'RX 100'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/five-unknown-things-about-ajay-bhupati-karthikeya-and-payal-rajputs-rx-100/articleshow/65026055.cms|access-date=2021-03-07|website=The Times of India|date=17 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mr & Mrs 420 Returns]]'' || Dr. Seerat || rowspan="2"|Punjabi || ||
|-
| ''Marriage Palace'' || Maani || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2019 || ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''|| [[Jaya Sudha]] || Telugu || Cameo appearance ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/confirmed-payal-rajput-hansika-to-play-jayasudha-and-jaya-prada-in-ntr-biopic/articleshow/66825038.cms|title=Confirmed: Payal Rajput, Hansika to play Jayasudha and Jaya Prada in NTR biopic|website=Times of India|date=2018-11-27|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishqaa]]'' || Seerat || Punjabi || ||
|-
| ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]'' || Herself || rowspan="5" |Telugu || Special appearance in song "BullReddy" ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/payal-rajputs-bulreddy-from-bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas-and-kajal-aggarwals-sita-is-here/articleshow/68700473.cms|title=Payal Rajput's 'Bulreddy' from Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas and Kajal Aggarwal's 'Sita' is here!|website=Times of India|date=2018-04-03|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[RDX Love]]'' || Alivelu || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rdx-payal-rajput-next-with-tejus-launched/articleshow/68668625.cms|title='RDX': Payal Rajput next with Tejus launched|website=Times of India|date=2018-04-01|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Venky Mama]]'' || Vennela || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venky-mama-payal-rajput-begins-shooting-for-the-film-joins-the-cast-on-set/articleshow/68357096.cms|title='Venky Mama': Payal Rajput begins shooting for the film, joins the cast on set|website=Times of India|date=2018-03-11|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 ||''[[Disco Raja]]'' || Helen || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/payal-rajput-shares-a-selfie-with-ravi-teja-from-the-sets-of-disco-raja/articleshow/70408520.cms|title=Payal Rajput shares a selfie with Ravi Teja from the sets of 'Disco Raja'|website=Times of India|date=2018-07-27|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anaganaga O Athidhi]]''|| Mallika || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021|| ''[[Iruvar Ullam (2021 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' || Parvathy || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-i-have-never-tasted-coffee-or-tea-south/20140814.htm|title='I have never tasted coffee or tea'|website=Rediff.com|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]'' || Kammo || Punjabi || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022 || [[Tees Maar Khan (2022 film)|''Tees Maar Khan'']] ||Anaga || Telugu || ||
|-
|''[[Head Bush]]''||Reshma||[[Kannada]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: I want to conquer the South and Head Bush is a perfect launch pad: Payal Rajput |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-i-want-to-conquer-the-south-and-head-bush-is-a-perfect-launch-pad-payal-rajput/articleshow/94900483.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Times of India |date=17 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ginna (film)|Ginna]]''|| Swathi || rowspan="4" | Telugu|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Payal Rajput to play Swathi in Vishnu Manchu's next |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/payal-rajput-to-play-swathi-in-vishnu-manchus-next/articleshow/90036311.cms |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Maya Petika]]'' || Payal || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-smartphone-thriller-maya-petika-trailer-is-unique-and-entertaining/articleshow/101043998.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2023-07-17 |title=The Smartphone thriller 'Maya Petika' trailer is unique and entertaining|date=16 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]'' || Sailaja "Sailu" || ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/Nov/30/payal-rajput-it-took-me-15-days-to-snap-out-of-my-role-in-mangalavaaram-49999.html | title=Payal Rajput: It took me 15 days to snap out of my role in Mangalavaaram | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=30 November 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Rakshana (2024 film)|Rakshana]]''
|Kiran
|
|<ref name="Payal Rajput’s crime investigative thriller ‘Rakshana’ set for release">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Payal Rajput’s crime investigative thriller ‘Rakshana’ set for release |url=https://telanganatoday.com/payal-rajputs-crime-investigative-thriller-rakshana-set-for-release |access-date=28 May 2024 |date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528065623/https://telanganatoday.com/payal-rajputs-crime-investigative-thriller-rakshana-set-for-release |archive-date=28 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]''
|Meera
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Feb/05/tamilnews2026feb04legend-saravanans-next-titled-leader-glimpse-and-release-window-revealed|title=Legend Saravanan's next titled Leader, glimpse and release window revealed|date=5 February 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |TBA
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Golmaal''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || {{TableTBA}} || Completed ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jiiva-shiva-payal-rajput-and-tanya-hopes-golmaal-will-be-a-fun-family-entertainer/articleshow/86908147.cms|title= Jiiva, Shiva, Payal Rajput and Tanya Hope's Golmaal will be a fun, family entertainer|website=The Times of India|date= 10 October 2021|language=en|access-date=2021-10-10}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Kirathaka''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || {{TableTBA}} ||Telugu||Filming ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kirathaka-makers-of-aadi-and-payal-rajput-starrer-reveal-intense-and-romantic-first-look-posters/articleshow/84238317.cms|title= Kirathaka: Makers of Aadi and Payal Rajput starrer reveal intense and romantic first look posters|website=The Times of India|date= 8 July 2021|language=en|access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
!Network
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2010{{Ndash}}2012
| ''[[Sapnon Se Bhare Naina]]''
| Sonakshi
|[[StarPlus]]
| rowspan="9" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2013{{Ndash}}2014
| ''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
| Ishaani
|[[Life OK]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Payal-Rajput-Garima-Shrivastav-in-Gustakh-Dil/articleshow/21004889.cms|title=Payal Rajput & Garima Shrivastav in Gustakh Dil|website=Times of India|date=2013-07-10|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| 2013{{Ndash}}2014
| ''[[Aakhir Bahu Bhi Toh Beti Hee Hai]]''
| Siya
|[[Sahara One]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aakhir-Bahu-Bhi-Toh-Beti-Hee-HaiPayal-Rajput/articleshow/23203619.cms|title='Aakhir Bahu Bhi...' to showcase a different 'bahu'|website=Times of India|date=2013-09-28|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/mini-to-fake-a-one-night-stand-with-samar-in-aakhir-bahu-bhi-toh-beti-hee-hai/|title=Mini to fake a one night stand with Samar in Aakhir Bahu Bhi Toh Beti Hee Hai|website=Indoamerican-News.com|date=2014-01-21|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013{{Ndash}}2016
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Jayashree
| rowspan="2" |[[Bindass]]
| Season 1
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Payal-Rajput-portrays-a-suicide-bomber-in-Bindasss-Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui/articleshow/35297315.cms|title=Payal Rajput portrays a suicide bomber in Yeh Hai Aashiqui|website=Times of India|date=2014-12-04|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| Fiza
|
|-
| 2014{{Ndash}}2015
| ''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]''
| Maya
|[[Life OK]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Payal-Rajput-rapped-for-uploading-shows-pictures-online/articleshow/46383484.cms|title=Payal Rajput rapped for uploading show's pictures online|website=Times of India|date=2015-02-27|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/tv/mahakumbh-real-start-payal-rajput-603|title=Mahakumbh is the real start: Payal Rajput|website=The Asian Age|date=2015-02-19|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150223161200/http://www.asianage.com/tv/mahakumbh-real-start-payal-rajput-603|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2014{{Ndash}}2017
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Reva Raichand
|[[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-04-30/Payal-Rajput-in-yet-another-episodic-show/225141|title=Payal Rajput in yet another episodic show|website=The Hans India|date=2016-04-30|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Payal
|[[&TV]]
| Episode 21
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Kaun Hai?]] ''
| Anamika
|[[Colors TV]]
| Episode 7
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/kaun-hai-/1/612655/anamika/615736|title=Anamika|publisher=Voot|date=14 July 2018|accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[No. 1 Yaari|No. 1 Yaari with Rana]]''
| rowspan="3" |Guest
|[[Gemini TV]]
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
| Season 2, Episode 3
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Konchem Touch Lo Unte Chepta]]''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Season 4, Episode 7
|
|-
|2020
|[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 4|''Bigg Boss 4'']]
|[[Star Maa]]
|Episode 50
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2020-10-25|title=Bigg Boss 4 Telugu: List of special guests for Dusshera special episode|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bigg-boss-telugu-list-of-special-guests-for-dusshera-special-episode-652986|access-date=2020-10-25|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[3 Roses (TV series)|3 Roses]]''
|Jhanavi
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|Web series, Season 1
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desam|first=A. B. P.|date=2021-10-21|title=రియల్‌‌లైఫ్‌‌లో బాయ్‌‌ఫ్రెండ్‌‌తో రీల్ లైఫ్ కోసం రొమాన్స్|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/payal-rajput-paired-opposite-real-life-boyfriend-in-3-roses-web-series-7979|access-date=2022-02-08|website=telugu.abplive.com|language=te}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2021
| "Tere Naalon"
| Ninja
|
|-
| rowspan="5" scope="row" |2022
| "Baadal Barse"
| [[Yasser Desai]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/p/album/hindi/baadal-barse-2022/7Y0b-GIB6uE_|title=Listen to Baadal Barse by Yasser Desai featuring Paras Kalnawat and Swati Rajput on Jio Saavn|access-date=2022-08-13|website=Jio Saavn|date=23 May 2022 }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|2nd Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]
| Best Debut Actress
| rowspan="2"|''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/2nd-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/63436483.cms|title=2nd Jio Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2018: Complete winners' list|website=Times of India|date=2018-03-24|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Best Debut Actress
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2018-official-list-nominations/|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2018- Official list of nominations|website=PTC News|date=2018-03-30|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"|[[RX 100 (film)|''RX 100'']]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-vijay-deverakonda-and-keerthy-suresh-win-big-see-pics-1581463-2019-08-16|title=SIIMA 2019: Vijay Deverakonda and Keerthy Suresh win big. See pics|website=India Today|date=2019-08-16|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|2nd City Cine Awards Telugu]]
| Best Female Debut
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/Ram-Charan-Keerthy-Suresh-Sukumar-crowned-as-winners-of-City-Cine-Awards-Telugu-Season-2-20500160|title=Here are the winners of City Cine Awards Telugu Season 2|website=Mid Day|date=2019-03-10|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| [[20th Santosham Film Awards]]
| Most Promising Actress
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naresh|script-title=te:సంతోషం - సుమన్ టివి సౌత్ ఇండియన్ ఫిలిం అవార్డ్స్ ప్రమోషన్స్ కి సూపర్ రెస్పాన్స్|website=Suman TV|url=https://sumantv.com/movies/santhosham-suman-tv-awards-2021-super-response-to-suman-tv-south-indian-film-awards-promotions/47291/|access-date=2021-11-14|language=te|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114070218/https://sumantv.com/movies/santhosham-suman-tv-awards-2021-super-response-to-suman-tv-south-indian-film-awards-promotions/47291/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=8906537|name=Payal Rajput}}
* {{Facebook | starlingpayal}}

{{Commons category}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajput, Payal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

S. S. Khandare

2026-03-29T04:33:24Z

AliNiazOfficial: started data!

{{short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox police officer
|allegiance=[[Indian Police Service]]
|country={{IND}}
|status=Union Territory Police Chief
|department=[[Ladakh]]
|name=S. S. Khandare
|rank=Inspector General of Police
|badge_number=19951062
}}

'''S. S. Khandare''' is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of 1995 batch, who is currently serving as head of police of [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ladakh Police|url=http://police.ladakh.gov.in/pages/contact.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=police.ladakh.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Satish Khandare becomes first Head of Ladakh Union Territory police force|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/11/1/Satish-Khandare-becomes-first-Head-of-Ladakh-Union-Territory-police-force.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=www.thehitavada.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Umang Narula made adviser to Ladakh's Lt Governor, SS Khandare appointed police head|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/umang-narula-made-adviser-to-ladakhs-lt-governor-ss-khandare-appointed-police-head-854003|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khandare graduated from Govt College of Engineering, [[Pune]] in 1992.

He was appointed as the first head of police of [[Ladakh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=लद्दाख के पुलिस प्रमुख बने एसएस खंडारे, उमंग नरूला होंगे एलजी के सलाहकार|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-ss-khandare-became-the-chief-of-police-of-ladakh-umang-narula-became-advisor-of-lg-2824012.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SS Khandare Appointed Police Head Of Ladakh, Umang Narula Made Advisor To Lt Governor|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/breaking-ss-khandare-appointed-police-head-of-ut-of-ladakh-umang-narula-advisor-to-ladakh-lt-governor-242660.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=News Nation English|language=en}}</ref> when Ladakh became a union territory on 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Website of Union Territory of Ladakh, India {{!}} India|url=https://ladakh.nic.in/|access-date=2021-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Director general of police]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandare, S. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Prashant Prabhakar

2026-03-29T00:38:46Z

AliNiazOfficial: started new info

{{short description|German actor of Indian origin (born 1974)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2013}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2013}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=July 2013}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = 2023-04-22-Prashant Jaiswal Goldene Sonne 2023 -5458.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| alt =
| name = Prashant Prabhakar
| occupation = Actor
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|10|13}}
| birth_place = [[Madhubani district]], Bihar, India
| years_active = 2005–present
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Prashant Prabhakar''' Jaiswal (born 13 October 1974)<ref>[http://www.diekinokritiker.de/kuenstler43077.html ''Die Kinokritiker'':Short-bio about Prashant Prabhakar (German)]</ref> is a German actor of Indian origin. He has acted in several films, short films and television series.

== Early life and education ==
Prashant Prabhakar Jaiswal was born in the [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]] on 13 October 1974. In 2002, Prashant Prabhakar emigrated to Germany. In [[Göttingen]], Lower Saxony he began to study [[social sciences]].<ref>[http://medien-mittweida.de/36545/propeller-tv/#more-36545 ''Propeller TV'': Short-bio about Prashant Prabhakar (German)]</ref>

==Career==
Since 1994, Prashant Prabhakar has participated in several German [[Television advertisement|commercials]], films, television movies and series.<ref>[http://www.crew-united.com/?show=memberdetail&ID=93955 Prashant Prabhakar's profile at the German film-database ''crew united'']</ref> Thanks to his role as Co-worker Prashant in the television series ''[[Stromberg (TV series)|Stromberg]]'', he became known to a wider audience in Germany, in which he participated since the second season.<ref>[http://www.bna-germany.com/prashantjaiswal.html ''BNA Germany / Bollywood News Agency'': Interview with Prashant Prabhakar (German)]</ref>

== Filmography (selection) ==
* 2005: ''[[Tatort|Crime Scene]]'' ''(Tatort)'' (TV series)
* 2006: ''[[Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst]]'' (TV series)
* 2008: ''Angie'' (TV series)
* 2009: ''[[Die Pfefferkörner]]'' (TV series)
* 2009: ''[[Cologne P.D.]]'' (TV series)
* 2009: ''Last Stop Toyland'' ''(Spielzeugland Endstation)''
* 2009: ''[[Desert Flower (film)|Desert Flower]]''
* 2010: ''{{ill|Mia and the Millionaire|de|Küss Dich Reich}}'' (TV movie)
* 2010: ''[[Mit Herz und Handschellen]]'' (TV series)
* 2010: ''Liebling, lass uns scheiden!'' (TV movie)
* 2010: ''Toxic Lullaby''
* 2010: ''Fasten à la Carte'' (TV movie)
* 2011: ''Lisas Fluch'' (TV movie)
* 2011: ''{{ill|Men in the City 2|de|Männerherzen … und die ganz ganz große Liebe}}''
* 2011: ''Nightmare Fever'' ''(Alptraumfieber)''
* 2011: ''[[Aazaan]]''
* 2012: ''[[Stromberg (TV series)|Stromberg]]'' (TV series, appearance in 29 episodes from 2005 to 2012)
* 2012: ''Crime Scene'' ''(Tatort)'', (TV series)
* 2012: ''Robin Hood: Ghosts of Sherwood''
* 2012: ''Agent Ranjid rettet die Welt''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2466419}}
* [http://www.prashant.de/ Official website (German)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, Prashant}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century German male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century German male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Göttingen]]
[[Category:Indian advertising people]]
[[Category:German male film actors]]
[[Category:German male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Male actors from Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]

List of Hindi films of 2001

2026-03-28T18:07:31Z

AliNiazOfficial: added information also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Bollywood film's released in 2001}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 2001:<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728131235/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2001|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2013|title=Box Office Collection in India 2001 - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>

==Highest-grossing films==
The top 10 highest worldwide grossing Bollywood films of 2001 are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2001 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2001 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Title !! Director !! Production company !! Worldwide Gross
|-
! 1
|''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| [[Karan Johar]]
|[[Dharma Productions]]
|{{INRConvert|135.53|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 2
|''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]''
| [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
|[[Zee Studios]]
|{{INRConvert|133.13|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 3
|''[[Lagaan]]''
| [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
|Aamir Khan Productions
|{{INRConvert|65.97|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 4
|''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]''
| [[N. Maharajan]]
|Sunny Super Sound
|{{INRConvert|42.61|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 5
|''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
| [[Farhan Akhtar]]
|[[Excel Entertainment]]
|{{INRConvert|39.72|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 6
|''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''
| [[Abbas–Mustan]]
|[[Eros International]]
|{{INRConvert|37.51|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 7
|''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]''
| [[Suneel Darshan]]
|Shree Krishna International
|{{INRConvert|36.50|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 8
|''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]''
| [[Subhash Ghai]]
|[[Mukta Arts]]
|{{INRConvert |34.59|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 9
|''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
| [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
|Rajkumar Santoshi Productions
|{{INRConvert |34.29|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|-
! 10
|''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]''
| [[David Dhawan]]
|Time Magnetics
|{{INRConvert|34.13|c|year=2001|mode=historical}}
|}

== List of released films ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre
|-
|''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]'' || [[Suresh Krissna]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Raveena Tandon]] || Thriller
|-
|''[[Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Chandrachur Singh]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Vinay Anand]], [[Johnny Lever]] || Family Drama
|-
|''[[Aashiq (2001 film)|Aashiq]]'' || [[Indra Kumar]] || [[Bobby Deol]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Rahul Dev]] || Action Comedy
|-
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' || [[Abbas Mustan]] || [[Bobby Deol]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Johnny Lever]] || Thriller, Suspense, Crime
|-
|''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' || [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Nandita Das]] || Thriller, Horror
|-
|''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]'' || [[Deepak Sareen]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]], [[Jackie Shroff]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]'' || [[Santosh Sivan]] || [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Hrishita Bhatt]] || History
|-
|''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]]'' || [[Goldie Behl]] || [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Jackie Shroff]] || Drama, Romance, Social
|-
| ''Be-Lagaam''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2023|title=Be-Lagaam - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> || [[Ram Lakhan]] || [[Aryan Vaid]], [[Pramod Moutho]], [[Tanveer Zaidi]] || Action
|-
|''Bengal Tiger'' ||Adarsh Jain || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action
|-
|''Bhairav'' ||[[T. L. V. Prasad]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]] ||
|-
|''[[Censor (2001 film)|Censor]]'' || [[Dev Anand]] || ||Drama
|-
|''[[Chandni Bar]]'' || [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] || [[Suhas Palshikar (actor)|Suhas Palshikar]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Atul Kulkarni]]. [[Rajpal Yadav]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Chhupa Rustam: A Musical Thriller]]'' || [[Aziz Sejawal]] || [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Mamta Kulkarni]], [[Manisha Koirala]] || Thriller
|-
|''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' || [[Abbas Mustan]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Preity Zinta]] || Drama, Romance, Musical, Social
|-
|''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman]]'' || [[Kalpana Lajmi]] || [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Sanjay Suri]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Dattak]]'' || [[Gul Bahar Singh]] || [[Rajit Kapoor]], [[Anjan Srivastav]], [[A. K. Hangal]], [[Kruttika Desai]] ||Drama
|-
|''[[Deewaanapan]]'' ||[[Ashu Trikha]] || [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Diya Mirza]], [[Vikas Sethi]], [[Om Puri]], [[Kabir Sadanand]] || Drama, Romance
|-
|''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' || [[Farhan Akhtar]] || [[Aamir Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Dimple Kapadia]] || Drama, Comedy, Romance, Musical
|-
|''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]'' ||C. L. Rawal || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Pooja Batra]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Ehsaas: The Feeling]]'' ||[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] || [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Neha (actress)|Neha]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]'' || [[Suneel Darshan]] || [[Sharat Saxena]], [[Mohnish Bahl]], [[Simone Singh]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raakhee Gulzar]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Family Drama
|-
|''[[Farz (2001 film)|Farz]]'' || [[Raj Kanwar]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Om Puri]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Dara Singh]] || Action, Romance
|-
|''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' || [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Amisha Patel]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Lillete Dubey]]|| Drama, War, Romance, Action
|-
|''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]'' || [[Shashilal K. Nair]] || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Anupama Verma]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Hadh: Life on the Edge of Death]]'' ||[[Thampi Kannanthanam]] ||[[Jackie Shroff]], [[Sharad Kapoor]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]] ||
|-
|''[[Hum Ho Gaye Aapke]]'' || [[Agathiyan]] || [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Reema Sen]], [[Apoorva Agnihotri]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' || [[N. Maharajan]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Action
|-
|''[[Ittefaq (2001 film)|Ittefaq]]'' || [[Sanjay Khanna]] || [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Pooja Batra]] || Action, Drama, Thriller
|-
|''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]'' || [[David Dhawan]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Twinkle Khanna]], [[Monica Bedi]] || Comedy
|-
|''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' || [[Karan Johar]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kajol]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]] || Drama, Romance, Family
|-
|''[[Kasam (2001 film)|Kasam]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Chunky Pandey]] || Action
|-
|''[[Kasoor]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || [[Lisa Ray]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Divya Dutta]] || Thriller
|-
|''[[Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi]]'' || [[Rahul Rawail]] || [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Kajol]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Comedy, Drama
|-
|''[[Kyo Kii Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]'' || [[David Dhawan]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Ajith Vachani]], [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]], [[Mohnish Bahl]] || Comedy, Romance
|-
|''[[Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India]]'' || [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] || [[Aamir Khan]], [[Gracy Singh]], [[Rachel Shelley]], [[Toby Stephens]], [[Amin Gazi]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || Drama, Musical, Social
|-
|''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]'' || [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] || [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Rekha]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Ajay Devgn]] || Drama, Romance, Musical, Crime
|-
|''[[Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega]]'' || [[E. Niwas]] || [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Twinkle Khanna]], [[Sonali Bendre]] || Comedy
|-
| ''[[Love You Hamesha]]'' ||[[Kailash Surendranath]]|| Rishma Malik, Rohit Bal, [[Sonali Bendre]]||
|-
|''[[Maya (2001 film)|Maya]]'' ||Digivijay Singh ||[[Nitya Shetty]], [[Mita Vasisht]], [[Anant Nag]] ||Drama
|-
|''[[Mitti (2001 film)|Mitti]]'' || || ||
|-
|''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]'' || [[Ashok Mehta]] || [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Arjun Rampal]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' || [[Mira Nair]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Lillete Dubey]], [[Shefali Shah]], [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Tillotama Shome]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Jas Arora]] || Comedy, Drama
|-
|''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]] || [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Rinke Khanna]] || Comedy
|-
|''[[Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachaao]]'' || [[Harry Baweja]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Rekha]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Suman Ranganathan]] || Comedy, Family
|-
|''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]'' || [[S. Shankar]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Pooja Batra]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Johnny Lever]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Officer (2001 film)|Officer]]'' || [[Naeem Sha]] || [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Tej Sapru]] || Action
|-
|''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'' || [[Shashilal K. Nair]] || [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Madhur Mittal]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Nirmal Pandey]], [[Dilip Joshi]] || Action, Romance
|-
|''[[Paagalpan]]'' || [[Aruna Irani]] || [[Karan Nath]], [[Aarti Agarwal]], [[Farhan Khan (actor)|Farhan Khan]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'' || [[Rajiv Rai]] || [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Kirti Reddy]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' || [[Rajat Mukherjee]] || [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]] || Drama, Romance, Thriller
|-
|''[[Pyaar Zindagi Hai]]'' || Vijay Sadanah ||[[Vikas Kalantri]], [[Ashima Bhalla]], [[Mohnish Bahl]], [[Asawari Joshi]], [[Upasna Singh]], [[Rajesh Khanna]] ||Romance, Thriller
|-
|''[[Rahul (film)|Rahul]]'' || [[Prakash Jha]] || [[Neha (actress)|Neha]], [[Jatin Grewal]], [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Dia Mirza]], [[R. Madhavan]], [[Navin Nischol]], [[Anupam Kher]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Shirdi Sai Baba]]'' || || ||
|-
|''[[Style (2001 film)|Style]]'' || [[N. Chandra]] || [[Sahil Khan]], [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Riya Sen]], [[Tara Deshpande]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Tamboo Mein Bamoo]]'' ||Dil Kumar ||[[Raza Murad]] ||Action
|-
|''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahen]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Tere Liye (film)|Tere Liye]]'' || [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] || Imran Ahmed Khan, [[Sonali Khare]], [[Neelu Kohli]], [[Hiten Paintal]] ||
|-
|''[[Tum Bin]]'' || [[Anubhav Sinha]] || [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Himanshu Malik]], [[Sandali Sinha]], [[Rakesh Bapat]], [[Manoj Pahwa]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'' || [[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Romance, Drama
|-
|''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' || [[Deepak S. Shivdasani]] || [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Sunny Deol]] (special appearance) || Drama
|-
|''[[Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar]]'' || [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Neeraj Vora]], [[Paresh Rawal]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar]]'' || [[Tanuja Chandra]] || [[Amisha Patel]], [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Rajpal Yadav]] ||Romance, Drama
|-
|''[[Zubeidaa]]'' || [[Shyam Benegal]] || [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Rekha]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Lilette Dubey]] || Drama
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi films of 2002]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 2000]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=2001&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;2001;Hindi&&related=9;2001;2001;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/2001/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 2001] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2001 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 2001}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|2001]]
[[Category:Lists of 2001 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:2001 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films|*]]

Mankada Assembly constituency

2026-03-26T01:28:06Z

AliNiazOfficial: added page to improve readability and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mankada
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 39
| map_image = Angadippuram Railway station .jpg
| map_caption = [[Angadipuram railway station]] in Mankada Assembly constituency
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,18,774 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
| mla = [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Mankada State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Mankada Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 21 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Mankada]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|2
|[[Koottilangadi]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|3
|[[Vadakkangara, Manjeri|Makkaraparamba]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|4
|[[Kuruva, Malappuram|Kuruva]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|5
|[[Puzhakkattiri]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|6
|[[Angadippuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|7
|[[Moorkanad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|}
<mapframe text="Mankada Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13111399,Q16134126,Q13113768,Q13111364,Q16135460,Q13109815,Q13114210"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Mankada Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/mankada-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Mankada
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| Mohammad Kodur Valia Peedikakkal
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=10|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1957–1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| P. Abdul Majeed
| 1960–1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| 1967–1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| M. Moideen Kutty
| 1970–1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| Korambayil Ahammed Haji
| 1977–1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| rowspan="5" |[[K. P. A. Majeed]]
| 1980–1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982–1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| 1987–1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991–1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996–2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| rowspan="2" |[[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 2001–2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006–2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[T. A. Ahmed Kabir]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 2011–2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016-2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| Manjalamkuzhi Ali
| [[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Mankada}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = Kunnath Muhammed
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Lijoy Paul
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,18,774 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mankada]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1139.htm?ac=39|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (39-MANKADA)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
|votes = 83,231
|percentage = 49.46%
|change ={{gain}}3.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = T. K. Rasheedali
|votes = 76,985
|percentage = 45.75%
|change ={{gain}}0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sajesh Elayil
|votes = 6,641
|percentage = 3.95%
|change ={{loss}}0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 599
|percentage = 0.36%
|change ={{gain}}0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ali S/o Musthafa
|votes = 350
|percentage = 0.21%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ali S/o Alavi Haji
|votes = 193
|percentage = 0.11%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rasheedali S/o Mammunni
|votes = 183
|percentage = 0.11%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. Ali
|votes = 86
|percentage = 0.05%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,246
|percentage = 3.71%
|change ={{gain}}2.70
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,268<ref name="result_2021"/><ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|percentage = 76.91%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{loss}}0.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}3.38
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,94,496 registered voters in Mankada Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mankada]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[T. A. Ahmed Kabir]]|votes=69,165|percentage=46.08%|change={{decrease}}9.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Adv. T. K. Rasheed Ali|votes=67,657|percentage=45.07%|change={{increase}}8.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. Ratheesh|votes=6,641|percentage=4.42%|change={{increase}}0.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Hameed Vaniyambalam|votes=3,999|percentage=2.66%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. A. Raheem|votes=1,456|percentage=0.97%|change={{decrease}}1.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=479|percentage=0.32%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=O. T. Shihab|votes=273|percentage=0.18%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ahamed Kabeer Muttengadan|votes=218|percentage=0.15%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,508
|percentage = 1.01%
|change ={{decrease}}18.45
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,50,099|percentage=77.17%|change={{increase}}3.27}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{decrease}}9.80
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,64,067 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mankada]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[T. A. Ahmed Kabir]]|votes=67,756|percentage=55.88%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Kadeeja Sathar|votes=44,163|percentage=36.42%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Manikandan K.|votes=4,387|percentage=3.62%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=C. H. Ashraf|votes=3,015|percentage=2.49%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Anwar Babu|votes=1,926|percentage=1.59%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 23,593
|percentage = 19.46%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,21,247|percentage=73.90%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mankada]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Puthiya Mugham

2026-03-23T18:45:59Z

AliNiazOfficial: started new pg

{{Short description|2009 film by Diphan}}
{{distinguish|text=the Tamil film, [[Pudhiya Mugam]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puthiya Mugham
| image = Puthiya Mukham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Diphan]]
| producer = Anil Mathew S. Murugan
| writer = M. Sindhuraj
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] [[Priyamani]] [[Meera Nandan]]
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan
| editing = Samjith Mohammed
| studio = Bethestha Productions
| distributor = Time Ads Release
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|7|24}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Puthiya Mugham'''''{{efn|Spelt as ''Puthiya Mughom'' on the CBFC certificate.}} ({{Translation|New face}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Diphan]] and written by M. Sindhuraj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-is-back-with-iputhiya-mughami-imagegallery-malayalam-jd1ru5hgdafsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411024307/https://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-is-back-with-iputhiya-mughami-imagegallery-malayalam-jd1ru5hgdafsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2022|title = Prithviraj is back with Puthiya Mugham|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] and [[Priyamani]]. The music was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with cinematography and editing done by Bharani K. Dharan and Samjith Mohammed.

''Puthiya Mugham'' was a major commercial success at the box office and was noted for making Prithviraj Sukumaran a superstar in [[Malayalam cinema]]. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ziddi (2013 film)|Ziddi]]'' (2013), while the film was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the same name and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Yama Mudhuru''.

==Plot==
Krishnakumar alias Kichu, a resident of an [[agraharam]] in Kalpathy, pursues a career as a percussionist and teaches the [[mridangam]] to local students. Kichu is in love with Sreedevi, who is the daughter of Kichu's family friend and their relationship is supported by both families. Kichu moves to the city of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] to enroll in an engineering college. Sudhi, a senior student and the younger brother of gangster brothers Mahi and Giri, looks after his brothers' crime dealings and, in turn, his brothers support all his endeavours on the campus. Anjana, who is [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Shivaraman's daughter, joins the engineering college and Sudhi falls in love with her.

Sudhi tries to win her love by concealing and temporarily stopping all his illegal activities, but Kichu wins the heart of everyone in the college. Sudhi suspects that Anjana is attracted to Kichu and sends his brothers with an official proposal to Anjana's family. They accept the proposal and force the reluctant Anjana to agree. However, Anjana stipulates a condition that Sudhi would have to wait for 4 years for the marriage and Anjana will have freedom for these 4 years. The ''freedom'' of Anjana and the way she exercises it makes Sudhi jealous and suspicious. Sudhi wants to scare Kichu out of the college and arranges an attack on him at the college hostel.

Kichu apparently receives a blow to his head and attacks his own friend, who tried to rescue him. Kichu is admitted in a hospital and a doctor reveals that Kichu is suffering from a [[flashback (psychology)|flashback phenomenon]]. When Kichu was young, he had witnessed the death of his younger brother, who was hit by a bus and traumatic incidents like this will turn him violent. Following this, Sreedevi's family disapproves of the marriage and his own family does not want him to go to college anymore, but his father urges him to go back and achieve something in life. Kichu arrives back at college, where he thrashes up Sudhi and his friends. Sudhi's brothers turn in for help, but Kichu mortally wounds Mahi and sends him into [[coma]].

Policeman Shivaraman, who is in cahoots with Mahi and Giri, arrests Kichu and takes him to the police station. Kichu learns that he is going to be transported to the sub-jail, where his execution is planned. Kichu turns violent and storms the police station, where he gets hit by a policeman and apparently falls unconscious, but is only a ruse. Kichu is rushed to the hospital, where he escapes from the police. Sudhi kidnaps Anjana and a final showdown ensues at an abandoned construction site. A heated argument and close-combat ensue, which lead to Sudhi's death and Kichu walks away with Anjana, who has now fallen for Kichu.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Krishna Kumar "Kichu"
**Bharath Satheeshan as Young Kichu
*[[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Sudhi
*[[Priyamani]] as Anjana Shivaraman (voiceover by [[Devi S.]])
*[[Sudheesh]] as Varghese
*[[Vishnupriyan]] as Venki
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Fr. Peter Thekkan
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Ramankutty Iyer
*[[Shobha Mohan]] as Savithri
*[[Meera Nandan]] as Sreedevi
*[[Vijayaraghavan]] as Shivaraman
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Mahindran {{a.k.a}} Mahi
*[[Shammi Thilakan]] as Giri
*[[Jagadish]] as Harishankar
*[[Sona Nair]] as Vanaja
*[[Guinness Pakru]] as Canteen Rajan
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Canteen Suni
*[[Thara Kalyan]] as Anjana's aunt
*Manka Mahesh as Bharathi, Anjana's mother
*[[Kalaranjini]] as Mahi's wife
*[[Kalashala Babu]] as Sreenivasan
*[[Anil Murali]] as Sandeep, Sreedevi's brother
*[[Oviya]] as Meera
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Sudhi's kin
*[[Chali Pala]] as Ex-MLA Vishwambaran
*[[Dinesh Panicker]] as Doctor Shanavas
*[[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Rohini
*Joy John Antony as Kuruvila
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{infobox album
| name = Puthiya Mugham: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Puthiya Mugham''
| artist = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cover = Puthiya Mukham (album cover).webp
| alt =
| released = 24 July 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue = Cochin
| studio = {{flatlist|
*Lal Media, Cochin
*Stickers & Crew Films
}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:30
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = [[Deepak Dev]]
| prev_title = [[Sadhu Miranda]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Drona 2010]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc =
{{External media
| audio1 =
{{YouTube|z0eFuJVnrqw|Video Song}}
| audio2 ={{YouTube|a7WSKFNji6A|Audio Jukebox (Satyam Audios)}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Puthiya Mugham
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Picha Vacha Naal
| single1date = 24 July 2009
| single2 = Kaane Kaane
| single2date = 24 July 2009
| single3 = Rahasyamaay
| single3date = 24 July 2009}}}}

The music was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with lyrics written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]. The album features five tracks released on 24 July 2009 by [[Satyam Audios]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2009/07/22/music-review-puthiya-mugham-malayalam-deepak-dev/|title=Music review: Puthiya Mugham (Malayalam – Deepak Dev) – Milliblog!}}</ref> [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] made his debut as a playback singer through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithvi-made-me-a-singer-deepak-dev/articleshow/35163930.cms|title=Prithvi made me a singer: Deepak Dev|date=15 May 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:30
| title1 = Kaane Kaane
| note1 = ''Title song''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/watch-basil-josephs-hilarious-rendition-of-prithviraj-sukumarans-puthiya-mugham-song/articleshow/110076775.cms|title=Watch: Basil Joseph's hilarious rendition of Prithviraj Sukumaran’s 'Puthiya Mugham' song|date=13 May 2024|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
| extra1 = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Picha Vacha Naal
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Rahasyamaay
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shilpa Rao]]
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Thattum Muttum
| extra4 = [[Jassie Gift]], Sindhu Rajaram, Deepak Dev
| length4 = 5:12
| title5 = Yadukula Murali
| extra5 = Dr. Krishna Kumar
| length5 = 5:14
| title6 = Sweety Pie Darling
| extra6 = [[SuVi]], Prithviraj
| length6 = 3:12
}}

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
Paresh C Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Director Diphan's effort to present a new face of Prithviraj does not work because of the over dependence on violence."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/malayalam-review-puthiya-mukham/20090727.htm|title=Puthiya Mukham: Violence doesn't work|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=Rediff}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Puthiya Mugham'' became a commercial success at the box office and also heightened Prithviraj to superstardom in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=2009- A Flashback!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfrf1bghdasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126195849/http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfrf1bghdasi.html|archivedate=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|website=[[Sify]]|date=2 January 2010}}</ref>

== Awards ==
[[Shankar Mahadevan]] won the award of Best Singer at the Annual Malayalam Movie Awards. At the 2009 [[Asianet Film Awards]], [[Deepak Dev]] received the award of [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] for his songs in the film, while Shankar Mahadevan won the award of [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]].

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1630255|Puthiya Mugham}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Diphan]]

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

2026-03-23T08:41:31Z

AliNiazOfficial: slightly fix formatting for accuracy and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Indian revolution organization (1924–~1935 )}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
| founders = [[Yogendra Shukla]] [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] [[Ashfaqulla Khan]] [[Sachindra Nath Bakshi]] [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]]
| leader = [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] [[Bhagat Singh]]
| dates = {{Start date|1924|10|}}–{{End date|1936||}}
| successor = [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]
| country = {{flag|British Raj|name=India}}
| motives = [[National liberation (Marxism)|National liberation]]
| ideology = [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] [[Marxism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1931/02/02.htm |title=To Young Political Workers |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001153755/https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1931/02/02.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Revolutionary socialism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1929/12/24.htm |title=The Red Pamphlet |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183054/https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1929/12/24.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Secularism in India|Secularism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newdelhitimes.in/ashfaqulla-khan-an-epitome-of-hindu-muslim-unity-and-inspiration-for-the-youth/|title=Ashfaqulla Khan: An epitome of Hindu-Muslim Unity and inspiration for the Youth}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 
[[Anti-imperialism]]
| position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| partof = [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
| allies = [[Anushilan Samiti]]
| opponents = {{flag|British Empire}}
| logo = Official Logo of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army.jpg
| other_name = Hindustan Republican Association Hindustan Republican Army
}}

'''Hindustan Socialist Republican Association''' ('''HSRA'''), previously known as the '''Hindustan Republican Army''' and '''Hindustan Republican Association''' ('''HRA'''), was a [[left-wing]] [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Indian revolutionary]] organization, founded by [[Sachindranath Sanyal]]. After changes in [[Bhagat Singh]]'s ideology and the influence of the [[Russian Revolution]], they held meetings in [[Feroz Shah Kotla |Feroz Shah Kotla Maidan]] and added the word [[socialist]] to their name. [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Ashfaqulla Khan]], [[Sachindra Nath Bakshi]], [[Sachindranath Sanyal]] and [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]] were the leaders of the group at the time. HSRA's manifesto titled ''The Revolutionary'' and written constitution were produced as evidence in the [[Kakori conspiracy]] case of 1925.

==Origins==

===Background===
The [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] of 1919 had led to a large-scale mobilization of the Indian population against the [[British Raj]]. Although intended as a [[Nonviolent resistance|non-violent resistance]] movement, due to heightened tensions, and a brutal response by the British police forces, it had soon become violent. After the [[Chauri Chaura incident]], where several police officers were locked in a police station, which was subsequently set on fire by demonstrators, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] suspended the movement to prevent the escalation of violence. This disillusioned a section of [[nationalists]] who felt the suspension was premature and unwarranted. [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] and his group of youth strongly opposed Gandhi in the 37th session of the Indian National Congress, held in Gaya, Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indian National Congress |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128562 |title=Report Of The Thirty Third Session Of The Indian National Congress |publisher=L.M.H Press |year=1919 |location=Delhi}}</ref> The [[political]] vacuum created by the suspension led to the formation of [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary movements]] by the more radical amongst those who sought to overthrow [[British Raj]].{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}

===Opposition of Gandhi in Gaya Congress===
In February 1922, some agitating [[farmers]] were killed in [[Chauri Chaura]] by the [[Indian Imperial Police|police]]. Consequently, the [[police station]] of Chauri Chaura was attacked by the people and 22 policemen were burnt alive.

Without ascertaining the facts behind this incident, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], declared an immediate stop to the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] (he himself had given a call for it) without consulting any executive committee member of the Congress. [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] and his group of youth strongly opposed Gandhi in the Gaya Congress of 1922. When Gandhi refused to rescind his decision, the [[Indian National Congress]] was divided into two groups – one liberal and the other for rebellion. In January 1923, the liberal group formed a new [[Swaraj Party]] under the joint leadership of [[Moti Lal Nehru]] and [[Chittaranjan Das]], and the youth group formed a revolutionary party under the leadership of Bismil.

===Yellow Paper constitution===
With the consent of [[Lala Har Dayal]], Bismil went to [[Allahabad]] where he drafted the constitution of the party in 1923 with the help of [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] and another revolutionary of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Jadugopal Mukherjee|Dr. Jadugopal Mukherjee]].<ref>Dr. Mehrotra N.C. ''Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka Yogdan'' Page 109 & 146</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2013}} The basic name and aims of the organisation were typed on a ''Yellow Paper'' and later on a subsequent Constitutional Committee Meeting was conducted on 3 October 1924 at [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]] in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] under Sanyal's chairmanship.

===Sharing responsibility===
This meeting decided the name of the party would be the '''Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)'''. Bismil was declared the District Organiser for [[Shahjahanpur]] and chief of arms division, as well as provincial organiser of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]. [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] became National Organiser and another senior member, [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]], was Coordinator of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]. After attending the meeting in Cawnpore, both Sanyal and Chatterjee left the United Province and proceeded to [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] for further extension of the organisation.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

The HRA established branches in [[Agra]], Allahabad, [[Varanasi|Benares]], Cawnpore, [[Lucknow]], [[Saharanpur]] and Shahjahanpur. They also manufactured bombs in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] – at [[Dakshineswar]] and Shovabazar and at [[Deoghar]] in [[Jharkhand]] (then [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar province]]). The Calcutta workshops were discovered by the [[Indian Imperial Police|police]] in 1925 and those in Deoghar were found in 1927.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}

===Publication of ''Revolutionary''===
Sanyal wrote a manifesto for the HRA entitled ''Revolutionary''. This was distributed around large cities of [[North India]] on 1 January 1925.<ref>{{cite book |title=Violence, Narrative and Myth in Joyce and Yeats: Subjective Identity and Anarcho-Syndicalist Traditions |first=Tudor |last=Balinisteanu |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-23029-095-2 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnkNyjxmk8wC&pg=PA60 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It proposed the overthrow of British colonial rule and its replacement with what it termed a ''Federal Republic of the United States of India''. In addition, it sought [[universal suffrage]] and the socialist-oriented aim of the abolition of "all systems which make any kind of exploitation of man by man possible"{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}

The policies of Gandhi were criticised and youths were called to join the organisation. The police were astonished to see the language used and sought its leader in Bengal. Sanyal had gone to despatch this pamphlet in bulk and was arrested in [[Bankura]], [[West Bengal]]. Before Sanyal's arrest, [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]] had also been caught by police at [[Howrah]] railway station of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]].

==Early activities==
[[File:Shaheed Bhagat Singh. Rewalsar, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Wall painting of [[Bhagat Singh]]; [[Rewalsar, India]], 2009]]

There were many early attempts at disruption and obtaining funds, such as the robbery of the houses of a village officials at Dwarikapur and Bichpuri in 1922–23, but the [[Kakori train robbery]] was the most prominent of the early HRA efforts. The [[Kakori]] event occurred on 9 August 1925, when HRA members looted government money from a train around {{convert|10|mi|km}} from [[Lucknow]] and accidentally killed a [[passenger]] in the process. Significant members of the HRA were arrested and tried for their involvement in that incident and others which had preceded it. The outcome was that four leaders – [[Ashfaqullah Khan]], [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Roshan Singh]] and [[Rajendra Lahiri]] – were hanged in December 1927 and a further 16 imprisoned for lengthy terms. The result of the trial, in which the HRA participants sang patriotic songs and displayed other forms of defiance, seriously damaged the leadership of the HRA and dealt a major blow to its activities. Many associated with the HRA who escaped trial found themselves placed under surveillance or detained for various reasons. [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] was the only one of the principal leaders who managed to escape arrest whereas Banwari Lal became an approver.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}

==Major activities==
In 1928, the British government set up the [[Simon Commission|Commission]], headed by [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Sir John Simon]], to report on the political situation in India. Some Indian activist groups protested the commission, because it did not include a single Indian in its membership, although by no means all did so. The effect was to unite various activist factions in opposition.{{sfnp|Nair|2009|ps=}}

Responding to the rise in anti-colonial sentiment in 1928,{{sfnp|Nair|2009|ps=}} the HRA became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, with the change of name probably being largely due to the influence of Bhagat Singh.{{sfnp|Sawhney|2012|p=380|ps=}} Around the time of the Kakori robbery and the subsequent trial, various revolutionary groups had emerged in places such as Bengal, Bihar, and Punjab. These groups and the HRA met at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], in Delhi, on 8–9 September 1928, and from this emerged the HSRA.{{efn|The revolutionary group from Bengal did not formally associate itself with the HSRA in 1928 but did provide [[Jatindra Nath Das]] to give advice on explosives. The Bengal group did not accept the socio-economic aspects of revolution proposed by the other groups and preferred to see it purely in terms of nationalism.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}}} The socialist leanings voiced in the earlier HRA manifesto had gradually moved more towards [[Marxism]] and the HSRA spoke of a revolution involving a struggle by the masses to establish "the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]]" and the banishment of "parasites from the seat of political power". It saw itself as being at the forefront of this revolution, spreading the word and acting as the armed section of the masses. Its ideals were apparent in other movements elsewhere at that time, including incidents of communist-inspired industrial action by workers and the rural [[Peasant|kisan]] movement.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}} At the request of Bhagat Singh, the newly named HSRA resolved to bomb members of the Simon Commission and also to cease robbing rich people, the latter being a realisation that the Kakori conspirators had suffered most from the evidence given by such people.{{sfnp|Nair|2009|ps=}} At that time the HRA was being transformed into the HSRA and it was decided that the new organization would work in cooperation with the [[Communist International]].

The HSRA's manifesto titled ''Philosophy of the Bomb'' was written by [[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]].{{sfnp|Bowden|Davis|2009|p=29|ps=}}

==Killing of John P. Saunders==
When the [[Simon Commission]] visited [[Lahore]] on 30 October 1928, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] led a [[peaceful protest]] against the commission. The [[Indian Imperial Police|police]] responded with [[violence]], with the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]], [[James Alexander Scott|James A. Scott]], ordering his men to [[baton charge|''lathi'' charge]] the protesters. Rai was beaten but addressed a meeting later. He died on 17 November 1928, perhaps in part because of his injuries although this is uncertain. Historian Neeti Nair says "His death was widely attributed to the mental if not physical shock he had suffered."{{sfnp|Nair|2009|ps=}} When the matter of Lala Lajpat Rai's death was raised in the [[Parliament of United Kingdom|British Parliament]], the government denied any causal role.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=36|ps=}} [[Bhagat Singh]] vowed to take revenge,{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=36|ps=}} and joined other revolutionaries, [[Shivaram Rajguru]], Jai Gopal, [[Sukhdev Thapar]] and [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], in a plot to kill Scott.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}} However, in a case of mistaken identity, Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of [[John P. Saunders]], an [[Assistant superintendent]]. He was shot by Rajguru and Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in [[Lahore]] on 17 December 1928.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=39|ps=}} Chanan Singh, a [[Head Constable]] who was chasing them, was killed by Azad's covering fire.{{sfnp|Rana|2005b|p=65|ps=}}

This case of mistaken identity did not stop Singh and his fellow-members of the HSRA from claiming that retribution had been exacted.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}} The next day the HSRA acknowledged the [[assassination]] by putting up [[posters]] in [[Lahore]] that read {{blockquote|J. P. Saunders is dead; Lala Lajpat Rai is avenged. ... In this man has died an agent of the British authority in India. ... Sorry for the bloodshed of the human being, but the sacrifice of individuals at the altar of revolution ... is inevitable.{{sfnp|Grewal|2007|p=46|ps=}}}}

[[File:Bhagat Singh's execution Lahore Tribune Front page.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Front page of the ''Tribune'' (25 March 1931) published from [[Lahore]], reporting the execution of Singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru]]
The perpetrators of the Saunders murder having eluded capture and gone into hiding, the next major action by the HSRA was the bombing of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in [[Delhi]] on 8 April 1929. This was a provocative [[propaganda]] exercise, intended to highlight the aims of the HSRA and timed as a [[protest]] against the introduction of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill, both of which had been drafted in an attempt to counter the effects of [[communist]] activities and [[trade unionism]]{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}{{sfnp|Singh|Lala|Hooja|2007|pp=16-18|ps=}}

Singh and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] threw bombs at the empty benches, being careful to ensure that there were no casualties in order to highlight the propagandist nature of their action. They made no attempt to escape and courted arrest while shouting ''Inquilab Zindabad'' (Long Live the [[Revolution]]), ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' ([[National Anthem of India|Hail to motherland]]) and ''Samrajyavad Murdabad''' (Down with [[Imperialism]]). Their rationale for the bombing was explained in a leaflet titled "To Make the Deaf Hear" (paraphrasing the words of [[Édouard Vaillant]]). This leaflet was also thrown in the assembly and was reproduced the next day in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. On 15 April 1929, [[Indian Imperial Police|police]] raided the HSRA's [[Arsenal|bomb factory]] in [[Lahore]] and arrested [[Pandit Kishori Lal|Kishori Lal]], Sukhdev and Jai Gopal. The Assembly Bomb case and the Saunders murder case trial followed and Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931 for their actions.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}{{sfnp|Singh|Lala|Hooja|2007|pp=16-18|ps=}}

==Later activities==
In December 1929, the HSRA bombed the special [[train]] of [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]]. The [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] escaped unhurt. Later, the [[Lahore]] faction of HSRA broke away and formed the ''Atishi Chakar'' (The Ring of Fire) party under the leadership of [[Hans Raj Vohra]]. They carried out a series of bombings across [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] in June 1929. On 21 January 1929, [[Bhagat Singh]] and his fellow [[comrades]] were accused in the [[Lahore]] [[Conspiracy]] Case, appeared in the [[court]] wearing red scarves. As soon as the [[magistrate]] took his chair, they raised slogans "Long Live [[Socialist]] [[Revolution]]", "Long Live [[Communist International]]", "Long Live People" "[[Lenin]]'s Name Will Never Die", and "Down with [[Imperialism]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Lal|title=Bhagat Singh: Discovering the legacy|url=https://www.marxist.com/bhagat-singh-discovering-the-legacy.htm|access-date=2021-08-25|website=In Defence of Marxism|date=25 March 2013|language=en-gb|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825050536/https://www.marxist.com/bhagat-singh-discovering-the-legacy.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How Russian Revolution Inspired Undivided India's Literary, Political Figures |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Russian-Revolution-Inspired-Undivided-India-Literary-Political-Figures |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=me NewsClick |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108131506/https://www.newsclick.in/Russian-Revolution-Inspired-Undivided-India-Literary-Political-Figures |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 September 1929, the [[Rawalpindi]] faction made a failed attempt to burgle the Office of the Controller of Military Accounts. During this period the leading members of the HSRA were [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], Yashpal, [[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]] and Kailash Pati. In July 1929, the HSRA robbed the Gadodia stores in [[New Delhi]] and carried away 14,000 rupees. This money was later used to fund a bomb factory. In December 1929, an attempt was made to assassinate the [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor of Punjab]], which wounded him in his arm.{{sfnp|Ralhan|1998|pp=716–720|ps=}}

==Decline==
By 1930, most of the HSRA's main leaders were either dead or in [[prison]]. Kailash Pati was arrested in October 1929 and turned an approver (witness for the prosecution). On 27 February 1931, [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] [[Suicide by gunshot|shot himself]] in the head during a gunfight with the [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Allahabad Police]] in a famous incident of [[Alfred Park]]. [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]], and [[Shivaram Rajguru]] were [[execution by hanging|hanged]] on 23 March 1931. After Azad's death, there was no central [[leader]] to unite the [[revolutionaries]] and [[regional]] differences increased. The organisation split into various regional groups and they carried out bombings and attacks on [[British people|British officials]] in [[British Raj|India]] without any central coordination. In December 1930, another attempt was made to revive the HSRA at a meeting in [[Meerut]]. However, this attempt failed with the arrests of Yashpal and Daryao Singh in 1931.{{sfnp|Ralhan|1998|pp=720-730|ps=}} This effectively ended the HSRA as a united organisation though the various regional factions kept up their armed struggle until 1935.

==Criticism==
The association's methods were diametrically opposite to that of [[Gandhi]]'s [[nonviolent resistance]] movement. The [[revolutionaries]] and their methods were severely criticized by [[Gandhi]]. Responding to the attack on [[Lord Irwin]]'s [[train]], [[Gandhi]] wrote a harsh critique of the HSRA titled "The Cult of the Bomb" (''[[Young India]]'', 2 January 1929). In it, he declared that bomb-throwing was nothing but "froth coming to the surface in an agitated liquid". He condemned the HSRA and its actions as "cowards" and "dastardly". According to [[Gandhi]], the HSRA's violent struggle had its hazards. The [[violence]] led to more reprisals and suffering. Also, it would turn inward as "it was an easy natural step" from "violence done to the foreign ruler" to "violence to our own people".{{sfnp|Gandhi|2008|p=298|ps=}} The HSRA responded to this [[criticism]] with its own manifesto "The Philosophy of the Bomb",{{sfnp|Bowden|Davis|2009|p=29|ps=}} in which they defended their violent methods as being complementary to Gandhi's non-violent methods.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=173–175|ps=}}

==Prominent members==

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! width = "200" | Name
! width =" 300" |Involved in
! Outcome
|-
| [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
| [[Kakori conspiracy]], John P. Saunders [[assassination]] (1927)
| Absconded in the [[Kakori Conspiracy]] Case, while living underground he re-organized the HSRA and shot himself dead in a shoot-out with [[Indian Imperial Police|police]] at [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] on 27 February 1931.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| [[Sachindra Bakshi|Sachindra Nath Bakshi]]
| [[Kakori conspiracy]]
| Sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] in [[Kakori]] case; released in 1936 and became active in [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] but left the party after independence. He was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] on Jan Sangh Party ticket{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=84|ps=}}
|-
| Suresh Chandra Bhattacharya
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to ten years' rigorous [[imprisonment]] in [[Kakori]] case{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| [[Ram Prasad Bismil]]
| [[Mainpuri]] conspiracy (1917) and Kakori conspiracy{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|pp=33, 65|ps=}}
| Absconded in Mainpuri case; Sentenced to [[death]] in Kakori case.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Hanged in 1926 at [[Gorakhpur]] [[Central Jail]]
|-
| [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to life imprisonment in Kakori case; became a [[Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] after independence
|-
| Pranawesh Chatterjee
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to four years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| [[Vishnu Sharan Dublish]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori conspiracy which was converted later into a life sentence after [[Naini Jail|Naini]] Jail Case.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}} Joined [[Indian National Congress]], freedom movement activities in Western [[Uttar Pradesh]], became a [[member of parliament]].
|-
| [[Manmath Nath Gupta]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to 14 years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case; later became a journalist/writer; died in 1999 on the day of [[Deepavali]].
|-
| Govind Charan Kar
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to life in Kakori case.
|-
| [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to death in Kakori case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/29720/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|title=NAUJAWAN BHARAT SABHA & HSRA|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614022727/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/29720/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Hanged in 1926 at [[Faizabad]] Jail.
|-
| [[Prem Krishna Khanna]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to five years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}} He became a Member of Parliament from [[Shahjahanpur]]{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=89|ps=}} in 1961 and 1966.
|-
| Ram Krishna Khatri
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to [[Execution by hanging|death]] in Kakori case.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Hanged in 1926 at [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] Jail.
|-
| [[Banwari Lal (revolutionary)|Banwari Lal]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to two years' even after being an approver in the Kakori case.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| [[Mukundi Lal]]
| Mainpuri conspiracy (1917) and Kakori conspiracy{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=65|ps=}}
| Sentenced to seven years' rigorous imprisonment in [[Mainpuri]] and life in Kakori conspiracy case; died in October 1981.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=64|ps=}}
|-
| [[Ram Nath Pandey]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to three years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| Bhupendra Nath Sanyal
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to five years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to life imprisonment in Andaman [[Cellular Jail]]; died of [[tuberculosis]] at [[Bhowali]] TB sanatorium in 1942.
|-
| [[Thakur Roshan Singh]]
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to death in Kakori case.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Hanged in 1926 at [[Allahabad]] Jail.
|-
| Raj Kumar Sinha
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| Ram Dulare Trivedi
| Kakori conspiracy
| Sentenced to five years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.{{sfnp|Mahaur|1978|p=30|ps=}}
|-
| [[Ajoy Ghosh]]
| [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]
| He was arrested and latter imprisoned after Lahore Conspiracy Case trial in 1928 but released due to lack of evidence. Later, he joined [[Communist Party of India]] and become [[general secretary]] of CPI in 1950.
|}

==End time and Dissolution==
After the death of [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], another associate [[Udham Singh]] operated the HSRA from [[London]]. HSRA was dissolved in 1940 when Udham was hanged.

== Legacy ==
A bomb factory and hideout located in Turi Bazaar, [[Firozpur]], has been declared as a national monument by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Revolutionaries-hide-out-at-Ferozepur-declared-protected-Punjab-govt-tells-HC/articleshow/45905631.cms|title=Revolutionaries' hideout at Ferozepur declared protected, Punjab govt tells HC|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904181737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Revolutionaries-hide-out-at-Ferozepur-declared-protected-Punjab-govt-tells-HC/articleshow/45905631.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sushila Didi]]
* [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]
* [[Delhi Conspiracy Commission]]
* [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
* [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''References'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* Amstutz, Andrew. "Review essay: Alternative histories of revolutionaries in modern South Asia: context, chronology, and archives." ''India Review'' 18.3 (2019): 324–342. [https://www.academia.edu/download/60797365/Review_Essay__Alternative_histories_of_revolutionaries_in_modern_South_Asia__context__chronology__and_archives20191004-80482-1etm9j4.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Bowden
| first1 = Brett
| last2 = Davis
| first2 = Michael. T
| title = Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism
| publisher = Univ. of Queensland Press
| year = 2009
| location = Australia
| isbn = 978-0-7022-3599-3
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dZjj87U6v9AC
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Gandhi
| first = Rajmohan
| title = Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire
| publisher = University of California Press
| year = 2008
| location = Berkeley
| isbn = 978-0-520-25570-8
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Grewal
| first = P. M. S.
| title = Bhagat Singh, liberation's blazing star
| publisher = LeftWord Books
| year = 2007
| location = New Delhi
| isbn = 978-81-7488-865-5
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fSezgPlshGUC
}}
* {{Citation
| last=Gupta
| first=Amit Kumar
| title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938
| journal=Social Scientist
| volume=25
| issue=9/10
| year=1997
| pages=3–27
| doi=10.2307/3517678
| jstor=3517678
}} {{subscription required}}
* {{Citation
| last = Gupta
| first = Manmath Nath
| title = Bhartiya Krantikari Andolan Ka Itihas
| publisher = Atmaram & Sons
| year = 1993
| location = Delhi
| isbn = 81-7043-054-2
}}
* Maclean, Kama. ''A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence Image, Voice and Text'' (London, 2015) focus on the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army.
* {{Citation
| last = Mahaur
| first = Bhagwandas
| title = Kakori Shaheed Smriti
| publisher = Ram Krishna Khatri Kakori Shaheed Ardhshatabdi Samaroh Samiti
| year = 1978
| location = Lucknow
}}
*{{citation |title=Bhagat Singh as 'Satyagrahi': The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=May 2009 |first=Neeti |last=Nair |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=649–681 |jstor=20488099 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x08003491|s2cid=143725577 }}
* {{Citation
| last = Nayar
| first = Kuldip
| title = The martyr: Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution
| publisher = Har-Anand Publications
| year = 2000
| location = New Delhi
| isbn = 978-81-241-0700-3
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Ralhan
| first = Om Prakash
| title = Encyclopaedia of political parties, Volumes 33-50
| publisher = Anmol Publications
| year = 1998
| location = New Delhi
| isbn = 81-7488-865-9
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RJCB7CPPeWwC
}} {{clarify|reason=vols 33-50 is vague and I suspect someone has used GBooks snippet view|date=August 2013}}
*{{citation |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |editor1-first=Anshu |editor1-last=Malhotra |editor2-first=Farina |editor2-last=Mir |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19807-801-2 |chapter=Bhagat Singh: A Politics of Death and Hope |first=Simona |last=Sawhney |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078012.003.0054 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=377–402}}
* {{Citation
| last=Rana
| first=Bhawan Singh
| year=2005a
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC
| title=Bhagat Singh
| publisher=Diamond Pocket Books
| isbn=978-81-288-0827-2
}}
* {{Citation
| last=Rana
| first=Bhawan Singh
| year=2005b
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC
| title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India)
| publisher=Diamond Pocket Books
| isbn=978-81-288-0816-6
}}
* {{Citation
| last1=Singh
| first1=Bhagat
| last2=Lala
| first2=Chaman
| last3=Hooja
| first3=Bhupendra
| title=The jail notebook and other writings
| publisher=Left Word Books
| year=2007
| location=New Delhi
| isbn=978-81-87496-72-4
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Between Love and Freedom: The Revolutionary in the Hindi Novel |first=Nikhil |last=Govind |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-31755-976-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Hg9BAAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120405061919/http://karachi.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/pdf/135.pdf An interview with GS Potdar, who was associated with the HSRA] (PDF; archived 4 April 2012)

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association| ]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 1928]]

Ajay Tyagi

2026-03-20T16:29:55Z

AliNiazOfficial: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian professional rower}}
{{Autobiography|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ajay Tyagi
| image = Ajay_Tyagi_Rower_Profile_2025.jpg
| caption = Tyagi at Rowing Champion
| nationality = {{flagicon|India}} India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|06|10}}
| birth_place = Sara Village, [[Ghaziabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| height = {{convert|6|ft|m|2}}
| sport = [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]
| event = Lightweight Double Sculls (LM2x), Quadruple Sculls (LM4x)
| club = [[Indian Army]] ([[Bombay Engineer Group]])
| rank = [[File:Naib_Subedar_-_Naib_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] [[Naib Subedar]]
| coach = [[Ismail Baig]]
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Rowing Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2025 Asian Rowing Championships|2025 Haiphong]] | LM2x }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2025 Asian Rowing Championships|2025 Haiphong]] | LM4x }}
{{MedalCompetition | Australian Rowing Championships }}
{{MedalGold | 2025 Tasmania | LM2x }}
{{MedalGold | 2025 Tasmania | LM4x }}
{{MedalSilver | 2025 Tasmania | Open Eight }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[National Games of India|National Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2025 National Games of India|2025 Uttarakhand]] | LM2x }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 National Games of India|2023 Goa]] | M2x }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 National Games of India|2023 Goa]] | M4x }}
{{MedalCompetition | Senior National Rowing Championships }}
{{MedalGold | 2025 Bhopal | LM2x }}
{{MedalGold | 2025 Bhopal | M4x }}
{{MedalGold | 2023 Pune | LM2x }}
{{MedalGold | 2022 Pune | LM2x }}
{{MedalCompetition | Open Sprint National Championships }}
{{MedalGold | 2023 Pune | LM2x }}
{{MedalCompetition | Indoor National Rowing Championships }}
{{MedalGold | 2024 Moga | Lightweight Pair }}
}}

'''Ajay Tyagi''' (born 10 June 1999) is an Indian professional rower who competes in the lightweight double sculls (LM2x) and quadruple sculls (LM4x) events. He is an Asian Rowing Championship gold medalist and serves as a [[Naib Subedar]] in the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="TOI_Oct25">{{cite news |last=Kumaraswamy |first=K |title=Rower Tyagi comes of age with Asian Championship gold & silver |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/rower-tyagi-comes-of-age-with-asian-championship-gold-silver/articleshow/124808113.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Tyagi was born in Sara village, [[Ghaziabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father, Rakesh Tyagi, is a farmer and his mother's name is Kusum. He has a younger brother named Avnish Tyagi.<ref name="Hindustan_Live">{{cite news |title=Indian Soldier Ajay Tyagi Shines at Australian Rowing Championship |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/ghaziabad/story-indian-soldier-ajay-tyagi-shines-at-australian-rowing-championship-with-gold-and-silver-medals-201743686338857.html |work=Hindustan (newspaper) |date=3 April 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Tyagi enlisted in the [[Indian Army]] in 2018 and serves in the [[Bombay Engineer Group]] (Bombay Sappers). He was selected for rowing training in 2021 at the Army Rowing Node (ARN) in [[Pune]] based on anthropometric parameters.<ref name="NIE_Jan22">{{cite news |title=Afraid of water once, rower Ajay Tyagi bags nationals gold on debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/jan/09/afraid-of-water-once-rower-ajay-tyagi-bags-nationals-gold-on-debut-2404972.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 January 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== National ===
Tyagi won gold in the Lightweight Double Sculls at the 39th Senior National Rowing Championships in Pune in 2022 alongside partner Arwinder Singh.<ref name="NIE_Jan22"/> In 2023, he partnered with Olympian [[Arjun Lal Jat]] to win gold at the 40th Senior National Rowing Championships.<ref name="InvestGuru">{{cite web |title=Sr. National Rowing: Bhokanal fails to advance; Army, Services rowers head into final faceoffs |url=https://investmentguruindia.com/BeyondMarketSports/Sr-National-Rowing-Bhokanal-fails-to-advance-Army-Services-rowers-head-into-final-faceoffs |work=Investment Guru India |date=24 February 2023}}</ref> That same year, he won gold in the LM2x event at the Open Sprint National Championships and represented [[Maharashtra]] at the [[2023 National Games of India|37th National Games]] in [[Goa]], where he secured two bronze medals in the Double Sculls and Quadruple Sculls events.<ref name="TOI_Goa">{{cite news |title=Services rowers claim overall championship at National Games |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/services-rowers-claim-overall-championship-at-national-games/articleshow/104950722.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

In 2024, Tyagi won gold in the lightweight pair event at the Indoor National Rowing Championships in [[Moga, Punjab]].<ref name="NIE_Apr25">{{cite news |last=Mirza |first=Firoz |title=From Olympic heartbreak to winning medals: Tyagi's story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Apr/03/from-olympic-heartbreak-to-winning-bagful-of-medals-rower-tyagis-story |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2025}}</ref> He continued his domestic success in 2025, winning gold at the [[National Games of India]] in [[Uttarakhand]] (LM2x) and adding two more gold medals (LM2x and M4x) at the 42nd Senior National Rowing Championships in [[Bhopal]].<ref name="NIE_Apr25"/>

=== International ===
Tyagi made his international debut in 2022 at World Rowing Cup I in [[Belgrade]], Serbia, finishing in 13th place.<ref name="IndiaRowing_Serbia">{{cite web |title=India Rowing Contingent for 2022 World Rowing Cup 1 |url=https://www.indiarowing.com/admin/statumoredl/202206012050592RFI-2022%20World%20Cup%201,%20Belgrade,%20Serbia%20dt%2020.05.22-Team%20Announcement%20&%20Departure.pdf |publisher=Rowing Federation of India |date=20 May 2022}}</ref> He later participated in World Rowing Cup II in [[Poznań]], Poland,<ref name="NIE_Poland">{{cite news |title=Fisherman's daughter from Tamil Nadu to represent country in World Rowing Cup II |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/jun/14/fishermans-daughter-from-tamil-nadu-to-represent-country-in-world-rowing-cup-ii-2465661.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> and served as a reserve member for the 2022 Asian Rowing Championships in [[Thailand]].<ref name="TOI_Oct25"/>

In 2023, Tyagi competed with the Indian squad at World Rowing Cup I in [[Zagreb]], Croatia,<ref name="TheBridge_May23">{{cite news |title=Indian Rowing team for world rowing cup announced |url=https://thebridge.in/rowing/indian-rowing-team-world-rowing-cup-41523 |work=The Bridge |date=1 May 2023}}</ref> and World Rowing Cup III in [[Lucerne]], Switzerland.<ref name="IndiaRowing_Lucerne">{{cite web |title=Participation of Indian Rowing Team in World Rowing Cup 3 Lucerne |url=https://www.indiarowing.com/admin/statumoredl/202308260958302AS%20No.%2018%20dt%2002.06.23-Revised-WC%203-Lucern-04th~10th%20July,%202023.pdf |publisher=Rowing Federation of India |date=2 June 2023}}</ref>

At the 2025 Australian Rowing Championships in [[Tasmania]], he secured two gold medals and one silver medal.<ref name="Hindustan_Live"/> Later that year, at the [[Asian Rowing Championships]] in [[Haiphong]], Vietnam, Tyagi won the gold medal in the Lightweight Double Sculls alongside partner Lokeshwar Singh with a time of 6:40.75, and added a silver medal in the Lightweight Quadruple Sculls.<ref name="Olympics25">{{cite web |title=Asian Rowing Championships 2025: India medal winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-rowing-championships-2025-india-medal-winners-list |publisher=Olympics.com |date=19 October 2025}}</ref>

== Competitive record ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Competition !! Venue !! Event !! Result
|-
| 2022 || World Rowing Cup I || [[Belgrade]], Serbia || LM2x || 13th
|-
| 2022 || World Rowing Cup II || [[Poznań]], Poland || LM2x || Participation
|-
| 2022 || Asian Rowing Championships || [[Pattaya]], Thailand || Team || Reserve
|-
| 2022 || [[Senior National Rowing Championships]] || [[Pune]], India || LM2x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2023 || World Rowing Cup I || [[Zagreb]], Croatia || LM2x || Participation
|-
| 2023 || World Rowing Cup III || [[Lucerne]], Switzerland || LM2x || Participation
|-
| 2023 || [[Senior National Rowing Championships]] || [[Pune]], India || LM2x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2023 || Open Sprint National Championships || [[Pune]], India || LM2x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2023 || [[2023 National Games of India|National Games]] || [[Goa]], India || M2x || {{Bronze medal}}
|-
| 2023 || [[2023 National Games of India|National Games]] || [[Goa]], India || M4x || {{Bronze medal}}
|-
| 2024 || Indoor National Rowing Championships || [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]] || Lightweight Pair || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2025 || [[Senior National Rowing Championships]] || [[Bhopal]], India || LM2x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2025 || [[Senior National Rowing Championships]] || [[Bhopal]], India || M4x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2025 || Australian Rowing Championships || [[Tasmania]], Australia || LM2x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2025 || Australian Rowing Championships || [[Tasmania]], Australia || LM4x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2025 || Australian Rowing Championships || [[Tasmania]], Australia || M8+ || {{Silver medal}}
|-
| 2025 || [[Asian Rowing Championships]] || [[Haiphong]], Vietnam || LM2x || {{Gold medal}}
|-
| 2025 || [[Asian Rowing Championships]] || [[Haiphong]], Vietnam || LM4x || {{Silver medal}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyagi, Ajay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian rowers]]
[[Category:1999 births]]

Joy Thomas

2026-03-19T22:34:36Z

AliNiazOfficial:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the information theorist|Joy A. Thomas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=September 2010}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Joy Thomas
|image =
|office = [[President (corporate title)|President]], [[Kerala State Co-operative Consumers Federation Limited]]
|term_start = 2011
|term_end =2016
|predecessor =
|successor =
|office2 = Member, [[Idukki]] [[District]] [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]
|term_start2 = 1995
|term_end2 = 2000
|office3 = District Congress Committee President, [[Idukki]]
|term_start3 = 2001
|term_end3 = 2007
|office4 = Idukki District Cooperative Bank President
|governor3 =
|term_start4 = 2001
|term_end4 = 2006
|predecessor3 =
|successor3 =
|office5 = [[General Secretary]] Idukki District Congress Committee
|term_start5 = 1986
|term_end5 = 2001
|predecessor4 =
|successor4 =
|office6 = President Idukki [[Indian Youth Congress]]
|term_start6 = 1985
|term_end6 = 1986
|predecessor5 =
|successor5 =
|office7 = State Vice President, [[Kerala Students Union]]
|president6 = [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|term_start7 = 1981
|term_end7 = 1983
|predecessor6 =
|successor6 = E.M Augusthy
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|alma_mater = [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]] [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Law College]]
}}

'''Joy Thomas''' is an Indian politician. He serves as President of the Kerala State Co-operative Consumers Federation Limited.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |title=Consumerfed president welcomes move |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/consumerfed-president-welcomes-move/article7694029.ece |accessdate=4 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=27 September 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Joy Thomas was born in [[Idukki]], Idukki district of [[Kerala]] in a [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Catholic]] Christian family. Joy completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Newman College, Thodupuzha|New Man College]], [[Thodupuzha]] and [[Bachelor of Law]] from [[Kerala Law Academy]] [[Law]] [[College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

Joy Thomas started his political career at age 14. He worked for the [[Kerala Students Union]] in his hometown. He was noted by teachers and students for his sincere attitude towards the fight for equality. He won his classroom representative elections by a huge margin.

He continued to work for [[Kerala Students Union]] while studying in [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He was appointed State Vice President of the Kerala Students Union.

==Political career==
He returned to Idukki after his education and was appointed as Idukki District President of the [[Indian Youth Congress]]. He was given the post as Idukki District General Secretary of District Congress Committee, a post he held until 2001. After the 2001 Kerala Assembly Elections, he was appointed as the President of Idukki District Congress Committee.

During the period, he was able to wrestle the control of the Idukki District Co-operative Bank from the Left Democratic Front and was appointed as its president for a five-year term. He held the post until the 2006 Kerala Assembly Elections. He was then appointed as the Idukki District UDF Chairman.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web |title=maquinaria plantas de trituración, impacto trituradoras |url=http://dccidukki.org.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604181637/http://dccidukki.org.in/ |archive-date=2017-06-04 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.dccidukki.org.in }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Joy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Andhradesa

2026-03-19T21:59:00Z

AliNiazOfficial: creating new page

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Andhradesha
| settlement_type = Region
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Telangana]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Capitals
| blank1_info_sec1 = Andhapura [[Dharanikota | Dhanyakataka]]
}}

'''Āndhradeśa''' ({{Langx|te|ఆంధ్రదేశ}}; {{Translation|Country of [[Andhras]]}}) is a historical region in the [[Deccan Plateau]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], deriving its name from the ancient [[Andhras]] tribe, who inhabited and ruled the region since the [[Iron Age]]. The core territory of Andhradesha encompassed [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. At its zenith, the Andhradesha extended its influence over parts of present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The Andhras were an ancient non-Aryan tribe who lived around the deltas of the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers. Andhras were mentioned in the ancient [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] such as the ''[[Aitareya Brahmana]]'' (c. 500 BCE)'', [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Puranas]]''. Greek historian [[Megasthenes]] reported in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 310 BCE) that Andhras were living in the Godavari and [[Krishna]] river deltas, and were famous for their military strength which was second only to [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]] in all of [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. They had 30 fortified towns along the Godavari River and an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. They were also mentioned at the time of the death of the Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]] in 232 BCE.

== Etymology ==
Andhradesha, an ancient region, derived its name from the [[Andhras|Andhra]] tribe that flourished along the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] river deltas. The term Andhradesha is a compound word, derived from the words "Andhra" and "desha". "Andhra" refers to the ancient Andhras tribe, while "desha" denotes country or territory.

Other names are Andhra, Andhrapatha, Andhramandala and Andhrabhumi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM1k0My/page/3/mode/2up |title=A History of the Early Dynasties of AndhraDesa C. 200-625 A.D. : with a map of ancient Andhradesa and Daksinapatna |date=1942 |publisher=V. Ramaswami Sastrulu & sons (Madras) |pages=3}}</ref>

== Extent ==
[[File:India 2nd century AD.jpg|thumb|339x339px|Andhradesa in 2nd [[Common Era|CE]]]]
The heartland of Andhradesha lay in the fertile deltaic regions of the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers. These mighty rivers, carrying vast quantities of silt from the Western Ghats, formed expansive deltas that enriched the surrounding lands. The [[Kolleru Lake|Kolanu lake]] (Kolleru Lake), situated between these deltas, played a significant role in the region's ecology and history. The deltaic region, with its rich alluvial soil and abundant water resources, supported a thriving agricultural economy, fostering the growth of prosperous cities and towns.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM1k0My/page/3/mode/2up |title=A History of the Early Dynasties of AndhraDesa C. 200-625 A.D. : with a map of ancient Andhradesa and Daksinapatna |date=1942 |publisher=V. Ramaswami Sastrulu & sons (Madras) |pages=3–4}}</ref>

Historically, Andhapura serving as its earliest capital. Later, [[Dharanikota|Dhanakataka]] gained prominence which was visited by the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang]]. Its core territory encompassed modern-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', as well as [[Ptolemy]]'s writings, mention about Andhradesha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC&pg=PA213 |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |date=2012-05-05 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4320-6 |language=en}}</ref>

At its zenith, the region extended its influence over parts of present-day Maharashtra, Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. Geographically, Andhradesha encompassed the eastern Deccan Plateau, bounded by the Balaghat Range to the west and the Eastern Ghats to the east. This region's diverse landscape, including fertile coastal plains and rugged plateaus, significantly influenced its historical trajectory and cultural development.

== Religion ==
[[Buddhism]] spread rapidly among the non-Aryan tribes of the Andhra region, gaining wider acceptance there than in [[Āryāvarta|Aryan]] society. The number of Buddhist sites in the northern districts of the former Madras State, particularly within the Andhra region, greatly outnumbers those found in the southern districts. From Sālihunde in present-day [[Visakhapatnam]] district in the north to Chinna Ganjam in [[Guntur]] district in the south, and from Gooty in [[Anantapur]] district in the west to [[Bhattiprolu]] in the east, the Andhra region experienced remarkable growth in Buddhist culture and art during the three centuries before and after the birth of Christ. A study of various Buddhist sites across [[South India]] indicates the existence of five major ancient trade and pilgrimage routes, all converging at [[Vengi]], located centrally in the Andhra region. Most Buddhist establishments were situated along these routes, which connected Vengi to [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]], Dravida, [[Karnata kingdom|Karnata]], Maharashtra, and [[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=T. N. |title=NĀGĀRJUNAKONDA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/84090.pdf |journal=Director General Archaeological Survey of India |pages=9}}</ref>

=== Mahayana Legacy ===
{{Main|Mahayana}}

[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Buddhist expansion in Asia]]|302x302px|left]]
The Andhra region was not merely a centre for traditional [[Buddhism]], it was the crucible where [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]] was forged. This school developed primarily under the influence of the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasanghika]] sects near the [[Dhanyakataka|Amaravati]] and [[Nagarjunakonda]] regions. It was here that the legendary philosopher Acharya [[Nagarjuna]] (c. 150–250 CE) formulated the ''[[Madhyamaka]]'' (Middle Way) philosophy based on the concept of ''[[Śūnyatā|Sunyata]]'' (Emptiness).<ref name="Xing65-66">Guang Xing. ''The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.'' 2004. pp. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."</ref><ref name="Williams-2009">Williams, Paul. ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.'' Routledge, 2009, p. 47.</ref><ref name="Hirakawa Akira 1993, p. 263">Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993. ''A History of Indian Buddhism''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 253, 263, 268</ref>

Nagarjuna's intellectual work, conducted at the university near the [[Krishna River]], transformed the faith from a monastic practice into a global movement. Today, Mahayana is the largest and most widespread branch of Buddhism in the world, dominating the religious landscapes of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], and [[Vietnam]]. The iconography found in the [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]], the first to depict the Buddha in human form, set the aesthetic standard for Mahayana art that traveled along the [[Silk Road]], linking Andhra to the spiritual life of [[East Asia]].

== Currency ==
The [[Coinage of India|coinage]] of the period indicates that lead and potin were more commonly used than copper. The large and diverse range of coin issues suggests the existence of a vast empire extending from coast to coast. Additionally, the discovery of a significant number of [[Roman Republic|Roman]] coins provides evidence of active maritime trade with the Romans.<ref name=":0" />

== Economy ==
The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' mentions of export of onyx stones, porcelain, muslin, cotton, perfumes, gum, and silk. [[Ptolemy]] refers to the Andhra people, trade along the eastern coast of India, and the ports of Kontakossyla, Koddura, and Allosygne. He also notes the port of Apheterion in the Maisolia region, corresponding to the [[Krishna River|Krishna River delta]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=NĀGĀRJUNAKONDA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/84090.pdf |journal=Director General Archaeological Survey of India |pages=8,9}}</ref>

Maritime trade played a crucial role in the prosperity of Buddhism in the Andhra region for nearly six centuries, from approximately 300 BCE to 300 CE. Many Buddhists were drawn from the mercantile classes, whose wealth contributed significantly to the construction of major Buddhist sites such as [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]], [[Nagarjunakonda]], and other stupas. Ancient market towns in the Andhra region included [[Dharanikota|Dhannakataka]] (circa 250 BCE), Kevurura, [[Nagarjunakonda|Vijayapura]], and Narasala.<ref name=":1" />

== Subdivisions ==

=== Kingdoms ===
Various dynasties have ruled the region, including the [[Satavahana Dynasty|Andhras]] (or [[Satavahana]]), [[Andhra Ikshvakus]], [[Salankayana dynasty]], [[Vishnukundina dynasty]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]], the [[Kakatiyas]], [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayakas]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

== Language ==
The linguistic history of Andhradesa is characterised by the transition from Prakrit and Sanskrit to the indigenous [[Telugu language]].

* [[Bhattiprolu script|Bhattiprolu Script]]''':''' One of the earliest precursors to the Southern scripts, discovered in the [[Amaravati Stupa|Bhattiprolu Stupa]] (c. 3rd century BCE). It contains unique features not found in [[Brahmi script|Ashokan Brahmi]], suggesting a regional variation in literacy very early on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalachari. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/EarlyHistoryOfTheAndhraCountry/page/n15/mode/2up?q=bhattiprolu |title=Early History Of The Andhra Country |date=1941}}</ref>
* [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet|Telugu-Kannada Script]]''':''' Between the 4th and 10th centuries CE, the Telugu-Kannada script evolved from the Brahmi used by the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] and [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Andhra Ikshvakus]]. This script eventually diverged into the modern distinct scripts of Telugu and [[Kannada]].

== Art ==

=== Amaravati School of Art ===
{{Main|Amaravati School of Art}}

[[File:British Museum Asia 14.jpg|thumb|271x271px|[[Amaravati Stupa]]]]
Andhradesa was home to the [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]], one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art alongside [[Art of Mathura|Mathura]] and [[Gandhara art|Gandhara]].

* The Amaravati Style''':''' Known for its use of Palnad marble ( green-white [[limestone]]), the art of this region is famous for its narrative vivacity. Unlike the static figures of earlier styles, Amaravati sculptures depict crowded, energetic scenes with deep relief and fluid movement.
* Iconography''':''' The Amaravati school was a pioneer in transitioning from [[Aniconism|aniconic]] symbols (representing Buddha with a throne or feet) to [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] forms (representing Buddha as a human). This style travelled via maritime trade routes to [[Southeast Asia]], influencing the art of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], and [[Indonesia]].
* Stupa Architecture: The Maha Chaitya at Amaravati and the structures at Nagarjunakonda were grand architectural feats. These stupas were unique for their ''Ayaka'' platforms, projections at the four cardinal points topped with five pillars, representing the five major events in Buddha's life.

== See also ==

* [[History of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[History of Telangana]]
* [[Amaravati art]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|editor-first=Somasundara | editor-last=Rao|title=Comprehensive history and culture of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Orient Longman|publication-place=Chennai|date=2003|isbn=978-81-89487-81-2|url=}}

[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Telangana]]
[[Category:Cultural regions]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Mahayana]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism in Asia]]

Bhavani Kattalai Hydroelectric Project

2026-03-19T09:26:24Z

AliNiazOfficial: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Bhavani Kattalai Hydroelectric Project
| name_official = Bhavani Kattalai Hydroelectric Power Generation Project
| image =
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| image_alt =
| location_map = India Tamil Nadu
| location_map_size =
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| coordinates = {{coord|11|23|02.2|N|77|42|44.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country =
| location =
| status = O
| construction_began =
| opening = 1988
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Tamil Nadu|Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| dam_type = [[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]
| purpose = Power
| dam_height =
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| dam_crosses = [[Cauvery River]]
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| plant_commission = 2013
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 3 x 30 [[megawatt|MW]]
| plant_capacity = 90 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
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| extra =
}}

'''Bhavani Kattalai Hydroelectric Project''' is a [[hydropower]] generation project in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a 90MW power generation project constructed across the [[Kaveri River]]. The project area is in the downstream of [[Lower Mettur Hydroelectric Project]]. This project consists of three power plants which are located between [[Bhavani, Erode|Bhavani]] and [[Pasur, Erode]]. This [[hydropower]] generation project is owned by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and operated by [[Tamil Nadu Green Energy Corporation Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydroerode.html|title=TNEB Hydro-generation - Erode|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=[[TNEB]]}}</ref>

==Power Plants==
This power generation project consists of three power plants totaling to a generating capacity of 90MW. This project uses three [[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]] type [[Dam]]s constructed along the [[River Kaveri]] from which it gets the required water current.

* '''Power Plant-I''' : Bhavani Kattalai Power Plant-I which consists of one [[power station|powerhouse]] located between [[BP Agraharam]] in [[Erode district]] and [[Samayasangili]] in [[Namakkal district]]. A Barrage Dam has been constructed across [[Kaveri]] in this plant named as Samayasangili Barrage. This plant has a production capacity of 30MW using two turbines of 15MW each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/41243|title=Bhavani Kattalai-I Hydroelectric Power Plant|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref>
* '''Power Plant-II''' : Bhavani Kattalai Power Plant-II which consists of one powerhouse located between [[Solar, Erode|Vendipalayam]] in [[Erode district]] and [[Odapalli]] in [[Namakkal district]]. The Barrage Dam in this plant named as Vendipalayam Barrage. This plant with a production capacity of 30MW using two turbines of 15MW each has been commissioned in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/STATISTICAL%20DATA%20CARD%2012-13.pdf
|title=TNEB Limited - Data Card, page-2|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=[[TNEB]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/prh1.php|title=Bhavani Kattalai Barrage-II Hydroelectric Plant|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=[[TANGEDCO]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223062511/http://www.tangedco.gov.in/prh1.php|archive-date=23 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/44619|title=Bhavani Kattalai Barrage-II Hydroelectric Power Plant|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref>
* '''Power Plant-III''' : Bhavani Kattalai Power Plant-III which consists of one powerhouse located between [[Pasur, Erode|Pasur]] in [[Erode district]] and [[Solasiramani]] in [[Namakkal district]]. Solasiramani Barrage plant has a production capacity of 30MW with two turbines each of 15MW capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/prh2.php|title=Bhavani Kattalai Barrage-III Hydroelectric Project|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=[[TANGEDCO]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223062215/http://www.tangedco.gov.in/prh2.php|archive-date=23 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tantransco.gov.in/prh2.php|title=Bhavani Kattalai Barrage-III Hydro power Project|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=[[TANTRANSCO]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222222646/http://www.tantransco.gov.in/prh2.php|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/44620|title=Bhavani Kattalai Barrage-III Hydroelectric Power Plant|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}

[[Category:Erode district]]
[[Category:Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}

Neethu Vanajakshi

2026-03-16T20:38:13Z

AliNiazOfficial: Starting Initial Post With Sources...

{{Short description|Trans woman from Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Neethu Vanajakshi''' (born 25 February 1993) is an Indian actress from [[Karnataka]]. She was a contestant on season 10 of [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 10|Bigg Boss Kannada]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-09 |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 10 Neethu Vanajakshi: Here's everything about the Trans Queen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-10-neethu-vanajakshi-heres-everything-about-the-trans-queen/articleshow/104279625.cms |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 10: ಕೈ ಹಿಡಿಯದ ಅದೃಷ್ಟ, ಕ್ಯಾಪ್ಟನ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದರೂ ಮನೆಯಿಂದ ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ ಔಟ್! |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2023/nov/27/bigg-boss-kannada-10-transqueen-neethu-vanajakshi-gets-evicted-nominates-michael-ajay-as-the-new-captain-507094.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Kannadaprabha |date=27 November 2023 |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Bigg Boss: 'ಗೆಲ್ಲೋ ಕುದುರೆ' ವಿನಯ್ ಎಂದ ನೀತುಗೆ ಮೈಕಲ್ ಠಕ್ಕರ್ |url=https://publictv.in/michael-ajay-gave-befitting-reply-to-neethu-vanajakshi-in-bigg-boss-house/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Public TV - Latest Kannada News, Public TV Kannada Live, Public TV News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-08 |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 10 launch highlights: Michael Ajay, Neethu Vaanjaksshi enter Sudeep's show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/bigg-boss-kannada-season-10-launch-live-updates-sudeep-contestants-channel-time-8973495/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and was eliminated from the show after seven weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ಮಂಗಳಮುಖಿಯರು ದೇಹವನ್ನು ತಂಪು ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ನಿತ್ಯ ಎಳೆನೀರು ಕುಡಿಯಬೇಕು'- ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ ಸಂದರ್ಶನ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/bigg-boss-kannada/bbk-10-contestant-neethu-vanajakshi-interview-about-transgender-transformation/articleshow/105570799.cms |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=M |first=CHAITHRA CHIDANANDA |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 10 evicted contestants Neethu Vanajakshi: As a trans, we crave for love and not sympathy, Bigg Boss has given me that |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-10-evicted-contestants-neethu-vanajakshi-as-a-trans-we-crave-for-love-and-not-sympathy-bigg-boss-has-given-me-that/photostory/105554438.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ಡೆಸ್ಕ್‌ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ ವೆಬ್‌ |title=ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್ ಮನೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಬಿದ್ದ ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ! |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-kannada-10-nitu-vanajakshi-eliminated-2579024 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Prajavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/photo-gallery/neethu-vanajakshi-revealed-the-truth-of-hormone-injection-in-bigg-boss-174638/neethu-vanajakshi-174642 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vanajakshi hails from [[Gadag district]], Karnataka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=C |first=Manjunatha |date=2023-10-09 |title=ಸಮಾಜದ ಸವಾಲುಗಳ ಎದುರಿಸಿ ಗೆದ್ದಿರುವ ಮಂಗಳಮುಖಿ ನೀತು ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗೆಲ್ಲುತ್ತಾರಾ? |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-10-transgender-entrepreneur-neetu-vanajakshi-entered-bigg-boss-house-with-pride-mcr-688678.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.TV9Kannada.com |language=kn}}</ref>  She did her schooling at Model High School. She used to make and sell flower garlands to add to the income of the family. In 2007, she moved to [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04 |title=A 'dream come true' for the transwoman winner; recognition for the entire trans community |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/feelings/dream-come-true-transwoman-beauty-pageant-miss-trans-queen-india-2019-winner-nithu-rs-recognition-trans-community-reena-rai-6053702/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> to join a college and to explore her identity. She studied art at the Ken School of Art, Bengaluru after competing her BBA degree and also did a diploma in animation.<ref name=":3" /> She is an amateur semi-classical [[Kathak|Kathak dancer]], a yoga practitioner and a [[tattoo artist]].<ref name=":0" /> She used to run a hotel that served traditional North Karnataka food.<ref name=":1" />

== Identity ==
Vanajakshi is a [[trans woman]]. She took counseling and hormonal therapy<ref>{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi |title=ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾರ್ಮೋನ್ ಇಂಜೆಕ್ಷನ್; ಮಂಗಳಮುಖಿಯರ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಬಿಚ್ಚಿಟ್ಟ ನೀತು |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/tv-talk/colors-kannada-bigg-boss-neethu-vanajakshi-talks-about-hormonal-injection-vcs-s4vhxb |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref> in preparation for her transition to a trans woman and underwent surgery and medical treatment.{{When|date=June 2025}} In 2019, she won [[Miss Transqueen India|Miss Transqueen]] title<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 10 contestants with photos |url=https://www.news9live.com/web-stories/entertainment/bigg-boss-kannada-10-full-list-of-contestants-with-photos |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=News9Live |language=en-US}}</ref> and earned the chance to represent India. She revealed her identity in 2016 to her sister, who was in shocked and in tears to hear her sister's story.<ref name=":3" /> In 2020, she represented India at the [[Miss International Queen 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> In Big Boss, she shared her feelings<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suddijala |first=Vijayavani |date=2023-12-01 |title=ವರ್ತೂರು ಸಂತೋಷ್ ಮದುವೆ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದೇನು? |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/bigg-boss-fame-neethu-vanajakshi-exclusive-interview-3 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.vijayavani.net}}</ref> and how she had to keep her identity a secret before she came out.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 10: ಅಕ್ಕನ ಬಟ್ಟೆ ಹಾಕ್ತಿದ್ದೆ, ಕಾಜಲ್‌ ಹಚ್ಚಿಕೊಳ್ತಿದ್ದೆ; ಬಾಲ್ಯದ ದಿನಗಳನ್ನು ನೆನೆದು ಕಣ್ಣೀರಿಟ್ಟ ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kannada-television-news-bigg-boss-kannada-10-transgender-neetu-vanajakshi-recalls-childhood-days-with-co-contestants-rsm-181696990213547.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110055218/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kannada-television-news-bigg-boss-kannada-10-transgender-neetu-vanajakshi-recalls-childhood-days-with-co-contestants-rsm-181696990213547.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Vanajakshi began as flower seller in her village to support her family before becoming a full-fledged entrepreneur, dancer, tattoo artist and actor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4"/> After leaving her home town Gadag, she started a restaurant, Gama Gama,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title='ಯುಐ' ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ ಜೊತೆ ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ |url=https://publictv.in/actress-neethu-vanajakshi-new-film-with-upendras-ui-film/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Public TV - Latest Kannada News, Public TV Kannada Live, Public TV News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=bhavaanibhat |title=Transgender Neethu: ಸೂಪರ್ ಕ್ವೀನ್ ಆಗೋ ಹಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನೀತು ವನಜಾಕ್ಷಿ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/super-queen-contestant-transgender-neethu-vanajakshi-story-rlrfvr |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref> for her mother and a beauty parlour for her sister, to fulfill her 'responsibility towards her family'.<ref name=":3" /> After becoming popular through the reality show [[Super Queen (Kannada TV Show)|''Super Queens'']],<ref name=":5" /> she made her debut in acting in the film UI directed by director [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]].<ref name=":4" /> In the reality show Bigg Boss Kannada 10, she achieved two milestones, the captaincy of the house and 'Kicchana Chappale', the appreciation of actor [[Kiccha Sudeep]], who is the host.<ref name=":2" /> She is also a [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tedx SAC - Inspiring talks that create harmony of new ideas with people, held |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1075458 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanajakshi, Neethu}}
[[Category:Hijra (South Asia) people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]

Jolly O Gymkhana

2026-03-11T23:18:34Z

AliNiazOfficial: Created a redirect

{{For|the film|Jolly O Gymkhana (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Jolly O Gymkhana
| cover = Jolly O Gymkhana song cover.jpg
| caption =
| type = single
| artist = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| album = [[Beast (soundtrack)|Beast]]
| language = Tamil
| released = 19 March 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| studio = [[Anirudh Ravichander|Albuquerque Records]], [[Chennai]] [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], Chennai Strings 7 Studio, Chennai [[YRF Studios]], [[Mumbai]] Sai Sharavanam, Chennai
| genre = [[Dance music|Dance]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[jazz]], [[Baila music]], [[Hawaiian music]]
| length = 3:28
| label = [[Sun Pictures]], [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] (publisher)
| composer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyricist = [[Ku Karthik]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| tracks =
# "[[Arabic Kuthu]]"
# "'''Jolly O Gymkhana'''"
# "Beast Mode"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|PhxfspwMdww|"Jolly O Gymkhana"}}
}}
}}
"'''Jolly O Gymkhana'''" ({{translation|Let's be jolly together}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language song composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and written by [[Ku Karthik|Ku. Karthik]], which was sung by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], for the [[Beast (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2022 film [[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Mar/19/beast-second-single-outvijay-lends-voice-for-a-fun-thought-provoking-track-from-anirudh-30380.html|title=Jolly o Gymkhana from Beast out; Vijay lends voice for a fun, thought-provoking track|date=19 March 2022|website=Cinema Express|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Mar/19/beast-second-single-outvijay-lends-voice-for-a-fun-thought-provoking-track-from-anirudh-30380.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, directed by [[Nelson Dilipkumar|Nelson]], Starring Vijay and [[Pooja Hegde]], the film is produced by [[Kalanithi Maran]] under the studio [[Sun Pictures]]. After the huge success of the film's first single "[[Arabic Kuthu]]", the expectations for the second was also highly increased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/unseen-working-still-from-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-from-beast-leaves-fans-of-vijay-pooja-hegde-ecstatic/b8c742bd29476|title=Unseen working still from Jolly O Gymkhana song from Beast leaves fans of Vijay, Pooja Hegde ecstatic|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

It was released on 19 March 2022 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the second single from the album. The full video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 2 May 2022 on [[YouTube]]. The song was also released in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] under the same title. The hook step dance involving Vijay and Hegde, became popular.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-to-beast-why-filmmakers-are-creating-a-hook-step/article65317547.ece | title='RRR' to 'Beast': Why filmmakers are creating a hook step | newspaper=The Hindu | date=14 April 2022 | last1=Ramanujam | first1=Srinivasa | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=3 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203132749/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-to-beast-why-filmmakers-are-creating-a-hook-step/article65317547.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The song's success inspired the title of the film of a [[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|2024 film]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Dec/18/prabhu-devas-next-with-sakthi-chidambaram-titledjolly-o-gymkhana-2642432.html|title=Prabhu Deva's next with Sakthi Chidambaram titled Jolly O Gymkhana|first=Narayani|last=M|date=18 December 2023|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Composition ==
This film marks Anirudh's third collaboration with Vijay after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014) and ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), and with Nelson after ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' (2018) and ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2021 |title=Did You Know, Vijay has sung 'Bad Eyes Villain Theme' in 'Kaththi'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijay-has-sung-bad-eyes-villain-theme-in-kaththi/articleshow/82497285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524184534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijay-has-sung-bad-eyes-villain-theme-in-kaththi/articleshow/82497285.cms |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title='Thalapathy 65': Vijay teams up with Sun Pictures and director Nelson |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-65-vijay-teams-up-with-sun-pictures-and-director-nelson/article33299201.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202012943/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-65-vijay-teams-up-with-sun-pictures-and-director-nelson/article33299201.ece |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Anirudh composed the tracks during mid-July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=Stunning pics from Thalapathy Vijay's Beast shooting spot ft Pooja Hegde, Nelson Dilipkumar, Anirudh |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/stunning-pics-from-thalapathy-vijays-beast-shooting-spot-ft-pooja-hegde-nelson.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719035323/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/stunning-pics-from-thalapathy-vijays-beast-shooting-spot-ft-pooja-hegde-nelson.html |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

In August 2021, Vijay was reported to sing this track in his subsequent third collaboration with Anirudh as a singer, after "[[Selfie Pulla]]" from ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014) and "[[Kutti Story]]" from ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan in 'Beast' confirmed? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/beast-update-sivakarthikeyan-confirmed-thalapathy-vijay-nelson-dilipkumar-pooja-hegde-anirudh-tamil-news-292877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812174041/https://www.indiaglitz.com/beast-update-sivakarthikeyan-confirmed-thalapathy-vijay-nelson-dilipkumar-pooja-hegde-anirudh-tamil-news-292877 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Anirudh said to lyricist [[Ku Karthik]] that, the team wanted a celebratory and fun number for the film, and he got to know that he was the songwriter for one of the tracks in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Lyricist Ku. Karthik explains about Vijay's Jolly o Gymkhana song from Beast |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/lyricist-ku-karthik-explain-about-jolly-o-gymkhana-song.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320032901/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/lyricist-ku-karthik-explain-about-jolly-o-gymkhana-song.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This marked Vijay's 35th song,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijay-singing-songs-list-rasigan-bombay-city-to-beast-jolly-o-gymkhana-here-is-the-complete-list-44379|title=பம்பாய் சிட்டி.. சுக்கா ரொட்டி முதல் ஜாலி ஓ ஜிம்கானா வரை.. விஜய் வாய்ஸ் சாங்ஸ் லிஸ்ட் இதோ..!|first=கல்யாணி|last=பாண்டியன்|date=17 March 2022|website=tamil.abplive.com}}</ref> and Karthik's 50th film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/Mar/20/ku-karthik-theres-nothing-wrong-with-filling-up-lyrics-with-saleable-lines-30393.html|title=Ku Karthik: There's nothing wrong with filling up lyrics with saleable lines|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|date=20 March 2022|website=Cinema Express|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104402/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/Mar/20/ku-karthik-theres-nothing-wrong-with-filling-up-lyrics-with-saleable-lines-30393.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Karthik penned its lyrics, the tune was composed within 30 minutes and Vijay recorded the vocals for the song in the morning, before the song shoot. According to Karthik, "Jolly O Gymkhana" translates to "come on, let’s be jolly together".<ref>{{Cite news |title=What is 'Beast's second single 'Jolly o Gymkhana' means; lyricist explains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/what-is-beasts-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana-means-lyricist-explains/articleshow/90293869.cms |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Times of India |date=17 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320032857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/what-is-beasts-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana-means-lyricist-explains/articleshow/90293869.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview to a media channel, Karthik explained the significance of the song that one should overcome the negative situations in life and live to the fullest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/lyricist-karthi-reveals-the-meaning-of-beast-movie-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-r8x3al|title=Jolly O Gymkhana song : விஜய் பாடிய 'ஜாலியோ ஜிம்கானா'வுக்கு அர்த்தம் என்ன? - பீஸ்ட் பாடலாசிரியர் விளக்கம்|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=20 March 2022|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318031134/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/lyricist-karthi-reveals-the-meaning-of-beast-movie-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-r8x3al|url-status=live}}</ref> Karthik said that director Nelson simply wanted an enjoyable track and he completed the track within 30 minutes. "We were keen on doing a fun song with elements of what’s trending currently. Unlike people who heard songs on TVs and radios, today’s generation watches them on the internet and we were keen on catering to that crowd", he added.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Mar/21/there-is-nothing-wrong-with-filling-up-lyrics-with-saleable-lines-2432296.html|title='There is nothing wrong with filling up lyrics with saleable lines'|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|date=21 March 2022|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912172352/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/mar/21/there-is-nothing-wrong-with-filling-up-lyrics-with-saleable-lines-2432296.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The title of the song is a reference to the song "Jalilo Jimkana" from ''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' (1956).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=7 April 2022 |title=What makes a song memorable? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/what-makes-a-song-memorable/article65299290.ece |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826072538/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/what-makes-a-song-memorable/article65299290.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Karthik said "We stuck to simple words and decided that 'Jolly O Gymkhana' as the hook-word would sound good with similar-sounding words like 'raasamma' and 'ramamma'".<ref name=":1"/> Amalraj said the song is more in the [[Music of Spain|Spanish]] style, and he used nylon guitars and Goan violin for it".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-namma-kollywood-danced-to-baila-beats/articleshow/91389158.cms|title=When namma Kollywood danced to baila beats|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 May 2022|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=7 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507032931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-namma-kollywood-danced-to-baila-beats/articleshow/91389158.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video, a direct clip from the film itself, features [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] dancing in an icy set, along with cast and crew. The music video was choreographed by [[Jani Master]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pooja-hegde-on-beast-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana/articleshow/90275812.cms|title=రెండో రౌండ్.. రెడీగా ఉన్నారా?.. పూజా హెగ్డే పోస్ట్ వైరల్|website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pooja-hegde-on-beast-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana/articleshow/90275812.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was shot at Gokulam Studios in early-December 2021 and wrapped on 11 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-pooja-hegde-beast-completes-100-days-of-shooting-7646069/|title=Vijay and Pooja Hegde unwind with music as Beast completes 100 days of shooting. See photo|date=28 November 2021|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104533/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-pooja-hegde-beast-completes-100-days-of-shooting-7646069/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-wraps-up-nelson-dilipkumars-beast-shooting/articleshow/88226131.cms|title=Vijay wraps up Nelson Dilipkumar's Beast shooting|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 December 2021|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211122118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-wraps-up-nelson-dilipkumars-beast-shooting/articleshow/88226131.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]], who also wrote a film's song said that ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'''s song was being shot at the same location and ''Don'' film's team take pictures with ''Beast'' film's team.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-reveals-his-meeting-with-vijay/articleshow/106352793.cms|title=Sivakarthikeyan reveals his meeting with Vijay|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 December 2023|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-reveals-his-meeting-with-vijay/articleshow/106352793.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sivaangi-shares-pictures-of-meeting-vijay-on-the-set-of-beast/d354347f60201|title=Sivaangi shares pictures of meeting Vijay on the set of Beast|website=OTTPlay|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104409/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sivaangi-shares-pictures-of-meeting-vijay-on-the-set-of-beast/d354347f60201|url-status=live}}</ref> [[D. R. K. Kiran]], the film's art director said the set was constructed in a cooler tones, with beachside and snow-capped sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/drk-kiran-interview-art-director-on-beast-safety-on-sets-coordination-with-other-film-departments/|title=DRK Kiran Interview: Art Director on 'Beast', Safety on Sets & Coordination with Other Film Departments|date=6 May 2022|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/drk-kiran-interview-art-director-on-beast-safety-on-sets-coordination-with-other-film-departments/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The second was highly anticipated after the success of the film's first single "[[Arabic Kuthu]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-when-jolly-o-gymkhana-the-second-single-from-vijay-starrer-beast-will-be-released/5160241e2f192|title=Here's when Jolly O Gymkhana, the second single from Vijay-starrer Beast, will be released|website=OTTPlay|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104407/https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-when-jolly-o-gymkhana-the-second-single-from-vijay-starrer-beast-will-be-released/5160241e2f192|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Mar/16/beast-update-vijay-goes-jolly-o-gymkhana-for-nelson-and-anirudh-30325.html|title=Beast update: Vijay goes 'Jolly o Gymkhana' for Nelson and Anirudh|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=16 March 2022|website=Cinema Express|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104401/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Mar/16/beast-update-vijay-goes-jolly-o-gymkhana-for-nelson-and-anirudh-30325.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 March 2022, the makers announced that the second single's release date along with the song teaser.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/beast-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana-sung-by-thalapathy-vijay-to-be-out-on-march-19-watch-teaser-1926190-2022-03-16|title=Beast second single Jolly O Gymkhana sung by Thalapathy Vijay to be out on March 19. Watch teaser|date=16 March 2022|website=India Today|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317025604/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/beast-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana-sung-by-thalapathy-vijay-to-be-out-on-march-19-watch-teaser-1926190-2022-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/second-single-from-vijays-beast-to-be-released-soon-know-date-other-details-4882976.html|title=Second Single From Vijay's Beast to be Released Soon; Know Date, Other Details|date=17 March 2022|website=News18|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/second-single-from-vijays-beast-to-be-released-soon-know-date-other-details-4882976.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the makers released a fun promo featuring film's supporting casts and choreographer Jani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/30162/beast-new-jolly-o-gymkhana-promo-is-a-comedic-tease|title=Beast: New Jolly O Gymkhana Promo is a comedic tease!|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/30162/beast-new-jolly-o-gymkhana-promo-is-a-comedic-tease|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-vijay-beast-movie-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-release-today-6-pm-new-promo-release-44667|title=ஜாலியோ ஜிம்கானா... வெளியானது ஜாலியான ப்ரோமோ..! பீஸ்ட் மோடுக்கு ரெடி ஆகுங்க...!|date=19 March 2022|website=tamil.abplive.com|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-vijay-beast-movie-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-release-today-6-pm-new-promo-release-44667|url-status=live}}</ref> Instantly it became trending and received wider recognition with fans and celebrities appreciating the fun promo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/03/20/promo-jolly-o-gGymkhana-beast.html|title=Promo for 'Jolly O Gymkhana' from 'Beast' garners wide attention|website=Onmanorama|access-date=20 March 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320055938/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/03/20/promo-jolly-o-gGymkhana-beast.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/team-beast-releases-a-hilarious-glimpse-into-the-making-of-much-awaited-jolly-o-gymkhana-song/e24bb0b6da133|title=Team Beast releases a hilarious glimpse into the making of much-awaited Jolly O Gymkhana song|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

The song was released on 19 March 2022 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the second single from the album.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Mar/20/breezy-single-jolly-o-gymkhana-from-vijay-starrer-beast-released-2432206.html|title=Breezy single 'Jolly O Gymkhana' from Vijay-starrer 'Beast' released|date=20 March 2022|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004131654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/mar/20/breezy-single-jolly-o-gymkhana-from-vijay-starrer-beast-released-2432206.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/peppy-track-jolly-o-gymkhana-from-vijays-beast-movie-is-out-734155|title=Peppy Track 'Jolly O Gymkhana' From Vijay's Beast Movie Is Out|first=Ravali|last=Hymavati|date=19 March 2022|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/peppy-track-jolly-o-gymkhana-from-vijays-beast-movie-is-out-734155|url-status=live}}</ref> The full video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 2 May 2022 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-hegde-brings-a-new-trend-in-jolly-o-gymkhana-from-beast-song-video-out-now/articleshow/91315835.cms|title=Pooja Hegde brings a new trend in Jolly O Gymkhana from 'Beast'; song video out now|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the song as an "absolute earworm" and said: "From the first frame, Vijay and Pooja Hegde have your attention [...] the song shows the actors performing some amazing dance steps, choreographed by Jani Master. The moment you see Vijay perform the hook step, it is a given that this will become yet another song that will trend for days with social media influencers making Instagram reels on it."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=Beast song Jolly O Gymkhana: Vijay's voice makes this track an earworm, watch out for his hook step |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/beast-song-jolly-o-gymkhana-thalapathy-vijay-pooja-hegde-video-7827111/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319165926/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/beast-song-jolly-o-gymkhana-thalapathy-vijay-pooja-hegde-video-7827111/ }}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' called the track as "fun, peppy and celebration number to groove".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=Beast Jolly O Gymkhana Song: Thalapathy Vijay crooned track is a fun, peppy & celebration number to groove |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/beast-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-thalapathy-vijay-crooned-track-fun-peppy-and-celebration-track-groove-1049085 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320032640/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/beast-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-thalapathy-vijay-crooned-track-fun-peppy-and-celebration-track-groove-1049085 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=pinkvilla.com}}</ref> Thinkal Menon on ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote "The slow-paced, but trippy song has Vijay and Pooja Hegde impress with their chemistry and flawless dance moves once again, leaving fans into a tizzy. Anirudh's composition stands out, and Vijay, who has lent voice for the song, surprises with his singing skill again. The vibrant outfits of the actors in the video, stunning cinematography and simple lyrics by Ku Karthik are other impressive elements in the song.<ref name=":2"/> Murtuza Iqbal from ''[[BollywoodLife.com]]'' stated it as "a feel-good dance number with some upbeat music that will surely cheer you up. Visually, it’s a colourful track, and Vijay and Pooja’s breezy dance moves will surely grab your attention."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Beast song Jolly O Gymkhana: Fans call Thalapathy Vijay-Pooja Hegde's track 'groovy and fun' |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/beast-song-jolly-o-gymkhana-second-single-from-thalapathy-vijay-pooja-hegdes-film-released-fans-call-it-groovy-and-fun-2030844/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321151249/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/beast-song-jolly-o-gymkhana-second-single-from-thalapathy-vijay-pooja-hegdes-film-released-fans-call-it-groovy-and-fun-2030844/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Thalapathy Vijay and Pooja Hegde set the dance floor on fire with the song."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vijays-beast-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana/articleshow/90324203.cms|title=Vijay's Beast second single 'Jolly O Gymkhana'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 March 2022|access-date=20 March 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320032857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vijays-beast-second-single-jolly-o-gymkhana/articleshow/90324203.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Only Kollywood'' rated the song 3/5 and wrote "This time, Anirudh hangs onto a sequel of Ullalaa, bringing in the holidaying mood with a baila-like beat. The awesomeness of the song completely belongs to Vijay, who takes it by the horns and delivers a cool and happy rendition. The song has some nice horns and jumps, which are its best bet. However, it does not achieve greatness due to the familiarity that it has within."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/beast-songs-review/|title=Beast Songs Review|first=Siddarth|last=Srinivas|date=11 April 2022|website=Only Kollywood|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104401/https://www.onlykollywood.com/beast-songs-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Records ==
The promo of the song became the most viewed promo song surpassing the record views of "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" promo in 24 hours of its release.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jolly-o-gymkhana-lyric-video-vijay-pooja-hegde-sizzle-in-this-peppy-song-by-anirudh-from-beast/8fcc2859b5470|title=Jolly O Gymkhana lyric video: Vijay, Pooja Hegde sizzle in this peppy song by Anirudh from Beast|website=OTTPlay|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jolly-o-gymkhana-lyric-video-vijay-pooja-hegde-sizzle-in-this-peppy-song-by-anirudh-from-beast/8fcc2859b5470|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon its release, the song became second most viewed Tamil song in 24 hours of its release,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/beast-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-crooned-by-vijay-for-his-film-hits-15-million-real-time-views-in-24-hours/ef119ecea5321|title=Beast: Jolly O Gymkhana song, crooned by Vijay for his film, hits 15 million real-time views in 24 hours|website=OTTPlay|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104404/https://www.ottplay.com/news/beast-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-crooned-by-vijay-for-his-film-hits-15-million-real-time-views-in-24-hours/ef119ecea5321|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Mar/21/jolly-o-gymkhana-from-beast-sets-internet-on-fire-hits-14-millionviews-in-24-hours-2432518.html|title='Jolly O Gymkhana' from 'Beast' sets Internet on fire; hits 14 million views in 24 hours|date=21 March 2022|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104401/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Mar/21/jolly-o-gymkhana-from-beast-sets-internet-on-fire-hits-14-millionviews-in-24-hours-2432518.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and also reached 11.5 million viewers within 17 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/beasts-second-song-jolly-o-gymkhana-creates-records.html|title=Beast's second song 'Jolly O Gymkhana' creates records | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT|date=20 March 2022}}</ref> The song was most-viewed South Indian song for second single.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tollywood.net/penny-song-records-top-10-tfi-lyrical-likes-views-in-24-hours/|title=Penny Song records, Top 10 TFI Lyrical Likes & views in 24 hours|first=Tollywood|last=Desk|date=21 March 2022|website=Tollywood|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104401/https://www.tollywood.net/penny-song-records-top-10-tfi-lyrical-likes-views-in-24-hours/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/sarkaru-vaari-paata-song-penny-6-records-achieved-by-mahesh-babu-and-sitara-ghattamaneni-peppy-track-article-90359863|title=Sarkaru Vaari Paata song Penny: 6 records achieved by Mahesh Babu and Sitara Ghattamaneni peppy track|website=Zoom TV|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714105902/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/sarkaru-vaari-paata-song-penny-6-records-achieved-by-mahesh-babu-and-sitara-ghattamaneni-peppy-track-article-90359863|url-status=live}}</ref>

It garnered over 1.5 million likes and became the second most-liked South Indian and Tamil Indian song within 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/leos-naa-ready-vijay-fails-to-beat-himself.html|title=Leo's Naa Ready: Vijay fails to beat himself | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT|date=23 June 2023|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625120923/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/leos-naa-ready-vijay-fails-to-beat-himself.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vijay-s-film-beast-gears-theatrical-release-162154|title=Vijay's film Beast gears up for theatrical release|first=T. N. M.|last=Staff|date=22 March 2022|website=The News Minute|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vijay-s-film-beast-gears-theatrical-release-162154|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/jolly-o-gymkhana-sensational-response-beast-second-single/|title=Jolly O Gymkhana: Sensational response for Beast second single|first=Meriya|last=Antony|date=20 March 2022|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104533/https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/jolly-o-gymkhana-sensational-response-beast-second-single/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-gets-ready-to-rule-the-silver-screen-with-thalapathy-vijay-s-beast-1523588|title=Pooja Hegde Gets Ready To Rule The Silver Screen With Thalapathy Vijay's 'Beast'|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=4 April 2022|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-gets-ready-to-rule-the-silver-screen-with-thalapathy-vijay-s-beast-1523588|url-status=live}}</ref> Vijay and Pooja Hegde's rolling step in the music video went viral and became a signature hook step<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/vijay-and-pooja-hegde-starrer-beast-new-song-jolly-lo-gymkhana-out-and-1-cr-people-watched-this-video-in-24-hours-bhojpuri-south-mogi-4080561.html|title=Arabic kuthu के बाद Vijay- Pooja Hedge की Beast का Jolly O Gymkhana रिलीज, 18 घंटे में 1 करोड़+ ने देखा VIDEO|date=20 March 2022|website=News18 हिंदी|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/vijay-and-pooja-hegde-starrer-beast-new-song-jolly-lo-gymkhana-out-and-1-cr-people-watched-this-video-in-24-hours-bhojpuri-south-mogi-4080561.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was recreated by many,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pooja-hegde-brings-a-memorable-hook-step-in-jolly-o-gymkhana-from-beast--news-309941|title=Pooja Hegde brings a memorable hook step in Jolly O Gymkhana from Beast! - News|date=21 March 2022|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> in many short-video and social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/watch-third-single-beast-mode-vijay-s-beast-released-goes-viral-162732|title=Watch: Third single 'Beast Mode' from Vijay's Beast released, goes viral|first=T. N. M.|last=Staff|date=8 April 2022|website=The News Minute|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/watch-third-single-beast-mode-vijay-s-beast-released-goes-viral-162732|url-status=live}}</ref> Many celebrities such as [[Priyanka Mohan]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyanka-arul-mohan-enjoys-her-trip-to-dubai-with-redin-kingsley-and-kavin/articleshow/91760487.cms|title=Priyanka Arul Mohan enjoys her trip to Dubai with Redin Kingsley and Kavin|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 May 2022}}</ref> [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/yuvan-shankar-raja-is-grooving-to-jolly-o-gymkhana-video-inside-4921133.html|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja is Grooving To Jolly O Gymkhana (Video Inside)|date=29 March 2022|website=News18|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/yuvan-shankar-raja-is-grooving-to-jolly-o-gymkhana-video-inside-4921133.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Laya (actress)|Laya]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/vn/361507/actress-laya-dances-to-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-wins-hearts|title=Actress Laya dances to Jolly O Gymkhana song, wins hearts|date=2 May 2022|website=ap7am.com|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104533/https://www.ap7am.com/vn/361507/actress-laya-dances-to-jolly-o-gymkhana-song-wins-hearts|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Shivani Narayanan]] too recreated the music video by dancing the signature step.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivani-shakes-her-leg-for-vijays-jolly-o-gymkhana/articleshow/90727853.cms|title=Shivani shakes her leg for Vijay's Jolly O Gymkhana|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 April 2022|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivani-shakes-her-leg-for-vijays-jolly-o-gymkhana/articleshow/90727853.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon its release, the song started trending on internet and became a chartbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/03/21/jolly-o-gymkhana-vijay-beast-pooja-hegde.html|title='Jolly O Gymkhana' from Vijay starrer 'Beast' takes Internet by storm|website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/will-yashs-kgf-2-impact-thalapathy-vijays-beast-at-tamil-nadu-box-office-heres-what-trade-expert-has-to-say-10552871.html|title=Will Yash's KGF 2 impact Thalapathy Vijay's Beast at Tamil Nadu box office? Here's what trade expert has to say|date=13 April 2022|website=Firstpost|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/will-yashs-kgf-2-impact-thalapathy-vijays-beast-at-tamil-nadu-box-office-heres-what-trade-expert-has-to-say-10552871.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The success of the song further increased the expectations for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/regional-film-news/watch-varun-dhawan-launches-hindi-trailer-of-vijay-thalapathy-and-pooja-hegdes-beast|title=Watch: Varun Dhawan launches Hindi trailer of Vijay Thalapathy and Pooja Hegde's 'Beast'|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104533/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/regional-film-news/watch-varun-dhawan-launches-hindi-trailer-of-vijay-thalapathy-and-pooja-hegdes-beast|url-status=live}}</ref>

The content creators Vikkals of Vikram became famous through this song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/meet-instagrammers-who-recreate-tamil-song-recordings-hilarious-twist-166121|title=Meet the Instagrammers who recreate Tamil song recordings with a hilarious twist|first=Saradha|last=U|date=22 July 2022|website=The News Minute|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104401/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/meet-instagrammers-who-recreate-tamil-song-recordings-hilarious-twist-166121|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] and [[Keerthi Shanthanu|Kiki Vijay]] started a podcast on [[Spotify]] under this song's name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tune-in-to-jolly-o-gymkhana-shanthanu-kikis-tamil-podcast-is-a-humorous-take-on-serious-issues/article65626743.ece|title=Tune in to 'Jolly O Gymkhana': Shanthanu, Kiki's Tamil podcast is a humorous take on serious issues|first=Tarun|last=Murali|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 July 2022|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=9 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609032027/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tune-in-to-jolly-o-gymkhana-shanthanu-kikis-tamil-podcast-is-a-humorous-take-on-serious-issues/article65626743.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, [[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|a film]] was created with the song's title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2023-12-18 |title=Prabhu Deva's next with Sakthi Chidambaram titled Jolly O Gymkhana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Dec/18/prabhu-devas-next-with-sakthi-chidambaram-titledjolly-o-gymkhana-2642432.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
[[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] versions of the song were released on 6 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/beast-jolly-o-gymkhana-is-a-complete-winner-tamil-news-311010|title='Beast': 'Jolly O Gymkhana' is a complete winner! - Tamil News|date=7 April 2022|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.indiaglitz.com/beast-jolly-o-gymkhana-is-a-complete-winner-tamil-news-311010|url-status=live}}</ref> Whereas, [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] versions of the song was released on 3 May. Lyrics of Hindi version was penned by Raqueeb Alam, whereas [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] penned Telugu version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/beast-actress-pooja-hegde-sets-a-new-trend-with-jolly-o-gymkhana/0ca526e051288|title=Beast actress Pooja Hegde sets a new trend with Jolly O Gymkhana|website=OTTPlay|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104403/https://www.ottplay.com/news/beast-actress-pooja-hegde-sets-a-new-trend-with-jolly-o-gymkhana/0ca526e051288|url-status=live}}</ref> Lyrics of Malayalam version was penned by Deepak Ram, whereas Varadaraj Chikkaballapura penned Kannada version.<ref name="Malayalam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s27EYfh51Ns|title=JollyO Gymkhana (Malayalam) - Video| Beast | Thalapathy Vijay| Pooja| Sun Pictures| Nelson| Anirudh|date=2 May 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbozLY7ilys|title=JollyO Gymkhana (Kannada) - Video| Beast | Thalapathy Vijay | Pooja| Sun Pictures| Nelson| Anirudh|date=2 May 2022|via=YouTube|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbozLY7ilys|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nakash Aziz]] replaced Vijay in the Hindi, Telugu and Kannada versions of the song,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/nakash-aziz-on-plagiarism-in-the-music-industry-i-dont-think-its-a-fair-practice-exclusive/articleshow/96884010.cms|title=Nakash Aziz on plagiarism in the music industry: I don't think it's a fair practice - Exclusive|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2023}}</ref> while [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna Vishnubhotla]] recorded Malayalam version of the song.<ref name="Malayalam"/>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhxfspwMdww|title=JollyO Gymkhana - Video Song| Beast | Thalapathy Vijay | Pooja Hegde | Sun Pictures| Nelson| Anirudh|date=2 May 2022|via=YouTube|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhxfspwMdww|url-status=live}}</ref>{{div col}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander|Anirudh]]{{spaced ndash}} composer
* [[Ku Karthik]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Jani Master]]{{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Suren. G{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Alagiakoothan{{spaced ndash}} sound designer
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Chart performances for "Jolly O Gymkhana"
! scope="col" |Chart (2022)
! scope="col" |Peak
position
|-
! scope="row" |[[United Kingdom]] ([[Official Charts Company|Asian Music Chart Top 40]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220415/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart on 15/4/2022|website=Official Charts|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140437/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220415/asian/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220422/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart on 22/4/2022|website=Official Charts|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708133633/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220422/asian|url-status=live}}</ref>
|9
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" ; rowspan="1" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="1" |7 January 2023
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|{{sort|Vijay|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]}}
| {{won}}
|rowspan="1" |<ref>{{cite episode | title=15th Edison Awards | series=Edison Awards | date=9 April 2023 | network=[[Kalaignar TV]] | location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" ; rowspan="1"|Behindwoods Gold Medals
| rowspan="1"|22 May 2022
|Best choreographer
|[[Jani Master]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title="அஜித் & விஜய்யை ஒரே நடனத்துல.." - BEHINDWOODS GOLD விருது விழாவில் ஜானி மாஸ்டர் மாஸ் பேச்சு.! |url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/wish-to-choreograph-vijay-ajith-togethor-jani-master-bgm-2022.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713120011/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/wish-to-choreograph-vijay-ajith-togethor-jani-master-bgm-2022.html |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Behindwoods |language=ta}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=PhxfspwMdww|title=''Jolly O Gymkhana'' (full video version)}}
* {{YouTube|id=jmwU1iAC-IE|title=''Jolly O Gymkhana'' (lyrical version)}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Songs from Beast]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]

Vishwesha Tirtha

2026-03-04T18:57:16Z

AliNiazOfficial: Improved readability and structure

{{short description|Indian Hindu guru, saint and swamiji of the Sri Pejavara Adokshaja Matha (1931-2019)}}

{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Vishwesha Tirtha
| honorific_prefix =His Holiness Śrī Śrī 1008
| honorific_suffix = Śrīpād
| image = Vishvesha Tirtha Swamiji of Pejawar Mutt meets PM Modi (cropped).jpg
|alt = HH Sri Vishvesha Tirtha Swamiji of Pejawar Mutt calls on PM on 22 July 2014, 15:33
|caption = Sri Sri Swamiji in 2014
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Venkataramana Bhat
| birth_place = Ramakunja
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|4|27|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|12|29|1931|4|27|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Pejawara Matha]], [[Udupi]]
| honors =Yathikula Chakravarthy
|awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2020) {{small|(posthumously)}}
| founder =[[Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha]]
| order = [[Vedanta]] ([[Pejawara Matha Guru Parampara|Pejawara Matha]])
|successor = [[Vishwaprasanna Tirtha]]
| guru = Vidyamanya Tirtha
| philosophy = [[Dvaita Vedanta]]
|nationality =[[India]]n}}
'''Sri Vishwesha Tirtharu''', officially known as {{IAST|Śrī Śrī 1008 Śrī Viśveśa-tīrtha Śrīpād}} {{langx|kn|ಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ ೧೦೦೮ ಶ್ರೀ ವಿಶ್ವೇಶತೀರ್ಥ ಶ್ರೀಪಾದಂಗಳವರು}} (27 April 1931 – 29 December 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pejavara-mutt-chief-s-vishwesha-teertha-swamiji-passes-away-1632288-2019-12-29|title = Pejavara Mutt chief's Vishwesha Teertha Swamiji passes away| date=29 December 2019 }}</ref>), was an Indian [[Hindu]] [[guru]], [[saint]] and presiding swamiji of the Sri Pejavara Adokshaja Matha, one of the [[Ashta Matha]]s belonging to the [[Dvaita]] school of philosophy founded by Sri [[Madhvacharya]].

Sri Vishvesha Tirtharu was the 32nd in the [[Pejavara Guru Parampara|lineage]] of the Pejavara matha, starting from Sri Adhokshaja Tirtharu, who was one of the direct disciples of Sri Madhvacharya. He was the honorary president of Vishva Tulu Sammelana. He had established [[Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha]] in Bangalore which has completed over 63 years. Many scholars are trained here on Vedanta. He has also conducted 38 Nyayasudamangalas - graduations for [[Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha]] students. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] India's second highest civilian award posthumously in 2020 for his work and service towards the society.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/padma-vibhushan-honour-for-pejawar-seers-visionary-work/articleshow/73630480.cms | title=Padma Vibhushan honour for Pejawar seer's visionary work | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 January 2020 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |website=padmaawards.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Sri Vishvesha Tirtha was honored with Honorary Doctorate by [[Tumkur_University|Tumakuru University]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/Dec/02/controversy-over-hon-doctorate-to-pejawar-seer-207517.html |title=Controversy over hon doctorate to Pejawar seer |work=[[New Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>

Road adjoining [[Dharwad]] Railway Station has been named in his honor.
[[File:Vishvesha teertha road Dharwad railway station.jpg|thumb|vishvesha teertha road Dharwad railway station]]

==See also==
* [[Dvaita]]
* [[Works of Madhvacharya]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090911074335/http://vishveshavani.com/index.html]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090726121416/http://www.pejavara.org/aboutus.htm Sri Pejavara Adhokshaja Matha]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107222944/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=151014]
* [http://shivallibrahmins.com/english/great-acharyas/sri-sri-vishvesha-theertha-swamiji/ Achievements of Sri Sri Vishvesha Theertha Swamiji and photo collections]
* [http://vishveshavani.com Sri Sri Vishvesha Theertha Swamiji's official website]
* [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=500662 Everyone will become minority one day - Pejawar Swamiji]
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirtha, Vishvesha}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Tulu people]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in other fields]]

Middle Chinese

2026-02-25T06:52:06Z

AliNiazOfficial: typo fix

{{Short description|Chinese pronunciation system (601 AD)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Middle Chinese
| altname = Ancient Chinese
| nativename = {{lang|zh-Hant|漢語}} {{tlit|ltc|hɑnH ŋɨʌX}}
| image = Tangyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG
| imagecaption = Part of the ''Tangyun'', an 8th-century edition of the ''[[Qieyun]]'' dictionary
| imagealt = A scroll with Chinese writing, with large head characters
| states = [[China]]
| era = 4th–12th centuries{{sfnp|Xiang|2023|p=i}} [[Northern and Southern dynasties]], [[Sui dynasty|Sui]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], [[Song dynasty|Song]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| fam3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| ancestor = [[Old Chinese]]
| ancestor2 = [[Eastern Han Chinese]]
| script = [[Chinese characters]]
| iso3 = ltc
| linglist = ltc
| glotto = midd1344
| glottorefname = Middle Chinese
| glottofoot = no
| notice =
| module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes|headercolor={{Infobox language/family-color|Sino-Tibetan}}
|t=中古漢語
|s=中古汉语
|p=Zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ
|w=chung1-ku3 Han4-yü3
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|g|u|3|-|h|an|4|yu|3}}
|y=Jūnggú Honyúh
|ci={{IPA|yue|tsóŋkǔː hɔ̄ːny̬ː|}}
|j=Zung1gu2 Hon3jyu5
|tl=tiong-kóo Hàn-gú
}}
}}

'''Middle Chinese''' (formerly known as '''Ancient Chinese''') or the '''Qieyun system''' (QYS) is the historical variety of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] recorded in the ''[[Qieyun]]'', a [[rhyme dictionary]] first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The Swedish linguist [[Bernhard Karlgren]] believed that the dictionary recorded a speech standard of the capital [[Chang'an]] of the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang dynasties]]. However, based on the preface of the ''Qieyun'', most scholars now believe that it records a compromise between northern and southern reading and poetic traditions from the late [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] period. This composite system contains important information for the reconstruction of the preceding system of [[Old Chinese phonology]] (early 1st millennium BC).

The ''[[fanqie]]'' method used to indicate pronunciation in these dictionaries, though an improvement on earlier methods, proved awkward in practice. The mid-12th-century ''[[Yunjing]]'' and other [[rime table]]s (aka rhyme tables) incorporate a more sophisticated and convenient analysis of the ''Qieyun'' phonology. The rime tables attest to a number of sound changes that had occurred over the centuries following the publication of the ''Qieyun''. Linguists sometimes refer to the system of the ''Qieyun'' as '''Early Middle Chinese''' and the variant revealed by the rime tables as '''Late Middle Chinese'''.

The dictionaries and tables describe pronunciations in relative terms, but do not give their actual sounds. Karlgren was the first to attempt [[Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese|a reconstruction of the sounds of Middle Chinese]], comparing its categories with modern [[varieties of Chinese]] and the [[Sino-Xenic pronunciations]] used in the reading traditions of neighbouring countries. Several other scholars have produced their own reconstructions using similar methods.

The Qieyun system is often used as a framework for Chinese dialectology. With the exception of [[Min Chinese|Min]] varieties, which show independent developments from [[Old Chinese]], modern Chinese varieties can be largely treated as divergent developments from Middle Chinese. The study of Middle Chinese also provides for a better understanding and analysis of [[Classical Chinese poetry]], such as the study of [[Tang poetry]].

==Sources==
The reconstruction of Middle Chinese phonology is largely dependent upon detailed descriptions in a few original sources. The most important of these is the ''Qieyun'' [[rime dictionary]] (601) and its revisions. The ''Qieyun'' is often used together with interpretations in [[Song dynasty]] [[rime table]]s such as the ''[[Yunjing]]'', ''[[Qiyin lüe]]'', and the later ''Qieyun zhizhangtu'' and ''Sisheng dengzi''. The documentary sources are supplemented by comparison with modern [[Chinese varieties]], pronunciation of Chinese words borrowed by other languages—particularly [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]—[[transcription into Chinese characters]] of foreign names, transcription of Chinese names in alphabetic scripts such as [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]], [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]] and Uyghur, and evidence regarding rhyme and tone patterns from classical [[Chinese poetry]].{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=24–41}}

===Rhyme dictionaries===
{{Main|Rhyme dictionary}}

[[File:Guangyun Dong Rhyme 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.75|The start of the first rhyme class of the ''[[Guangyun]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|東}} {{tlit|zh|dōng}} 'east')|alt=two pages of a Chinese dictionary, comprising the end of the index and the start of the entries]]

Chinese scholars of the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] period were concerned with the correct recitation of the classics. Various schools produced dictionaries to codify reading pronunciations and the associated rhyme conventions of regulated verse.{{sfnp|Coblin|2003|p=379}}{{efn|Karlgren used the [[French language|French]] spelling "rime" in his English-language writing, and this practice has been followed by several other authors.{{sfnp|Branner|2006a|p=2}}}} The ''[[Qieyun]]'' (601) was an attempt to merge the distinctions in six earlier dictionaries, which were eclipsed by its success and are no longer extant. It was accepted as the standard reading pronunciation during the [[Tang dynasty]], and went through several revisions and expansions over the following centuries.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=25}}

The ''Qieyun'' is thus the oldest surviving rhyme dictionary and the main source for the pronunciation of characters in Early Middle Chinese (EMC). At the time of [[Bernhard Karlgren]]'s seminal work on Middle Chinese in the early 20th century, only fragments of the ''Qieyun'' were known, and scholars relied on the ''[[Guangyun]]'' (1008), a much expanded edition from the Song dynasty. However, significant sections of a version of the ''Qieyun'' itself were subsequently discovered in the caves of [[Dunhuang]], and a complete copy of Wang Renxu's 706 edition from the Palace Library was found in 1947.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=24–25}}

The rhyme dictionaries organize Chinese characters by their pronunciation, according to a hierarchy of tone, rhyme and homophony. Characters with identical pronunciations are grouped into homophone classes, whose pronunciation is described using two ''[[fanqie]]'' characters, the first of which has the initial sound of the characters in the homophone class and second of which has the same sound as the rest of the syllable (the final). The use of ''fanqie'' was an important innovation of the ''Qieyun'' and allowed the pronunciation of all characters to be described exactly; earlier dictionaries simply described the pronunciation of unfamiliar characters in terms of the most similar-sounding familiar character.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=33–35}}

The ''fanqie'' system uses multiple equivalent characters to represent each particular initial, and likewise for finals. The categories of initials and finals actually represented were first identified by the Cantonese scholar [[Chen Li (scholar)|Chen Li]] in a careful analysis published in his ''Qieyun kao'' (1842). Chen's method was to equate two ''fanqie'' initials (or finals) whenever one was used in the ''fanqie'' spelling of the pronunciation of the other, and to follow chains of such equivalences to identify groups of spellers for each initial or final.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|pp=142–143}} For example, the pronunciation of the character {{lang|zh-Hant|東}} was given using the ''fanqie'' spelling {{lang|zh-Hant|德紅}}, the pronunciation of {{lang|zh-Hant|德}} was given as {{lang|zh-Hant|多特}}, and the pronunciation of {{lang|zh-Hant|多}} was given as {{lang|zh-Hant|德河}}, from which we can conclude that the words {{lang|zh-Hant|東}}, {{lang|zh-Hant|德}} and {{lang|zh-Hant|多}} all had the same initial sound.{{sfnp|Baxter|Sagart|2014|p=10}}

The ''Qieyun'' classified homonyms under 193 rhyme classes, each of which is placed within one of the four tones.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=136}} A single rhyme class may contain multiple finals, generally differing only in the medial (especially when it is {{IPA|/w/}}) or in so-called ''[[chongniu]]'' doublets.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=27}}{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|pp=78, 142–143}}

=== Rime tables ===
{{Main|Rime table}}

[[File:yunjing.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.75|The first table of the ''[[Yunjing]]'', covering the ''Guangyun'' rhyme classes {{lang|zh-Hant|東}} {{tlit|zh|dōng}}, {{lang|zh-Hant|董}} {{tlit|zh|dǒng}}, {{lang|zh-Hant|送}} {{tlit|zh|sòng}} and {{lang|zh-Hant|屋}} {{tlit|zh|wū}} ({{IPA|/-k/}} in Middle Chinese)|alt=table of 23 columns and 16 rows, with Chinese characters in some cells]]

The ''[[Yunjing]]'' ({{Circa|1150 AD}}) is the oldest of the so-called [[rime table]]s, which provide a more detailed phonological analysis of the system contained in the ''Qieyun''. The ''Yunjing'' was created centuries after the ''Qieyun'', and the authors of the ''Yunjing'' were attempting to interpret a phonological system that differed in significant ways from that of their own Late Middle Chinese (LMC) dialect. They were aware of this, and attempted to reconstruct ''Qieyun'' phonology as well as possible through a close analysis of regularities in the system and co-occurrence relationships between the initials and finals indicated by the ''fanqie'' characters. However, the analysis inevitably shows some influence from LMC, which needs to be taken into account when interpreting difficult aspects of the system.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=29–30}}

The ''Yunjing'' is organized into 43 tables, each covering several ''Qieyun'' rhyme classes, and classified as:{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=31–32}}
* One of 16 broad rhyme classes ({{tlit|zh|shè}})—each described as either "inner" or "outer". The meaning of this is debated but it has been suggested that it refers to the height of the main vowel, with "outer" finals having an [[open vowel]] ({{IPA|/ɑ/}} or {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/æ/}}) and "inner" finals having a [[mid vowel|mid]] or [[close vowel]].
* "Open mouth" or "closed mouth", indicating whether [[lip rounding]] is present. "Closed" finals either have a rounded vowel (e.g. {{IPA|/u/}}) or rounded glide.
Each table has 23 columns, one for each initial consonant. Although the ''Yunjing'' distinguishes 36 initials, they are placed in 23 columns by combining palatals, retroflexes, and dentals under the same column. This does not lead to cases where two homophone classes are conflated, as the grades (rows) are arranged so that all would-be [[minimal pairs]] distinguished only by the retroflex vs. palatal vs. alveolar character of the initial end up in different rows.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=43}}

Each initial is further classified as follows:{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=30–31}}
* [[Place of articulation]]: [[Labial consonant|labials]], [[Alveolar consonant|alveolars]], [[Velar consonant|velars]], [[Affricate consonant|affricates]] and [[Sibilant consonant|sibilants]], and laryngeals
* [[Phonation]]: voiceless, voiceless aspirated, voiced, [[Nasal stop|nasal]] or [[Liquid consonant|liquid]]

Each table also has 16 rows, with a group of 4 rows for each of the four tones of the traditional system in which finals ending in {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/k/}} are considered to be [[checked tone]] variants of finals ending in {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}} rather than separate finals in their own right. The significance of the 4 rows within each tone is difficult to interpret, and is strongly debated. These rows are usually denoted I, II, III and IV, and are thought to relate to differences in [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]] or [[retroflexion]] of the syllable's initial or medial, or differences in the quality of similar main vowels (e.g. {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}).{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=31–32}} Other scholars do not view them not as phonetic categories, but instead as formal devices exploiting distributional patterns in the ''Qieyun'' to achieve a compact presentation.{{sfnp|Branner|2006a|pp=15, 32–34}}

Each square in a table contains a character corresponding to a particular homophone class in the ''Qieyun'', if any such character exists. From this arrangement, each homophone class can be placed in the above categories.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=28}}

===Modern dialects and Sino-Xenic pronunciations===
The rime dictionaries and rime tables identify categories of phonetic distinctions but do not indicate the actual pronunciations of these categories. The varied pronunciations of words in modern [[varieties of Chinese]] can help, but most modern varieties descend from a Late Middle Chinese [[koiné]] and cannot very easily be used to determine the pronunciation of Early Middle Chinese. During the Early Middle Chinese period, large amounts of Chinese vocabulary were systematically borrowed by Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese (collectively the [[Sino-Xenic pronunciations]]), but many distinctions were inevitably lost in mapping Chinese phonology onto foreign phonological systems.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=34–37}}

For example, the following table shows the pronunciation of the numerals in three modern Chinese varieties, as well as borrowed forms in Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; border:0; text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:none" |
! colspan="3" | Modern Chinese varieties
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:7em" | [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]]([[Yale romanization of Korean|Yale]])
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese]]{{sfnp|Miller|1967|p=336}}
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Middle Chinese{{efn|Middle Chinese forms are given in [[Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese|Baxter's transcription]], in which {{tlit|ltc|-X}} and {{tlit|ltc|-H}} denote the rising and departing tones respectively.}}
|-
! scope="col" | [[Standard Chinese|Beijing]]
! scope="col" | [[Suzhou dialect|Suzhou]]{{sfnp|Ye|1993|pp=4, 23, 84, 153, 172, 273, 282, 289, 294, 298}}
! scope="col" | [[Cantonese|Guangzhou]]
! scope="col" | [[Go-on]]
! scope="col" | [[Kan-on]]
|-
| scope="row" | 1
| {{linktext|一|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|yī}} || {{IPA|iəʔ7}} || {{tlit|yue|jat1}} || {{lang|vi|nhất}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|il}} || {{tlit|ja|ichi}} || {{tlit|ja|itsu}} || {{tlit|ltc|ʔjit}}
|-
| scope="row" | 2
| {{linktext|二|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|èr}} || {{IPA|ɲi}}6 || {{tlit|yue|ji6}} || {{lang|vi|nhị}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|i ← zi}} || {{tlit|ja|ni}} || {{tlit|ja|ji}} || {{tlit|ltc|nyijH}}
|-
| scope="row" | 3
| {{linktext|三|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|sān}} || {{IPA|sɛ}}1 || {{tlit|yue|saam1}} || {{lang|vi|tam}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|sam}} ||colspan=2 | {{tlit|ja|san}} || {{tlit|ltc|sam}}
|-
| scope="row" | 4
|{{linktext|四|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|sì}} || {{IPA|sɨ}}5 || {{tlit|yue|sei3}} || {{lang|vi|tứ}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|sa ← so}} ||colspan=2 | {{tlit|ja|shi}} || {{tlit|ltc|sijH}}
|-
| scope="row" | 5
| {{linktext|五|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|wǔ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}6 || {{tlit|yue|ng5}} || {{lang|vi|ngũ}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|wo}} ||colspan=2 | {{tlit|ja|go}} || {{tlit|ltc|nguX}}
|-
| scope="row" | 6
| {{linktext|六|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|liù}} || {{IPA|loʔ}}8 || {{tlit|yue|luk6}} || {{lang|vi|lục}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|lyuk}} || {{tlit|ja|roku}} || {{tlit|ja|riku}} || {{tlit|ltc|ljuwk}}
|-
| scope="row" | 7
| {{linktext|七|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|qī}} || {{IPA|tsʰiəʔ}}7 || {{tlit|yue|cat1}} || {{lang|vi|thất}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|chil}} || {{tlit|ja|shichi}} || {{tlit|ja|shitsu}} || {{tlit|ltc|tshit}}
|-
| scope="row" | 8
| {{linktext|八|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|bā}} || {{IPA|poʔ}}7 || {{tlit|yue|baat3}} || {{lang|vi|bát}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|phal}} || {{tlit|ja|hachi}} || {{tlit|ja|hatsu}} || {{tlit|ltc|pɛt}}
|-
| scope="row" | 9
| {{linktext|九|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|jiǔ}} || {{IPA|tɕiʏ}}3 || {{tlit|yue|gau2}} || {{lang|vi|cửu}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|kwu}} || {{tlit|ja|ku}} || {{tlit|ja|kyū}} || {{tlit|ltc|kjuwX}}
|-
| scope="row" | 10
| {{linktext|十|lang=zh-Hant}} || {{tlit|zh|shí}} || {{IPA|zəʔ}}8 || {{tlit|yue|sap6}} || {{lang|vi|thập}} || {{tlit|ko|yaleko|sip}} || colspan="2" | {{tlit|ja|jū ← zifu}}|| {{tlit|ltc|dzyip}}
|}

===Transcription evidence===
Although the evidence from Chinese transcriptions of foreign words is much more limited, and is similarly obscured by the mapping of foreign pronunciations onto Chinese phonology, it serves as direct evidence of a sort that is lacking in all the other types of data, since the pronunciation of the foreign languages borrowed from—especially [[Sanskrit]] and [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]]—is known in great detail.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=147}}

For example, the nasal initials {{IPA|/m n ŋ/}} were used to transcribe Sanskrit nasals in the early Tang, but later they were used for Sanskrit unaspirated voiced initials {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}}, suggesting that they had become [[prenasalized stops]] {{IPA|[ᵐb] [ⁿd] [ᵑɡ]}} in some northwestern Chinese dialects.{{sfnp|Malmqvist|2010|p=300}}{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=163}}

==Methodology==
[[File:Bernhard Karlgren.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Bernhard Karlgren]]

The rime dictionaries and rime tables yield phonological categories, but with little hint of what sounds they represent.{{sfnp|Stimson|1976|p=1}}
At the end of the 19th century, European students of Chinese sought to solve this problem by applying the methods of [[historical linguistics]] that had been used in reconstructing [[Proto-Indo-European]].
Volpicelli (1896) and Schaank (1897) compared the rime tables at the front of the ''[[Kangxi Dictionary]]'' with modern pronunciations in several varieties, but had little knowledge of linguistics.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=32, 34}}

[[Bernhard Karlgren]], trained in transcription of Swedish dialects, carried out the first systematic survey of modern varieties of Chinese. He used the oldest known rime tables as descriptions of the sounds of the rime dictionaries, and also studied the ''Guangyun'', at that time the oldest known rime dictionary.{{sfnp|Ramsey|1987|pp=126–131}} Unaware of Chen Li's study, he repeated the analysis of the ''fanqie'' required to identify the initials and finals of the dictionary. He believed that the resulting categories reflected the speech standard of the capital [[Chang'an]] of the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang dynasties]]. He interpreted the many distinctions as a [[narrow transcription]] of the precise sounds of this language, which he sought to reconstruct by treating the Sino-Xenic and modern dialect pronunciations as reflexes of the ''Qieyun'' categories. A small number of ''Qieyun'' categories were not distinguished in any of the surviving pronunciations, and Karlgren assigned them identical reconstructions.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=34–39}}

Karlgren's transcription involved a large number of consonants and vowels, many of them very unevenly distributed. Accepting Karlgren's reconstruction as a description of medieval speech, [[Chao Yuen Ren]] and [[Samuel Martin (linguist)|Samuel E. Martin]] analysed its contrasts to extract a [[phonemic]] description.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=39}} [[Hugh McBirney Stimson|Hugh M. Stimson]] used a simplified version of Martin's system as an approximate indication of the pronunciation of Tang poetry.{{sfnp|Stimson|1976|p=1}} Karlgren himself viewed phonemic analysis as a detrimental "craze".{{sfnp|Ramsey|1987|p=132}}

Older versions of the rime dictionaries and rime tables came to light over the first half of the 20th century, and were used by such linguists as [[Wang Li (linguist)|Wang Li]], [[Dong Tonghe]] and [[Li Rong (linguist)|Li Rong]] in their own reconstructions.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=39}} [[Edwin Pulleyblank]] argued that the systems of the ''Qieyun'' and the rime tables should be reconstructed as two separate (but related) systems, which he called Early and Late Middle Chinese, respectively. He further argued that his Late Middle Chinese reflected the standard language of the late Tang dynasty.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1970|p=204}}{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1971}}{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=xiv}}

The preface of the ''Qieyun'' recovered in 1947 indicates that it records a compromise between northern and southern reading and poetic traditions from the late [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] period (a [[diasystem]]).{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=134}} Most linguists now believe that no single dialect contained all the distinctions recorded, but that each distinction did occur somewhere.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=24–25}} Several scholars have compared the ''Qieyun'' system to cross-dialectal descriptions of English pronunciations, such as [[John C. Wells]]'s [[lexical set]]s, or the notation used in some dictionaries. For example, the words "trap", "bath", "palm", "lot", "cloth" and "thought" contain four different vowels in [[Received Pronunciation]] and three in [[General American]]; these pronunciations and others can be specified in terms of these six cases.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=37}}{{sfnp|Chan|2004|pp=144–146}}

Although the ''Qieyun'' system is no longer viewed as describing a single form of speech, linguists argue that this enhances its value in reconstructing earlier forms of Chinese, just as a cross-dialectal description of English pronunciations contains more information about earlier forms of English than any single modern form.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=37}} The emphasis has shifted from precise [[phone (phonetics)|phone]]s to the structure of the [[phonological]] system. [[Li Fang-Kuei]], as a prelude to his reconstruction of [[Old Chinese]], produced a [[Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese|revision of Karlgren's notation]], adding new notations for the few categories not distinguished by Karlgren, without assigning them pronunciations.{{sfnp|Li|1974–1975|p=224}}
This notation is still widely used, but its symbols, based on [[Johan August Lundell]]'s [[Swedish Dialect Alphabet]], differ from the familiar [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. To remedy this, [[William H. Baxter]] produced [[Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese|his own notation]] for the ''Qieyun'' and rime table categories for use in his reconstruction of Old Chinese.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=27–32}}{{efn|By convention, Middle Chinese reconstructions are shown without an asterisk, while Old Chinese reconstructions are almost always shown preceded by an asterisk.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=16}}}}

All reconstructions of Middle Chinese since Karlgren have followed his approach of beginning with the categories extracted from the rime dictionaries and tables, and using dialect and Sino-Xenic data (and in some cases transcription data) in a subsidiary role to fill in sound values for these categories.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=34–37}} [[Jerry Norman (sinologist)|Jerry Norman]] and [[W. South Coblin]] have criticized this approach, arguing that viewing the dialect data through the rime dictionaries and rime tables distorts the evidence. They argue for a full application of the [[comparative method]] to the modern varieties, supplemented by systematic use of transcription data.{{sfnp|Norman|Coblin|1995}}

==Phonology==
[[File:Chinese syllable tree.svg|thumb|right|Traditional Chinese syllable structure]]

The traditional analysis of the Chinese [[syllable]], derived from the ''fanqie'' method, is into an initial consonant, or "initial", ({{tlit|zh|shēngmǔ}} {{lang|zh-Hant|聲母}}) and a final ({{tlit|zh|yùnmǔ}} {{lang|zh-Hant|韻母}}). Modern linguists subdivide the final into an optional "medial" glide ({{tlit|zh|yùntóu}} {{lang|zh-Hant|韻頭}}), a main vowel or "nucleus" ({{tlit|zh|yùnfù}} {{lang|zh-Hant|韻腹}}) and an optional final consonant or "coda" ({{tlit|zh|yùnwěi}} {{lang|zh-Hant|韻尾}}). Most reconstructions of Middle Chinese include the glides {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}}, as well as a combination {{IPA|/jw/}}, but many also include vocalic "glides" such as {{IPA|/i̯/}} in a diphthong {{IPA|/i̯e/}}. Final consonants {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are widely accepted, sometimes with additional codas such as {{IPA|/wk/}} or {{IPA|/wŋ/}}.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=27–28}} Rhyming syllables in the ''Qieyun'' are assumed to have the same nuclear vowel and coda, but often have different medials.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=34, 814}}

Middle Chinese reconstructions by different modern linguists vary.{{sfnp|Branner|2006b|pp=266–269}} These differences are minor and fairly uncontroversial in terms of consonants; however, there is a more significant difference as to the vowels.
The most widely used transcriptions are [[Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese|Li Fang-Kuei's modification of Karlgren's reconstruction]] and [[Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese|William Baxter's typeable notation]].

===Initials===
The preface of the ''Yunjing'' identifies a traditional set of [[36 initials]], each named with an exemplary character. An earlier version comprising 30 initials is known from fragments among the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]]. In contrast, identifying the initials of the ''Qieyun'' required a painstaking analysis of ''fanqie'' relationships across the whole dictionary, a task first undertaken by the Cantonese scholar [[Chen Li (scholar)|Chen Li]] in 1842 and refined by others since. This analysis revealed a slightly different set of initials from the traditional set. Moreover, most scholars believe that some distinctions among the 36 initials were no longer current at the time of the rime tables, but were retained under the influence of the earlier dictionaries.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=43, 45–59}}

Early Middle Chinese (EMC) had three types of stops: voiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspirated. There were five series of [[Coronal consonant|coronal]] [[obstruent]]s, with a three-way distinction between [[dental consonant|dental]] (or [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]]), [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[palatal consonant|palatal]] among [[fricative]]s and [[affricate]]s, and a two-way dental/retroflex distinction among [[stop consonant]]s. The following table shows the initials of Early Middle Chinese, with their traditional names and approximate values:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ Early Middle Chinese initials{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=45–59}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | [[stop consonant|Stop]]s and [[affricate consonant|affricate]]s
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]s
! colspan="2" | [[fricative consonant|Fricative]]s
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]]s
|-
! scope="col" | [[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]
! scope="col" | [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirate]]
! scope="col" | [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
! scope="col" | Tenuis
! scope="col" | Voiced
|-
! scope="row" | [[Labial consonant|Labials]]
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|幫|bāng}}}} {{IPA|p}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|滂|pāng}}}} {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|並|bìng}}}} {{IPA|b}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|明|míng}}}} {{IPA|m}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Coronal consonant|Dental]]s{{efn|It is not clear whether these had an [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] or [[dental consonant|dental]] articulation. They are mostly alveolar in modern Chinese varieties.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=49}}}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|端|duān}}}} {{IPA|t}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|透|tòu}}}} {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|定|dìng}}}} {{IPA|d}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|泥|ní}}}} {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex stop]]s{{efn|Karlgren reconstructed these as palatal stops, but most scholars now believe they were retroflex stops.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=50}}}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|知|zhī}}}} {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|徹|chè}}}} {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|澄|chéng}}}} {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|娘|niáng}}}} {{IPA|ɳ}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" | {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|來|lái}}}} {{IPA|l}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Affricate consonant|Dental sibilant]]s
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|精|jīng}}}} {{IPA|ts}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|清|qīng}}}} {{IPA|tsʰ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|從|cóng}}}} {{IPA|dz}}
|
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|心|xīn}}}} {{IPA|s}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|邪|xié}}}} {{IPA|z}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | Retroflex sibilants
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|莊|zhuāng}}}} {{IPA|ʈʂ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|初|chū}}}} {{IPA|ʈʂʰ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|崇|chóng}}}} {{IPA|ɖʐ}}
|
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|生|shēng}}}} {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|俟|sì}}}} {{IPA|ʐ}}{{efn|The {{IPA|ʐ}} initial occurs in only two words {{linktext|俟|lang=zh-Hant}} and {{linktext|漦|lang=zh-Hant}} in the ''Qieyun'', and is merged with {{IPA|ɖʐ}} in the ''[[Guangyun]]''. It is omitted in many reconstructions, and has no standard Chinese name.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=56–57, 206}}}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[alveolo-palatal consonant|Palatal]]s{{efn|The retroflex and palatal sibilants were treated as a single series in the rime tables. Chen Li was the first to realize (in 1842) that they were distinguished in the ''Qieyun''.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=54–55}}}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|章|zhāng}}}} {{IPA|tɕ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|昌|chāng}}}} {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|禪|chán}}}} {{IPA|dʑ}}{{efn|The initials {{lang|zh-Hant|禪}} and {{lang|zh-Hant|船}} are reversed from their positions in the rime tables, which are believed to have confused them.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=52–54}}|name="dzr"}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|日|rì}}}} {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|書|shū}}}} {{IPA|ɕ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|船|chuán}}}} {{IPA|ʑ}}{{efn|name="dzr"}}
| align="center" | {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|以|yǐ}}}} {{IPA|j}}{{efn|In the rime tables, the palatal allophone of {{IPA|ɣ}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|云}}) is combined with {{IPA|j}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|以}}) as a single laryngeal initial {{lang|zh-Hant|喻}}. However in the ''Qieyun'' system {{IPA|j}} patterns with the palatals.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=55–56, 59}}|name="palatal"}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]s
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|見|jiàn}}}} {{IPA|k}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|溪|xī}}}} {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|群|qún}}}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|疑|yí}}}} {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Glottal consonant|Laryngeal]]s{{efn|The point of articulation of the fricatives is not clear, and varies between the modern varieties.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=58}}}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|影|yǐng}}}} {{IPA|ʔ}}
|
|
|
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|曉|xiǎo}}}} {{IPA|x}}
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|匣|xiá}}}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|云|yún}}}} {{IPA|ɣ}}{{efn|name="palatal"}}
|
|}

[[Old Chinese]] had a simpler system with no palatal or retroflex consonants; the more complex system of EMC is thought to have arisen from a combination of Old Chinese obstruents with a following {{IPA|/r/}} and/or {{IPA|/j/}}.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=177–179}}

[[Bernhard Karlgren]] developed the [[Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese|first modern reconstruction of Middle Chinese]]. The main differences between Karlgren and newer reconstructions of the initials are:
* The reversal of {{IPA|/ʑ/}} and {{IPA|/dʑ/}}. Karlgren based his reconstruction on the [[Song dynasty]] [[rime table]]s. However, because of mergers between these two sounds between Early and Late Middle Chinese, the Chinese phonologists who created the rime tables could rely only on tradition to tell what the respective values of these two consonants were; evidently they were accidentally reversed at one stage.
* Karlgren also assumed that the EMC [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] stops were actually [[palatal consonant|palatal]] stops based on their tendency to co-occur with front vowels and {{IPA|/j/}}, but this view is no longer held.
* Karlgren assumed that voiced consonants were actually [[breathy voiced]]. This is now assumed only for LMC, not EMC.

Other sources from around the same time as the ''Qieyun'' reveal a slightly different system, which is believed to reflect southern pronunciation. In this system, the voiced fricatives {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/ʐ/}} are not distinguished from the voiced affricates {{IPA|/dz/}} and {{IPA|/ɖʐ/}}, respectively, and the retroflex stops are not distinguished from the dental stops.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=144}}

Several changes occurred between the time of the ''Qieyun'' and the rime tables:
* Palatal sibilants merged with retroflex sibilants.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=53}}
* {{IPA|/ʐ/}} merged with {{IPA|/ɖʐ/}} (hence reflecting four separate EMC phonemes).
* The palatal nasal {{IPA|/ɲ/}} also became retroflex, but turned into a new phoneme {{IPA|/r/}} rather than merging with any existing phoneme.
* The palatal allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|云}}) merged with {{IPA|/j/}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|以}}) as a single laryngeal initial {{IPA|/j/}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|喻}}).{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=55–56, 59}}
* A new series of labiodentals emerged from labials in certain environments, typically where both fronting and rounding occurred (e.g. {{IPA|/j/}} plus a back vowel in William Baxter's reconstruction, or a [[front rounded vowel]] in Chan's reconstruction). However, modern [[Min Chinese|Min]] dialects retain bilabial initials in such words, while modern [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] dialects preserve them in some common words.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=46–48}}
* Voiced [[obstruent]]s gained phonetic [[breathy voice]] (still reflected in the [[Wu Chinese]] varieties).
The following table shows a representative account of the initials of Late Middle Chinese.

{| class=wikitable style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ Late Middle Chinese initials{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1991|p=10}}
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | [[stop consonant|Stop]]s and [[affricate consonant|affricate]]s
! rowspan="2" | [[Sonorant]]s
! colspan="2" | [[fricative consonant|Fricative]]s
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]]s
|-
! [[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]||[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirate]]||[[Breathy voice]]d
! Tenuis||Breathy
|-
! [[Bilabial consonant|Labial stops]]
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|幫|bāng}}}} {{IPA|p}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|滂|pāng}}}} {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|並|bìng}}}} {{IPA|pɦ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|明|míng}}}} {{IPA|m}} || || ||
|-
! Labial fricatives
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|非|fēi}}}} {{IPA|f}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|敷|fū}}}} {{IPA|f}}{{efn|This initial was probably indistinguishable from {{lang|zh-Hant|非}} at the LMC stage, but was retained to record its origin from a different ''Qieyun'' initial.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=69}} A distinction between {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[fʰ]}} would be unusual, but the two initials might have been distinguished at an earlier phase as affricates {{IPA|[pf]}} and {{IPA|[pfʰ]}}.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=48}}}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|奉|fèng}}}} {{IPA|fɦ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|微|wēi}}}} {{IPA|ʋ}}{{efn|This initial becomes {{IPA|[w]}} in Mandarin dialects and {{IPA|[v]}} or {{IPA|[m]}} in some southern dialects.{{sfnp|Norman|2006|p=234}}}} || || ||
|-
! [[coronal consonant|Dental stop]]s
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|端|duān}}}} {{IPA|t}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|透|tòu}}}} {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|定|dìng}}}} {{IPA|tɦ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|泥|ní}}}} {{IPA|n}} || || ||
|-
! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex stop]]s
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|知|zhī}}}} {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|徹|chè}}}} {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|澄|chéng}}}} {{IPA|ʈɦ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|娘|niáng}}}} {{IPA|ɳ}}{{efn|This initial, which was not included in the lists of 30 initials in the Dunhuang fragments, later merged with {{IPA|n}}.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=69}}}} || || ||
|-
! [[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || || || || || || align="center" | {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|來|lái}}}} {{IPA|l}}
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Dental sibilant]]s
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|精|jīng}}}} {{IPA|ts}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|清|qīng}}}} {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|從|cóng}}}} {{IPA|tsɦ}} || || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|心|xīn}}}} {{IPA|s}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|邪|xié}}}} {{IPA|sɦ}} ||
|-
! Retroflex sibilants
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|照|zhào}}}} {{IPA|ʈʂ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|穿|chuān}}}} {{IPA|ʈʂʰ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|牀|chuáng}}}} {{IPA|(ʈ)ʂɦ}}{{efn|This initial was not included in the lists of 30 initials in the Dunhuang fragments, and was probably not phonemically distinct from {{lang|zh-Hant|禪}} {{IPA|ʂɦ}} by that time.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1970|pp=222–223}}}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|日|rì}}}} {{IPA|ɻ}}{{efn|This initial was derived from the EMC palatal nasal.{{sfnp|Pulleyblank|1984|p=66}} In northern dialects it has become {{IPA|[ʐ]}} (or {{IPA|[ɻ]}}), while southern dialects have {{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[z]}}, {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, or {{IPA|[n]}}.{{sfnp|Norman|2006|pp=236–237}}}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|審|shěn}}}} {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|禪|shàn}}}} {{IPA|ʂɦ}} ||
|-
! [[Velar consonant|Velars]]
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|見|jiàn}}}} {{IPA|k}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|溪|xī}}}} {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|群|qún}}}} {{IPA|kɦ}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|疑|yí}}}} {{IPA|ŋ}} || || ||
|-
! [[Glottal consonant|Laryngeals]]
| {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|影|yǐng}}}} {{IPA|ʔ}} || || || || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|曉|xiǎo}}}} {{IPA|x}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|匣|xiá}}}} {{IPA|xɦ}} || align="center" | {{lang|zh-Hant|{{tooltip|喻|yù}}}} {{IPA|j}}
|}
The voicing distinction is retained in modern [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] and [[Old Xiang]] dialects, but has disappeared from other varieties. In Min dialects the retroflex dentals are represented with the dentals, while elsewhere they have merged with the retroflex sibilants. In the south these have also merged with the dental sibilants, but the distinction is retained in most [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] dialects. The palatal series of modern Mandarin dialects, resulting from a merger of palatal allophones of dental sibilants and velars, is a much more recent development, unconnected with the earlier palatal consonants.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=45–46, 49–55}}

===Finals===
{{Main|Middle Chinese finals}}

The remainder of a syllable after the initial consonant is the final, represented in the Qieyun by several equivalent second ''fanqie'' spellers. Each final is contained within a single rhyme class, but a rhyme class may contain between one and four finals. Finals are usually analysed as consisting of an optional medial, either a [[semivowel]], reduced vowel or some combination of these, a vowel, an optional final consonant and a tone. Their reconstruction is much more difficult than the initials due to the combination of multiple phonemes into a single class.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=36–38}}

The generally accepted final consonants are semivowels {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}}, nasals {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, and stops {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}. Some authors also propose codas {{IPA|/wŋ/}} and {{IPA|/wk/}}, based on the separate treatment of certain rhyme classes in the dictionaries. Finals with vocalic and nasal codas may have one of three [[tone (linguistics)|tone]]s, named level, rising and departing. Finals with stop codas are distributed in the same way as corresponding nasal finals, and are described as their [[entering tone]] counterparts.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=61–63}}

There is much less agreement regarding the medials and vowels. It is generally agreed that "closed" finals had a rounded glide {{IPA|/w/}} or vowel {{IPA|/u/}}, and that the vowels in "outer" finals were more open than those in "inner" finals.
The interpretation of the "divisions" is more controversial. Three classes of ''Qieyun'' finals occur exclusively in the first, second or fourth rows of the rime tables, respectively, and have thus been labelled finals of divisions I, II and IV.
The remaining finals are labelled division-III finals because they occur in the third row, but they may also occur in the second or fourth rows for some initials. Most linguists agree that division-III finals contained a {{IPA|/j/}} medial and that division-I finals had no such medial, but further details vary between reconstructions. To account for the many rhyme classes distinguished by the ''Qieyun'', Karlgren proposed 16 vowels and 4 medials. Later scholars have proposed numerous variations.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=31–32, 37–39}}

===Tones===
{{See also|Four tones (Middle Chinese)}}

The four tones of Middle Chinese were first listed by [[Shen Yue]] {{circa|500 AD}}.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=303}} The first three, the "even" or "level", "rising" and "departing" tones, occur in open syllables and syllables ending with [[nasal consonant]]s. The remaining syllables, ending in [[stop consonant]]s, were described as the "[[checked tone|entering]]" tone counterparts of syllables ending with the corresponding nasals.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=52}} The ''[[Qieyun]]'' and its successors were organized around these categories, with two volumes for the even tone, which had the most words, and one volume each for the other tones.{{sfnp|Ramsey|1987|p=118}}

The pitch contours of modern reflexes of the four Middle Chinese tones vary so widely that linguists have not been able to establish the probable Middle Chinese values by means of the [[comparative method]].{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=53}} Karlgren interpreted the names of the first three tones literally as level, rising and falling pitch contours, respectively,{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=52–53}} and this interpretation remains widely accepted.{{sfnp|Baxter|Sagart|2014|p=14}} Accordingly, Pan and Zhang reconstruct the level tone as mid ({{IPA|˧}} or 33), the rising tone as mid rising ({{IPA|˧˥}} or 35), the departing tone as high falling ({{IPA|˥˩}} or 51), and the entering tone as ˧3ʔ.{{sfnp|Pan|Zhang|2015|p=52}} Some scholars have voiced doubts about the degree to which the names were descriptive, because they are also examples of the tone categories.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=53}}

Some descriptions from contemporaries and other data seem to suggest a somewhat different picture. For example, the oldest known description of the tones, which is found in a Song dynasty quotation from the early 9th century ''Yuanhe Yunpu'' {{lang|zh-Hant|元和韻譜}} (no longer extant):
<blockquote>
Level tone is sad and stable. Rising tone is strident and rising. Departing tone is clear and distant. Entering tone is straight and abrupt.{{efn|{{lang|zh-Hant|「平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促」}}, translated in {{harvp|Ting|1996|p=152}}}}
</blockquote>
In 880, the Japanese monk Annen, citing an account from the early 8th century, stated
<blockquote>
the level tone was straight and low, ... the rising tone was straight and high, ... the departing tone was slightly drawn out, ... the entering tone stops abruptly.{{efn|The word translated "straight" ({{linktext|lang=zh|直}} {{tlit|zh|zhí}}) could mean level or rising with a constant slope.{{sfnp|Mei|1970|pp=91, 93}}}}
</blockquote>

Based on Annen's description, other similar statements and related data, [[Mei Tsu-lin]] concluded that the level tone was long, level and low, the rising tone was short, level and high, the departing tone was somewhat long and probably high and rising, and the entering tone was short (as the syllable ended in a voiceless stop) and probably high.{{sfnp|Mei|1970|p=104}}

The tone system of Middle Chinese is strikingly similar to those of its neighbours in the [[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]]—[[proto-Hmong–Mien]], [[proto-Tai]] and early [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]—none of which is genetically related to Chinese. Moreover, the earliest strata of loans display a regular correspondence between tonal categories in the different languages.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=54–55}} In 1954, [[André-Georges Haudricourt]] showed that Vietnamese counterparts of the rising and departing tones corresponded to final {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}}, respectively, in other (atonal) [[Austroasiatic languages]]. He thus argued that the Austroasiatic proto-language had been atonal, and that the development of tones in Vietnamese had been conditioned by these consonants, which had subsequently disappeared, a process now known as [[tonogenesis]]. Haudricourt further proposed that tone in the other languages, including Middle Chinese, had a similar origin. Other scholars have since uncovered transcriptional and other evidence for these consonants in early forms of Chinese, and many linguists now believe that [[Old Chinese]] was atonal.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=54–57}}

Around the end of the first millennium AD, Middle Chinese and the southeast Asian languages experienced a [[Phonemic differentiation#Phonemic splits|phonemic split]] of their tone categories. Syllables with voiced initials tended to be pronounced with a lower pitch, and by the late [[Tang dynasty]], each of the tones had split into two registers conditioned by the initials, known as the "upper" and "lower". When voicing was lost in most varieties (except in the [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] and [[Old Xiang]] groups and some [[Gan Chinese|Gan]] dialects), this distinction became phonemic, yielding up to eight tonal categories, with a six-way contrast in unchecked syllables and a two-way contrast in checked syllables. [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] maintains these tones and has developed an additional distinction in checked syllables, resulting in a total of nine tonal categories. However, most varieties have fewer tonal distinctions. For example, in Mandarin dialects the lower rising category merged with the departing category to form the modern falling tone, leaving a system of four tones. Furthermore, final stop consonants disappeared in most Mandarin dialects, and such syllables were reassigned to one of the other four tones.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=52–54}}

===Changes from Old to Modern Chinese===
{{Main|Historical Chinese phonology}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}

Middle Chinese had a structure similar to many modern varieties, especially conservative ones like Cantonese, with largely monosyllabic words, little or no derivational morphology, three tones, and a syllable structure consisting of initial consonant, glide, main vowel and final consonant, with a large number of initial consonants and a fairly small number of final consonants. Without counting the glide, no clusters could occur at the beginning or end of a syllable.

[[Old Chinese]], on the other hand, had a significantly different structure. There were no tones, a smaller imbalance between possible initial and final consonants, and many initial and final clusters. There was a well-developed system of derivational and possibly inflectional morphology, formed using consonants added onto the beginning or end of a syllable. The system is similar to the system reconstructed for [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan]] and still visible, for example, in [[Classical Tibetan]]; it is also largely similar to the system that occurs in the more conservative [[Austroasiatic languages]], such as modern [[Khmer language|Khmer]].

The main changes leading to the modern varieties have been a reduction in the number of consonants and vowels and a corresponding increase in the number of tones (typically through a Pan-East-Asiatic tone split that doubled the number of tones and eliminated the distinction between voiced and unvoiced consonants). That has led to a gradual decrease in the number of possible syllables. [[Standard Mandarin]] has only about 1,300 possible syllables, and many other [[varieties of Chinese]] even fewer (for example, modern [[Shanghainese]] has been reported to have only about 700 syllables). The result in Mandarin, for example, has been the proliferation of the number of two-syllable compound words, which have steadily replaced former monosyllabic words; most words in Standard Mandarin now have two syllables.

==Grammar==
{{Further|Chinese grammar}}

The extensive surviving body of Middle Chinese (MC) literature of various types provides much source material for the study of MC grammar. Due to the lack of [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] development, grammatical analysis of MC tends to focus on the nature and meanings of the individual words themselves and the [[Syntax|syntactic rules]] by which their arrangement together in sentences communicates meaning.{{sfnp|Stimson|1976|p=9}}

==See also==
* [[Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese]]
* [[Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{citation
| title = A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
| given = William H. | surname = Baxter | author-link = William H. Baxter
| location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 1992
| isbn = 978-3-11-012324-1
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
| given1 = William H. | surname1 = Baxter
| given2 = Laurent | surname2 = Sagart
| publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-994537-5
| year = 2014
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| given = David Prager | surname = Branner
| chapter = What are rime tables and what do they mean? | pages = 1–34
| editor-given = David Prager | editor-surname = Branner
| title = The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology
| year = 2006a | publisher = John Benjamins | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 978-90-272-4785-8
| postscript = .
}} See also [https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Corrigenda_Rime_Tables.pdf List of Corrigenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043631/https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Corrigenda_Rime_Tables.pdf |date=1 December 2017 }}.
* {{citation
| given = David Prager | surname = Branner | author-mask = 3
| chapter = Appendix II: Comparative transcriptions of rime rable phonology | pages = 265–302
| editor-given = David Prager | editor-surname = Branner
| title = The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology
| year = 2006b | publisher = John Benjamins | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 978-90-272-4785-8
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Early Middle Chinese: towards a new paradigm
| given = Abraham | surname = Chan
| journal = T'oung Pao | volume = 90 | issue = 1/3 | year = 2004 | pages = 122–162
| jstor = 4528958 | doi = 10.1163/1568532042523149
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = The ''Chiehyunn'' system and the current state of Chinese historical phonology
| given = W. South | surname = Coblin | author-link = Weldon South Coblin
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society
| volume = 123 | number = 2 | year = 2003 | pages = 377–383
| doi = 10.2307/3217690 | jstor = 3217690
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Studies on Archaic Chinese
| surname = Li | given = Fang-Kuei | author-link = Li Fang-Kuei
| others = Gilbert L. Mattos (trans.)
| journal = Monumenta Serica | volume = 31 | year = 1974–1975 | pages = 219–287
| doi = 10.1080/02549948.1974.11731100 | jstor = 40726172
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| given = Göran | surname = Malmqvist | author-link = Göran Malmqvist
| title = Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar
| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-61146-001-8
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone
| surname = Mei | given = Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin
| journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 30 | year = 1970
| pages = 86–110
| url = http://tlmei.com/tm17web/res/tones.pdf
| jstor = 2718766
| postscript = .
| doi=10.2307/2718766
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160308135251/http://tlmei.com/tm17web/res/tones.pdf | archive-date = 8 March 2016 }}
* {{citation
| title = The Japanese Language
| given = Roy Andrew
| surname = Miller
| author-link = Roy Andrew Miller
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| year = 1967
| isbn = 978-0-226-52717-8
| postscript = .
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/japaneselanguage0000mill_o3y1
}}
* {{citation
| title = Chinese
| given = Jerry | surname = Norman | author-link=Jerry Norman (sinologist)
| location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1988
| isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| given = Jerry | surname = Norman | author-mask = 3
| chapter = Common Dialectal Chinese | pages = 233–254
| editor-given = David Prager | editor-surname = Branner
| title = The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology
| location = Amsterdam | publisher = John Benjamins | year = 2006
| isbn = 978-90-272-4785-8
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = A New Approach to Chinese Historical Linguistics
| given1 = Jerry L. | surname1 = Norman
| given2 = W. South | surname2 = Coblin
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society
| volume = 115 | issue = 4 | year = 1995 | pages = 576–584 | jstor = 604728
| postscript = . | doi=10.2307/604728
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = Middle Chinese Phonology and ''Qieyun''
| surname1 = Pan | given1 = Wuyun | author1-link = Pan Wuyun | surname2 = Zhang | given2 = Hongming
| title = The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
| editor-surname1 = Wang | editor-given1 = William S-Y. | editor-surname2 = Sun | editor-given2 = Chaofen
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-1998-5633-6
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation | given = Edwin George | surname = Pulleyblank | author-link = Edwin G. Pulleyblank | title = Late Middle Chinese, Part I | journal = Asia Major | year = 1970 | volume = 15 | pages = 197–239 | url = https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1791fTLnTeT.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250311181343/https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1791fTLnTeT.pdf | archive-date=11 March 2025 | postscript = . }}
* {{citation | given = Edwin George | surname = Pulleyblank | author-mask = 3 | title = Late Middle Chinese, Part II | journal = Asia Major | year = 1971 | volume = 16 | pages = 121–166 | url = https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1756PYbzTVX.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211173143/https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1756PYbzTVX.pdf | archive-date=11 February 2025 | postscript = . }}
* {{citation
| title = Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology
| given = Edwin G. | surname = Pulleyblank | author-mask = 3
| location = Vancouver | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | year = 1984
| isbn = 978-0-7748-0192-8
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early Middle Chinese, late Middle Chinese, and early Mandarin
| given = Edwin G. | surname = Pulleyblank | author-mask = 3
| location = Vancouver | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | year = 1991
| isbn = 978-0-7748-0366-3
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| given = S. Robert | surname = Ramsey
| title = The Languages of China
| location = Princeton, NJ | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1987
| isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = Fifty-five T'ang Poems
| given = Hugh M. | surname = Stimson | author-link=Hugh McBirney Stimson
| publisher = Yale University | year = 1976
| isbn = 978-0-88710-026-0
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = Tonal evolution and tonal reconstruction in Chinese | pages = 141–159
| given = Pang-Hsin | surname = Ting |author1-link=Ting Pang-hsin
| title = New Horizons in Chinese Linguistics
| editor-given1 = Cheng-Teh James | editor-surname1 = Huang
| editor-given2 = Yen-Hui Audrey | editor-surname2 = Li
| publisher = Kluwer | year = 1996
| isbn = 978-0-7923-3867-3
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Xiang | given = Xi
| title = A Brief History of the Chinese Language II: From Old Chinese to Middle Chinese Phonetic System
| location = London and New York | publisher = Routledge | year = 2023
| isbn = 978-1-032-38108-4
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| editor-surname = Ye | editor-given = Xiangling
| title = Sūzhōu Fāngyán Cídiǎn | script-title = zh:苏州方言词典 | trans-title = Suzhou dialect dictionary
| publisher = Jiangsu Education Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 7-5343-1996-X
| postscript = .
}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation
| title = Survey of Chinese historical syntax part II: Middle Chinese
| given = Edith | surname = Aldridge
| journal = Language and Linguistics Compass | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | year = 2013 | pages = 58–77
| doi = 10.1111/lnc3.12007
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262909098
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
* {{citation
| title = Distinctions Within Ancient Chinese
| given = Yuen Ren | surname = Chao | author-link = Yuen Ren Chao
| journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
| volume = 5 | number = 3/4 | year = 1941 | pages = 203–233
| doi = 10.2307/2717913 | jstor = 2717913
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
* {{citation
| title = Tonal evolution from pre-Middle Chinese to modern Pekinese: three tiers of changes and their intricacies
| given = Chung-yu | surname = Chen
| location = Berkeley, CA | publisher = Project on Linguistic Analysis, University of California
| year = 2001 | oclc = 248994047 | jstor = 23888251
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
* {{citation
| title = Phonology of ancient Chinese
| surname = Hashimoto | given = Mantaro J.
| type = PhD thesis | publisher = Ohio State University
| date = 1966
| url = http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486632201171712
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
* {{citation
| title = Études sur la phonologie chinoise
| given = Bernhard | surname = Karlgren | author-link = Bernhard Karlgren
| location = Leyde and Stockholm | publisher = Brill and P.A. Nobstedt | year = 1915
| hdl = 10111/UIUCBB:karlbe0001etusur
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
* {{citation
| title = [[Grammata Serica Recensa]]
| given = Bernhard | surname = Karlgren | author-mask = 3
| location = Stockholm | publisher = Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
| year = 1957 | oclc = 1999753
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
* {{citation
| title = Chinese historical phonology: a compendium of Beijing and Cantonese pronunciations of characters and their derivations from Middle Chinese
| given1 = J. | surname1 = Newman | given2 = A. V. | surname2 = Raman
| series = LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics | volume = 27
| location = Munich | publisher = LINCOM Europa | year = 1999 | isbn = 3-89586-543-5
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
* {{citation
| title = Chinese phonology: an attempt to discover the sounds of the ancient language and to recover the lost rhymes of China
| given = Zenone | surname = Volpicelli
| location = Shanghai | publisher = China Gazette | year = 1896
| url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924023354248
| oclc = 24264173
| postscript = . | ref = none
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.academia.edu/2261552/Introduction_to_Chinese_historical_phonology Introduction to Chinese Historical Phonology], [[Guillaume Jacques]]
* [https://www.academia.edu/2261629/Traditional_Chinese_Phonology Traditional Chinese Phonology], [[Guillaume Jacques]]
* [http://dylansung.tripod.com/chinese/index.html Historical Chinese Phonology/Philology at Technical Notes on the Chinese Language Dialects], Dylan W.H. Sung
* [https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr38/index.html#kTang Note on Tang pronunciations] in [[Unicode]], using the simplification of Karlgren's system used by [[Hugh M. Stimson]] in his ''Fifty-Five T'ang Poems''
* [http://lodel.ehess.fr/crlao/document.php?id=1217 Middle Chinese readings for 9000 characters in Baxter's notation]
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\stb\sin&limit=-1 StarLing website reconstructing Middle Chinese and Old Chinese as well as intermediate forms]
* {{in lang|zh}} [http://www.eastling.org/zgycx.php EastLing form yielding Middle Chinese from character search]
* [https://hiongyim.neocities.org/stimson.htm Hugh Stimson's Middle Chinese reconstruction and kTang data from Unicode.]

{{Chinese language}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Middle Chinese| ]]

Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye

2026-02-22T11:40:50Z

AliNiazOfficial: New

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer = Anil Nagpal
| director = Mujammil Desai [[Santram Varma]] Lalit Marathe
| creative_director = Tanushree Dasgupta
| starring =
| composer = Lalit Sen
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh"
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 107
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|10|07}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|03|06}}
| related =
}}

'''Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh''' is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] television soap opera that aired on [[Life OK]]. It was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under her banner [[Balaji Telefilms]]. The series was dubbed in [[English language|English]] and aired on [[Star Life (African TV channel)|Star Life]] as '''An Unusual Tale'''.

The show was the television debut of [[Sonali Bendre]] in the fiction genre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sonali-bendre-is-childlike-says-tv-actor-apurva-agnihotri-2020948|title=Sonali Bendre is childlike, says TV actor Apurva Agnihotri|website=DNA India|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426134752/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sonali-bendre-is-childlike-says-tv-actor-apurva-agnihotri-2020948|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2014 |title=Sonali Bendre enters fiction space on TV with Ajeeb Daastan Hai Yeh |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/sonali-bendre-enters-fiction-space-on-tv-with-ajeeb-daastan-hai-yeharticle1-1263199.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=10 October 2023|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217212622/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/sonali-bendre-enters-fiction-space-on-tv-with-ajeeb-daastan-hai-yeharticle1-1263199.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> The title of the show ''Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh'' is inspired by the [[Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh (song)|title song]] of the 1960 Bollywood movie ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]].''

==Plot==
Shobha Sachdev ([[Sonali Bendre]]) is a middle-aged housewife who is married to a politician, Samarth Sachdev ([[Harsh Chhaya]]). The couple has two little children and a seemingly happy marriage until Shobha discovers that her husband is having an affair, and is involved in corruption. She is completely distraught and unsure of what to expect from life. She decides to pursue a career for the benefit of her children and her husband's innocent family.

Her new journey to be independent goes through major ups and downs, whilst she tries to figure out her seemingly arrogant, yet mysterious boss, Vikram Ahuja ([[Apurva Agnihotri]]). He inspires her to create an identity for herself and not rely on the one her husband has left her with. As she gets to know the man Vikram is, they form an unnamed, yet a divine bond. As her kids fall in love with the man too, their relationship becomes strong and pure.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Shobha Sachdev<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sonali-Bendre-was-interested-in-Ajeeb-Dastaan-Hai-Yeh-bEcause-iT-was-a-finite-show/articleshow/46000077.cms|title=Sonali Bendre was interested in Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh bEcause iT was a finite show - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 January 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807150831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sonali-Bendre-was-interested-in-Ajeeb-Dastaan-Hai-Yeh-bEcause-iT-was-a-finite-show/articleshow/46000077.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Apurva Agnihotri]] as Vikram Ahuja<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sonali-bendre-is-childlike-apurva-agnihotri/|title=Sonali Bendre is childlike: Apurva Agnihotri|date=2014-09-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725010927/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sonali-bendre-is-childlike-apurva-agnihotri/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Samarth Sachdev, Shobha's ex-husband<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/harsh-chhaya-to-make-comeback-with-ajeeb-dastaan-hai-ye-says-not-interested-in-playing-father/|title=Harsh Chhaya to make comeback with 'Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Ye', says not interested in playing father|date=2014-09-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725010935/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/harsh-chhaya-to-make-comeback-with-ajeeb-dastaan-hai-ye-says-not-interested-in-playing-father/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Vivana Singh]] as Sarika Sachdev/Madhura Kashyap
* [[Alka Amin]] as Sharda Sachdev, Samarth's mother
* Devyansh Tapuriah as Rehaan
* Kreesha Shah as Jia
* [[Ruchi Savarn]] as Garima Ganguly
* [[Sandeep Rajora]] as Tarun
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Sandeep
* [[Mihika Verma]] as Shikha
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Saurabh Ganguly
* Gaurav Nanda as Anil
* Prashant Chawla as Sanjay Ganguly
* Garima Kapoor as Riddhima
* Preeti Gupta as Shobha's friend

== Reception ==
Initially, the show was seen as a fresh take on the ''saas-bahu'' relationship seen in Indian television serials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/ajeeb-daastaan-hai-yeh-pilgrims-progress/|title=Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Yeh / Pilgrim's progress|date=2014-10-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725010924/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/ajeeb-daastaan-hai-yeh-pilgrims-progress/|url-status=live}}</ref> Explaining why the show was taken off air, the show's co-creator [[Ekta Kapoor]] said that audiences were not ready for progressive shows that showed a married woman choosing to move on even after her husband mistreats her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/06/18/indian-tv-serials-naagin-sasural-simar-ka-jassi-jaisi-koi-nahin-aadhe-adhoore-ajeeb-dastaan-hai-yeh-ekta-kapoor|title=Stop Calling Indian TV 'Regressive' – You're Part of the Problem|date=2016-06-18|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725010928/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/06/18/indian-tv-serials-naagin-sasural-simar-ka-jassi-jaisi-koi-nahin-aadhe-adhoore-ajeeb-dastaan-hai-yeh-ekta-kapoor|url-status=live}}</ref> In another interview in 2017, [[Ekta Kapoor]] said that the show was poorly received as the idea of a woman in a bad marriage moving out and leaving her husband did not match the general accepted thought process of a family despite the show's depiction of reality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-kundali-bhagya-tv-producer-altbalaji-web-content-failed-shows-ranveer-singh-on-small-screen-4726853/|title=Ekta Kapoor on why nobody questions TV, ideas that didn't work and her dream to see Ranveer Singh on small screen|date=2017-06-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725010926/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-kundali-bhagya-tv-producer-altbalaji-web-content-failed-shows-ranveer-singh-on-small-screen-4726853/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4296656}}
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/ajeeb-dastaan-hai-yeh-1650-s Official website] on [[Hotstar]]

{{Life OK Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye}}
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]

Kingdom of Judah

2026-02-18T04:16:55Z

AliNiazOfficial: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant}}
{{Redirect|Kingdom of Judea|the Judean polity of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE|Hasmonean Judea|the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel|Judea}}
{{Distinguish|Tribe of Judah}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Judah
| common_name = Judah
| native_name = {{lang|obm|𐤉𐤄𐤃}}
| image_coat = Lmlk-seal impression-h2d-gg22 2003-02-21.jpg
| symbol_type = [[LMLK seal]] (around 700 BCE)
| image_map = File:Edward Weller, The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel (FL36012236 3897579) (cropped).jpg
| map_caption = ''The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel'', produced by [[Edward Weller (cartographer)|Edward Weller]] c. 1890
| capital = [[Jerusalem]]
| religion = {{hlist|[[Yahwism]] (Early Judaism)|[[Canaanite religion]]|[[Folk religion]]<ref name=Unearthed>{{cite book |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |url=https://archive.org/details/bibleunearthedar00silb |url-access=limited |first1=Israel |last1=Finkelstein |first2=Neil Asher |last2=Silberman |publisher=The Free Press |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bibleunearthedar00silb/page/n252 240]–243 |isbn=978-0-743-22338-6}}</ref>}}
| demonym = [[Jews|Judahite, Judean]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| status = Kingdom
| life_span = {{circa|930|587 BCE}} 
| year_end = {{cx|587 BCE}}
| year_start = {{cx|930 BCE}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pioske |first1=Daniel |chapter=David's Jerusalem: The Early 10th Century BCE Part I: An Agrarian Community |title= David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History |page=180 |volume=45 |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-54891-1 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IrKgBgAAQBAJ |series= Routledge Studies in Religion}}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Biblical Hebrew]]
| title_leader = [[Kings of Israel and Judah|King]]
| year_leader1 = {{circa|931–913 BCE}}
| leader1 = [[Rehoboam]] (first)
| year_leader2 = {{circa|597–587 BCE}}
| leader2 = [[Zedekiah]] (last)
| event_start = [[Jeroboam's Revolt]]
| event_end = [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|Siege of Jerusalem]]
| p1 = Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy){{!}}Kingdom of Israel - united monarchy (?)
| s1 = Yehud (Babylonian province)
| era = [[Iron Age]]
}}
The '''Kingdom of Judah'''{{efn|{{langx|he|{{Script/Hebr|יְהוּדָה}}}} {{tlit|he|Yəhūdā}}; {{langx|akk|𒅀𒌑𒁲}} {{tlit|akk|Ya'údi}} [{{tlit|akk|ia-ú-di}}]; {{langx|arc|𐤁‬𐤉‬𐤕‬𐤃𐤅‬𐤃}} {{tlit|arc|Bēyt [[David|Dāwīḏ]]}} '[[House of David]]'}} was an [[Israelites|Israelite]] kingdom of the [[Southern Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]]. Centered in the highlands to the west of the [[Dead Sea]], the kingdom's capital was [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |year=2001 |title=The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: the Missing Link |journal=Levant |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–115 |doi=10.1179/lev.2001.33.1.105 |issn=0075-8914 |s2cid=162036657}}</ref> It was ruled by the [[Davidic line]] for four centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lemaire |first=André |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson |isbn=978-0-19-872439-1 |edition=1st |pages=61–85 |chapter=Israel and Judah |oclc=1017604304}}</ref> [[Jews]] are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the region.<ref name="Spielvogel" /><ref name="Ostrer">{{Cite book |title=Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People. |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Harry Ostrer |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-280-87519-9}}</ref><ref name="Adams 1840">{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Hannah |title=The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time |publisher=Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim |year=1840 |oclc=894671497}}</ref>

The [[Hebrew Bible]] depicts the Kingdom of Judah as one of the two successor states of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Kingdom of Israel]], a term denoting the united monarchy under biblical kings [[Saul]], [[David]], and [[Solomon]] and covering the territory of Judah and [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]]. However, during the 1980s, [[Biblical minimalism|some biblical scholars]] began to argue that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed.<ref name="fink2012">{{cite journal|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|last2=Fantalkin|first2=Alexander|date=May 2012|title=Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation|url=http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Qeiyafa_Unsensational_Interpretation.pdf|journal=Tel Aviv|volume=39|pages=38–63|doi=10.1179/033443512x13226621280507|s2cid=161627736|access-date=12 June 2018|ref=finkelsteinfantalkin2012}}</ref> In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah might have been limitedly populated, comprising some fortified sites and many unfortified rural settlements.<ref name="mazar">{{cite journal |last=Mazar |first=Amihai |title=Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy |url=https://www.academia.edu/2503754 |journal=One God – One Cult – One Nation. Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann in Collaboration with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 405) |location=Berlin/ New York |pages=29–58 |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> The [[Tel Dan Stele]], discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom existed in some form by the middle of the 9th century BCE,<ref name="Grabbe">{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVmBAEo5rcC&pg=PA333 |title=Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty |date=2007-04-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-567-25171-8 |quote=The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus.}}</ref><ref name="Cline">{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGzRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction |date=2009-09-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-199-71162-8 |quote=Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David.}}</ref><ref name="NWSem">{{Cite book |last=Mykytiuk |first=Lawrence J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA113 |title=Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. |year=2004 |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |isbn=978-1-589-83062-2 |quote=Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.}}</ref> but it does not indicate the extent of its power. Recent excavations at [[Khirbet Qeiyafa]], however, support the existence of a centrally organized and urbanized kingdom by the 10th century BCE, according to the excavators.{{sfn|Garfinkel|2025|p=48|ps=: "There was clearly a wave of urbanism in the norther part of the kingdom of Judah during the early tenth century BCE. Fortified cities were constructed on the borders and on every main road leading into the kingdom. Khirbet Qeiyafa protected the road coming from the west, from Gath in the Elah Valley. Beth-Shemesh protected the road coming from the west, from Ekron in the Sorek Valley. Tell en-Nasbeh, on the King's Road, protected the kingdom on its north. Khirbet ed-Dawwara, with its excellent view to the east and south, protected the northeastern side of the kingdom of Judah."}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989|title=Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report|last1=Garfinkel|first1=Yossi|last2=Ganor|first2=Sa'ar|date=19 April 2012|website=Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel|publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623021750/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989|archive-date=23 June 2012|access-date=12 June 2018|ref=garfinkel2012|last3=Hasel|first3=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Garfinkel |first=Yosef |date=May–June 2011 |title=The Birth & Death of Biblical Minimalism |url=http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=37&Issue=03&ArticleID=06&Page=0&UserID=0& |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908074705/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=37&Issue=03&ArticleID=06&Page=0&UserID=0& |archive-date=2011-09-08 |access-date=2012-07-05}}</ref>

In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] [[vassal]]age despite [[Hezekiah#Assyrian invasion|Hezekiah's revolt]] against the Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |editor-first=Haim Hillel |editor-last=Ben-Sasson |editor-link=H. H. Ben-Sasson |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=142 |quote=Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE. |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> [[Josiah]] took advantage of the political vacuum that resulted from Assyria's decline and the emergence of [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Saite Egyptian]] rule over the area to enact his religious reforms. The [[Deuteronomist|Deuteronomistic history]], which recounts the history of [[Israelites|the people of Israel]] from [[Joshua]] to [[Josiah]] and expresses a worldview based on the legal principles found in the [[Book of Deuteronomy]], is assumed to have been written during this same time period and emphasizes the significance of upholding them.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Lipschits |first=Oded |title=The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule |year=2005 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-1-575-06297-6 |pages=361–367 |doi=10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd }}</ref>

With the final fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, competition emerged between Saite Egypt and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] over control of the [[Levant]], ultimately resulting in Judah's rapid decline. The early 6th century BCE saw a wave of Egyptian-backed [[Judah's revolts against Babylon|Judahite rebellions against Babylonian rule]] being crushed. In 587 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] engaged in a [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|siege of Jerusalem]], ultimately destroying the city and ending the kingdom.{{sfn|Lipiński|2020|p=94}}<ref name=":2" /> A large number of Judeans were [[Babylonian captivity|exiled to Babylonia]], and the fallen kingdom was then [[Yehud (Babylonian province)|annexed as a Babylonian province]].<ref name=":2" />

After the fall of Babylon to the [[Achaemenid Empire]], the Achaemenid king [[Cyrus the Great]] permitted the Jewish exiles to return to their homeland and re-establish their communal and religious institutions under Persian overlordship. Although the restored community enjoyed a [[Yehud Medinata|degree of autonomy]], full Jewish political independence was not achieved again until nearly four centuries later, in the aftermath of the [[Maccabean Revolt]], with the emergence of the [[Hasmonean Judea|Hasmonean kingdom of Judea]].

== Geography ==
The Kingdom of Judah was located in the [[Judaean Mountains|Judean Mountains]], stretching from [[Jerusalem]] to [[Hebron]] and into the [[Negev|Negev Desert]]. The central ridge, ranging from forested and shrubland-covered mountains gently sloping towards the hills of the [[Shephelah]] in the west, to the dry and arid landscapes of the [[Judaean Desert]] descending into the [[Jordan Valley]] to the east, formed the kingdom's core.{{sfn|Hardin|2014|p=743}}

The northern border of Judah extended east–west from the northwestern shore of the [[Dead Sea]], passing near [[Jericho]] to the area of [[Gezer]]. To the west, the border ran from Gezer across the Shephelah to [[Beersheba]] in the northern Negev. In the east, Judah's boundaries followed the Arabah to the western shore of the Dead Sea. In prosperous periods, Judah's influence expanded, stretching southward to Beersheba and beyond, including [[Kadesh (biblical)|Kadesh Barnea]] and likely [[Kuntillet Ajrud]]. Its influence possibly extended to the [[Gulf of Aqaba|Gulf of Eilat]] in the south,{{sfn|Hardin|2014|p=743}} as well as the [[Israeli coastal plain|Coastal Plain]] in the west in [[Mesad Hashavyahu]] fortress.

== Archaeological record ==
{{See also|Biblical archaeology|Biblical archaeology school|Historicity of the Bible}}

The formation of the Kingdom of Judah is a subject of heavy debate among scholars, with a dispute emerging between [[biblical minimalism|biblical minimalists]] and [[biblical maximalism|biblical maximalists]] on this particular topic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maximalists and Minimalists|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/theory/maximalists-and-minimalists/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=livius.org}}</ref> Due to geopolitical factors like security issues, isolation, and political changes, the core area of the Kingdom of Judah on the south-central highlands has seen limited archaeological exploration compared to regions west of the [[Jordan River]]. Few excavations and surveys have been conducted there, creating a notable knowledge gap compared to the extensively-studied [[Shephelah]] to the west, which has undergone systematic surveys and numerous scientific excavations.{{sfn|Faust|2018|p=337}}

While it is generally agreed that the narratives of [[David]] and [[Solomon]] in the 10th century BCE tell little about the origins of Judah, currently, there is no consensus as to whether Judah developed as a split from a unified kingdom Israel (as the Bible claims) or independently.{{sfn|Katz|2015|p=27}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazar|first=Amihai|year=2010|title=Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy|url=https://www.academia.edu/2503754|journal=Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives|quote="For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state "from Dan to Beer Sheba" including "conquered kingdoms" (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and "spheres of influence" in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g., Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g., Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g., Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, which subsequently was enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402."}}</ref> Some scholars suggested that Jerusalem, the kingdom's capital, did not emerge as a significant administrative center until the end of the 8th century BCE. Before then, the archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom.{{sfn|Moore|Kelle|2011|p=302}} Other scholars argue that recent discoveries and [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon tests]] in the [[City of David (archaeological site)|City of David]] seem to indicate that Jerusalem was already a significant city by the 10th century BCE.{{sfn|Sergi|2023|pp=187–195, 197}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Radiocarbon chronology of Iron Age Jerusalem reveals calibration offsets and architectural developments |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |last1=Regev |first1=Johanna |date=2024-04-29 |issue=19 |volume=121 |article-number=e2321024121 |last2=Gadot |first2=Yuval |doi=10.1073/pnas.2321024121 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=38683984 |last3=Uziel |first3=Joe |last4=Chalaf |first4=Ortal |last5=Shalev |first5=Yiftah |last6=Roth |first6=Helena |last7=Shalom |first7=Nitsan |last8=Szanton |first8=Nahshon |last9=Bocher |first9=Efrat |last10=Pearson |first10=Charlotte L. |last11=Brown |first11=David M. |last12=Mintz |first12=Eugenia |last13=Regev |first13=Lior |last14=Boaretto |first14=Elisabetta|doi-access=free |pmc=11087761 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12121024R }}</ref>

Much of the debate revolves around whether the archaeological discoveries conventionally dated to the 10th century should instead be dated to the 9th century, as proposed by [[Israel Finkelstein]].{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002}} Recent archaeological discoveries by [[Eilat Mazar]] in Jerusalem and [[Yosef Garfinkel]] in [[Khirbet Qeiyafa]] have been interpreted as supporting the existence of the United Monarchy, but the datings and identifications are not universally accepted.<ref name="Zachary">{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Zachary|date=2016-04-22|title=Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come|journal=Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture|volume=46|issue=2|pages=59–69|doi=10.1177/0146107916639208|issn=0146-1079|s2cid=147053561}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?|language=en|newspaper=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-crying-king-david-not-his-palace-1.5324620|access-date=2021-07-18|quote=Not all agree that the ruins found in Khirbet Qeiyafa are of the biblical town Sha'arayim, let alone the palace of ancient Israel's most famous king}}</ref>
[[File:JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Dan stele|Tel Dan Stele]], with the word(s) "House of David" highlighted (9th century BCE)]]
The Tel Dan stele shows a historical "[[Davidic line|House of David]]" ruled a kingdom south of the lands of [[Samaria]] in the 9th century BCE,{{sfn|Pioske|2015|p=180}} and attestations of several Judean kings from the 8th century BCE have been discovered,<ref>Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 BCE Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153–59, 219.</ref> but they do little to indicate how developed the state actually was. The [[Nimrud Tablet K.3751]], dated c. 733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the name "Judah" (written in [[Assyrian cuneiform]] as Ya'uda or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a),<ref name="Pitcher">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229|title=The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=1995|isbn=978-0-567-63671-3|editor1-last=Holloway|editor1-first=Steven W.|quote=For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date.|access-date=12 October 2018|editor2-last=Handy|editor2-first=Lowell K.}}</ref> while an earlier reference to a Judahite envoy seems to appear in a wine list from [[Nimrud]] dated to the 780s BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Samaria and Judah in an Early 8th-Century Assyrian Wine List |journal=Tel Aviv |url=https://www.academia.edu/43169801 |last=Na'aman |first=Nadav |issue=1 |volume=46 |pages=12–20 |doi=10.1080/03344355.2019.1586380 |year=2019 |s2cid=166481059 |issn=0334-4355}}</ref>

=== Jerusalem ===
[[File:עיר_דוד_2.JPG|thumb|[[Stepped Stone Structure]] seen from the [[Large Stone Structure]]]]
The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a major subject of debate.<ref name="mazar" /> The oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core are the [[City of David (archaeological site)|City of David]], which does show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity around the 10th century.{{sfn|Sergi|2023|p=197}} Some unique administrative structures such as the [[Stepped Stone Structure]] and the [[Large Stone Structure]], which originally formed one structure, contain material culture dated to Iron I.<ref name="mazar" /> On account of an alleged lack of settlement activity in the 10th century BCE, Israel Finkelstein argues that Jerusalem was then a small country village in the Judean hills, not a national capital, and Ussishkin argues that the city was entirely uninhabited. [[Amihai Mazar]] contends that if the Iron I / Iron II A dating of administrative structures in the City of David are correct, which he believes to be the case, "Jerusalem was a rather small town with a mighty citadel, which could have been a center of a substantial regional polity."<ref name="mazar" /> [[William G. Dever]] argues that Jerusalem was a small and fortified city, probably inhabited only by the royal court, priests and clerks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dever|first=William G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39HoDwAAQBAJ|title=Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?|date=2020-08-18|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-1-4674-5949-5|language=en}}</ref> [[Avraham Faust]] and Zev Farber argue that Jerusalem was significantly large when compared with most highland sites in ancient Israel, and contained fortifications and public buildings.{{sfn|Faust|Farber|2025|p=83|ps=: "There is now no question that pottery from this period (Iron IIA) was found in practically every excavation area in the City of David, including down the (eastern) slopes toward the Kidron, as well as in the Ophel.52 And since the Ophel was not only fortified but probably also had public buildings, the Temple Mount must have been incorporated within the boundaries of the city – otherwise the Ophel would be defenseless. This means that Jerusalem's area was some 16.5 hectares, suggesting that it was very large when compared with other sites in Judah at the time. In fact, it was quite large in comparison to most highland sites in Israel throughout history.53"}}

=== Literacy ===
A [[Tel Arad#Ostraca|collection of military orders]] found in the ruins of a [[Tel Arad|military fortress]] in the [[Negev]] dating to the period of the Kingdom of Judah indicates widespread literacy, based on the inscriptions, the ability to read and write extended throughout the chain of command from commanders to petty officers. According to Professor Eliezer Piasetsky, who participated in analyzing the texts, "Literacy existed at all levels of the administrative, military and priestly systems of Judah. Reading and writing were not limited to a tiny elite." That indicates the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Judah at the time.<ref>Pileggi, Tamar (12 April 2016). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-look-at-ancient-shards-suggests-bible-even-older-than-thought "New Look at Ancient Shards Suggests Bible Even Older than Thought."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210204240/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-look-at-ancient-shards-suggests-bible-even-older-than-thought/ |date=2018-12-10}} ''[[Times of Israel]]''. Retrieved from TimesofIsrael.com, 30 January 2019.</ref>

Archaeological research near the [[Gihon Spring]] in the City of David has revealed many anepigraphical [[Bulla (seal)|bullae]] (that is, bullae bearing only iconography, no inscriptions) dated to the 11th/10th–9th centuries BCE which feature "papyrus lines" on their backs. It has been argued that these seals provide evidence that [[Papyrus|papyrus texts]] were written and used in Jerusalem already from the 10th (perhaps 11th) century BCE onwards.{{sfn|Richelle|2024|p=116}}

In October 2025, the discovery of a fragment measuring approximately 2.5 cm containing 20 visible characters, dated between the 7th and 8th centuries BC and made of ceramic material from the Tigris basin, was presented to the press. The small fragment bears an expiry date and the words “he who holds the reins”, a title known in the Assyrian administration as exclusive to a royal messenger. According to scholars, it is a reminder for the collection of a tribute. This attests to the tense relations between the Kingdom of Judah and the Assyrians described in 2 Kings 18–19, 2 Chronicles 32, Isaiah 36–37, with reference to Hezekiah's rebellion.<ref>[https://www.gov.il/en/pages/rare-evidence-for-royal-assyrian-court-communication-to-the-king-of-judah-uncovered-in-jerusalem-22-oct-2025 Rare evidence for royal Assyrian court communication to the king of Judah uncovered in Jerusalem] </ref><ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/416623 First time in Jerusalem: Assyrian inscription from the First Temple period discovered] </ref>

=== LMLK seals ===
{{Further|LMLK seal}}
[[File:Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum,_Israel_1.JPG|thumb|Storage jars handles marked with LMLK seals, [[Hecht Museum]]]]
[[LMLK seal]]s are archaic Hebrew [[stamp seal]]s on the handles of large storage jars dating from the reign of King [[Hezekiah]] (circa 700 BCE) discovered mostly in and around [[Jerusalem]]. Several complete jars were found ''[[in situ]]'' buried under a [[destruction layer]] caused by [[Sennacherib]] at [[Tel Lachish]].<ref>Ussishkin (2004), ''The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish'', p. 89 ("As the work of the renewed excavations developed it became clear that the destruction of Level III must be assigned to Sennacherib's attack in 701 BCE.").</ref> None of the original seals has been found, but some 2,000 impressions made by at least 21 seal types have been published.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The LMLK Research Website|url=http://www.lmlk.com/research/|website=www.lmlk.com}}</ref>

LMLK stands for the Hebrew letters ''[[lamedh]] [[mem]] lamedh [[kaph]]'' ({{langx|he|לְמֶלֶךְ|ləmeleḵ|links=no}}), which can be translated as:
* "[belonging] to the king" [of Judah]
* "[belonging] to King" (name of a person or deity)
* "[belonging] to the government" [of Judah]
* "[to be sent] to the King"

=== Everyday life ===
According to a 2022 study, traces of [[vanilla]] found in wine jars in Jerusalem might indicate that the local elite enjoyed wine flavored with vanilla during the 7–6th centuries BCE. Until very recently, vanilla was not at all known to be available to the Old World. Archeologists suggested that this discovery might be related to an international trade route that crossed the [[Negev]] during that period, probably under Assyrian and later, [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period]] Egyptian rule.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Amir |first1=A. |last2=Finkelstein |first2=I. |last3=Shalev |first3=Y. |last4=Uziel |first4=J. |last5=Chalaf |first5=O. |last6=Freud |first6=L. |last7=Neumann |first7=R. |last8=Gadot |first8=Y. |year=2022 |title=Residue analysis evidence for wine enriched with vanilla consumed in Jerusalem on the eve of the Babylonian destruction in 586 BCE. PLoS ONE 17(3) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=17 |issue=3 |article-number=e0266085 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0266085 |pmid=35349581 |pmc=8963535 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cities ===
According to [[Yosef Garfinkel]], the fortified cities of the Kingdom of Judah during the 10th century BCE were located at [[Khirbet Qeiyafa]], [[Tell en-Nasbeh]], Khirbet el-Dawwara (by [[Halhul]]), [[Tel Beit Shemesh]], and Tell Lachish.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Early City Planning in the Kingdom of Judah: Khirbet Qeiyafa, Beth Shemesh 4, Tell en-Naṣbeh, Khirbet ed-Dawwara, and Lachish V |journal=Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology |last=Garfinkel |first=Yosef |volume=4 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.52486/01.00004.4 |year=2023|s2cid=258896023 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Likewise, the site of [[Tel Rumeida]] ([[Tel Rumeida#Archaeology|ancient Hebron]]) was also a fortified Judahite city throughout the 10th-6th centuries BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urbanism in the Iron Age Levant and Beyond |last=Chadwick |first=Jeffrey R. |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2025 |isbn=978-3-16-164199-2 |page=99 |editor-last=Maeir |editor-first=Aren M. |series=Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times |volume=VII |chapter=Hebron in Iron Ages I–II: Finds of the American expedition to Hebron (Tell er-Rumeide) |editor-last2=Albaz |editor-first2=Shira |editor-last3=Berlejung |editor-first3=Angelika}}</ref>

The sites of [[Tel Motza]] and [[Eglon (biblical place)|Tel Eton]] were also urban centers of the Kingdom of Judah in the 10th and 9th centuries BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Moẓa during the 10th–9th Centuries BCE: The Results of Excavation Seasons 1993, 2002, and 2003 and their Reflection in a Wider Judahite Context |journal=Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology |last=Greenhut |first=Zvi |volume=1 |pages=180–202 |year=2021 |doi=10.52486/01.00001.7 |issn=2788-8819 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Le-maʿan Ziony: Essays in Honor of Ziony Zevit |last=Faust |first=Avraham |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4982-0691-4 |pages=27–28 |editor-last=Greenspahn |editor-first=Frederick E. |chapter=Tel 'Eton and the History of the Shephelah during the Iron Age |editor-last2=Rendsburg |editor-first2=Gary A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWZUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 }}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Tel Burna]] (identified as biblical [[Libnah]]) was a Judahite city that became fortified by a [[casemate wall]] around the 9th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urbanism in the Iron Age Levant and Beyond |last=Shai |first=Itzick |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2025 |isbn=978-3-16-164199-2 |pages=263–275 |editor-last=Maeir |editor-first=Aren M. |series=Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times |volume=VII |chapter=A Hierarchical Settlement Pattern on the Western Border of the Kingdom of Judah: A View from Tel Burna |editor-last2=Albaz |editor-first2=Shira |editor-last3=Berlejung |editor-first3=Angelika}}</ref>

[[Tel Be'er Sheva]], believed to be the site of the ancient biblical town of [[Beersheba#Iron Age Israelite town|Be'er-sheba]], was the main Judahite center in the [[Negev]] in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rocca |first=Samuel |title=The fortifications of ancient Israel and Judah, 1200–586 BC |date=2010 |publisher=Osprey |others=Adam Hook |isbn=978-1-84603-508-1 |location=Oxford |pages=29–40 |oclc=368020822}}</ref>

=== Forts ===
The [[Judaean Mountains]] and [[Shephelah]] have seen the discovery of several Judahite fortresses and towers. The fortifications had a large central courtyard surrounded by [[casemate wall]]s with chambers on the outside wall, and they were square or rectangular in shape.<ref name=":1" /> [[Khirbet Abu et-Twein]], which is situated on the Judaean Mountains between modern day [[Bat Ayin]] and [[Jab'a]], is one of the most noteworthy fortresses from the period. Great views of the Shepehla, including the Judahite towns of Azekah, Socho, Goded, Lachish, and Maresha, could be seen from this fort.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=מזר |first1=עמיחי |last2=Mazar |first2=A. |date=1981 |title=The Excavations at Khirbet Abu et-Twein and the System of Iron Age Fortresses in Judah (Pls. לט–מה) / החפירות בח'רבת אבו א-תוין ומערך המצודות הישראליות בהרי יהודה |journal=Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה |volume=טו |pages=229–249 |jstor=23619437 |issn=0071-108X}}</ref>

In the northern Negev, [[Tel Arad]] served as a key administrative and military stronghold. It protected the route from the Judaean Mountains to the [[Arabah]] and on to [[Moab]] and [[Edom]]. It underwent numerous renovations and extensions. There are several other Judahite forts in the Negev, including [[Horvat Uza|Hurvat Uza]], Tel Ira, Aroer, [[Tel Masos]], and {{ill|Tel Malhata|fr|Tel Malhata}}. The main Judahite fortification in the [[Judaean Desert]] was found at [[Vered Yeriho]]; it protected the road from [[Jericho]] to the [[Dead Sea]].<ref name=":1" /> A few freestanding, elevated, isolated guard towers of the period were found around Jerusalem; towers of this type were discovered in the [[French Hill (neighborhood)|French Hill]] and south to [[Giloh]].<ref name=":1" />

It is clear from the position of Judaean strongholds that one of their primary purposes was to facilitate communications via [[Smoke signal|fire signals]] across the Kingdom, a method well-documented in the Book of Jeremiah and the Lachish letters.<ref name=":1" />

== Biblical narrative ==

===Jeroboam's revolt and the partition of the United Monarchy===
{{History of Palestine}}
{{History of Israel}}

According to the biblical account, the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Kingdom of Israel]] was founded by [[Saul]] during the late-11th century BCE, and reached its peak during the rule of [[David]] and [[Solomon]]. After the death of Solomon circa 930 BCE, the Israelites gathered in [[Shechem]] for the coronation of Solomon's son and successor, [[Rehoboam]]. Before the coronation took place, the northern tribes, led by [[Jeroboam]], asked the new king to reduce the heavy taxes and labor requirements that his father Solomon had imposed. Rehoboam rejected their petition: "I will add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, I will chastise you with scorpions" ({{Bibleverse|1 Kings|12:11}}). As a result, [[Jeroboam's Revolt|ten of the tribes rebelled against Rehoboam]] and proclaimed Jeroboam their king, forming the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]]. At first, only the [[tribe of Judah]] remained loyal to the [[Davidic line|House of David]], but the [[tribe of Benjamin]] soon joined Judah. Both kingdoms, Judah in the south and Israel in the north, co-existed uneasily after the split until the destruction of the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] by [[Assyria]] in 722/721.

=== Relations with the Kingdom of Israel ===
For the first 60 years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over Israel, and there was [[Jeroboam's Revolt|perpetual war]] between them. Israel and Judah warred throughout [[Rehoboam]]'s 17-year reign. Rehoboam built elaborate defenses and strongholds, along with fortified cities. In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign, [[Shishak]], who is identified as the [[pharaoh]] [[Shoshenq I]] of the [[22nd Dynasty of Egypt]], brought a vast army and took many cities. In the [[sack of Jerusalem (10th century BC)|sack of Jerusalem (10th century BCE)]], Rehoboam gave them all of the treasures out of the temple as a tribute and Judah became a vassal state of Egypt.

Rehoboam's son and successor, [[Abijah of Judah]], continued his father's efforts to bring Israel under his control. He fought the [[Battle of Mount Zemaraim]] against [[Jeroboam]] of Israel and was victorious with a heavy loss of life on the Israel side. According to the [[Books of Chronicles]], Abijah and his people defeated them with a great slaughter, so that 500,000 chosen men of Israel fell slain,<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|13:17|HE}}</ref> and Jeroboam posed little threat to Judah for the rest of his reign. The border of the [[tribe of Benjamin]] was restored to the original tribal border.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|13:20|HE}}</ref>

[[Abijah of Judah|Abijah]]'s son and successor, [[Asa of Judah]], maintained peace for the first 35 years of his reign,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|16:1|HE}}</ref> and he revamped and reinforced the fortresses initially built by his grandfather, Rehoboam. [[II Chronicles]] states that at the [[Battle of Zephath]], the Egyptian-backed chieftain [[Zerah]] the Ethiopian and his million men and 300 chariots were defeated by Asa's 580,000 men in the Valley of Zephath near [[Maresha]].<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|14:9–15|HE}}</ref> The Bible does not state whether Zerah was a pharaoh or a general of the army. The Ethiopians were pursued to [[Gerar]], in the coastal plain, where they stopped out of sheer exhaustion. The resulting peace kept Judah free from Egyptian incursions until the time of [[Josiah]], some centuries later.

[[File:Palestine from 720 BC to the exile of Judah (Smith, 1915).jpg|thumb|Palestine from 720 BC to the exile of Judah.]]
In his 36th year, Asa was confronted by [[Baasha of Israel]],<ref name="ReferenceA" /> who built a fortress at Ramah on the border, less than ten miles from Jerusalem. The capital came under pressure, and the military situation was precarious. Asa took gold and silver from the Temple and sent them to [[Ben-Hadad I]], the king of [[Aram-Damascus]], in exchange for the Damascene king cancelling his peace treaty with Baasha. Ben-Hadad attacked Ijon, Dan and many important cities of the [[tribe of Naphtali]], and Baasha was forced to withdraw from Ramah.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|16:2–6|HE}}</ref> Asa tore down the unfinished fortress and used its raw materials to fortify [[Geba (city)|Geba]] and [[Mizpah in Benjamin]] on his side of the border.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|16:1–7|HE}}</ref>

Asa's successor, [[Jehoshaphat]], changed the policy towards Israel and instead pursued alliances and cooperation with it. The alliance with [[Ahab]] was based on marriage. The alliance led to disaster for the kingdom with the Battle of [[Ramoth-Gilead]] according to [[1 Kings 22]]. He then allied with [[Ahaziah of Israel]] to carry on maritime commerce with [[Ophir]]. However, the fleet equipped at [[Ezion-Geber]] was immediately wrecked. A new fleet was fitted out without the cooperation of the king of Israel. Although it was successful, the trade was not prosecuted.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|20:35–37|HE}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|1|Kings|22:48–49|HE}}</ref> He joined [[Jehoram of Israel]] in a war against the [[Moab]]ites, who were under tribute to Israel. This war was successful, and the Moabites were subdued. However, on seeing [[Mesha]]'s act of offering his son in a [[human sacrifice]] on the walls of [[Kir of Moab]] (now [[al-Karak]]) filled Jehoshaphat with horror, he withdrew and returned to his land.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|3:4–27|HE}}</ref>

[[Jehoshaphat]]'s successor, [[Jehoram of Judah]], formed an alliance with Israel by marrying [[Athaliah]], the daughter of Ahab. Despite the alliance with the stronger northern kingdom, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. [[Edom]] revolted, and he was forced to acknowledge its independence. A raid by [[Philistines]] and [[Arabs]] or perhaps [[Old South Arabian|South Arabia]]ns looted the king's house and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son, [[Ahaziah of Judah]].

=== Clash of empires ===
[[File:LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg|thumb|"To [[Hezekiah]], son of [[Ahaz]], king of Judah" – [[Seal (emblem)|royal seal]] found at the [[Ophel]] excavations in Jerusalem]]
After [[Hezekiah]] became the sole ruler in c. 715 BCE, he formed alliances with [[Ashkelon]] and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and made a stand against [[Assyria]] by refusing to pay tribute.<ref name="Peter255">{{cite book |first=Peter J. |last=Leithart |author-link=Peter J. Leithart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HD8W7he3dUC |title=1 & 2 Kings (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible) |pages=255–256 |publisher=[[Baker Publishing Group]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4412-3560-2 |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|30–31|HE}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Isaiah|36:6–9|HE}}</ref> In response, [[Sennacherib]] of Assyria attacked the fortified cities of Judah.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|18:13|HE}}</ref> Hezekiah paid three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold to Assyria, which required him to empty the temple and royal treasury of silver and strip the gold from the doorposts of [[Solomon's Temple]].<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|18:14–16|HE}}</ref><ref name="Peter255" /> However, [[Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem|Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-first1=James B. |editor-last1=Pritchard|title=Ancient Near Eastern Texts Related to the Old Testament|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1965|pages=287–88}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|18:17|HE}}</ref> in 701 BCE though the city was never taken.
[[File:Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg|thumb|[[Broad Wall (Jerusalem)|Broad Wall]], built during the reign of king Hezekiah (late-8th century BCE)]]

During the long reign of [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]] (c. 687/686 – 643/642 BCE),<ref name="Thiele">{{cite book |first=Edwin |last=Thiele |title=The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings |edition=New Revised|location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |orig-date=1951 |year=1994|isbn=978-0-8254-3825-7}}</ref> Judah was a vassal of Assyrian rulers: Sennacherib and his successors, [[Esarhaddon]]{{sfn|Bright|2000|p=311}} and [[Ashurbanipal]] after 669 BCE. Manasseh is listed as being required to provide materials for [[Esarhaddon]]'s building projects and as one of a number of vassals who assisted [[Ashurbanipal]]'s campaign against Egypt.{{sfn|Bright|2000|p=311}}[[File:Shiloach.jpg|thumb|[[Siloam inscription]] found in the [[Siloam tunnel]], Jerusalem]]

[[File:Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg|thumb|The Assyrian [[Lachish reliefs]], depicting the [[Siege of Lachish|capture of Lachish]] (c. 701 BCE). Assyrian soldiers carry off booty from the city, and Judean prisoners are taken into exile with their goods and animals. ]]When [[Josiah]] became king of Judah in c. 641/640 BCE,<ref name="Thiele" /> the international situation was in flux. To the east, the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] was beginning to disintegrate, the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] had not yet risen to replace it and [[Egypt]] to the west was still recovering from Assyrian rule. In the power vacuum, Judah could govern itself for the time being without foreign intervention. However, in the spring of 609 BCE, [[Pharaoh]] [[Necho II]] personally led a sizable army up to the [[Euphrates]] to aid the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]].<ref name="Coogan261">{{bibleverse|2Kings|23:29|9}}
*{{cite book |last=Coogan |first=Michael David |author-link=Michael Coogan |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&pg=PA261 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2 |page=261 |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> Taking the [[Via Maris|coastal route]] into [[Syria (region)|Syria]] at the head of a large army, Necho passed the low tracts of [[Philistia]] and [[Sharon plain|Sharon]]. However, the passage over the ridge of hills, which shuts in on the south the great [[Jezreel Valley]], was blocked by the Judean army, led by Josiah, who may have considered that the Assyrians and the Egyptians were weakened by the death of Pharaoh [[Psamtik I]] only a year earlier (610 BCE).<ref name="Coogan261" /> Presumably in an attempt to help the Babylonians, Josiah attempted to block the advance at [[Megiddo (place)|Megiddo]], where a fierce [[battle of Megiddo (609 BC)|battle was fought]] and Josiah was killed.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|23:29|HE}}, {{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|35:20–24|HE}}</ref> Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian [[Ashur-uballit II]], and they crossed the Euphrates and lay siege to [[Harran]]. The combined forces failed to hold the city after capturing it temporarily, and Necho retreated back to northern [[Syria (region)|Syria]]. The event also marked the disintegration of the Assyrian Empire.

On his return march to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] in 608 BCE, Necho found that [[Jehoahaz of Judah|Jehoahaz]] had been selected to succeed his father, Josiah.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|23:31|HE}}</ref> Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king for only three months, and replaced him with his older brother, [[Jehoiakim]]. Necho imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred [[Talent (measurement)|talents]] of silver (about 3{{fraction|3|4}} tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about {{convert|34|kg}}). Necho then took [[Jehoahaz of Judah|Jehoahaz]] back to Egypt as his prisoner,<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|36:1–4|HE}}</ref> never to return.

[[Jehoiakim]] ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians by paying a heavy tribute. However, when the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at [[Battle of Carchemish|Carchemish]] in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim changed allegiances to pay tribute to [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon]]. In 601 BCE, in the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar attempted to invade Egypt but was repulsed with heavy losses. The failure led to numerous rebellions among the states of the [[Levant]] that owed allegiance to Babylon. Jehoiakim also stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.drshirley.org/hist/hist05.html |title= The Divided Monarchy – ca. 931–586 BC |author= Dr. Shirley Rollinson |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> and took a pro-Egyptian position. Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with the rebellions. According to the [[Babylonian Chronicles]], after invading "the land of Hatti (Syria/Palestine)"<ref>No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum</ref><ref>{{cite book |first= Geoffrey |last= Wigoder |title= The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible |publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |year= 2006}}</ref> in 599 BCE, he laid [[Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)|siege to Jerusalem]]. Jehoiakim died in 598 BCE<ref>{{cite book |first= Dan |last= Cohn-Sherbok |title= The Hebrew Bible |publisher= Continuum International |year= 1996 |page=x |isbn= 978-0-304-33703-3}}</ref> during the siege and was succeeded by his son [[Jeconiah]] at an age of either eight or eighteen.{{sfn|Roberts|2016|p=210}} The city fell about three months later,<ref>{{cite book |first= Philip J. |last= King |title= Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year= 1993 |page= 23}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|36:9|HE}}</ref> on 2 [[Adar]] (March 16) 597 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar pillaged both Jerusalem and the [[Temple of Jerusalem|Temple]] and carted all of his spoils to Babylon. [[Jeconiah]] and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen, along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering about 10,000<ref>{{cite book |title= The Oxford History of the Biblical World |editor-first= Michael D. |editor-last= Coogan |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1999 |page= 350}}</ref> were deported from the land and [[Babylonian Captivity|dispersed]] throughout the [[Babylonian Empire]].<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|24:14|HE}}</ref> Among them was [[Ezekiel]]. Nebuchadnezzar appointed [[Zedekiah]], Jehoiakim's brother, the king of the reduced kingdom, who was made a tributary of Babylon.

=== Destruction and dispersion ===
[[File:Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''The Flight of the Prisoners'' (1896) by [[James Tissot]]; the exile of the [[Jews]] from Jerusalem to [[Babylon]]]]
Despite the strong remonstrances of [[Jeremiah]] and others, Zedekiah [[Judah's revolts against Babylon|revolted against]] Nebuchadnezzar by ceasing to pay tribute to him and entered an alliance with Pharaoh [[Apries|Hophra]]. In 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Judah and again [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|besieged Jerusalem]]. Many Jews fled to surrounding [[Moab]], [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] and other countries to seek refuge.<ref>{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|40:11–12|HE}}</ref> The city fell after a siege, which lasted either eighteen or thirty months,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malamat |first1=Abraham |title=The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |year=1968 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=137–156 |jstor=27925138 |quote=The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.}}</ref> and Nebuchadnezzar again pillaged both Jerusalem and the Temple<ref name="Ezra">{{bibleverse||Ezra|5:14|HE}}</ref> and then destroyed both.<ref>{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|52:10–13|HE}}</ref> After killing all of Zedekiah's sons, Nebuchadnezzar took Zedekiah to Babylon<ref>{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|52:10–11|HE}}</ref> and so put an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah. According to the [[Book of Jeremiah]], in addition to those killed during the siege, some 4,600 people were deported after the fall of Judah.<ref name="Jer52">{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|52:29–30|HE}}</ref> By 586 BCE, much of Judah had been devastated, and the former kingdom had suffered a steep decline of both its economy and its population.<ref name="Grabbe2004">{{cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |author-link=Lester L. Grabbe |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period |publisher=T&T Clark International |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C |isbn=978-0-567-08998-4 |page=28}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Babylonian Yehud===
Jerusalem apparently remained uninhabited for much of the 6th century BCE,<ref name="Grabbe2004" /> and the centre of gravity shifted to Benjamin, the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom, where the town of [[Mizpah in Benjamin|Mizpah]] became the capital of the new Babylonian province of [[Yehud (Babylonian province)|Yehud]] for the remnant of the Jewish population in a part of the former kingdom.{{sfn|Davies|2009}} That was standard Babylonian practice. When the Philistine city of [[Ashkelon]] was conquered in 604 BCE, the political, religious and economic elite (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location.{{sfn|Lipschitz|2005|p=48}}

[[Gedaliah]] was appointed governor of the Yehud province, supported by a [[Babylonia]]n guard. The administrative centre of the province was [[Mizpah in Benjamin]],<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|25:22–24|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Jeremiah|40:6–8|HE}}</ref> not Jerusalem. On hearing of the appointment, many of the Judeans who had taken refuge in surrounding countries were persuaded to return to Judah.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgvsheE1xFEC&q=Gedaliah+return&pg=PT124 |title=The Prophetic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts Series |first=Marvin A. |last=Sweeney |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2010|isbn=978-1-4267-3003-0 }}</ref> However, Gedaliah was soon assassinated by a member of the royal house, and the Chaldean soldiers killed. The population that was left in the land and those who had returned fled to Egypt for fear a Babylonian reprisal, under the leadership of Yohanan ben [[Kareah]]. They ignored the urging of the prophet [[Jeremiah]] against the move.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Kings|25:26|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Jeremiah|43:5–7|HE}}</ref> In Egypt, the refugees settled in [[Migdol]], [[Tahpanhes]], [[Noph]] and [[Pathros]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|44:1|HE}}</ref> and possibly [[Elephantine]], and Jeremiah went with them as a moral guardian.

===Exile to Babylon===
{{Further|Babylonian captivity}}
The numbers that were deported to Babylon and that made their way to Egypt and the remnant that remained in the land and in surrounding countries are subject to academic debate. The [[Book of Jeremiah]] reports that 4,600 were exiled to [[Babylonia]].<ref name="Jer52" /> The two [[Books of Kings]] suggest that it was 10,000 and later 8,000.

===Persian Yehud and Hellenistic period===
{{Main|Yehud Medinata}}


In 539 BCE, the [[Achaemenid Empire]] conquered Babylonia and allowed the exiles to return to [[Yehud Medinata]] and to rebuild the Temple, which was completed in the sixth year of Darius (515 BCE)<ref>{{bibleverse||Ezra|6:15|HE}}</ref> under [[Zerubbabel]], the grandson of the second to last king of Judah, [[Jeconiah]]. Yehud Medinata was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until its fall in c. 333 BCE to [[Alexander the Great]]. Judean independence was reestablished after the [[Maccabean revolt]], and the establishment of the [[Hasmonean Kingdom]] in the 2nd century BCE.

[[Jews]] are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the former Kingdom.<ref name="Spielvogel">{{Cite book |last=Spielvogel |first=Jackson J. |title=Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-495-50288-3 |page=36 |quote=The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.}}</ref><ref name="Ostrer"/><ref name="Adams 1840"/>

== Religion ==
The major theme of the Hebrew Bible's narrative is the loyalty of Judah, especially its kings, to [[Yahweh]], which it states is the God of [[Israelites|Israel]]. Accordingly, all of the kings of Israel (except to some extent [[Jehu]]) and many of the kings of Judah were "bad" in terms of the biblical narrative by failing to enforce [[monotheism]]. Of the "good" kings, [[Hezekiah]] (727–698 BCE) is noted for his efforts at stamping out [[idolatry]] (in his case, the worship of [[Baal]] and [[Asherah]], among other traditional Near Eastern divinities),<ref name="Borowski">{{cite web |last=Borowski |first=Oded |title=''Hezekiah's Reforms and the Revolt against Assyria'' |url=http://scholar.cc.emory.edu/scripts/ASOR/BA/Borowski.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970723115326/http://scholar.cc.emory.edu/scripts/ASOR/BA/Borowski.html |archive-date=23 July 1997 |access-date=12 October 2018}}, Emory University, 1997</ref> but his successors, [[Manasseh of Judah]] (698–642 BCE) and Amon (642–640 BCE), revived idolatry, which drew down on the kingdom the anger of Yahweh. King [[Josiah]] (640–609 BCE) returned to the worship of Yahweh alone, but his efforts were too late, and Israel's unfaithfulness caused God to permit the kingdom's destruction by the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|Siege of Jerusalem (587/586 BCE)]].

It is now widely agreed among academic scholars that the [[Books of Kings]] are not an accurate portrayal of religious attitudes in Judah or Israel of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Handy |first=Lowell K. |title=The Triumph of Elohim |date=1995 |publisher=W. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-4161-2 |editor-last=Edelman |editor-first=Diana Vikander |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |page=27 |chapter=The Appearance of Pantheon in Judah |quote=It is fairly well established by now that the narrative of the book of Kings cannot be taken as an accurate reflection of the religious world of the nations of Judah and Israel.1{...}1 The historicity of certain sections of the narrative has been questioned for a long time within scholarly circles, even though the majority of the text is accepted to be historically trustworthy; this is particularly true of aspects of the depiction of the northern kingdom, Israel. |access-date=13 January 2020 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofelohimf00edel/page/26 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James Alan Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/criticalexegetic10montuoft/page/41 |title=A Critical and Exegetical Commentary of the Book of Kings |publisher=[[T&T Clark|T. & T. Clark]] |year=1951 |page=41 |quote=The remaining Prophetical Stories of the North are midrash in the current sense of the word, of dubious historical value. |author-link=James Alan Montgomery |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Nevertheless, epigraphic evidence attests to Yahweh's prominence within Judahite religion.{{sfn|Lemaire|2024|pp=44–46}}

Evidence of cannabis residues has been found on two altars in [[Tel Arad]] dating to the 8th century BC. Researchers believe that cannabis may have been used for [[Entheogenic use of cannabis|ritualistic psychoactive purposes]] in Judah.<ref name="Arad">{{cite journal |author1=Eran Arie |author2=Baruch Rosen |author3=Dvory Namdar |year=2020 |title=Cannabis and Frankincense at the Judahite Shrine of Arad |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=5–28 |doi=10.1080/03344355.2020.1732046 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Judah's traditional economy was a traditional mediterranean subsistence.{{Sfn|Finkelstein|Gadot|Langgut|2021|p=12}} The kingdom's economy transformed under Assyrian influence, shifting from subsistence farming to a system where each region focused on specific agricultural products.{{Sfn|Finkelstein|Gadot|Langgut|2021|p=12}}

The highlands west and north of Jerusalem, and likely to the south as well, were known for [[viticulture]].{{Sfn|Finkelstein|Gadot|Langgut|2021|p=12}} The Late Iron Age saw a surge in rural activity across the Soreq and Rephaim Valleys, with 65 sites identified and excavated.{{Sfn|Finkelstein|Gadot|Langgut|2021|pp=5–8, 12}} These sites formed a four-tiered hierarchy, including large administrative centers like Tel Moza, smaller villages, isolated buildings and farms, and agro-production spots like wine presses. The Nahal Shmuel area, in particular, became a key center for wine production, with 57 documented wine presses, while further north in [[Gibeon (ancient city)|Gibeon]], the largest concentration of wine storage cellars, 63 in total, was found, used for aging wine.{{Sfn|Finkelstein|Gadot|Langgut|2021|pp=5–8, 12}}

==See also==
* [[Kings of Judah]]
* [[List of artifacts in biblical archaeology]]
* [[List of Jewish states and dynasties]]
* [[United Kingdom of Israel]], the kingdom before the split
* [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]], the Northern Kingdom
* [[Hasmonean Judea]], the Second Temple-era kingdom
* [[Israel]], the modern country

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Albertz|first=Rainer|title=A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1994|orig-date=Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=PA145|isbn=978-0-664-22719-7}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Dever|first=William|title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC|isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dever|first=William|title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC|isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9}}
* {{Cite book|last= Dever|first=William|title=Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah|publisher=SBL Press|year=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mog6DwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-88414-217-1}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Dunn|editor-first1=James D.G.|editor-last2=Rogerson|editor-first2=John W.|title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA153|isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}}
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* {{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible |last=Evans |first=Paul S. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-026116-0 |pages=109–129 |editor-last=Kelle |editor-first=Brad E. |chapter=The Later Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography |editor-last2=Strawn |editor-first2=Brent A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109}}
* {{cite book |title=The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present |last=Faust |first=Avraham |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-108-66824-8 |pages=337–353 |editor-last=Yasur-Landau |editor-first=Assaf |chapter=A Social Archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah: Tenth–Sixth Centuries BCE |editor-last2=Cline |editor-first2=Eric H. |editor-last3=Rowan |editor-first3=Yorke |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/42380972}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Bible's First Kings: Uncovering the Story of Saul, David, and Solomon |last1=Faust |first1=Avraham |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2025 |isbn=978-1-009-52633-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqCu0AEACAAJ |last2=Farber |first2=Zev I.}}
* Farber Zev I. and Wright Jacob L., [https://web.archive.org/web/20250205100912/https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/9780884143482_OA.pdf Archaeology and History of Eighth-Century Judah], ANEM 23, 2018 SBL Press 2018 (from the Official [http://www.sbl-site.org SBL website])
* {{Cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|title=The Bible Unearthed|year=2002|publisher=Simon and Schuster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC|isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|last2=Mazar|first2=Amihay|last3=Schmidt|first3=Brian B.|title=The Quest for the Historical Israel|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC|isbn=978-1-58983-277-0}}
* {{cite journal |author1-first=Israel |author1-last=Finkelstein |author2-first=Yuval |author2-last=Gadot |author3-first=Dafna |author3-last=Langgut |title=The Unique Specialised Economy of Judah under Assyrian Rule and its Impact on the Material Culture of the Kingdom |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |year=2021 |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1080/00310328.2021.1949531}}
* {{cite book |title=The Archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah |last=Garfinkel |first=Yosef |publisher=SBL Press |year=2025 |isbn=978-1-62837-775-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIuaEQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Golden|first=Jonathan Michael|title=Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004a|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC|isbn=978-0-19-537985-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Golden|first=Jonathan Michael|title=Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2004b|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&pg=PA62|isbn=978-1-57607-897-6}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE |last=Hardin |first=James W. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-166254-6 |pages=743–756 |editor-last=Steiner |editor-first=Margreet L. |chapter=Judah During the Iron Age II Period |editor-last2=Killebrew |editor-first2=Ann E. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B29oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA768}}
* {{Cite book|last=Katz|first=Reinhard Gregor|title=Historical and Biblical Israel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-872877-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSXYCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Killebrew|first=Ann E.|title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC|isbn=978-1-58983-097-4}}
* {{Cite book|last1=King|first1=Philip J.|last2=Stager|first2=Lawrence E.|title=Life in Biblical Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-664-22148-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtOhypZz_pEC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kuhrt|first=Amélie|title=The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|isbn=978-0-415-16763-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC}}
* {{cite journal |title=Judahite Hebrew Epigraphy and Cult |journal=Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology |last=Lemaire |first=André |volume=7 |pages=43–72 |doi=10.52486/01.00007.3 |year=2024 |issn=2788-8819 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lemche|first=Niels Peter|title=The Israelites in History and Tradition|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-664-22727-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Levy|first=Thomas E.|title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|publisher=Continuum International Publishing|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8264-6996-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-etsKv-4V2oC}}
* {{Cite book |title=A History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Judah |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |publisher=Peeters |year=2020 |isbn=978-90-429-4212-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGy6zQEACAAJ |series=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta |volume=287}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lipschitz|first=Oded|title=The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57506-095-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C}}
* {{Cite book|last=McNutt|first=Paula|title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-664-22265-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33}}
* {{Cite book|last=Middlemas|first=Jill Anne|title=The Troubles of Templeless Judah|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-928386-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=James Maxwell|last2=Hayes|first2=John Haralson|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-664-21262-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Robert D.|title=Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8028-0988-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Megan Bishop |last2=Kelle |first2=Brad E. |title=Biblical History and Israel's Past |year=2011 |publisher=Eerdmans |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA19 |isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Literacy in the Kingdom of Judah: A Typology of Approaches and a Criticism of Quantitative Perspectives |journal=Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology |last=Richelle |first=Matthieu |volume=7 |pages=100–126 |doi=10.52486/01.00007.6 |year=2024 |issn=2788-8819 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel |last=Roberts |first=J. J. M. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-470-65677-8 |pages=197–212 |editor-last=Niditch |editor-first=Susan |chapter=The Divided Monarchy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity |last=Sergi |first=Omer |publisher=SBL Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-62837-345-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nLMEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Silberman|editor-first1=Neil Asher|editor-last2=Small|editor-first2=David B.|title=The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qX7r2lAQdFkC&pg=PA238|isbn=978-1-85075-650-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Soggin|first=Alberto J.|title=An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC|isbn=978-0-334-02788-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Van der Toorn|first=Karel|title=Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel|publisher=Brill|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC|isbn=978-90-04-10410-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zevit|first=Ziony|author-link=Ziony Zevit|title=The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches|publisher=Continuum|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db4hr55j0yYC|isbn=978-0-8264-6339-5}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Israelites}}
{{IsraeliteKings}}
{{Ancient states and regions of the Levant |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Judah, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Judah| ]]
[[Category:586 BC]]
[[Category:Ancient Israel and Judah| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Levant]]
[[Category:Books of Kings]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of West Asia]]
[[Category:History of Palestine (region)]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Political entities in the Land of Israel]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 10th century BC]]
[[Category:Jewish polities]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Tessy Thomas

2026-02-11T03:30:26Z

AliNiazOfficial: adjusted references further and added references based on references

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Indian patronymic|Tessy|Thomas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tessy Thomas
| image = Tessy thomas.png
| caption =
| office = Director General (Aeronautical Systems), [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2018|06|01|df=yes}}
| term_end = 30 April 2023
| predecessor = CP Ramnarayan
| successor = M Z Siddique
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|1963|}}
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Project director at [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
| spouse = Saroj Kumar
| children = 1
| relatives =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| known_for = [[Agni (missile)|Agni Missile]] Project Director
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Tessy Thomas '''(born April 1963) is an Indian aerospace engineer who worked on India's missile programs. She joined the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] in 1985. In 2009, she became the project director of the [[Agni-IV]] ballistic missile. She has been called India's "Missile Woman" and "Agniputri" in the media.

==Early life and education==

Thomas is from [[Alleppy]], [[Kerala]]. She completed her B.Tech at [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur|Thrissur Engineering College]]. Later, she earned an M.Tech in [[Guided Missile]] from the [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology|Institute of Armament Technology]] in [[Pune]], where she also worked as a faculty member.<ref name="IWSA"/>

==Career==

Since 1988, she has worked at the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] in [[Hyderabad]] on missile development. Her main work was designing guidance systems. She is also an expert in [[solid propellants]] used in [[Agni (missile)|Agni]] missiles.<ref name="IWSA"/>

She worked as Assistant Project Director during the successful launch of [[Agni-III]] in May 2008.<ref name="IWSA"/>

In 2009, she became the project director of the [[Agni-IV]] ballistic missile. After this appointment, the media called her India's "Missile Woman" and "Agniputri."<ref name="thbl">{{cite news |author=M Somasekhar |title=Tessy Thomas elevated as D-G Aero of DRDO |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/tessy-thomas-elevated-as-d-g-aero-of-drdo/article24022280.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=29 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is married to Saroj Kumar, a commander in the [[Indian Navy]] and they have a son.<ref name="IWSA">{{cite journal|date=September 2008|title=Meet India's "Missile Woman".|url=http://www.iwsa.net/BullJan09final.pdf|journal=IWSA Newsletter|volume=34|issue=3|access-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917090903/http://www.iwsa.net/BullJan09final.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Awards==
Thomas received the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award]] for her contribution for making [[India]] self-reliant in the field of [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|missile technology]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Scientist honoured for work on Agni missile tech|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/features/scientist-honoured-for-workagni-missile-tech_764008.html|access-date=2 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Missile woman' Tessy Thomas conferred Shastri award|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/missile-woman-tessy-thomas-conferred-shastri-award-476024.html|access-date=2 October 2012|date=October 2, 2012}}</ref>

She was also the recipient of the Dr Thomas Cangan Leadership Award at the [[Faculty of Management Studies – Institute of Rural Management, Jaipur (FMS-IRM)]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=6th Thought Leadership Lecture Series at FMS-IRM |url=https://www.iirm.ac.in/event/5 |website=The Faculty of Management Studies, Institute of Rural Management |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

Thomas won 'Woman pioneer of the year' award at ETPrime Women Leadership Awards 2023 which was held in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ETPWLA 2023: Dr. Tessy Thomas wins Woman Pioneer Award at ETPrime Women Leadership Awards 2023 | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=16 August 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/etpwla-2023-dr-tessy-thomas-wins-woman-pioneer-award-at-etprime-women-leadership-awards-2023/articleshow/102774976.cms?from=mdr | last1=Banerjee | first1=Sanhati }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch ETPWLA 2023: Celebrating excellence in women leadership |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/spotlight/etpwla2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=TPWLA 2023: Grand Felicitation Ceremony of ETPrime Women Leadership Awards to be held on August 4 | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=31 July 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/etpwla-2023-grand-felicitation-ceremony-of-etprime-women-leadership-awards-to-be-held-on-august-4/articleshow/102281109.cms?from=mdr | last1=Banerjee | first1=Sanhati | last2=Pema | first2=Tenzin }}</ref> The same year, she became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

== Publications ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Tessy|date=2005-07-01|title=Guidance Scheme for Solid Propelled Vehicle during Atmospheric Phase|journal=Defence Science Journal|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=253–264|doi=10.14429/dsj.55.1987|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.12783/ballistics2017/16878 |chapter=Prediction of Real Gas and Non-Equilibrium Effects in the Gas Dynamics of Canister Launch Missile |title=30th International Symposium on Ballistics |year=2017 |last1=Sudhakar |first1=R. |last2=Venkanna |first2=M. |last3=Rao |first3=B. V. Papa |last4=Thomas |first4=Tessy |isbn=978-1-60595-419-6 }}
* {{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1413260295}} |last1=Thomas |first1=Tessy |last2=Jahagirdar |first2=D R |last3=Krishna |first3=I V Murali |last4=Varaprasad |first4=L. |title=Online Trajectory Reshaping for a Launch Vehicle to Minimize the Final Error Caused by Navigation and Guidance |journal=Defence Science Journal |location=New Delhi |volume=63 |issue=3 |date=May 2013 |pages=254–261 |doi=10.14429/dsj.63.2414 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.12783/ballistics2017/16860 |chapter=Developmental Challenges during Realization of High Progressivity Rocket Motor |title=30th International Symposium on Ballistics |year=2017 |last1=Ghogale |first1=Shrikant |last2=Venkanna |first2=M. |last3=Rao |first3=B.V. Papa |last4=Thomas |first4=Tessy |isbn=978-1-60595-419-6 }}

==See also==

*[[Agni (missile)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVDDzOqXFw4 TV News Interview with Tessy Thomas]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Tessy}}
[[Category:Engineers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:Government Engineering College, Thrissur alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century women engineers]]

Charr (clan)

2026-02-06T12:33:50Z

AliNiazOfficial: Made Details.

{{Short description|Clan of the Gurjars of India and Pakistan}}
'''Charr''', (or '''Charrh''', '''Char'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Magray |first=Mohammed Bashir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribal Geography of India Jammu and Kashmir |date=2003 |publisher=Oberoi Book Service |pages=58 |language=en |quote=In Jammu and Kashmir important castes and Gotars of Gujjars in the district are Kassana, '''Charr''', Khari, Bajarr, Bajran, Ladi, Checki, Doi, Tass, Bhatti, Tienda, Kataria, Poswal, Chauhan, Gorsi, Lassana, Khatana, etc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ52EAAAQBAJ&dq=charr+gujjar&pg=PA316 |title=The Gujjars Vol:05 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi -Book Series on Gujjar History and Culture |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, Languages, Jammu |pages=316 |language=en |quote=The Gujjars are an ancient element in Poonch district where they still account for about 45% of the population of the district and 18% of the total Gujjar population of the State. The important castes and Gotars in the district are Kassana, Khari, ''Charr'', Bajarr, Bajran, Ladi, Checki, Doi, Tass, Bhatti, Tienda, Kataria, Poswal, Chauhan, Gorsi, Lassana, Khatana, etc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Otppyf6MbxgC&q=Gujjar+clan+char&pg=PA110 |title=The World of Nomads |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-051-6 |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKsqzB4P1ioC&q=Gujjar+clan+char&pg=PA406 |title=Rajasthan (2 pts.) |date=1998 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-766-1 |pages=406 |language=en}}</ref>) is a sub-clan of [[Gurjar]] ethnic group of India, [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].

In eastern [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], Charr are also one of the sub-clans of the [[Laur (clan)|Laur]] subgroup of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] Gurjars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=U. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7YtAAAAMAAJ&q=Laur+Branch |title=Folkways in Rajasthan |date=1986 |publisher=Folklorists |isbn=978-81-85129-00-6 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=The Laur branch of the Gujars in the Jaipur region has more than twenty minor groups namely Bagarwal, Badana, Betan, ''Char'' (''Charr''), Chechi, Chesat, Dhakar, Deorata, Doi, Kasana, Koli, Khatana, Kanaks, Mokar, Mootan, Mawai, Nekari, Chandela, Tanwar.}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==

They are inhabitants of [[Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and [[Islamabad]] areas of Pakistan. They are also located in [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&q=Char&pg=PA446 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern |date=2008 |publisher=Kalpaz Publisher |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |pages=447 |language=en |quote=Gujar sections: '''''Char''''', Nabha Char, Gujarat, Kaithal, Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur (Punjab).}}</ref> [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India]],<ref name=":1" /> [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Delhi|Dehli]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name=":0" /> regions of north [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Gurjar clans}}

[[Category:Gurjar clans of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Gurjar clans of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]

{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}
{{India-ethno-stub}}

C. Anandharamakrishnan

2026-02-06T06:10:50Z

AliNiazOfficial: Made A Info.

{{short description|Indian scientist and academician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = C. Anandharamakrishnan
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Director CSIR-NIIST.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| caption = Anandharamakrishnan in 2023
| native_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Loughborough University]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Alagappa College of Technology]], [[Anna University]]
| occupation = Director, [[National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]], (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram,

Former Director (Additional Charge), CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur,

Former Director, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Thanjavur (Formerly IIFPT),

Senior principal scientist, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru.
| known_for = Research in Food Engineering, Artificial Human digestive system for glycemic index studies, Food nanotechnology and 3D food printing
| website = [http://www.anandharamakrishnan.com www.anandharamakrishnan.com]
}}

'''Anandharamakrishnan Chinnaswamy''', commonly referred as '''Anandharamakrishnan''' is an Indian scientist and academician, having expertise in [[Chemical Engineering]] and [[Food processing]]. He is working as director of [[National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]], (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. He also served as the Director of CSIR- [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute]] (CSIR- NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra (December 31, 2024 to January 30, 2025). Earlier, he served as director of [[National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur]] (NIFTEM-T) (Formerly known as [[Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology]] (IIFPT), [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] during the period April 2022 – November 2022 and as chief scientist at the CSIR - [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]] (CFTRI), [[Mysuru]], Karnataka.

In the first edition of the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar, Dr. Anandharamakrishnan was honoured with the [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar|Vigyan Shri]] Award, one of four prestigious categories, in recognition of his significant contributions to the field of food and agricultural processing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India presents Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar –2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2047748}}</ref>

"The award would inspire me and my team in NIIST to make more meaningful contributions for the further advancement of science in India, and also for the benefit of society at large. We will strive to ensure that our research efforts have industrial relevance and are relevant for farmers and entrepreneurs as well," he said.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSIR-NIIST Director receives Rashtriya Vigyan Shri Award from President |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 August 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/csir-niist-director-receives-rashtriya-vigyan-shri-award-from-president/article68554367.ece}}</ref>

==Education and professional career==
Anandharamakrishnan completed his bachelor's degree (BTech) in [[chemical engineering]] (1990–94) and master's degree (MTech) 1994-1996 batch from [[Alagappa College of Technology]], [[Anna University]], India. He got scholarship under [[Commonwealth Scholarship]] programme of United Kingdom for pursuing PhD in chemical engineering at [[Loughborough University]], [[United Kingdom]], for his work on 'Experimental and [[Computational Fluid Dynamics]] Studies on Spray freeze-drying and Spray-drying of Proteins'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifpt.edu.in/pages/director.html|title=Director|website=iifpt.edu.in|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153831/http://www.iifpt.edu.in/pages/director.html}}</ref> He started his career as scientist at Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru from the year 1999 and became principal scientist in the year 2010. He then joined as director, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur in the year 2016. During his tenure as director, IIFPT has attained [[Institute of National Importance]] status by The National Institutes of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Act 2021 and subsequently IIFPT is renamed as National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM)Thanjavur.<ref>{{cite web|title= NIFTEM Act 2021|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_parliament/2021/The%20National%20Institutes%20of%20Food%20Technology,%20Entrepreneurship%20and%20Management%20Act,%202021.pdf|access-date=23 Oct 2021}}</ref> From November 2022, he is serving as director of [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] (NIIST), [[Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Business Line News |date=11 November 2022 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/c-anandharamakrishnan-takes-over-as-director-csir-niist/article66123699.ece|access-date=15 Nov 2022}}</ref> His research endeavors are well documented in peer reviewed reputed international scientific journals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=ePKi20oAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> He has two International patents, seven Indian patents and authored six books. He is ranked among the top 2 percentile of the scientist working in food science and technology as per the career long data updated to end-of-2020 published by [[Elsevier]] BV and [[Stanford University]]<ref name="August 2021 science-wide author databases">{{cite journal |author1=Jeroen Baas |last2=Boyack |first2=Kevin |last3=Ioannidis |first3=John P. A. |title=August 2021 data-update for 'Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators' |journal=Elsevier Data Repository |date=2021 |volume=3 |publisher=Elsevier BV |doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.3 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Anandharamakrishnan is known for his pioneering research works in the field of [[Food processing]] with special focus on [[Food Engineering]], Food [[nanotechnology]], Engineered human digestive systems and Food [[3D printing]]. His works also spanned across inter-disciplinary fields such as food industry waste utilisation, food processing equipment design, novel food matrix development for [[drug delivery]] and [[functional food]]s.

===Engineered human stomach and small intestinal system===
Anandharamakrishnan has developed engineered human stomach and small intestine dynamic digestive system called ARK® to study the digestion and absorption behaviour of the foods in human stomach. This ARK® system is designed to study the particle breakdown and digestive pattern of the cooked white rice in our alimentary canal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ranganathan |first1=Saranya |last2=Vasikaran |first2=Evanjalin Monica |last3=Elumalai |first3=Arunkumar |last4=Moses |first4=Jeyan A. |last5=Anandharamakrishnan |first5=Chinnaswamy |title=Gastric emptying pattern and disintegration kinetics of cooked rice in a 3D printed in vitro dynamic digestion model ARK ® |journal=International Journal of Food Engineering |date=24 May 2021 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=385–393 |doi=10.1515/ijfe-2020-0159 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref> This ARK® system simulates the physiological conditions of small intestine and records the level of absorption of micro nutrients and nanoformulated bioactive compounds present in foods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parthasarathi |first1=S. |last2=Bhushani |first2=J. Anu |last3=Anandharamakrishnan |first3=C. |title=Engineered small intestinal system as an alternative to in-situ intestinal permeability model |journal=Journal of Food Engineering |date=April 2018 |volume=222 |pages=110–114 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.11.019 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref> This information is useful in the development of functional food and supplements. Recently, this ARK® system has been used to predict the glycemic response curve similar to that of in-vivo human blood glucose level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Priyadarshini |first1=S.R. |last2=Arunkumar |first2=Elumalai |last3=Moses |first3=J.A. |last4=Anandharamakrishnan |first4=C. |title=Predicting human glucose response curve using an engineered small intestine system in combination with mathematical modeling |journal=Journal of Food Engineering |date=March 2021 |volume=293 |article-number=110395 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110395 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref>

===3D food printing===
Anandharamakrishnan's research contributions are transforming food processing sector through multidimensional (3D / 4D) food printing. He has custom built in-house designed 3D food printer which could print wide range of food materials from semi-solid paste to hydrogels. He is credited with India's first publication on 3D<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anukiruthika |first1=T. |last2=Moses |first2=J.A. |last3=Anandharamakrishnan |first3=C. |title=3D printing of egg yolk and white with rice flour blends |journal=Journal of Food Engineering |date=January 2020 |volume=265 |article-number=109691 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109691 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref> and 4D food printing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shanthamma |first1=S |last2=Preethi |first2=R. |last3=Moses |first3=J. A. |last4=Anandharamakrishnan |first4=C. |title=4D Printing of Sago Starch with Turmeric Blends: A Study on pH-Triggered Spontaneous Color Transformation |journal=ACS Food Science & Technology |date=21 May 2021 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=669–679 |doi=10.1021/acsfoodscitech.0c00151 |bibcode=2021AFST....1..669S }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref> Some of the novel printed food products are: Designer 3D printed egg, Customized and personalized delivery of curcumin through spontaneous color transformation of sago constructs using 4D food printing technology, Fiber and protein enriched personalized 3D printed snack from indigenous millets, pulses,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnaraj |first1=Prithvika |last2=Anukiruthika |first2=T. |last3=Choudhary |first3=Pintu |last4=Moses |first4=J. A. |last5=Anandharamakrishnan |first5=C. |title=3D Extrusion Printing and Post-Processing of Fibre-Rich Snack from Indigenous Composite Flour |journal=Food and Bioprocess Technology |date=October 2019 |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1776–1786 |doi=10.1007/s11947-019-02336-5 }}</ref> mushroom.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keerthana |first1=K. |last2=Anukiruthika |first2=T. |last3=Moses |first3=J.A. |last4=Anandharamakrishnan |first4=C. |title=Development of fiber-enriched 3D printed snacks from alternative foods: A study on button mushroom |journal=Journal of Food Engineering |date=December 2020 |volume=287 |article-number=110116 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110116 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref> His researches have been focused on efficient utilization of milling fractions of rice using 3D printing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theagarajan |first1=Radhika |last2=Moses |first2=J. A. |last3=Anandharamakrishnan |first3=C. |title=3D Extrusion Printability of Rice Starch and Optimization of Process Variables |journal=Food and Bioprocess Technology |date=June 2020 |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1048–1062 |doi=10.1007/s11947-020-02453-6 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref> 3D printed functional cookies from valorization of food waste,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jagadiswaran |first1=Bhagya |last2=Alagarasan |first2=Vishvaa |last3=Palanivelu |first3=Priyadharshini |last4=Theagarajan |first4=Radhika |last5=Moses |first5=J.A. |last6=Anandharamakrishnan |first6=C. |title=Valorization of food industry waste and by-products using 3D printing: A study on the development of value-added functional cookies |journal=Future Foods |date=December 2021 |volume=4 |article-number=100036 |doi=10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100036 |doi-access=free }}</ref> towards development of sustainable foods of future. Also to promote health through 3D printed probiotic snack to improve the gut health,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoha |first1=Kandasamy Suppiramaniam |last2=Anukiruthika |first2=Thangarasu |last3=Anila |first3=Wilson |last4=Moses |first4=Jeyan Arthur |last5=Anandharamakrishnan |first5=Chinnaswamy |title=3D printing of encapsulated probiotics: Effect of different post-processing methods on the stability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (NCIM 2083) under static in vitro digestion conditions and during storage |journal=LWT |date=July 2021 |volume=146 |article-number=111461 |doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111461 }}</ref> 3D printed chicken nuggets – a customized snack with enrichment of dietary fiber to combat lifestyle disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Anila |last2=Anukiruthika |first2=T. |last3=Moses |first3=J. A. |last4=Anandharamakrishnan |first4=C. |title=Customized Shapes for Chicken Meat–Based Products: Feasibility Study on 3D-Printed Nuggets |journal=Food and Bioprocess Technology |date=November 2020 |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1968–1983 |doi=10.1007/s11947-020-02537-3 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Anila |last2=Anukiruthika |first2=T |last3=Moses |first3=J.A |last4=Anandharamakrishnan |first4=C. |title=Preparation of Fiber-enriched Chicken Meat Constructs Using 3D Printing |journal=Journal of Culinary Science & Technology |date=2 January 2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=127–138 |doi=10.1080/15428052.2021.1901817 }}</ref> Customized 3D printed biodegradable food package from agricultural biomass,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nida |first1=Sundus |last2=Anukiruthika |first2=T. |last3=Moses |first3=J. A. |last4=Anandharamakrishnan |first4=C. |title=3D Printing of Grinding and Milling Fractions of Rice Husk |journal=Waste and Biomass Valorization |date=January 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1007/s12649-020-01000-w |bibcode=2021WBioV..12...81N }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref> suitable alternative for petroleum-based food packing materials is also accounted to his reach accomplishments.

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Vigyan Shri.jpg|center|thumb|400x400px|Dr.C.Anandharamakrishnan receiving [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar|Vigyan Shri Award]] from President [[Droupadi Murmu]] in August 2024]]

=== Awards and honors ===

* Vigyan Shri Award under [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]] scheme (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) - 2024: Final List of Awardees |url=https://awards.gov.in/Home/GoToIndex?filename=Award%2FCommunication%2F202488013634H24ZU2.pdf|website=awards.gov.in |publisher=CASU, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar: Chandrayaan-3 team and 32 others selected for first ever edition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar-chandrayaan-3-team-and-32-others-selected-for-first-ever-edition-here-is-full-list/articleshow/112349033.cms?from=mdr |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com | date=7 August 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>
* TATA Transformation Prize, Instituted by [[New York Academy of Sciences]] and [[Tata Sons|TATA Sons]] (2024), under the theme Food Security<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Tata Transformation Prize - NYAS |url=https://www.nyas.org/shaping-science/awards/tata-transformation-prize/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ICAR-Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award for Outstanding Research in Agricultural Sciences- 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICAR Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award |url=https://www.icar.org.in/sites/default/files/ICAR_Citations_final_2020_Low_0.pdf#overlay-context=content/icar-awardees |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>
* Tata Innovation Fellowship (DBT, Govt. of India) 2019-20<ref>{{Cite web |title=DBT - Tata Innovation Fellowship |url=http://dbtindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/Selected%20Tata%20Innovation%20Fellows%202019-20.pdf |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>
* NASI [[Reliance Industries]] Platinum Jubilee Award (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/ripja.htm |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>
* National Design Award in Environmental Engineering (2019)<ref>{{Cite web| title= National Design Award|url=https://ndrf.res.in/doc/NDA2019.pdf|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>
* All India Food Processors Association (AIFPA) Special Platinum Jubilee Award (2018)<ref>{{Cite web| title= All India Food Processors Association Special Platinum Jubilee Award |url=http://iifpt.edu.in/director.php|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>
* Alkyl Amines [[Padma Bhushan]] Prof. B.D. Tilak CHEMCON Distinguished Speaker Award (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Bhushan Prof. B.D. Tilak CHEMCON Distinguished Speaker Award 2016 |url=http://iifpt.edu.in/director.php |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>

=== Election to prestigious international academies ===
* Fellow of [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] (RSC) (2016)
* Fellow of [[Royal Society of Biology]] (RSB)

=== Election to prestigious national academies ===

* Fellow of National Academy of Sciences (NASc) (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Sciences India Annual Report 2019-20 |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/AR-2019-20%20NASI%20Engl.pdf |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>
* Fellow of [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (NAAS) (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences |url=http://iifpt.edu.in/director.php |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>
* Fellow of Indian Chemical Society (FICS)
* Fellow of Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India) AFST(I) (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellow of AFSTi |url=https://www.afsti.org/awards-detail#:~:text=AFST%20%28I%29-FSSAI%20Award-2019.%20For%20contributions%20in%20the%20field,contributions%20in%20the%20field%20the%20of%20Food%20Safety. |access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref>
* Fellow of Kerala Academy of Science (2023)<ref>CSIR NIIST-KAS.pdf</ref>

=== Other notable recognitions ===
* Listed on the 2025 [[Asian Scientist 100]] by ''[[Asian Scientist]]''
* Ranked as Top 2 percentile of the scientist working in Food Science by [[Elsevier]] BV and [[Stanford University]]<ref name="August 2021 science-wide author databases"/>
* Ranked #1 among the Highly Ranked Scholars by ScholarGPS in the field of Food Engineering in Prior Five Years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food engineering {{!}} Specialty Profiles and Rankings |url=https://scholargps.com/specialties/37442455841228/food-engineering |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=ScholarGPS}}</ref>

==Books==

=== Authored Books ===
* {{cite book |last1=Anandharamakrishnan |first1=C. |last2=Moses |first2=Jeyan A. |last3=Anukiruthika |first3=T. |title=3D Printing of Foods |date=2022 |doi=10.1002/9781119669838 |isbn=978-1-119-66982-1 }}
* Anandharamakrishnan'''.''' C, Jeyan A. Moses, S. Priyanka, Food digestion and absorption: Its role in food product development. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023.
* {{cite book |last1=Anandharamakrishnan |first1=C. |last2=Ishwarya |first2=S. Padma |title=Essentials and Applications of Food Engineering |date=2019 |doi=10.1201/9780429430244 |isbn=978-0-429-43024-4 }}
* {{cite book |title=Techniques for Nanoencapsulation of Food Ingredients |series=SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition |date=2014 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-9387-7 |isbn=978-1-4614-9386-0 |editor1-first=C. |editor1-last=Anandharamakrishnan }}
* {{cite book |last1=Anandharamakrishnan |first1=C. |title=Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Food Processing |date=2013 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-7990-1 |isbn=978-1-4614-7989-5 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Anandharamakrishnan |first1=C. |title=Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Food Processing |date=2013 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-7990-1 |isbn=978-1-4614-7989-5 }}

=== Edited Books ===
* {{cite book |title=Utilizing Microfluidics in the Food Industry |date=2025 |doi=10.1016/C2022-0-02046-8 |isbn=978-0-443-13453-1 |editor1-first=C. |editor1-last=Anandharamakrishnan |editor2-first=Jeyan Arthur |editor2-last=Moses |editor3-first=Pramila |editor3-last=Murugesan |editor4-first=M. Maria |editor4-last=Leena }}
* {{cite book |title=Conductive Hydro Drying of Foods |date=2025 |doi=10.1016/C2021-0-02586-4 |isbn=978-0-323-95602-4 |editor1-first=C. |editor1-last=Anandharamakrishnan |editor2-first=Jeyan Arthur |editor2-last=Moses |editor3-first=K. S. |editor3-last=Yoha }}
* Anandharamakrishnan, C., & Subramanian, P. (Eds.). Industrial Application of Functional Foods, Ingredients and Nutraceuticals: Extraction, Processing and Formulation of Bioactive Compounds. Academic Press, 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Industrial Application of Functional Foods, Ingredients and Nutraceuticals |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128243121/industrial-application-of-functional-foods-ingredients-and-nutraceuticals |access-date=2024-08-13 |isbn=978-0-12-824312-1 |language=en |last1=Anandharamakrishnan |first1=C. |last2=Subramanian |first2=Parthasarathi |date=15 March 2023 |publisher=Elsevier Science }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Anandharamakrishnan |first1=C. |last2=Sinija |first2=V. R. |last3=Mahendran |first3=R. |title=Non-Thermal Technologies for the Food Industry |date=2024 |doi=10.1201/9781003359302 |isbn=978-1-003-35930-2 }}
* Anandharamakrishnan'''.''' C, Jeyan A. Moses. (Eds), Emerging Technologies for the Food Industry, Volume 1- Fundamentals of Food Processing Technology. Apple Academic Press, 2024.
* Anandharamakrishnan'''.''' C, Jeyan A. Moses. (Eds), Emerging Technologies for the Food Industry, Volume 2- Advances in Non thermal Processing Technologies. Apple Academic Press, 2024.
* Anandharamakrishnan'''.''' C, Jeyan A. Moses. (Eds), Emerging Technologies for the Food Industry, Volume 3- ICT Applications and Future Trends in Food Processing. Apple Academic Press, 2024.
* {{cite book |title=Liposomal Encapsulation in Food Science and Technology |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/C2020-0-01138-2 |isbn=978-0-12-823935-3 |editor1-first=C. |editor1-last=Anandharamakrishnan |editor2-first=Sayantani |editor2-last=Dutta }}
* {{cite book |editor-first1=C. |editor-first2=Ashish |editor-first3=C. K. |editor-last1=Anandharamakrishnan |editor-last2=Rawson |editor-last3=Sunil |title=Handbook of Millets - Processing, Quality, and Nutrition Status |date=2022 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-7224-8 |isbn=978-981-16-7223-1 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first1=C. |editor-first2=S. |editor-last1=Anandharamakrishnan |editor-last2=Parthasarathi |title=Food Nanotechnology |date=2019 |doi=10.1201/9781315153872 |isbn=978-1-315-15387-2 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first1=C. |editor-last1=Anandharamakrishnan |title=Handbook of Drying for Dairy Products |date=2017 |doi=10.1002/9781118930526 |isbn=978-1-118-93049-6 }}

==References==

<references />

== External links ==

* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=ePKi20oAAAAJ&hl=en Dr. Anandharamakrishnan] research publications indexed by Google scholar.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anandharamakrishnan, C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Loughborough University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Biocon Hebbagodi metro station

2026-02-05T04:16:56Z

AliNiazOfficial: Made A Article

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Yellow Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Biocon Hebbagodi
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| image = Biocon Hebbagodi metro station (July '25) - 1.jpg
| caption = This metro station as of July 2025
| address = Veerasandra, Hebbagodi, Bommasandra, Karnataka 560099
| coordinates = {{coord|12.82909|77.68133|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Namma Metro]]
| operator = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| lines = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| architect = ITD - ITD Cementation India [[Joint Venture|JV]]
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road}} Platform-2 → [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
| tracks = 2
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking = Two-Wheeler Parking Only
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational and Staffed
| code = HBGI
| opened = {{start date and age|10 August 2025|df=y}}
| opening =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| former = Hebbagodi
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Yellow|left=Huskur Road|to-left=Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road|right=Delta Electronics Bommasandra|to-right=Delta Electronics Bommasandra}}
| route_map = {{BMR Yellow Line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Biocon Hebbagodi''' (formerly called as '''Hebbagodi''') is an elevated metro station on the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Namma Metro]] serving the [[Hebbagodi]] suburban area of [[Bengaluru]].[[File:Hebbagodi Depot (July 2025).jpg|left|thumb|The main Hebbagodi depot for the maintenance of all [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] trainsets]]
Adjoining the station is the depot for the maintenance of all Yellow Line Namma Metro trains.

== History ==
In December 2016, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) issued a call for bids to construct the Hebbagodi metro station along the 6.418 km Reach 5 – Package 1 section (Bommasandra - Hosa Road) of the 18.825 km Yellow Line of Namma Metro. On 25 March 2017, ITD-ITD Cementation [[Joint venture|JV]] was selected as the lowest bidder for this stretch, with their bid closely aligning with the original cost estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-25 |title=ITD-ITD Cem JV Lowest Bidder for B'lore Metro's Bomasandra-HosaRd |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2017/03/25/itd-itd-cem-jv-lowest-bidder-for-blore-metros-bommasandra-hosard/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, the contract was successfully awarded to the company, which then commenced construction of the metro station in accordance with the agreements. In 2020, [[Biocon]] Group signed an agreement with the [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd|BMRCL]] to contribute {{INR}}65 crore towards the construction of the metro station and donated land worth {{INR}}30 crore for the project. Consequently, Biocon obtained the [[naming rights]] for the station for 30 years, and the station was renamed from Hebbagodi to Biocon Hebbagodi.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2024 |title='Biocon Hebbagodi' station name to remain same: BMRCL MD |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/11/biocon-hebbagodi-station-name-to-remain-same-bmrcl-md-2649864.html |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biocon to fund Hebbagodi metro station |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/biocon-to-fund-hebbagodi-metro-station-899391.html |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] began operations from 10 August 2025 and has been officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], with four trainsets which are ready for operations after arriving from [[Titagarh Rail Systems]] in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anupriya |date=2025-08-10 |title=As PM Narendra Modi Inaugurates Namma Metro Yellow Line, Here’s All About This New Route |url=https://curlytales.com/india/ct-scoop/as-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-namma-metro-yellow-line-heres-all-about-this-new-route/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-03 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Bengaluru metro Yellow Line, launch Phase-3 expansion on August 10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pm-modi-inaugurate-bengaluru-metro-yellow-line-august-10-10166672/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Yellow Line Updates, Metro Delay Bengaluru: Yellow Line Launch Pushed to July-End Amid Snags {{!}} Bengaluru Metro News |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/yellow-line-delayed-again-won-t-open-before-july-end-3558406 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Bengaluru's Yellow Line Metro faces further delay, unlikely to open before July-end: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengalurus-yellow-line-metro-faces-further-delay-unlikely-to-open-before-july-end-report-101748327183616.html |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-06 |title=Bengaluru Namma Metro Update: Yellow Line Operations To Start In June {{!}} Check Status, Key Stations |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bengaluru-namma-metro-update-yellow-line-operations-to-start-in-june-check-status-key-stations-10228542 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Bengaluru Metro Yellow Line: Operations To Start By June? Check Current Status & Key Stations |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bangalore-metro-yellow-line-operations-to-start-in-june-check-current-status-and-key-stations-article-151355237 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parangi |first=Shankrappa |date=2025-04-06 |title=Namma Metro Yellow line: ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ಅಂತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ 3ನೇ ರೈಲು, ಹಳದಿ ಮಾರ್ಗ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಚರಣೆ ಅಪ್ಡೇಟ್ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-yellow-line-to-be-open-by-june-july-2025-407879.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=kannada.oneindia.com |language=kn}}</ref> The opening was delayed from May 2025 as previously announced by the [[Namma Metro]] Managing Director, Maheshwar Rao.<ref name=":522">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Bengaluru Metro Yellow Line To Become Operational By May 2025, Pink Line To Be Ready For Public Use By... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bangalore-metro-news-namma-metro-yello-line-and-pink-line-to-open-by-this-month-see-namma-metro-line-opening-news-article-118870216 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro Yellow Line From RV Road To Bommasandra, Connecting Electronics City, Set To Open By May 2025 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bengaluru-namma-metro-yellow-line-rv-road-to-bommasandra-connecting-electronics-city-set-to-open-by-may-2025-10222975 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro plans to open yellow line in April with 4 trains, 30-min headway |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-plans-to-open-yellow-line-in-april-with-4-trains-30-min-headway-3343856 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Biocon Hebbagodi track layout
| title color = black
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Huskur Road}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Huskur Road}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== Gallery ==
Here are some of the metro station captures shown below:-<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="125" widths="200">
File:Hebbagodi metro station (Jul '23).jpg|This metro station {{Abbr|U/C|Under Construction}} as of July 2023
File:Biocon Hebbagodi metro station (Apr '24).jpg|Installation of the station name board as of April 2024
File:Biocon Hebbagodi metro station (July '25) - 2.jpg|Fully constructed metro station as of July 2025
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Bengaluru]]
* [[List of Namma Metro stations]]
* [[Transport in Bengaluru]]

{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==

* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
{{Namma Metro|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

Gainsari Assembly constituency

2026-02-01T15:23:50Z

AliNiazOfficial:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gainsari
| map_image = 292-Gainsari.svg
| mla = [[Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rakesh Kumar Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,65,598
| constituency_no = 292
}}
'''Gainsari''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Gainsari]] in the [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/uttar-pradesh/gainsari-constituency.html|title=Gainsari Assembly constituency Map, Gainsari Election 2017 Results|website=mapsofindia.com |access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

Gainsari is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 292 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''[[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] candidate '''Shailesh Kumar Singh''' by a margin of 5,837 votes.<ref name="election2022">{{cite news |title=Gainsari Assembly Elections Results 2022 News In Hindi |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/constituencies/gainsari-292 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. B. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan=2|Vijay Pal Singh
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Vindu Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Aqbal Husain
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Arun Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Aqbal Husain
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Vindu Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Vindu Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Alauddin Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Shailesh Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
|[[Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rakesh Kumar Yadav]]
|-
|}
^By Election

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Gainsari<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Gainsari">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Gainsari |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S24292.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807154604/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S24292.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rakesh Kumar Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 87,120
|percentage = 46.76
|change = {{increase}}7.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shailesh Kumar Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=77,683|percentage=41.7|change={{increase}}5.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Haris Khan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=16,983|percentage=9.12|change={{decrease}}7.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,364|percentage=0.73|change={{decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,437|percentage=5.06|change={{increase}}1.99}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,86,304|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gainsari]]<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:75345}}
|percentage = 39.68
|change = +16.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69508}}
|percentage = 36.61
|change = +8.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Alauddin Khan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31914}}
|percentage = 16.81
|change = -10.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ishtiyaq Ahmed Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:3984}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shahabuddin
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:3398}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change = +0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1744}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5837}}
|percentage = 3.07
|change = +1.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189885}}
|percentage = 51.94
|change = -4.13
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gainsari<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:55716}}
|percentage = 28.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Alauddin
|votes = {{formatnum:53413}}
|percentage = 27.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:46378}}
|percentage = 23.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anurag
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:27652}}
|percentage = 14.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Manzoor Alam Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:3160}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1914}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2303}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196103}}
|percentage = 56.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.53|82.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Kolkata railway station

2026-01-30T14:06:19Z

AliNiazOfficial:

{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kolkata
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| type = [[Indian Railways]] and [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = File:Kolkata Railway Station (KOAA) 01.jpg
| image_caption = Kolkata station
| address = [[Belgachia]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] - 700037
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6012775|N|88.3841474|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|9|m|ft}}
| line = [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Kolkata Circular line]]
| other = * {{ric|Kolkata Metro|blue}} [[Belgachia metro station|Belgachia]]
* {{rint|kolkata|bus}} Kolkata Station
* {{rint|kolkata|bus}} RG Kar Hospital
* Taxi Stand
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 5
| tracks = 8
| parking = {{color|green|Available}} {{rint|parking}}
| bicycle = {{color|green|Available}} {{rint|bicycle}}
| opened = {{start date and age|2006}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2014
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = Yes {{rint|wheelchair}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KOAA
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| former =Chitpur Central
| passengers = {{lakh|6}} daily
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|left=Patipukur|right=Tala|line=Circular}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Kolkata Circular Railway routemap}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Kolkata railway station''' ('''KOAA''') is the one of the large intercity railway stations serving [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] in West Bengal, India. The others are [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]], [[Howrah Junction|Howrah]], [[Shalimar station|Shalimar]], {{rws|Dankuni}} and {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}. It is situated in the [[Belgachia]] locality of [[North Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/7037?|title = Kolkata Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-gets-terminal-at-chitpur/articleshow/38702420.cms|title=Kolkata gets terminal at Chitpur|publisher=The Times of India|date=27 Feb 2003|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kolkata_railway_station_known_as_Chitpur_terminals_in_Kolkata_15.jpg|thumb|Kolkata railway station known full view]]
The place where the station is situated was formerly a large goods yard. The present car and bus parking areas, as well as the path to the station, formed part of a coal loading yard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/TenderDetails_cpp.jsp?T_ID=5736&lang=0&id=0,3 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The present-day platforms were once used as goods lines and formed part of the large Chitpur Rail Yard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=Kolkata Railway Station To Transform Into An Economic Hub Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/kolkata-railway-station-to-transform-into-an-economic-hub-soon-article-107714571 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

===Plan & location===
In 2000, the first plans were made to use this area as a railway station, since the rapid growth of long-distance passengers was overcrowding the [[Sealdah]] station. Due to limitations of space, new platform construction is restricted at Sealdah. Two new platforms (9A & 9B) constructed between 2004 and 2005 proved insufficient. Due to its central position in Kolkata, the Sealdah station is too busy for suburban train traffic. To overcome this problem, Eastern Railways suggested constructing another large railway station in Kolkata, to cater mostly to long-distance trains. The decision to build a terminal at Chitpur came after a lot of deliberation and a process of elimination. Different locations were suggested for the station site. Three years ago{{When|date=March 2017}}, {{stnlnk|Majerhat}} was suggested as a possible location. The idea was shelved owing to technical difficulties involving the construction of a bridge over the Hooghly river from Bauria to Budge Budge. Then there was Shalimar, in Howrah district, which was already a goods terminal operating under the South Eastern Railway. In fact, a passenger service on a trial basis was also started from there through two pairs of trains. But the project could not take off owing to certain problems relating to infrastructure and the considerable distance of the terminal from Kolkata proper. Chitpur was decided upon finally and approved by the Railway Ministry in 2003–04. Certain inherent advantages helped in the selection of this place. Other than being located in the heart of Kolkata, Chitpur has already functioned as an important rail yard for around a century. Moreover, unlike in the case of Majerhat and Shalimar, the huge property in and around the place belongs to the Railways. The proposal has been accepted by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA), and on 15 May 2003, West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee laid the foundation stone for the project.

===Construction history===
Construction started in 2004. The tracks from the coal-yard were closed first, and then a large portion of electrified goods tracks were shut down. Those tracks, masts and wires were demolished. Next, the Dumdum–Majherhat link rail line's ([[Kolkata Circular Railway]]) track was temporarily re-aligned. This action permitted the construction of platforms, station buildings and a parking area to begin. After construction was completed, the circular rail tracks were aligned as before, now via the new station. Other tracks were re-aligned, and completely electrified for passenger coaches shunting (up to side of Tala station). Tracks in the opposite direction, which were not electrified and underutilized, were re-laid, re-aligned and fully electrified for goods trains (with [[wagon]] to lorry transfer facility). Part of the former electrified goods lines, which were closed, now entered use as a coach siding.

After these, the official inauguration occurred in January 2006.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|'''Track 2'''
|→
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]], No- 2 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]], No- 3 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|'''Track 4'''
|→
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]], No- 4 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]], No- 5 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 5'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|}

==Major Trains==
Major Trains originating from this railway station are as follows:

● [[Kolkata–Sairang Express]] (13125/13126)

● [[Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express]] (13181/13182)

● [[Kolkata–Jammu Tawi Express]] (13151/13152)

● [[Hazarduari Express|Kolkata - Lalgola Hazarduari Express]] (13113/13114)

● [[Dhano Dhanye Express|Kolkata - Lalgola Dhano Dhanye Express]] (13117/13118)

● [[Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express|Kolkata - Jhansi Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express]] (22197/22198)

● [[Gurumukhi Superfast Express|Kolkata - Nangal Dam Gurumukhi Superfast Express]] (12325/12326)

● [[Akal Takht Express|Kolkata - Amritsar Akal Takht Express]] (12317/12318)

● [[Durgiana Express|Kolkata - Amritsar Durgiana Express]] (12357/12358)

● [[Kolkata–Radhikapur Express]] (13145/13146)

● [[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]] (12363/12364)

● [[Maithili Express|Kolkata - Darbhanga Maithili Express]] (15233/15234)

● [[Kolkata–Madar Express]] (19607/19608)

● [[Kolkata–Azamgarh Weekly Express|Kolkata - Azamgarh Express]] (13137/13138)

● [[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Superfast Express|Kolkata - Gwalior Superfast Express]] (12319/12320)

● [[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express]] (13167/13168)

● [[Tebhaga Express|Kolkata - Rampurhat Tebhaga Express]] (13161/13162)

● [[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express]] (12517/12518)

● [[Kolkata–Agartala Garib Rath Express]] (12501/12502)

● [[Garib Rath Express|Kolkata - Arrah Garib Rath Express]] (13127/13128)

● [[Ananya Express|Kolkata - Udaipur City Ananya Express]] (12315/12316)

● [[Ahmedabad–Kolkata Express|Kolkata - Ahmedabad Express]] (19413/19414)

● [[Purvanchal Express|Kolkata - Gorakhpur Purvanchal Express (via Mau)]] (15049/15050)

● [[Purvanchal Express|Kolkata - Gorakhpur Purvanchal Express (via Narkatiaganj)]] (15051/15052)

● [[Purvanchal Express|Kolkata - Gorakhpur Purvanchal Express (via Siwan)]] (15047/15048)

● [[Kolkata–Ghazipur City Weekly Express]] (13121/13122)

● [[Mithilanchal Express|Kolkata - Sitamarhi Mithilanchal Express]] (13155/13156)

● [[Tirhut Express|Kolkata - Muzaffarpur Tirhut Express]] (13157/13158)

● [[Kolkata–Jaynagar Weekly Express]] (13135/13136)

● [[Kolkata–Jogbani Express]] (13159/13160)

● [[Pratap Express|Kolkata - Bikaner Pratap Superfast Express]] (12495/12496)

● [[Shabd Bhedi Superfast Express|Kolkata - Ghazipur City Shabd Bhedi Superfast Express]] (22323/22324)

● [[Kolkata–Sitamarhi Express]] (13165/13166)

==Services==
The station is linked to the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Krishnanagar–Berhampore–Lalgola line]] and is served by the Eastern Railway for trains to Naihati, Bandel, Kalyani Simanta, Gede, Shantipur, Krishnanagar, Berhampore, Lalgola, Dankuni, Barddhaman, Katwa, Bongaon, Hasnabad and others. The number of suburban trains is lower than long-distance trains. This station runs many long-distance express trains including two pairs of Garib Rath Express, [[Khwaja Garib Nawaz Madar–Kolkata Express]] etc. and one long-distance passenger train – Lalgola Passenger. There are five platforms, among them Platform 1 & 2 is used by only suburban trains and Platform 3, 4 & 5 are used by long-distance trains. The station is operated by the Eastern Railway. The international trains of eastern India [[Maitree Express]] and [[Bandhan Express]] which runs towards [[Bangladesh]], also departed from here.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-19 |title=Kolkata station gets a snazzy lounge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-stn-gets-a-snazzy-lounge/articleshow/79803699.cms |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Maharajas' Express]] departed from this station for the first time at 20 March 2010.
Nearest Metro Stations are [[Shyambazar metro station]] and [[Belgachia metro station]].

==Gallery==

{{wide image|File:Kolkata Railway Station (KOAA) 03.jpg|1150px|Panorama of the Kolkata Railway station}}

==See also==
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Howrah station]]
* [[Shalimar station]]
* {{rws|Santragachi Junction}}
* {{rws|Sealdah||Sealdah station}}
* [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
* [[Kolkata Metro]]
* [[Trams in Kolkata]]
* [[Bangladesh–India relations]]
* [[Maitree Express]]
* [[Bandhan Express]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Kolkata}}
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}

* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/index_new.html/Official website]
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kolkata/@22.6017858,88.3815632,726m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1skolkata+railway+station!3m4!1s0x0:0x4042bc94233f3bff!8m2!3d22.6015709!4d88.3838169?dcr=0|title=Kolkata Railway station}}

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Circular}}
{{India International Rail stations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata railway station}}
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2006]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Kolkata Circular Railway]]

Bijnor Municipal Council

2026-01-28T18:59:34Z

AliNiazOfficial: Made A Details.

{{Promotional|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagar Palika Prishad Bijnor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Municipalities of India
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Nagar Palika Parisad Bijnor
| image_caption = official logo NPPB
| nickname = NPPB
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.3873|78.1254|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Municipalities of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = 1885
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Palika Parishad]]
| governing_body = Municipal corporation
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Garg
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m = 176
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 97569
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 246701
| registration_plate =
| website = {{url|nppbijnor.co.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}
'''Nagar Palika Parishad Bijnor''' of the city is more than 135 years old. The city has expanded a lot outside its limits. There was a demand for expansion of the city limits since 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Palika Parishad Bijnor |url=https://ltmybharat.dl6.in/Gov/Urban-Local-Body/nagar-palika-parishad-bijnor |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=ltmybharat.dl6.in}}</ref> Now with the inclusion of villages falling under the purview of the ring road, the scope of the municipality will increase and the city will develop in a planned manner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Palika Parishad, Bijnor |url=https://bijnor.nic.in/nagar-palika-parishad-bijnor/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Nagar Palika was established in 1885 and Maulvi Abdul Hai became its first chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India |url=https://cdn.cseindia.org/attachments/0.23971600_1658122904_cstf-poster-bijnor-nagar-palika-parishad-2022-final-poster.pdf |website=Government of India}}</ref> Since then, many elections have been held. Currently Rukhsana Parveen is its president. The city has settled far beyond the old limits.

Bijnor municipality was not able to get the benefit of these schemes because the population<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Nagar Palika Parishad City Population Census 2011-2024 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800665-bijnor-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> of Bijnor is less than one lakh. The part which is being included in the municipality already has drinking water supply. The electricity supply here is also like that of a city. Now the Nagar Palika will also work on cleanliness, and roads.

MD College manager Vidit Kumar and BJP's former district general secretary Neeraj Sharma have been continuously making efforts for the expansion of the Nagar Palika's boundary. They have appreciated the decision of boundary expansion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4LtAAAAMAAJ&q=nagar+palika+prishad+bijnor |title=Indian Factories and Labour Reports |date=2008 |publisher=Law Publishing House. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=People |first1=India Parliament House of the |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tiLxtV8BokC&q=nagar+palika+prishad+bijnor |title=Lok Sabha Debates |last2=Sabha |first2=India Parliament Lok |date=17 August 2004 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2020 |title=Nagar palika chairman accused of cow laughter in Bijnor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/nagar-palika-chairman-among-10-accused-of-cow-laughter-8-cops-shunted-probe-ordered/articleshow/78209832.cms |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Ward of bijnor ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Ward no.
!Ward Name
!LGD Code
|-
|1
|Bijnor (MB)
|24033<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Municipality |url=https://localbodydata.com/municipality-bijnor-248910 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Bijnor (MB)
|24034
|-
|4
|Bijnor (MB)
|24035
|-
|5
|Bijnor (MB)
|24036
|-
|6
|Bijnor (MB)
|24037
|-
|7
|Bijnor (MB)
|24038
|-
|8
|Bijnor (MB)
|24039
|-
|9
|Bijnor (MB)
|24040
|-
|10
|Bijnor (MB)
|24041
|-
|11
|Bijnor (MB)
|24042
|-
|12
|Bijnor (MB)
|24043
|-
|13
|Bijnor (MB)
|24044
|-
|14
|Bijnor (MB)
|24045
|-
|15
|Bijnor (MB)
|24046
|-
|16
|Bijnor (MB)
|24047
|-
|17
|Bijnor (MB)
|24048
|-
|18
|Bijnor (MB)
|24049
|-
|19
|Bijnor (MB)
|24050
|-
|20
|Bijnor (MB)
|24051
|-
|21
|Bijnor (MB)
|24052
|-
|22
|Bijnor (MB)
|24053
|-
|23
|Bijnor (MB)
|24054
|-
|24
|Bijnor (MB)
|24055
|-
|25
|Bijnor (MB)
|24056
|}

== Functions ==
The Nagar Palika is responsible for:{{citation needed|date= December 2024}}

# [[Water supply]]
# [[Hospitals]]
# [[Roads]]
# [[Street lighting]]
# [[Drainage]]
# [[Fire brigade]]
# [[Market places]]
# Records of births and deaths
# [[Solid waste management]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Municipalities of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bijnor district]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in India]]

Zambaulim

2026-01-26T15:30:50Z

AliNiazOfficial: reworked lead to improve readability and corrected details for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zambaulim
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Damodar Temple, Zambaulim, Goa.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|11|0|N|74|6|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 39
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Zambaulim''' is a village in [[South Goa]], [[Goa]].

In the 1800s, it was the regional capital for the colonial [[Provincias de Zamboulim]] (also called Panchemal),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2021/01/31/magazines/panorama/reclaiming-the-lost-glory/|title=Reclaiming the lost glory | the Navhind Times}}</ref> which was formed by merger of 5 surrounding districts of:
*Embarbacem,
*Chandrovadi,
*Balli,
*Astagrar,
*Cacora

==Geography==
It is located at an elevation of 39 m above MSL.<ref>https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Jambavali.html Map and weather of Zambaulim</ref>

==Location==
Nearest railway station is at [[Margao]].

==Places of interest==
* [[Shri Damodar Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.india9.com/i9show/Zambaulim-69285.htm About Zambaulim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408195828/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Zambaulim-69285.htm |date=8 April 2025 }}

[[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Uttar Pradesh

2026-01-11T03:41:35Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up a article v1.

{{WikiProject status|inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INUP}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Uttar Pradesh/to do|to-do list]] there.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under Category:Uttar Pradesh and Category:India

==Goals==
# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Uttar Pradesh-related articles
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Uttar Pradesh.

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Uttar Pradesh, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Uttar Pradesh#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
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Rangpo

2026-01-03T03:08:04Z

AliNiazOfficial:

{{short description|Town in Sikkim, India, bordering West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rangpo
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Rangpo, Sikkim.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rangpo Police Checkpoint, Sikkim
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.175|N|88.530|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pakyong District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Rangpo Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 333
| population_total = 10,450
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages <ref name="langoff1">{{cite web |title=1977 Sikkim government gazette |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Governor of Sikkim |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722164022/https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2018 |page=188 |language=en }}</ref><ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=109 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|[[Bhutia language|Bhutia]]||[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]}}
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[Gurung language|Gurung]]|[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|[[Magar language|Magar]]|[[Sunwar language|Mukhia]]|[[Newari language|Newari]]|[[Kiranti languages|Rai]]|[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|[[Tamang language|Tamang]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 737132
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03592
| registration_plate =SK
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank_info_sec1 = 87.27%
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Railway Station]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rangpo railway station]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Nearest Airport
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Pakyong Airport]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[West Pendam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|West Pendam Constituency]]
| website = {{URL|https://eastsikkim.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rangpo''' is a Municipal town in India shared by [[Pakyong district]] of the state [[Sikkim]] and [[Kalimpong district]] of the state [[West Bengal]]. The town is situated along the [[Teesta River]] and [[Rangpo River]]. It is the first town of Sikkim lying on [[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] that links [[Siliguri]] to [[Gangtok]]. It is about 300 m above sea level with a [[sub-tropical]] climate. It is the 'Gateway to Sikkim' and all vehicles entering Sikkim have to stop at the Rangpo Police check-post. Foreign tourists are required to present documents to enter Sikkim state and must show them at the police checkpoint. The Rangpo River separates the Rangpo Forest Village lying on the West Bengal side from the Rangpo Municipal Town lying on the Sikkim side.

==Geography==
Rangpo is located at {{coord|27.18|N|88.53|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/0/Rangpo.html|title=redirect to /world/IN/00/Rangpo.html|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 333 metres (1093 feet). The town lies on the belt of two rivers, [[Teesta|River Teesta]] which comes from [[Dikchu]]-[[Singtam]]-[[Majitar]] side, and [[Rangpo River|River Rangpo]] which comes from [[Rongli]]-[[Rorathang]]-[[Kumrek]] side. Both rivers meet each other below the town. The conjunction point is named Rangpo Doban and is utilized as a cremation place. Since River Teesta is the largest river and River Rangpo the third largest river of Sikkim so both rivers become violent during the monsoon season, especially between June and September; hence, sometimes the river overflows towards lower residential areas of the town and causes destruction.

==Transport==
===Roadways===
As Rangpo lies on [[National Highway 10 (India)|NH-10]], so frequent service jeeps and taxis are available to almost all cities and towns of Sikkim and cities/towns of West Bengal like [[Siliguri]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Kurseong]], [[Jaigaon]], [[Malbazar]], [[Bagdogra]], [[Panitanki]] etc.
In Rangpo, NH-10 is joined by the following major roads:
* Rorathang-Kumrek-Rangpo Road,
* Namchi-Namthang-Rangpo Road and
* Kalimpong-Munsoong-Rangpo Road.

'''Buses:'''

Frequent buses operated by Sikkim Nationalised Transport (SNT) are available from Rangpo to [[Sikkim Nationalised Transport Bus Terminus (Siliguri)]] and [[Gangtok]], apart from it many private buses and [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation|NBSTC]] buses are available from the town to [[Gangtok]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP Bus stand]] and [[Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus|Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus, (Siliguri)]].

===Railway===
[[Rangpo railway station]] is the under-construction railway station in Rangpo, which falls under [[Sivok–Rangpo line|Sevoke-Rangpo Railway Line]], [[Alipurduar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]. The nearest currently functioning railway stations are [[Sivok railway station]] - 55 km, [[Siliguri Junction]] - 75 km, and [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]] - 87 km.

===Airways===
The nearest airport is [[Pakyong Airport]] around 25 km away and [[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra International Airport]] around 90 km away.

==Economy==
[[File:Indian Oil petrol station, Rangpo, Sikkim.jpg|thumb|Indian Oil Petrol Pump at Rangpo, Pakyong District Sikkim]]
There are many factories and companies in and nearby Rangpo.
The areas like Mining, [[Kumrek]], Chanatar, etc. are home to many pharmaceutical and other factories/Industries.
Rangpo Upper market along NH-10 is famous for Fast Food and Restaurants. There are many food stores in these areas. Areas like Upper market, lower market, IBM, Chanataar, Mining etc. are usually crowded.

The crops like [[Black cardamom|Large Cardamom]], [[Thysanolaena|Broom Plant]] (Kuccho) and [[Ginger]] are traded on a large scale in the Rangpo Lower Market.

==Attractions==
The places of attraction in and around Rangpo are as follows:
* [[Mining Ground|Mining Cricket Stadium, Rangpo]] which belongs to [[Sikkim Cricket Association]].
* [[Atal Setu Bridge]] (The longest bridge of Sikkim) over [[Rangpo River|River Rangpo]].
* Rangpo - Mining Teesta Bridge over [[Teesta|River Teesta]].
* Rangpo Doban (confluence point of [[Teesta|River Teesta]] and [[Rangpo River|River Rangpo]].
* [[Rangpo railway station]] which is under construction.
* Gulmohar Picnic Spot, [[Kumrek]].

== Sports ==
[[Mining Ground|Mining Cricket Stadium]] located at Rangpo, Pakyong district, is the largest cricket stadium in the entire Sikkim. The stadium belongs to [[Sikkim Cricket Association]] and hosts important cricket tournaments like [[Ranji Trophy]], [[CK Nayudu Trophy]], [[Cooch Behar Trophy]], [[Vijay Merchant|Vijay Merchant Trophy]], etc. It is the home ground of [[Sikkim cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=For first time Sikkim to host Ranji Trophy matches, Himalayan state allotted three fixtures|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/sikkim/sikkim-ranji-trophy-matches-himalayan-three-fixtures.html|website=nenow.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikkim to host 3 Ranji Trophy matches for the first time|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/sikkim-to-host-3-ranji-trophy-matches-for-the-first-time/|website=currentaffairs.adda247.com}}</ref>

==Education==
There are many educational institutions in Rangpo. [[Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology]] and [[Himalayan Pharmacy Institute]] lies in [[Majitar]] just 2 km away from Rangpo.

The famous schools of the town include Rangpo Senior Secondary School, Chanataar Secondary School, New Horizon Academy, Little Bells School, Tiny Tots School, Hans Raj Academy, Ivana Memorial School, etc., on the Sikkim side, whereas Dewan Junior High School, Divya Jyoti Academy, etc., on the West Bengal side.

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Rangpo had a population of 3,724. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Rangpo had an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 75%, and female literacy was 63%. In Rangpo, 13% of the population was under 6 years of age.

Rangpo has a large population of [[Bhutia]]s and Nepalese people. [[Marwari people|Marwari]] and [[Biharis|Bihari]] businessmen have settled in the town and own most of the shops.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious Demographic in Rangpo Nagar-Panchayat (2011)<ref>[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/261376-rhenak-sikkim.html] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[ Hinduism]]
|value1= 74.71
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Christianity ]]
|value2 = 11.20
|color2 = blue
|label3= [[Buddhism]]
|value3 = 8.58
|color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[ Islam]]
|value4 = 5.28
|color4 = green
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 0.23
|color5 = black
}}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Rangpo Nagar-Panchayat (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value1 = 60.98
|color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 16.71
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value3 = 10.87
|color3 = brown
|label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value4 = 4.57
|color4 = yellow
|label5 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value5 = 1.55
|color5 = olive
|label6 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value6 = 1.16
|color6 = green
|label7 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value7 = 0.76
|color7 = turquoise
|label8 = [[Sikkimese language|Bhutia]]
|value8 = 0.70
|color8 = magenta
|label9 = Others
|value9 = 2.7
|color9 = black
}}

==Sikkim Railway Project==
The foundation stone for the construction of a new railway line from [[Sivok railway station|Sevoke railway station]] (station code SVQ) to the proposed [[Rangpo railway station]] on the border of Sikkim and [[West Bengal]] was laid in October 2009 by the vice president of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528224619/http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |archive-date=28 May 2013 |title=Construction Update - Finally, Sevoke-Rangpo railway link on track}}</ref> In 2008, the line was proposed to be 53 km long with {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] track with only a few tunnels but the final alignment is 45 km long with more number of tunnels. Of this, 3.5 km will be in Sikkim state and the rest in West Bengal state. The track will have 28 bridges and 14 tunnels and 38.6 km of the track will be in tunnels.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Inspection-survey-for-Sikkim-rail-link/article20052215.ece | title= Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link | date=25 January 2010 | first=Sarikah | last=Atreya | newspaper=The Hindu Business Line | access-date=8 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Inspection-survey-for-Sikkim-rail-link/article20052215.ece|title=Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link|website=@businessline}}</ref> The track will be constructed through the foothills of the Kanchanjungha mountain range and the Teesta river valley.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} New railway stations will be constructed at Riayang, Geil Khola, [[Teesta Bazaar]], [[Melli]], and Rangpo. {{speculation inline|date=May 2023}}

The Indian Railways signed a contract with the construction company, IRCON, only in May 2010, though the foundation stone had been laid in October 2009. The final alignment had not been fixed for the first 22 km through the elephant sanctuary forest, even in 2013, and the final clearance of the environment ministry had not been received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/|title=North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link}}</ref> To obtain approval of the environment and forest ministry, the railways made a proposal in February 2013 to install elephant sensors along the stretch of the proposed railway line in Mahananda elephant sanctuary or run the trains at a speed of only 20 km per hour in the forest area and stop when an elephant is sighted close to the track.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/elephant-sensors-may-come-up-on-railway-line-to-sikkim/article4387995.ece|title=Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim|first=K.|last=Balchand|date=7 February 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> People of two villages in East Sikkim, through which a 3.5 km stretch of the 45 km long railway line has been planned, had not agreed to give their land for laying the track.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/siliguri/story_15905614.jsp Villagers’ nod to rail survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215630/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/siliguri/story_15905614.jsp |date=4 March 2016 }}, The Telegraph, 28 August 2012</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] approved the project in February 2016 with strict guidelines of the National Wildlife Board that cleared the project in June 2015, but ordered restricted speed, wireless animal tracking sensors, and allowed digging of tunnels only during daytime. However, a "No Objection Certificate" (NOC) was still needed from the gram sabhas (village councils) of all the villages in Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts in West Bengal through which the track will pass. The construction cannot start without the NOC. However, the Gram Sabhas do not exist due to the non-holding of rural elections in the Hills for the past several years, and therefore, no NOC could be obtained.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/cms-may-talk-sikkim-rail-project-1502602405.html|title=CMs may talk Sikkim rail project|date=16 March 2018}}</ref> This is a [[Catch-22|catch 22]] situation holding up the commencement of construction. The project cost has escalated from the estimated cost of Rs. 13.4 billion in 2008<ref>{{cite web |title=Railway Project |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/Other_Projects_080411.pdf |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> to Rs. 60 billion, and construction of the railway line has not started even in 2018. The Railway Board chairman visited and met the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) officials on 2 March 2018 to discuss the status of the project.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chanda |first1=Aishik |title=Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/21/coming-soon-west-bengal---sikkim-rail-project-1776854.html |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Finally, a NOC was issued by GTA on 11 April 2018 on behalf of the villages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railnews.in/sevoke-rangpo-railway-line-finally-gets-gta-nod/|title=Sevoke–Rangpo Railway line finally gets GTA Nod – RailNews Media India Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://voiceofsikkim.com/2018/04/11/sikkim-railway-sevoke-rangpo-rail-gets-gta-nod-finally/|title=Sikkim Railway: Sevoke – Rangpo Rail Gets GTA Nod Finally – The Voice of Sikkim}}</ref> However, no tender has been issued and no bid has been invited for the project after April 2018.

The railway line is needed for security and socio-economic reasons. The railway line will help troops and armaments move faster towards the Indo-Tibet border.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
The new railway line allows easier access to the rest of India through [[Siliguri]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} It will boost the state's economy and tourism.{{original research inline|date=September 2019}}{{speculation inline|date=May 2023}}

===Summary of Sikkim railway project===
* Estimated cost: Rs. 1,340 crore (13.4 billion) in 2008, but may exceed Rs. 60 billion when the project is completed in 2022.
* Length of final alignment: 44.98 km
* Length of track in Bengal: 41.54 km
* Length of track in Sikkim: 3.44 km
* Stations: Riang (or Riayang), Gailkhola (or Geil Khola), [[Teesta Bazaar]], [[Melli]], and Rangpo
* Nearest large junction: [[New Jalpaiguri]] (30 km from Sevoke through [[Siliguri]] junction)
* Route under tunnels: 38.64 km (86%)
* Number of bridges: 28
* Number of tunnels: 14
* Longest tunnel: 5.1 km

==2023 Sikkim Flash Floods==
Rangpo was affected by the [[2023 Sikkim flash floods]], which hit Rangpo around 2 am on 4 October 2023. Most surviving people were shifted to relief camps immediately by the authorities.

==See also==
* [[Singtam]]
* [[Rorathang]]
* [[Majitar]]
* [[Kumrek]]
* [[Rangpo railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

{{Pakyong district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Pakyong district]]

Brajesh Mishra

2025-12-20T09:20:20Z

AliNiazOfficial: clean up

{{Short description|Indian Diplomat and First National Security Advisor of India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Brajesh Mishra, [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] (Retd.)
| image = File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan award to Shri Brajesh Chandra Mishra, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 24, 2011 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mishra in 2011.
| office1 = 9th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
| primeminister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 1998
| term_end1 = 22 May 2004
| office = 1st [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]]
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start = 19 November 1998
| term_end = 22 May 2004
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[J. N. Dixit]]
| predecessor1 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra|N. N. Vohra]]
| successor1 = [[T. K. A. Nair]]
| office2 = [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]
| term2 = June 1979 – April 1981
| predecessor2 = Rikhi Jaipal
| successor2 = [[ Natarajan Krishnan ]]
| birth_place =
| birth_name = Brajesh Chandra Mishra
| birth_date = 29 September 1928
| death_date = 28 September 2012 (aged 84)
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_cause = Heart failure
| known_for = India's first [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] and [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|principal secretary]]
| occupation = *[[Civil Servant]] ([[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]])
*[[Politician]]
| parents = [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]] (father)
| relatives = [[Sudhir Mishra]] (nephew)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1991–98)
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]]
}}

'''Brajesh Chandra Mishra''' (29 September 1928 – 28 September 2012) was an Indian politician and [[diplomat]] from the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who is best known for serving as the first [[National Security Advisor of India]] from 1998 to 2004. He also served as the [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|principal secretary]] of then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2000 |title=The Name Is Mishra, Brajesh Mishra |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?209986 |access-date=14 August 2010 |publisher=www.outlookindia.com |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014232942/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?209986 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/07capbuz.htm |title=Brajesh Mishra is still listening in |work=Rediff.com |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_scrap-national-security-adviser-s-post-brajesh-mishra_1336787 |title=Scrap national security adviser's post: Brajesh Mishra – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/devils-advocate-brajesh-mishra-on-atal-vs-advani/100134-37.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830174128/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/devils-advocate-brajesh-mishra-on-atal-vs-advani/100134-37.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 August 2009 |title=Devil's Advocate: Brajesh Mishra on Atal vs Advani – Politics News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> He received the [[Padma Vibhushan]] for his contributions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Vibhushan for Brajesh Mishra; Padma Bhushan for Surendra Singh|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/padma-vibhushan-for-brajesh-mishra-padma-bhushan-for-surendra-singh/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 25, 2011|first=Indrani|last=Bagchi|title=Former national security adviser Brajesh Mishra awarded the Padma Vibhushan. Former foreign secretary and PM's special envoy on the nuclear deal, Shyam Saran awarded Padma Bhushan. - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/former-national-security-adviser-brajesh-mishra-awarded-the-padma-vibhushan-former-foreign-secretary-and-pms-special-envoy-on-the-nuclear-deal-shyam-saran-awarded-padma-bhushan-/articleshow/7361594.cms|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==

He was born in [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 28, 2012|first=Manoj|last=Joshi|title=Brajesh Mishra, former National Security Advisor, passes away|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-national-security-advisor-brajesh-mishra-dead-117341-2012-09-28|access-date=2022-01-16|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> on 29 September 1928 to [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]], who was a former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Stamps issued by India for Dwarka Prasad Mishra">{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art24/aug.htm |title=DKPA : Stamp Calendar - Stamps Issued by India in August 2001 |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027173636/http://geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art24/aug.htm |archive-date=27 October 2009 }}</ref> His father was considered a staunch politician from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and very close to [[Indira Gandhi]] though they fell out later.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Foreign Minister Natwar Singh pays tribute to Brajesh Mishra|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-foreign-minister-natwar-singh-pays-tribute-to-brajesh-mishra-117401-2012-09-30|access-date=1 October 2012|newspaper=India Today|date=30 September 2012}}</ref>

== Diplomatic career ==
Brajesh Mishra joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) in 1951. He served as ''[[chargé d'affaires]]'' in [[Beijing]] after the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] and was India's ambassador to [[Indonesia]]. He was also ambassador and India's Permanent Representative in Geneva. Mishra's last posting was as [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|India's permanent representative]] to the United Nations from June 1979 to April 1981.<ref>{{cite web| title = Permanent Representatives of India to the United Nations| url = http://www.un.int/india/2013/pmi_prs.pdf| publisher = un.intl/india| access-date = 21 August 2013}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

As permanent representative, he voiced India's position on the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan at the [[sixth emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly]], but his disagreement with that position was part of the reason why he resigned from IFS and joined the United Nations in 1981; serving as 6th [[United Nations Commissioner for Namibia]] from 1 April 1982 to 1 July 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN Debate|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1u5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z5IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1559,4251403|access-date=1 October 2012|newspaper=The Age (Australia)|date=14 January 1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dikshit|first=Sandeep|title=Brajesh Mishra, strategic czar of Vajpayee era, passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/brajesh-mishra-strategic-czar-of-vajpayee-era-passes-away/article3950457.ece|access-date=1 October 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 September 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=T P|title=Brajesh Mishra: Steely determination and a kind heart|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/brajesh-mishra-steely-determination-and-a-kind-heart-column/20121001.htm|access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref>

== Principal secretary and National Security Advisor ==
In April 1991, Mishra joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and became head of its foreign policy cell.<ref name=Malhotra>{{cite news|last=Malhotra|first=Jyoti|title=Brajesh Mishra combined guile with generosity as India's first NSA|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/brajesh-mishra-combined-guilegenerosity-as-indias-first-nsa/189093/on|access-date=1 October 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=29 September 2012}}</ref> He resigned from the party in March 1998 on becoming the 9th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]. After Brajesh Mishra, the post of [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|principal secretary]] became such a powerful one that it eclipsed the status of [[Union Council of Ministers|cabinet ministers]]. As Vajpayee's troubleshooter, he was one of the most powerful principal secretaries the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] had ever seen.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brajesh Mishra: India's first NSA, Vajpayee's troubleshooter|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-s-first-NSA-Brajesh-Mishra-passes-away/Article1-937356.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209024451/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-s-first-NSA-Brajesh-Mishra-passes-away/Article1-937356.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2012|access-date=1 October 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2012}}</ref>

From November 1998 to 23 May 2004, he was also the first National Security Advisor and was instrumental in creating an institutional structure for national security management.<ref name=Gupta>{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Arvind|title=Brajesh Mishra's Legacy to National Security and Diplomacy|url=http://idsa.in/idsacomments/BrajeshMishrasLegacytoNationalSecurityandDiplomacy_agupta_300912|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|access-date=2 October 2012}}</ref> His batch as an IFS officer was the same as the [[Indian Administrative Service]] batch of [[K. Subrahmanyam]], widely considered as the doyen of India's strategic affairs community, and made him the first convener of the [[National Security Council (India)#National Security Advisory Board|National Security Advisory Board]] where they worked closely on many issues.<ref name=Mishra>{{cite web|last=Mishra|first=Brajesh|title=Annual Krishnaswamy Memorial Lecture|url=http://www.globalindiafoundation.org/Speech_Brajesh_Mishra%5B1%5D.pdf|publisher=Global India Foundation|access-date=2 October 2012}}</ref>

He was the key motivator of foreign policy and principal spokesman on major issues. He was actively involved in framing India's geo-political policies. He was closely involved in planning the [[Pokhran-II|1998 Nuclear tests]] and played a crucial role in shaping India's policy regarding Pakistan and China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Sanjeev |date=2024-04-22 |title=Brajesh Mishra was the most powerful principal secretary in any PMO |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/brajesh-mishra-was-the-most-powerful-principal-secretary-in-any-pmo/2050639/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

He is stated to have played a major role in pushing and supporting the [[Bhutan]] to undertake [[Operation All Clear]].

== Final years and death ==
After demitting office, Mishra had initially expressed reservations against the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]]. Following this, the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Manmohan Singh]] briefed specially to address his concerns about the deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121001/jsp/frontpage/story_16038818.jsp#.VCElV5SSxp5
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006050609/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121001/jsp/frontpage/story_16038818.jsp#.VCElV5SSxp5
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=6 October 2012
|title= Mishra's last tribute to Atal - Support to nuclear deal to preserve mentor's legacy|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> Thereafter, Mishra extended his support and publicly endorsed the deal.

In 2011, he was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest [[civilian award]].<ref name="Brajesh Mishra, Azim Premji, Montek in list of 128 Padma awardees">{{cite news|title=Brajesh Mishra, Azim Premji, Montek in list of 128 Padma awardees|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Brajesh-Mishra-Azim-Premji-Montek-in-list-of-128-Padma-awardees/articleshow/7361816.cms|access-date=21 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Mishra died on 28 September 2012 at [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis hospital]], [[Vasant Kunj]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-s-first-NSA-Brajesh-Mishra-passes-away/Article1-937356.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209024451/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-s-first-NSA-Brajesh-Mishra-passes-away/Article1-937356.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2012|title= India's first National Security Advisor Brajesh Mishra passes away|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Brajesh Mishra}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120630151015/http://outlookindia.com/peoplehome2.aspx?pid=4294&author=Brajesh+Mishra Articles at Outlook India on Brajesh Mishra]
* [http://news.rediff.com/interview/2010/oct/28/interview-former-nsa-feels-obama-visit-wont-be-successful.htm Brajesh Mishra's Interview with Rediff.com]
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?282419 Brajesh Mishra (1928–2012) – An Assessment by B Raman, Additional Secretary (retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/man-who-was-bharat-sarkar/article3951970.ece Man who was ‘Bharat sarkar’ – Gopalkrishna Gandhi]
* [http://www.vifindia.org/article/2012/october/05/brajesh-mishra-india-s-first-intelligence-tsar Brajesh Mishra: India's First Intelligence Tsar]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = ''Office established''
| title = [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]
| years = 1998–2004
| after = [[Jyotindra Nath Dixit]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Brajesh}}
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations in Geneva]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Principal secretaries to the prime minister of India]]
[[Category:National Security Advisor of India]]

Raman Bhalla

2025-12-14T17:09:21Z

AliNiazOfficial: started new entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raman Bhalla Chouhan
| image=File:Raman Bhalla.jpg
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 2002 – 2014
| predecessor = [[Choudhary Piara Singh]]
| successor = [[Kavinder Gupta]]
| constituency = [[Gandhinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|}}
'''Raman Bhalla''' is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He is working president of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee|Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Confidential: Is appointment of Raman Bhalla as JKPCC president a signal to Ghulam Nabi Azad? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/delhi-confidential-changing-times-raman-bhalla-cong-7676806/ |website=The Indian Express |date=17 December 2021 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from 2002 to 2014, twice elected from [[Gandhinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Profiles of Raman Bhalla and Tara Chand |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/profiles-of-raman-bhalla-and-tara-chand-5733 |website=The Tribune |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalla, Raman}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]

{{improve categories|date=April 2024}}

{{JammuKashmir-INC-politician-stub}}

Makani Narayana Rao

2025-11-09T12:53:19Z

AliNiazOfficial: Starting The Biography With Sources...

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{no footnotes|date=November 2018}}

[[File:MNRao.jpg|thumb|[[judge|Justice]] Mr. Makani Narayana Rao]]
'''Justice Makani Narayana "M. N." Rao''' (born 22 April 1936) is a retired Indian judge, a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], and former chairman of the National Commission on Backward Classes.

Rao enrolled as an [[lawyer|advocate]] of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] on 9 October 1961. He practiced before the court for more than 12 years, specializing in [[constitutional law]]. In 1979, Rao was appointed a [[legal secretary]] of the [[government of Andhra Pradesh]], and was appointed a selection grade [[District courts of India|district judge]] on 25 July 1983.

Rao became Chairman of the Sales Tax [[appellate court|Appellate Tribunal]] on 1 July 1985. He was later appointed a permanent [[judge]] of the Andhra Pradesh High Court on 11 July 1986. Rao was appointed Chief Justice of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] on 6 November 1997. He retired on 22 April 1998;Currently living in Hyderabad, India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* "Justice M.N. Rao Assumes Charge of Chairperson, National Commission for Backward Classes". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
* "Justice M.N. Rao takes over as BC Commission chief". thehindu.com. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
* "Justice Narayana Rao: Collegium System is Faulty". thehansindia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-20.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170501160231/http://www.hphighcourt.nic.in/fcj.htm Former Chief Justices - Himachal Pradesh High Court]
* http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/circular/senioradvocates.pdf
* [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Makani Narayana}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Veerateeswarar Temple, Thiruvathigai

2025-10-15T16:26:49Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up first place from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name =
| image = Thiruvathigai (15).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.46|79.33|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| native_name = வீரட்டானேசுவரர்
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Cuddalore District|Cuddalore]]
| location = [[Panruti]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Veerateswarar([[Shiva]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| established = before 7th century CE
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Thiruvathigai Veerateswarar Temple''' (also '''Virattaneshwara Temple''', [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: வீரட்டானேசுவரர் ) is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]]. It is situated in Thiruvathigai village which is about 2 kilometres east from the town of [[Panruti]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Shiva is worshiped as Veerattaaneswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Thiripurasundari. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century-CE Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf
|title=Appar Tevaram -2
|work=Projectmadurai.org
|access-date=16 July 2011|pages=14–6
}}</ref> The temple is considered the place where the Saiva saint poet [[Appar]] (Thirunavukkarasar) converted back to [[Saivism]], and attained final salvation.

The temple complex is one of the largest in the state and it houses two gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Veerateeswarar and Mookambigai being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and three precincts. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from [[5:30]] a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is maintained and administered by [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]], a South Indian monastic institution.

==Legend==
[[File:Thiruvathigai (17).jpg|250px|left|thumb|Legend of Shiva as Veerateeswarar ([[Tripurantaka]])]]
Legend holds that this temple is the place where Shiva destroyed three [[rakshasha]]s and the three cities created by them. Saranarayana Perumal, another name of [[Vishnu]], is the one who gave the arrow to Shiva for killing the demons, whose temple is also located in the town, little easterly.<ref name=R/> The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' details the legend of destruction of the demon [[Tripurasura|Tripuran]], who was ruling [[Tripura (mythology)|Tripura]]. The destruction is detailed as a cosmic event, which most attribute to the destruction of stars, meteors and unexplained material bodies. Tripuran attacked all the celestial deities who sought the help of Shiva to protect them. Shiva after a fiery fight, destroyed Tripuran and attained the name [[Tripurantaka]]. Shiva ashed down the city Tripura and dipped his three fingers in the ashes, which signifies the three lines of ash which is worn by all shaivites on their forehead.

As per another variant, the three sons of Taraka obtained boons from [[Brahma]] and built an impregnable fortress on earth. On account of their atrocious activities, mother earth prayed to Shiva for rescue. Shiva burnt down the fort and was about to attack the trio, but they begged for mercy. He made two of them as [[Dvarapala]]s and one as his ''[[damaru]]'', which he sports in his right hand. The whole incident is believed to have taken place in Thiruvathigai on the banks of Kedilam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Book of Demons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwhtAwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvathigai&pg=PT252|page=252|last=Krishna|first=Nanditha |isbn=9789351181446|year=2007|publisher=Penguin UK}}</ref> The original name of the place was called Tripura Dahanam, which went on to become Thiruvathigai.<ref name=C93>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2014]], p. 93</ref> During Tripurasamharam, the killing of Tripurantaka, Shiva forgot to worship Ganesha before setting out for the battle. He realized it and came back to worship Ganesha and went ahead to win the demon. The same legend is associated with [[Aksheeswaraswamy Temple, Acharapakkam]] and [[Tiruvirkolam|Thiruvirkolam Sri Tripuranthaka Swami temple]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&q=acharapakkam+temple&pg=PA4467|page=4467|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|first=Subodh |last=Kapoor|isbn=9788177552713|year=2002}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Pallava]] king [[Mahendravarman I]] converted from [[Jainism]] to [[Saivism]] under the influence of [[Appar]]. He is believed to have destroyed a Jain monastery and built a temple called Gunavareswaram close to the temple. Mahendra Pallava is believed to have attained the name Gunavareswara on account of the incident.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sivakamiyin Sabadham Book 1: Paranjyothi's Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiOBCwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvathigai&pg=PT107|page=107|last=Krishnamurthy|first=Kalki R|publisher=Westland|year=2016|isbn=9789385724718}}</ref> A king called Kalinkaraya is believed to have endowed lot of treasures and built various structures in the temple as seen from the inscriptions in the temple.<ref name=R/> King [[Raja Raja Chola I]] is believed to have stayed in this temple for a long time to study the architecture before building [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A visit to unusual tourist spots|publisher=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=11 February 2014|id={{ProQuest|1496781169}}}}</ref> The temple is believed to have been expanded by later [[Pandyas]]. During the period of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Marathas]] and British Colonization, the temple acted as a fort to the armies. The inscriptions indicate that the streets have to be cleaned before any temple procession with the likes of the streets in this village.<ref name=Saiva4>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 4 - Thirumurai Thalangal|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|pages=13–16}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=
| total_width = 350
|height=200
|image1=Thiruvathigai (3).jpg
|height1=3456
|width1=5184
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The temple is located in Thiruvathigai, a village 2 km from [[Panruti]] in [[Cuddalore district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore district|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Cuddalore.aspx?catid=C1&subcat1id=C1S1&subcat2id=C1S1S30&sm=C1S1S30|publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> The temple covers an area of {{convert|7|acre|ha|abbr=on}} with three precincts. The temple has a seven tiered gateway tower which has sculptures depicting 108 poses of [[Bharatanatyam]]. There is a sixteen pillared hall called Thiruneetru mandapam, which is believed to have constructed at the behest of Thilagavathiyar, the sister of [[Appar]] to commemorate his conversion to Shaivism. There is a temple tank named Chakrateertha kulam and a Vasantha mandapam on the northern portion of the tank. On the second precinct, there is a flag staff and a five tiered temple tower.

The sanctum is built on an elevated structure. There are shrines around the sanctum in the first precinct that has a shrine of Thilagavathiar and a pillared hall housing the sixty three [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saints and the deities [[Shania Twain|Shani]] (Saniswarar), [[Durga]], [[Ganesha]] (Siddivinayagar), [[Kartikeya]] (Muruga), a set of [[Lingam]], [[Nataraja]] and [[Surya]]. The shrine of [[Parvati|Umayammai]], the consort of the presiding deity, is present. The shrine houses the image of Lingam which is believed to have worshiped by Vishnu. There is a south facing shrine in the hall before the sanctum where the image of Tripurasamharamurthy with sixteen hands is housed. Sanctum houses the image of Veerataneswarar in the form of [[lingam]]. There is an image of Ammayapar housed in the sanctum. The shrine over the sanctum has a pyramidal roof with stucco images all through the filial at the top.<ref>{{cite news|title=திரிபுரம் எரித்த திருவதிகை வீரட்டானேஸ்வரர் திருக்கோவில்|url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/Devotional/Temples/2017/06/08115534/1089646/thiruvathigai-veerattaneswarar-temple.vpf|publisher=Malaimalar|date= 8 June 2017|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Thiruvathigai (16).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Stucco images on the vimanam]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:00 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 p.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 8:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 9:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Veerateeswarar and Thiripurasundari.<ref name=R/> There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The most prominent festival of the temple, Vasantha Utsavam, is celebrated for ten days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai''.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmi|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=108–110}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar"/> The festival deity of presiding deity and his consort [[Parikrama|circumambulate the temple]] and the streets in the village in different vehicles.<ref name=R/> Vaikasi Brahmotsavam during the Tamil month of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June) and the ten day Sadayam star festival associated with the day [[Appar]] got salvation are other important festivals of the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Veerattaneswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=853|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
{{multiple image
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[[File:Thiruvathigai veerataneswarar temple buddhar.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Buddha]] in the temple]]
The temple is one of the [[Ashta Veeratta Stalam|Ashta Veeratanam]] temples that commemorate Shiva's eight acts of valour and fury where he became victorious over demons, heroes or divinities.<ref name=R/><ref>{{cite book|last=P.|first=Karthigayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4HDDAAAQBAJ&q=veerattam&pg=PT388|title=History of Medical and Spiritual Sciences of Siddhas of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Notion Press|year=2016|isbn=9789352065523|page=388}}</ref><ref name=C137>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2014]], p. 145</ref>

[[Thirunavukkarasar|Appar's]] sister Thilakavathiyar settled here during her later years and devoted her lifetime service to Shiva. Afflicted by a painful illness, Thirunavukkarasar, who was originally called Dharmasenar and was then a staunch follower of Jainism, prayed for relief at this temple where his sister Thilagavathiyar served. By the divine grace of Shiva, he was cured. He embraced Saivism from then and started canonizing various temples with his verses.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=44}}</ref> The ruling Pallava king namely Kadava punished Thirunavukarasar in various ways and finally dropped him in a lime kiln. He was subsequently cast on the waters of sea, where he started floating and was pushed ashore in Thirupathipuliyur. It is believed that some of his best songs were sung at this time in praise of the presiding deities at [[Pataleeswarar Temple, Cuddalore|Padaleeswarar temple]] and Veerateneeswarar temple. Thirunavukkarasar came back to Thiruvathigai from Thirupathripuliyur. Influenced by the greatness of the poet, the king himself converted to Shaivism from Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|title=Appar : a sketch of his life and teachings|pages=18–20|publisher=Natesan & Co.|year=1918|jstor=saoa.crl.25894664|jstor-access=free}}</ref> [[Appar]] venerated Veerateeswarar in seventeen verses in ''Tevaram'', compiled as the ''Fourth Tirumurai'', ''Fifth Tirumurai'' and ''Sixth Tirumurai''. The Soolai Kinaru, a well in the temple is believed to be the limestone well where Appar was dropped by the Jains. Though the actual location was in Cuddalore, the well is maintained as an indicative example of the event. The water from the well is taken by people suffering from stomach related ailments.<ref name=Saiva4/>

[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet and a contemporary of Appar, venerated Veerateeswarar in 46 verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]''. According to the Hindu legend Sambanthar had a vision of [[Nataraja|cosmic dance]] of [[Shiva]] at this place. As per another legend, [[Sundarar]], another saint poet, did not enter the temple as it was already praised by Appar. He was sleeping outside the temple where an old man stepped on his head. Sundarar avoided him and turned his head toward other direction, but the old man still stepped on his head. Sundarar wanted to know who the old man was when Shiva appeared in his true form in front of him. The temple called Siddapureeswarar near Panruti is associated with the legend.<ref name=R/> Sundarar also venerated Veerateeswarar in one verse in ''Tevaram'', compiled as the ''Seventh Tirumurai''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.<ref name=R/>

== See also ==
* [[The Buddha in Hinduism]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India volume 4|last=Madhavan|first=Chithra|year=2007 |isbn=978-81-908445-3-6|publisher=Alpha Land Books Pvt. Ltd.|location=Chennai|ref=Madhavan}}

==External links==
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}
{{commons category|Thiruvathigai Veerateeswarar temple}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Ashta Veeratta Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Cuddalore district]]

Dewan Chand Saini

2025-10-08T12:20:24Z

AliNiazOfficial: Made A Data

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[Rai Bahadur]] '''Chaudhary Dewan Chand Saini, {{post nominals|list=[[Order of British Empire|MBE]]}} '''<ref name ="India Office">''"Saini, RB, DC, MBE, 2 June 1943."'' The India Office and Burma Office list for ..., Volume 56, pp 106, Great Britain. India Office, 1947</ref> (1887–unknown) of [[Gurdaspur]]<ref name = "Dewan Chand"/><ref name = "Saini Rai Bahadur">The Punjab Legislative Council Debates. Official Report, pp 1028 & 1047, Published By Legislative Council, Punjab (India), 1936</ref><ref>Mahatma Hansraj: Maker of the Modern Punjab, pp 132, Sri Ram Sharma, Published by Arya Pradeshik Pratinidhi Sabha, 1941</ref><ref>The Punjab and the war, pp 185, Maxwell Studdy Leigh, Lahore, Printed by the Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1922</ref><ref name = "Legislative Assembly">''"Chaudhri Parkash Chand Saini, son of Rai Bahadur Diwan Chand, Civil Lines, Gurdaspur,"'' pp 503, Punjab (India). Legislature. Legislative Assembly – 1964</ref> was a well-known criminal lawyer and politician of [[British Punjab]].

==Early life==
Chaudhary Dewan Chand Saini was the son of Chaudhary Fateh Chand, a ''Wazeer'' (minister) of the erstwhile princely state of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]. His father died when he was seven years old. He was brought up by Lala Ram Sharan who was a ''pagvat'' friend of Chaudhary Fateh Chand. The two men had exchanged turbans and had sworn to take care of each other's family in the event of one dying.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Lala Ram Sharan intended Chand to become an engineer but Chand chose the profession of law instead. In 1915 he gained law degree from [[Lahore]] and in the same year he married Bibi Achhra Devi. The couple had eight daughters and two sons.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Career==
Chand had a distinguished career as an attorney. He was a highly reputed lawyer of Punjab High Court (Lahore) and was later appointed as the leader of its Criminal Bar.<ref name = "Dewan Chand"/> He was also a member of Legislative Council of colonial Punjab and as an elected legislator he was known for his advocacy on behalf of agricultural communities.<ref name = "Saini Rai Bahadur"/>

==Awards and decorations==
Chand was awarded the title of [[Rai Sahib]] by the British government, which was later elevated to [[Rai Bahadur]]<ref name ="India Office"/><ref name = "Dewan Chand">''" Chaudhri Dewan Chand Saini was another lawyer practicing on the criminal side those days. Later on he became Rai Sahib and leader of the Criminal Bar, but unfortunately died of cancer at a comparatively young age."'' Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, pp 45, Mehr Chand Mahajan, Published by Asia Pub. House, 1963</ref> Later on he was honored and given title of the [[Order of British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]].<ref name = "Legislative Assembly"/> He also formed Saini infantry. Which take active part in WW2.And awarded war memorial. He was also founder of Saini sabhas in his region.

He was also allotted a large estate of several [[Muraba]]s by the colonial government in recognition of his distinguished public services.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

== See also ==
* [[Sadhu Ram Chaudhari|Saini Sadhu Ram Chaudhari]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] - First police chief of the state of Himachal Pradesh (then a union territory) and union territories of Delhi and Ajmer in independent India
* [[Sumedh Singh Saini]] - Indian police chief and Former DGP of punjab police

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Chaudhary Dewan Chand Saini}}
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur]]
[[Category:People from Chamba, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]

St. Paul's Church, Bengaluru

2025-09-26T20:46:26Z

AliNiazOfficial: put up some info more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Paul's Church
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'''St. Paul's Church''' is located in the corner of Old Poor House Road, and Bowring Hospital Road, next to the [[Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals|Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital]], [[Bangalore Cantonment]], India. St. Paul's has the distinction of being the very first [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] Anglican Church in the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]]. St. Paul's celebrated its 175th anniversary in May 2014.<ref name=Hindu-175>{{cite news|title=St. Paul's church to celebrate 175 years|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/st-pauls-church-to-celebrate-175-years/article5963719.ece|accessdate=4 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=The Hindu|date=1 May 2014}}</ref> Like most old churches of Bangalore, the congregation of St. Paul's is spread all across Bangalore.<ref name=Gierth>{{cite book|last1=Gierth|first1=Roland|title=Christian life and work at the pastorate level and practical theology in South India: an inquiry based on 16 field studies of selected Church of South India pastorates in Bangalore and the Kolar Gold Fields (Karnataka Central Diocese) and a survey of Indian publications on the field of practical theology|date=1977|publisher=Christian Literature Society|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySk5AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Rev. George Trevor (1809-1859), Chaplin, [[East India Company]], re-established the Church of England Bangalore Tamil Mission, which was originally found by Rev. William Thomas in the early 19th century. Rev. Trevor, supervised a schoolmaster and a Catechist of the Tamil mission. The native Tamil congregation worshipped at the [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]], with the Tamil services being conducted by the Catechist. The christening and the baptisms of the Tamil converts were also recorded in the registers of St. Mark's. Rev. Trevor, took an active part in missionary work, in spite of his heavy civil and military duties as Chaplin of the [[East India Company]] in Bangalore, with him personally baptising many new native converts. However, the Government of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], raised objections of the use of the registers of St. Mark's (which was a then a [[East India Company|Company]] church), as it gave the impression that the Government was involved in converting the natives. Rev. Trevor then contacted Sir. [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]], the then Chief Commissioner of Mysore, and was able to obtain a site in the Bangalore Civil and Military Station for a church and school for the native Tamil congregation, and raised funds to build the same.<ref name=Spuddy>{{cite web|title=Details of GEORGE TREVOR|url=http://www.spuddybike.org.uk/familyhistory/madras/priests/detail/priest_2989.html|website=Spuddy Bike|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Penny1904>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras From 1805 to 1835: Volume I|date=1904|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe01penn/page/71 71]|url=https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe01penn|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref>

There existed a St. Paul’s Tamil Medium Primary School at the present site of the Church, since 1835, till it was closed down in 1900. The Native Tamil Anglicans (mainly converted "sepoys" or soldiers of the [[Madras Army]]), wanted a Tamil Anglican church for worship in their native language. The clergy of the [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]] helped in establishing the St. Paul's Church, the first Tamil Anglican church in Mysore State.<ref name=Hindu-175 /><ref name=Penny1912>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras From 1805 to 1835: Volume II|date=1912|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/thechurchinmadra02unknuoft/page/n92 71]|url=https://archive.org/details/thechurchinmadra02unknuoft|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref> Rev. George Trevor, Chaplin, [[East India Company]], raised a local subscription towards building the church, while the [[Church of England]] also contributed £50 towards its construction.<ref name=CE>{{cite journal|editor1-last=Burns|editor1-first=J|title=Colonial Church|journal=The Church of England Magazine|date=1840|volume=9|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRURAAAAIAAJ&q=st+pauls+church+bangalore&pg=PA7|accessdate=30 January 2015|publisher=Church Pastoral-aid Society, London|location=London}}</ref><ref name=Ecclesiastical>{{cite journal|last1=Rev. Dr. Russell|title=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|journal=The Ecclesiastical Gazette - Monthly Register of the Affairs of the Church of England|date=June 1840|volume=1|page=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5sOAAAAQAAJ&q=st+pauls+bangalore+george+trevor&pg=RA1-PA246|accessdate=9 February 2015|publisher=Charles Cox|location=London}}</ref> The church was built in the compound of the St. Paul’s Tamil Medium Primary School. The 180-year-old school building has now been renovated and serves as the community parish hall.<ref name=Hindu-175 />

According to Rev. A Westcott, as recorded in his book 'Our Oldest Indian Mission: A Brief History of the [[Vepery]] (Madras) Mission',<ref name=Westcott>{{cite book|last1=Westcott|first1=A|title=Our Oldest Indian Mission: A Brief History of the Vepery (Madras) Mission|date=1897|publisher=Madras Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|location=Madras|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/madras1897/|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> Rev. G Trevor, the [[East India Company|Company]] Chaplain helped raise funds for building the Tamil Church. Bishop Spencer laid the foundation in August 1839. The church was completed at a cost of BINR 1250 and consecrated in March 1840 as 'The Mission Church of St. Paul.' The act of consecration specifically states that the Church is dedicated for Divine Services in the Tamil languages only. At this time there were around 132 Christian families attached to the Bangalore Mission.

Missionaries, the elders and the congregation of [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]] identified a suitable place for building a separate church for the Tamil Anglican community, in 1838. Works commenced in the same year, under the guidance of Rev. George Trevor. The church was consecrated on 31 March 1840 by the Lord Bishop of Madras, the Rev. George Trevor Spencer, with Rev. S. J. Joshua (SPG) as its first parish priest.<ref name=chaplain>{{cite book|last1=O'Connor|first1=Daniel|title=Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858|date=12 January 2012|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=978-1441175342|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZXBeF0wpV8C&q=st+pauls+tamil+bangalore&pg=PA143|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=About>{{cite web|title=About St. Paul's Church..|url=http://www.stpaulschurchspg.yolasite.com/the-history-of-st-pauls-church.php|website=St. Paul's Church|accessdate=4 February 2015|date=2013}}</ref>

Both [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]] and St. Paul's Church were supported by the [[USPG|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)]].<ref name=chaplain /><ref name=Caine>{{cite book|last1=Caine|first1=William Sproston|title=Picturesque India: A Handbook for European Travellers|date=1890|publisher=London and G. Routledge & Sons, Limited|location=London|isbn=9781274043993|page=[https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog/page/n567 522]|url=https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Spencer">{{cite book |last1=Spencer |first1=George John Trevor |title=A Charge, delivered at the Second Triennial Visitation, in the Cathedral Church of St. George, Madras, and in St. Peter's Church, Colombo on January 27, 1843 |date=1843 |publisher=JGF & J Rivington |location=Pall Mall, London |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlNiAAAAcAAJ&q=St.+Paul%27s+Church%2C+Bangalore+%E2%80%8E&pg=PA22 |accessdate=19 June 2019}}</ref>

==SPG Records==
Bangalore was a town having a 60,000 population, and prior to 1837 there was only a native catechist who looked after the needs of the local native christian population, and also ran a school for about a dozen children. The catechist read the church services in the school house located in the Bangalore Cantonment for about 30-40 natives.

Rev. G Treveor took charge of the mission on 1838 and started a subscription for building a church and maintaining a church. By 1844, the number of children in the schools has increased to 180, with 20-40 females, and the number of schools for natives in the Cantonment were three.

The Bishop laid the foundation for the church on 5 August 1839, and was completed in 6 months, to be consecrated on 31 March 1840, as the 'Mission Church of St. Paul'. The consecration act particularly mentions that the church was dedicated for device services in the Tamil language only. The church services in Tamil commenced on Sunday 5 April 1840. Everyday morning prayers were held at 7:30AM, and full services with sermon on Sundays at 10:30AM and 4:30PM. Rev. Trevor visited the church for administering the Lord's Supper and the Sacraments of Baptism.

The Total cost for building the church was about £125 (BINR 1250.14), and £89.8 for the school room in the churchyard. On the day of the consecration, about BINR 354 was still owing with Rev. Treveor taking responsibility for the debt (else the consecration would have been delayed). The debt was settled in full the next day by a donation by a friend of Rev. Trevor, who wished to remain anonymous.

After the church opened, around 80 people attended services on Sundays, and about 50 during weekdays. On occasions such as Christmas and Easter around 150 people attended, even though the church was designed to accommodate 200 people. By 1844, around 333 people (76 men, 128 women, and 129 children) had been baptised by the church. A native catechist, three readers, two school masters and a school mistresses were employed and maintained by local subscriptions, and were supervised by Mr. Bayly. Rev. J Bilderbeck a missionary preached once in the church and examined the schools.

By 1844, there were around 132 families in the congregation, and the school has 111 scholars (64 christian, and 47 non-christian), with average daily attendance of 95, and about 40 being able to read.<ref name="SPG">{{cite book |last1=Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Great Britain) |title=Report of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, for the Year 1844 |date=1844 |publisher=Richard Clay |location=London |page=xxvi-xxviii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOcnr8mJeUYC&q=St.+Paul%27s+Church%2C+Bangalore+%E2%80%8E&pg=PA3-IA41 |accessdate=19 June 2019}}</ref>

==Pettigrew's Records, 1864==
[[Samuel Thomas Pettigrew (East India Company chaplain)|S T Pettigrew]] describes the Church of England mission chapel as being nothing more than a plain and ugly building. An oblong structure having plastered walls, holes with wooden shutters for the windows. The interior was brick and mortar construction, 9 ft height serving as pulpit. A common table covered with an old red baize cloth was used as the altar. There were no seats, as the native population were used to sitting on the floor. A verandah which ran on the north and south sides of the chapel gave protection against the sun. A low mud wall served as the compound. At the entrance, existed a triangle which was used for punishing recalcitrant drummer, and in this triangle was the bell used for summoning the worshippers. A native deacon lived in a portion of the native schools, opposite to the church. The deacon received his stipend from the ''Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts'', and the school was being run by voluntary donations.

===History===
Pettigrew went through the records of the church and describes its history. The church has its roots in the 18th century, being first planted by some German missionaries related to the ''Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge''. It was then transferred to the ''Society for the Propagation of the Gospel'', and managed by a committee based in Madras. A spark of life was given to this church in 1817, when a chaplain brought together the scattered congregation. For the next 19 years, the worship was done in the small schoolroom with the sacraments being administered by the chaplain of the St. Mark;s Church in English, which was not understood by the Tamil natives. Under Canon Trevor of York, the mission was re-constituted with the church being rebuilt covered by subscription and funds provided by SPCK. Additional schools were also opened. On 31 March 1940, he church was consecrated as 'St. Paul's Mission Church' for the purpose of native Christians. Later a missionary was appointed by SPG and a mission house constructed. In 1852, Bishop Dealtry gave licence for a native priest, but was shorty withdrawn.

In 1864, there was one native deacon, one catechist, a school master and a school mistress, the native congregation by that reaching 300. The Boys school attached to the church had 40 students, and the girls school 30 students, who were provided a daily meal and given clothes once a year with funds provided by a benevolent lady resident of the Cantonment.<ref name="Pettigrew">{{cite book|last1=Pettigrew|first1=Samuel Thomas|title=Episodes in the Life of an Indian Chaplain, by a Retired Chaplain|date=1882|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/episodesinlifea02chapgoog|accessdate=7 May 2018}}</ref>

==Renovations==
A record of an alteration to St. Paul's has been recorded in 1865. [[Samuel Thomas Pettigrew (East India Company chaplain)|Samuel Thomas Pettigrew]], Station Chaplain of the [[East India Company]] stationed at the [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bangalore Civil and Military Station]] extended, altered and improved the St. Paul's Tamil SPG Church. Before that it is recorded as being ugly and small.<ref name=Augustine>{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=John|title=Extracts From Letters: 247 From Rev. John Stephenson|journal=Occasional Papers from St. Augustine College|date=20 March 1865|issue=87|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_cHAAAAQAAJ&q=spg+tamil+church+bangalore&pg=RA2-PA31|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> S T Pettigrew also founded the All Saints Church, on Hosur Road, Richmond Town in 1870, and served as the chaplain of the St Mark’s Cathedral from 1863 to 1867 and 1869 to 1872.<ref name="NEE2018">{{cite news|last1=Prasad|first1=Preeja|title=Bengaluru: All Saints' Church, refuge for poor in Richmond Town|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/mar/22/bengaluru-all-saints-church-refuge-for-poor-in-richmond-town-1790570.html|access-date=7 May 2018|agency=Express News Service|issue=Bangalore|date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

Other that the above, the church building has been altered and extended at least four times (as recorded), in 1901, 1936, 1947 and recently in 2007.<ref name=Hindu-175 />

===1901 - Eastern side===
Below the baptismal altar in the church, there is a stone, dated 7 March 1901, AD, which marks the extension of the Eastern side of the church, acknowledging the benevolence of Mr. Joseph David, this being the first recorded extension of the church.

===1936 - Western side===
In 1936, the western side of the church was extended, with the foundation being laid by Rev. Canon H. H. Flynn on 13 April 1936, and the completed church re-dedicated by the Rt. Rev. E. H. M. Waller, DD, Lord Bishop of Madras, on 11 October 1936. This now houses the vestry and choir room. The tablets for this second recorded extension are on the side of the church facing the setting sun.

===1947 - Southern side===
In 1947, Rt. Rev. Pakenaham laid the foundation for the extension on the Southern side, for housing the holy sanctuary and [[chancel]]. A brass tablet located beside the arch of the sanctuary acknowledges this event. Funds were raised by the Mother's Union. The consecration of the altar sanctuary was performed by Rt. Rev. P Gurushantha, Bishop, Mysore Diocese. A circular cross embedded silver plate acknowledges this event, this being the third extension of the church.<ref name=DownMemory>{{cite web|title=Down the Memory of St. Paul's Church|url=http://www.stpaulschurchspg.yolasite.com/down-the-memory.php|website=St. Paul's Church|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

==175th anniversary==
The church celebrated its 175 years of existence in May 2014. The celebrations were led by Rt. Rev. Y William, retired bishop of the [[Church of South India|CSI]] [[Diocese of Vellore of the Church of South India|Vellore Diocese]]. An eternal lamp was lit, using the flame brought from the [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Cathedral]], the mother church of St. Paul's.<ref name=Hindu-175 />

On 19 April 2015, a special commemorative Post Cover was released by [[India Posts|India Post]] (Special Cover approval no. KTK/38/2015) to mark 175 years of St. Paul's Church.<ref name=175Cover1>{{cite web|last1=Mehra|first1=Sunil|title=175th anniversary of St. Paul's Church, Bangalore - 19 April 2015|url=http://rainbowstampclub.blogspot.com.au/2015/04/new-special-covers_24.html|website=Rainbow Stamp Club|publisher=Jeevan Jyothi|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=175Cover2>{{cite web|last1=Mehra|first1=Sushil|title=Special Cover on 175th Anniversary of St. Paul's Church, Bangalore - 19th April 2015|url=http://www.indianphilately.net/news0415.html|website=Indian Philatelists' Digest|publisher=Indian Philatelists' Forum|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> The Postal cover was released by Rt. Rev. Dr. Prasanna Kumar Samuel, Rev. D John Milton and S Shivaram, Senior Superintendent of Post Offices on the occasion of the celebration of Septaquintaquinque centennial celebrations service at the church.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Community services==
The church is located right next to the [[Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals|Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital]]. The church was established 20 years before the hospital was built. Being, next to the hospital, the church offers solace to people of all religions and communities who drop in to offer prayers for their loved ones who are admitted to the hospital.<ref name=Hindu-175 />

==Dateline==
* Late 1700s, Bangalore Tamil mission set up by German missionaries of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
*1817 scattered congregation brought together, and the next 19 years, the worship was done in the small schoolroom with sacraments being administered by the chaplain of the St. Mark's Church<ref name="Pettigrew" />
* 1835 Location for building the St. Paul's Church identified by the Missionary, the Elders and the Congregation of St. Mark’s Church (SPG)
* 1838 Rev. George Trevor, Chaplin, [[East India Company]], helps establish St. Paul's Church, the first [[Anglican]] [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] Church in the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]]
* 1840 March 31 St. Paul's Church consecrated by The Lord Bishop of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] the [[George Spencer (bishop)|Rev. George Trevor Spencer]], with Rev. S J Joshua (SPG) as the first parish priest<ref name=Hindu-175 /><ref name=CE />
* 1865 Church building renovations and additions by S T Pettigrew<ref name="Augustine" />
* 1901 First extension on the eastern side
* 1936 Second extension on the western side
* 1940 Centenary celebrations, under the presbytership of Rev. R Ezekiel, and Hon. Secretary G S Samuel
* 1947 Third extension on the southern side
* 1965 125 years celebrations under the presbytership of Rev. Paramamandam
* 1989 March 31 150 years celebrations, under the presbytership of Rev. Solomon Gnanaraj and Rev. Saduri<ref name=About />
* 2014 175 years celebrations, led by Rt. Rev. Y William, retired bishop of the [[Church of South India|CSI]] [[Diocese of Vellore of the Church of South India|Vellore Diocese]].<ref name=Hindu-175 />
* 2015 April 19, special commemorative cover released by India Post to mark 175 years of St. Paul's

==List of presbyters (till 2021)==
{{Div col}}
* Rev. S J Joshua (1840-
* Rev. D Savarimuthu (1852 - 1858)
* Rev. S A Godfrey (1858 – 1861)
* Rev. I Eleazer (1861 - 1870)
* Rev. G Lazarus (1870 – 1882)
* Rev. I Ignatius (1882 – 1886)
* Rev. Thomas Duraisingh (1886 - 1888)
* Rev. Cornelius (1888 - 1894)
* Rev. M D Israel (1894 - 1896)
* Rev. S Paranjothi (1896 – 1925)
* Rev. M Yesudian (1925 - 1926)
* Rev. James Barnabas (1926 - 1929)
* Rev. Koilpillai (1929 – 1933)
* Rev. Gnanaiyah Yesudian Tucker (1933 – 1937)
* Rev. Daniel Jacob (Deacon)
* Rev. R Ezekiel (1937 - 1945)
* Rev. A S Lokapathy (1945 - 1957)
* Rev. E S Paramanandam (1957 - 1968)
* Rev. M P Henry (Deacon)
* Rev. G J R Athistham (1968 – 1971)
* Rev. Y David (1971 – 1972)
* Rev. M K Arnold (1972 – 1975)
* Rev. G J R Athistham (1976 – 1983)
* Rev. James Williams (1983)
* Rev. D M Bhaskaran (1983 - 1987)
* Rev. J Saduri (1987 – 1990)
* Rev. D Victor Thomas (1990 - 1995)
* Rev. Moses Jayakumar (1995 - 1997)
* Rev. J Saduri (1997 - 2001)
* Rev. J A Victor Joshua (2001 – 2003)
* Rev. A Jeganathan (2003 – 2008)
* Rev. D Victor Thomas (2008 – 2011)
* Rev. D John Milton (2011 – 2016)
* Rev. J. Soundar Rajan (2016 - 2021)
* Rev. Christy Gnanadasan (2021 - )<ref name=Presbyters>{{cite web|title=Presbyters and Deacons who has served St. Paul's Church since 1840 A.D|url=http://www.stpaulschurchspg.yolasite.com/presbyters-and-deacons.php|website=St. Paul's Church|accessdate=4 February 2015|date=2011}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Pauls Church Bangalore}}
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]

Harchandan Singh Bhatti

2025-07-13T20:53:41Z

AliNiazOfficial: Done.

{{Short description|Indian tribal art curator and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harchandan Singh Bhatti
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Curator, artist
| known_for = Designing Bhopal's Tribal Museum
| awards = [[Padma Shri]](2025)
}}

'''Harchandan Singh Bhatti''' is an Indian museum curator and designer known for his contributions to the preservation and presentation of India's [[tribal art]] and culture. He played a key role in conceptualising and designing the [[Tribal Museum Bhopal|Madhya Pradesh State Tribal Museum]] in [[Bhopal]], which has gained recognition for its innovative and immersive displays. In 2025, he was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]], for his contributions to the field of art.<ref name="padma2025">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ |website=Padma Awards |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="cnbctv18">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anand |title=Who are Pandi Ram Mandavi and Harchandan Singh Bhatti: Padma Shri awardees reviving India's tribal art and heritage |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/who-are-pandi-ram-mandavi-and-harchandan-singh-bhatti-padma-shri-awardees-reviving-indias-tribal-art-and-heritage-19611723.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhatti is credited with shaping the aesthetic and curatorial design of the [[Tribal Museum Bhopal|Tribal Museum of Bhopal]] or ''Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum'' inaugurated in 2013. The museum is known for its experiential approach, using life sized dioramas and tribal installations to represent the daily life, rituals, and beliefs of tribal communities.<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Award Winner Harchandan Singh Bhatti: Life History |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/padma-shri-award-winner-harchandan-singh-bhatti-from-bhopal-life-history-sikh-riots-cut-his-hair-and-stopped-wearing-turban-7565654 |website=NDTV MPCG |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

His curatorial philosophy emphasizes storytelling through space, sound, and visual arrangement, departing from conventional glass cased exhibits. The museum has become a prominent cultural destination in Central India, often praised for its architectural layout and artistic sensibility.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news |title=Bhopal's Harchandan Singh Bhatti Awarded Padma Shri |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/bhopals-harchandan-singh-bhatti-awarded-padma-award-134357899.html |work=Daily Bhaskar |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhatti was born in [[Bhopal]] and has been deeply involved in promoting tribal heritage through public institutions. In media interviews, he recalled the impact of the 1984 [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|anti Sikh riots]], during which he cut his hair and ceased wearing a turban for personal safety.<ref name="ndtv" />

== Recognition ==
On 26 January 2025, the [[Government of India]] announced Bhatti’s name among the Padma Shri recipients in the field of art. The honour was awarded for his decades long service in preserving indigenous culture through museum curation and artistic design.<ref name="mpinfo">{{Cite web |title=CM congratulates Padma awardees from Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.mpinfo.org/Home/TodaysNews?newsid=20250126N183&fontname=FontEnglish&LocID=32&pubdate=01/26/2025 |website=MP Information Department |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="amarujala">{{Cite news |title=MP News: CM congratulates Harchandan Singh Bhatti nominated for Padma Shri |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/mp-news-cm-congratulated-harchandan-singh-bhatti-nominated-for-padmashree-said-he-brought-glory-to-the-sta-2025-01-26 |work=Amar Ujala |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Padma Shri]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Indian curators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Museum people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]