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Constandine Ravindran

2026-05-03T15:06:42Z

Ali omar: Put up a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Constandine J. Ravindran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| other_party = [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| profession =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| footnotes =
| source =
| term =
}}

''' Constandine Ravindran''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Indian Parliament]], from Tamil Nadu as a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="l243">{{cite web | last=Tyagi | first=Vanshika | title=Rajya Sabha Elections 2026: Full list of winners across Assam, Chhattisgarh,Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Telangana, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra | website=DNA India | date=16 March 2026 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajya-sabha-elections-2026-full-list-of-winners-across-assam-chhattisgarhtamil-nadu-west-bengal-telangana-himachal-pradesh-maharashtra-3203376 | access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="c918">{{cite web | last=Mariappan | first=Julie | title=Tiruchi Siva, Thambidurai likely to be renominated to RS | website=The Times of India | date=4 March 2026 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tiruchi-siva-likely-to-be-renominated-to-rs/articleshow/129007672.cms | access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="w693">{{cite web | title=Tamil Nadu: Constantine Ravindran in DMK shortlist for Rajya Sabha | website=The News Minute | date=28 February 2026 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-constantine-ravindran-in-dmk-shortlist-for-rajya-sabha | access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

CP Goenka International School

2026-05-03T14:54:03Z

Ali omar: Put up new details

{{Short description|Private school in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = C P Goenka International School
| native_name =
| logo = CP Goenka International School.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = 
| motto_translation =
| location = [[Juhu]], [[Oshiwara]], [[Borivali]], [[Thane]], [[Wagholi]]
| city = [[Mumbai]], [[Thane]], [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = Private
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{Start date|2000}}
| founder = Sandeep Goenka Archana Goenka
| closed =
| school_board =
| district =
| authority = C P Goenka International Group of Schools
| oversight = 
| chairman = Sandeep Goenka
| principal =
| head = 
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades = K-12
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 
| enrollment_as_of = 
| language = English
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Urban
| colors = 
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| affiliation = [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) [[Cambridge Assessment International Education]] (CAIE) [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) [[IB Diploma Programme]] (IBDP)
| website = {{URL|https://www.cpgoenkainternationalschool.com/}}
}}
The '''C P Goenka International School''' (abbreviated '''CPGIS''') is a [[Private school|private]], [[co-educational]] day school,<ref>{{cite news |title=C P Goenka International Schools: Nurturing Thinkers and Innovators through Education |url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2019/01/cp-goenka-international-schools-nurturing-thinkers-and-innovators-through-education/ |publisher=Elets |date=8 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="TimesSchoolSurvey18"/> with several campuses in and around [[Mumbai]] and other locations in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=School introduces 3D printing, robotics |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/100119/school-introduces-3d-printing-robotics.html |newspaper=[[Asian Age]] |date=10 January 2019}}</ref> The school is affiliated with the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE), [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) and [[IB Diploma Programme]] (IBDP).

== Early history ==
CPGIS was established by Sandeep Goenka and Archana Goenka in 2000.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} It is affiliated with the C P Goenka International Group of Schools, which also owns Swami Vivekanand International School and [[Spring Buds International Preschool]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The school is operated by the Citizens Welfare Association, a public trust registered under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950.<ref>{{cite web |title=About The Promoters |url=http://www.cpgoenkajuhu.com/about_the_promoters.aspx |website=cpgoenkajuhu.com |date= 29 January 2020}}</ref>

== Academics ==
C P Goenka International School has been authorized to offer a combination of the following programmes: [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE), [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) and [[IB Diploma Programme]] (IBDP) across its 5 campuses.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Campus !! Board
|-
| Juhu, Mumbai|| [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|CAIE]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CP Goenka International School, Juhu, Mumbai (CPGIS) |url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/cp-goenka-international-school-juhu-mumbai-mumbai-suburban-maharashtra-india-s10015600 |publisher=SchoolMyKids.com |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Oshiwara, Mumbai || [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|CAIE]], [[IB Diploma Programme|IBDP]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CP Goenka International School, Oshiwara, Mumbai (CPGIS) |url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/cp-goenka-international-school-oshiwara-andheri-mumbai-maharashtra-india-s10017623 |publisher=SchoolMyKids.com |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Borivali, Mumbai || [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|CAIE]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CP Goenka International School, Borivali West, Mumbai (CPGIS) |url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/cp-goenka-international-school-borivali-west-mumbai-maharashtra-india-s10017624 |publisher=SchoolMyKids.com |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Thane||[[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|CAIE]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CP Goenka International School, Thane (CPGIS) |url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/cp-goenka-international-school-thane-west-thane-maharashtra-india-s10017621 |publisher=SchoolMyKids.com |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Wagholi, Pune||[[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|CAIE]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CP Goenka International School, Wagholi, Pune (CPGIS) |url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/cp-goenka-international-school-wagholi-pune-maharashtra-india-s10017622 |publisher=SchoolMyKids.com |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Community engagement ==
In February 2019 the CPGIS [[Wagholi]] campus organized a [[blood donation]] camp in association with the Army Hospital, Pune.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blood donation camp|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/gk-gurukul-hosts-first-edition-of-inter-school-robotics-competition/articleshow/68159572.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

The CPGIS [[Borivali]] campus participated in a cleanup drive at [[Versova Beach]], [[Mumbai]] in September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Swati |title=Mumbai: Thousands join 'clean Versova beach' on International Coastal Cleanup Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-thousands-join-clean-versova-beach-on-international-coastal-cleanup-day/articleshow/71235946.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 September 2019}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
* In a survey by Times School Survey in 2018, CPGIS [[Juhu]] campus was ranked as the 3rd best International school in Mumbai in Zone B for International Curriculum.<ref name="TimesSchoolSurvey18">{{cite news |title=Times School Survey 2018 |url=https://www.rahulinternational.org/times.pdf |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
* CPGIS Thane campus was rated #4 for goodwill, legacy, and reputation and #7 for academic excellence in a list of India's Top School Ranking, 2018: North Mumbai by the Elets' Digital Learning (DL) Ranking.<ref>{{cite news |date=2018 |title=India's Top School Ranking 2018: North Mumbai |url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/ranking/2018/11/india-top-school-ranking-2018-north-mumbai/ |publisher=Elets Online}}</ref>
* The school has been listed in the Ultimate Schools of Mumbai by [[Hindustan Times]].<ref>{{cite news |title=HT's Ultimate Schools of Mumbai |url=https://www.cpgoenkainternationalschool.com/images/news/news-img3.jpg |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=June 2019}}</ref>
* CPGIS won the Teaching Excellence Award at International School Awards 2019, held in [[Dubai]].<ref name="yearbook"/>
* The school was ranked among the top five international schools in [[Mumbai]] at the GTF (Global Triumph Foundation) World Summit 2019.<ref name="yearbook">{{cite book |title=CP Goenka Yearbook 2019 |date=14 June 2019 |pages=42–45 |url=https://issuu.com/feelberry/docs/ym14062019}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Schools|Education}}
* [[List of schools in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]
* [[List of international schools in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://www.cpgoenkainternationalschool.com/|Official website}}
* [https://pandafreebacklink.store/ website]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:International schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:Education in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Education in Thane]]
[[Category:Education in Pune]]
[[Category:Schools in Thane district]]

Azin Alizadehasl

2026-05-01T17:58:51Z

Ali omar: Started new bio

{{Short description|Iranian academic}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Azin Alizadehasl
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1975
| birth_place = [[Urmia]], [[Iran]]
| citizenship = [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]
| education = Professor of [[Cardiology]], [[Echocardiologist]], [[Oncology|Cardio-Oncologist]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Pioneer and Head of Cardio-Oncology Department & Research Center
| years_active =
| known_for =
| awards =
* Silver Medal in world Olympiad of Chemistry in Italy (February 1992)
* International Doody’s Core Titles Award for Practical Cardiology Book
* ''Book-authority'' selected author for ''100 Best Cardiology Books of All Time''

| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Azin Alizadehasl''' ([[Persian (language)|Persian]]: آذین علیزاده اصل, born 1975) is an Iranian Professor of [[Cardiology]], [[Echocardiologist]] and Cardio-Oncologist.<ref>{{cite web |title=آذین علیزاده اصل | url=https://cardionco.com/about/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=آذین علیزاده اصل |url=http://prof.rhc.ac.ir/alizadehasl/fa |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
She is the pioneer and head of the Cardio-Oncology Department and Research Center and a faculty member at the Rajaie Heart Center in [[Tehran]], Iran. She is also a fellow of the [[American Society of Echocardiography]],<ref>{{cite web |title=GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS |url=https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Guidelines-for-Performing-a-Comprehensive-Transthoracic-Echocardiographic-Examination-in-Adults.pdf |publisher=asecho.org |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> nd has held a Member-at-Large position on the ASE Guidelines and Standards Committee since 2020. Additionally, she is a fellow of the American College of Cardiology.<ref name="behdashtgov">{{cite web |title=انتشار پنج کتاب فوق تخصصی در دو ماه توسط یکی از اساتید قلب و عروق کشور |url=https://behdasht.gov.ir/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87--%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-- |publisher=Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Iran |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Azin Alizadehasl was born in 1975 in [[Urmia]], [[Iran]]. She is an Iranian Professor of [[Cardiology]], [[Echocardiologist]] and Cardio-Oncologist.
Currently, she is the pioneer and head of Cardio-Oncology Department and Research Center at Rajaie Heart Center in [[Tehran]], Iran. She is also a fellow of the [[American Society of Echocardiography]]. She studied general medicine at [[Tabriz University of Medical Sciences]] from 1993 to 2000 and is board-certified in cardiology from Iran and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
In February 1992, she earned a (silver medal) in the World Chemistry Olympiad in [[Italy]]; ranked second in the Cardiovascular Residency Program Exam in Iran in 2002, and placed in the top 10% of the Iranian Cardiology Board Exam in 2006. She received the International Doody’s Core Titles Award for her ''Practical Cardiology Book'' and was recognized by BookAuthority as an author of one of the ''100 Best Cardiology Books of All Time''.<ref>{{cite web |title=گفتگو با بنیانگذار رشتۀ کاردیوآنکولوژى را در ایران ، خانم دکتر آذین علیزادۀ اصل |url=https://www.pezeshkyemrooz.com/news/medicine/%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%80-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85-%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%80-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84 |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
Alizadeasl founded the first Cardio-Oncology clinic and Department in Iran at the Shaheed Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, which is also the first Cardio-Oncology clinic, educational, and research center in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |title=اولین مرکز تحقیقاتی کاردیوآنکولوژی آسیا در ایران ایجاد می شود |date=7 June 2019 |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/83339719/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF |publisher=irna news |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=راه اندازی رشته "کاردیوانکولوژی" در مرکز قلب و عروق شهید رجایی |date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5238888/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C |publisher=mehrnews}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Cardio-Oncology in Iran |year=2021 |publisher=JACC Journals|doi=10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.09.011 |last1=Alizadehasl |first1=Azin |last2=Noohi |first2=Feridoun |last3=Maleki |first3=Majid |last4=Peyghambari |first4=Mohammad Mehdi |last5=Akbari Parsa |first5=Niloufar |last6=Emami |first6=Amir Hossein |last7=Moosavi |first7=Asadollah |last8=Hagh Azali |first8=Mehrdad |last9=Pouraliakbar |first9=Hamidreza |last10=Azadeh |first10=Payam |journal=JACC: CardioOncology |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=756–759 |pmid=34988488 |pmc=8702788 |s2cid=245412264 }}</ref> She is the author and editor of numerous national and international books published by esteemed publishing companies such as Elsevier, Springer, Cambridge and Jaypee. She introduced an innovation in the field of echocardiography known as "Holter Echocardiography" and developed an accepted innovation called "A Polypill for the Prevention of Cardiotoxicity," which includes Carvedilol, Lisinopril, Aldactone, and Atorvastatin. This polypill was recognized by the Research Deputy of the Iranian Ministry of Health. Additionally, she introduced an approved innovation in the form of a modified TEE probe surface designed to prevent the adhesion of macromolecules (such as saliva).<ref name="irib">{{cite web |title=انتشار پنج کتاب فوق تخصصی توسط یکی از اساتید قلب و عروق کشور |url=https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/2881390/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1 |publisher=iribnews |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Some books written by Alizadehasl:<ref name="behdashtgov" /><ref name="irib" />

* ''Comprehensive Approach to Adult Congenital Heart Disease'', Springer Publishing Company; Anita Sadeghpour, Majid Kiavar, Azin Alizadehasl. 2014<ref>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Approach to Adult Congenital Heart Disease |year=2014 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-6383-1 |publisher=springer |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-6383-1 |isbn=978-1-4471-6382-4 |access-date=27 May 2022|editor-last1=Sadeghpour |editor-last2=Kyavar |editor-last3=Alizadehasl |editor-first1=Anita |editor-first2=Majid |editor-first3=Azin }}</ref>
* ''Multimodal Imaging Atlas of Cardiac Masses'', Elsevier Publishing Company, Azin Alizadehasl and Majid Maleki, In press, 2022<ref>{{cite book |title=Multimodal Imaging Atlas of Cardiac Masses |date=19 July 2022 |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/multimodal-imaging-atlas-of-cardiac-masses/alizadehasl/978-0-323-84906-7 |publisher=elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-84906-7 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Practical Cardiology Principles and Approaches'', Elsevier Publishing Company, Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl, Majid Haghjoo, 2017<ref>{{cite book |title=Practical Cardiology |date=15 September 2017 |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/practical-cardiology/maleki/978-0-323-51149-0 |publisher=elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-51149-0 |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Chemotherapy Cardiovascular Considerations; Drug Manual'', Azin Alizadehasl, Mohammad Vaezi, Ehsan Ferasati, ... et al. 1400.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemotherapy cardiovascular consideration drug manua |url=https://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/8531081 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Color Atlas of Cardiology- Challenging Cases'', Jaypee Publishing Company. 2017, Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl.<ref>{{cite book |title=Color Atlas of Cardiology: Challenging Cases |date=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.jaypeedigital.com/book/9789386322142 |publisher=jaypee digital |isbn=9789386322142 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Case based textbook of Echocardiography'', Springer UK, Anita Sadeghpour, Azin Alizadehasl. 2018<ref>{{cite book |title=Case-Based Textbook of Echocardiography |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-67691-3 |publisher=springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-67691-3 |isbn=978-3-319-67689-0 |s2cid=53085508 |access-date=28 May 2022|editor-last1=Sadeghpour |editor-last2=Alizadehasl |editor-first1=Anita |editor-first2=Azin }}</ref>
* ''Practical Cardiology Principles and Approaches'', 2nd Edition, Elsevier Publishing Company, Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl, Majid Haghjoo, 2021<ref>{{cite book |title=Practical Cardiology |date=16 February 2021 |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/practical-cardiology/maleki/978-0-323-80915-3 |publisher=elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-80915-3 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=کتاب "Practical Cardiology" برای فلوشیپهای قلب و عروق منتشر شد |date=23 May 2021 |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5218460/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-Practical-Cardiology-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%AF |publisher=mehrnews |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Cardiac radiation toxicity: clinical and practical point'', Azin Alizadehasl et al, 1400<ref>{{cite web |title=Cardiac radiation toxicity: clinical and practical point |url=https://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/8424751 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Atlas of Echocardiography in Pediatrics and Congenital Heart Diseases''<ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas of Echocardiography in Pediatrics and Congenital Heart Diseases |year=2021 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-62341-1 |publisher=springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-62341-1 |isbn=978-3-662-62340-4 |s2cid=231671298 |access-date=22 June 2022|editor-last1=Moradian |editor-last2=Alizadehasl |editor-first1=Maryam |editor-first2=Azin }}</ref>
* ''Case-Based Clinical Cardiology''<ref>{{cite book |title=Case-Based Clinical Cardiology |year=2021 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-7496-7 |publisher=springer |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-7496-7 |isbn=978-1-4471-7495-0 |s2cid=232107909 |access-date=22 June 2022|editor-last1=Maleki |editor-last2=Alizadehasl |editor-first1=Majid |editor-first2=Azin }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alizadehasl, Azin}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Iranian oncologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]

India Kids Fashion Week

2026-04-30T11:32:56Z

Ali omar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = IKFW
| native_name = India Kids Fashion Week
| logo =
| image = MVB02987-683x1024.jpg
| begins =
| ends =
| prev = Mumbai 12 Nov 2025
| next = TBA
| nest =
| frequency = Annually
| location = India<ref>ikfw.in</ref>
| years_active = 12
| first = January 2012
| last =
| participants = Kids, designers, brands
| attendance =
| genre = Kids' fashion
| budget =
| patron =
| website = [http://ikfw.in Official website]
}}

'''India Kids Fashion Week''' ('''IKFW''') is an event held annually in several major cities across India, namely,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DJIs07kXvw|title = IKFS – India Kids Fashion Show Coverage – India News}}</ref> Mumbai, [[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Jaipur]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Bangalore]] by IKFW Organization. The organization is involved in putting the kids on the ramp, showcasing designers' outfits.<ref>{{Cite web|title = India Kids Fashion Show|url = http://www.2scompany.in/ikfs.html|website = News|access-date = 2016-01-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063436/http://www.2scompany.in/ikfs.html|archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref> It brings together the best designers both national and international, and kids' talent together on the same platform.<ref>{{Cite web|title = How is IKFS different from other fashion shows for Kid's?|url = http://www.kemmannu.com/index.php?action=topstory&type=5232|website = News|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref> The age group for participation is 3 to 14 years (both boys and girls). Renowned fashion show director [[Lokesh Sharma]] was one of the grooming experts for their initial editions, ever since then several top fashion professionals have showcased their design<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kids on the ramp|url = http://www.thestatesman.com/news/fashion/kids-on-the-ramp/75879.html|website = thestatesman.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Apart from the designers' show, IKFw has organized [[exhibition]]s, [[awards]] for kids<ref>{{Cite web|title = INDIA KIDS FASHION SHOW Presents Fashionomica Conference, Defile De Mode, Runway of the Ye by India Kids Fashion Show|url = http://www.1888pressrelease.com/india-kids-fashion-show-presents-fashionomica-conference-de-pr-553055.html|website = Press Release|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref> and designers, talent recognition<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2016/02/kids-fashion-show-with-a-cause-ikfs-spring-summer-2016/|title=KIDS FASHION SHOW WITH A CAUSE - IKFS SPRING SUMMER 2016 {{!}} RITZ|website=RITZ|access-date=2016-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403195921/http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2016/02/kids-fashion-show-with-a-cause-ikfs-spring-summer-2016/|archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> on the basis of their performances<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fashionunited.in/news/fashion/ikfs-will-showcase-spring-summer-collection/2016021213077|title=IKFS will showcase Spring/Summer collection|last=Kumar|first=Meenakshi|website=fashionunited.in|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref> and many more backstage activities.<ref>{{Cite news |title = A peek into the secret world of little devils who wear Prada |url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/A-peek-into-the-secret-world-of-little-devils-who-wear-Prada/articleshow/47031795.cms|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>

== Auditions ==
Auditions for India Kids Fashion Week are conducted across multiple cities in India as part of the participant selection process. Interested candidates, typically children aged 3 to 14 years, register in advance and attend scheduled audition rounds, which are often held in shopping malls and public venues in major metropolitan cities. The selection process generally includes basic screening, ramp walk assessment, and interaction with a judging panel that may include fashion professionals and social media influencers. Auditions are typically organized between June and August across participating cities, after which shortlisted participants are invited to take part in grooming sessions and subsequent runway showcases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/ikfw_official/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== Celebrity guests ==
India Kids Fashion Week has featured a range of celebrity guests across its seasons. In its inaugural season, guests included [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Dia Mirza]], [[Sohail Khan]], [[Tisca Chopra]], and Jannat Zubair Rahmani. Season 2 saw appearances by [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], Darsheel Safary, Nandish Sandhu, [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], Tamannaah, Sarah Jane Dias, Sangeeta Ghosh, Vishakha Singh, Shraddha Arya, Krystle D'Souza, [[Karan Tacker]], [[Mandira Bedi]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)]], Pinder Kumar, and Anushka Ranjan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Coverage |url=https://ikfw.in/media-coverage/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=India Kids Fashion Week - IKFW |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Season 3, [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Virender Sehwag]], Smita Bansal, [[Upen Patel]], and Shivansh Kotia were among the guests. Season 4 featured Harshaali Malhotra, [[Avika Gor]], Riddhi Dogra, Himansh Kohli, Anita Hassanandani, [[Mika Singh]], Anjali Raut, Amruta Patki, Pankhuri Awasthy, [[Madhurima Tuli]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], Harshvardhan Rane, [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], along with several other personalities from the fashion and entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Coverage |url=https://ikfw.in/media-coverage/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=India Kids Fashion Week - IKFW |language=en-US}}</ref>

Season 5 included Perizaad Zorabian, Piaa Bajpai, Simple Kaul, Sandeepa Dhar, Lopamudra Raut, Asha Negi, Sargun Mehta, Prit Kamani, Shilpi Datta Som, [[Karanvir Bohra]], Teejay Sidhu, [[Nia Sharma]], [[Geeta Kapur (choreographer)]], Priyank Sharma, Carol Gracias, Uditi Goswami, [[Soha Ali Khan]], [[Daisy Shah]], and [[Pooja Hegde]]. Last few seasons' guests included Satinder Sartaaj, Jazzy B, Arjun Bijlani, [[Vikas Gupta]], Yuvika Chaudhary, Aditi Govitrikar, Sara Khan, [[Shruti Seth]], [[Mugdha Godse]], and others, with Karishma Modi appearing across multiple seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Coverage |url=https://ikfw.in/media-coverage/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=India Kids Fashion Week - IKFW |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Branding ===
India Kids Fashion Week (IKFW) is positioned as a platform that integrates fashion showcases with brand visibility and sponsorship-driven marketing initiatives. The event collaborates with multiple sponsors and partner brands across categories such as healthcare, finance, lifestyle, and technology, including companies such as Clove Dental, Equitas, Imoo, Miko, and Nexus, as featured on its official platform. These associations enable on-ground activations, logo placements, and experiential zones during events, enhancing brand interaction with attendees. IKFW’s branding strategy emphasizes connecting sponsors and partner brands with its core audience of parents, children, and fashion consumers through runway showcases, digital campaigns, and media outreach, positioning the event as a marketing and networking platform within the children’s fashion and retail ecosystem. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Partners |url=https://ikfw.in/partners/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=India Kids Fashion Week - IKFW |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Events ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Date
!Location
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013–2014
|26 Jan 2013
|[[Jaipur]]
|-
|20–22 June 2013
|[[Gurgaon]]
|-
|29 Dec 2013
|Delhi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014–2015
|10 April 2014
|Mumbai
|-
|29 Aug 2014
|[[Gurgaon]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015–2016
|21 Jan 2015
|Mumbai
|-
|26 April 2015
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|29 June 2015
|[[Gurgaon]]
|-
|4 Oct 2015
|Ahmadabad
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016–2017
|13-14 Feb 2016
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|13–14 May 2016
|Mumbai
|-
|24–26 June 2016
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|23 December 2016
|Mumbai
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
|4 September 2022
|Hyderabad
|-
|11 September 2022
|Chennai
|-
|18 September 2022
|Kolkata
|-
|9 October 2022
|Pune
|-
|16 October 2022
|Ahmedabad
|-
|27 October 2022
|[[Jaipur]]
|-
|12 & 13 Nov 2022
|New Delhi
|-
|19 & 20 Nov 2022
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|10 & 11 Dec 2022
|Mumbai
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ikfw.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Fashion events in India]]
[[Category:Childhood in India]]

Baselios Joseph

2026-04-30T04:47:12Z

Ali omar: Started a data

{{Short description|Catholicos of the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Catholicos
| honorific_prefix = [[His Beatitude|His Beatitude Aboon Mor]] ശ്രേഷ്ഠ
| name = Baselios Joseph {{Script/Mdnh|ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܒܰܣܺܝܠܺܝܳܘܣ ܝܰܘܣܶܦ݂}} ബസേലിയോസ് ജോസഫ്
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| All over world jacobya church =
| caption = Official Portrait, 2025
| native_name = ശ്രേഷ്ഠ ബസേലിയോസ് ജോസഫ് ബാവ
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see = [[Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church|Catholicate See]]
| term = 2025-Present
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[Baselios Thomas I]]
| successor =
| opposed =
| ordination = 25 March 1984
| ordained_by = [[Baselios Paulose II]], [[Catholicos of the East]]
| consecration = 16 January 1994
| consecrated_by = [[Ignatius Zakka I]], [[Patriarch of Antioch]]
| rank = 
| birth_name = Joseph "Jose"
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|11|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mulanthuruthy]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = {{flag|India}}
| religion = [[Oriental Orthodox]]
| residence = Kyomtha Seminary,('''Catholicos Residence''') Thiruvankulam
| parents = Srambikkal Pallithitta Geevarghese and Saramma
| profession = 
| education = '''[[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]]''' from [[Trinity College Dublin]], 
'''B.D''' from [[St Patrick's College, Dublin]], [[Ireland]], 
'''B.A''' Economics from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], 
'''Diploma''' in [[Clinical pastoral education|Clinical Pastoral Education and Counseling]], [[United States|U.S.A]] 
'''Theological Studies''' from Mor Julios Seminary, [[Perumpilly]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College Dublin]], [[Ireland]], [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms = Syriac orthodox COA.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt = 
| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date = 
| module =
| title = [[Catholicos of India]], [[Maphrian of the East]], & [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
| term_start =
| other_post = [[Malankara Metropolitan]], Metropolitan of Kochi Diocese, [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Diocese of Angamaly|Metropolitan of Angamali Diocese]]
}}
[[Image:Morgregorisjoseph.jpg|thumb|Mor Baselios Joseph as Metropolitan]]

'''Mor Baselios Joseph''' ([[Syriac language|Syr:]] ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܒܰܣܺܝܠܺܝܳܘܣ ܝܰܘܣܶܦ݂; [[Malayalam|Mal:]] മോർ ബസേലിയോസ് ജോസഫ്; Born 10 November 1960) is the current [[Catholicos of India]] of the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Joseph Mor Gregorios elected Metropolitan Trustee of Jacobite Church by secret ballot |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/01/joseph-mor-gregorios-elected-metropolitan-trustee-of-jacobite-church-by-secret-ballot-2012280.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-04 |title=Joseph Gregorios declared Malankara metropolitan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/joseph-gregorios-declared-malankara-metropolitan/article67811195.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-08 |title=Bearing legacy of an illustrious tradition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/joseph-mor-gregorios-brings-with-him-the-continuation-of-an-illustrious-tradition/article68961929.ece |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also serves as the Metropolitan of the Kochi Diocese and [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Diocese of Angamaly|Angamali Diocese]].

He was elevated to the position of Catholicos on March 25, 2025 at St. Mary's Cathedral, Atchaneh, [[Lebanon]] in a service presided by [[Ignatius Aphrem II]], the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-27 |title=Joseph Mor Gregorios new Catholicos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/joseph-mor-gregorios-new-catholicos/articleshow/117609116.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early years==

Joseph "Jose" Srambikkal was born in [[Perumpilly]], [[Kerala]] as the youngest of four children to Srambikkal Pallithitta Geevarghese and Saramma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY |url=https://www.syriacchristianity.in/bio/MalankaraPrelates/bio_GreJoseph.htm |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.syriacchristianity.in}}</ref> Joseph had his primary education at Perumpilly Primary School and his high school education from Mulanthuruthy High School.<ref name=":0" />

==Early service==

On 25 March 1974, at the age of 13, Joseph was ordained a deacon by [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Perumpally|Mor Gregorios Geevarghese of Perumpally]] at [[St. Ignatius Monastery Manjinikkara|Mor Ignatius Dayro, Manjinikkara]].<ref name=":0" /> He later served as the secretary to Mor Gregorios for several years. He pursued pre-degree and undergraduate studies at [[Maharaja's College, Kochi|Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], before joining Mor Julius Seminary, Perumpally, for theological studies.<ref name=":0" />

On 25 March 1984, Joseph was ordained a priest at [[St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy|Marthoman Church, Mulanthuruthy]], by Mor Baselios Paulose II.<ref name=":0" /> He went on to earn a master's degree in philosophy from [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College, Dublin]], and pursued further theological studies in the United States, where he also served as the vicar of multiple churches.<ref name=":0" /> He was ordained as Dayroyo by [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] in Damascus on 15 January 1994.<ref name=":0" />

== Metropolitan ==
On 16 January 1994, Fr. Joseph Ramban was consecrated as Mor Gregorios Joseph, the Metropolitan of the Kochi Diocese, by [[Ignatius Zakka I|Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]], the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch of Antioch and All the East]], at Damascus.<ref name=":0" /> He formally assumed the office after the Sunthroniso (enthronement) ceremony at Kyomtha Cathedral, Thiruvankulam, on 23 January 1994.

Joseph served as the President of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Sunday School Association (MJSSA) from 1996 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholicos Mor Baselios Joseph |url=https://www.stmaryschurchhouston.org/catholicos |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=stmaryschurchhouston |language=en}}</ref> He was also instrumental in initiating several orphanages and educational projects. In 2019, he was elected as the Metropolitan Trustee of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Association, following the resignation of Catholicos [[Baselios Thomas I]] from administrative duties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Mor Baselios Joseph Enthroned as the Catholicos (Maphryono) of Syriac Orthodox Church in India |url=https://ocpsociety.org/mor-baselios-joseph-enthroned-as-the-catholicosmaphryono-of-syriac-orthodox-church-in-india/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, Patriarch [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] appointed him as the 26th [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-26 |title=Mor Gregorios Joseph is new Catholicos of Jacobite Church |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mor-gregorios-joseph-is-new-catholicos-of-jacobite-church/articleshow/119495640.cms |access-date=2025-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also served as Catholicos Assistant to [[Baselios Thomas I]] until his passing in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title=Joseph Gregorios declared Malankara metropolitan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/joseph-gregorios-declared-malankara-metropolitan/article67811195.ece |access-date=2025-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Catholicos of India ==
Following the passing away of [[Baselios Thomas I]], Gregorios Joseph was unanimously elected as the Catholicos of India.<ref name=":1" /> He was elevated as Catholicos of India in a service led by Patriarch [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] alongside all the bishops of the Syriac Orthodox Church on 25 March 2025, at St. Mary's Cathedral, Atchaneh, Lebanon with the name '''Baselios Joseph'''.<ref name=":1" /> He was enthroned on 30 March 2025, at Mar Athanasius Cathedral, [[Puthencruz]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-30 |title=Baselios Joseph installed as Catholicos of Jacobite Syrian Church |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/baselios-joseph-installed-as-catholicos-of-jacobite-syrian-church/article69393449.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He became the 81st [[Maphrian of the East]] and 4th [[Catholicos of India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://jacobitesyrianchurch.org/catholicos_baselios_joseph.html About Baselios Joseph]
* [https://www.facebook.com/baseliosjoseph Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/baseliosjoseph Instagram]
* [https://x.com/baseliosjoseph X (Twitter)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|Malankara [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] Titles}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Catholicos of India]]
| years = 2025 - Present
| before = [[Baselios Thomas I]] 
2002-2024
| after = Incumbent
}}{{succession box
| before = [[Baselios Thomas I]] 
2004-2019
| title = Malankara Metropolitan of [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
| years = 2019 - Present
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baselios, Joseph Mor}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]

Neeyat (1980 film)

2026-04-30T00:04:31Z

Ali omar: starting basic article w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neeyat
| image = Neeyat 1980 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Madan Joshi {{small|(dialogues)}} [[Indeevar]] [[Gulshan Bawra]] {{small|(lyrics)}}
| story = K.A. Narayan
| screenplay = Ranjan Bose
| producer = Pradeep Sharma Manoj Kaytee
| director = [[Anil Ganguly]]
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Rakesh Roshan]] [[Rekha]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = Dilip R Mukherjee
| editing = Muthar Ahmed
| studio = Screen Idol Productions<ref name="Titles">{{cite web|url=http://bollyviewer-oldisgold.blogspot.in/2009/03/neeyat-1980.html |title=Titles |publisher=Bollyviewer|accessdate=2015-11-30}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1980|09|05}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Neeyat''''' ({{translation}} ''Intention'') is a 1980 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic action film]], produced by Pradeep Sharma and Manoj Kaytee under the Screen Idol Productions banner and directed by [[Anil Ganguly]]. It stars [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Rekha]] and [[Kalyanji Anandji]] composed the music.<ref name="Heading">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0368068/ |title=Heading |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=2015-11-30}}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/neeyat-movie/5222 |title=Heading-2 |publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=2015-11-30}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Neeyat |title=Heading-3 |publisher=IBOS|accessdate=2015-11-30}}</ref><ref name="Heading-4">{{cite web|url=http://184.168.73.77/moviepage/yp928611 |title=Heading-4 |publisher=MuVyz|accessdate=2015-11-30}}</ref><ref name="Heading-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/neeyat-1980-hindi-movie |title=Heading-5 |publisher=FILMICLUB|accessdate=2015-11-30}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around three childhood soulmates Vijay, Jeet, and Ajay. Jeet is a tycoon, Vijay is the sibling of Arvind a candid journalist and Ajay is a cop. Jeet is so cordial to Vijay's family and comforts Vijay. Coincidentally, the three love the same girl Rekha at different moments, anyhow she reciprocates to Vijay. Besides, Mohanlal Saxena the father of Jeet is a notorious hoodlum under the grab of honorable who kills his partner Gopal Das with a hitman Ranjeet. In which Dinanath the father of Rekha is arraigned. Since Ranveer extorts Saxena, he surrenders him and acquits Dinanath. Afterward, learning Jeet’s love, Saxena moves with the proposal which Rekha accepts as gratitude. Hence, Vijay & Ajay are back but Jeet discerns the actuality and misconstrues when a rift arises. Parallelly, Ranjeet absconds and accumulates the pieces of evidence against Saxena, but he is shot. Fortuitously, before dying, he forwards it to Arvind who sets out to expose Mohanlal. So, he slays him too in an accident. Vijay detects it, ergo, discord turns into rivalry between Vijay and Jeet. Moreover, Ranjeet the acolyte of Mohanlal incriminates Vijay as a homicide of woman Mona when duty-bound Ajay chases him. Then, Jeet identifies the satanic shade of his father. At last, he fuses with Vijay and ceases the baddies. Finally, the movie ends with Jeet sacrificing his life while guarding Vijay as penance for his father's sins.

==Cast==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Vijay
*[[Jeetendra]] as Jeet
*[[Rakesh Roshan]] as Ajay
*[[Rekha]] as Rekha
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Arvind
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Seth Mohanlal Saxena
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Dinanath, Rekha's father
*[[Gita Siddharth]] Mrs Arvind
*[[Ranjeet]] as Ranjeet
*[[Deven Verma]] as Topi
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Mona

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Tune Apni Jaan Dekar"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Pyar Karna Nahin Aaya"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Hum Teenon Ki Woh Yaari To Lakhon Pe Hai Bhaari, Jaan Le Duniya Yeh Saari"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Nitin Mukesh]]
|-
| "Mere Yaar Yeh Din Ho Mubarak Tujhe"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Tumhe Aise Kaise De Doon"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Pyase Dil Ki Pyas Bujhane"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0368068}}

[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Ganguly]]

Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal

2026-04-28T10:35:19Z

Ali omar: starting initial place v1...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Narasimhaswamy Temple
| image = File:நாமக்கலில் உள்ள நரசிம்மர் ஆலயம்.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Image of the temple entrance with [[Namakkal Fort]] in the background
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|13|20|N|78|09|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| location = [[Namakkal]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Narashima|Narasimhaswamy]] ([[Vishnu]]) [[Namagiri (goddess)|Namagiri Tayar]] ([[Lakshmi]])
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| Poets =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]], [[rock-cut architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Narasimhaswamy temple''' is a temple located in [[Namakkal]], a town in the [[Namakkal district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Narasimha]], considered an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. The temple displays [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]] and [[Rock-cut architecture]] construction.

The legend of the temple is associated with Narasimha appearing here for his consort [[Lakshmi]] and [[Hanuman]]. Based on the architectural features, historians believe that the temple was built between the 6th and 8th centuries by the [[Athiyaman (Sathiyaputhra)|Adiyaman]] kings.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Namakkal Caves | url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031010428/https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf | archive-date=2020-10-31}}</ref><ref name="jstor" /><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757426 | jstor=29757426 | title=Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance | last1=Rajan | first1=V. G. | journal=East and West | date=19 February 1999 | volume=49 | issue=1/4 | pages=189–194 }}</ref>

The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, Vishnu had assumed the [[avatar]] of Narasimha and killed the [[Asura]] king [[Hiranyakashyapu]].<ref name="A">{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|page=149|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Sri Anjaneyar temple |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=892 |access-date=4 November 2015 |publisher=Dinamalar}}</ref> Ages passed by, when [[Lakshmi]], the consort of Vishnu, was angry and performing penance because Narasimha did not forgive Hiranyakashyapu. [[Hanuman]] was carrying a [[shaligram]]a image and requested the disguised Lakshmi to hold it until he returns. Lakshmi was not able to bear the weight of the statue and placed it at the place of the temple, which grew into a mount before Hanuman returned. Narasimha appeared before both of them and set his abode at this place in the stone statue.<ref name="dinamalar" /> This the place where Lakshmi got back into the chest of Vishnu and can be seen even today in the main deity's chest. Narasimha is seen here worshipped by the deities [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdEkDwAAQBAJ&dq=narayana+suktam&pg=PT94 | title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra | isbn=978-1-947137-36-3 | last1=Chugh | first1=Lalit | date=23 May 2017 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref>

As per medieval historians, [[Purandara Dasa|Purandarasa]] (1500 CE), a Kannada [[Haridasa]], known as the Pithamaha (grandfather) of [[Carnatic music]] had visited this place and glorified the God by composing a [[Kannada]] song. In front of Namagiri Narashimhar, he composed his famous song "''Simha Rupanada Sri Hari, Namagirishane''".<ref name="Carnatic Songs - simharUpanAda">{{cite web | url=https://www.karnatik.com/c2446.shtml | title=Carnatic Songs - simharUpanAda }}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (8).jpg|thumb|left|300px|View of [[Lakshmi|Namagiri Thayar]] Vimanam]]

{{Multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = left
| total_width = 320
| width1 = 2636
| height1 = 3216
| width2 = 2636
| height2 = 3216
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Namakkal Narasimhaswamy temple 1.JPG
| image2 = Namakkal Narasimhaswamy temple 2.JPG
| footer = Sculptural niches on the walls
}}

The temple is believed to be built during the 6th century CE by the [[Pandya]] or [[Satyaputra]] kings in [[rock-cut architecture]]. The inscriptions found in the Ranganatha temple are believed to be excavated in the same Namakkal hill.<ref name="oct">{{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&dq=namakkal+temple&pg=PT398 |title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9788174369031 |pages=398–99}}</ref> Historian Soundara Rajan places the date to a pre-Varagunan I (800–830 CE) era in the 8th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rock-cut temple styles: early Pandyan art and the Ellora shrines|last=K.V.|first=Soundara Rajan|publisher=Somaiya Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788170392187|page=59}}</ref> Based on the paleography and rock-cut architecture, [[P. R. Srinivasan]] has placed it at 6th century.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Most historians have compared the temples with similar architectural elements found in [[Badami Caves]] (6th century) and a possible influence. There are a few inscriptions in the temple, especially an undated inscription in [[Grantha script|Grantha Characters]] of [[Sanskrit]] at the Ranganatha temple which are similar to the inscriptions in the [[Ganesha Ratha]] in [[Mahabalipuram]], which is in another cave in the upper part of the hill.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Some historians have argued that the [[Azhwars|Alvars]] during the Bhakti tradition have discarded Rock-cut images and hence no mention is found in the [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]] about this temple. But the argument is disproved by other historians who have quoted rock-cut temples like [[Thirumeyyam]] in [[Pudukottai district]] and [[Ninra Narayana Perumal temple]] in [[Virudhunagar district]] finding mention in the canon.<ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|title=Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance|jstor=29757426|pages=189–194|last=V.G.|first=Rajan|journal=East and West|volume=49|issue=1/4|date=December 1999|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref> The records of the details of the inscriptions are found in the ''Annual report of Epigraphy -1961''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Location==
[[File:Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (1).jpg|thumb|300px|Replica of the Main Deity Worshiped by [[Shiva]] (left) and [[Brahma]] (right)]]
The temple is located along Namakkal-Salem road in [[Namakkal]] town, [[Namakkal district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book |last=India. Office of the Registrar General |title=Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1965}}</ref> The temple, carved out of a hill, is located in the downhill of the [[Namakkal Fort]], on the western flank of the hill.<ref name="oct" /> The temple has a flat gateway tower and a second entrance, also with a flat gateway leading to the pillared halls.

The main sanctum sanctorum houses the image of Narasimha in sitting posture, called Asanamurthi with [[Four Kumaras|Sanaka]], [[Four Kumaras|Sanata]], [[Surya]], [[Chandra]], [[Shiva]], and [[Brahma]] worshipping him. He is sported with two hands holding the conch and the Chakra.<ref>{{cite book|title=Monkeys, Motorcycles, and Misadventures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaTrCgAAQBAJ&dq=namakkal+temple&pg=PT65|page=65|publisher=Leadstart Publishing PvtLtd|year=2015|isbn=9789352013777}}</ref> The sanctum is rock-cut and square in shape with a black background.<ref name="jstor" /> The sanctum has three sculpted cells, two pillars, and a verandah in front of it.

There is a panel depicting the narrative of [[Vamana]], who takes water from the Asura King [[Mahabali]] and later grows as [[Trivikrama]] to crush Mahabali under his feet as per the ''[[Skanda Purana]]''. Historians consider this as a deviation from the monoscenic sculptures in temples of [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Mahabalipuram]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Imagery from Early Mediaeval Peninsular India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOc9RG6MSzgC&dq=namakkal+temple&pg=PA89|pages=|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2012|last=Verma|first=Archana|isbn=9781409430292}}</ref>

The temple has other sculptural relief on the walls of the temple depicting [[Trivikrama]], Narasimha slaying Hiranyakashipu and Ananta Sayana Vishnu.<ref name="oct" /> The temple tank, Kamalalayam, is located outside the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=RBS Visitors Guide INDIA - Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2E7CQAAQBAJ&dq=namakkal+temple&pg=PT455|pages=455–6|publisher=Data And Expo India Pvt Ltd|last=Goyal|first= Ashutosh|isbn=9789380844817|year=2014}}</ref> There are similar rock-cut images in the temple halfway up the Namakkal Fort.<ref name="oct" /> Dr. S Vasanthi states that the sculpture of "Ugra Narasimha" in the cave was unknown even to the [[Pallavas]] and [[Chalukyas]] and is a very rare sculpture among the other sculptures in the Cave.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Namakkal Caves |url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031010428/https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/NAMAKKAL%20CAVES.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-31}}</ref>

==Influence on people==
=== Sri Purandaradasa ===
[[Purandaradasa|Sri Purandarasa]] (1500 CE), a Kannada Hari dasa, known as ''"Pithamaha of Carnatic music"'' and is considered as incarnation of [[Narada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sumadhwaseva.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/purandaradasaru-english.pdf|title=Purandara Daasaru Collection - Paneendra N Gautham. For "Sumadhwa Seva" Group|website=Sumadhwaseva.com|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.madhvaradio.org/purandara.asp|title=New Page 1|website=Madhvaradio.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> He had visited this temple and composed a [[Kannada]] song, seeing the beauty of the deities, title "''Simha Rupanada Sri Hari, Namagirishane''".<ref name="Carnatic Songs - simharUpanAda"/>

=== Srinivasa Ramanujan ===
The great Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] credited his mathematical findings to goddess Namagiri Mahalakshmi, his family deity or [[Kuldevi]]. According to Ramanujan, She appeared to him in visions, proposing mathematical formulas that he would then have to verify. One such event was described by him as follows:<ref>{{cite book |last=Katz |first=Michael |title=Tibetan Dream Yoga |publisher=Bodhi Tree Publications |year=2011}}</ref>
: {{Blockquote|text="While asleep, I had an unusual experience. There was a red screen formed by flowing blood, as it were. I was observing it. Suddenly a hand began to write on the screen. I became all attention. That hand wrote a number of elliptic integrals. They stuck to my mind. As soon as I woke up, I committed them to writing."|author=Ramanujan}}

Furthermore, Ramanujan's mother sought permission from the goddess for Ramanujan to go to [[England]] in a dream.<ref name=Neville293>{{cite journal |last=Neville |first=Eric Harold |year=1942 |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=149 |issue=3776 |pages=292–293 |doi=10.1038/149292a0 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1942Natur.149..292N }}</ref>

==Festival and importance==
The major festivals of the temple is the fifteen-day Panguni Uthiram festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Panguni'' (March–April) when the image of presiding deities are taken around the streets of the temple in a temple chariot. The sacred marriage of the presiding deity is also performed during the function.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=40}}</ref>

In modern times, the Namakkal district administration has identified the temple as one of the prominent tourist attractions in the district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourist places|url=http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/profile.html|year=2011|accessdate=26 November 2015|publisher=Namakkal district administration, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113113/http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/profile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="dinamalar" />

== Photo gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Namakkal Fort (8).jpg|Aerial view of the temple and [[Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple|Anjaneyar]] facing the temple
File:Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (5).jpg|View of the Mandapam and Kodi Marram in the temple
File:Narasimhaswamy temple, Namakkal (7).jpg|Sculpted pillared halls leading to the cave sanctum
File:Namakkal narasimhar temple1.jpg
File:"Stone Mandapam of Sri Narasimha Swamy Temple 3".JPG
File:"Details on Narasimha Swamy Temple Entrance Wall".JPG
File:Namakkal narasimhar temple7.jpg
File:Namakkal narasimhar temple8.jpg
File:Namakkal narasimhar temple4.jpg
File:Namakkal narasimhar temple5.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal}}
* [http://namakkalnarasimhaswamyanjaneyartemple.org/index.html Home page of Anjaneyar temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826150855/http://namakkalnarasimhaswamyanjaneyartemple.org/index.html |date=26 August 2019 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Namakkal]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples]]

List of international official trips made by Queen Victoria

2026-04-27T16:19:52Z

Ali omar: starting the stub first draft...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{one source|date=June 2017}}

Below is a list of foreign visits made by [[Queen Victoria]] during her reign, which lasted from 1837 until 1901, giving the names of the places she stayed and any known reasons for her visit.

Despite being head of the [[British Empire]], which included territory on all inhabited continents, Queen Victoria never travelled outside of [[Europe]], only travelling as far north as [[Golspie]], southwesterly as [[San Sebastián]], southeasterly as [[Florence]] and as far easterly as [[Berlin]]. The majority of her visits were made to the duchies and kingdoms of Germany, often via Belgium or the Netherlands. Germany was the home of many members of her family (including, eventually, some of her children, who either married German royals or in one case inherited a German throne themselves), and the birthplace of her husband, [[Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Albert]], many of these visits were family functions, such as weddings and confirmations.

She made a few official visits to France and frequently holidayed there towards the end of her life and reign, once including a brief crossing into northern Spain. She holidayed a few times in Italy and once in Switzerland. During their married life, the couple tended to make foreign trips in late summer. From the 1870s, the widowed queen travelled during the spring.

==1840s==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Date(s)
! Locations
! Country
!Details
|-
|1843
|September 2 — September 7|| [[Château d'Eu]], [[Eu, Seine-Maritime|Eu]]|| {{Flag|July Monarchy}}||Visiting [[Louis Philippe I]]
|-
|rowspan=14|1845
|August 11 — August 14|| [[Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl|Schloss Brühl]], [[Brühl (Rhineland)|Brühl]], [[Aachen]], [[Cologne]], [[Bonn]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Prussia}} ||Visiting [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] and seeing the unveiling of a new statue commemorating [[Beethoven Monument|Beethoven]].
|-
|August 14 — August 16|| [[Stolzenfels Castle|Schloss Stolzenfels]], [[Koblenz]]
|
|-
|August 16 — August 18|| Hotel de l'Europe, [[Mainz]], ||{{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}||Visiting [[William I, German Emperor|Crown Prince William of Prussia]]
|-
|August 18 — August 19|| [[Würzburg Residence|Schloss Würzburg]], [[Würzburg]], ||{{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}
|Visiting [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria]]
|-
|August 19 — August 27|| [[Schloss Rosenau, Coburg]]|| rowspan="4" | {{flag|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}
|Visiting [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|-
|August 27|| [[Elisabethenburg Palace]], [[Meiningen]]
|Visiting [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]
|-
|August 27 — August 28|| [[Reinhardsbrunn]], [[Friedrichroda]]
|
|-
|August 28 — September 3|| [[Schloss Friedrichsthal]], [[Gotha]]
|Visiting [[Princess Karoline Amalie of Hesse-Kassel|Karoline Amalie, Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
|-
|September 3|| [[Wartburg]], [[Eisenach]]|| {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}||Visiting [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
|-
||September 3 — September 4|| Kurfürst Hotel, [[Fulda]]|| {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}
|
|-
|September 4 — September 5|| Hotel d'Angleterre, [[Frankfurt]] ||[[File:Flag of the Free City of Frankfurt.svg|20px]] [[Free City of Frankfurt]]
|Receiving [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]]
|-
|September 5 — September 6|| [[Deutz, Cologne|Hotel, Deutz]]|| {{flag|Prussia}}
|
|-
|September 6 — September 7|| [[Antwerp]]|| {{flag|Belgium}}
|Visiting [[Leopold I of Belgium]]
|-
|September 8 — September 9|| [[Château d'Eu]], [[Eu, Seine-Maritime|Eu]]|| {{Flag|July Monarchy}}
|Visiting [[Louis Philippe I]]
|}

==1850s==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Date(s)
! Locations
! Country
!Details
|-
|1855
|August 18 — August 27|| [[Château de Saint-Cloud]], [[Saint-Cloud]], [[Paris]], [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] and [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye|Saint-Germain]]
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Second French Empire}} || rowspan="2" | Visiting [[Napoleon III]]
|-
|rowspan=5|1858
|August 5 — 6 August|| [[Cherbourg]]
|-
|August 11 — August 12|| [[Breidenbacher Hof]], [[Düsseldorf]]|| rowspan="4" | {{flag|Prussia}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|August 12|| [[Herrenhausen]]
|-
|August 12 — August 28
|[[Babelsberg Palace]], [[Potsdam]]|| Visiting [[George V of Hanover]]
|-
|August 28 — August 30
|Hotel de Bellevue, [[Cologne]]|| Visiting [[William I, German Emperor|Crown Prince William of Prussia]]
|}

==1860s==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Date(s)
! Locations
! Country
!Details
|-
|rowspan=5|1860
|September 24 — September 25|| Hotel d'Angleterre, [[Frankfurt]]||[[File:Flag of the Free City of Frankfurt.svg|20px]] [[Free City of Frankfurt]]
|
|-
|September 25 — October 10|| Palace, [[Coburg]]||{{flag|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}|| Visiting [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|-
|October 10 — October 11|| Rheinische Hof Hotel, [[Mainz]]|| {{flag|Hesse}}
|
|-
|October 11 — October 13|| [[Electoral Palace, Koblenz|Palace]], [[Koblenz]]|| {{flag|Prussia}}||Visiting [[William I, German Emperor|Crown Prince William of Prussia]]
|-
|October 13 — October 16|| [[Royal Palace of Brussels]], [[Brussels]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Belgium}}
||Visiting [[Leopold I of Belgium]]
|-
|rowspan=4|1862
|September 2 — September 4|| [[Royal Palace of Laeken]], [[Laeken]]
||Visiting [[Leopold I of Belgium]]
|-
|September 5 — October 3|| [[Reinhardsbrunn]], [[Friedrichroda]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}
|
|-
|October 3 — October 17| October 3 — October 17|| Palace, [[Coburg]]
|Visiting [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|-
|October 18 — October 24| October 18 — October 2|| rowspan="2" |[[Royal Palace of Laeken]], [[Laeken]]
| rowspan="2"|{{flag|Belgium}}
| rowspan="2" |Visiting [[Leopold I of Belgium]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1863
|August 12 — August 14

|-
|August 15 — September 7|| [[Schloss Rosenau, Coburg]], [[Schloss Ehrenburg]], [[Coburg]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}
||Visiting [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].Meeting [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]
|-
|1865
|August 11 — September 5|| [[Schloss Rosenau, Coburg]]
||Visiting [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1868
|August 6|| [[Paris]]|| {{flag|Second French Empire}}
|
|-
|August 7 — September 9|| Pension Wallis, [[Lucerne]]|| {{flag|Switzerland}}
|Private visit. First visit to Switzerland by a reigning British monarch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arengo-Jones |first=Peter |title=Queen Victoria in Switzerland |publisher=Robert Hale |year=1995 |isbn=0-7090-5365-7 |location=London}}</ref>
|-
|}

==1870s==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Date(s)
! Locations
! Country
!Details
|-
|1872
|March 25 — April 6|| Villa Delmar, [[Baden-Baden]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Baden}} {{flag|German Empire}}
||Visiting [[Princess Feodora of Leiningen]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1876
|March 29 — April 10||Villa Hohenlohe, [[Baden-Baden]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |April 10 — April 20|| rowspan="2" | Palace, [[Coburg]]||{{flag|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} 
| rowspan="2"|Visiting [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|-
|rowspan=3|1879
|March 26 — March 27|| [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris|British Embassy, Paris]]||{{flag|French Third Republic}}
||Receiving [[Jules Grévy|President Grévy]]
|-
|March 28 — April 23|| Villa Clara, [[Baveno]]|| {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|
|-
|April 24 — April 25|| [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris|British Embassy, Paris]]|| {{flag|French Third Republic}}
|
|}

==1880s==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Date(s)
! Locations
! Country
!Details
|-
| rowspan="6" |1880
| rowspan="2" |March 27 — March 30|| rowspan="2" | Villa Hohenlohe, [[Baden-Baden]]|| {{flag|Baden}}
|
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |March 30 — April 1|| rowspan="2" | Schloss, [[Darmstadt]]|| {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}} || rowspan="2" |Confirmations of [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]] and [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |April 1 — April 15|| rowspan="2" | Villa Hohenlohe, [[Baden-Baden]]|| {{flag|Baden}}
|
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
|1882
|March 16 — April 12|| Chalet des Rosiers, [[Menton]]|| {{flag|French Third Republic}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1884
| rowspan="2" |April 17 — May 6|| rowspan="2" | Neues Palais, [[Darmstadt]]||{{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}} ||Wedding of [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]] and [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1885
|April 1 — April 22|| Maison Mottet, Hotel de l'Europe, [[Aix-les-Bains]]|| {{flag|French Third Republic}}
|
|-
|April 22|| colspan="3" |''via {{flag|Switzerland}}''
|-
| rowspan="2" |April 23 — May 1|| rowspan="2" | Neues Palais, [[Darmstadt]]|| {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}
||Confirmation of [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Prince Ernest Louis of Hesse]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|1887
|April 1 — April 4|| Villa Edelweiss, [[Cannes]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|French Third Republic}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|April 6 — April 28|| Maison Mottet, Hotel de l'Europe, [[Aix-les-Bains]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1888
|March 24 — April 22|| [[Villa Palmieri, Fiesole]], near [[Florence]]|| {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|-
|April 23|| [[Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof|Innsbruck railway station]], [[Innsbruck]]|| {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
||Stopover luncheon with [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]
|-
|April 24 — April 26|| [[Charlottenburg Palace]], [[Berlin|Berlin, Brandenburg]]|| {{flag|German Empire}}
||Visiting [[Frederick III, German Emperor]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1889
|March 7 — March 27|| Villa La Rochefoucauld, [[Biarritz]], [[French Basque Country|Basque Country]]|| {{flag|French Third Republic}}
|
|-
|March 27|| [[San Sebastián]] [[Southern Basque Country|Basque Country]]|| {{flag|Spain}}||Unofficial meeting with [[Maria Christina of Austria|Queen Regent Maria Christina]], mother of [[Alfonso XIII]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TWO QUEENS GREETING; ROYAL COURTESIES AT SAN SEBASTIAN. THE ENTERTAINMENTS ON THE VISIT OF QUEEN VICTORIA TO QUEEN REGENT CHRISTINA YESTERDAY. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1889/03/28/archives/two-queens-greeting-royal-courtesies-at-san-sebastian-the.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=28 March 1889}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Queen Victoria, who is living at Biarritz, entered Spain on [...] |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/30th-march-1889/1/queen-victoria-who-is-living-at-biarritz-entered-s |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=The Spectator |date=30 March 1889}}</ref>
|-
|March 27 — April 27||Villa La Rochefoucauld, [[Biarritz]], [[French Basque Country|Basque Country]]|| {{flag|French Third Republic}}||
|}

==1890s==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Date(s)
! Locations
! Country
!Details
|-
| rowspan="4" |1890
|March 26 — April 22|| Maison Mottet, [[Aix-les-Bains]]|| {{flag|French Third Republic}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|April 22|| Stopovers at [[Geneva]] and [[Lucerne]]|| ''{{flag|Switzerland}}''
|-
| rowspan="2" |April 23 — April 29|| rowspan="2" | Neues Palais, [[Darmstadt]]|| {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}
||Visiting [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
|1891
|March 25 — April 29|| Grand Hotel, [[Grasse]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|French Third Republic}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |1892
|March 21 — April 25|| Grand Hotel de Costebelle, [[Hyères]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |April 26 — May 2|| rowspan="2" | Neues Palais, [[Darmstadt]]|| {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}
|Visiting orphaned grandchildren after the death of [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
|1893
|March 23 — April 26|| [[Villa Palmieri, Fiesole]], near [[Florence]]|| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |1894
|March 16 — April 16|| Villa Fabbricotti, [[Florence]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |April 17 — April 28|| rowspan="2" | [[Schloss Ehrenburg]], [[Coburg]]|| {{flag|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}
|Wedding of [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]] and [[Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1895
|March 15 — April 23|| Grand Hotel, [[Cimiez]], near [[Nice]]|| {{flag|French Third Republic}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |April 24 — April 29|| rowspan="2" | Altes Palais, [[Darmstadt]]|| {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}
|Visiting [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]]
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|
|-
|1896
|March 11 — April 29|| rowspan="4" | Grand Hotel, [[Cimiez]], near [[Nice]]|| rowspan="4" | {{flag|French Third Republic}}
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|1897
|March 12 — April 28
|-
|1898
|March 12 — April 28
|-
|1899
|March 12 — May 2
|}

==See also==
*[[List of state visits received by Queen Victoria]]
*[[List of official overseas trips made by Edward VII]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/ Queen Victoria's Journals]

{{Queen Victoria}}
{{British Royal Overseas Travel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Victoria}}
[[Category:19th century in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Queen Victoria|Foreign visits]]
[[Category:Diplomatic visits by British monarchs]]
[[Category:Royal visits]]
[[Category:United Kingdom history-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of diplomatic visits by heads of state|Victoria]]
[[Category:Personal timelines]]
[[Category:19th century-related lists]]
[[Category:19th century in international relations]]
[[Category:United Kingdom diplomacy-related lists|Victoria]]

Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar

2026-04-26T14:16:47Z

Ali omar: New new details...

{{short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tanda
| settlement_type = Town
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.55|N|82.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 78
| population_total = 95,516
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census 2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref name="Langcensus"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 224190
| registration_plate = UP-45
}}

'''Tanda''' is a town<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipalities {{!}} Ambedkarnagar {{!}} India |url=https://ambedkarnagar.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Ambedkar Nagar district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] situated on the banks of [[Ghaghara]] River. It is a ''[[nagar palika parishad]]'' and is part of [[Ayodhya division]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The town is situated {{convert|20 |km}} north east from district headquarter [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]. Tanda is also a ''[[tehsil]]'' in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tehsil - Ambedkarnagar - India|url=https://ambedkarnagar.nic.in/tehsil/|access-date=21 August 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> It has one of the largest [[Loom|handloom]] [[weaving]] industries for manufacturing varieties like [[gamchha]], [[lungi]], [[polyester clothing]], [[Shirt|check-shirt clothes]] material in state of Uttar Pradesh.

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
Tanda has a rich historical background. It used to be a barren land until the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]] asked Raja Syed Mohammad Hayat<ref>{{Cite web|title=Read the eBook The imperial gazetteer of India (Volume 13) by William Wilson Hunter online for free (page 21 of 68)|url=https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-wilson-hunter/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-13-tnu/page-21-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-13-tnu.shtml|access-date=20 May 2021|website=www.ebooksread.com}}</ref> to make a civilisation on the bank of the [[Ghaghara]] river in 1714 A.D. The royal estate of Tanda stretched from the borders of old [[Awadh State]] to the borders of [[Bihar]].

Before [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Tanda’s then Raja Syed Hussain Ali, with his brother Raja Syed Abbas Ali, stood against British army troops, which were moving towards Delhi, and fought a fierce battle in which many of the Estate’s soldiers died. It was Raja Syed Mohammad Raza who by his virtue of intelligence was able to hold on the legacy.Raja Syed Hussain Abbas continues with the legacy. Today Raja Syed Kazim Raza and holds the heritage.(the only legal heir)

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], the Tanda Nagar Palika Parishad had a population of 95,516, of which 49,429 were males while 46,087 were females. The population of children in the age range 0-6 was 12,090 which is 12.66% of total population of Tanda. The total number of literates in Tanda was 64,736, which constituted 67.8% of the population with male literacy of 71.5% and female literacy of 63.8%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Tanda was 77.6%, of which male literacy rate was 81.8% and female literacy rate was 73.1%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 7,094 and 3 respectively. Tanda had 14597 households in 2011.<ref name="census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Tanda |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=192417 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

The most commonly spoken languages are [[Hindi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="Langcensus">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
=== Administration ===
As of 2022, [[Ram Murti Verma]] from [[Samajwadi Party]] is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Tanda (Assembly constituency)|Tanda constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Tanda">{{cite news |title=Tanda, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tanda-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923307-2022-03-10 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

[[Lalji Verma]], Ex-MLA Ex-minister of Uttar Pradesh Govternment hails from the same constituency. [[Dr. Masood Ahmad]] was the [[education minister]] from Prithvipur village near [[Hanswar]] of this region.

===Civic amenities and services===
====Hospitals====
* Mahamaya Rajkiya Allopathic Medical College serve as local Hospital for Tanda and entire Ambedkar Nagar district.

== Economy ==
Tanda is an industrial city known for its [[Tanda Terricot]] clothes which are manufactured on power looms, and has an earlier history of [[weaving]] on [[hand looms]]. Things changed with the introduction of electricity in the early 1960s.

== Transportation ==
===By train===
Tanda is well connected by road to the rest of the country. The rail connections are used primarily for goods transportation for the power plant and the cement factory. For passenger transportation, [[Akbarpur Junction]], [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station|Ayodhya Cantt]] and [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Junction]] is the main option. Akbarpur has located about 58 km from Ayodhya. Tanda is around 187 km from [[Lucknow]].

===By air===
The nearest international airports are the [[Ayodhya Airport]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 November 2020|last=Jaiswal|first=Pankaj|title=Upcoming Ayodhya airport to be named after Lord Ram|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-airport-to-be-named-after-lord-ram/story-dG6COFTZmKzPmB3lukkNvI.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref> in [[Ayodhya]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] in [[Varanasi]] and [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in Lucknow. Nearest domestic airport is [[Gorakhpur Airport]] in [[Gorakhpur]].

=== Road ===
[[File:Tanda Kalwari Bridge.jpg|thumb|View of Tanda Kalwari Bridge from Ghaghara River.]]
The town is situated {{convert|20|km}} north east from district headquarter [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]. The town is directly connected with [[Basti district|Basti]] by [[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]] passing through Tanda-Kalwari Bridge. The town is connected to [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] by [[National Highway 128 (India)|National Highway 128]] via Akbarpur, [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]] and [[Raebareli]].
Road connectivity:
* [[National Highway 233A (India)]]
* [[National Highway 232 (India)]]
* Tanda-Azamgarh Road
* Tanda-Rajesultanpur Road
* Tanda-Basti Road
* Tanda- Ayodhya Road

==Education==
*Adarsh Janta Inter College, Tanda Ambedkar Nagar<ref>{{cite web |title=Adarsh Janta Inter College |url=https://www.bharatibiz.com/en/adarsh-janta-inter-college_2m-05273-222-250 |website=bharatibiz.com |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[D.A.V. Academy, Tanda]]
*Qaumi Inter College Tanda Ambedkar Nagar<ref>{{cite web |title=QAUMI INTER COLLEGE TANDA - Kasba, District Ambedkar Nagar (Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://schools.org.in/ambedkar-nagar/09481000504/qaumi-inter-college-tanda.html |website=schools.org.in |access-date=4 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = [[Tanda, Ambedaker Nagar|Tanda]]
| North = [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]
| East = [[Rajesultanpur]]
| Southeast = [[Jalalpur]]
| South = [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]
| Southwest = [[Faizabad]]
| West = [[Katehari]]
| Northwest = NTPC
}}
{{Ambedkar Nagar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ambedkar Nagar district]]

Phir Subha Hogi

2026-04-23T15:54:48Z

Ali omar: Started Some Pg W/ Sources

{{for|television series|Phir Subah Hogi}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phir Subha Hogi
| image = Phir Subha Hogi.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Ramesh Saigal]]
| producer = Ramesh Saigal
| writer = D. N. Madhok
| story = Ramesh Saigal Mubarak
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Mala Sinha]] [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]
| music = [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
| cinematography = Krishan Saigal
| editing = Niranjan R. Chawhan (Supervisor) S. R. Kabre
| distributor = Parijat Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1958}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}18,000,000<ref name=BoxOffice />
}}

'''''Phir Subha Hogi''''' ({{Translation}} morning will dawn again) is a 1958 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced and directed by [[Ramesh Saigal]]. It stars [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] in the lead roles. The film is an adaption of [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s novel ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Phir Subah Hogi (1958) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Phir-Subah-Hogi-1958/article15938668.ece |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 June 2009 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

It was the fourth highest-grossing film in [[India]] in 1958 and was declared a "hit" at the box office in India.<ref name=BoxOffice>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1958|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA==|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=1 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030041245/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA==|archive-date=30 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ram ([[Raj Kapoor]]) is a poor law student who supports his education with [[money order]]s from his mother and things he [[pawn broker|pawns]]. While struggling with his poor finances, he saves a boy from an accident. Seeing the poor condition of the boy's family, he gives all his savings for the boy's treatment. Ram keeps visiting the boy and falls in love with the boy's elder sister Soni ([[Mala Sinha]]). Soni's father Gopal ([[Nana Palsikar]]) is an alcoholic, which Harbanslal ([[Jagdish Sethi]]) keeps providing him with. Harbanslal has a mean motive in doing so, as he wants to marry Soni. To prevent Soni's arranged marriage with Harbanslal, Ram decides to rob the [[pawn broker]], but he is caught in the act and he murders the pawn owner.

Ram's conscience keeps telling him to admit to his crime, but he never picks up the courage to do so. The police inspector on the case keeps suspecting Ram for the crime. With no proof he, too, is helpless. Ram learns that the police have already arrested another thief and have charged him with this robbery and murder. On the last day, when the court is to rule in the case, Ram makes up his mind and admits. He pleads saying how he was acting in self-defense against real villains of the society. The court sentences him to three years of imprisonment. Soni promises that she will wait for his release and then marry him.

== Cast ==
* [[Raj Kapoor]] as Ram
* [[Mala Sinha]] as Soni
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Rehman
* Mubarak as Police Inspector
* [[Jagdish Sethi]] as Harbanslal
* [[Nana Palsikar]] as Gopal
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Soni's Mother
* [[Tun Tun]] as Ram's Landlord
* [[Kamal Kapoor]] as Soni's Molester

== Music ==
Lyrics for this socially relevant film were composed by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and music by [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]. The song "Chin-O-Arab Hamara, Hindustan Hamara, Rehne Ko Ghar Nahin Hain, Sara Jahan Hamara" sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and picturised on [[Raj Kapoor]], became very popular yet controversial, and was very close to being banned then.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Do Boonden Sawan Ki"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Phir Na Kijiye Meri Gustakh Nigahon Ka Gila"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Woh Subah Kabhi To Aayegi"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Jis Pyar Mein Yeh Haal Ho, Us Pyar Se Tauba"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Saara Jahan Hamara"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Aasman Pe Hai Khuda"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
|}

== Reception ==
''Phir Subha Hogi'' fared successfully at the box office and was the fourth highest-grossing film of the year 1958 behind ''[[Madhumati]]'', ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]'' and ''[[Yahudi]]''. The music composed by Khayyam is considered as "rich and beautiful".<ref name=songs>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&q=phir+subah+hogi&pg=PA283 |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |last=Ranade |first=Ashok |year=2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=8185002649 |page=283 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> Songs like "Chin-O-Arab Hamara" and "Woh Subah Kabhi To Aayegi" penned by Sahir Ludhianvi were satirical on the condition of India and the Nehruvian politics.<ref name=songs /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ&q=phir+subah+hogi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=British Film Institute |year=1994 |isbn=0-85170-455-7 |page=117 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> "Chin-o-Arab Hamara" was a parody on Iqbal's poem "[[Tarana-e-Milli]]".<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=phir+subah+hogi&pg=PT316 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last1=Gulzar |first2= Govind |last2=Nihalani |first3= Saibal |last3= Chatterjee |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year= 2003 |page=289 |isbn=8179910660 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0268533|title= Phir Subha Hogi}}

[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1958 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Sahir Ludhianvi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramesh Saigal]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)

2026-04-18T19:38:14Z

Ali omar: Started a post

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Rahman
| image = Abdul Rahman IUML MP Vellore Lok Sabha Constituency.JPG
| alt = Abdul Rahman M.P.
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|5|28|df=y}}<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4537|title=Biography|publisher=The Parliament of India, New Delhi|access-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224010459/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4537|archive-date=24 December 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Muthupet]],<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile"/> [[Thanjavur district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| alma_mater = School studies completed in Oriental Arabic High School, Akkur, specialised in Arabic Language.
M.A. (Economics), Diploma in Computer Programming Educated at Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchrappalli, Tamil Nadu and Institute of Business Applications, Chennai.
| occupation = [[Diplomat]], [[Politician]]
| spouse = Ruhaiya Beevi
| children = Son-2(Riaz Ahmed, Siddiq Ahmed), Daughter-1(Haleema).
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member]] of the [[Indian Parliament]] ([[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]])
| constituency = [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
| term_start = 16 May 2009
| term_end = 16 May 2014
| office1 = [[Chairperson|Chairman]] of Tamil Nadu [[Waqf]] Board
| term_start1 = 23 July 2021
| term_end1 = 13 September 2024
| predecessor1 = [[A. Mohammed John]]
| successor1 = [[Kani K. Navas|K. Navas Kani]]
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile"/>
| parliament = Indian
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| website = [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4537]
}}

'''Abdul Rahman''' is an Indian politician, Former Chairman of Tamil Nadu Wakf Board and Former Member of the [[15th Lok Sabha|Parliament of India]] from [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore Constituency]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Reports of Lok Sabha Elections|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/11_ListOfSuccessfulCandidate.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> He represents the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] party.<ref>{{cite news|title=Candidate introduced to DMK alliance workers|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/12/stories/2009041253900300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416011916/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/12/stories/2009041253900300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2009|accessdate=14 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 April 2009}}</ref> IUML and DMK both are friendly parties in Tamil Nadu state, so he represented in DMK election symbol.

ADR and India Today combined survey has revealed Abdul Rahman placed in Sixth Rank among Top 20 MPs of the 15th Loksabha in all respects.

==Early life==
Abdul Rahman was born in [[Muthupet]], [[Tiruvarur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] on 28 May 1959.<ref name="india.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Abdul Rahman | National Portal of India |url=http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/abdul-rahman |access-date=2013-08-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027161504/http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/abdul-rahman |archive-date=27 October 2013 }}</ref> Abdul Rahman is post graduate in [[Economics]] from [[Jamal Mohamed College]], Tiruchrappalli. Prior to that he did Diploma in Computer Programming from [[Institute of Business Applications]], [[Chennai]].

==Special interests==
According to the official portal of the Indian Government, the [[National Portal of India]], Rahman describes his special interests as "Working for peace in society; inculcating ethical and spiritual values among the people and striving for communal harmony; spreading the study of comparative religion; to work for harmony of hearts and meeting of minds of our people in different cultures and to see India as the prosperous blissful land of peace".<ref name="india.gov.in"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 2001 || 2009 || Member, Higher Level Political Affairs Committee, (I.U.M.L.), [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| 02 || 2009 || 2014 || Member of 15th [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu: An election round-up|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/17654|newspaper=Asian Tribune|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Committee on Information Technology
|-
| 04 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Library Committee
|-
| 05 || 2012 || 2014 || Member, Tamil Nadu Wakf Board
|-
| 06 || 2015 || Present || Principal Vice-president, IUML-Tamil Nadu

|-
| 07 || 2021 || Sep 13,2024 || Chairman, Tamil Nadu Wakf Board
|}

==Other positions and awards==
President, Quaide Millath Forum, Chennai; Vice-president, : (i) The Bank and (ii) Indian Muslim Association, U.A.E.; Founder Member of Indian Community Welfare Committee of Indian Consulate, Dubai; awarded, (i) "Outstanding Personality in Keeping Communal Harmony" award by Tamil Sangam; (ii) Personality award for communal amity conferred by Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu; (iii) first prize in State level elocution competition during school and college education{{Citation needed |date=March 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120305171654/http://indianunionmuslimleague.in/abdul_rahman
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120505220458/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4537
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130309004632/http://www.mpmla.in/mp.php?stcode=S22&pcno=7
* https://www.abroadindians.com/news/br-a-abdul-rahman-member-of-indian-parliament-brief-visit-to-state-of-kuwait/303
* https://picasaweb.google.com/107459669457968807598/AbdulRahmanMPVellore?authuser=0&feat=directlink

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Abdul}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:People from Muthupet]]
[[Category:Jamal Mohamed College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

2000 Red Fort attack

2026-04-16T14:58:33Z

Ali omar:

{{Short description|Terrorist attack in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox terrorist attack
| motive = [[Islamic terrorism]]
| image = File:Red Fort, Delhi by alexfurr.jpg
| caption = Red Fort
| title = 2000 Red Fort attack
| location = Delhi, India
| target = Red Fort
| date = 22 December 2000
| timezone = [[UTC]]+5.5
| type = Shootings
| fatalities = 3
| injuries = 1
| perps = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
}}

On 22 December 2000, a terrorist attack took place on the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]], India. It was carried out by the Pakistani terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]. It killed two soldiers and one civilian,<ref>{{cite news|title=2000 Red Fort terrorist attack|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Red-Fort-attack-case-SC-stays-death-sentence-given-to-Ashfaq/articleshow/2592667.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217071053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-03/india/27958979_1_ashfaq-s-indian-farooq-ahmed-qasid-death-sentence|url-status=live|archive-date=17 December 2013|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red Fort terrorist attacks|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|access-date=4 Aug 2012|archive-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513075302/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in what was described by the media as an attempt to derail the India-Pakistan peace talks. The Red Fort is an extremely important Indian facility as it was a former residence of the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] and now hosts the [[Prime Minister of India]] annually on 15 August which is the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]]. It is also significant historically as it was taken over from British control and is an iconic site in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm |title=Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves|date=2012-08-19}}</ref>

==Attack==
On 22 December 2000, starting at approximately 9:00 pm, two [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] militants began firing indiscriminately and gunned down two army jawans belonging to the 7th [[Rajputana Rifles]] and a civilian security guard. The troops were placed at the fort due to its extreme importance within Indian history. The Red Fort used to house [[British Indian Army]] barracks; it was taken over by the [[Indian Army]] after Indian independence from the British rule. The intruders received returning fire from the [[Quick Reaction Team]] of the battalion. All the intruders escaped the Red Fort by scaling over the boundary wall on the rear side of the complex.

==Casualties==
A total of three persons- Abdullah Thakur, a civilian sentry, [[Rifleman]] Uma Shankar Singh, and [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Ashok Kumar- died as a result of the attack. Naik Ashok Kumar succumbed to his injuries in a Delhi hospital hours after the event occurred.<ref name="nia.gov.in Red Fort Attack">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nia.gov.in/acts/Mohd%20Arif-Red%20Fort%20Attack.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504194931/http://www.nia.gov.in/acts/Mohd%20Arif-Red%20Fort%20Attack.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-12-24 |title=No trace of Red Fort raiders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/no-trace-of-red-fort-raiders/articleshow/1445993275.cms |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Arrest of Lashkar-e-Taiba Operative ==
The attack was orchestrated by the Lashkar-e-Taiba. The Indian courts convicted six others in October 2005, with sentences of variety of lengths. In September 2007, due to the lack of evidence, the six other assailants were released. The Pakistan-based militant group, Lashkar-e-Taiba, took responsibility of the attacks. The attacks strained already tense relations between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/red-fort-attack-case-chronology/article1-247672.aspx |title = Red Fort attack case: Chronology - Hindustan Times |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517130744/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/red-fort-attack-case-chronology/article1-247672.aspx |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorist Bilal Ahmed Kawa who planned and executed the terror attack was arrested in a joint operation by the Special Cell of the [[Delhi Police]] and the [[Gujarat Police|Gujarat]] [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] from the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]] on 10 January 2018. It took 17 years to arrest him. The 37-year-old was remanded to a Police Special Cell in Delhi for further probing. He was arrested on the basis of a tip-off received by Gujarat ATS regarding his movement from [[Srinagar]] to Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== See also ==
*[[List of terrorist incidents in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131231134552/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200012220001 Summary] at [[Global Terrorism Database]]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001227/main1.htm The Tribune, Chandigarh, India]
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/redfort.htm Red Fort] at [[Rediff.com]]
* {{Cite book |last1=Fair |first1=C. Christine |author-link1=C. Christine Fair |title=The Literature of Lashkar-e-Tayyaba: Deadly Lines of Control |last2=Ustaad |first2=Safina |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2023 |chapter=Noble Warriors and Battlefronts by Muhammad Tahir Naqqash |pages=487–592 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198883937.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-19-888393-7 }}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Fort attack}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2000]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]
[[Category:Red Fort]]
[[Category:2000 murders in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Delhi]]
[[Category:December 2000 in India]]
[[Category:December 2000 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Military history of Delhi]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2000]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 2000]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]

Nongkrem Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:11Z

Ali omar: Started Some Entry More To Come!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nongkrem
| mla = [[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]]
| party = {{Party index link|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = '''Lambor Malngiang''' {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:38705}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Nongkrem Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 22
}}

'''Nongkrem Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Radhon S. Lyngdoh || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Dominic Robun Nongkynrih || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Dominic Roblin Nongkynrih || {{Full party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=2 | H. S. Shylla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group)}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Elston Roy Kharkongor || {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Lambor Malngiang || {{Full party name with color|Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Lambor Malngiang || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]] || {{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]] |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=13,286 |percentage=41.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambor Malngiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=9,099 |percentage=28.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dasakhiatbha Lamare |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,491 |percentage=23.13% |change={{increase}}12.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Egenstar Kurkalang |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=1,375 |percentage=4.25% |change={{decrease}}12.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David T. Kharkongor |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=531 |percentage=1.64% |change={{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardonik Nongkhlaw |party=Indian National Congress |votes=293 |percentage=0.90% |change={{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=196 |percentage=0.61% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,187 |percentage=12.93% |change= {{increase}}12.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,389 |percentage=83.68% |change= {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,705 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambor Malngiang |party=Independent politician |votes=8,274 |percentage=30.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=8,198 |percentage=29.83% |change={{decrease}}8.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hilarius Pohchen |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=4,487 |percentage=16.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hispreachering Son Shylla |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,956 |percentage=10.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Filmore Kharshiing |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,207 |percentage=8.03% |change={{decrease}}21.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Egenstar Kurkalang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=713 |percentage=2.59% |change={{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Masterson Kharbyngar |party=Independent politician |votes=204 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=157 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=76 |percentage=0.28% |change= {{decrease}}8.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,482 |percentage=84.41% |change= {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,556 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=8,585 |percentage=38.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambor Malngiang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,595 |percentage=29.60% |change={{increase}}16.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hilarius Pohchen |party=Independent politician |votes=4,976 |percentage=22.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Draison Kharshiing |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,711 |percentage=7.68% |change={{decrease}}16.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elston Roy Kharkongor |party=Independent politician |votes=230 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fairly Bert Kharrngi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=181 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,990 |percentage=8.93% |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,278 |percentage=84.37% |change= {{decrease}}5.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,404 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,845 |percentage=23.81% |change={{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambor Malngiang |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=4,128 |percentage=20.29% |change={{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hispreachering Son Shylla |party=Independent politician |votes=3,299 |percentage=16.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hilarius Pohchen |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,131 |percentage=15.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waibha Khyriem Kyndiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,638 |percentage=12.96% |change={{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mitchel Wankhar |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=2,308 |percentage=11.34% |change={{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=717 |percentage=3.52% |change= {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,349 |percentage=90.24% |change= {{increase}}18.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,549 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |swing= {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambor Malngiang |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,929 |percentage=18.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. S. Shylla |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,847 |percentage=18.32% |change={{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanbor Shullai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,977 |percentage=12.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waibha Khyriem Kyndiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,821 |percentage=11.72% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,346 |percentage=8.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elston Roy Kharkongor |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=1,306 |percentage=8.40% |change={{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hilarius Warbah |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=1,216 |percentage=7.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=82 |percentage=0.53% |change= {{decrease}}6.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,541 |percentage=71.46% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,748 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |loser=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Elston Roy Kharkongor |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=3,002 |percentage=21.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Filmore Kharshiing |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,016 |percentage=14.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kynsai Manik Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,932 |percentage=13.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tourist Syiem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,735 |percentage=12.44% |change={{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra L. Nongbri |party=Independent politician |votes=1,214 |percentage=8.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Latho Manik Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,094 |percentage=7.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edarstar Lyngdoh Nongbri M |party=Independent politician |votes=864 |percentage=6.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=986 |percentage=7.07% |change= {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,950 |percentage=75.74% |change= {{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,998 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |swing= {{decrease}}11.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. S. Shylla |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=4,970 |percentage=32.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robert Kharshing |party=Hill People's Union |votes=4,685 |percentage=31.05% |change={{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elston Roy Kharkongor |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=3,347 |percentage=22.18% |change={{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iohbor M. Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=760 |percentage=5.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roysterwell Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=722 |percentage=4.79% |change={{decrease}}27.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rana Kharkongor |party=Independent politician |votes=457 |percentage=3.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suba Sing Syiem |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=147 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=285 |percentage=1.89% |change= {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,088 |percentage=84.06% |change= {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,179 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. S. Shylla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,779 |percentage=32.29% |change={{increase}}24.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Robun Nongkynrih |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=3,231 |percentage=27.61% |change={{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhon S. Lyngdoh |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,141 |percentage=26.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E.B.S. Kharrngi |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,399 |percentage=11.95% |change={{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Long Singh Wankhar |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=548 |percentage=4.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,704 |percentage=82.79% |change= {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,384 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Public Demands Implementation Convention |swing= {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Roblin Nongkynrih |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=2,899 |percentage=32.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hispreachering Son Shylla |party=Independent politician |votes=2,375 |percentage=26.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elstonroy Kharkongor |party=Independent politician |votes=860 |percentage=9.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kelvister Kharbuli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=659 |percentage=7.35% |change={{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hikeswel Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=611 |percentage=6.82% |change={{decrease}}18.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Drosswell Mylliemngap |party=Independent politician |votes=571 |percentage=6.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kynsai Manik Syiem |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=559 |percentage=6.24% |change={{increase}}3.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=524 |percentage=5.85% |change= {{decrease}}29.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,962 |percentage=80.65% |change= {{increase}}7.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,566 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Public Demands Implementation Convention |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}27.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Robun Nongkynrih |party=Independent politician |votes=4,325 |percentage=59.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhon S. Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,809 |percentage=25.07% |change={{decrease}}57.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grayneson Mawthoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=860 |percentage=11.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Honiwell Chyne |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=221 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,516 |percentage=34.87% |change= {{decrease}}32.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,215 |percentage=71.51% |change= {{increase}}16.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,290 |ref = |change= {{increase}}54.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}22.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhon S. Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,916 |percentage=82.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Resida Sohtun |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=14.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Robun Nongkynrih |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,384 |percentage=67.15% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,550 |percentage=54.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,671 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}
{{coord|25.5|91.89|display=title}}

[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Abhirami (actress, born 1983)

2026-04-15T11:42:37Z

Ali omar: Started pg

{{short description|Indian actress and voice actress (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date= November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhirami
| image = AbhiramiActressTamil.jpg
| caption = Abhirami in 2023
| birth_name = Divya Gopikumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] | [[College of Wooster]], [[Ohio]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]] | [[Voice actress]] | [[Television host]]}}
| years_active = 1995–2004 2014–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Rahul Pavanan|2009}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Divya Gopikumar''', professionally known as '''Abhirami''' (born 26 July 1983) is an Indian film and voice actress. She has acted predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films and few credits in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2023 |title=Actress Abhirami and her husband adopt a baby girl; introduce their Kalki on Mother's Day! Now she livin🫂together with an famous thamil actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actress-abhirami-and-her-husband-adopt-a-baby-girl-introduce-their-kalki-on-mothers-day/articleshow/100227009.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Abhirami went on to establish herself as an leading actress in the 2000s across the [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language industries.

Abhirami went on to establish herself as a leading actress in the 2000s across the [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language industries after appearing in films such as ''[[Sradha]]'' (2000), ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' (2001), ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' (2002), ''[[Raktha Kanneeru]]'' (2003) and ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004).

== Early life and education ==
She was born as Divya Gopikumar on 26 July 1980,<ref name="The Hindu 2003">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/05/14/stories/2003051401210200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132131/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/05/14/stories/2003051401210200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2016 |title=A chat with Abhirami |date=14 May 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=Happy Birthday Abhirami |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/uUnl9SsDkZE |access-date=2025-05-29 |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Puthuyugam TV]]}}</ref> to Gopikumar and Pushpa who were Tamil living in Kerala. She attended [[Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram|Christ Nagar English High School]] and [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and did predegree training from [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Trivandrum]] before graduating in programs for psychology and communications from the [[College of Wooster]] in [[Ohio]].

Her family migrated to the [[United States]] in 2004 when she got a job there. Her parents are [[yoga]] instructors in [[Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/167713?page=0,0 |title=അഭിരാമി തിരിച്ചുവരാന്കാരണം കമലഹാസനാണ് |publisher=Mangalam.com |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607031830/http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/167713?page=0%2C0 |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==
Abhirami made her debut in director [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]'s film ''[[Kathapurushan]]''.<ref name="Rediff.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaabroad.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/02abhi.htm |title=Abhirami on acting in Kamal Haasan's Sandhiyar |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165310/http://www.indiaabroad.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/02abhi.htm |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> While in college, Abhirami worked as a TV anchor for the program ''Top Ten'' which aired on the [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] channel,<ref name="Sify">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13153225&cid=2406 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215349/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13153225&cid=2406 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which according to Abhirami was "quite popular" and got her a film offer.<ref name="Rediff.com" /> She also appeared in the 100-episode Malayalam serial ''Akshaya Pathram'', directed by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].<ref name="Rediff.com" /> She changed her screen name to Abhirami, the character name of the heroine of the film ''[[Gunaa]]'', being "obsessed with the role and the name".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=13352126&cid=2409 |title=Welcome To |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912091241/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=13352126&cid=2409 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She had a small role in the Malayalam film ''[[Pathram]]'' in 1999 and in the series ''Mercara'' directed by [[Jude Attipetty]]. Later she acted in the films ''[[Millennium Stars]]'', ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'', and ''[[Sradha]]'' before shifting to [[Tamil cinema]].

Her first Tamil film was ''[[Vaanavil]]'' (2000) opposite [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], which was a "big hit"<ref name="Sify" /> and was followed by ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' (2001), as well as ''[[Dost (2001 Tamil film)|Dost]]'' (2001), ''[[Samudhiram]]'' (2001) and ''[[Samasthanam]]'' (2001) with [[R. Sarathkumar]]. A notable film in her career was ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004), in which she appeared as a Tamil village girl from [[Madurai]] opposite [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="The Hindu 2003" /> Besides Tamil and Malayalam, she has appeared in Telugu and Kannada films and was a notable [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/telugu/218/ |title=Abhirami gets a new Telugu film |work=Music India Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628115026/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/telugu/218/ |archive-date=28 June 2008 |date=31 May 2008}}</ref> In 2003, she appeared opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in the film ''[[Raktha Kanneeru]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-raktakanneeru.html |title=Telugu cinema Review – Rakta Kanneeru – Upendra, Abhirami, Ramya Krishna |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=27 February 2004 |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> and opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in ''[[Sri Ram (film)|Sri Ram]]''. In 2004, she retired from the film industry and settled in the [[United States]] for her studies. She went on to work as the marketing director of an [[multinational corporation|MNC]] there.<ref name="mangalam.com">{{cite web |title=Mangalam Varika 10-Mar-2014 |url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/130/14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310181621/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/130/14 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 March 2014 |publisher=mangalam.com |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

She went on to host ''Rishimoolam'', a talk show on the Tamil television channel ''[[Puthuyugam TV|Puthuyugam]]''.<ref name="The Times of India 2014">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Abhirami-makes-a-bold-reentry-into-tinseltown/articleshow/30111025.cms |title=Abhirami makes a bold reentry into tinseltown |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2014 |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=ta |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/society/women/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D/article5436528.ece |title=அறிவும் அழகுதான் |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first=R. C. |last=Jeyanthan |date=8 December 2013 |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref>

After a 10-year hiatus, she returned to the film industry in 2014 and acted in multiple films as a supporting actress until 2021 when she got a role as one of lead actresses in the film ''[[Maara]]'' after 17 years. She also became a reality show judge through the show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs (season 3)|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-returns-for-third-season-on-zee-tamil/ |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs returns for third season on Zee Tamil |publisher=medianews4u.com |access-date=29 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She was cast in the supporting role in the action drama film ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024) with [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2024 |title=വെച്ച കുറി തെറ്റിയോ? വേട്ടയ്യന്റെ നഷ്ടം നികത്താൻ മറ്റൊരു സിനിമ, രജനികാന്തിന് നിബന്ധനയുമായി ലൈക്ക? |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/10/19/reports-that-lyca-productions-have-asked-rajinikanth-to-compensate-for-the-loss-of-vettaiyan |work=[[Reporter TV|Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=2.0, ദര്ബാര്, ലാല് സലാം ദേ ഇപ്പോള് വേട്ടൈയനും... ലൈക്കയുടെ നഷ്ടം നികത്താന് അഞ്ചാമത്തെ സിനിമയും കമ്മിറ്റ് ചെയ്ത് രജിനികാന്ത് |url=https://www.doolnews.com/lyca-productions-approached-rajnikanth-for-new-film-to-cover-the-loss-of-vettaiyan-144-64.html |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=DoolNews |language=en}}</ref> Shen then appeared in the black comedy ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' (2024) as well as hyperlink thriller, ''[[Once Upon A Time in Madras]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jolly O Gymkhana movie review: Prabhudeva, Abhirami-lead ensemble shoulder this slightly funny but sloppy comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jolly-o-gymkhana-movie-review-prabhudeva-abhirami-lead-ensemble-shoulder-this-slightly-funny-but-sloppy-comedy-9683573/|access-date=2024-11-22 |website= The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Time in Madras Movie Review: A missed opportunity for a narrative with explosive potential
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Dec/13/once-upon-a-time-in-madras-movie-review-a-missed-opportunity-for-a-narrative-with-explosive-potential|access-date=2024-12-13 |website= CinemaExpress |language=en}}</ref> She is back on screen with the Ulaganayagan [[Kamal Haasan]] in director [[Mani Ratnam]], ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhirami dismisses 'unnecessary' controversy around her kiss with Kamal Haasan in Thug Life: 'Any press is good press'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/abhirami-dismisses-unnecessary-controversy-around-her-kiss-with-kamal-haasan-in-thug-life-mani-ratnam-101748427599694.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website= Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Abhirami is married to Rahul Pavanan, grandson of writer [[Pavanan]].<ref name="The Times of India 2014" /><ref name="mangalam.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/158077 |title=വിവാഹം ആരെയും അറിയിക്കാതെ... |publisher=Mangalam.com |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531021906/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/158077 |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> The couple have an adopted daughter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2023 |title=Actress Abhirami and her husband adopt a baby girl; introduce their Kalki on Mother's Day! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actress-abhirami-and-her-husband-adopt-a-baby-girl-introduce-their-kalki-on-mothers-day/articleshow/100227009.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As actress ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of films and roles
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes || class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Kathapurushan]]'' || || rowspan="6" | [[Malayalam]] || Child artist ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]'' || Shilpa Mary Cherian || ||
|-
| ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' || Geethu Sanjeevan || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000 || ''[[Millennium Stars]]'' || Radha || ||
|-
| ''[[Sradha]]'' || Swapna || ||
|-
| ''[[Melevaryathe Malakhakkuttikal]]'' || Devika Variyar (Devu)|| ||
|-
| ''[[Vaanavil]]'' || Priya || rowspan="1" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2001 || ''[[Megasandesam]]'' || Kavitha || Malayalam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' || Abhirami || rowspan="3" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || Anamika || ||
|-
| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || Lakshmi || ||
|-
| ''[[Thank You Subba Rao]]'' || Susi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || Mythili Ramakrishnan || rowspan="3" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Karmegham]]'' || Maheswari ||
|
|-
| ''[[Samasthanam]]'' || Aishwarya ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || ''[[Laali Haadu]]'' || Sangeetha || rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Ram (film)|Sri Ram]]'' || Vasundhara || ||
|-
| ''[[Charminar (2003 film)|Charminar]]'' || Keerthi || Telugu || ||
|-
| ''[[Raktha Kanneeru]]'' || Chandra || Kannada || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]'' || Radha || Telugu || ||
|-
| ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Annalakshmi || Tamil || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]'' || Dr. Nalini Nambiar || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{cite web |last1=C Palicha |first1=Paresh |title=Review: Apothecary could have been better |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-apothecary-could-have-been-better-south/20140808.htm |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]''|| Susan David || Tamil || Special appearance ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/abhirami-is-back-plays-jyothika-s-friend-news-tamil-ol1kCeeajgfff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134124/http://www.sify.com/movies/abhirami-is-back-plays-jyothika-s-friend-news-tamil-ol1kCeeajgfff.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Abhirami is back, plays Jyothika's friend |access-date=6 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016|| ''[[Ithu Thaanda Police]]'' || Arundhati Varma || rowspan="2" | Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Ore Mukham]]'' || Prof.Latha || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Chowka]]''|| Indira Sharma || Kannada || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Amar's mother || Telugu || Special appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' ||Meera|| Malayalam || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Dasharatha (film)|Dasharatha]]''||Krutika||Kannada|| ||
|-
| ''Aniyan Kunjum Thannalayathu''||Bincy || rowspan="2" | Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2020 ||''Marjara Oru Kallu Vacha Nuna''||Chithira || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 ||''[[Maara]]''|| Selvi ||rowspan=2 | Tamil||[[Amazon Prime]] film ||
|-
| ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]''||Annalakshmi|| Cameo appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Kotigobba 3]]''||IAS Durga|| Kannada || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]''|| Dr.Krishnaveni || rowspan=3 | Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Baba Black Sheep (2023 film)|Baba Black Sheep]]'' || Eshwari || ||
|-
| ''[[Are You Ok Baby?]]''|| Vidhya || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2023 |title=Ilaiyaraaja completes work on Lakshmy Ramakrishnan's next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraaja-completes-work-on-lakshmy-ramakrishnans-next/articleshow/96730189.cms |access-date=18 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105082826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraaja-completes-work-on-lakshmy-ramakrishnans-next/articleshow/96730189.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]'' || Sreedevi Madhav || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2023 |title='Garudan' teaser: Suresh Gopi bashes up goons with a motorbike helmet |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/garudan-teaser-suresh-gopi-bashes-up-goons-with-a-motorbike-helmet/article67011474.ece |access-date=18 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2024 || ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' || Kokila Srilakshmi Selvam || Tamil ||[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 50th film titled 'Maharaja' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-titled-maharaja/articleshow/101701879.cms |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513131335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-titled-maharaja/articleshow/101701879.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]'' || Chayadevi || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhale Unnade]]'' || Gowri || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/abhirami-makes-a-strong-comeback-with-bhale-unnade-906093 |title=Abhirami makes a strong comeback with 'Bhale Unnade' |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=11 September 2024 |first=Suhas |last=Sistu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' || Shwetha Dhakshinamoorthy || rowspan="4" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]''
| Chellamma
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Narayani |title=Prabhu Deva to play a dead person in Sakthi Chidambaram's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Nov/06/prabhu-deva-to-play-a-dead-person-in-sakthi-chidambarams-next-49317.html |work=Cinema Express |date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Once Upon A Time in Madras]]'' || Savitri || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2024 |title=Bharath's Once Upon A Time in Madras gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/29/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-a-release-date |access-date=29 August 2024 |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829113805/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/29/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2025 || ''[[Aghathiyaa]]'' || Vaidheeshwari || Cameo appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]'' || Shanthi || Tamil Telugu || Bilingual film ||<ref name="The Hindu 2023" />
|-
| ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' || Jeeva || rowspan="3" | Tamil || ||<ref name="The Hindu 2023">{{Cite news |date=6 November 2023 |title='Thug Life' is the title of Kamal Haasan-Mani Ratnam's 'KH234'; Trisha, Dulquer Salmaan, Jayam Ravi join cast |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thug-life-is-the-title-of-kamal-haasan-mani-ratnams-kh234-trisha-dulquer-salmaan-jayam-ravi-join-cast/article67504087.ece |access-date=6 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bomb (2025 film)|Bomb]]'' || Collector Krishnaammal || ||
|-
| ''[[Rambo (2025 film)|Rambo]]'' || Rambo's mother || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Rambo Trailer: Arulnithi faces a bigger battle beyond kick-boxing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Oct/04/rambo-trailer-arulnithi-faces-a-bigger-battle-beyond-kick-boxing |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[12A Railway Colony]]'' || Shalini || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Indian Penal Law]]''|| Vasanthi || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Indian Penal Law gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Nov/11/tamilnews2025nov10indian-penal-law-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As a dubbing artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! For whom
! Language
! Director
! Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Pooja Kumar]]
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=QwqOUNS839QKEtVY&v=gAZN4bs_y-s&feature=youtu.be |title=எல்லா Heroine Voice-கும் இவங்களை தான் Dub பண்ண சொல்லுவேன் {{!}} Kamal about Abirami {{!}} Virumandi |date=11 September 2024 |last=Galatta Tamil {{!}} கலாட்டா தமிழ் |access-date=24 September 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| [[Ramesh Aravind]]
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Vishwaroopam II|Vishwaroopam 2]]''
| Kamal Haasan
|}

== Television ==
* ''Top Ten'', anchor of musical program ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Piyatha'', [[television film|telefilm]] ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Akshaya Pathram'', ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Annie'', telefilm ([[Kairali TV]])
* ''Rishimoolam'', host ([[Puthuyugam TV|Puthuyugam]])
* ''Made For Each Other'', host ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* ''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV Series)|Kanakanmani]]'', ([[Surya TV]]) as Radhika (Cameo)
* ''Flowers Oru Kodi'' ([[Flowers TV]]) as Participant
* ''Red Carpet'' ([[Amrita TV]]) as Mentor
* ''[[Oru Kodai Murder Mystery]]'', as Ananthalakshmi (Annie) Varadarajan<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=I don't want to settle for a bland akka or anni character: Abhirami |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/20/i-dont-want-to-settle-for-a-bland-akka-or-anni-characterabhirami-2567470.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சினிமாவில் பெண்களுக்கு மட்டும் ஏன் இந்த பாகுபாடு நடிகை அபிராமி கேள்வி |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/entertainment/movie/why-is-this-discrimination-only-for-women-in-cinema-actress-abhirami-question/tamil-nadu20230419191521155155027 |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]] |date=19 April 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs (season 3)]]'', ([[Zee Tamil]]), Judge
* ''Shyamambaram'' ([[Zee Keralam]])
* ''[[Goli Soda Rising]]'' ([[Disney+ Hotstar]]) as Thendral
* ''Super star'', (Amrita TV), Judge
* ''[[Mahanadigai]]'', ([[Zee Tamil]]), Judge

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1366317|name=Abhirami}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhirami}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan schools alumni]]
[[Category:College of Wooster alumni]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:21Z

Ali omar: Started The Details From Scratch

{{for|the constituency in Rajasthan|Nokha, Rajasthan Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 211-Nokha, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Nagendra Chandravanshi]] 
| party = {{party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 297,842
|abolished = 
}}

'''Nokha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 243 assembly constituencies of [[Bihar]], an eastern Indian state. [[Nokha, Rohtas|Nokha]] is also part of [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karakat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/nokha.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Nokha Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref name="election2004">[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Nokha Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/nokha.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Raghunath Prasad Sah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jagdish Prasad
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Guthuli Singh
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagdish Ojha
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Gopal Narayan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Jangi Singh Chaudhari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Jangi Singh Chaudhari
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Anand Mohan Singh
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rameshwar Chaurasiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anita Devi (politician)|Anita Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nokha">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results:Nokha|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04211.htm|access-date=1 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202043615/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04211.htm|archive-date=2 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nokha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Nokha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/nokha|access-date=1 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202043621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/nokha|archive-date=2 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Nagendra Chandravanshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nokha<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nokha"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Nagendra Chandravanshi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:93193}}
|percentage = 51.12
|change = +18.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Anita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:69139}}
|percentage = 37.92
|change = -6.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Nasrullah Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:4831}}
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunita Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:4373}}
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sarveshwar Tiwary
|votes = {{formatnum:2753}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3400}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change = +0.65
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24054}}
|percentage = 13.2
|change = +1.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182315}}
|percentage = 61.21
|change = +9.99
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nokha <ref name=vidhansabha2020>{{cite web| url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |title = Bihar Legislative Election, 2020 | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anita Devi (politician)]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:65690}}
|percentage = 44.15
|change = {{decrease}}7.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nagendra Chandrawansi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:48018}}
|percentage = 32.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Krishna Kabir
|votes = {{formatnum:12313}}
|percentage = 8.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Akhileshwar Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:10275}}
|percentage = 6.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arti Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2164}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Syad Sher Jahan
|votes = {{formatnum:1646}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Aam Awam Party
|candidate = Shashi Kant Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:1521}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1798}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change = {{decrease}}0.86
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17672}}
|percentage = 11.88
|change = {{decrease}}4.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148787}}
|percentage = 51.22
|change = {{decrease}}1.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nokha<ref name="Nokha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Anita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:72780}}
|percentage = 51.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rameshwar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:49782}}
|percentage = 35.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4101}}
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Jawahar Lal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2783}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1802}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yashoda Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1570}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2923}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22998}}
|percentage = 16.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:140995}}
|percentage = 52.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Nahan]]
* [[Rohtas district]]
* [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

2029 elections in India

2026-04-08T18:50:06Z

Ali omar:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2029
| type =
| incumbent_pm = [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| next_lok_sabha = [[Next Indian general election|19th]]
| rajya_control =
| rajya_seats_contested =
| rajya_net_change =
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| states_contested = 8
| state_net_change =
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
}}
The '''2029 elections in India''' are expected to include the elections of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Lok Sabha]], 7 [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assembly]] elections, 1 [[Legislative Assembly (India)|Union Territory Legislative Assembly]] Elections, 6 [[State Legislative Council]] elections and various [[local body]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Be ready to sit in...': Amit Shah predicts 2029 Lok Sabha poll results|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/be-ready-to-sit-in-amit-shah-predicts-2029-lok-sabha-poll-results-101722760995873.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Next Lok Sabha polls to be over by end of April': 5 big quotes by election body|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/election-commission-press-conference-lok-sabha-polls-april-record-turnout-2547413-2024-06-03 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='This is only our 3rd term': PM Modi's big signal in Lok Sabha on 2029 elections|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/this-is-only-our-3rd-term-pm-modi-s-big-signal-in-lok-sabha-on-2029-elections-12931225.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Money Control}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Already planned for 2029': Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu praises PM Modi's leadership|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/already-planned-for-2029-andhra-pradesh-cm-chandrababu-naidu-praises-pm-modis-leadership/articleshow/115644277.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Lok Sabha election==
{{main|Next Indian general election}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Tentative Date
! colspan="3" | Before election
! colspan="3" | After election
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
! Prime Minister
!colspan="2"|Party
! Prime Minister
|-
|[[Next Indian general election|May–June 2029]]
|{{Full party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|colspan="3"|''TBD''
|}

== Legislative assembly elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Date(s)
! rowspan="2" |State/UT
! colspan="3" |Before election
! colspan="3" |After election
! rowspan="2" | Maps
|-
! colspan="2" |Parties
! Chief Minister
! colspan="2" | Parties
! Chief Minister
|-
|April 2029*
|[[Next Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pema Khandu]]
|colspan="3"|TBD
|[[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|April 2029*
|[[Next Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|colspan="3"|TBD
|[[File:IN-SK.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|April 2029*
|[[Next Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party }}
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|colspan="3"|TBD
|[[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|April 2029*
|[[Next Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|colspan="3"|TBD
|[[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|September/ October 2029*
|[[Next Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|colspan="3" |TBD
|[[File:IN-JK_(2019,_claimed).svg|59x59px]]
|-
|October 2029*
|[[Next Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|colspan="3"|TBD
|[[File:IN-HR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2"|November 2029*
|rowspan="2"|[[Next Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Hemant Soren]]
|colspan="3" rowspan="2"|''TBD''
|rowspan="2"|[[File:IN-JH.svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="3"|November 2029*
|rowspan="3"|[[Next Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan = "3"|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|colspan="3" rowspan="3"|TBD
|rowspan="3"|[[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party }}
|}

{{legend inline|1 = #DBD7D2|text = {{asterisk}}}} Tentative schedule as per assembly tenure

==Local body elections==


===Assam===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!Government after
|-
| January 2029*
|[[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| ''TBD''
|}

=== Punjab ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
!Government after
|-
| rowspan="5" | December 2029*
|[[Amritsar Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=5}}
| rowspan=5| ''TBD''
|-
|Jalandhar Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Patiala Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| Phagwara Municipal Corporation
|}

== See also ==
* [[2028 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:Elections in India by year]]
[[Category:2029 elections in Asia|India]]

Percy Cox

2026-03-29T18:07:44Z

Ali omar: minor improved references based on references further and corrected details

{{Short description|British Indian Army general (1864–1937)}}
{{For|the West Indian cricketer|Percy Cox (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Sir Percy Cox
| image = Percy Cox 1916.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Cox in 1916
| nickname = Coccus Kokus (Kokkus)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1864|11|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Harwood Hall, [[Herongate]], [[Essex]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|02|20|1864|11|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Melchbourne]], [[Bedfordshire]], England
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1884–1923
| rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir Percy Zachariah Cox''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|GCMG|GCIE|KCSI|KBE|DL}} (20 November 1864 – 20 February 1937) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer and [[Colonial Office]] administrator in the [[Middle East]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hopkirk |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H71qNi6cF94C&dq=Percy+Cox&pg=PA31 |title=On Secret Service East of Constantinople: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280230-9 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> He is considered one of the main architects behind the [[History of the Middle East|current Middle Eastern]] borders.

==Family and early life==
Cox was born in Harwood Hall, [[Herongate]], [[Essex]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sir Percy Cox {{!}} British diplomat {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Percy-Cox |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> one of seven children born to Julienne Emily ({{nee}} Saunders) Cox and cricketer [[Arthur Button (cricketer)|Arthur Zachariah Cox]] ({{ne}} Button). He was educated initially at [[Harrow School]] where he developed interests in natural history, geography, and travel. In February 1884, being his father's third son and therefore without significant inheritance, Cox joined the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], and was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant]] into the [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|Cameronians]], joining their 2nd Battalion in [[India]]. In November 1889, an outstanding planner, he transferred to the [[Bengal Staff Corps]]. On 14 November 1889 he married Louisa Belle, youngest daughter of Irish-born surgeon-general John Butler Hamilton.

==British Somaliland and Muscat (1893–1903)==
{{one source|section|date=August 2025}}
After holding minor administrative appointments in [[Kolhapur]] and [[Savantvadi]] in India, Cox was posted to [[British Somaliland]], which was then administered from India, as Assistant Political [[Resident (title)|Resident]] at [[Zeila]]. He transferred to [[Berbera]] in 1894. He was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in February 1895. In May 1895 he was given command of an expedition against the Rer Hared clan, which had blocked trade routes and was raiding the coast. With only 52 Indian and Somali regulars and 1,500 poor quality, untrained local irregulars, he defeated the Rer Hared in six weeks. Later that year 1895, he was promoted to be assistant to the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India's]] agent in [[Vadodara|Baroda]].

For 1899 he had intended to join the US expedition under [[Arthur Donaldson Smith|A Donaldson Smith]] between the [[River Nile]] and [[Lake Rudolf]], but in October 1899, the new Viceroy of India, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] appointed Cox Political Agent and [[Consul (representative)|consul]] at [[Muscat, Oman]], inheriting a tense situation between the British, French and Arabs who regarded the area as under their influence. The French had leased a [[coaling station]] from [[Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman|Sultan Feisal]], the local ruler, for the [[French Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 1888 |title="Mail News" |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14230113 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=3}}</ref> The French also gave protection to the local [[History of slavery|slave trade]], which the British opposed. Feisal was ordered by the British under Cox to board the British merchantman SS ''Eclipse'', whose guns were trained on his palace and reprimanded and informed that his annual subsidy could be withdrawn by the British government.

Cox managed to successfully end French influence in the area; turning the subsidy around, and agreeing that Feisal's son could receive an education in England and visit the [[Delhi Durbar]]. When Lord Curzon visited Muscat in 1903, he judged that Cox virtually ran the place. Cox was promoted to the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 6 February 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27428|pages=2794–2795|date=25 April 1902}}</ref> and was invested Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]];<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27488|page=4197|date=24 June 1902|supp=y}}</ref> whereas Feisal was rewarded for loyalty with [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in Curzon's gift.

==Political Resident in Persian Gulf (1904–1919)==
In June 1904, Major Cox was appointed first British Acting Political Resident in the [[Persian Gulf]] and Consul-General for [[Fars province]], [[Lurestan]] and [[Khuzestan]] and the district of [[Bandar Lengeh|Lingah]], residing in the Persian side of the gulf at the city of [[Bushehr]]. He began a remarkable correspondence and friendship with [[William Shakespear (explorer)|Captain William Shakespear]], appointed Cox's deputy Political Resident to Persia. Their frank exchange of views at [[Bandar Abbas]] was a major element of pre-war policy in the near east. Cox considered peace the priority, in the maintenance of good relations with the Ottomans, who held all the tribal loyalties, whilst prompting India to change policy towards [[Ibn Saud]], the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] ruler of [[Najd|Nejd]] and later king of [[Saudi Arabia]], from 1906{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}.

One of the few allies was [[Mubarak al-Sabah|Shaikh Mubarak of Kuwait]], whose shared intelligence eventually aided the desert war. Cox was assiduous with his briefs: he prepared in great detail, in fluent Arabic, when he wrote Shaikhs. Warned by the former ambassador to Constantinople of Turkish escalation; preparations were made to make Arabian friends. British forces were called into [[Bushehr]] in 1909, and then again to [[Shiraz]] in 1911. Cox promised [[Khaz'al Khan al-Kaabi|Sheikh Khazal of Muhammarah]] that troops would protect when the Turks threatened to invade. Khazaal leased the Shatt al-Arab waterway on the Euphrates to the [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]] for the construction of refineries. In 1910 Cox wrote a full report on Shakespear's findings to India, which was passed to London.<ref>Shakespear to Cox, 8 April 1911, PRO, TNA</ref> He was promoted to Lieutenant-colonel in February 1910. Cox promoted trade in the Persian Gulf which doubled between 1904 and 1914, suppressed the [[Arms trafficking|illegal arms trade]]; and improved communications. In the [[1909 Birthday Honours]] Cox was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI),<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28263|page=485%|date=22 June 1909|supp=y}}</ref> and in the [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours]] he was created a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559|page=9361|date=8 December 1911|supp=y}}</ref> In 1908 oil fields were discovered in the region of [[Abadan, Iran|Abadan]]. On 16 July 1909, after secret negotiation with Cox, assisted by [[Arnold Wilson]], [[Khaz'al al-Ka'bi|Sheik Khaz'al]] agreed to a rental agreement for the island including Abadan.{{sfn|Ferrier|1991|pp=641–642}}{{sfn|Greaves|1991|pp=418–419}}{{sfn|Abrahamian|2008|p=56}}{{efn|1=The agreement gave £1,500 per year and £16,500 in gold sovereigns to the Sheik.{{sfn|Abrahamian|2008|p=56}}}}

He was confirmed as Resident, a post which he occupied highly successfully until 1914, when he was appointed Secretary to the [[British Raj]]. Cox feared reprisals in Arabia would make the tribes turn towards Germany. But the [[Foreign Office]] was engrossed with events in Europe.{{sfn|Blunt|1920}} Among his other achievements while at Bushire was the establishment of the state of [[Kuwait]] as an autonomous [[kaza]] within the [[Ottoman Empire]] by the [[Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913]], where he improved relations with local ruler, Mubarak, by opening negotiations with Ibn Saud.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

The Turks signed a treaty in London on 29 July 1913 concerning Royal Navy patrols in the Persian Gulf littoral, when Cox met then at the [[Uqair|Port of Uqair]] on 15 December 1913. Cox noted their "intractability" and also warned the Foreign and Commonwealth Office about [[Ibn Saud]]; the "increased authority of the [[Wahhabi]] Chief".{{sfn|Philby|1952| p=34}} Captain Shakespear's letter had passed via [[Riyadh]] to the Suez Canal in which his secret War-camp negotiations with Ibn Sa'ud, had revealed the latter's deep hatred of the Turks, who brutalised his people and threatened his ancestral rights. Shortly after his return to India, Sir Percy was sent back to the Persian Gulf as Chief Political Officer with the [[Indian Expeditionary Force]] when [[World War I]] broke out in August 1914, still with a brief to prevent Turkish entry on the German side. The Islamic Jihad to crush the British and seize [[Mesopotamia]] coincided with Turkey's declaration of war in October 1914.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Ibn Saud's mortal enemy, [[Ibn Rashid]], was in the Turkish coalition. Cox sent his deputy to protect Ibn Saud, whose army was attacked at the [[Battle of Jarrab]] on 24 January 1915. Shakespear was in command of the artillery when he was charged down and killed in the melee. Sir Percy received immediate authorisation to draft a [[Treaty of Khufaisa]] with the Wahhabi ruler with the aim of forming a broader Arab alliance.{{sfn|Philby|1952| p=41}} By April 1915 Cox was based at Basrah where he received a significant Treaty between Ibn Saud and his enemy Ibn Rashid; partition of Arabia in a spirited alliance to rid the peninsula of the Ottomans.{{sfn|Darlow| Bray|2010| p=207}} They finally met on Boxing Day 1915 at Darin, an island of Tarut, in the bay of Qatif, just north of Bahrain, where they signed the [[Treaty of Darin]].<ref>{{cite book |title=International Boundaries of Saudi Arabia |last=Abdul-Razzak |first=S. |year=1997 |isbn=978-8172000004 |page=32|publisher=Galaxy Publications }}</ref><ref name="Abdullah I of Jordan 1950 186">{{cite book |title=Memoirs |last=Abdullah I of Jordan |author-link=Abdullah I of Jordan |author2=Philip Perceval Graves |author-link2=Philip Graves |year=1950 |page=186}}</ref>

===A local difficulty in Mesopotamia===
Cox was Secretary to the Government of India, its chief civil servant, and third in order of precedence.{{efn|1=behind the Viceroy and Commander-in-Chief Forces, India at [[Indian Army Headquarters]]; a role Sir Henry Wilson and CIGS Lord Robertson took away from Lord Hardinge}} He was despatched to the Gulf as Chief Political Officer with the rank of honorary major-general. The arrival of General Nixon from Simla was "shabby...jobbing" as the military build-up enclosing India's plan to capture Baghdad troubled the veteran political time-servers, morally responsible to humanity and to civilization.{{sfn|Townshend|2010| p=72}}

For want of a more bland administration, Cox complained to Viceroy Lord Curzon that [[Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)|Barrett]], whom Nixon replaced, had not wanted to go to Amara in pursuit of a policy of annexation.{{sfn|Townshend|2010| p=73}} In a surprise attack upriver on [[Al-Qurnah|Qurna]] before midnight on 6 December 1914, Commander Nunn and a small fleet managed to link up with Brigadier Fry's units of the 45th to force the Turk to surrender; ultimately, by land and by sea, a typical pincer movement in combined operations enabled only 45 officers and 989 men to take a garrison of 4,000 men.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proconsul to the Middle East: Sir Percy Cox and the End of Empire 9780755610679 |url=https://dokumen.pub/proconsul-to-the-middle-east-sir-percy-cox-and-the-end-of-empire-9780755610679.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}</ref> At 1.30 pm on 9 December, Sir Percy and [[Charles Irwin Fry|Fry]] took the formal handover from Head of Vilayet, Vali of Basra, Subhi Bey, ending the [[Battle of Qurna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proconsul to the Middle East : Sir Percy Cox and the end of empire / John Townsend {{!}} Book {{!}} John Townsend 1928- {{!}} The National Library of Israel |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH990028803920205171/NLI |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=en}}</ref> Cox was not one for sentimentality: but the Turkic rulers had been guilty of several barbarisms: stoning women, and severing thieves' hands off; traitors and spies were buried up to their necks in sand.<ref name=":0" />

During 1915 he saw action with Major General [[Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend|Charles Townshend's]] expeditionary force. Throughout the Great War Cox masterminded the Imperial relationship with Turkic Mesopotamia/Iraq. By December 1915, Townshend's division had been defeated at [[Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)|Battle of Ctesiphon]] and retreated to be besieged in [[Kut|Kut al-Amara]]. Cox left with Brigadier Leachman's cavalry brigade sent back to Basra. General Townshend came to hate "this accursed country"; fly-blown. Historians point to his brilliant defence of the fort at Chitral on the North-West Frontier in 1895, as evidence of suitability for appointment. Townshend, although promised a relief force from Nixon, knew that it was an unrealistic prospect. Although substantial redoubts were constructed during September to December 1915, the cross-river route remained vulnerable to attack.{{sfn|Sandes|1919| pp=132–136}} Townshend blamed Cox for the failure to evacuate civilians in time. Cox was firmly against exposing them to the winter cold. In this assessment he was supported by Arnold Wilson, who wrote that a general was not competent to judge what protection civilians needed.{{sfn|Graves|1941|p=196}}{{sfn|Wilson|1930| p=92}} On reflection Cox suggested that the 500 departing unit should turn back; but Colonel [[Gerard Leachman]] told him the roads being drenched and muddy were impassable. These men had left on 6 December to be transported downriver to safety. 2,000 would-be fit cavalry men and officers remained behind with the infantry.{{sfn|Winstone|1984| p=160}}

==Influence in Iraq==
[[File:Ibn Saud and Cox.jpg|thumb|Cox and [[Gertrude Bell]] with Abdul Aziz Ibn Sa'ud, during the [[Arab Revolt]], Basrah, 1916]]
Aged 25, Cox first travelled in the Middle East. In 1915 he was sent by the British army to negotiate: On 6 October he met Leachman at [[Al-Aziziyah (Iraq)|Aziziyeh]] to discuss how to free Baghdad.{{sfn|Townshend|2010| p=140}} An emissary was sent into the city to see [[Nuri al-Said]]. The Iraqi commander in the pay of the Ottomans was responsible to [[Talaat Pasha]], one of the [[Young Turks]] whose coup d'état had seized power in Constantinople/Istanbul. Cox was deeply sceptical about "conciliating with the Arabs".{{sfn|Townshend|2010| p=57}}

Nuri's Basra Reform Society were negotiating with Cox when the British appointed the violent and intemperate [[Talib al-Naqib|Sayyid Talib]] as governor of the province. He was eager to work with the Imperial forces, but was deeply unpopular with local Shias. Cox ordered Talib and Nuri to be arrested; they were promptly deported to prison in India for treasonous attempts to stir up revolt. The general turned statesman-diplomat disapproved of army plans to extend the autonomous region; advising against plans to invade into the interior, which he knew to be fraught with dangers. In January 1915, [[Sir John Nixon]]'s appointment to head a new division with orders from [[Simla|Shimla]] encouraged the diplomat to draft a similar text for General Nixon that launched the fateful mission to Kut al-Amara.{{efn|1=according to historian Charles Townshend, the originator was probably the intellectual and skilful career diplomat and not the troubled General}} "This would create endless problems for Great Britain..." wrote Gerard Leachman in March 1915, explorer, traveller from India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerard Leachman Collection - Archives Hub |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb165-0179 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref>

Cox early on spotted the important alliance that lay with Ibn Saud.{{sfn|Darlow|Bray|2010| pp=133, 150–151}} In his capacity as the senior Foreign and Commonwealth Office official, Cox received secret intelligence reports on Ottoman troop movements. In his dealings he was "stoic, patient and tolerant, never allowing any hint of frustration no matter how perverse the commands of his government or the action of his people...".{{sfn|Darlow| Bray|2010|p=151}}

In January 1915, he was alerted to the [[Banu Lam]] and [[Bani Turuf]] tribes mobilising for war, declaring [[Jihad]] in Persia. Cox was confident that "Qurna was strong" and would hold against an assault.{{sfn|Townshend|2010| p=67}} It was imperative to protect the oil pipelines into the Gulf at Abadan;<ref>Lord Crewe to Lord Hardinge, 12 March 1915</ref> the government ordered a brigade to this duty. Cox was well aware from his own experiences of the vulnerability of the frontier. He was highly respected as a quick, efficient, tireless and energetic soldier-diplomat, as well as being incorruptible. He held a genuine interest in local people, the Arabs and Persians, and was a shrewd and patient listener. As a politician he was a good speaker of Arabic and Turkish. But he knew when to shut up: he kept silent often in the Bedu presence, yet knew when to speak up, which impressed the Arab sensibilities. To Gertrude Bell he became an indispensable and close friend; whom she fondly admired.<ref name=":1" />

By 1914, Cox was a champion of Arab nationalism, working closely with [[Gertrude Bell]], and [[T. E. Lawrence]] to that end. During April 1916, [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener]] offered a series of blatant bribes up to £2 million via General Halil "to the people of Kut", disgusted Cox left with Leachman's cavalry brigade sent back to Basra.{{sfn|Townshend|2010| p=250}} Gertrude Bell reported she was staying with Sir Percy and Lady Cox in March 1916, living next door to the Military GHQ.<ref>Gertrude Bell to Florence Bell, Basra, 17 March 1916.{{harv|Bell|1927a}}</ref> On 8 March, Cox had returned from Bushire wherefore gathering intelligence. By May, [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|George Lloyd]] had joined the unit from London because their work was "political not military," the "Egyptian link" being with the new [[Arab Bureau]].<ref>Gertrude to Herbert Bell, Basrah, 16 April 1916.{{harv|Bell|1927a|p=376}}</ref>

===Triumph and capture of Baghdad===
Cox's main priority was to protect and prevent Ibn Saud from joining the Turkish side in the war. He met the Arab Sheikh at [[Al-Ahsa Oasis]] where a Treaty was signed guaranteeing a subsidy of £5,000 per month. Cox knew that [[Mark Sykes|Sir Mark Sykes]] was the champion of [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Sharif Husein]], a rival candidate for the desert kingdoms. The delicate diplomatic balance arose as [[Stanley Maude|General Maude]] took Baghdad in March 1917;<ref>"I had a letter from Sir Percy to-day, from the Front, full of exaltation and confidence". (Gertrude to Herbert Bell, 10 March 1917.{{harv|Bell|1927a|p=399}})</ref> and [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Allenby]] Jerusalem that December. Taking part in the campaigns in Mesopotamia and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], he was promoted to Honorary Major-General in May 1917. During this time he established strong relations with Ibn Saud, the powerful ruler of the [[Nejd]], with whom he had already had dealings while Resident, and when he gained the nickname Kokus.{{efn|1="The word Kokus is rapidly passing into Arabic language, not as a name but as a title. You are a Kokus, just as once upon a time you were a Chosroes or a Pharaoh" (Gertrude to Herbert Bell, 8 June 1917.{{harv|Bell|1927b| p=414}}}}

For the next year Cox was of central importance to the Government of Baghdad, living in a large house where he entertained high society Sheikhs; the arrival of [[Fahad Bey Ibn Haddal|Fahad Bey]], Sheikh of Amareh, and others instilled confidence in the British Residency. On 8 September 1918, he visited Tehran, for the first time. The negotiations largely completed Cox was installed as Britain's first ambassador at Tehran in November 1918.<ref>see Letter from Gertrude to Herbert Bell, Baghdad, 28 November 1918, ...they [Persians] want Sir Percy as High Commissioner...they trust Sir Percy...."{{harv|Bell|1927b}}</ref> At the end of hostilities with the Ottoman Empire, Cox was appointed Acting [[Diplomatic rank|Minister]] in [[Tehran]], negotiating the [[Anglo-Persian Agreement]]. That winter he returned to Europe, attending the [[Versailles Peace Conference]] in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/paris-peace |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref>

==Appointment as High Commissioner of Iraq and Iraqi Revolt (1920)==
Following the [[Iraqi revolt against the British|Iraqi Revolt of 1920]], British colonial administrators felt a more effective and cheaper method to rule the area would be to create an Iraqi government in which British influence was less visible. It was in this environment that Sir Percy Cox took up residence in Baghdad as the first High Commissioner under the Iraqi Mandate, travelling via Kut el-Amara.{{sfn|Tripp|2007|p=44}}

Later, reflecting on Britain's new policy and the difficulties involved, Cox wrote to [[Gertrude Bell|Lady Bell]]:<blockquote> The task before me was by no means an easy or attractive one. The new line of policy which I had come to inaugurate involved a complete and necessarily rapid transformation of the facade of the existing administration from British to Arab and, in the process, a wholesale reduction in the numbers of British and British-Indian personnel employed.{{sfn|Bell|1927b}}</blockquote>

Acting as High Commissioner, Cox collaborated with former Ottoman officials and tribal, sectarian, and religious leaders and oversaw the creation of a largely Arab provisional government, or "Council of State," with the purpose of seeing the young country through the turbulent period following the revolt. Cox selected as president the (Sunni) religious leader [[Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani]], the [[Naqib al-ashraf|Naqib]] of Baghdad. Council members were culled from local elites whom Cox felt could be relied upon to support the British agenda.{{sfn|Simon|Tejirian|2004|p=31}} The satisfactory functioning of this interim government allowed Cox to attend the Cairo Conference, convened by the new Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill in 1921.{{sfn|Bell|1927b| p=600}}

==The 1921 Cairo Conference and the crowning of King Faisal==
[[File:Coronation of Prince Faisal as King of Iraq, 1921.jpg|thumb|Coronation of Faisal as King of Iraq. Faisal seated, to his right are British [[High commissioner]] Percy Cox and Lieutenant [[Kinahan Cornwallis]], to his left commander-in-chief of all British troops in the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] Commander General [[Aylmer Haldane]].<ref>[[Justin Marozzi]]: the High Commissioner,[https://books.google.com/books?id=n8m7AgAAQBAJ&dq=Saray+al+Kushla+Tawfik+al+Damluji&pg=PT526 Baghdad – City of Peace, City of Blood], (2014).</ref>]]
Among the points Cox considered salient coming into the [[Cairo Conference (1921)|1921 Cairo Conference]] was the reduction of British spending in Iraq and the selection of a ruler for the country. To satisfy the first item, Cox proposed a plan to cut immediately expenditure and withdraw troops from Mesopotamia. On the question of who should rule Iraq, Cox considered the best option to be one of the sons of the Sharif of Mecca, with whom the British had a special relationship during the war due to promises made during the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]]. At the conference, the Sharif's son Faisal emerged as the preferred choice, with Cox noting that Faisal's military experience in World War I as well as his vast political skills made him the most qualified to raise an army and rule Iraq effectively.<ref>"First Meeting of the Political Committee. 12 March 1921." Proc. of Conference on Middle Eastern Affairs, Cairo.</ref>

Cox would later write that the decision in favour of Faisal was "easiest to arrive at ... by the process of elimination," reasoning that local candidates for the throne would split the support of the major parties in Iraq while Faisal, as a result of his experience and his respected family name, would enjoy the "general if not the universal support of inhabitants."{{sfn|Bell|1927b}} After arranging an election of sorts of Faisal's asking, Cox would go on to proclaim Faisal as King of Iraq on 23 August 1921 in Baghdad,{{sfn|Townsend|1993}} upon which event the provisional cabinet formed by Cox resigned.{{sfn|Bell|1927b}} <blockquote>...For some time past letters have been passing between Sir Percy and Ibn Saud The Conquest of Hayil by the latter in November makes his frontiers continuous with the Iraq. Sir Percy is anxious to arrange a treaty between him and Faisal.<ref>Gertrude to Florence Bell, Baghdad, 17 October 1921,{{harv|Bell|1927b|p=638}}</ref></blockquote>

For his remaining years as the High Commissioner of Iraq, Cox continued to greatly influence Iraqi government and events in the country, using his power behind the throne to advise and put pressure on Faisal where necessary, including lavish festivities. On 2 June 1922, King Faisal's court was entertained at the High Commissioner's residency in Baghdad to celebrate the royal birthday.<ref>Gertrude to Herbert Bell, {{harv|Bell|1927b|pp=639–40}}</ref> In his subsequent eulogy on his friend Gertrude's death, Cox recalled that 'On 20 April 1923 a treaty was signed with Turkey with proviso that "Nothing in this Protocol shall prevent a fresh agreement from being concluded...and negotiations shall be entered into between them before expiration of the above period." The parenthesis did not preclude the uncovering and exposure of the fraudulent [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], later used by the Nazis, which International Jewry explicitly refuted. Yet the San Remo Treaty with Turkey included explicit acceptance of the British Mandate of Palestine – the Zionist home land.{{efn|1=extract Protocol IX, The Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion, pp. 156–58, 163 – The Protocol IX tried to imply a 'carve-up' of Palestinian territory in which the principle was implicitly agreed to in 1914 by British High Commissioner Sir Herbert Samuel, whilst simultaneously deliberately attributing anti-semitism as a means of control and for the separate existence of Jews.}}

==Remaining term as High Commissioner of Iraq, Ambassador in Baghdad (1920–1923)==
King Feisal's election had been confirmed by referendum in July 1921. British executive officers were removed from power. On 23 August 1922, King Faisal was struck with appendicitis and rendered unable to rule for several weeks. At this moment, a debate was raging over the nature and extent of British control over Iraqi affairs through treaty obligations. In perhaps the boldest action of his political career, Cox seized control and instituted direct British rule. Cox, in effect, became acting King of Iraq and undertook such measures as jailing and transporting those hostile to foreign intervention; silencing opposition parties and media; and even ordering the bombing of tribal insurgents.{{sfn|Tripp|2007|p=52}}

Interpretation of these events varies greatly depending on the source: John Townsend writes that Cox's actions "demonstrated British infallibility, illusory though it might have been" and that what transpired amounted to "perhaps [Cox's] greatest single achievement."{{sfn|Townsend|1993}} Ahmad Shikara is not as kind, calling Cox's measures "severe and unpopular" and noting that Faisal himself held "strong objections to the High Commissioner's actions."{{sfn|Shikara|1987|p=39}} Cox's own account contradicts, as he writes that not only were his actions necessary for the stability of the state, but that Faisal, upon recovery, "thanked me cordially for the action taken during the interregnum."{{sfn|Bell|1927b}} Whatever the case, Cox's actions succeeded in preserving the status quo for the British, and Faisal resumed his rule in September after being a reluctant signatory to a twenty-year treaty.{{sfn|Pearce|1987| p=69}}

==Acting Political Resident at Tehran==
Cox was the acting British Minister in Tehran when the Anglo-Iranian Agreement was concluded on 9 August 1919.{{sfn|Temperley|1924|pp=212–213}} He exchanged formal letters with [[Vossug ed Dowleh|Vosuq]]. The Iranians wanted three main concessions: territory, trade and tariff agreements all to be accepted. Iran did not necessarily share with Britain their multi-country approach to diplomacy.{{efn|1=But Oliver Bast makes it clear that had always been characteristic of their national negotiating style.}} The first approach made to Britain was at the Paris Conference. The Iranians wanted to adopt Wilsonian self-determination principles.{{sfn|Manela|2009}}
The Empire provided loans, financial and military expertise, and infrastructure development e.g. building ports, harbours, bridges and railways. By the end of September 1919, the situation had worsened for the Whites, and so Vosuq approached the British embassy, while Firuz in Paris spoke to the British ambassador. In London Curzon warned the Russians off Iran, after [[Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III|Firuz]]'s visit had concluded only five days before on 15 October 1919. Vosuq would make himself the class enemy by siding with Britain. In October 1919 a special mission warned the Whites off Baku. And the following month Cox requested British troops to defend the [[province of Khorasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic State Khorasan Province |url=https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-afghanistan-2024/22-islamic-state-khorasan-province-iskp |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=euaa.europa.eu}}</ref> Cox's relations with the Persians were somewhat spare. On the one hand the vast country was supposedly acting as a barrier to Russian threats of invasion and Turkish activity in Mesopotamia, and on the other it was a long way from both India and London. The Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon was forced to write to Cox on 17 May 1920, that there was little or no military help that could be sent to the small British mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter-War, Inter-Service Friction on the North-West Frontier of India and its Impact on the Development and Application of Royal Air Force Doctrine |url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7681/1/Walters17PhD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917030628/https://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7681/1/Walters17PhD.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-17 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=etheses.bham.ac.uk}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Britain attempted to secure guarantees from the Soviets that territorial integrity of Britain's trading and military interests in the region would be respected. Curzon was far from happy that any negotiations should be entered with Soviet Russia. They could not be trusted, and so he simply failed to inform Cox that the Iranians would be negotiating a separate pre-arranged treaty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain, the Balkans, and the Politics of the War-time Alliance: Great Power Collaboration and the Pre-Percentages Agreement |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/463285/1/530876.pdf |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=soton.ac.uk}}</ref> The Persians were themselves apprehensive about their own prospects; and Curzon typically toughed it out with stiff upper lip, reassuring Cox that things would work out. But Curzon thought that trade embargoes and sanctions were the way to put pressure on Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life of Lord Curzon |url=https://ia801400.us.archive.org/9/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.16718/2015.16718.Null_text.pdf |access-date=2025-08-16 |via=archive.org}}</ref> What was worse for Curzon, was Firuz contentment with turning instead to France for help. Their agreement was dubbed ''renversement des alliances'' – an oblique reference to the perceived snub to British interests. In Tehran they sang the praises of French Foreign Minister, [[Stephen Pichon]]. If Curzon was said to be arrogant, it was because he was more aware than most of the consequences for India of destabilizing the region by powers seeking the oil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curzon in India |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1969%20Curzon%20in%20India%20Vol%201%20Achievement%20by%20Dilks%20s.pdf |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=pahar.in}}</ref>

The new Prime Minister of Iran was now obliged to continue an agenda already set by his predecessor, to conclude the Anglo-Persian Agreement on Oil. But the British were posed with a constitutional impasse: how could Parliament ratify an agreement when the Russian invaders now occupied the territory? The Iranians were content to reciprocate by demanding the removal of British contingents, to be placatory to Moscow at the end of the year from 3 December 1920.<ref>Sir Arthur Hirtzel to Cox, 11 Nov, and 16 December 1920.</ref>

===A conclusion for the kingdoms of the east?===
The remainder of Cox's term as High Commissioner was spent negotiating the [[Anglo-Iraqi Treaty]], years 1921 and 1922, which established "the infant State of Iraq". Faisal's objection to the British Mandate of Iraq and his insistence on formal independence were in need of a fine diplomatic touch. Britain wished to keep its interests alive in Iraq while at the same time appearing to have no control over its government.

To this end, Cox negotiated the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, which forced many of the original terms of the Mandate system on Iraq but avoided the term "mandate" and granted British protection to Faisal against rivals such as Ibn Saud. This treaty was signed on 10 October 1922; but not before an incident in August in the Palace grounds that amounted to an attempted coup d'état against the High Commissioner. In his absence the Naqib of Baghdad had signed a number of complaints for opponents. They were immediately arrested for treason. Shortly thereafter, Cox utilized his good relationship with Ibn Saud at Uqair to establish the boundaries between the Saudi kingdom, Iraq, and Kuwait in order to ensure that Britain would not have to defend Iraq from the Saudis.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp= 509–510}}{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2016}} He was appointed [[GCMG]]. In her letters, the famed adventurer, archaeologist, and author [[Gertrude Bell]] writes of the effectiveness of Cox's diplomacy: "Ibn Saud is convinced that the future of himself and his country depends on our goodwill and that he will never break with us. In point of fact the treaty is on exactly the lines that Sir Percy stipulated."{{sfn|Bell|1927b}} This was to be Cox's final significant act as High Commissioner since he retired on 4 May 1923 and was succeeded by [[Henry Dobbs|Sir Henry Dobbs]], [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iraq#High Commissioner for Iraq (and Commander-in-Chief, from 1922)|High Commissioner to the Kingdom of Iraq]] until 1929.{{efn|1=Sir Henry Robert Conway Dobbs {{postnominals|country=GBR|unlinked=GBE KCSI KCMG KCIE FRGS}} (1871–1934)}} He received a roving commission to be Plenipotentiary in the negotiations with Turkey over the border with northern Iraq. There was a great deal of animosity. The Turks resented British censoriousness over the alleged Armenian massacres of 1919, and the fate of the Kurds in [[Eastern Anatolia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=Armenian Genocide {{!}} History, Causes, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Armenian-Genocide |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Cox though was in contact with Halil Beg Bedir Khan and members of the [[Society for the Rise of Kurdistan]] and argued the Kurdish demands should be considered as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olson|first=Robert W.|title=The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925|date=1989|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-77619-7|pages=72–73|language=en}}</ref> The following year he was the Plenipotentiary at the Geneva Conference. He worked with Lloyd George in May 1925 framing the legal parameters for illegal arms shipments known as the Convention for Control of Arms Traffic. Oxford university awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Civil Laws in 1925, and then four years later Manchester university granted an Honorary Doctorate of Law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plenipotentiary at the Geneva Conference. |url=http://portal.taguai.sp.gov.br:5662/servicosweb/show1.jsp?DAO/blockchain%20fiverr |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=portal.taguai.sp.gov.br}}</ref>

==Relationship with Gertrude Bell==
[[File:BellK 218 Gertrude Bell in Iraq in 1909 age 41.jpg|thumb|220px|Gertrude Bell]]
Throughout his career in Iraq, Cox was in close connection with his aforementioned colleague [[Gertrude Bell]]. Their relationship seems unambiguously to be one of mutual admiration and respect. In her writing, Bell describes Cox as possessing an "air of fine and simple dignity," praising his "kindness and consideration," and claiming that his disposition towards her amounted to "an absurd indulgence." Bell describes Cox's political and diplomatic prowess, calling him "a master hand at the game of politics." She notes the respect that he enjoyed with the peoples of Iraq and when writing about Cox's dealings with Ibn Saud even declares, "It's really amazing that anyone should exercise influence such as his...I don't think that any European in history has made a deeper impression on the Oriental mind." Cox, for his part, returns the high regard, referring to Bell's "indefatigable assistance". He continued...to the greater degree to which Gertrude enjoyed my confidence and I her devoted co-operation, a co-operation which I know from my successor she rendered with the same singleness of purpose for him – [[Henry Dobbs|Sir Henry Dobbs]] that is.<ref>Sir Percy Cox's letter, {{harv|Bell|1927b|pp=504–541}}</ref>

==Marriage and children==
Lady Cox (Louisa Belle Cox, née Hamilton) was appointed [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in the 1923 Birthday Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32830 |supp=y|page=3950|date=1 June 1923}}</ref>

The couple's only son, Derek Percy Cox, was killed in action in 1917 aged twenty one,<ref>Sir Percy Cox's obituary, ''[[The Times]]'', 22 February 1937</ref> and their only daughter died at birth. Their only grandchild was Derek's son, Derek Percy Zachariah Cox (1918–1942), of the [[Royal Navy]], formerly a flight lieutenant.<ref>The Geographical Journal Vol. 90, No. 1 (Jul. 1937), pp. 1–5</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2974089/cox,-derek-percy-zachariah/ | title=Lieutenant Derek Percy Zachariah Cox | War Casualty Details 2974089 }}</ref>

==Retirement and death==
After Cox's departure from Baghdad, he was never again employed in any official position by the British government, but served as a delegate to several conferences. Cox devoted much of the rest of his life to the [[Royal Geographical Society]], serving as its president from 1933 to 1936.{{sfn|Townsend|1993}}

Sir Percy Cox died suddenly while out [[fox hunting|hunting]] at [[Melchbourne]], [[Bedfordshire]], in 1937. He apparently felt ill and dismounted, collapsing on the road beside his horse; by the time he was found by another huntsman, [[George Lawson Johnston, 1st Baron Luke|Lord Luke]], he was already dead. The [[coroner]] recorded a verdict of [[heart failure]].{{sfn|Townsend|1993}}

==See also==
* [[Iraqi revolt against the British]]
* [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia]]
* [[Faisal I of Iraq]]
* [[Anglo-Iraqi Treaty]]

==Bibliography==
===Manuscripts===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Sir Percy Z Cox Papers, Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford
* WO158: Military HQ, correspondence and papers, World War I, TNA.
* BL OLOC, – IOR N/1/210, p. 177
* RGS, travel journals in Somaliland (1894, 1898–99) and Persian Gulf<ref>Cook, Sources, vol 2, p. 54</ref>
* BL, correspondence with Sir Arnold L Wilson Add MS 52455
* CUL, correspondence with [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]], MEC, St Antony's College, Oxford
* CUL, correspondence with [[St John Philby]], MEC, St Antony's College, Oxford
* CGPLA, England & Wales
{{refend}}

===Glossary===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* BL – British Library, St Pancras, London
* BL Add MS – Additional Manuscript collection of the British Library
* CGPLA – Court of Grant of Probate Law and Administration
* CUL – Catalogue for University Library
* MEC – Middle Eastern Centre
* OLOC – Organization for Library Order Catalogues
* RGS – Royal Geographical Society
* TNA – The National Archives, Kew, London
* WO – (British) War Office
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Barker
| first1 = A. J.
| title = The Neglected War – Mesopotamia 1914-1918
| publisher = Faber and Faber
| date = 1967
| isbn = 978-0571080205
}}
* {{cite book
| first1 = Edmund
| last1 = Barrow
| author1-link = Edmund Barrow
| title = Notes on the Defence of Mesopotamia
| place = London
| date = 1927
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Catherwood
| first1 = Christopher
| title = Winston's Folly: How Winston Churchill's Creation of Modern Iraq Led to Saddam Hussein
| publisher = Constable
| date = 2004
| isbn = 978-1841199399
}}
* {{cite book
| first1 = John
| last1 = Darwin
| title = Britain, Egypt, and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918-1922
| date = 1981
| isbn = 978-0312097363
| publisher = St. Martin's Press
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Hamby
| first1 = Alonzo L.
| author-link = Alonzo Hamby
| title = The Accidental President
| journal = The Wilson Quarterly
| volume = 12
| issue = 2
| date = 1988
| pages = 48–65
| publisher = Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
| url = http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/essays/accidental-presidency
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
| author-link = Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst
| title = Old Diplomacy
| url = https://archive.org/details/olddiplomacyremi0000hard
| url-access = registration
| location = London
| date = 1947
| publisher = John Murray
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| last1 = Pearce
| first1 = Robert
| title = Cox, Sir Percy Zachariah, 1864–1937
| encyclopedia = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
| publisher = OUP
| date = 2004
}}
* {{cite book |last2 = Meyer
|first2 = Karl E.
|last1 = Shareen
|first1 = Blair Brysac
|title = Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East
|location = New York
|publisher = W. W. Norton
|date = 2008
|isbn = 978-0393061994
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Townsend
| first1 = John
| title = Proconsul to the Middle East: Sir Percy Cox and the End of Empire
| location = London
| publisher = I. B. Tauris
| date = 2010
| isbn = 978-1848851344
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Townshend
| first1 = Charles
| author1-link = Charles Townshend (historian)
| title = The Defence of Palestine: Insurrection as Public Security 1936-1939
| journal = English Historical Review
| publisher = OUP
| volume = 103
| issue = 409
| date = 1988
| pages = 917–949
| jstor = 570262
| doi=10.1093/ehr/ciii.ccccix.917
}}
* [[Walford's County Families]] (1898)
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{refbegin}}
*
* [http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/22253 Are the British to blame for Saud Arabi?]
* [http://www.iranian.com/History/2001/March/Britain "History, Britain, Iran & the 1919 Treaty, by A. R. Begli Beigie, ''The Irania'']
* [http://realvoice.blogspot.com/2006/08/thirst-for-blood-and-oil.html "A Political Inquest", ''The Real Voice'']
* [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/wopj.2007.24 February 1990 "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne", by Shareen Blair Brysac, ''World Policy Journal'', Summer 2007]
{{refend}}
{{RGSPresidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cox, Percy}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Cameronians officers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:People from the Borough of Brentwood]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Bengal Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Iraqi revolt of 1920]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Essex]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Ashvin (month)

2026-03-28T15:56:25Z

Ali omar: adjust information as per guidelines and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Seventh month of the Hindu calendar}}
{{redirect|Ashwin}}
{{Infobox month
| image = The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Diwali]], the major [[Hindu]] [[Diwali|festival of lights]] is celebrated during the month
| native_name = {{Native name|sa|अश्विन्}}
| calendar = [[Hindu calendar]]
| num = 7
| days = 29 or 30
| season = [[Sharada (season)|Sharada]] ([[autumn]])
| gregorian = [[September]]–[[October]]
| holidays = {{ubl |[[Diwali]]{{efn|name=Amanta|As per Amanta tradition, which is officially followed by the [[Indian national calendar]]. The Hindu calendar follows two various systems:Amanta and Purnimanta. As per the amānta tradition, the lunar month ends on the [[new moon]] day and as per the purnimānta tradition, it ends on the [[full moon day]]. As a consequence, in the amanta tradition, [[Shukla paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) precedes [[Krishna paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]) in every lunar month, whereas the reverse happens in purnimānta tradition. Hence, Shukla paksha will always belong to the same month in both traditions, whereas Krishna paksha will always be associated with different but succeeding months in each tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Gupta Polity|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1993|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2|pages=24–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amānta and Pūrṇimānta – Decoding Hindu Lunar Months |url=https://divinehindu.com/hinduism/amanta-and-purnimanta-decoding-hindu-lunar-months/|work=Divine Hindu |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lunar months – Pūrṇimānta and Amānta system |url=https://www.ekohumm.com/article/lunar-months-purnimanta-and-amanta-system|work=Ekohumm |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>}} |[[Durga Puja]] |[[Kali Puja]]{{efn|name=Amanta}} |[[Karwa Chauth]]{{efn|name=Amanta}} |[[Navaratri]] |[[Sharad Purnima]] |[[Vijayadashami]]}}
| prev_month = [[Bhadrapada]] / [[Bhadro]]
| next_month = [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Ashvin''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|'|ʃ|w|ɪ|n}}; {{langx|sa|अश्विन}};  [[Malay language|Malay]]/[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Aswin''; [[Thai language|Thai]]: ''Asawin''), or '''Ashwin''', also known as '''Aswayuja''', is the seventh [[month]] of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Ashvini]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref name="Ety">{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month corresponds to the [[autumn]] ([[Sharada (season)|Sharada]]) [[Ritu (Indian season)|season]] and falls in September–October of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=[[Detroit]]|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref>

In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the month of [[Kanya]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]].<ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref> It corresponds to Ashshin, the sixth month in the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref name="Siddhantha"/> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the seventh month of [[Aipasi]], falling in the Gregorian months of October–November.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the seventh month of Padmanabha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per the [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems, respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle is labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In the Bengali calendar, it earlier consisted of 30 days before being [[Bengali calendars#2018 Revision|revised]] to 31 days in [[Bangladesh]] in October 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashshin in 31 days in revised Bangla calendar |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/191106/ashshin-in-31-days-in-revised-bangla-calendar|work=Dhaka Tribune |date=22 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt revises Bangla calendar to match national days with West |url=https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/govt-revises-bangla-calendar-to-match-national-days-with-west-1571292255|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> [[Diwali]], the [[Diwali|festival of lights]], and [[Navaratri]] are major Hindu festivals celebrated in the month.

==Etymology==
The name of the month is derived from [[Ashvini]], which is the first of the 27 [[nakshatra]]s (star). It is based on the position of the [[Moon]] near the star on the [[full moon]] day.<ref name="Ety"/> In [[Indian astrology]], it is the head of the [[constellation]] [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nakshatra Ashwini – Vedic Astrology |url=https://vedicfeed.com/ashwini-nakshatra/|work=Vedic Feed |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> In [[Hindu mythology]], [[Ashvins]] are [[divine twin]] horsemen, who are associated with healing and are considered the bringers of dawn.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashvins – The Hindu Gods of Healing and Medicine |url=https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/concepts/aswins.asp|work=HinduWebsite |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ashvins: Divine Twin Gods – Hindu Temple Talk |url=https://hindutempletalk.org/2024/08/25/ashvini-kumaras-hindu-twin-gods-of-medicine-dawn-and-healing/|work=Hindu Temple Talk |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> In [[Thai language|Thai]], Aswin means a warrior or knight, and are described as representing the "blending of light and darkness" during twilight.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jah |first=J.C |title=The Hindu Festival of Divali in the Caribbean |publisher=Mona, Jamaica: Routledge |year=1976 |pages=53}}</ref>

==Festivals==
=== Diwali ===
[[Diwali]] is a five‑day [[Hindu]] [[Diwali|festival of lights]] marking the victory of light over darkness, or good over evil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepavali |url=https://www.itslife.in/festivals/deepavali|work=Its Life |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5 |title=How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali? |date=February 2008 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53412-7 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111150755/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=deepavali%20hinduism&f=false |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vasudha Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |title=Celebrate Diwali |last2=Deborah Heiligman |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6 |page=31 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102023011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dhanteras]] marks the first day of the festival and is celebrated on [[Trayodashi]] (thirteenth lunar day) of [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]) of the month. It is dedicated to the worship of goddess [[Lakshmi]], lord [[Kubera]] and lord [[Dhanvantari]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Hope-Murray |first= Angela |date= 2013 |title= Ayurveda For Dummies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DHfCCAAAQBAJ&q=dhanvantari&pg=PA10 |publisher= [[John Wiley & Sons]] |page= 10|isbn= 978-1-118-30670-3 }}</ref> [[Naraka Chaturdasi]] is celebrated on the next day ([[Chaturdashi]]) and commemorates the defeat of [[Narakasura]] by god [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&q=narakasur+kali&pg=PA89 | title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamshi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) | publisher=Northern Book Centre | author=Ray, Dipti | year=2007 | pages=89 | isbn=978-8-172-11195-3 |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Puja]] is celebrated on the [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]], and marks the main night of festivities. It is dedicated to welcoming prosperity by worshipping Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth. People light lamps ([[Diya (lamp)|diya]]s), burst [[Firecracker|crackers]], and do pujas.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=Happy Diwali: Deepavali, Kali Puja, Naraka Chaturdasi, Ramayana, The Legends Linked To Diwali |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-diwali-deepavali-kali-puja-naraka-chaturdasi-ramayana-legends-linked-to-diwali-2120984|work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The festivities and traditions vary across regions and commemorate other Hindu gods and goddesses.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suzanne Barchers |year=2013 |title=The Big Book of Holidays and Cultural Celebrations |publisher=Shell Education |isbn=978-1-4258-1048-1}}</ref> [[Kali Puja]] is celebrated in parts of India during the new moon day, and is dedicated to goddess [[Kali]].<ref name="NDTV"/> While primarily a Hindu festival, variations of Diwali are also celebrated by adherents of other faiths. For [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Diwali (Jainism)|own Diwali]] marks the final liberation of [[Mahavira]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=S.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&q=diwali+mahavira+527&pg=PA79 |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |last2=Gupta |first2=Seema |publisher=Pustak Mahal |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-223-0951-5 |page=79 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200725/https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&q=diwali+mahavira+527&pg=PA79 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Upadhye |first=A.N. |date=Jan–Mar 1982 |editor-last=Cohen |editor-first=Richard J. |title=Mahavira and His Teachings |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=231–232 |doi=10.2307/601199 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=601199}}</ref> [[Sikhism|Sikh]]s celebrate [[Bandi Chhor Divas]] to mark the release of [[Guru Hargobind]] from [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] imprisonment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Geoff Teece |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJO1WIABhPQC&pg=PA23 |title=Sikhism |publisher=Smart Apple Media |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58340-469-0 |page=23 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102024403/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJO1WIABhPQC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Newar Buddhism|Newar Buddhists]] also celebrate Diwali.<ref>{{cite book |last=Todd T. Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whZ5kAPSwl8C&pg=PA118 |title=Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism |date=7 September 2000 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-791-49243-7 |pages=118–119 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102030235/https://books.google.com/books?id=whZ5kAPSwl8C&pg=PA118 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Prem Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-DfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |title=Yoga, Bhoga and Ardhanariswara: Individuality, Wellbeing and Gender in Tantra |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-51648-1 |page=175 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102021020/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-DfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Navaratri ===
[[File:Durga puja in Dhakeshwari temple.jpg|thumb|[[Durga Puja]] is a major festival in [[Bengal region]]]]

[[Navaratri]] is a nine‑day festival dedicated to various [[Hindu]] goddesses.<ref name="Festival">{{cite book |editor=Caleb Simmons, Moumita Sen, Hillary P. Rodrigues |title=Nine Nights of the Goddess: The Navarātri Festival in South Asia |year=2018 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-438-47069-6 |pages=1, 15, 30}}</ref> It starts from the [[Prathama]] (first lunar day) [[thithi]] after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]), and ends on the [[Navami]] thithi on the ninth day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navaratri – A Guide to Religious Observances |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/spiritual-life/resources/guide-to-observances/navaratri.html|work=Brandeis University – Center for Spiritual Life |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The festival involves [[fasting]], special pujas, and various cultural activities.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Navaratri: A Deep Dive into Ancient Wisdom |journal=Ayudhasara |date=25 July 2025 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=277‑282}}</ref>

Saraswati Puja or Ayutha Puja is celebrated on the ninth day of Navaratri. This day involves the worship of various tools, instruments, and books, and is dedicated to [[Saraswati]], the Hindu goddess of wisdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayudha Puja – History, Meaning and Significance |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/hpi/2021/10/15/ayudha-puja-history-meaning-and-significance-of-this-navratri-day/|work=Hinduism Today |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> In households and institutions, materials and implements are cleaned and decorated, with special pujas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayudha Puja Rituals Explained |url=https://www.indianpanorama.in/festivals/ayudha-puja-explained.php|work=Indian Panorama |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> [[Vijayadashami]] or [[Dussehra]] is celebrated on [[Dashami]] (tenth day) thithi, and marks the end of Navaratri festivities. It commemorates god [[Rama]]'s victory over [[Ravana]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhalla |first=Kartar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WORYY5Vl0ygC&dq=dussehra&pg=PA15 |title=Let's Know Festivals of India |date=February 2005 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=978-8-176-50165-1}}</ref>

[[Durga Puja]] is major festival in [[Eastern India]] and [[Bengal]] celebrated during the Navaratri period, and commemorates goddess [[Durga]]'s victory the [[asura]] [[Mahishasura]].<ref name="Festival"/> Pujas are performed in homes and public spaces at temporary structures known as ''[[pandal]]s'', along with religious recitations, cultural performances, feasting, and processions.<ref>{{cite book |first=James G |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-823-93179-8|page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/whose-goddess-is-it-anyway-119021201344_1.html |author=Arundhuti Dasgupta |title=Whose goddess is it, anyway? |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=12 February 2019|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Karwa Chauth ===
[[Karwa Chauth]] is a one‑day fast observed by married Hindu women for the longevity and well‑being of their husbands. Women break the fast at night when the moon is sighted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karwa Chauth – Married Women’s Fast for Spouse’s Longevity |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/hindu-married-women-celebrate-karwa-chauth-across-india-2025‑10‑10/|work=Reuters |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> Rituals includes wearing traditional attires, communal gatherings, and offering prayers to the moon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karwa Chauth Vrat Katha |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/festivals-and-fasts/karwa-chauth-vrat-katha-in-hindi-karwa-chauth-ki-pauranik-kahani/articleshow/124408828.cms|work=Navbharat Times |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Sharad Poornima ===
[[Sharad Poornima]] is observed on the [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]] day) of the month of Ashvin. It marks the end of [[monsoon]] season. During the festival, various Hindu gods are worshipped along with [[Chandra]], the moon deity, and are offered flowers and sweets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharad Purnima – Celebration, Vrat and Divine Story |url=https://samarthgurudhara.org/festival-significance/sharad-purnima-celebration-vrat-and-divine-story/ |work=Samarthguru Dhara |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sharad Purnima Ki Katha: The Divine Moonlight Story |url=https://hindumirror.com/sharad-purnima-ki-katha/|work=Hindu Mirror |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu astrology]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Indian units of measurement]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Indian astronomy}}
{{Bengali calendar}}

[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*07]]
[[Category:Months of the Bengali calendar]]

Usha Kiran Palace

2026-03-26T14:03:12Z

Ali omar: New new entry...

{{Short description|Heritage hotel in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Usha Kiran Palace
| image = Usha Kiran Palace Hotel near Jaivilas Palace Gwalior - panoramio.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Taj Usha Kiran Palace Hotel
| location = Jayendraganj, [[Gwalior#Lashkar|Lashkar]], [[Gwalior]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.204|78.166|display=title,inline}}
| opening_date =
| closing_date =
| developer =
| architect =
| operator =
| owner =
| number_of_restaurants = 1
| number_of_rooms = 30
| number_of_suites = 8
| floor_area =
| floor_count =
| parking =
| website = [https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/taj/taj-usha-kiran-palace-gwalior/ Usha Kiran Palace]
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Antique elevator, Taj Usha Kiran Palace, Gwalior.jpg|thumb|Antique Marryat & Scott elevator, Taj Usha Kiran Palace, Gwalior]]
'''Usha Kiran Palace''' is a heritage hotel, adjacent to [[Jai Vilas Mahal]] on a 9-acre land in [[Gwalior]] built by the royal [[Scindia]] dynasty of the [[Maratha]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get welcomed in true Gwalior tradition. |url=https://www.tajhotels.com/Leisure/Usha%20Kiran%20Palace,GWALIOR/default.htm |publisher=Taj Hotels |accessdate=6 September 2013 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901205233/http://www.tajhotels.com/leisure/usha%20kiran%20Palace,gwalior/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The management of the five-star hotel is done by [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gwalior: Palaces, fort and a lot of history |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/Gwalior-Palaces-fort-and-a-lot-of-history/articleshow/25756597.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> The hotel makes use of [[solar power]] energy <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/system/attachments/cop_2014/128431/original/IHCL_Corporate_Sustainability_Report_2013-14.pdf?1418387534 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401065902/https://www.unglobalcompact.org/system/attachments/cop_2014/128431/original/IHCL_Corporate_Sustainability_Report_2013-14.pdf?1418387534 |url-status=dead }}</ref> produced at Kadodiya Solar Park, which has been built by Vivaan Solar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.patrika.com/211102/Patrika-Gwalior/09-01-2014#page/2/2|title=Hindi ePaper, EPaper Download, Online Epaper, Newspaper in Hindi, Today Newspaper : Patrika|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927111743/http://epaper.patrika.com/211102/Patrika-Gwalior/09-01-2014#page/2/2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
It was built in 1902 as a guest residence for the [[Prince of Wales]] who was visiting. It later became the guest house of [[George Jivajirao Scindia|Jivajirao Scindia]]<ref name="usha kiran palace">{{cite book|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|title=South Asian Handbook|year=2010|page=298|isbn=9788124115251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJwiBvRxHZEC}} Quote: "Maharaja's former guesthouse"</ref> where he brought [[Vijayaraje Scindia]] after the marriage.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|title=Power Profiles|year=2010|page=250|isbn=9788124115251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJwiBvRxHZEC}} Quote: "Usha Kiran Palace as Bride."</ref>

Subsequently moving from Mumbai to Gwalior, Priyadarshini Raje Scindia, the wife of Jyotiraditya Scindia, transformed the Palace into a hotel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Following Madhya Pradesh's palace trail |url=http://www.cntraveller.in/content/following-madhya-pradeshs-palace-trail?page=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130906164617/http://www.cntraveller.in/content/following-madhya-pradeshs-palace-trail?page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=CN Traveller |accessdate=6 September 2013 }}</ref> The Palace has preserved its tradition with the usage of rosewood elevator from 1930 and two-blade ceiling fans.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Hunter Publishing|title=A Guide to the Palace Hotels of India|date=6 February 2011|page=162|isbn=9781588439703|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U66zJaDjumwC}} Quote: "Flanked by Twin Towers"</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jai Vilas Mahal]]

==External links==
* [https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/taj/taj-usha-kiran-palace-gwalior/ Official Website]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gwalior]]
[[Category:Palaces in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gwalior]]
[[Category:Hotels in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Maratha architecture]]

Jal (film)

2026-03-23T06:58:49Z

Ali omar:

{{short description|2013 Hindi-language film}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jal
| image = Jal_Movie_Official_Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Official Movie Poster
| director = Girish Malik
| producer = Oneworld Films Pvt. Ltd.
| screenplay = Girish Malik Rakesh Mishra
| story = Rakesh Mishra
| starring = [[Purab Kohli]] [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] [[Kirti Kulhari]] [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] [[Mukul Dev]] [[Saidah Jules]] [[Rasika Dugal]]
| music = [[Sonu Nigam]] [[Bickram Ghosh]] '''Lyrics''' [[Sanjeev Tiwari]] Sonu Nigam
| cinematography = Sunita Radia
| editing =
| studio = Intermezzo Studio Alien Sense Films Pvt Ltd
| distributor = [[DAR Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|10|06|[[Busan International Film Festival|BIFF]]|2014|04|04|India|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jal''''' ({{translation|Water}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] set in the [[Rann of Kutch]], India, and follows an overconfident [[Dowsing|water diviner]] Bakka who tries to solve the drought problems in his village, but faces unforeseen circumstances when he tries to help a female [[bird watcher]] save [[flamingo]]s. The film is directed by [[Girish Malik]] and is his debut film as a director.

The film premiered and received special mention at the "New Currents" section of the [[Busan International Film Festival|Busan International Film Festival 2013]] and in the "Indian Panorama" section of the [[International Film Festival of India]].

The film was theatrically released in India on 4 April 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-jal-brings-out-the-best-of-purab-kohli/article1-1203809.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404050811/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-jal-brings-out-the-best-of-purab-kohli/article1-1203809.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2014 |title=Archive News |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= |accessdate=2020-03-25}}</ref> One World Films collaborated with [[DAR Motion Pictures]] for the distribution of ''Jal'' in India. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects]] for the year 2013 at the [[61st National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=61st National Film Awards For 2013 |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf# |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |date=16 April 2014 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
''Jal'' was also short-listed as India's official entry to the [[2014 Academy Awards]] in the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] Category<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/news/323-feature-films-contention-2014-best-picture-oscar|title=323 FEATURE FILMS IN CONTENTION FOR 2014 BEST PICTURE OSCAR|date=12 December 2014|website=Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref> and the [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] Category. The film advanced in the top 114 films in the Best Original Score Category.<ref name="oscars.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/news/114-original-scores-2014-oscar-race|title=114 ORIGINAL SCORES IN 2014 OSCAR RACE|date=12 December 2014|website=Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
{{More plot|date=September 2024}}
The story of ''Jal'' centers on Bakka (Purab Kohli), a young man who possesses a unique ability to locate water in the desert. With the backdrop of [[water scarcity]], the film tells a complex story of love, relationships, enmity, deceit, and circumstances that bring about the dark side of human character.

==Cast==
* [[Purab Kohli]] as Bakka<ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Kajri<ref name="telegraphindia"/><ref name="telegraphindia1"/>
* [[Kirti Kulhari]] as Kesar
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Ramkhiladi<ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Punya<ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* [[Saidah Jules]] as Kim
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Rakla
* [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]]
* Gary Richardson
* Rohit Pathak
* Bharat Hathi

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by [[Sonu Nigam]] and ace tabla player/percussionist [[Bickram Ghosh]].<ref name="dnaindia"/> This is their first composing collaboration for a Bollywood film.

The composer duo recorded the film's title song with [[Shubha Mudgal]]. The title song used ragas like [[Marva (raga)|Marwa]] and [[Puriya]] combined with rare musical instruments like the Armenian [[Duduk]]. The entire song was created in a day.

''Jal'''s background score is by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Bickram Ghosh]]. They used a mix of Indian and International sounds with a lot of percussion. [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Bickram Ghosh]] were nominated in [[87th Academy Awards|Oscars 2014]] long list among top 114 in the [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] Category.<ref name="oscars.org"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sonu Nigam]] – [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 March 2014 (India)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Saga Music & Unisys Info Solutions
| producer = Sonu Nigam – Bickram Ghosh
| prev_title = [[Sooper Se Ooper]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Chowky (Film)|Chowky]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Track # !! title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Composer(s)
|-
| 1 || Jal De (Title Song)||[[Shubha Mudgal]] || [[Sonu Nigam]] – [[Sanjeev Tiwari]] || [[Sonu Nigam]] Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 2 || You Fill My Life|| [[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]], Suzanne || Sonu Nigam – Bickram Ghosh || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 3 || Zaalima<ref name="planetradiocity"/>|| Sonu Nigam|| Sonu Nigam|| Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 4 || Paani Si Behti Jaye || Ambarish Das || Sanjeev Tiwari || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 5 || Bakka Pani De || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 6 || The Mirage and the Tornado || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 7 || The Sweet Dream of Water || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 8 || Mesmerized By Rann || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 9 || The Tragedy of Rann || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 10 || The Barren Land || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 11 || The Cry of the Soul || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 12 || Dried Up Tears || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 13 || Nature and the Machine || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 14 || Ankhiyan – Anthem || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 15 || The Water Ritual 1 || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 16 || The Water Ritual 2 || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 17 || The Hope of Water || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 18 || The Flow of Water || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 19 || The Sorrow Within || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 20 || Bakka And Kesar Tryst With Water || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 21 || Chase || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|-
| 22 || Anger || Instrumental || Instrumental || Sonu Nigam Bickram Ghosh
|}

==Critical reception==
''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars and stated "''Jal'' captures the bare beauty of the golden cracked earth and its tortuous tapestry in artfully mounted frames. It's a picture-perfect album with stark sights and parched souls".<ref name="timesofindia" /> Taran Adarsh from ''BollywoodHungama'' has rated 3.5/5 stars and stated "JAL makes a rock-solid impact. It's poignant and powerful and I suggest, you take time out to watch this truly gripping fare"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/563598|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207223542/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/563598|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2014|title=Bollywood Hungama Review |work =BollywoodHungama|date=4 April 2014|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> ''[[FilmFare]]'' gave the film 4/5 stars and appreciated the film "Great visuals and premise desiccated by a pedantic pace".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-jal-5798.html|title=Filmfare Review |work =Filmfare|date=4 April 2014|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref>

==References==
<references><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110323/jsp/entertainment/story_13751510.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326183120/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110323/jsp/entertainment/story_13751510.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=26 March 2011
|title=On a brand new beat
|date=23 March 2011
|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]
|accessdate=9 May 2011
|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110515/jsp/graphiti/story_13982039.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520002619/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110515/jsp/graphiti/story_13982039.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 May 2011
|title=A class act
|date=15 May 2011
|work=Telegraphindia
|accessdate=16 May 2011
|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia">{{cite news
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_sonu-nigam-turns-bollywood-composer_1525339
|title=Sonu Nigam turns Bollywood composer
|date=28 March 2011
|work=[[DNA India]]
|accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="planetradiocity">{{cite news
|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/celebrity-interview-details/Sonu-and-I-have-got-two-more-films-coming-along:-Bickram-Ghosh/614
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411165728/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/celebrity-interview-details/Sonu-and-I-have-got-two-more-films-coming-along:-Bickram-Ghosh/614
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=11 April 2013
|title=Sonu and I have got two more films coming along: Bickram Ghosh
|date=23 December 2011
|work=Planet Radio City
|accessdate=25 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/jal/movie-review/33185135.cms
|title=Jal
|date=
|work=Times of India
|accessdate=4 April 2014}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2708550}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNNEXQ-YcV8 Jal – Official Trailer] on YouTube
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bickram Ghosh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sonu Nigam]]
[[Category:Films about water scarcity]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]

Southern Command (India)

2026-03-17T10:43:28Z

Ali omar: basic added formatting as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian Army command}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Southern Command
| image = File:Southern Command, Indian Army.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = [[Insignia]] of the Southern Command
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type = [[Formation (military)|Command]]
| dates = 1908–present
| specialization =
| command_structure =
| size =
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dhiraj Seth]], {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=80%|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}
| garrison = [[Pune]]
| anniversaries = 1 April (Raising Day)
| battles =
| notable_commanders = General [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]] General [[S. M. Shrinagesh|S M Shrinagesh]] General [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|K S Thimayya]] General [[Pran Nath Thapar]] General [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] General [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]] General [[Om Prakash Malhotra]] General [[Bipin Chandra Joshi]] General [[Ved Prakash Malik]] General [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]] General [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] General [[Bipin Rawat]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of the Southern Command (India).jpg|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag
}}
'''Southern Command''' is a [[formation (military)|formation]] of the [[Indian Army]], active since 1895. It has seen action during the integration of several [[Princely States]] into modern India, during the [[1961 Indian Annexation of Goa|1961 Indian liberation of Goa]], and during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani Wars.

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dhiraj Seth]] is the present Southern Army Commander.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Lt Gen Dhiraj Seth assumes command of Southern Army |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-dhiraj-seth-assumes-command-of-pune-based-southern-army-9426241/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
The [[Presidency armies]] were abolished with effect from 1 April 1895 when the three Presidency armies became the Indian Army.<ref name="IA">{{cite web|title=Northern Command|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=rOVaZ1oDN4Y+6g+B7wVzFA==&ParentID=pR6rWvPTFCtsMyihEuBwFg==|access-date=4 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212442/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=rOVaZ1oDN4Y+6g+B7wVzFA==&ParentID=pR6rWvPTFCtsMyihEuBwFg==|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The Indian Army was divided into four Commands (Bengal Command, Bombay Command, Madras Command and Punjab Command) each under a lieutenant general.<ref name="IA"/>

In 1908, the four commands were merged into two Armies (Northern Army and Southern Army): this system persisted until 1920 when the arrangement reverted to four commands again (Eastern Command, Northern Command, Southern Command and Western Command).<ref name="IA"/> In 1914, the Southern Army consisted of the [[4th (Quetta) Division]], the [[5th (Mhow) Division]], the [[6th (Poona) Division]], the [[9th (Secunderabad) Division]], and the [[Aden Brigade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/army1914.html |title=THE INDIAN ARMY 1914 |publisher=Orbat.com |date=2001-03-25 |access-date=2013-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909172657/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/army1914.html |archive-date=9 September 2009 }}</ref>

===Second World War===
During the Second World War, Southern Command was reformed as Southern Army (equivalent to a [[corps]]) in April 1942. The formation reverted to the title Southern Command in November 1945.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Army|access-date=11 October 2009|publisher=OOB.com|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7163&Tab=Sup|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070706171348/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7163&Tab=Sup|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2007}}</ref>

Component divisions included:<ref name=sas1>{{cite web|title=Southern Army Subordinates|access-date=11 October 2009|publisher=OOB.com|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7163&Tab=Sub|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104100946/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7163&Tab=Sub|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref>
*[[19th Indian Infantry Division]], April 1942 to July 1944
*[[2nd British Infantry Division]], June 1942 to April 1943, and then June 1945 to August 1945
*[[70th British Infantry Division]], July 1943 to October 1943
*[[81st (West Africa) Division]], March 1945 to August 1945
*[[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th Infantry Division]] ([[British Army]]), June 1945 to August 1945

Component brigades included:<ref name=sas1/>
*[[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]], June 1942 to September 1942
*British [[6th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|6th Infantry Brigade]], November 1942 to December 1942
*[[150th Indian Infantry Brigade]] March 1944 to August 1945
*[[26th Indian Infantry Brigade]] July 1944 to December 1944

===Post war===
In August 1947, Southern Command had the Deccan, Madras and Bombay Areas (with HQs at Kamptee, Madras and Bombay).
In 1947–48, Southern Command was largely responsible in getting [[Junagadh]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to sign the instrument of accession to India.<ref name="IA"/> [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1st Armoured Division]] did the actual incursion into Hyderabad. In 1961, the [[1961 Indian Annexation of Goa|Indian annexation of Goa]] was conducted by [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]] and [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]], under the operational control of Southern Command.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillarisetti |first=Jagan |title=The Liberation of Goa: 1961 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005110857/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |archive-date=5 October 2003 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |df=dmy}}</ref>

In 1965–66, two further divisions were raised within the command. After fighting broke out in the [[Rann of Kutch]] in April 1965, a hastily constituted force, named Kilo Force under Maj. Gen [[Patrick Dunn (Indian Army general)|P. O. Dunn]] was formed to contain this attack.<ref name="IA"/> Kilo Force was later re-designated as 11 Infantry Division. In September 1965, the operational responsibility for the Barmer sector was given to Southern Command and entrusted to 11 Infantry Division. Delhi and Rajasthan Area, with its Advance Headquarters at Jodhpur, fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] under [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]. On 3 November 1966, this formation was re-designated [[12th Infantry Division (India)|12th Infantry Division]], under Major General [[J.F.R. Jacob]], and also placed under Southern Command.<ref>Renaldi and Rikhye 2011, p. 43</ref>

==Structure==
The command headquarters is located in [[Pune]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operational Commands of The Indian Army|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/commands.htm|access-date=4 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228041815/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/commands.htm|archive-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> It consists of two corps and two military areas.<ref name="IA"/> The two areas are the Maharashtra Goa and Gujarat Area (MG&G Area)<ref>Renaldi and Rikhye, 2011, p. 18</ref> and the Dakshin Bharat Area (renamed). In 2005, changes were made to its [[area of responsibility]] when a new South Western Command was established.<ref name="global">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/southcom.htm |title=Southern Command |publisher=GlobalSecurity |access-date=2016-01-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124083001/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/southcom.htm |archive-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>

Dakshin Bharat Area is a static formation which now provides administrative, logistical, and infrastructural support to military units and establishments in Southern India. It was previously known as the Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala Area (ATNK&K Area). The current [[General Officer Commanding]] is Lieutenant General Karanbir Singh Brar. Its responsibilities include administrative; logistical; and infrastructure support. The area encompasses the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala, as well as the union territories of Puducherry and Lakshadwee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2025/07/lt-gen-ks-brar-goc-dakshin-bharat-area-visits-industries-in-hyderabad/|title=Lt Gen KS Brar, GOC Dakshin Bharat Area visits industries in Hyderabad|date=9 July 2025|newspaper=The News Mill|access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |Structure of Southern Command
|-
!Insignia
!Corps/Area
!Corps/Area HQ
!General Officer Commanding
!Assigned Units
!Unit HQ
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Konark Corps, Indian Army.svg|frameless|124x124px]]
| rowspan="5" |[[XII Corps (India)|XII Corps]]
''(Konark Corps)''
| rowspan="5" |[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Aditya Vikram Singh Rathee<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Lieutenant General A V S Rathee Takes Command of Konark Corps - SSBCrack News |url=https://news.ssbcrack.com/lieutenant-general-a-v-s-rathee-takes-command-of-konark-corps/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[11th Infantry Division (India)|11 Infantry Division]]
|[[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
|-
|[[12th Infantry Division (India)|12 RAPID Division]]
|[[Jaisalmer]], Rajasthan
|-
|75 (Independent) Infantry Brigade
|[[Bhuj|Bhuj, Gujarat]]
|-
|4 (Independent) Armoured Brigade
|Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
|-
|340 (Independent) Mechanized Brigade
|[[Ajmer|Ajmer, Rajasthan]]
|-
|
| colspan="5" |
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[File:XXI Corps, Indian Army.svg|frameless|130x130px]]
| rowspan="5" |[[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]]
''(Sudarshan Chakra Corps)''
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Arvind Chauhan<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-03 |title=Lt Gen Chauhan takes charge of Sudarshan Chakra Corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/lt-gen-chauhan-takes-charge-of-sudarshan-chakra-corps/articleshow/123067534.cms |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]]
|[[Secunderabad]], Telangana
|-
|[[36th Infantry Division (India)|36 RAPID Division]]
|[[Saugor|Sagar]], Madhya Pradesh
|-
|[[31st Indian Armoured Division|31 Armoured Division]]
|[[Jhansi]], Uttar Pradesh
|-
|41 Artillery Division
|[[Pune]], Maharashtra
|-
|475 Engineering Brigade
|[[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]], Rajasthan
|-
|
| colspan="5" |
|-
|[[File:MG & G Area, Indian Army.svg|frameless|130x130px]]
|Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Goa Area
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Dheerendra Singh Kushwah<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Lt Gen DS Kushwah Takes Command of HQ MG & G Area |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2025/08/lt-gen-ds-kushwah-takes-command-of-hq-mg-g-area.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |
|-
|
| colspan="5" |
|-
|
|Dakshin Bharat Area
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] V Sreehari<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lieutenant General V. Sreehari to take charge as GOC, Dakshin Bharat Area from August 1 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lieutenant-general-v-sreehari-to-take-charge-as-goc-dakshin-bharat-area-from-august-1/article69878048.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250801142147/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lieutenant-general-v-sreehari-to-take-charge-as-goc-dakshin-bharat-area-from-august-1/article69878048.ece |archive-date=2025-08-01 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |
|}

== Precursors (1907–1948) ==
Following is the List of precursors to the Southern Command and their commanders:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211343/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Army Commands|archivedate=5 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Southern Command (1907–1908) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |'''General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command'''
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References
|-
|1
|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Archibald Hunter|Sir Archibald Hunter]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|DSO}}}}
|June 1907
|October 1908
|[[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|4th (King's Own Royal) Regiment of Foot]]
|
|}

=== Southern Army (1908–1920) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |'''General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Army'''
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References
|-
|1
|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Edmund Barrow|Sir Edmund G. Barrow]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB}}}}
|October 1908
|October 1912
|[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)]]
|
|-
|2
|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[John Nixon (Indian Army officer)|Sir John E. Nixon]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB}}}}
|October 1912
|February 1915
|[[75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Robert Scallon|Sir Robert I. Scallon]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|KCIE|DSO}}}}
|February 1915
|1916
|[[72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders|72nd (Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Charles Alexander Anderson|Sir Charles A. Anderson]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|KCIE|AM}}}}
|April 1917
|November 1919
|[[Royal Horse Artillery]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[William Marshall (British Army officer)|Sir William R. Marshall]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GCMG|KCB|KCSI}}}}
|November 1919
|1920
|[[Sherwood Foresters]]
|
|}

=== Southern Command (1920–1942) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |'''General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command'''
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References
|-
|1
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[William Marshall (British Army officer)|Sir William R. Marshall]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GCMG|KCB|KCSI}}}}
|1920
|December 1923
|[[Sherwood Foresters]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Andrew Skeen|Sir Andrew Skeen]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCIE|CB|CMG}}}}
|December 1923
|March 1924
|[[King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Harold Bridgwood Walker|Sir Harold B. Walker]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|KCMG|DSO}}}}
|March 1924
|March 1928
|[[Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|4
|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[William Heneker|Sir William C. G. Heneker]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|KCMG|DSO}}}}
|March 1928
|March 1932
|[[Connaught Rangers]]
|-
|5
|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys (British Army officer)|Sir George D. Jeffreys]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|KCVO|CMG}}}}
|March 1932
|March 1936
|[[Grenadier Guards]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ivo Vesey|Sir Ivo L. B. Vesey]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|KBE|CMG|DSO}}}}
|March 1936
|October 1937
|[[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)|Queen's Royal Regiment]]
|
|-
|7
|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[John Brind|Sir John E. S. Brind]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|KBE|CMG|DSO}}}}
|October 1937
|March 1941
|[[Royal Artillery]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Thomas Riddell-Webster|Thomas S. Riddell-Webster]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CB|DSO}}}}
|March 1941
|October 1941
|[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]
|
|-
|9
|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Brodie Haig|Sir Brodie Haig]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|MC*}}}}
|October 1941
|June 1942
|[[24th Punjabis]]
|
|}

=== Southern Army (1942–1945) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |'''General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Army'''
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References
|-
|1
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Noel Beresford-Peirse|Sir Noel M. de la P. Beresford-Peirse]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|CB|DSO}}}}
|June 1942
|March 1945
|[[Royal Artillery]]
|
|}

== List of GOC-in-C of Southern Command (1945- present) ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |'''General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command'''
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References
|-
|1
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Rob Lockhart]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB|CIE|MC}}}}
|April 1945
|15 August 1947
|[[51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)|51st Sikhs]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Eric Goddard]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CB|CIE|CBE|MVO|MC}}}}
|15 August 1947
|1 May 1948
|[[107th Pioneers]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO}}}}
|1 May 1948
|14 January 1953
|[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[S. M. Shrinagesh|Satyawant M. Shrinagesh]]
|17 January 1953
|14 May 1955
|[[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|K. S. Thimayya]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO}}}}
|15 May 1955
|14 September 1956
|[[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Pran Nath Thapar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|21 January 1957
|24 May 1959
|[[1st Punjab Regiment]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
|25 May 1959
|19 November 1962
|[[7th Light Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Praval |first=Major K.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdxDcxj_wn4C&pg=RA1-PT301 |title=Indian Army After Independence |year=1987 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-61-9 |page=1}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Lionel Protip Sen]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO}}}}
|10 May 1963
|7 May 1965
|[[10th Baluch Regiment]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Moti Sagar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|8 May 1965
|3 July 1969
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|4 July 1969
|14 January 1973
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gopal Gurunath Bewoor |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Army-Chiefs/Chiefs-Army11.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204210425/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Army-Chiefs/Chiefs-Army11.html |archive-date=4 December 2007 |access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Sartaj Singh (general)|Sartaj Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GM}}}}
|27 January 1973
|31 July 1974
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Om Prakash Malhotra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|1 August 1974
|19 January 1977
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] A. M. Vohra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|20 January 1977
|30 May 1979
|[[3rd Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] A. N. Mathur {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|31 May 1979
|29 June 1980
|[[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ram Dharam Dass Hira {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|MVC}}}}
|30 June 1980
|31 August 1981
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Tirath Singh Oberoi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VrC}}}}
|1 September 1981
|30 November 1984
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=As Gen Arun Shridhar Vaidya retires, Indian Army reshuffles to appoint new army chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19850315-as-gen-arun-shridhar-vaidya-retires-indian-army-reshuffles-to-appoint-new-army-chief-769878-2013-12-01 |access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|MVC}}}}
|14 February 1985
|30 November 1986
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|18
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Depinder Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 December 1986
|29 November 1988
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] A. K. Chatterjee {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 March 1988
|31 May 1990
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Bipin Chandra Joshi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 June 1990
|14 August 1992
|[[64 Cavalry]]
|<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Abidi |first1=S. Sartaj Alam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k35_SlDMyUsC&pg=PA85 |title=Services Chiefs of India |last2=Sharma |first2=Satinder |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7211-162-5 |page=85}}</ref>
|-
|21
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] A. S. Kalkat {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|SYSM|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|15 August 1992
|31 December 1993
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|22
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Moti Dar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 January 1994
|16 July 1995
|[[Poona Horse|17th Horse (Poona Horse)]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ved Prakash Malik]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|17 July 1995
|31 August 1996
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|24
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] H. M. Khanna {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 September 1996
|3 January 1999
|[[4 Gorkha Rifles|4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|4 January 1999
|30 September 2000
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Lt Gen Sundararajan Padmanabhan to be next army chief |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/aug/01josy.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153709/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/aug/01josy.htm |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-26 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 October 2000
|31 September 2001
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021101/main3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015160419/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021101/main3.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 |access-date=2017-10-26 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Gurbaksh Singh Sihota {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
|9 October 2001
|29 February 2004
|[[Regiment of Artillery|7 Field Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2004-02-28 |title=Lt Gen GS Sihota retires on Feb 29 |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lt-gen-gs-sihota-retires-on-feb-29/articleshow/526234.cms |access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|28
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Balraj Singh Takhar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 March 2004
|31 January 2006
|[[Poona Horse|17th Horse (Poona Horse)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-04 |title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Army's Southern Command chief visits OTA in city |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110416640500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226060702/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110416640500.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=2017-10-26 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-30 |title=Tamil Nadu News : Army took six hours to get ready for relief |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/30/stories/2004123006850500.htm |access-date=2017-10-26 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=woJmAAAAMAAJ |title=India Who's who |publisher=INFA Publications |year=2004}}</ref>
|-
|29
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Aditya Singh {{small|[[PVSM]], [[AVSM]][[Medal bar|*]]}}
|1 March 2006
|30 September 2007
|[[9th Deccan Horse]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=LT. GEN. ADITYA SINGH PVSM, AVSM** (RETD) |url=http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/faculty/lt-gen-aditya-singh-pvsm-avsm-retd.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125752/http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/faculty/lt-gen-aditya-singh-pvsm-avsm-retd.html |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-26 |website=www.delhipolicygroup.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lt Gen HS Lidder new CIDS |language=en |work=oneindia.com |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/02/lt-gen-hs-lidder-new-cids-1141380703.html |url-status=live |access-date=2017-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125944/https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/02/lt-gen-hs-lidder-new-cids-1141380703.html |archive-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|30
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Noble Thamburaj {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|SM}}}}
|1 October 2007
|31 December 2008
|[[Bombay Sappers]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen ML Naidu to be next Vcoas : other Senior Appointments also announced |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=30687 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029204510/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=30687 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-26 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sainik Samchar 2007 |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/oct01-07/h12.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125611/http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/oct01-07/h12.htm |archive-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Pradeep Khanna {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 January 2009
|28 February 2011
|[[20 Lancers (India)|20 Lancers]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ekuverin-09' Indo-Maldivian troops joint exercise concludes |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=53744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028093113/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=53744 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|32
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[A. K. Singh|Ajay Kumar Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|1 March 2011
|31 January 2013
|[[7th Light Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lt Gen A K Singh is new GOC-in-C of Southern Command – Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Lt-Gen-A-K-Singh-is-new-GOC-in-C-of-Southern-Command/articleshow/7599012.cms |access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-01 |title=Lt Gen A K Singh to head Southern Army Command |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-a-k-singh-to-head-southern-army-command/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125748/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-a-k-singh-to-head-southern-army-command/ |archive-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|33
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ashok Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|1 February 2013
|31 December 2015
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Ashok Singh takes over as Southern Army commander – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lt-gen-ashok-singh-takes-over-as-southern-army-commander/1067713/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527073637/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lt-gen-ashok-singh-takes-over-as-southern-army-commander/1067713 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |access-date=2017-10-26 |website=archive.indianexpress.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|34
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|1 January 2016
|31 July 2016
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-02 |title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat takes over as new Army Commander |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225044152/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/ |archive-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|35
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[P M Hariz|P. M. Hariz]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|1 September 2016
|30 November 2017
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2016-09-01 |title=Lt Gen P.M. Hariz is new chief of Southern Command |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lt-gen-p-m-hariz-is-new-chief-of-southern-command-116090101005_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=2017-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219185917/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lt-gen-p-m-hariz-is-new-chief-of-southern-command-116090101005_1.html |archive-date=19 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|36
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dewan Rabindranath Soni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 December 2017
|1 October 2018
|[[Central India Horse]]
|<ref name="The Indian Express">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-02 |title=Lt Gen Soni takes over as chief of Southern Command |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/lt-gen-dr-soni-takes-over-as-chief-of-southern-command-4964165/ |access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|37
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Satinder Kumar Saini]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|VSM}}}}
|1 October 2018
|24 January 2020
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=General SK Saini, new head of Southern Command |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/Article/headlines/202678-general-sk-saini-new-head-of-southern-command |access-date=1 October 2018 |publisher=Devdiscourse}}</ref>
|-
|38
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|30 January 2020
|31 January 2021
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Lt Gen CP Mohanty assumes command of Pune-based Southern Command |url=https://m-hindustantimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/lt-gen-cp-mohanty-assumes-command-of-pune-based-southern-command/story-DDUDrdPqYoSF1hGqGauECO_amp.html?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15805270697948&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fm.hindustantimes.com%2Fpune-news%2Flt-gen-cp-mohanty-assumes-command-of-pune-based-southern-command%2Fstory-DDUDrdPqYoSF1hGqGauECO_amp.html%23aoh%3D15805270697948%26referrer%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%26amp_tf%3DFrom%2520%25251%2524s |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|39
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Jai Singh Nain]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM}}}}
|1 February 2021
|31 October 2022
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=JS Nain army commander southern command |url=https://deccanexpress.co/defence/pune-southern-command-lieutenant-general-js-nain-is-the-new-southern-army-commander-16734/ |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Deccan Express}}</ref>
|-
|40
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ajai Kumar Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|1 November 2022
|30 June 2024
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/1587395200397168641|title=Lieutenant General Ajai Kumar Singh assumed the command of Southern Command today.|date=2022-11-01|access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref>
|-
|41
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dhiraj Seth]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 July 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Lt Gen Dhiraj Seth assumes command of Pune-based Southern Army |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-dhiraj-seth-assumes-command-of-pune-based-southern-army-9426241/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|first1=Richard |last1=Rinaldi |first2=Ravi |last2=Rikhye|title=Indian Army Order of Battle|publisher=General Data|year=2011|isbn=978-0982054178}}

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Commands of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1895]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of India in World War II]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in India]]

Ministry of Rural Development (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T00:52:47Z

Ali omar:

{{Short description|Government department of Maharashtra, India}}{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय ग्रामविकास व पंचायत राज विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Department of Rural and Panchayat Raj Development
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Jaykumar Gore]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] 
| chief1_name = -
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = -
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name = -
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

{{Renewable energy}}
The '''Ministry of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department Maharashtra''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department {{!}} India |url=https://rdd.maharashtra.gov.in/en/about-department/introduction/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en}}</ref>

It is currently headed by [[Girish Mahajan]], a [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-26 |title=Focus on co-ownership of properties, Girish Mahajan tells gram panchayats in Maharashtra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/focus-on-co-ownership-of-properties-girish-mahajan-tells-gram-panchayats-in-maharashtra/articleshow/97335300.cms |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj}} '''मंत्री ग्रामविकास व पंचायत राज विभाग'''
| image =
| incumbent = [[Jaykumar Gore]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = *'''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor = * '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024- 2024)
| deputy = * '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Rural Development
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Rural Development and Minister of New Townships
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sundarrao Solanke]]''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon Constituency No. 229]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Rafiq Zakaria]]''' (Minister of New Townships) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''K. M. Patil''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner Constituency No. 15]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' (Minister of New Townships) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baburao Kale]]''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ghansavangi Jalna Constituency No. 190]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|[[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prabha Rau]]''' (Minister of New Townships) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon Constituency No. 41]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Rural Development
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central Constituency No. 114]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|18}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baburao Kale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ghansavangi Jalna Constituency No. 190]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda Constituency No. 10]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Rural Development and Minister of Panchayat Raj
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]]''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai Constituency No. 256]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nanabhau Yambadwar''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Bhandara - Gondia Local Authorities Constituency No. 14 - [[Gondia District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Ram Meghe''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur Constituency No. 40]]- [[Amravati district|Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Kamalkishor Kadam]]''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Nanded Constituency No. 66]]- [[Nanded District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Meghe]]''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Abhaysinh Raje Bhosale''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara Constituency No. 262]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' (Minister of Rural Development) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' (Minister of Panchayat Raj) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ranjeet Deshmukh.jpeg|80px]]
|'''[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Anna Dange]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Gopinath Munde.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236 ]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ranjeet Deshmukh.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|05 May}} 2003
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2003|05|05}}
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|43
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 May}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|05|05|2004|11|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|48
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|49
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Pankja Gopinath Munde.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pankaja Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Constituency No. 233]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|50
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|51
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|52
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Hasan Mushrif]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal Constituency No. 273]]- [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|53
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|54
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Girish Mahajan.JPG|75px]]
|'''[[Girish Mahajan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner Constituency No. 19]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|55
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|56
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Jaykumar Gore]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Man Assembly constituency|Man Constituency No. 258]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod Constituency No. 104]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Hasan Mushrif]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satejpatil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satej Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Kolhapur Local Authorities Constituency No. 06 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26
}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Girish Mahajan]] (2022 - 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Yogesh Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli Constituency No. 263]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
| [[Jaykumar Gore]] (2024–Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Johwa Sharki

2026-03-06T17:06:23Z

Ali omar: Creating Details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Johwa Sharki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Johwa Sharqi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Harchandpur block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Johwa Sharki (#199) in Harchandpur CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.379908|N|81.095082|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Johwa Sharki" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 19.349
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10657
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Johwa Sharki''', also spelled '''Sharqi''', is a village in [[Harchandpur]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=168–84 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> It is an especially large village with many hamlets spread out over a wide area.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |page=184 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.17389/page/n201 |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> It lies a bit to the north of the river [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai]], between the road from [[Bachhrawan]] to [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]] on one side and the railway on the other.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> As of 2011, its population is 10,657, in 2,027 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 4 primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

==History==
An experimental agricultural bank was established in Johwa Sharki in 1901.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> That year, its population was recorded as 3,500 people, including 101 Muslims, and the biggest Hindu group by size was the [[Ahir]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> At around that time, the village was described as being surrounded by orchards, and there were two large tanks — one on the north and the other on the east.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Johwa Sharki (as "Johwa Sharqi") as comprising 18 hamlets, with a total population of 3,612 people (1,746 male and 1,866 female), in 880 households and 827 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xxxiv-xxxv of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 4,946 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Johwa Sharki (as "Johwa Sarki") as having a population of 5,954 people, in 1,132 households, and having an area of 1,944.99 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=74–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Tippu (singer)

2026-03-06T09:59:07Z

Ali omar:

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 1978)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}

{{EngvarB|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Tippu
| image = Tippu2020.jpg
| birth_name = Ekambaresh Lakshmi Narayanan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|11|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]|2002}}
| children = 2 including [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1998–present
}}

'''Ekambaresh Lakshmi Narayanan''' (born 1 November 1978), better known by his stage name '''Tippu''', is an Indian [[playback singer]] who has performed several songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.

==Personal life==
Tippu married playback singer [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] when they both were 24 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/life-as-a-duet/article3476745.ece|title=Life as a duet|website=The Hindu|date=31 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628101610/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/life-as-a-duet/article3476745.ece|archive-date=28 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/music/singers-tippu-and-harini-couple-exclusive-interview|work=Cinema Vikatan|access-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604180755/https://cinema.vikatan.com/music/singers-tippu-and-harini-couple-exclusive-interview#google_vignette|archive-date=4 June 2023|title=இந்த நாலு பேரும் இல்லைனா எங்களுக்கு சோறு கிடையாது! - திப்பு - ஹரிணி|date=17 January 2020}}</ref> They have a daughter named Sai Smriti and son, [[Sai Abhyankkar]], who made his singing debut with the single "Katchi Sera" in 2024.

==Discography==
===Tamil discography===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size 90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Co-Singers
|-
| rowspan="15" |2001
| rowspan="3" |''[[Minnale]]''
|"Oh Mama Mama"
| rowspan="3" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| "Venmathi"
|[[Roopkumar Rathod]]
|-
|"Poopol Poopol"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Dhill]]''
|"Oh Nanbaney" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|Karthik, [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]''
|"Merkey Vidhaitha Sooriyane" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
|''[[Majunu]]''
|"Hari Gori"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Karthik, [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]], [[Febi Mani]]
|-
|''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''
|"Athan Varuvaga"
|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Karthik, [[Chitra Iyer|Chitra Sivaraman]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
|-
|''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]''
|"Stella Maris Laara"
|[[Ramana Gogula]]
|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Dhamu]]
|-
|''[[Asathal]]''
|"Shock Adicha Mathiri"
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|Ganga
|-
|''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]''
|"Chukkumala Chukkumala"
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|[[Silambarasan]]
|-
|''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]''
|"Chikku Chikku Joy"
|Vidyasagar
|
|-
|''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]''
|"Adi Devathaiye"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|[[Shobana Vignesh|'Mahanadhi' Shobana]]
|-
|''[[Love Marriage (2001 film)|Love Marriage]]''
|"Apple Ondru"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Pathinaru Vayathinile (album)|Pathinaru Vayathinile]]'' (album)
|"Seetha Kalyanam"
| rowspan="2"| T. S. Muralidharan
|
|-
|"Madura Mailu Eiva" || [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|-
| rowspan="43" | 2002
| ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]''
|"Moongil Kadugale"
|Harris Jayaraj
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| ''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]] ''
| "Style" || [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|
|-
|''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
|"Bailamore"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Silambarasan
|-
|''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]''
|"Old Model Laila"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Lesa Lesa]]''
| "Mudhal Mudhalai" || Harris Jayaraj
|[[Yugendran]], [[Srimathumitha]]
|-
| ''[[Thamizhan]]''
|"Hot Party" || [[D. Imman]]
|[[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
|-
| ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]''
|"Chocklet Chocklet" || [[Sirpy]]
|
|-
|''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]''
|"Thai Madiyae"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|
|-
|''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]''
|"Yei Maamaa"
|Mathangi
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]''
|"Annathe Nadantha"
| rowspan="2" |Bharadwaj
|
|-
|"Dhaya Dhaya Oorellam"
|
|-
|''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
|"Sundari"
|A. R. Rahman
|Hariharan, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], Karthik, Srimathumitha
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''
|"Mammu Mammu"
| rowspan="3" |Bharani
|
|-
|"Ponnu Oruthi Summa"
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|"Shansha Shalpashaa"
|Harini
|-
|''[[Roja Kootam]]''
|"Azhagin Azhage Nee"
|Bharadwaj
|
|-
|''[[Junior Senior (2002 film)|Junior Senior]]''
|"Pudhusai Pudhusai"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]''
|"Hello Darling"
|Sirpy
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume|Pesatha Kannum Pesume]]''
|“Chikkango”
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
| rowspan="2" |[[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|“Udhadugal”
|-
|''[[Enge Enadhu Kavithai]]''
|"Pattu Nirathil"
| colspan="2" |Bharadwaj
|-
|''[[Guruvamma]]''
|“Thoda Thoda”
|Arivumathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sri (2002 film)|Sri]]''
|"Yaamirukka Bayamein"
| rowspan="2" |T. S. Muralidharan
|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|"Kannae Mozhi Vendam"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sundhara Travels]]''
|"Adada Oorkulathil"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|Swarnalatha
|-
|"Sundara Travels"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[King (2002 film)|King]]''
|"Kulu Kulu Kaatre"
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhina]]
|
|-
|"Loveaagi En Nenje"
|
|-
|''[[Arputham]]''
|"Pothunda Pothunda"
|Shiva
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Samasthanam]]''
|"Penne Penne"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|[[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], Harini, Ganga
|-
|"Eswaraa Eswaraa"
|Karthik
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]''
|"Thathalikudhey"
| rowspan="2" |Karthik Raja
|Karthik, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|"Nilave Nilave"
|Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|''[[University (film)|University]]''
|"Kiss Adippom"
|[[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
|Mathangi, Ramesh Vinayakam
|-
|''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]''
|"Andipatti Arasampatti"
|Rock Rownder
|
|-
|''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]''
|"Maara Maara"
|T. Rajendar
|[[Annupamaa]]
|-
|''[[Ramanaa]]''
|"Angey Yaaru Paaru"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Karthik, [[S. N. Surendar]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
|-
|''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]''
|“Hello Hello”
|Vidyasagar
|Sadhana Sargam, Anuradha Sriram, [[Clinton Cerejo]]
|-
|''[[Gummalam]]''
|“Thitraanga”
|Gandhidasan
|
|-
|''[[I Love You Da]]''
|"Adicha Sixaru" (I)
|Bharadwaj
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mutham]]''
|"La La La"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|Harini
|-
|"Saturday Saturday"
|
|-
|''[[Virumbugiren]]''
|"Nijama Nijama"
|Deva
|Sadhana Sargam
|-
| rowspan="52" | 2003
| '' [[Dhool]]''
|"Inthadi Kappakilange" || Vidyasagar
|Kalyan, Rafi
|-
| '' [[Saamy]]''
|"Veppamaram" || rowspan="2" | Harris Jayaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]''
| "Ennai Konjam"
|Timmy, [[Pop Shalini]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]''
|"Naan Odum"
| rowspan="3" |Yuvan Shankar Raja
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|"Annamalai"
|Devan Ekambaram
|-
|"Manase"
|[[Bonnie Chakraborty]], Swarnalatha
|-
|''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
|"Elae Machi" (Reprise)
| rowspan="5" |Vidyasagar
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| ''[[Thithikudhe]]''
| "Oru Nimidamaa"
|Srivardhini
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Thirumalai]]''
| "Thaamthakka Dheemthakka"
|Karthik
|-
|"Dhimsu Katta"
|[[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
|-
|''[[Iyarkai]]''
| "Kaadhal Vandhaal"
|[[Manikka Vinayagam]]
|-
| ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
|"Girlfriend" || A. R. Rahman
|Karthik, Timmy
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]''
| "Thiruvizhannu Vandha"|| rowspan="2" | [[R. P. Patnaik]]
|Gowri, Raja, Ravi
|-
|"Vandi Vandi"
|
|-
|''[[Kalatpadai]]''
|"Varudhu Varudhu"
|Bharadwaj
|Timmy, Pop Shalini
|-
|''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]''
|"Thillaiyaadi"
|Deva
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Pop Carn]]''
|"Poovellam Paaraddum"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Karthik, Pop Shalini
|-
|''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]''
|"Ilamai Enbathu"
|Mani Sharma
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Anbu (2003 film)|Anbu]]''
|"Manapponnu Azhaga"
| rowspan="2" |Vidyasagar
|Srivardhini
|-
|"Sutti Payale"
|[[Vasundhara Das|Vasundara Dass]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Student No: 1]]''
|"Kuchipudi Kaina"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|Kalpana
|-
|"Salute Podu"
|
|-
|''[[Pallavan]]''
|"Oho nu Sollu"
|Vidyasagar
|Timmy
|-
|''[[Manasellam]]''
|"Highwasiley Ley Ley"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|S. N. Surendar, Karthik
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pavalakkodi (2003 film)|Pavalakodi]]''
|"Spencer Plaza Naduvil"
| rowspan="2" |Sirpy
|
|-
|"Naan Un Pinnadi"
|Reshmi
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]''
|"Carolinaa"
| rowspan="3" |Deva
|Yugendran
|-
|"Sungadhi Shellai"
|Mano, Pop Shalini
|-
|"Melisai Thudikudhu"
|Mano
|-
|''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]''
|"Suthi Suthi Varuven"
|D. Imman
|Srilekha Parthasarathy
|-
|''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]''
|"Ilesha Kattumaram"
|Mani Sharma
|Kalpana
|-
|''[[Punnagai Poove]]''
|"Thilaakkaeni Ganaa"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''
|"Theeradha Dum"
| rowspan="5" |Vidyasagar
|Devan Ekambaram, Manikka Vinayagam
|-
|''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]''
|"Aattukutty Ellam"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]''
|"Aalum Velum"
|Udit Narayan
|-
|"Kabadi Kabadi"
|Karthik, Ganga, Pop Shalini, Febi Mani
|-
|"Kadhal Kisu Kisu"
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|-
|''[[Thayumanavan]]''
|"Puyal Adikkakandomey"
|Vaigundavasaan
|[[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|-
|''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]''
|"Ayyayyo"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|Sujatha
|-
|''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]''
|"Kodi Muppathu"
|Deva
|Kovai Kamala
|-
|''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]''
|"Paiya Paiya"
|Vidyasagar
|Mathangi
|-
|''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]''
|"Iduppodu Sungidi"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ragasiyamai]]''
|"Raavodu Raava"
| rowspan="2" |Karthik Raja
|
|-
|"Thevayilla Thevayilla"
|
|-
|''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]''
|"Mathapoo"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Premgi Amaren, Srivardhini
|-
|''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]''
|"Ovvoru Naalum"
|Mani Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]''
|"Color Varadhu"
|Dhina
|Manikka Vinayagam, Srividya
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Joot]]''
|"Kattabomma Kattabomma"
| rowspan="2" |Vidyasagar
|[[Nandini Srikar]]
|-
|"Aadivarum Azhagiya"
|Manikka Vinayagam, Karthik
|-
|''[[Indru]]''
|"Shokka Adikkura"
|Deva
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]''
|"Lub Tub"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|
|-
|"Kalangathe"
|
|-
| rowspan="41" | 2004
| ''[[Ghilli]]''
|"Soora Thenga" || rowspan="2" | Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Madhurey]]''
|"Elanthapazham"
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Virumaandi]]''
|"Andha Kandamani"
| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja
| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja, [[Kamal Haasan]], Karthik Raja, S. N. Surendar
|-
|"Karbagraham"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]''
| "Ukkadathu Pappadame" || rowspan="4" | Harris Jayaraj
|[[L. R. Eswari]], [[Theni Kunjarammal]]
|-
|"Punnakunnu"
|[[Palakkad Sreeram]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]''
| "Silu Silu"
|
|-
|"Kadhal Panna"
|Kovai Kamala, Silambarasan, [[Vadivelu]]
|-
|''[[Oru Murai Sollividu]]''
| "I Love You Solli" || Bharadwaj
|Pop Shalini
|-
|''[[Engal Anna]]''
|"Konji Konji"
|Deva
|[[P. Jayachandran]], Ganga
|-
|''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]''
|"Aazhaku Neyya"
|Mani Sharma
|Kalpana
|-
|''[[Vayasu Pasanga]]''
|"Kamman Kattu Moolai"
|R. K. Sundar
|Prabhakar, [[A. R. Reihana]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kamaraj (film)|Kamaraj]]''
|"Naadu Paarthathunda"
| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja
| rowspan="2" |Ganga
|-
|"Senthamil Naadenum"
|-
|''[[Ennavo Pudichirukku]]''
|"Thithike Thithike"
|Subhash Jawahar
|Sujatha
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Campus (film)|Campus]]''
|"Ini Oru Vidhi"
| rowspan="3" |Rajneesh
|Timmy
|-
|"Ahimsaidhaan"
|
|-
|"Thodaa Thodaa"
|
|-
|''[[Adi Thadi]]''
|"Thagadu Thagadu"
|Deva
|Deva, Ganga
|-
|''[[Aethirree]]''
|"Thamizhnaatu Pennai"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Pop Shalini
|-
|''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]''
|"Thakathimi Thakathimi"
|Dhina
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]''
|"Muttikkalama"
| rowspan="3" |Deva
|Manikka Vinayagam
|-
|"Un Uthattukku"
|Pop Shalini
|-
|''[[Super Da]]''
|"Iduppu Madippu"
|Mathangi
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Sema Ragalai]]''
|"Thulluvatho Ilamai"
| rowspan="3" |Simmam Kumar
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
|"Thuli Thuli Mazhiyinil"
|
|-
|"Dhil Irukku"
|
|-
|''[[Sound Party]]''
|"Raasathi"
|Deva
|Harini
|-
|''[[Kudaikul Mazhai]]''
|"Onnu Rendu Moonu"
|Karthik Raja
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vishwa Thulasi]]''
|"Engu Piranthathu"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|Chinmayi
|-
|“En Maname”
|[[Gopika Poornima]]
|-
|''[[Neranja Manasu]]''
|"Kelappu Kelappu"
|Karthik Raja
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Attahasam]]''
|"Unakkenna Unakkenna"
| rowspan="4" |Bharadwaj
|
|-
|"Thala Pola Varuma"
|Donnan, Arjun Thomas
|-
|"Attagasam"
|Donnan, [[Ujjayinee Roy]], Arjun Thomas
|-
|''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]''
|"Alai Alaiyai"
|[[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]]
|-
|''[[Jai Soorya]]''
|"Madha Madha"
|Deva
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jananam]]''
|"Sushmitha Kiss Thantha"
| rowspan="2" |Bharadwaj
|
|-
|"Sudum Varai Neruppu"
|Karthik, Timmy, Yugendran, [[MK Balaji]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaadhal]]''
|"Poovum Pudikkudhu”
| rowspan="2" |[[Joshua Sridhar]]
|[[Krish (singer)|Krish]], Pop Shalini
|-
|"Pura Koondu"
|[[Suresh Peters]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], Premgi Amaren, [[Karunas]]
|-
| rowspan="38" |2005
| rowspan="2" |''[[Chandramukhi]]''
| "Raa Raa" || rowspan="2" | Vidyasagar
|Binny Krishnakumar
|-
|"Kokku Para Para"
|Manikka Vinayagam, Rajalakshmee Sanjay, Ganga
|-
|''[[Mazhai]]''
|"Kuchikaruvadu"
| rowspan="2" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Srilekha Parthasarathy
|-
|''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]''
| "Paakadha"
|Sumangali
|-
|''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]''
|"Kanavugal"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Karthik, O. S. Arun, Premgi Amaren, Febi Mani, Pop Shalini, [[Suchitra]]
|-
|''[[Thirupaachi]]''
| "Nee Entha Ooru" || Dhina
|
|-
|''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''
| "Kodambakkam Area" || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|[[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shoba Chandrasekar]]
|-
|''[[Girivalam (film)|Girivalam]]''
| "Nee Yaaro Nee Yaaro" || Deva
|Harini
|-
|''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]''
|"Suththipoda Venaama"
|Bharadwaj
|Srimathumitha
|-
|''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]''
|"Ennai Ethanai"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|Pop Shalini
|-
|''[[Sukran]]''
|"Un Paarvai"
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]
|-
|''[[Mannin Maindhan]]''
|"Yeamma Yeamma"
|Bharadwaj
|Sujatha
|-
|''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]''
|"Boom Boom"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Yuvan Shankar Raja, Jyotsna, Premgi Amaren
|-
|''[[Maayavi]]''
|"Jo Jo Jothika"
|Devi Sri Prasad
|Sudha
|-
|''[[London (2005 Indian film)|London]]''
|"Kee Mu Kee Pee"
|Vidyasagar
|Karthik, [[Pravin Mani]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jathi (film)|Jathi]]''
|"Shiyo Shiyo"
| rowspan="2" |Agni Kalaivani
|
|-
|"Ada Oththakada"
|Rajalakshmi
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Karagattakkari]]''
|"Enga Ooru Laila"
| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja
|[[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
|-
|"Oththa Rooba"
|Malathy
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Gurudeva (film)|Gurudeva]]''
|"Aanandham Aanandham"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sabesh–Murali]]
|Mathangi
|-
|"Manakudhada"
|
|-
|''[[Sevvel]]''
|"Sivanoda"
|Aasan
|
|-
|''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
|"Kurangu Kaiyil Maalai"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Kamal Haasan
|-
|''[[Kana Kandaen]]''
|"Chinna Chinna"
|Vidyasagar
|[[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
|''[[Padhavi Paduthum Paadu]]''
|"Intha Kaadu"
|Gandhidasan
|
|-
|''[[Kaatrullavarai]]''
|"Rahala Kattungada"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|
|-
|''[[Alaiyadikkuthu]]''
|"Machi Machi"
|[[Mahathi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]''
|"Ayya Enna"
| rowspan="3" |Ilaiyaraaja
|Manjari
|-
|"Pudhusa Nenachikittu"
|Ranjith
|-
|''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]''
|"Ponnukitta Mappilai"
|Manjari
|-
|''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]''
|“Onnu Vaanguna”
|Srikanth Deva
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]''
|"8 Thisaigal"
|Bharadwaj
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kasthuri Maan]]''
|"Ketkalyo"
| rowspan="3" |Ilaiyaraaja
|Manjari
|-
|"Ennai Ketkum"
|
|-
|"Vaanin Kadhal"
|Manjari, Ganga
|-
|''[[Majaa]]''
|"Hey Pangaali"
|Vidyasagar
|Udit Narayan, Manikka Vinayagam
|-
|''[[Saadhuriyan]]''
|"Kannamma Kannamma"
|Deva
| rowspan="2" |Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]''
|"Azhaguna Azhagu"
|Srikanth Deva
|-
| rowspan="33" |2006
|''[[Something Something... Unakkum Enakkum|Unakkum Enakkum]]''
| "Something Something" || Devi Sri Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''
| "Karka Karka" || Harris Jayaraj
|Devan Ekambaram, [[Nakkhul|Nakul]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
| "Veyilodu Vilayadi" || rowspan="2" | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Kailash Kher]], [[Jassie Gift]], Prasanna
|-
|"Ooran Thotathhilae"
|Jassie Gift
|-
|''[[Aathi]]''
|"Yae Durra"
| rowspan="5" |Vidyasagar
|[[Saindhavi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Paramasivan]]''
|"Natchathira Paravaikku"
|Rajalakshmi
|-
|"Paramasivane"
|Shankar Mahadevan, Chandran, Karthik, Jemon, Ranjith
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pasakiligal|Pasa Kiligal]]''
|"Thangai Endra"
|Karthik, Sujatha, [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|-
|"Meesai Mutham"
|Sujatha
|-
|''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''
|"Kadhal Vaaram Kondata"
|D. Imman
|Ranjith, Suchitra
|-
|''[[Oru Kadhal Seiveer]]''
|"Gigu Gimba"
|Bharani
|
|-
|''[[Theenda Theenda]]''
|"Pudhu Malare"
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|Sridevi
|-
|''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]''
|"Pudhu Veedu"
|Bharadwaj
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Madhu (2006 film)|Madhu]]''
|"Nilavai Sutri"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Naalai]]''
|"Kattabomman"
| rowspan="3" |Karthik Raja
|
|-
|"Arai Adi Thoorathil"
|[[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], Ranjith
|-
|"Idi Mayalogam"
|Malgudi Subha, Ranjith
|-
|''[[Kusthi]]''
|"Roottu Pudichom"
|D. Imman
|Srinivas
|-
|''[[Uyir]]''
|"Convent Sollitharum"
|Joshua Sridhar
|Natash, Dhanni
|-
|''[[Thullura Vayasu]]''
|"Kadal Pola"
|Karthik Raja
|
|-
|''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]''
|"Pootiya Sirayinai"
|Sabesh–Murali
|
|-
|''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]''
|"Karuvappaiya"
|[[Pravin Mani]]
|K. S. Chithra
|-
|''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''
|"Kanniponnu"
|Dhina
|
|-
|''[[Em Magan]]''
|"Unnoduthaan Ini"
|Vidyasagar
|Subhiksha
|-
|''[[Jambhavan]]''
|"Halwa Ponnu"
|Bharadwaj
|Roshini
|-
|''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]''
|"Vaada Vaada"
|Pravin Mani
|
|-
|''[[Sengathu]]''
|"Kathu Visuthada"
|Arafin Yusuf
|Theni Kunjarammal
|-
|''[[E (2006 film)|E]]''
|"Theepori Parakkum"
| rowspan="2" |Srikanth Deva
|
|-
|''[[Thalaimagan]]''
|"Nooru Nooru" (II)
|[[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
|-
|''[[Mann (2006 film)|Mann]]''
|"Landanukku Pogavillai"
|German Vijay
|R. Sathya, [[T. K. Kala]]
|-
|''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (2006 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]''
|"Mambazham Vikkara"
|Srikanth Deva
|Puliyanthoppu Pazhani, Devakumar
|-
|''[[Azhagiya Asura]]''
|"Pondy Bazaar"
|Brahma
|
|-
|''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]''
|"Hitler Penne"
|Vidyasagar
| rowspan="2" |Sujatha
|-
| rowspan="28" |2007
|''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]''
| "Kovakkara Kiliye" || rowspan="2" | Yuvan Shankar Raja
|-
|''[[Chennai 600028]]''
| "Jalsa"
|Ranjith, [[Haricharan]], Karthik, Premgi Amaren
|-
|''[[Malaikottai]]''
| "Yeh Aatha" || Mani Sharma
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]''
|"Tappu Egirippogum"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
|-
|''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]''
|"Aazha Kannaal"
|Vidyasagar
|
|-
|''[[Muruga (film)|Muruga]]''
|"Melathe Kottu"
|Karthik Raja
|Sujatha, Malgudi Subha
|-
|''[[Thirumagan]]''
|"Poranthathu"
| colspan="2" |Deva
|-
|''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]''
|"Aavana Aakkana"
|Mani Sharma
|Sujatha
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Manikanda]]''
|"Inji Murappa"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
| rowspan="2" |Anuradha Sriram
|-
|“Mama Mama”
|-
|''[[Koodal Nagar]]''
|"Aayiram Thalaiyapaathu"
|Sabesh–Murali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaanal Neer]]''
|"Chella Chella"
| rowspan="2" |Suresh-Bobby
|Saindhavi, [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|"Poonthottam"
|
|-
|''[[Maya Kannadi]]''
|"Oru Mayalogam"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Manjari
|-
|''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]''
|"Engeda Azhagundhan"
|Gurukiran
|Rita
|-
|''[[Achacho]]''
|"Paathugoda"
|M. K. S. Narula Khan
|Mahathi
|-
|''[[Kasu Irukkanum]]''
|"Madura Pakkam"
|Kavin Saradha & Raj Shankar
|Anusha
|-
|''[[Niram]]''
|"Oru Erimalai"
|Sabesh–Murali
|
|-
|''[[Thiru Ranga]]''
|"Pollachi"
|Srikanth Deva
|Anuradha Sriram, Roshini
|-
|''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]''
|"Naalu Gopuram"
|Dhina
|[[Chinnaponnu]]
|-
|''[[Paali (film)|Paali]]''
|"Route Route"
|Bhagwat
|
|-
|''[[Rasigar Mandram]]''
|"Vaararu Vaararu"
|S. P. Boopathy
|
|-
|''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]''
|"Ennangira Nee"
|Mani Sharma
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]''
|"Cheena Thana"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Thirutham]]''
|"Paadhai Therigiradhu"
|Pravin Mani
|
|-
|''[[Vegam (2007 film)|Vegam]]''
|"Kya Bole"
|[[Rajhesh Vaidhya]]
|Harini
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pazhaniappa Kalloori]]''
|"Pattam Poochi"
| rowspan="2" |R. P. Patnaik
|
|-
|"Vaa Endral"
|
|-
| rowspan="25" |2008
|''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]''
| "Yeppadi Irundha" || Devi Sri Prasad
|[[Gopika Poornima]]
|-
|''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]''
| "Solladi" || Vijay Antony
|
|-
|''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''
|"Maaman Engirukka"
|[[S. S. Kumaran]]
|Harini, Karthik, Master Rohith
|-
|''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''
|"Ellam Valla Iraiva"
|Srikanth Deva
|
|-
|''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]''
|"Poi Kaal Kuditharai"
|Sabesh–Murali
|
|-
|''[[Valluvan Vasuki]]''
|"Oor Oranga"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|''[[Theekuchi]]''
|"Iyra Meenu"
|Srikanth Deva
|
|-
|''[[Inbaa]]''
|"Alankatti Paimazhai"
|P. B. Balaji
| rowspan="2" |Pop Shalini
|-
|''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]''
|"Ragasiya Veppam"
|Sabesh–Murali
|-
|''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]''
|"Achamillai Achamillai"
|Srikanth Deva
|Archith
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kadhal Endral Enna]]''
|"Kadhal Endral Enna"
| rowspan="2" |K. Bharathi
|Sreekanth
|-
|"Unnai Nenacha"
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]''
|"Oru Haiku"
|Srikanth Deva
|Suchitra
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]''
|"Imayamalayum" (Remix)
| rowspan="2" |Vidyasagar
|Jayamoorthy, Manikka Vinayagam
|-
|"Kombuvitta Kaalayenna"
|
|-
|''[[Uliyin Osai]]''
|"Azhagai"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Shweta Mohan
|-
|''[[Unnai Naan]]''
|"Munnadiyum Parthen"
|Joe Arulraj
|
|-
|''[[Jayamkondaan]]''
|"Ullaasa Ulagam"
|Vidyasagar
|
|-
|''[[Vasool]]''
|"Jhinduku Jhindhaa"
|Vijay Shankar
|
|-
|''[[Kathikappal]]''
|"Aiya Vandharu Ithu Nalla Neramthan"
|Sree Sai
|
|-
|''[[Seval]]''
|"Namma Ooru Nallaarukku"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|Manikka Vinayagam, Anuradha Sriram, Mahathi, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Prashanthini]]
|-
|''[[Thenavattu]]''
|"Onnu Rendu"
|Srikanth Deva
|Ganga
|-
|''[[Mahesh, Saranya Matrum Palar]]''
|"En Uyirukkul"
|Vidyasagar
|Rajalakshmi
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Surya (2008 film)|Surya]]''
|"Veeradhi Veeranada"
| rowspan="2" |Jerome Pushparaj
|
|-
|"Padaiyedu"
|Mervin
|-
| rowspan="25" |2009
|''[[Thoranai]]''
|"Manjasela Mandakini"
|Mani Sharma
|Saindhavi
|-
| ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]''
|"Vaada Mappiley" || Devi Sri Prasad
|Rita, Vadivelu
|-
|''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval|Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaival]]''
|"Pichavaram"
|Bala
|
|-
|''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]''
|"Kummu Kummu"
|T. M. Jayamurugan & Jeevan Thomas
|Suchitra, Kalyani
|-
|''[[Karthik Anitha]]''
|"Ayyayyayo"
|Jack Anand
|Manikka Vinayagam
|-
|''Naal Natchathiram''
|"Success Valkaiye"
|R. Rajpavan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Oliyum Oliyum (film)|Oliyum Oliyum]]''
|"Kadhalika Porendi"
| rowspan="3" |Yanidesh
|
|-
|"Mukka Mozham"
|
|-
|"Bambarakattai"
|Sai
|-
|''[[Vaalmiki (film)|Vaalmiki]]''
|"Rekka Katti Parakthu"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|[[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Gnabagangal]]''
|"Ennadi"
| rowspan="2" |James Vick
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|"Unnal Mudiyum"
|
|-
|''[[Unnai Kann Theduthe]]''
|"O Nathiya Va Nathiya"
|Sirpy
|Janaki Iyer
|-
|''[[Pudhiya Payanam]]''
|"Enna Othaiyila"
|Prasad Ganesh
|Roshini
|-
|''[[Malayan (film)|Malayan]]''
|"Tharecha Sollugo"
| rowspan="2" |Dhina
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Anthony Yaar?]]''
|"Kattu Marathila"
|
|-
|''[[Azhagar Malai]]''
|"Enna Senjalum"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Poni
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nesi (film)|Nesi]]''
|"Algebra"
| rowspan="2" |Sirpy
|
|-
|"Kalar"
|
|-
|''[[Kannukulle]]''
|"Paattu Ketka"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Rahul Nambiar, Prasanna, [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Velmurugan]], [[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]''
|"Oru Naal Iravil"
|Vidyasagar
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|-
|''[[Adhe Neram Adhe Idam]]''
|"Mudhal Murai"
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|Harini, Haricharan
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mathiya Chennai]]''
|"Ilavayasu Pasanga"
| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja
| rowspan="2" |Vijay Yesudas, Rahul Nambiar
|-
|"Sullikuppam Ganapathy"
|-
|''[[Kandhakottai]]''
|"Kala Kala Kandha Kottai"
| colspan="2" |Dhina
|-
| rowspan="12" |2010
|''[[Singam]]''
| "En Idhayam"
|Devi Sri Prasad
|Suchitra
|-
|''[[Thairiyam]]''
|"Mathura Maliye"
|R. D. Mohan Singh
|Malathy
|-
|''[[Veerasekaran]]''
|"Yai Thozha"
|Sajan Madhav
|
|-
|''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
|"Aandava Andava"
|Dhina
|
|-
|''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]''
|"Ilantamizha"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Magane En Marumagane]]''
|"Poda Vengayam"
|Dhina
|Ganga
|-
|''[[Veluthu Kattu]]''
|"Kirratha"
|Bharani
|
|-
|''[[Moscowin Kavery]]''
|"Gramam Thedi Vaada"
|[[Thaman S|S. Thaman]]
|Ranjith, Rita
|-
|''[[Unakkaga En Kadhal]]''
|"Unakkaka En Kadhal" (duet)
|Sanjeev–Darshan
|Sadhana Sargam
|-
|''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]''
|"Sama Sama Yama Yama"
|[[V. Selvaganesh]]
|Silambarasan, Karthik, Maya
|-
|''[[Naane Ennul Illai]]''
|"Neeyaruda Naanyaruda"
|[[Amresh Ganesh]]
|
|-
|''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]''
|"Magadheera Magadheera"
|Dhina
|Srimathumitha
|-
| rowspan="12" |2011
|''[[Kaavalan]]''
| "Vinnai Kaapan" || Vidyasagar
|Shweta Mohan
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''
|"Gala Gala" || rowspan="2" | Harris Jayaraj
|Krish, Haricharan, [[Sayanora Philip]]
|-
|"Aga Naga"
|[[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ranina Reddy]], Priya Subramaniam, Solar Sai, Srik, Emcee Jesz
|-
|[[180 (2011 Indian film)|''180'']]
|"Rules Kidaiyathu"
|[[Sharreth]]
|
|-
|''[[Mankatha]]''
| "Machi Open the Bottle" || Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Mano, Premgi Amaren, Haricharan, Naveen
|-
| ''[[Venghai]]''
|"Orey Oru" || Devi Sri Prasad
| rowspan="2" |Harini
|-
| ''[[Narthagi]]''
|"Poovin Manam" || G. V. Prakash Kumar
|-
|''[[Ilaignan]]''
|"Neeya Neeya"
|Vidyasagar
|
|-
|''[[Ayyan (film)|Ayyan]]''
|"Kaatrinai Pol Ingu"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|
|-
|''[[Aivar (film)|Aivar]]''
|"Malliga Malliga"
|Kavi Periyathambi
|
|-
|''[[Minsaram]]''
|"Velethulu Manitha"
|T. Devan
|
|-
|''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''
|"Nillu Nillu Nillu Nillu"
|S. Thaman
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2012
|''[[Thuppakki]]''
| "Kutti Puli Koottam" || Harris Jayaraj
|Hariharan, Dr. Narayanan, [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], Ranina Reddy
|-
|''[[Kollaikaran]]''
|"Oorae Sonnanga"
|Johan Shevanesh
|Rahul Nambiar, Harini
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]''
|"Jimke Marina"
| rowspan="2" |[[Emil Mohammed]]
|Emil Mohammed, Karthik, Harish Raghavendra, Srinivas
|-
|"Salam Namasthey"
|[[Krishna Iyer]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]''
|"Raja Raja Chozha"
| rowspan="2" |[[Perarasu]]
|
|-
|"Vannarapettai"
|Krishnaveni Perarasu
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mayilu]]''
|"Nammaloda Paattuthan"
| rowspan="4" |Ilaiyaraaja
|Karthik
|-
|"Kalyanamam"
|Chinnaponnu, Thiruvudaiyan, Rita
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ajantha (2009 film)|Ajantha]]''
|"Kaiyil Oru Keyboardum"
|
|-
|"Poduda Sakkapodu"
|Shweta Mohan
|-
|''[[Puthumugangal Thevai]]''
|"En Uyiril"
|Twinz Chan
|Anup
|-
| rowspan="7" |2013
|''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
| "Othayilae"
|Harris Jayaraj
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
|''[[Puthagam]]''
|"Kondadathaan"
|[[James Vasanthan]]
|Rahul, Sunandan
|-
|''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]''
|"Manasa Thirudiya"
|[[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
|
|-
|''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]''
|"En En Yenum"
|Mejo Joseph
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jannal Oram]]''
|"Ennadi Ennadi Oviyame"
| rowspan="2" |Vidyasagar
|Vishal
|-
|"Aasa Vecha Manasula"
|Haricharan, [[Priya Himesh]], Abhirami, Priyadarshini, Velmurugan
|-
|''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]''
|"Malayaala Porattala"
|[[C. Sathya]]
|Hyde Karty, Bizmac
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
|''[[Pulivaal]]''
|"Netrum Party"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|Ranina Reddy
|-
|''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]''
|"Tasse Otthu"
|Gautham Srivatsa
|
|-
|''[[Thalaivan]]''
|"Naan Manmathar"
|Vidyasagar
|Priyasri
|-
|''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]''
|"Urula Urulakizhangu"
|[[Mikkin Aruldev|Aruldev]]
|
|-
|''[[Vilaasam]]''
|"Silukku Sundariye"
|Ravi Raaghav
|Priyadharshini, Reshmi
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
| ''[[Anegan]]''
|"Aathadi Aathadi"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Bhavatharini, [[Dhanush]], Abhay Jodhpurkar
|-
|''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]''
|"Sakka Podu"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|Santosh Hariharan
|-
|''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]''
|"Manidha Manidha"
|Devi Sri Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Pallikoodam Pogamale]]''
|"Sangu Chakkaram"
|Samson Kottoor
|Najim Arshad
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''[[Iru Mugan]]''
|"Kannai Vittu"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Srimathumitha, Praveen
|-
|''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]''
|"Why Machi Why"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|V. Srihari
|-
|''[[Uchathula Shiva]]''
|"Tharu Maru"
|Vidyasagar
|[[Dharani (director)|Dharani]], [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], JP
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''
|"Saarattu Vandiyila" || A. R. Rahman
|A. R. Reihana, [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|-
|''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]''
|"Mass ah Rough & Tough"
|Amresh Ganesh
|Malathy
|-
|2018
|''[[Prema Baraha|Sollividava]]''
|"Jai Hanumantha"
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]''
|"Anangae Sinungalama" || Harris Jayaraj
|Hariharan, Bharath Sunder, Krish, [[Arjun Chandy]], Christopher Stanley, Sharanya Gopinath
|-
|''[[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]''
|"Neram Indha Neram"
|Amresh Ganesh
|Suchitra
|-
|''[[Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu]]''
|"Raavaa Naanum"
|Hitesh Murugavel
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''Pottu Vaiththaan'' (Album Song)
| "Pottu Vaiththaan" || Maha
|Harini
|-
|''[[Mofussil]]''
|"Engeyum Neeye (Kokkipodu)"
|Aruldev
|Vinitha
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Vaathi]]''
|"Sooriya Paarvaigaley" || G. V. Prakash Kumar
|Ravi G
|-
|2024
|''[[Thiru.Manickam|Thiru. Manickam]]''
|"Bommakka"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Dude (2025 film)]]''
|"Nallaru Po"
|[[Sai Abhyankkar]]
| Mohit Chauhan, Sai Abhyankkar
|}

===Kannada discography===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film !! Song name !! Music director
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
| ''[[7 O' Clock]]'' || "Bhoolokava No No" || M. S. Madhukar
|-
| ''[[Sirivantha]]'' || "Happy Day" || [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Snehana Preethina]]'' || "Osi Osi" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
| ''[[Gaalipata]]'' || "Aakasha Ishte Yaakideyo" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Mast Maja Maadi]]'' || "Ota Ota" || P B Balaji
|-
| rowspan="15"|2009
| ''[[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]'' || "Junglee Shivalingu" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Rajakumari (2009 film)|Rajakumari]]'' || "Hey Baddi" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Preethse Preethse]]'' || "Kuchchu Kuchchu" || [[Anoop Seelin]]
|-
| ''[[Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi]]'' || "Bejaanaagi" || Mast P B Balaji
|-
| ''[[Mr. Painter]]'' || "Thalaku Balaku Thare" || G R Shankar
|-
| ''[[Raaj the Showman]]'' || "Hey Hey Paaru" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Prem Kahani (2009 film)|Prem Kahani]]'' || "Hodedavne" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| ''[[Devru]]'' || "Hallo Hallo" || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''[[Abhay (2009 film)|Abhay]]'' || "Neene Kane" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-

| ''[[Bellary Naga]]'' || "Jaagore Jaagore" || L N Shastry
|-
| ''[[Ajantha (2009 film)|Ajantha]]'' || "Kaigalalli" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' || "Yaare Ninna Mummy Daddy" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-

| ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]'' || "Ley Ley Ammana Magale" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-

| ''[[Male Barali Manju Irali]]'' || "Yeno Aagide Nanage" || [[Mano Murthy]]
|-
| ''Hey Sarasu'' (delayed release) || "Talaku Talaku" || G R Shankar
|-
| rowspan="14"|2010
| ''[[Ullasa Utsaha]]'' || "Chakori Chakori" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G V Prakash]]
|-
| ''[[Preethi Hangama]]'' || "Chelu Cheluva" || Raj Kiran
|-
| ''[[Porki]]'' || "Dhaane Dhayya" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Zamana (2010 film)|Zamana]]'' || "Happy Happy" || Karthik Raja
|-
| ''[[Parole (2010 film)|Parole]]'' || "Yaako Eno Nanage" || Balaji K Mithran
|-
| ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' || "Hejjegondu Hejje" || [[Manikanth Kadri]]
|-
| ''[[Aithalakkadi]]'' || "Hollywood" || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''[[Suryakaanti]]'' || "Jaikara" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| ''[[Bindaas Hudugi]]'' || "Kannalli Kannittu" || Yaara Ramesh
|-
| ''[[Shourya (2010 film)|Shourya]]'' || "Laka Laka" || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''[[Kari Chirathe]]'' || "My Name Is" || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' || "Shiva Antha Hoguthidde" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''Olave Vismaya'' || "Salaam Namasthe" || Veer Samarth
|-
| ''Nanjangud Nanjunda'' || "Eri Mele Eri" || K V Ravichandra
|-
| rowspan="23"|2011
| ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' || "Bengaluralli" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Shravana (film)|Shravana]]'' || "Bhoom Shakalaka" || Karthik Bhoopathi
|-
| ''[[Ee Sanje]]'' || "Bide Bide" || Jai Shiva
|-
| ''[[Kanteerava]]'' || "Bidhri Bidhri" || [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
|-
| ''Sihi Muthu'' (film unreleased) || "Chikalaka" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Veera Bahu (film)|Veerabahu]]'' || "Ding Diga Ding" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Kirataka]]'' || "Dubai Thorsu" || [[V. Manohar]]
|-
| ''FM'' (film unreleased) || "FM Radio" || G R Shankar
|-
| ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (2011 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' || "Hare Rama" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Bhadra (2011 film)|Bhadra]]'' || "Hey Chinna" || Shee Guru
|-
| "Madanaari Baale" || Shree Guru
|-
| ''[[Mallikarjuna (film)|Mallikarjuna]]'' || "Hey Miya" || [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
| ''[[Ishta (film)|Ishta]]'' || "Kolahala" || M Sanjeev
|-
| ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]'' || "Nalle Nalle" || [[Jassie Gift]]
|-
| ''[[Achchu Mechchu]]'' || "Ninna Mele" || A M Neel
|-
| ''[[Maduve Mane]]'' || "Onde Notake" || [[Manikanth Kadri]]
|-
| ''[[Rama Rama Raghurama]]'' || "Rama Rama" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Prema Chandrama]]'' || "Ratheyalli" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Yogaraj But]]'' || "Sunaka Sunana" || Milind Dharmasena
|-
| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Kannada film)|Bodyguard]]'' || "Yaake Guru" || Vinay Chandra
|-
| ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' || "Yaavanig Gothu" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Only Vishnuvardhana]]'' || "Edeyolage Guitaarru" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Gun (2011 film)|Gun]]'' || "Yenne Yaaru" || Ronnie Raphael
|-
| rowspan="7"|2012 || ''[[Anna Bond]]'' || "Boni Aagada" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2012 film)|Narasimha]]'' || "Hoy Narasimha" || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Crazy Loka]]'' || "Kabab Mey" || [[Manikanth Kadri]]
|-
| ''[[18th Cross]]'' || "Suriyo Suriyo" || [[Arjun Janya]]
|-
| ''[[Tuglak]]'' || "Maintain" || [[Arjun Janya]]
|-
| ''[[Toofan (2012 film)|Toofan]]'' || "Shiva Hudugire" || Elvin Joshua
|-
|''[[Kiladi Kitty]]''
|"Madhura Huchchu"
|Jassie Gift
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| ''[[Ziddi (2013 film)|Ziddi]]'' || "Dav Dav Dav" || Giridhar Diwan
|-
| ''[[Mandahasa]]'' || "Modala" || Veer Samarth
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014
| ''[[Ajith (film)|Ajith]]'' || "Hani Hani" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|''[[Hara (film)|Hara]]''
|"Lava Lavike"
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|-
| ''[[Preethi Geethi Ityaadi]]'' || "Tiruboki Takataka" || Veer Samarth
|-
| ''[[Love Is Poison]]'' || "Kanna Munde" || Sai Kiran
|-
| ''[[Ee Dil Helide Nee Bekantha]]'' || "Dildu Formula" || S. Sridhara
|-
| 2016
| ''Saniha'' || "Ee Manase" || A M Neel
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
| ''Prema Pallakki'' || "Why"<ref>{{cite web|title=Prema Pallakki (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/prema-pallakki-original-motion/id953502282|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705214316/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/prema-pallakki-original-motion/id953502282|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2015|website=iTunes.com|publisher=Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited}}</ref> || Vineeth Raj Menon
|-
| ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' || "Thithli Thithli" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| ''[[Bangalore 560023]]'' || "Naaleya Nambu Maga" || Arun Andrews
|-
| 2016 || ''Supari Surya'' || Bangara Bangara || [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
| ''[[O Premave (2018 film)|O Premave]]'' || "Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa" || Anand Rajavikram-Rahul Dev
|-
| ''[[Krishna Tulasi]]'' || "Lokana Nammange" || Kiran Ravindranath
|-
| ''[[Raja Loves Radhe]]'' || "Sobagu Sobagu" || Veer Samarth
|}

=== Telugu discography ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
|-
|2000
!''[[Manasunna Maaraju]]''
|"Oodala Oodala Marri Chettu"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2001
!''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]''
|"Unna Maata Cheppaneevu"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
!''[[Student No.1]]''
|"Koochipudi Kaina"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
!''[[Anandam]]''
|"Anandam"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
!''[[Repallelo Radha]]''
|"Raave Samajavaragamana"
|rowspan="2"|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
!''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]''
|"Edalo Okate Korika"
|-
!''[[Snehamante Idera]]''
|"Snehamante Idera"
|Shiva Shankar
|-
!''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]''
|"Ee Andala Collegelo"
|DJ Gopinath
|-
| rowspan="7" |2002
!''[[Takkari Donga]]''
|"Hey Mama"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
!''[[Neetho Cheppalani]]''
|"Missu Oh Vachhindhi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
!''[[Sandade Sandadi]]''
|"Auna Auna"
|-
!''[[Seshu]]''
|"Aakasam Kindundi"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
!''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''
|"Chikki Chikki Bam Bam"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
!''[[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]''
|"Sportive Boys"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
!''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]''
|"Sontham"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2003
! ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simahdri]]''
| "Nuvvu Whistleisthe"
| [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
! ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
| "Langa Voni"
| rowspan="2"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
!''Abhi''
| "Katuveya Vachindi"
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Dost (2004 film)|Dost]]''
|"Jeevitham Oka Aatara"
|rowspan="2"|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
| "Sorry Cheppi"
|-
| rowspan="25" |2005
!''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|"Something Something"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]''
|"Banthilanti Bhama"
| rowspan="2" |Kamalakar
|-
|"Ammo Vadevadogani"
|-
!''[[Naa Alludu]]''
|"Nadumu Choosthe"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
!''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]''
|"Enamina Macarina"
|[[Kalyani Malik]]
|-
!''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]''
|"Kokkoroko"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Jagapati]]''
|"Cheera Kattu Vayasu"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|"Chandamamaki Kaluva"
|-
!''[[Aparichithudu]]'' (D)
|"Love Elephantla"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
!''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''
|"Maro Maro"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
!''[[Athanokkade]]''
|"Chitapata Chitapata"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Bhadra (2005 film)|''Bhadra'']]
|"Just Do It"
| rowspan="2" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|"Ye Oore Chinnadana"
|-
!''[[Narasimhudu]]''
|"Krishnamurariki"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
!''[[Oka Oorilo]]''
|"Gudu Gudu Guncham"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
!''[[Allari Bullodu]]''
|"Magavada Mathi Poyera"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
!''[[Chandramukhi]]''
|"Raa Raa Sarasaku"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
![[Chhatrapati (film)|''Chatrapathi'']]
|"Mannela Tintivira"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
!''[[Modati Cinema]]''
|"Thaka Chuku"
|Swaraj
|-
!''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (D)
|"Ragola Ola"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
!''[[Vennela]]''
|"East West"
|[[Mahesh Shankar]]
|-
!''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]''
|"Tightgunna Jeans Pantu"
|Kamalakar
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Thotti Jaya|Jalakanta]]''
|"Adda Manadira"
| rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
|"Aggilanti Valape"
|-
!''[[That Is Pandu]]''
|"Acham Acham"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
!''[[Annavaram]]''
|"Jarra Soodu"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
! ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]''
|"Ichi Puchukunte"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|2007
!''[[Chirutha]]''
|"Yamaho Yamma"
|rowspan="2"|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|2009
!''[[Thoranai|Pistha]]''
|"Mandakini"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
! ''[[Madrasapattinam|1947: A Love Story]]'' (D)
|"Meghama"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
! ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''
|"Kalaya Nijama Vaishnava Maya"
|[[Ilayaraja]]
|-
|2012
!''[[Julayi]]''
|"Hey Chakkani Bike Undi"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| 2014
! ''[[Jump Jilani]]''
| "Lucky Laduki"
| [[Vijay Ebenezer]]
|-
|2015
!''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]''
|"Ulacacharu Ullippaya"
|[[Achu Rajamani]]
|-
|2017
!''[[Kaatru Veliyidai|Cheliya]]'' (D)
|"Morethukochindi"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
!''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]''
|"Bigg Boss Anthem"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Naa... Nuvve]]''
|"Hey Hey I Love You"(Male)
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharreth]]
|-
|"Right Right Right"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
!''[[Okate Life]]''
| "Ohh Meri Dhimtak Nari"
|[[Amresh Ganesh]]
|-
![[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|''1st Rank Raju'']]
|"Chalo Re Chalo"
|Kiran Ravindranath
|-
|2025
!''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''
|"Ramachandhrude"
|[[Radhan]]
|}

===Other language discography===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song name !! Music director !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2002
|''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra – The Tiger]]''||"Bam Bam Bole"||[[Mani Sharma]]||Hindi || Dubbed version of Telugu film ''Indra''
|-
|2018 || ''[[Krishnam]]'' || "Madthu Madthu" || Hariprasad R || Malayalam ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
In 2010, Tippu won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song "Hey Paaru" from the film ''[[Raaj the Showman]]'' composed by [[V. Harikrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html|title=Vishnuvardhan, Anu Prabhakar bag KSF best actor awards|author=Shekhar Hooli|date=20 October 2011|website=Filmibeat}}</ref> Tippu was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/03092007-1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908033548/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/03092007-1.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2007|title=டோடோவின் ரஃப் நோட்டு – Tamil Kavithai -- தமிழ் கவிதைகள் – நூற்று கணக்கில்!}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1437826|Tippu}}
*[https://archive.today/20130218164944/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-filmography/2658/7/tippu.html Tippu's discography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tippu}}
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda

2026-03-05T02:41:47Z

Ali omar: Started Basic Details More To Come

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda
| image = Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = V. Umakanth
| producer = Kantha Ramakrishna
| writer = Krishna Nadig (dialogue)
| story = V Umakanth
| screenplay = V Umakanth
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Ambareesh]]
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Ashwini Bhave]]
*Bhavyashree Rai
}}
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography = P Rajan
| editing = S Prasad
| studio = Sri Devamma Productions
| released = {{film date|1997|1|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by V Umakanth and starring [[Ambareesh]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Ashwini Bhave]] and Bhavyashree Rai.

==Plot==
Ranganath stays in Kasthuri's village home under the false identity of Rangegowda. He falls in love with her and marries her, and they move out to another house. His younger brother, Ramesh, comes to stay with him and Kasthuri. He initially falls for her and is enraged when he finds out she is pregnant but later falls for another girl Padma. Kasthuri's aunt, who despises Rangegowda for lying about his identity, comes to the house and attempts to set up an engagement between Ramesh and Kasthuri much to her dismay. An enraged Ramesh leaves their house, falls due to chest pain, gets admitted to the hospital and dies. Kasthuri, who was facing pregnancy problems, dies after childbirth. Rangegowda and Padma end up taking care of her baby.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ambareesh]] as Rangegowda / Ranganath
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh
*[[Ashwini Bhave]] as Kasthuri
*Bhavyashree Rai as Padma
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Bangaram, Kasthuri's aunt
* Krishnegowda
* [[V. Manohar]]
* Agro Chikkanna
* BEML Somanna
* [[Aaganthuka]] Nagaraj
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[V. Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by V. Manohar on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/rangena-halliyage-rangada-rangegowda-original-motion/1161651260 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=14 August 2024 |date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Manohar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:16
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music|T-Series Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/rangena-halliyage-rangada-rangegowda/399100/ |website=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] |access-date=14 August 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814091241/https://www.hungama.com/album/rangena-halliyage-rangada-rangegowda/399100/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| producer = V. Manohar
| chronology = [[V. Manohar]]
| prev_title = Nodu Baa Nammoora
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = Chikka
| next_year = 1997
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|qx02p5zcv2o|Rangena Halliyage Rangada Rangegowda – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ele Giniye
| length1 = 4:08
| all_lyrics = [[V. Manohar]].
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Laka Laka
| length2 = 3:32
| extra2 = [[L. N. Shastri]]
| title3 = Jum Jumkala
| length3 = 4:31
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sujatha Krishnan
| title4 = Pattanakke Banda
| length4 = 3:49
| extra4 = [[Ramesh Chandra (singer)|Ramesh Chandra]], Mangala Anjan
| title5 = Jaaliya Neralinda
| length5 = 4:22
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Poguve Yethake Ramani
| length6 = 3:52
| extra6 = V. Manohar, [[Rajesh Krishnan]], L. N. Shastri, K. S. Chithra
| total_length = 24:16
}}

== In popular culture ==
[[Ramesh Aravind]] shared a still showing his elderly woman getup from the film on [[Twitter]] in 2017 and on [[Instagram]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/believe-it-or-not-magic-of-makeup/articleshow/58979142.cms|title=ಈ ಫೋಟೋದಲ್ಲಿರೋದು ಯಾರು? ಥಟ್ ಅಂತ ಹೇಳಿ!|date=3 June 2017|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn|access-date=14 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815174146/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/believe-it-or-not-magic-of-makeup/articleshow/58979142.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="N"/> The still went viral after a couple years, and several news outlets reported that the still was from a 1997 Kannada film without mentioning its name.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kannada-actor-ramesh-aravinds-throwback-photo-dressed-as-woman-viral-8867572.html|title=Kannada Actor Ramesh Aravind's Throwback Photo Dressed As Woman Viral|date=26 April 2024|website=[[News18]]|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=27 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727090701/https://www.news18.com/movies/kannada-actor-ramesh-aravinds-throwback-photo-dressed-as-woman-viral-8867572.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/is-this-girl-that-actor|title=இந்த பெண்ணா... அந்த நடிகர்? வைரலாகும் புகைப்படம்...|date=1 November 2022|website=[[Kalki Online]]|language=ta|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815174144/https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/is-this-girl-that-actor|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/actor-disguise-as-a-women-photo-goes-viral-on-internet-pvn-1670823.html|title=ಇವರು ಹಿರಿಯ 'ನಟಿ' ಅಲ್ಲ, ಹಿರಿಯ 'ನಟ'! ಹೆಣ್ಣಿನ ವೇಷದಲ್ಲಿರೋ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಈ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಯಾರು ಗೊತ್ತಾ?|date=25 April 2024|language=kn|website=News18|access-date=14 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815174139/https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/actor-disguise-as-a-women-photo-goes-viral-on-internet-pvn-1670823.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15136826}}

[[Category:1997 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Kannada-language films]]

Night Curfew

2026-03-03T12:12:21Z

Ali omar: Started New Details Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Night Curfew
| image = Night Curfew poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Ravindra Venshi
| writer = Ravindra Venshi
| screenplay = Ravindra Venshi
| story = Ravindra Venshi
| based_on = 
| producer = B S Chandrashekar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Malashri]]
*[[Ranjani Raghavan]]
*[[Pramod Shetty]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Pramod Bharathiya
| editing = C. Ravichandran
| music = M. S. Maruthi
| studio = Swarnaganga Films
| distributor = Radhakrishna Through Swarnaganga films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|4|12}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 3.27 crores
| gross =
}}
''''' Night Curfew''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ranjani-raghavan-and-malashree-team-up-for-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/95333167.cms|title=Ranjani Raghavan and Malashree team up for a crime thriller|date=6 November 2022|work= The Times of India}}</ref> directed by Ravindra Venshi and starring [[Malashri]] and [[Ranjani Raghavan]]. The film is set during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] curfew and was released to mixed-to-positive reviews.

==Plot==
During a deadly pandemic gripping the world, Dr. Durga, a former army doctor, and her team battle tirelessly at a private hospital amidst strict curfews. The tension escalates when Tina's menacing husband forces the hospital to admit her, only for Tina to tragically succumb before treatment can begin. Dr. Durga senses something amiss as Raghuram and his cohorts take over, severing all communication with the outside world.

Now, Dr. Durga must protect her patients while unraveling the mystery that unfolds within the hospital's walls.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Malashri]] as Durga
*[[Ranjani Raghavan]] as Vedha
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Police Inspector
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Sadhu
*Sahana Shree as Ramaa
*Manju Pavagada as Mutha
*[[Bala Rajwadi]] as Devaiah
*Vardhan Theerthall as vaibhav
*Ashwin Hassan as Dinesh
*[[Pramod Shetty]] as Raghuram
}}

==Production==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2024}}
=== Pre-production ===
During the lockdown, Director Ravindra Venshi read a news story that had occurred in Hyderabad, which piqued his interest. Venshi developed the plot, and when Producer Chandrashekar casually inquired, he narrated the story. Impressed by the storyline, Chandrashekhar asked him to complete the screenplay. Ravindra Venshi then sat down and wrote the entire script, presenting it to Chandrashekar as a bound script. Initially, the movie was envisioned for a low budget with non-star actors.

===Casting===
Initially, Ravindra Venshi planned to cast veteran artist Ram Kumar's son, Dheeren Ramkumar, as the protagonist for "Night Curfew". A photoshoot was even conducted with him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheeren-ramkumar-to-play-a-doctor-in-his-next-film/articleshow/86068038.cms|title=Dheeren Ramkumar to play a doctor in his next film|work= The Times of India}}</ref> However, the plan did not materialize, and later, the director decided to change the protagonist to a female role. [[Malashri]] was then chosen as the main lead for the film.

===Filming===
Principal photography commenced on March 23, 2022, amidst the challenges posed by the ongoing pandemic. With hospitals unavailable for shooting, the team ingeniously opted to construct sets on the producer's own property. Led by art director Chiranjivi, they meticulously crafted sets including a mortuary, where filming spanned nine intense days, complete with gripping action sequences.

Subsequently, another set was fashioned to replicate hospital interiors, followed by sets for a bar and an oxygen corner, each meticulously designed to authentically reflect their respective environments. Additionally, a portion of an international school was transformed into a hospital, adding a layer of realism to the narrative.

Given that the story unfolds over the course of a single night, all filming took place during nighttime hours, heightening the film's atmospheric intensity and capturing the urgency of its plot.

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Apart from a few flaws, ''Night Curfew'' can be a good one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/night-curfew/movie-review/109253782.cms|title=Night Curfew Movie Review : Night Curfew review: A gripping story set in COVID times|work= The Times of India}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film two-and-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Night Curfew'' delivers what it sets out to do, even though it only holds up as a one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/13/night-curfew-review-malashrees-action-takes-centre-stage-in-this-medical-thriller|title='Night Curfew' review: Malashree’s action takes centre stage in this medical thriller|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=13 April 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote that "Apart from Malashree and her typical on-screen action, ''Night Curfew'' is another ordinary film made against the backdrop of measures imposed to curb the spread of Coronavirus in 2021 and early 2022".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/night-curfew-review-a-typical-malashree-action-drama-set-against-a-covid-19-backdrop-review-109242934|title=Night Curfew Review: A Typical Malashree Action Drama Set Against A COVID-19 Backdrop|date=12 April 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref> Kannada daily ''[[Vijayavani]]'' wrote that excluding some dull moments, night curfew is must watch movie for thriller movie fans".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vijayavani.net/malashri-starring-night-curfew-move-review|title=ಕರೋನಾ ಕಾಲದ ಕರಾಳ ಕಥನ|date=13 April 2024|website=vijayavani}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15392486}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

F. B. J. Kuiper

2026-02-22T13:26:27Z

Ali omar: Put up a post

{{Short description|Dutch linguist (1907–2003)}}
{{redirect|Frans Kuiper|other people with similar names|Frans Kuiper (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = F. B. J. Kuiper
| honorific_suffix =
| image = FBJ Kuiper.jpg
| alt = An elderly man in a checkered suit holding his head at an angle
| caption =
| birth_name = Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[The Hague]], Netherlands
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|11|14|1907|7|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Zeist]], Netherlands
| resting_place = {{ill|Rhijnhof cemetery|nl|Begraafplaats Rhijnhof|v=ib}} ([[Leiden]], Netherlands)
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Eduarda Johanna de Jong|1934}} {{marriage|Hanna Nieboer||1982}}
| partner =
| children = 5
| parents =
| relatives =
| education = [[Leiden University]]
| thesis_title = Die indogermanischen Nasalpräsentia: ein Versuch zu einer morphologischen Analyse
| thesis_url = https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB21:029118000
| thesis_year = 1934
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = {{ill|Frederik Muller Jzn|nl||de|Frederik Muller Jzn.|v=ib}}
| academic_advisors =
| discipline = {{hlist|[[Indo-European studies]]|[[Indology]]}}
| main_interests = {{hlist|[[Sanskrit]]|[[laryngeal theory]]|[[Historical Vedic religion|historical Indian mythology]]|[[Munda languages]]}}
| workplaces = Leiden University
| doctoral_students = {{hlist|[[Robert S. P. Beekes|Robert {{nowrap|S. P.}} Beekes]]|{{ill|E. J. Furnée|qid=Q112486693|v=ib}}}}
| notable_students = {{hlist|[[J. W. de Jong|{{nowrap|J. W.}} {{nowrap|de Jong}}]]}}
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| module =
{{Infobox military person
|embed = yes
|allegiance = {{flag|Netherlands|link=no}}
|branch = {{army|Netherlands}}
|branch_label = Branch
|serviceyears = {{circa|1928}}–1948
|rank = [[First lieutenant]]
|unit = {{ubl|[[2nd Unmounted Artillery Regiment]]|[[Motorized Artillery Regiment]]}}
|battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[German invasion of the Netherlands]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
'''Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus''' "'''Frans'''" '''Kuiper''' ({{IPAc-en|'|k|aɪ|p|ər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Kuiper belt.wav}} {{respell|KY|pər}};{{sfn|''Dictionary.com''|n.d.}} {{IPA|nl|ˈkœypər|lang|Nl-kuiper.ogg}}; 7 July 1907 – 14 November 2003) was a Dutch linguist and [[Indologist]]. Between 1939 and 1972, he was professor of [[Sanskrit]] at [[Leiden University]]. He served as [[chair (academia)|chair]] of the [[Balto-Slavic languages]], taking on the role in 1941. His research focused largely on Sanskrit, [[historical linguistics]], and [[Historical Vedic religion|historical Indian mythology]], though he contributed significantly to research of [[laryngeal theory]] and the [[Munda languages]] as well.

Kuiper's most notable contributions concerned [[reflex (linguistics)|reflex]]es of the [[nasal present]] in Sanskrit inherited from its [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ancestor, the [[declension]] systems of Proto-Indo-European which validated an earlier theory proposed by [[Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Holger Pedersen]], and the influence of [[Paleo-European languages|Paleo-European substrates]] on the [[Indo-European languages]]. His analysis of [[vowel length]] in Sanskrit led to the discovery of a more widespread process now known as [[Kuiper's law]].

Through his service in the [[Royal Netherlands Army]]'s [[military reserve]] as an [[artillery]] officer, Kuiper was able to fund his graduate education. As a condition of his [[scholarship]], he served a stint as a [[classics]] teacher at the [[lyceum]] in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (modern-day [[Jakarta]], Indonesia) until he was appointed to the professorship in [[Leiden]]. Kuiper served in the Netherlands' reserve component until 1948. In 1957, he co-founded the academic journal ''[[Indo-Iranian Journal]]'' with his former student [[J. W. de Jong|{{nowrap|J. W.}} de Jong]] and served as its [[editor-in-chief]] until 1979, though he remained a part of the editorial process until at least the 1990s. Along with [[Jan Gonda]], Kuiper has been credited with helping improve the standing of Dutch Indology internationally. With his mentors [[Nicolaas van Wijk]] and [[C. C. Uhlenbeck|C.{{spaces}}C. Uhlenbeck]], Kuiper has been credited with helping shape Leiden University as a premier institution for Indo-European linguistics.

==Early life==
[[File:Haganum-1919.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Gymnasium Haganum]] in 1919, around the time Kuiper began study there|alt=A large ornate, gated building with a large central tower backdropped by a hazy sky]]
Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper was born in [[The Hague]] on 7 July 1907, the son of Anna Maria ({{nee|van Dijck}}) and Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper, a schoolteacher.<ref>{{multiref2|For the date and place of birth, see {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}}, {{harvnb|Witzel|2004|p=1}}, {{harvnb|Elizarenkova|1987|p=146}}, and {{harvnb|Beekes|2005|p=233}}.|For his father's full name, see {{harvnb|''NRC Handelsblad''|1973}}.|For his father's work, see {{harvnb|Beekes|2005|p=233}}.|For his mother's name, see {{harvnb|''NRC Handelsblad''|1973}} and {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}}. }}</ref> During his youth, the younger Kuiper developed an interest in languages, sharing his interest with his father as early as ten years old and studying the [[Gothic language]]. Later, he attended [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] at the [[Gymnasium Haganum]] in his hometown, where he studied on the [[Education in the Netherlands#History of education|alpha track]], a six-year program with an emphasis on languages.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}}

After five years, he passed the alpha state examination ({{langx|nl|staatsexamen alpha}}) in August 1924, beginning his studies in [[classical literature]] and [[Indo-European linguistics]] at [[Leiden University]] the same year.<ref>{{multiref2|For his passing the alpha state examination in August 1924, see {{harvnb|''Utrechtsche Courant''|1924|p=3}}.|For his study of classics at Leiden, see {{harvnb|Witzel|2004|pp=1–2}}.|For his having started study in 1924, see {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}}.|For everything else, see {{harvnb|Elizarenkova|1987|p=146}}.}}</ref> He further studied [[Sanskrit]] at the [[University of Utrecht]] under the tutelage of [[Willem Caland]], taking private lessons with him at Caland's home, which covered classical [[Vedic]] works like the {{translit|sa|[[Brāhmaṇa]]}} and {{translit|sa|[[Sūtra]]}} texts.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Beekes|2005|p=233}}

Kuiper passed two {{lang|nl|[[Candidate (degree)#The Low Countries|kandidaats]]}} exams – one in classical literature in 1928 and one in [[Indology]] in 1929 – both {{lang|la|[[cum laude]]}}.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}} In the time between these exams, he joined the [[Military reserve|reserve officer corps]] of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]].{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}} Kuiper served with the [[2nd Unmounted Artillery Regiment]], achieving the rank of {{lang|nl|[[Fähnrich|vaandrig]]}} in 1931.{{sfn|''De Amsterdammer''|1931|p=7}}

==Academic career==
===Graduate studies===
Kuiper continued his studies in classical literature at Leiden.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}} There, he studied under [[C. C. Uhlenbeck|{{nowrap|C. C.}} Uhlenbeck]], but following Uhlenbeck's retirement, he began studying under [[Nicolaas van Wijk]], a profound influence on Kuiper's work; following Kuiper's death, [[Henk Bodewitz]] described Van Wijk as Kuiper's "great inspirator".{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}}{{sfn|Beekes|2005|p=233}} Kuiper studied the [[Balto-Slavic languages]] with Van Wijk, including Russian, Lithuanian, and [[Old Church Slavonic]].{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}} In Van Wijk's posthumous {{lang|de|[[Festschrift]]}}, Kuiper described the change from Uhlenbeck to Van Wijk thus:

{{blockquote|
The contrast between them could scarcely have been greater. [...] It was a big change, from the visionary romantic to the more sober, down-to-earth artisan but, particularly for a young student, it proved [[wikt:salutary|salutary]]. Van Wijk also had wide visions, as displayed in his remarkable inaugural address and his [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] lectures, but they were based on patient and meticulous research.{{sfn|Kuiper|1988|pp=2–3}}
}}

In 1934, Kuiper completed his {{lang|nl|{{ill|doctoraalexamen|nl}}}}, which granted him the equivalent of a [[master's degree]], in classical literature; just two weeks later, he successfully defended his [[dissertation]], receiving his [[doctorate]] {{lang|la|cum laude}}.<ref>{{multiref2|For the subject and date of the {{lang|nl|doctoraalexamen}}, see {{harvnb|''De Tijd''|1934|p=4}}.|For everything else, see {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}} and {{harvnb|Elizarenkova|1987|p=146}}.}}</ref> The time between these two events was short. His {{lang|nl|doctoraal}} degree was funded by his military service on the condition that he teach classics at a [[lyceum]] in the [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch colony]] of [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies|East Indies]] (modern-day [[Jakarta]], Indonesia) immediately upon graduation. Kuiper consequently postponed his {{lang|nl|doctoraalexamen}} in order to get his doctorate before departing for the Dutch East Indies, thereby securing his thesis defense and earning both his {{lang|nl|doctoraal}} and his doctorate before he was forced to honor the conditions of his scholarship.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=77}}{{sfn|Beekes|2005|p=233}} He later published an expanded version of his thesis in 1937, which focused on the [[nasal infix|nasal presents]] – that is, the [[infix]]ation of the [[nasal consonant]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|n}} to form some [[present tense]] verbs – in Sanskrit and other [[Indo-European languages]].{{sfn|Beekes|2005|p=233}}{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=2}}

===Life abroad and return to Leiden===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Lyceum te Batavia TMnr 10002319.jpg|thumb|Kuiper taught at the lyceum in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]], as a condition of his military scholarship.|alt=A triangular shaped building with many windows with its view slightly obscured by a massive tree]]
Shortly before departing to Batavia, Kuiper married Eduarda Johanna "Warda" de Jong in 1934.{{sfn|Beekes|2005|p=233}}{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=78}} Once there, he taught classics at the Carpentier Alting Foundation Lyceum ({{langx|nl|Lyceum der Carpentier Alting–Stichting}}).{{sfn|''Algemeen Handelsblad''|1939|p=3}} During his time abroad, he continued his research and published several articles. He remained in military service as a reservist, being promoted to [[second lieutenant]] in February 1935 followed by a promotion to [[first lieutenant]] in December as a part of the [[Motorized Artillery Regiment]].<ref>{{multiref2|For Kuiper's continued publication while overseas, see {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=78}}.|For his promotion to second lieutenant, see {{harvnb|''Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië''|1935|p=19}}.|For his promotion to first lieutenant and his regiment, see {{harvnb|''De Telegraaf''|1935|p=2}}.}}</ref> In 1937, he became a member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=78}} In April 1939, Kuiper resigned his membership.{{sfn|''Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences''|n.d.}} In the fall of the same year, Kuiper was appointed by Leiden University to take over the Sanskrit [[professor]]ship after [[J. Ph. Vogel|{{nowrap|J. Ph.}} Vogel]]'s departure, taking the official title of "Regular Professor of Sanskrit and Its Literature and Indian Archeology" ({{lang|nl|gewoon hoogleeraar in het Sanskriet en zijn letterkunde en de Indische Oudheidkunde}}).<ref>{{multiref2|For his official title, see {{harvnb|''Algemeen Handelsblad''|1939|p=3}} and {{harvnb|''NRC Handelsblad''|1972a|p=20}}.|For everything else, see {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=78}}, {{harvnb|Beekes|2005|p=233}}, {{harvnb|Hinrichs|2006|pp=249, 256}}, and {{harvnb|''De Maasbode''|1939|p=6}}.}}</ref> He gave an inaugural speech shortly after his arrival, entitled "{{langr|nl|De goddelijke moeder in de voor-indische religie}}" ('The Divine Mother in the Pre-Indian Religion').{{sfn|''De Maasbode''|1939|p=6}}{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|pp=78–79}} In 1940, he was [[honorably discharged]] from military service as a first lieutenant.{{sfn|''Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië''|1940|p=2}}

Due to the threat of [[Nazi Germany]] at the time, Kuiper returned to military service and taught only once a week, but following [[German invasion of the Netherlands|the defeat of the Netherlands]] and [[Netherlands in World War II#German occupation|its subsequent occupation]], the university was shut down.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=78}} Around this time, Van Wijk and he were close friends. When Van Wijk died unexpectedly in 1941, Kuiper was selected as one of the only two to speak at the packed funeral and had a significant role in handling his [[estate (law)|estate]].<ref>{{multiref2|For the two being close friends later in life and his selection as one of two to speak at the funeral, see {{harvnb|Hinrichs|2006|pp=269–270}}.|For his role in handling his estate, see {{harvnb|Hinrichs|2006|p=282}}.}}</ref> Throughout his career, Kuiper kept a portrait of Van Wijk on his desk.{{sfn|Hinrichs|2006|p=290}} Following Van Wijk's death, Kuiper was appointed to take over as [[chair (academia)|chair]] of the [[Balto-Slavic languages]].{{sfn|Hinrichs|2006|p=283}} In 1942, Kuiper published one of his most influential pieces: "Notes on Vedic Noun-Inflexion".  The piece argues for a system of two [[accent (phonetics)|accent]]-based [[inflection]] systems in Proto-Indo-European, based on his previous publication {{lang|fr|La cinquième déclinaison latine}} ('The Latin Fifth Declension') and the earlier work of the Danish linguist [[Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Holger Pedersen]]. The article was well-received and was quickly accepted by fellow linguists.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=80}}

===Post-war career===
Kuiper resumed teaching during the 1945–1946 academic year.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=78}} During the occupation, he had spent most of his study on the [[Munda languages]], culminating in an English-language book – ''Proto-Munda Words in Sanskrit'' – published in 1948 which he later described as "immature".{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=79}}{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=6}} The same year, he was again honorably discharged from military service and was re-inducted into the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{multiref2|For honorable discharge from military service, see {{harvnb|''Nederlandsche Staatscourant''|1948|p=11}}.|For his re-induction into the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, see {{harvnb|''Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences''|n.d.}}.
}}</ref> During this period, Kuiper began teaching comparative [[Indo-European linguistics]], as well as [[Old Iranian]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and took an academic interest in [[laryngeal theory]].{{sfn|Witzel|2004|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|pp=79–80}} This theory – which proposed that the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] had three consonants of indeterminate guttural [[places of articulation]] which typically developed into vowels in all but one [[daughter language]] – was still not fully accepted by linguists, but Kuiper presented several innovative perspectives, particularly with respect to their [[reflex (linguistics)|reflex]]es in [[Vedic Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=3}}

In 1955, Kuiper published an article for the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences entitled "Shortening of Final Vowels in the {{translit|sa|Rigveda|italics=no}}". In it, he articulated that short vowels in the last syllable of a word followed by a historical laryngeal consonant – that is, one of the three consonant sounds of unknown articulation – led to a [[long vowel]] in Sanskrit if what followed the vowel was a consonant. However, when this vowel–laryngeal combination occurred at the end of a word or utterance, this short vowel remained unchanged. Kuiper attributed this [[alternation (linguistics)|alternation]] to the [[Elision|loss]] of the laryngeal {{lang|la|[[Pausa|in pausa]]}}, or immediately before a pause in speech.{{sfn|Kuiper|1955|p=287}} This process is now regarded as having occurred in Proto-Indo-European and has attracted study in other [[Indo-European languages]] since Kuiper's death; languages with attested evidence of this process include [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]], [[Latin]], [[Old Norse]], and [[Ancient Greek]]. Kuiper's association with this process has led to it being termed "[[Kuiper's law]]".<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Byrd|2015|p=26}}.|{{harvnb|Vine|2018|p=756}}.|{{harvnb|Hackstein|2018|p=1327}}.|{{harvnb|Kölligan|2015|p=84}}}}</ref>

The following year, Kuiper began publishing increasingly about the possibilities of [[Paleo-European languages|non-Indo-European substrate languages]] as etymological explanations of words in some Indo-European languages. Kuiper argued that the Greek word {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} ({{translit|grc|ánthrōpos}}, 'man'), for example, had a [[Pre-Greek]] origin rather than an Indo-European one.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|pp=80–81}} He abandoned the effort until much later based on what he felt was a field-wide reluctance to take non-Indo-European material seriously.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=81}} In 1957, he began the ''[[Indo-Iranian Journal]]'', an [[academic journal]] focusing on the cultures and languages of the [[Indo-Iranians]] and their descendants, with his colleague and former student [[J. W. de Jong]].{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=2}}{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=79}}

Kuiper took on one last [[research assistant]] in 1969 before retiring in 1972 after his student {{ill|E. J. Furnée|qid=Q112486693}} achieved his doctorate in March.<ref>{{multiref2|For Furnée's doctoral promotion, see {{harvnb|''NRC Handelsblad''|1972|p=3}}.|For everything else, see {{harvnb|Elizarenkova|1987|p=147}} and {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=83}}.}}</ref> At only sixty-five years old, his retirement was considered early.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=2}}{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=83}} Growing frustration with academic reforms, which were viewed as unproductive and frustrating, contributed to Kuiper's earlier-than-typical retirement.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=2}}

===Final years===
[[File:BegraafplaatsRhijnhof2026-Kuiper.jpg|thumb|Kuiper family grave at Rhijnhof cemetery in Leiden]]
Later in his life, Kuiper married Hanna ({{nee|Nieboer}}), whom he was with for over thirty-five years at the time of his death.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Witzel|2004|p=16}}.{{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=84}}.}}</ref>{{efn|It is unclear when the couple married, though it was at some point before 15 February 1982.{{sfn|''NRC Handelsblad''|1982|p=20}}}} As he began to age, Kuiper's eyesight deteriorated tremendously to the point where he could no longer drive. He was able to have it corrected through [[eye surgery]] and immediately bought a new [[BMW]] when he could drive again.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=15}} Although he continued to write in his nineties, his eyesight began to fail again and he came to increasingly have to care for his wife.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=16}}{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=84}} Despite this, he remained active in academia well into his final years; he described one paper as his "[[swan song]]", but ended up publishing three more thereafter and was at academic events until May 2002.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=16}}

On the morning of 14 November 2003, Kuiper died in [[Zeist]] at the age of 96.{{sfn|Hinrichs|2006|p=290}}{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=1}} His wife died less than six weeks later.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=16}}{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=84}} Kuiper had five children, though one predeceased him.{{sfn|Beekes|2005|p=233}} He is buried in {{ill|Rhijnhof cemetery|nl|Begraafplaats Rhijnhof}} in Leiden.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=1}}

==Recognition and legacy==
In 1967, Kuiper was made a Knight in the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]], in recognition of his eminence as a professor of linguistics.{{sfn|Witzel|2004|p=2}}{{sfn|''Algemeen Handelsblad''|1967|p=12}} Although he generally shied away from public praise, Kuiper was honored with his own {{lang|de|Festschrift}} the following year, entitled {{translit|sa|Pratidānam}}, for his sixtieth birthday.{{sfn|Heesterman|Schokker|Subramoniam|1968|p=v}} His work on laryngeal theory laid the groundwork for his student [[Robert S. P. Beekes|Robert {{nowrap|S. P.}} Beekes]]'s 1969 doctoral dissertation, ''The Development of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek'', and later influenced Beekes's own student, {{nowrap|M. C. Monna}}.<ref>{{multiref2|For the name and year of the thesis, see {{harvnb|''De Tijd''|1969|p=4}}.|For everything else, see {{harvnb|Bodewitz|n.d.|pp=79–80}}.}}</ref> Kuiper continued to be the [[editor-in-chief]] for the ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' until 1979, though he remained involved in the editorial process well after that.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=83}} Kuiper returned as editor-in-chief for one issue in 1990, with [[Henk Bodewitz]] taking over thereafter.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=83}}

Kuiper had a strong presence in his field, including several memberships and honorary memberships in various societies and academies. In addition to his membership in the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, he served as president of the [[International Association for Tamil Research]], was a foreign member of the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]], was a [[corresponding member]] of the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]], and held honorary memberships in the [[Linguistic Society of America]], the [[American Oriental Society]], the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]]. He was most proud of his American memberships in particular.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=83}} Kuiper was also at one point the director of the [[Kern Institute]], a society dedicated to the study of [[South Asia]] with a focus on [[India]] and [[Tibet]].<ref>{{multiref2|For the institute's description, see {{harvnb|''Society of Friends of the Kern Institute''|n.d.}}|For Kuiper's directorship, see {{harvnb|''De Volkskrant''|1968|p=21}}.}}</ref> Kuiper only had four graduate students during his academic career.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=83}}

Following his death, [[Michael Witzel]] described him as "my last [[Guru]]", writing that his work "represents some of the most innovative and lasting research done in [Indology] during the past century".{{sfn|Witzel|2004|pp=16–17}} Henk Bodewitz wrote that [[Jan Gonda]] and Kuiper helped elevate Dutch Indology and its related disciplines internationally.{{sfn|Bodewitz|n.d.|p=84}} [[Tatyana Elizarenkova]], a close colleague of Kuiper's, echoed this sentiment; she relates Kuiper to a strong tradition of Indology in the Netherlands that has been recognized worldwide and states that his works in particular "mark a new stage, a turning point" for the fields he was involved in.{{sfn|Elizarenkova|1987|p=146}} Along with those of Van Wijk and Uhlenbeck, the Russian-Dutch linguist [[Alexander Lubotsky]] described Kuiper's contributions to Leiden University as having created a tradition of intellectual rigor which helped elevate the institution in Indo-European linguistics.{{sfn|Lubotsky|1997|p=vii}}

==Selected works==
* [https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB21:029118000 {{lang|de|Die indogermanischen Nasalpräsentia: ein Versuch zu einer morphologischen Analyse}}] (''The Indo-European Nasal Present: An Attempt at Morphological Analysis'', 1934), dissertation
* [https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB24:061435000 {{lang|de|Die indogermanischen Nasalpräsentia}}] (1937), trade edition
* [https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB18:000672000 {{lang|de|Zur Herkunft von Lat.}} {{lang|la|Iste|italics=no}}] ('On the Origin of Latin {{lang|la|Iste}}{{-'}}, 1939)
* [https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMUBVU02:000002251 {{lang|nl|De goddelijke moeder in de Voor-Indische religie}}] ('The Divine Mother in the Pre-Indian Religion', 1939)
* ''[https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB31:039416000 Notes on Vedic Noun-Inflexion]'' (1942)
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103222 Proto-Munda Words in Sanskrit]'' (1948)
* ''An Austro-Asiatic Myth in the Rigveda'' (1950)
* ''{{lang|grc|Νωροπι χαλκῳ}} [{{translit|grc|Nōropi khalkōi}}]: On the Meaning of These Words in Homer's Poems'' (1951)
* ''Shortening of Final Vowels in the Rigveda'' (1955)
* ''[https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00009788.pdf Nahali: A Comparative Study]'' (1962)
* ''[https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00009880.pdf On Zarathustra's Language]'' (1978), {{ISBN|0-7204-8462-6}}
* ''[https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00010232.pdf Varuṇa and Vidūṣaka: On the Origin of the Sanskrit Drama]'' (1979), {{ISBN|0-7204-8452-9|link=no}}
* ''Ancient Indian Cosmogony: Essays Selected and Introduced by John Irwin'' (1983), {{ISBN|0-7069-1370-1|link=no}}
* [https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00010256.pdf {{translit|sa|Gopālakelicandrikā}}'': A Kṛṣṇa-Play by Rāmakṛṣṇa (Sanskrit Text with Notes)''] (1987), annotated by Kuiper; {{ISBN|0-444-85643-9|link=no}}
* ''Aryans in the Rigveda'' (1991), {{ISBN|90-5183-307-5|link=no}}
* ''Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology'' (1997), {{ISBN|90-420-0235-2|link=no}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last=Beekes |first=R. S. P. |author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes |title=Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper (1907–2003) |journal=Kratylos |volume=50 |issue=1 |date=2005 |doi=10.29091/KRATYLOS/2005/1/57 |pages=233–234 |url=https://kratylos.reichert-online.org/article/KRATYLOS/2005/1/57 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite web |last=Bodewitz |first=H. W. |author-link=Henk Bodewitz |date=n.d. |title=Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper |url=https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00001424.pdf |website=Digital Web Center for the History of Science in the Low Countries |location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |pages=76–84 |access-date=21 March 2025}}
* {{cite book | last=Byrd | first=Andrew Miles | author-link=Andrew Miles Byrd | title=The Indo-European Syllable | url=https://brill.com/display/title/31666?language=en | url-access=subscription | publisher=Brill | publication-place=[[Leiden]], Netherlands | date=2015 | isbn=978-90-04-29302-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elizarenkova |first=Tatjana |author-link=Tatyana Elizarenkova |title=F. J. B. Kuiper: Fundamental Directions of His Scholarly Work |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nu/34/2/article-p145_1.xml |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]] |date=1987 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=145–178 |doi=10.1163/156852787X00010 |issn=1568-5276}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Heesterman |editor-first=J. C. |editor-last2=Schokker |editor-first2=G. H. |editor-last3=Subramoniam |editor-first3=V. I. |title=Pratidānam: Indian, Iranian, and Indo-European Studies Presented to Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper on His Sixtieth Birthday |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783112415306/html |url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter|Mouton]] |publication-place=Berlin |volume=34 |series=Janua Linguarum: Studia Memoriae Nicolai van Wijk Dedicata |date=1968 |doi=10.1515/9783112415306 |isbn=978-3-11-241530-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hinrichs |first=Jan Paul |author-link=:nl:Jan Paul Hinrichs |title=Nicolaas van Wijk (1880–1941): Slavist, linguist, philanthropist |journal=Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |volume=31 |year=2006 |issn=0169-0124 |jstor=40997485 |pages=3–341 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40997485 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Klein | editor-first=Jared |editor-link=Jared Klein | editor-last2=Joseph | editor-first2=Brian | editor-last3=Fritz | editor-first3=Matthias | title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics | publisher=[[De Gruyter]]| publication-place=Berlin | date=2018 | isbn=978-3-11-054052-9}}
** {{harvc|last=Vine |first=Brent |author-link=Brent Vine |chapter=48. The morphology of Italic |pages=751–804 |year=2018 |in=Klein |in2=Joseph |in3=Fritz}}
** {{harvc|last=Hackstein |first=Olav |author-link=:de:Olav Hackstein |chapter=75. The phonology of Tocharian |pages=1304–1335 |year=2018 |in=Klein |in2=Joseph |in3=Fritz}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kölligan |first1=Daniel |date=2015 |title=A Note on Proto-Norse ''ek'' and Kuiper's law |url=https://ifl.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/sites/linguistik/Personen/HVS/Koelligan/PDFs/Koelligan_2015_2016_-_A_note_on_Proto-Norse_ek_and_Kuipers_Law_-_IJDL_2015_2.pdf |journal=International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=83–87 |location=Munich |issn=1614-5291 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kuiper |first=F. B. J. |editor-last1=Lubotsky |editor-first1=Alexander |editor-link=Alexander Lubotsky |editor-last2=Oort |editor-first2=M. S. |editor-last3=Witzel |editor-first3=M. |editor-link3=Michael Witzel |title=Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology |chapter=Shortening of Final Vowels in the Rigveda |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004653764/B9789004653764_s011.xml |chapter-url-access=subscription |publisher=Brill |volume=8 |series=Leiden Studies in Indo-European |date=1997 |pages=284–320 |orig-date=1955 |isbn=978-90-04-65376-4 |doi=10.1163/9789004653764_011 |publication-place=[[Amsterdam]] |ref={{sfnref|Kuiper|1955}} }}
* {{cite journal |editor-last=Barentsen |editor-first={{nowrap|A. A.}} |editor-last2=Groen |editor-first2={{nowrap|B. M.}} |editor-last3=Sprenger |editor-first3=R. |title=Nicolaas van Wijk (1880–1941) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40996989 |jstor=40996989 |url-access=subscription |journal=Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |volume=12 |year=1988 |issn=0169-0124 |last=Kuiper |first={{nowrap|F. B. J.}} |pages=1–5}}
* {{cite book |last=Lubotsky |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Lubotsky |title=Sound Law and Analogy: Papers in honor of Robert S.P. Beekes on the occasion of his 60th birthday |publisher=Rodopi |publication-place=Amsterdam|date=1997 |isbn=978-90-420-0321-7 |url=https://brill.com/display/title/30175 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal | last=Witzel | first=Michael | author-link=Michael Witzel | title=F. J. B. Kuiper 1907–2003 | journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies | date=2004 | volume=11 | issue=1 | doi=10.11588/EJVS.2004.1.2151 |doi-access=free | pages=1–17 }}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1924 |title=Stadsnieuws: Examens |trans-title=City News: Exams |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=MMUTRA04:253320048:mpeg21:p00003 |work=Utrechtsche Courant |location=Utrecht |page=4 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|Utrechtsche Courant|1924}} |access-date=13 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1931 |title=Reserve-personeel bij de Landmacht: Mutaties en bevorderingen |trans-title=Reserve Personnel in the Army: Changes and Promotions |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000066148:mpeg21:a00057 |work=[[De Amsterdammer]] |page=7 |location=Amsterdam |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|De Amsterdammer|1931}} |access-date=10 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1934 |title=Academische examens |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010535795:mpeg21:a0117 |work=[[HP/De Tijd|De Tijd]] |location=Amsterdam |page=4 |language=nl |trans-title=Academic exams |ref={{sfnref|De Tijd|1934}} |access-date=7 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1935 |title=Ambtelijke Mutaties |trans-title=Official Promotions |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010230337:mpeg21:p019|work=[[Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië|Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië]] |location=[[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] |page=19 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1935}} |access-date=13 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1935 |title=Mutaties bij de Res. Officieren |trans-title=Promotions of Reservist Officers |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:110576616:mpeg21:a0035&objectsearch=kuiper |work=[[De Telegraaf]] |location=Amsterdam |page=2 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|De Telegraaf|1935}} |access-date=13 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1939 |title=Ambtsaanvaarding Prof. Dr. F. B. J. Kuiper |trans-title=Inauguration of Prof. Dr. F. B. J. Kuiper |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010535795:mpeg21:p004 |work=[[:nl:De Maasbode|De Maasbode]] |location=[[Rotterdam]] |page=6 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|De Maasbode|1939}} |access-date=15 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1939 |title=Prof. dr. F. B. J. Kuiper: Benoemd tot gewoon hoogleeraar aan de Leidsche universiteit |trans-title=Prof. Dr. F. B. J. Kuiper Appointed Regular Professor at Leiden University |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBNRC01:000053472:mpeg21:a0065 |work=[[Algemeen Handelsblad]] |location=[[Amsterdam]] |page=3 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|Algemeen Handelsblad|1939}} |access-date=10 May 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1940 |title=Leger en Vloot. Mutaties. Reserve-officieren. |trans-title=Army and Navy: Changes: Reserve Officers |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010984223:mpeg21:a0229 |work=[[Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië|Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië]] |location=[[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] |page=2 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië|1940}} |access-date=10 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1948 |title=Benoemingen / Ontslag / enz. |trans-title=Appointments / Dismissals / etc. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB08:000166176:mpeg21:p011 |work=[[Nederlandsche Staatscourant]] |location=Amsterdam |pages=8–11 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|Nederlandsche Staatscourant|1948}} |access-date=10 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1967 |title=Koninklijke Onderscheidingen |trans-title=Royal Honors |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=KBNRC01:000034151:mpeg21:a0123 |work=[[Algemeen Handelsblad]] |location=Amsterdam |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|Algemeen Handelsblad|1967}} |access-date=1 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1968 |title=Personalia |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010848418:mpeg21:a0279 |work=[[De Volkskrant]] |location=Amsterdam |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|De Volkskrant|1968}} |access-date=9 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1969 |title=Personalia: Promoties |trans-title=Personalia: [Doctoral] Promotion |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110611832:mpeg21:a0115 |page=4 |work=[[HP/De Tijd|De Tijd]] |location=Amsterdam |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|De Tijd|1969}} |access-date=14 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1972 |title=Promoties |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBNRC01:000031859:mpeg21:a0089 |work=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |location=Amsterdam |page=8 |language=nl |trans-title=(Doctoral) Promotions |ref={{sfnref|NRC Handelsblad|1972}} |access-date=14 April 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1972 |title=Benoemingen: Wetenschappelijk onderwijs |trans-title=Appointments: Scientific Education |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBNRC01:000031806:mpeg21:a0218 |work=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |location=[[Amsterdam]] |page=20 |language=nl |ref={{sfnref|NRC Handelsblad|1972a}} |access-date=10 May 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1973 |title=Familieberichten |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=KBNRC01:000032012:mpeg21:a0115 |work=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |location=Amsterdam |page=10 |language=nl |trans-title=Family announcements |ref={{sfnref|NRC Handelsblad|1973}} |access-date=2 April 2025}}
* {{cite web|author= |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001424 |title=F. B. J. Kuiper (1907–2003) |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |date=n.d. |ref={{sfnref|Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|n.d.}} |language=nl |access-date=20 March 2025}}
* {{cite news |author= |date=1982 |title=Familieberichten |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=h.+kuiper-nieboer&coll=ddd&identifier=KBNRC01:000028584:mpeg21:a0174&resultsidentifier=KBNRC01:000028584:mpeg21:a0174&rowid=2 |work=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |location=Amsterdam |page=20 |language=nl |trans-title=Family announcements |ref={{sfnref|NRC Handelsblad|1982}} |access-date=7 February 2026}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author= |date=n.d. |title=Kuiper |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Kuiper |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary.com|Dictionary.com Unabridged]] |access-date=7 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Dictionary.com|n.d.}} }}
* {{cite web|author= |url=https://www.instituutkern.nl/?lang=en |title=Society of Friends of the Kern Institute |publisher=[[Kern Institute]] |date=n.d. |ref={{sfnref|Society of Friends of the Kern Institute|n.d.}} |access-date=9 April 2025}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch linguists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]]
[[Category:Artillery personnel]]
[[Category:Corresponding Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Dutch Indologists]]
[[Category:Dutch Latinists]]
[[Category:Dutch Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
[[Category:Linguists of Baltic languages]]
[[Category:Linguists of Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Linguists of Nihali]]
[[Category:Linguists of Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Military personnel from The Hague]]
[[Category:Royal Netherlands Army officers]]
[[Category:Royal Netherlands Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Scholars of Ancient Greek]]
[[Category:Writers from The Hague]]

Kamal Basu

2026-02-09T18:08:47Z

Ali omar: small adjusted intro after review further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician (1918–2013)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
'''Kamal Kumar Basu''' (22 August 1918 – 21 January 2013)<ref name="Sansad">{{cite book | title=Sansad Bengali Charitabhidhan Vol.II | publisher= Sahitya Sansad, Kolkata | author= Anjali Bose | year=2019 | pages=79 | isbn=978-81-7955-292-6}}</ref> was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Indian politician who had served as a Mayor of Kolkata, India between 1985 and 1990.<ref name= IANS>{{cite web
| url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/former-kolkata-mayor-kamal-basu-dead-175401202.html
| title = Former Kolkata mayor Kamal Basu dead
| accessdate = 2013-01-26 | work = Indo-Asian News Service | publisher = yahoo.com, 21 January 2013 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born to a progressive family, that included his grandfather, barrister [[Bhupendra Nath Bose]], a former president of the [[Indian National Congress]], he had studied economics at the [[Scottish Church College]], and eventually earned a master's degree in [[political science]] from the [[University of Calcutta]], where he subsequently studied law.<ref name= TNN>{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Former-Kolkata-mayor-Kamal-Basu-passes-away/articleshow/18125534.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140116130215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-22/kolkata/36483509_1_kamal-basu-cpm-office-alimuddin-street
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 16 January 2014
| title = Former Kolkata mayor Kamal Basu passes away
| access-date = 2013-01-26 | work = [[The Times of India]]
| date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name= TT>{{cite news
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100829/jsp/calcutta/story_12849710.jsp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216213642/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100829/jsp/calcutta/story_12849710.jsp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2013
| title = Saviour of rajbati
| accessdate = 2013-01-26 | work = The Telegraph | publisher = telegraphindia.com, 29 August 2010 | location=Calcutta, India | date=29 August 2010}}</ref> He had joined a solicitor firm BN Basu & Co after passing law.

==Career in politics and social life==
At an early age, he joined the [[Communist Party of India]] and became a [[Member of Parliament]] for the [[Lok Sabha]], from West Bengal's [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]] in the [[South 24 Parganas district]] in 1952.<ref name= IANS/> In 1964, [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|when CPI split up]], he joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was associated with the CPI(M) for over four decades.<ref name= TNN/>

==Later life==
He became Calcutta's mayor in 1985. He was also actively associated with the establishment of [[Salt Lake Stadium]], as a founder secretary of the society for sports and stadium.<ref name= TNN/> He used to make on-the-spot supervisions during its construction.<ref name= TT/> He was also a patron of the [[Mohun Bagan]] club.<ref name= TNN/>

During the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, he fought a legal battle on behalf of his [[Communist Party of India]] comrades who had been detained by the [[Government of India]], on suspected loyalties.<ref name= TT/>

His efforts were instrumental in saving the [[Shobhabazar Rajbari]], often described as the native Town Hall, from destruction.<ref name= TT/>

==Death==
He died in a private nursing home on 21 January 2013 at the age of 94.<ref name= TNN/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Debasis Bose, ''Kamal Kumar Basur Paribarik Prekshapat'' (in Bengali), Kolkata, 2010.

{{First to Tenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Kamal}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Mayors of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]

Taha Shah Badussha

2026-01-31T08:06:00Z

Ali omar: New a post...

{{short description|Indian actor and former model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Taha Shah Badussha
| image = Taaha Shah at Grazia Millennial Awards 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shah in 2023
| birth_name = Taha Shah Badussha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|11|19}}
| birth_place = [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|tahashah.com}}
| education =
}}

'''Taha Shah Badussha''' (born 19 November 1987) is an Indian actor who works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. After making his debut with the romantic comedy ''[[Luv Ka The End]]'' (2011), he appeared in the comedy-drama ''[[Gippi]]'' (2013). In 2024, Shah earned recognition for his role in the [[Netflix]] period drama series ''[[Heeramandi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Frater|first=Patrick|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-1235893808/|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar' Drops First Footage|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=31 January 2024|date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201043026/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-the-diamond-bazaar-1235893808/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and work ==
Taha Shah was born in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates, to parents from India. His father Shah Sikkander Badusha is an [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic doctor]], hails from [[Tamil Nadu]], India. His mother Mahnaz Sikkander Badusha was a [[biochemist]], hails from [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="credits" /> He has an elder brother, Abid, who is a [[Civil engineer|Lead Civil engineer]] from the [[University of Toronto]].

Taha's schooling spanned two countries beginning with the Sherwood Academy in Abu Dhabi and later at [[Kodaikanal International School]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He later completed his schooling at the International School of Choueifat and [[Sharjah American International School]]. Following this, Taha enrolled at the [[American University of Sharjah]] for to pursue a Business Administration program, but later dropped from the course. Since 2006, Taha involved himself in several businesses such as [[human resource management]], [[construction]], [[real estate]], and supply of construction material. Shah concept of a steel import business was abandoned following recession, as it was reported to be a successful venture until [[Recession|economic downturn]] struck him.<ref name="credits">{{cite web|title=Taaha Shah credits UAE for helping him navigate Bollywood|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/taaha-shah-credits-uae-for-helping-him-navigate-bollywood-1.273708/|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
He later made a trip to [[Toronto]], [[Canada]], to visit his brother for [[New Year's Eve]] in 2009, where he finalised acting as his career. Then, he took admission to the [[New York Film Academy]] (NYFA) in [[Abu Dhabi]]. Taha had also learnt acting while studying in Abu Dhabi. After completing six months at NYFA, he was about to leave for [[Los Angeles]] to complete the remainder of his course, when his father thought that Taha should move to Mumbai first. His mother too agreed and two weeks later (in September 2009) Taha came to Mumbai for a two-day visit with his family and incidentally, they remained over there. In Mumbai he spent countless hours practicing [[Dance|dancing]] and [[martial arts]].<ref name="credits"/>

Nine months later, Taha was signed for his debut film, ''[[Luv Ka The End]]'' by [[Y-Films]]. He was cast as an [[antihero]], the first of its kind role in the youth genre. He was seen for a second time in the 2013 movie ''[[Gippi]]'' by [[Dharma Productions]], which released on 10 May 2013.<ref name="big budget">{{cite news|title=Taaha Shah happy to work in big budget films|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Taaha-Shah-happy-to-work-in-big-budget-films/Article1-1054814.aspx|access-date=27 May 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505121916/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Taaha-Shah-happy-to-work-in-big-budget-films/Article1-1054814.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Taha received positive reviews for his performance, and [[Karan Johar]] said, "Taha has a strong screen presence that combines machismo and vulnerability. I am sure he will have a great innings at the movies." [[Ramesh S. Taurani]] noted, "With two back-to-back good performances, Taha has the potential to be someone who is here to stay. Right choices of films will ensure a strong foothold for him in the industry. I wish him best of luck and loads of success." [[Rensil D'Silva]] wrote, "Taha has the right mix of vulnerability and intensity to straddle many genres — be it a romcom, an intense drama or a thriller. And to top it all, he's a good actor. That's an enviable mix." [[Nikhil Advani]] described, "Taha is one of the few new talents showing that acting is about versatility. With his second film ''Gippi'', he's chosen the right path."<ref name="comment">{{cite news|title=Bollywood bats for Taha Shah|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-bats-for-Taaha-Shah/articleshow/20206654.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609070146/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-23/news-interviews/39474891_1_bollywood-bats-taaha-shah-bollywood-debut|url-status=live|archive-date=9 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 May 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, he acted in [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s ''[[Barkhaa]]'' opposite [[Pakistan]]i actress [[Sara Loren]]. The movie was declared a commercial disaster but its songs was memorable including "Khuda Bhi Na Dikhe" and "Tu Itni Khoobsurat Hai". In 2016, he appeared in Karan Johar's ''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]'' alongside [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Katrina Kaif]], playing the role of Tarun. The film became a failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baar-baar-dekho-sidharth-katrina-mohenjo-daro-fitoor-ki-and-ka-2016-flop-films-340617-2016-09-12|title=Baar Baar Dekho to Fitoor: 2016's glossy films which sank without a trace|date=12 September 2016}}</ref> In 2017, Shah acted in ''[[Ranchi Diaries]]'' playing Pinku.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/is-taahas-character-in-ranchi-diaries-inspired-by-godfather/articleshow/59862352.cms|title=Is Taha's character in Ranchi Diaries inspired by Godfather?|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 August 2017}}</ref> In 2020, he made his Hollywood debut with ''Draupadi Unleashed'' playing Gautam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2020/mar/27/bollywood-actor-taaha-shah-badusha-makes-his-hollywood-debut-with-draupadi-unleashed-23515.html|title=Bollywood actor Taha Shah Badusha makes his Hollywood debut with Draupadi Unleashed|date=27 March 2020}}</ref> In January 2021, he acted in the web series ''Bullets'' (which was previously titled ''Tina and Lolo'') playing Mario opposite [[Karishma Tanna]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sunny-leone-is-all-excited-to-do-high-octane-action-in-new-web-series-bullets-1757146-2021-01-08|title=Sunny Leone is all excited to do high-octane action in new web series Bullets|date=8 January 2021}}</ref> In March 2021, he acted in [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[ALT Balaji]]'s ''Bekaboo 2'' playing Novin opposite [[Priya Banerjee]].<ref name=":1a">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Feb/17/luv-ka-the-end-actor-taha-shah-set-for-digital-outing-in-bekaboo-2-2265252.html|title='Luv Ka The End' actor Taha Shah set for digital outing in 'Bekaboo 2'|date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

Shah debuted as a singer when he released his 2022 single "Vande Mataram". Shah played the role of Tajdar in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s [[Netflix]] series ''[[Heeramandi]]''.<ref name=":1b">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/actor-taaha-shah-badussha-makes-singing-debut-vande-mataram-1503099432.html|title=Actor Taaha Shah Badussha makes his singing debut with 'Vande Mataram'|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=11 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/taha-shah-badussha-ambition-first-indian-heeramandi-season-2-1235983467/|title=Taha Shah Badussha On Ambition To Be The First Indian James Bond & Whether Sanjay Leela Bhansali Will Helm 'Heeramandi' Season 2|date=27 June 2024 |publisher=Deadline}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''All films are in Hindi, unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2011
| scope="row" | ''[[Luv Ka The End]]''
| Luv Nanda
|
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" | ''[[Gippi]]''
| Arjun
|
|-
| 2015
| scope="row" | ''[[Barkhaa]]''
| Jatin Sabarwal
|
|-
| 2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]''
| Tarun Bhalla
|
|-
| 2017
| scope="row" | ''[[Ranchi Diaries]]''
| Pinku
|
|-
|2019
|''Draupadi Unleashed''
|Gautam
|Hollywood film
|-
|2023
|''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]''
|Saartaj
|[[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| ''Bullets''
| Mario
|
|-
| ''Bekaboo 2''
| Novin
|
|-
|''Aisa Waisa Pyaar''
|Rajiv Acharya
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Taj: Divided by Blood]]''
|[[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Murad Mirza]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-02-18 |title=Taj – Divided by Blood trailer out |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/taj-divided-by-blood-trailer-out-1503155618.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[Heeramandi]]''
| Tajdar Baloch
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-first-look-sanjay-leela-bhansali-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-aditi-rao-hydari-richa-chadha-101706760393079.html|title=Heeramandi first look: Sanjay Leela Bhansali series starring Manisha, Sonakshi, Aditi will take you back to another era|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 February 2024|date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201052151/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-first-look-sanjay-leela-bhansali-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-aditi-rao-hydari-richa-chadha-101706760393079.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Series (Male): Drama
|''[[Heeramandi]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2024/vote#152 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Taaha Shah}}
* {{IMDb name|4447323}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Taaha}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:People from Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]

Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake

2026-01-23T03:03:02Z

Ali omar: New pg...

{{Short description|Body of water in Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake
| native_name = {{native name|kn|ಎಲೆ ಮಲ್ಲಪ್ಪ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಕೆರೆ}}
| other_name = Veerenahalli Kere Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake

| image = Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake 2019.jpg
| caption = Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake

| location = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|01|24.6|N|77|43|45.2|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline}}
| type = Perennial lake, stale water
| etymology = Named after [[Yele Mallappa Shetty]]
| inflow = Rainfall and city drainage
| date-built = {{date|1870’s}}
| area = {{convert|508|acre|ha|abbr=on|1}}
| max-depth = {{convert|3|m}}
| shore = {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}
| elevation = {{convert|903|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
| temperature_high = 
| temperature_low = 

| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the lake in Karnataka

| reference = <ref name="EMPRIReport2018V2">{{cite journal |author1=Dr. Jeya Prakash, P. |author2=Mr. Sreenivas, V. |title=Final Report on Inventorisation of Water Bodies in Bengaluru Metropolitan Area (BMA) |date=March 2018 |volume=II: Lake Database and Atlas (Part-2: Bengaluru East Taluk) |pages=900, 921, 934, 1144 |url=https://data.opencity.in/dataset/914d6bf1-2d10-458a-96a5-ff51d6d8f36e/resource/1319334b-2855-4afa-bc40-3854347d4e9c/download/bma_vol-ii_bengaluru-east.pdf |access-date=5 April 2023 |publisher=Centre for Lake Conservation (CLC) & Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405080311/https://data.opencity.in/dataset/914d6bf1-2d10-458a-96a5-ff51d6d8f36e/resource/1319334b-2855-4afa-bc40-3854347d4e9c/download/bma_vol-ii_bengaluru-east.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake''' is one of the largest lakes in [[Bangalore]], located on the eastern side of the city, outside of [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]]. It is an artificial water reservoir constructed in early 1900s.<ref name="intro_1">{{cite web |last=Bhat |first=Mrinalini |date=27 November 2019 |title=Construction debris eats away at another Bengaluru lake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/construction-debris-eats-away-at-another-bengaluru-lake/articleshow/72252814.cms |work=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref> The lake is spread over {{convert|490|acre|ha|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name="intro_2">{{cite web |last=Menezes |first=Naveen |date=4 July 2019 |title=BWSSB plans to supply treated lake water to residential units |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bbmp-plans-to-supply-treated-lake-water-to-residential-units/articleshow/70068299.cms |access-date=4 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Geography==
The lake is located in North-East Bangalore, near [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]]. The 260 acre Yele Mallappa Shetty lake is one of the largest lakes in Bangalore. The lake has the Old Madras Road passing through it.<ref name="Google_Map">{{cite web |title=Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake on Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Yele+Mallappa+Shetty+Lake/@13.0286551,77.7192627,15z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3bae1030cab37c17:0xc7b3b3483a51ea76!2sYele+Mallappa+Shetty+Lake!3b1!8m2!3d13.0231219!4d77.7294705!3m4!1s0x3bae1030cab37c17:0xc7b3b3483a51ea76!8m2!3d13.0231219!4d77.7294705 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Google Maps}}</ref>

==History==
Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake derives its name from a leading philanthropist of 1900s by the name of [[Yele Mallappa Shetty]]. In the late 19th century when the city was suffering from a great drought, [[Yele Mallappa Shetty]], a [[betel leaf]] merchant, generously donated a large part of his wealth to the construction of a tank to harvest rainwater and provide respite to the people.<ref>{{cite news |title=The spirit of sharing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/the-spirit-of-sharing/article4537770.ece |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="intro_1"/>

Due to rapid growth of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] urban area, Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake has been getting encroached over the time. The multi-storey apartments in its watershed region, which are constantly feeding stormwater drains completely but are also letting untreated sewage directly into it. Even industries from surrounding areas started dumping their waste into the lake.<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news |title=Hyacinth, weeds flourish in Ele Mallappa Shetty lake |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/455902/hyacinth-weeds-flourish-ele-mallappa.html |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=27 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="iisc">{{cite web |last1=GS |first1=Chandan |last2=MV |first2=Prabhudev |last3=TJ |first3=Renuka Prasad |date=2010 |title=Contamination of ground water in the northern part of Yele Mallappa Shetty kere |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/lake2010/Theme%2013/T13_Oral_02.pdf |access-date=24 December 2010 |website=Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science}}</ref>

In December 2017 a sewage treatment plant at Seegehalli was inaugurated to help treat {{convert|15,000,000|L|gal}} of sewage water per day (MLD) generated at [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]], [[Hoodi]], [[Mahadevapura]], Bhattarahalli, Devasandra, Sadaramangala and Medhalli.<ref name="STP">{{cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=All sewage in Bengaluru will be treated by 2020: Bengaluru Development Minister K J George |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/dec/24/all-sewage-in-bengaluru-will-be-treated-by-2020-bengaluru-development-minister-k-j-george-1735725.html |access-date=24 December 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Currently, the [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] supplies treated sewage to neighboring regions such as [[Chikkaballapur]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] and [[Anekal]] for irrigation purpose.<ref name="intro_2" />

==Water quality==
In 2015 a study on water quality at the lake was conducted. With regard to the lakes physico-chemical characteristics, observations were made three times in a year representing three different seasons. The samples were collected from three different places of the lake.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author1=Jayarama Reddy |author2=Nithin Kumar Naik |author3=Chandra Mohana |title=Ecological Assessment and Conservation Strategies of Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake in Bengaluru, India |journal=International Journal of Science and Research |date=January 2015 |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=1132–1138 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330982710 |access-date=5 April 2023 |issn=2319-7064}}</ref>

Following are the observations from the report:
*Physico-chemical analysis: Lake water contains different types of floating, dissolved, suspended and microbiological as well as bacteriological impurities
* Temperature: Neither too high nor too low
* [[pH]]: Normal range
* [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity|Electrical Conductivity]] (EC): Higher side; indicating higher levels of [[alkalinity]]
* [[Oxygen saturation|Dissolved oxygen]] (DO): Lower than the standard
* [[Biochemical oxygen demand|Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand]] (BOD): Moderate
* [[Chemical oxygen demand]] (COD): Exceeded the limit in most of the samples. It clearly indicates the presence of high levels of dissolved contaminants
* [[Hard water|Hardness]]: Very high
* [[Alkalinity]]: Higher side
* [[Sodium]]: Concentration of sodium was found to be lower
* [[Potassium]]: The concentration of potassium was high
* [[Phosphate]]: Comparatively high amount of phosphate was recorded due to the discharge of municipality sewage and dumping of domestic waste into the lakes
* [[Nitrate]]: Relatively larger amount of nitrate was found

==Flora and fauna==
The lake is a biological hotspot for migratory birds, some of the usually spotted birds are [[golden oriole]], [[northern shoveler]], [[Asian green bee-eater]], [[bulbul]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[egrets]], and [[Eurasian coot]].<ref name="ebird">{{cite web |title=Yellamallappa Chetty (Yele Mallappa Shetty) Kere |url=https://ebird.org/checklist/S61859934 |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=ebird.org|date=30 November 2019 }}</ref> A species from the genus [[Oscillatoria]] and [[water hyacinth]] were found dominant in a 2015 study.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}

{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lakes of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Karnataka]]

Prunus mume

2026-01-15T20:55:02Z

Ali omar: Expanded article with relevant info

{{short description|East Asian tree species}}
{{redirect|Ume}}
{{redirect|Meihua|the Taiwanese film|Victory (1976 film)}}
{{redirect|Plum blossom|the 2000 South Korean film|Plum Blossom (film)}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Prunus mume.JPG
|image_caption =
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |name-list-style=amp |year=2025 |title=''Prunus mume'' |article-number=e.T50026548A276225725 |access-date=3 April 2025}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20250704191115/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/50026548/276225725 Archived] from the original on 4 July 2025.</ref>
|display_parents = 2
|genus = Prunus
|parent = Prunus sect. Armeniaca
|species = mume
|authority = ([[Philipp Franz von Siebold|Siebold]]) Siebold & [[Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini|Zucc.]]
|synonyms =
* ''Armeniaca mume'' Siebold
* ''Armeniaca mume'' var. ''alba'' Carrière
* ''Armeniaca mume'' var. ''alphandii'' Carrière
* ''Armeniaca mume'' var. ''pubicaulina'' C. Z. Qiao & H. M. Shen
* ''Armeniaca mume'' f. ''pendula'' (Siebold) H. Ohba & S. Akiyama
* ''Prunopsis mume'' (Siebold) André
* ''Prunus makinoensis'' Lév.
* ''Prunus mume formosana'' Masam. ex Kudô & Masam.
* ''Prunus mume microcarpa'' Makino
* ''Prunus mume'' var. ''alboplena'' L. H. Bailey
* ''Prunus mume'' var. ''laciniata'' Maxim.
* ''Prunus mume'' var. ''pendula'' Siebold
* ''Prunus mume'' var. ''rosea'' Ingram
* ''Prunus mume'' var. ''tonsa'' Rehder
* ''Prunus mume'' f. ''alba'' (Carrière) Rehder
* ''Prunus mume'' f. alboplena (L. H. Bailey) Rehder
* ''Prunus mume'' f. ''alphandii'' (Carrière) Rehder
}}
'''''Prunus mume''''', also known as '''Chinese plum''',<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=EOL>{{Cite EOL |id=628584 |title=''Prunus mume'' (Sieb.) Sieb. & Zucc. |access-date=3 April 2025}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20241127170826/https://eol.org/pages/628584 Archived] from the original on 27 November 2024.</ref> is a tree species in the family [[Rosaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qixiang |last2=Chen |first2=Wenbin |last3=Sun |first3=Lidan |last4=Zhao |first4=Fangying |last5=Huang |first5=Bangqing |last6=Yang |first6=Weiru |last7=Tao |first7=Ye |last8=Wang |first8=Jia |last9=Yuan |first9=Zhiqiong |last10=Fan |first10=Guangyi |last11=Xing |first11=Zhen |last12=Han |first12=Changlei |last13=Pan |first13=Huitang |last14=Zhong |first14=Xiao |last15=Shi |first15=Wenfang |date=2012-12-27 |title=The genome of Prunus mume |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=1318 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2290 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=3535359 |pmid=23271652|bibcode=2012NatCo...3.1318Z }}</ref> It is also referenced by its flowers as '''plum blossom'''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fan |first=Chengda |title=Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-295-99079-8 |edition=Translated |location=[[Seattle]] |page=LV}}</ref> Although referred to as a ''plum'' in English, it is classified in the ''Armeniaca'' section of the [[genus]] ''[[Prunus]]'', making it an [[apricot]]. ''Mei'' flowers, or ''meihua'' ({{lang|zh|梅花}}), which bloom in the late winter and early spring, notably during the [[Chinese New Year|spring festival]] (春節), symbolize endurance, as they are the first to bloom despite the cold; the flower is one of the [[Three Friends of Winter]].

The plant is intimately associated with art, literature, and everyday life in China,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The garden plants of China |date=1999 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-470-1 |editor-last=Valder |editor-first=Peter |location=Portland, Or}}</ref> from where it was then introduced to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. In [[East Asian cuisine]] ([[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], and [[Vietnamese cuisine]]), the fruit, known as ''meizi'' ([[wikt:梅子|梅子]]) in Chinese, is used in juices and sauces; as a flavoring for alcohol; and may be [[Umeboshi|pickled]] or [[Li hing mui|dried]]. It is also used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. ''Meihua'' are also appreciated for their characteristic fragrance, which is unique among apricots.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Anqi |last2=Bao |first2=Fei |last3=Ding |first3=Aiqin |last4=Zhang |first4=Qixiang |date=December 2022 |title=Cold Hardiness of Prunus mume 'Xiang Ruibai' and Its Parents Based on Biological Indexes and Physical Parameters |journal=Forests |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |page=2163 |doi=10.3390/f13122163 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Fore...13.2163D |issn=1999-4907}}</ref>

''Prunus mume'' should not be confused with the plum ''[[Prunus salicina]]'', a related species also grown in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam also referred to with the common name of Chinese plum, nor with the common apricot ''[[Prunus armeniaca]]'', which is closely related under the same section.

{{TOC limit|4}}

== Origin ==
''Prunus mume'' originated in the region around the [[Yangtze River]] in southern China and was cultivated domestically for both its ornamental beauty and its fruit.<ref name=uem>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic relationships in the stone fruit group of ''Prunus'' as revealed by restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA|journal=The Japanese Journal of Genetics|volume=66|year=1991|issue=1|page=60|quote=''P. mume'' had its origin in South China around the Yangtze River (Kyotani, 1989b).|first1=Chiyomi|last1=Uematsu|first2=Tetsuo|last2=Sasakuma|first3=Yasunari|last3=Ogihara|doi=10.1266/jjg.66.59|pmid=1676591|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yü |first=Ying-shih |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mb-lDAAAQBAJ&q=Chinese+History+and+Culture%3A+Sixth+Century+B.C.E.+to+Seventeenth+Century+Get+access++Ying-shih+Y%C3%BC |title=Chinese History and Culture: Sixth Century B.C.E. to Seventeenth Century, Volume 1 |date=2016-09-20 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54201-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bao |first1=Fei |last2=Ding |first2=Anqi |last3=Zhang |first3=Tengxun |last4=Luo |first4=Le |last5=Wang |first5=Jia |last6=Cheng |first6=Tangren |last7=Zhang |first7=Qixiang |date=2019-02-01 |title=Expansion of PmBEAT genes in the Prunus mume genome induces characteristic floral scent production |journal=Horticulture Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41438-018-0104-4 |issn=2052-7276 |pmc=6355818 |pmid=30729014|bibcode=2019HorR....6...24B }}</ref> It was later introduced to [[Japan]],<ref name=fang>{{cite journal|last=Fang|first=J|author2=Twito, T |author3=Zhang, Z |author4= Chao, CT |title=Genetic relationships among fruiting-mei (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) cultivars evaluated with AFLP and SNP markers.|journal=Genome|date=October 2006|volume=49|issue=10|pages=1256–64|pmid=17213907|doi=10.1139/g06-097 |quote=The results demonstrate that mei cultivars from Japan are clustered with cultivars from China, and support the hypothesis that mei in Japan were introduced from China.}}</ref> [[Korea]], and [[Vietnam]]. It can be found in sparse forests, stream sides, forested slopes along trails, and mountains, sometimes at altitudes up to {{cvt|1700|-|3100|m}}, and regions of cultivation.<ref name=eflora/>

== Description ==
''Prunus mume'' is a [[deciduous]] tree that starts to flower in mid-winter, typically around January until late February in [[East Asia]]. It can grow to {{cvt|4|–|10|m}} tall.<ref name=eflora/> The flowers are {{cvt|2|–|2.5|cm}} in diameter and have a strong fragrant scent.<ref name=eflora>{{cite web|title=Armeniaca mume in Flora of China|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010631|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis, MO) & Harvard University Herbaria (Cambridge, MA)|work=eFloras|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> They have colors in varying shades of white, pink, and red.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wessel|first=Mark|title=Prunus mume: A bridge between winter and spring.|url=http://wesselsgardenway.com/2011/03/24/prunus-mume-a-bridge-between-winter-and-spring/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331014046/http://wesselsgardenway.com/2011/03/24/prunus-mume-a-bridge-between-winter-and-spring/|archive-date=March 31, 2012|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> The leaves appear shortly after the petals fall, are oval-shaped with a pointed tip, and are 4–8&nbsp;cm long and 2.5–5&nbsp;cm wide.<ref name=eflora/> The fruit ripens in early summer, around June and July in East Asia, and coincides with the [[East Asian rainy season]], the ''[[meiyu]]'' ([[wikt:梅雨|梅雨]], "plum rain").<ref>{{cite book|last=Herbert Edgar|first=Wright|title=Global climates since the last glacial maximum|year=1993|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-2145-3|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c93dGzg8vM8C}}</ref> The [[drupe]] is {{cvt|2|–|3|cm}} in diameter with a groove running from the stalk to the tip.<ref name=eflora/> The skin turns yellow, sometimes with a red blush, as it ripens, and the flesh becomes yellow. The tree is [[Agriculture|cultivate]]d for its [[fruit]] and [[flower]]s.<ref name="RBGKew">{{cite web |title=''Prunus mume'' (mume) |url=http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Prunus-mume.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109224525/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Prunus-mume.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2011 |access-date=August 9, 2011 |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/prunus-mume/ |title = Prunus mume (Japanese Apricot) &#124; North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Prunus mume fruits 2.jpg|Unripe fruit
File:Maesil (prunus mume) washed and stemmed.jpg|Washed and stemmed fruit
File:Prunus mume in the market.jpg|Ripe fruit
File:MeihuaShan 1.jpg|Plum blossoms
File:Ume-M2377.jpg|Plum blossoms
File:Prunus mume Peggy Clarke (70052).jpg|"Peggy Clarke" plum blossoms
File:Prunus mume MHNT.BOT.2010.13.4.jpg|Trunk cross section
File:Yumeji Art Museum04s5s4000.jpg|Weeping tree cultivar
File:大阪城天守閣と梅林 Plum Grove and Osaka Castle.jpg|A grove of trees
</gallery>

== Names ==
Native to southern China, where it is known as ''mei'' (梅).<ref name="eflora" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qixiang |last2=Zhang |first2=He |last3=Sun |first3=Lidan |last4=Fan |first4=Guangyi |last5=Ye |first5=Meixia |last6=Jiang |first6=Libo |last7=Liu |first7=Xin |last8=Ma |first8=Kaifeng |last9=Shi |first9=Chengcheng |last10=Bao |first10=Fei |last11=Guan |first11=Rui |last12=Han |first12=Yu |last13=Fu |first13=Yuanyuan |last14=Pan |first14=Huitang |last15=Chen |first15=Zhaozhe |date=27 April 2018 |title=The genetic architecture of floral traits in the woody plant Prunus mume |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=1702 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1702Z |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04093-z |pmc=5923208 |pmid=29703940 |quote=Mei (''Prunus mume'') is an ornamental woody plant that has been domesticated in East Asia for thousands of years. |last16=Li |first16=Liangwei |last17=Wang |first17=Jia |last18=Lv |first18=Meiqi |last19=Zheng |first19=Tangchun |last20=Yuan |first20=Cunquan |last21=Zhou |first21=Yuzhen |last22=Lee |first22=Simon Ming-Yuen |last23=Yan |first23=Xiaolan |last24=Xu |first24=Xun |last25=Wu |first25=Rongling |last26=Chen |first26=Wenbin |last27=Cheng |first27=Tangren}}</ref> The scientific name combines the Latin [[wikt:prunus|''prūnus'']] ("[[Prunus domestica|(European) plum tree]]") and the obsolete Japanese pronunciation of 梅 (''mume''), which is ultimately likely derived from [[Middle Chinese]]. The plant is known by a number of different names in [[English language|English]], including ''flowering plum'' or ''plum blossoms''. Another misnomer, ''Japanese apricot'', likely derives from the plant's introduction into Western knowledge by [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]], who encountered it while living in Japan.

The flower is known as the ''meihua'' ({{lang|zh|梅花}}) in Chinese, which came to be translated as "plum blossom"<ref name="kilpatrick-jane">{{cite book|last=Kilpatrick|first=Jane|title=Gifts from the Gardens of China|year=2007|publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Ltd]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-7112-2630-2|pages=16–17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgsfa13J2OIC}}</ref> or sometimes as "flowering plum".<ref name="welch"/> The term "winter plum" may be used too, specifically with regard to the depiction of the flower with its early blooming in [[Chinese painting]].{{cn|date=March 2023}} The character 梅 is a phono-semantic compound created by combining the semantic component {{linktext|木}} ("tree") with the phonetic component {{linktext|每}} (literally meaning "every," pronounced {{IPA|/*mɯːʔ/}} in [[Old Chinese]], which was similar to {{IPA|/*mɯː/}} for "plum").

In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], it is called ''mei'' ([[wikt:梅|梅]]) and the fruit is called ''meizi'' ([[wikt:梅子|梅子]]). The [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name is ''ume'' ([[wikt:うめ|うめ]]), while the [[Korean language|Korean]] name is ''maesil'' ({{Korean|hangul=[[wikt:매실|매실]]|hanja=[[wikt:梅實|梅實]]}}). The Japanese and Korean terms derive from [[Middle Chinese]], in which the pronunciation is thought to have been ''muəi''.<ref>Yamaguchi, Y., ed.: "''Kurashi no kotoba: Gogen Jiten''", page 103. Kodansha, 1998</ref> The [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] name is ''mai'' or ''mơ'' (although ''mai vàng'' refers to a different plant, ''[[Ochna integerrima]]'', in southern Vietnam).{{cn|date=March 2023}}

== Varieties ==
[[Ornamental tree]] varieties and cultivars of ''P. mume'' have been cultivated for planting in various [[East Asian gardens|gardens throughout East Asia]], and for cut blossoming branches used in flower arrangements.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

=== Chinese varieties ===
[[File:Phylogenetic tree and ten representative traits of 348 mei accessions.jpg|thumb|Phylogenetic tree and ten representative traits]]
In China, there are over 300 recorded [[cultivar]]s of ''Prunus mume''.<ref name=cas>{{cite web|title=梅和梅的品种|url=http://www.kepu.cn/gb/lives/plantae/html/75.htm|work=Science Museums of China|publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126204419/http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/lives/plantae/html/75.htm |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> These are classified by their [[phylogenetic]]s (''P. mume'' and hybrids) into branches, characteristics of their branches in groups, and characteristics of their flowers in forms:<ref name=cas/>
* Upright Mei Group ({{lang|zh|直枝梅類}}), ''Prunus mume'' var. ''typica''
** Pleiocarpa Form ({{lang|zh|品字梅型}})
** Single Flowered Form ({{lang|zh|江梅型}})
** Pink Double Form ({{lang|zh|宮粉型}})
** Alboplena Form ({{lang|zh|玉蝶型}})
** Flavescens Form ({{lang|zh|黃香型}})
** Green Calyx Form ({{lang|zh|綠萼型}})
** Versicolor Form ({{lang|zh|灑金型}})
** Cinnabar Purple Form ({{lang|zh|硃砂型}})
* Pendulous Mei Group ({{lang|zh|垂枝梅類}}), ''Prunus mume'' var. ''pendula''
** Pink Pendulous Form ({{lang|zh|粉花垂枝型}})
** Versicolor Pendulous Form ({{lang|zh|五寶垂枝型}})
** Albiflora Pendulous Form ({{lang|zh|殘雪垂枝型}})
** Viridiflora Pendulous Form ({{lang|zh|白碧垂枝型}})
** Atropurpurea Pendulous Form ({{lang|zh|骨紅垂枝型}})
* Tortuous Dragon Group ({{lang|zh|龍游梅類}}), ''Prunus mume'' var. ''tortuosa''
* Apricot Mei Group ({{lang|zh|杏梅類}}), ''Prunus mume'' var. ''bungo''
* Blireiana Group ({{lang|zh|櫻李梅類}}), ''[[Prunus × blireana]], Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' × Prunus mume Alphandii''

It is disputed whether ''Prunus zhengheensis'' ({{zh|政和杏}}) is a separate species<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=Yihua |last2=Xia |first2=Nianhe |date=2016 |title=New combinations of Rosaceae, Urticaceae and Fagaceae from China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305115963 |journal=Biodiversity Science |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=714–718 |doi=10.17520/biods.2016071 |access-date=18 September 2018|doi-access=free }}</ref> or conspecific with ''Prunus mume''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=王家琼 |author2=王家琼 |author3=吴保欢 |author4=崔大方 |author5=羊海军 |author6=黄峥 |author7=齐安民 |date=14 November 2016 |script-title=zh:基于30个形态性状的中国杏属（Armeniaca Scop.）植物分类学研究 |trans-title=Taxonomic study on ''Armeniaca'' Scop. species in China based on thirty morphological characters |url=http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid=zwzyyhjxb201603017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123659/http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid=zwzyyhjxb201603017 |archive-date=2018-09-18 |script-journal=zh:植物资源与环境学报 |volume=2016 |issue=3 |pages=103–111 |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> It is found in the Fujian province of China. It is only known from one county, [[Zhenghe County|Zhenghe]]. It is a tree that prefers to grow at {{cvt|700|-|1000|m}} above sea level. The yellow fruit is delectable and aside from its height, it is indistinguishable from ''P. mume''.

=== Japanese varieties ===
In Japan, [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]] ''Prunus mume'' [[cultivar]]s are classified into ''yabai'' (wild), ''hibai'' (red), and ''bungo'' ([[Bungo Province]]) types. The ''bungo'' trees are also grown for fruit and are hybrids between ''Prunus mume'' and apricot. The ''hibai'' trees have red [[Wood#Heartwood and sapwood|heartwood]] and most of them have red flowers. The ''yabai'' trees are also used as [[grafting]] stock. Among yabai trees, Nankoume is a very popular variety in Japan,<ref>{{Cite web|title=日本国政府農林水産省近畿農政局農林水産統計|url=https://www.maff.go.jp/kinki/toukei/toukeikikaku/yotei/attach/pdf/2018-26.pdf}}</ref> and whose fruits are mainly used for making ''[[umeboshi]]''.

== Uses ==
=== Culinary use ===
==== Beverage ====
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = ''[[Suanmeitang]]''
| image2 = Korean beverage-Maesil cha-01.jpg
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| caption2 = ''[[Maesil-cha]]''
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| caption3 = ''[[Maehwa-cha]]''
}}
In China, ''[[suanmeitang]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|酸梅湯}}; "sour plum juice") is made from [[smoked plum]]s, called ''wumei'' ({{lang|zh-hant|烏梅}}).<ref name=leung>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Ikhlas A.|title=Leung's encyclopedia of common natural ingredients: used in food, drugs, and cosmetics|year=2008|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-471-46743-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8rZzaHOrZsC|edition=3rd|author2=Abourashed, Ehab A. }}</ref> The plum juice is extracted by boiling smoked plums in water and sweetened with sugar to make ''suanmeitang''.<ref name=leung/> It ranges from light pinkish-orange to purplish black in colour and often has a smoky and slightly salty taste. It is traditionally flavoured with [[sweet osmanthus]] flowers, and is enjoyed chilled, usually in summer.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

In Korea, both the flowers and the fruits are used to make tea. ''[[Maehwa-cha]]'' ({{lang|ko|매화차, 梅花茶}}; "plum blossom tea") is made by infusing the flowers in hot water. ''[[Maesil-cha]]'' ({{lang|ko|매실차, 梅實茶}}; "plum tea") is made by mixing water with ''[[maesil-cheong]]'' (plum syrup) and is served either hot or cold.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

In Japan, a similar drink is made from green plums and tastes sweet and tangy, is considered a cold, refreshing drink, and is often enjoyed in the summer.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

==== Condiment ====
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = ''[[Meizijiang]]''
| image2 = Maesilcheong (plum syrup) (prunus mume).jpg
| width2 = 900
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| caption2 = ''[[Maesil-cheong]]''
}}

A thick, sweet Chinese sauce called ''meijiang'' ({{lang|zh-hant|梅醬}}) or ''meizijiang'' ({{lang|zh-hant|梅子醬}}), usually translated as "[[plum sauce]]", is also made from the plums,<ref name="kilpatrick-jane"/> along with other ingredients such as sugar, vinegar, salt, ginger, chili, and garlic. Similar to [[duck sauce]], it is used as a [[condiment]] for various Chinese dishes, including poultry dishes and [[egg roll]]s.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

In Korea, ''[[maesil-cheong]]'' ({{lang|ko|매실청, 梅實淸}}, "plum syrup"), a syrup made by [[sugaring]] ripe plums, is used as a [[condiment]] and [[sugar substitute]]. It can be made by simply mixing plums and [[sugar]] together, and then leaving them for about 100 days.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3017901|title=A taste of Korea with three regional delights|last=Baek|first=Jong-hyun|date=23 April 2016|newspaper=[[JoongAng Ilbo|Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> To make syrup, the ratio of sugar to plum should be at least 1:1 to prevent [[fermentation]], by which the liquid may turn into [[plum wine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201606011806422|title=청(淸)과 발효액은 어떻게 다를까?|last=Han|first=Dongha|date=1 June 2016|newspaper=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]|language=ko|trans-title=What's the difference between cheong(syrup) and fermented liquor?|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref> The plums can be removed after 100 days, and the syrup can be consumed right away, or mature for a year or more.<ref name=":0" />

==== Flower pancake ====
[[File:Maehwajeon.jpg|150px|thumb|''[[Maehwa-jeon]]'']]
In Korea, ''[[hwajeon]]'' ({{lang|ko|화전, 花煎}}; "flower pancake") can be made with plum blossoms. Called ''[[maehwa-jeon]]'' ({{lang|ko|매화전, 梅花煎}}; "plum blossom pancake"), the pancake dish is usually sweet, with honey as an ingredient.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

==== Liquor ====
{{multiple image
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}}
Plum liquor, also known as [[plum wine]], is popular in both Japan and Korea, and is also produced in China. ''[[Umeshu]]'' ({{lang|ja|梅酒}}; "plum wine") is a Japanese alcoholic drink made by steeping green plums in [[shōchū]] (clear liquor). It is sweet and smooth. A similar liquor in Korea, called ''[[maesil-ju]]'' ({{lang|ko|매실주, 梅實酒}}; "plum wine"), is marketed under various brand names, including Mae hwa soo, Matchsoon, and Seoljungmae. Both the Japanese and Korean varieties of plum liquor are available with whole plum fruits contained in the bottle. In China, plum wine is called ''méijiǔ'' ({{lang|zh|梅酒}}).{{cn|date=December 2023}}

In [[Taiwan]], a popular 1950s innovation over the Japanese-style plum wine is the ''wumeijiu'' ({{lang|zh|烏梅酒}}; "smoked plum liquor"), which is made by mixing two types of plum liquor, ''meijiu'' ({{lang|zh|梅酒}}) made of ''P. mume'' and ''lijiu'' ({{lang|zh|李酒}}), made of ''[[Prunus salicina|P. salicina]]'', and [[oolong]] tea liquor.<ref>Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation - Department of Liquor [http://liquor.ttl.com.tw/07products/products_view.aspx?sn=2384 烏梅酒] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120234755/http://liquor.ttl.com.tw/07products/products_view.aspx?sn=2384 |date=2008-01-20 }}</ref>

In Vietnam, ripe plums are macerated in sticky rice liquor. The resulting liquor is called ''{{lang|vi|[[rượu mơ]]}}''.

==== Pickled and preserved plums ====
{{multiple image
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| width1 = 3648
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| caption1 = ''[[Li hing mui]]''
| image2 = Pickledmai.jpg
| width2 = 1536
| height2 = 2048
| caption2 = ''[[Suanmeizi]]''
| image3 = Umeboshi2.JPG
| width3 = 1376
| height3 = 1108
| caption3 = ''[[Umeboshi]]''
| image4 = Maesiljangajji (pickled plum).jpg
| width4 = 3456
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| caption4 = ''[[Maesil-jangajji]]''
}}

In Chinese cuisine, plums pickled with vinegar and salt are called ''[[suanmeizi]]'' ({{lang|zh|酸梅子}}; "sour plum fruits"), and have an intensely sour and salty flavour. They are generally made from unripe plum fruits. ''[[Li hing mui|Huamei]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|話梅}}) are Chinese preserved plums and refer to Chinese plums pickled in sugar, salt, and herbs. There are two general varieties: a dried variety, and a wet (pickled) variety.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

''[[Umeboshi]]'' ({{lang|ja|梅干}}) are pickled and dried plums. They are a Japanese specialty. Pickled with coarse salt, they are quite salty and sour, and therefore eaten sparingly. They are often red in colour when purple [[shiso]] leaves are used. Plums used for making ''umeboshi'' are harvested in late May or early June, while they are ripe enough in yellow, and layered with much salt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=昔ながらの保存食！梅干し：農林水産省|url=https://www.maff.go.jp/j/zyukyu/foodstock/imadoki/imadoki07.html|website=www.maff.go.jp|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> They are weighed down with a heavy stone (or some more modern implement) until late August. They are then dried in the sun on bamboo mats for several days (they are returned to the salt at night). The [[flavonoid]] pigment in shiso leaves gives them their distinctive colour and a richer flavour. ''Umeboshi'' are generally eaten with rice as part of a [[bento]] (boxed lunch), although they may also be used in [[Sushi#Makizushi|makizushi]] (rolled sushi). ''Umeboshi'' are also used as a popular filling for [[Onigiri|rice ball]]s (onigiri) wrapped in [[nori]]. Makizushi made with plums may be made with either ''umeboshi'' or ''bainiku'' (''umeboshi'' paste), often in conjunction with green shiso leaves. A byproduct of ''umeboshi'' production is ''umeboshi'' vinegar, a salty, sour condiment.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

In Korea, there is 'maesil-jangajji' which is similar to 'umeboshi'. It is a common side dish in Korea.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

A very similar variety of pickled plum, ''{{lang|vi|xí muội}}'' or ''{{lang|vi|ô mai}}'' is used in [[Vietnamese cuisine]]. The best fruit for this are from the forest around the [[Perfume Pagoda|Hương Pagoda]] in [[Hà Tây Province]].

=== Traditional medicine ===
''Prunus mume'' is a common fruit in Asia and is used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Liu|first=Zhanwen|title=Essentials of Chinese medicine|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-111-8|page=273|author2=Liu, Liang}}</ref>

== Cultural significance ==
Plum blossoms have been well-loved and celebrated across the East Asian cultural sphere, beginning in China and later introduced to Vietnam, Korea, and Japan.

{{Wide image|Clustering chinese plum blossoms by chen xianzhang.jpg|1600px|"Clustering Chinese Plum Blossoms" by [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] painter [[Chen Lu (painter)|Chen Lu]], [[Hunan Provincial Museum]] collection}}

=== East Asia ===
==== Chinese ====
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = "Plum Blossoms" by the painter [[Chen Lu (painter)|Chen Lu]] (陳錄)
| image2 = Wang Mian, Blossoming Plum.jpg
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| caption2 = "Blossoming plum" by the painter [[Wang Mian]] (王冕)
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[[File:Manual of Plum Blossom Painting.jpg|thumbnail|Manual of Plum Blossom Painting, by Song Dynasty painter Song Boren]]
The plum blossom, which is known as the ''meihua'' ({{lang|zh|梅花}}), is one of the most beloved flowers in China and has been frequently depicted in Chinese art and poetry for centuries.<ref name="welch"/> The plum blossom is seen as a symbol of winter and a harbinger of spring.<ref name="welch"/> The blossoms are so beloved because they are viewed as blooming most vibrantly amidst the winter snow, exuding an ethereal elegance,<ref name="welch"/><ref name=npm-intro>{{cite web|title=The Three Friends of Winter: Paintings of Pine, Plum, and Bamboo from the Museum Collection (Introduction)|url=http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh91/3friends/english/infor.htm|publisher=National Palace Museum|access-date=10 August 2011|date=January 2003}}</ref> while their fragrance is noticed to still subtly pervade the air at even the coldest times of the year.<ref name=npm-intro/><ref name=caizq/> Therefore, the plum blossom came to symbolize perseverance and hope, as well as beauty, purity, and the transitoriness of life.<ref name="welch"/> In [[Confucianism]], the plum blossom stands for the principles and values of virtue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bartók|first1=Mira|last2=Ronan|first2=Christine|title=Ancient China|year=1994|publisher=Good Year Books|isbn=978-0-673-36180-6|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSIQpK4myMC}}</ref> More recently, it has also been used as a metaphor to symbolize revolutionary struggle since the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ip|first=Hung-yok|title=Intellectuals in revolutionary China, 1921-1949: leaders, heroes and sophisticates|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxfordshire|isbn=978-0-415-35165-2|pages=103, 110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eazcy0Zrt7QC}}</ref>

Because it blossoms in the cold winter, the plum blossom is regarded as one of the "[[Three Friends of Winter]]", along with pine, and bamboo.<ref name="kilpatrick-jane"/><ref name="heinrich-sally"/> The plum blossom is also regarded as one of the "[[Four Gentlemen]]" of flowers in Chinese art, together with the orchid, chrysanthemum, and bamboo.<ref name="heinrich-sally">{{cite book|last=Heinrich|first=Sally|title=Key into China|year=2007|publisher=Curriculum Press|isbn=978-1-86366-697-8|pages=28, 80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GchvhEH7BHIC}}</ref> It is one of the "Flowers of the Four Seasons", which consist of the orchid (spring), the lotus (summer), the chrysanthemum (autumn) and the plum blossom (winter).<ref name="heinrich-sally"/> These groupings are seen repeatedly in the Chinese aesthetic of art, painting, literature, and garden design.<ref name=forsyth>{{cite book|last=Forsyth|first=Holly|title=Gardens of Eden: Among the World's Most Beautiful Gardens|year=2010|publisher=The Miegunyah Press|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I62swaaPP3oC|isbn=978-0-522-85776-4}}</ref>

An example of the plum blossom's literary significance is found in the life and work of poet [[Lin Bu]] ({{lang|zh|林逋}}) of the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279). For much of his later life, Lin Bu lived in quiet reclusion on a cottage by [[West Lake]] in [[Hangzhou]], China.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fong|first=Grace S.|title=Herself an author: gender, agency, and writing in late Imperial China|year=2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3186-8|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWBRWV8Zug0C}}</ref> According to stories, he loved plum blossoms and cranes so much that he considered the plum blossom of Solitary Hill at West Lake as his wife and the cranes of the lake as his children, thus he could live peacefully in solitude.<ref>China Travel Guide. [https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/zhejiang/hangzhou/solitary.htm "Gu Shan (Solitary Hill)"]. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Jerry Dean|title=Harmony Garden: the life, literary criticism, and poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1799)|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-7007-1525-1|page=641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB1feh4lXw4C}}</ref> One of his most famous poems is "Little Plum Blossom of Hill Garden" ({{lang|zh|山園小梅}}). The Chinese text, as well as a translation, follows:<ref>Red Pine. Poems of the Masters. Port Townsend, Copper Canyon Press, 2003, p. 453.</ref>
{{verse translation|lang=zh|italicsoff=yes|
眾芳搖落獨暄妍，
占斷風情向小園。
疏影橫斜水清淺，
暗香浮動月黃昏。
霜禽欲下先偷眼，
粉蝶如知合斷魂。
幸有微吟可相狎，
不須檀板共金樽。
|
When everything has faded they alone shine forth,
encroaching on the charms of smaller gardens.
Their scattered shadows fall lightly on clear water,
their subtle scent pervades the moonlit dusk.
Snowbirds look again before they land,
butterflies would faint if they but knew.
Thankfully, I can flirt in whispered verse,
I don't need a sounding board or winecup.
}}

As with the literary culture amongst the educated of the time, Lin Bu's poems were discussed in several Song dynasty era commentaries on poetry. Wang Junqing remarked after quoting the third and fourth line: "''This is from Lin Hejing's [Lin Bu's] plum blossom poem. Yet these lines might just as well be applied to the flowering apricot, peach, or pear.''"—a comparison of the flowers with the plum blossom to which the renowned Song dynasty poet [[Su Dongpo]] ({{lang|zh|蘇東坡}}) replied, "''Well, yes, they might. But I'm afraid the flowers of those other trees wouldn't presume to accept such praise.''"<ref name=caizq>{{cite book|last=Cai|first=Zong-qi|title=How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-13941-0|pages=210–311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8fWf7pYOIUC}}</ref> Plum blossoms inspired many people of the era.<ref name=dudbridge>{{cite book|last=Dudbridge|first=Glen|title=Reading China|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-15483-4|pages=56–58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPwu3MsCebcC|author2=Berg, Daria }}</ref>
[[File:畫麗珠萃秀 Gathering Gems of Beauty (宋壽陽公主) 2.jpg|thumb|Princess Shouyang, who is prominently featured in a Chinese legend about plum blossoms]]
Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang ({{lang|zh|壽陽公主}}), daughter of [[Emperor Wu of Liu Song]] ({{lang|zh|劉宋武帝}}), was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.<ref name=cai>{{cite book|title=How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-13941-0|page=295|editor=Cai, Zong-qi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8fWf7pYOIUC&pg=PA295}}</ref><ref name=bettyw>{{cite web|last=Wang|first=Betty|title=Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy|url=http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=115157&CtNode=1900|work=Taiwan Review|publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China|access-date=20 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525043800/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=115157&CtNode=1900 | archive-date= 25 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=w&e>{{cite journal|journal=West & East 中美月刊|year=1991|volume=36-37|page=9|title=Taiwan periodicals_West & East|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=qXyQTqOYOIqVOpbimcwN|issn=0043-3047}}</ref> The court ladies were said to be so impressed that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.<ref name=cai/><ref name=bettyw/><ref name=chinat/> This is also the mythical origin of the floral fashion, ''[[Huadian (make-up)|meihua chuang]]''<ref name=bettyw/> (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the [[Southern Dynasties]] (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] (618–907) and [[Song dynasty|Song]] (960–1279) dynasties.<ref name=chinat>{{cite web|last=Huo|first=Jianying|title=Ancient Cosmetology|url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/e2004/e200411/p60.htm|publisher=China Today|access-date=8 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509163143/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/e2004/e200411/p60.htm|archive-date=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=huamei>{{cite book|last=Mei|first=Hua|title=Chinese clothing|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-18689-6|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayKNyCz0cOEC|quote=For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to have originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early spring and a light breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.}}</ref> The markings of plum blossom designs on the foreheads of court ladies were usually made with paintlike materials such as [[sorghum]] powder, [[gold]] powder, [[paper]], [[jade]], and other tint substances. Princess Shouyang is celebrated as the goddess of the plum blossom in Chinese culture.<ref name=bettyw/><ref name=w&e/>

During the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), the garden designer [[Ji Cheng (Ming dynasty)|Ji Cheng]] wrote his definitive garden architecture monograph ''[[The Craft of Gardens|Yuanye]]'' and in it, he described the plum tree as the "beautiful woman of the forest and moon".<ref name=dudbridge/> The appreciation of nature at night plays an important role in [[Chinese gardens]]. For this reason, there are classical pavilions for the tradition of viewing plum blossoms by the moonlight.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thacker|first=Christopher|title=The history of gardens|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-05629-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgardens00chri/page/57 57]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgardens00chri|url-access=registration}}</ref> The flowers are viewed and enjoyed by many as annual plum blossom festivals take place in the blooming seasons of the ''meihua''. The festivals take place throughout China (for example, [[West Lake]] in [[Hangzhou]] and scenic spots near [[Zijin Mountain]] in [[Nanjing]], amongst other places).<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/video/2010-02/24/content_19467998.htm Int'l Plum Blossom Festival draws crowds in Nanjing]. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harper|first1=Damian|last2=Fallon|first2=Steve|title=China|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetchin00dami_1|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Lonely Planet|page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetchin00dami_1/page/228 228]|isbn=978-1-74059-687-9}}</ref> Plum blossoms are often used as decoration during the [[Chinese New Year|Spring Festival (Chinese New Year)]] and remain popular in the miniature gardening plants of the art of [[penjing]].<ref name="welch">{{cite book|title=Chinese art: a guide to motifs and visual imagery|year=2008|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|location=North Clarendon|isbn=978-0-8048-3864-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chineseartguidet0000welc/page/38 38]–9|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseartguidet0000welc|url-access=registration|author=Patricia Bjaaland Welch}}</ref> Branches of plum blossoms are often arranged in [[porcelain]] or ceramic vases, such as the [[meiping]] (literally "plum vase").<ref name="welch17">{{cite book|title=Chinese art: a guide to motifs and visual imagery|year=2008|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|location=North Clarendon|isbn=978-0-8048-3864-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chineseartguidet0000welc/page/17 17]|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseartguidet0000welc|url-access=registration|author=Patricia Bjaaland Welch}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hansman|first=John|title=Julfār, an Arabian port: Its settlement and Far Eastern ceramic trade from the 14th to the 18th centuries|year=1985|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|location=London|isbn=978-0-947593-01-8|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEnp8GwlDJkC}}</ref> These vases can hold single branches of plum blossoms and have been traditionally used to display the blossoms in a home since the early [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279).<ref>{{cite web|title=meiping|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373257/meiping|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prunus Vase (meiping)|url=https://www.slam.org/asia/works/06.html|publisher=Saint Louis Art Museum|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Meiping|url=http://www.guimet.fr/spip.php?page=mot&id_mot=283&id_article=9|publisher=Musée Guimet|access-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930122645/http://www.guimet.fr/spip.php?page=mot&id_mot=283&id_article=9|archive-date=30 September 2011}}</ref>

The [[Moy Yat]] lineage of [[Wing Chun]] [[kung fu]] uses a red plum flower blossom as its symbol. The plum blossoms are featured on one of the four flowers that appear on [[mahjong tile set]]s, where ''mei'' ({{lang|zh|梅}}) is usually simply translated as "plum" in English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lo|first=Amy|title=The book of mahjong: An illustrated guide|year=2001|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-8048-3302-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bookofmahjongill00loam/page/47 47–48]|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofmahjongill00loam/page/47}}</ref>

It has been suggested that the Japanese practice of ''hanami'' may have originated from the [[China|Chinese]] custom of enjoying poetry and wine underneath plum blossom trees while viewing their flowers, that was replicated by Japanese elites. This is supported by the fact that ''hanami'' started in urban areas rather than rural areas, that Japanese people initially admired plum blossoms like the Chinese rather than cherry blossoms, and that classic Japanese poetry does not associate [[Cherry blossom|cherry blossoms]] with merriness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannes Palang |title=Seasonal Landscapes Volume 7 of Landscape Series |last2=Helen Sooväli |last3=Anu Printsmann |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-4990-3 |page=223}}</ref>

{{main|National Flower of the Republic of China}}
[[File:China Airlines Lineup TPE.jpg|thumb|Plum blossoms painted on [[China Airlines]] aircraft tails.]]
The [[National Flower of the Republic of China]] (Taiwan) was officially designated as the plum blossom (''Prunus Mei''; {{zh|c=梅花}}) by the [[Executive Yuan]] of the [[Republic of China]] on July 21, 1964.<ref name="roc">[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/aboutroc/national_flower.htm Government Information Office, Republic of China - National Flower] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805163640/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/aboutroc/national_flower.htm |date=2011-08-05 }}. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</ref> The plum blossom is the symbol for resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity during the harsh winter.<ref name=npm-roc>{{cite web|title=The Three Friends of Winter: Paintings of Pine, Plum, and Bamboo from the Museum Collection|url=http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh91/3friends/english/infor.htm|publisher=National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院)|access-date=31 July 2011|location=Taipei|date=January 2003}}</ref><ref name="tw"/> The triple grouping of stamens (three stamens per petal) on the national emblem represents [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s [[Three Principles of the People]], while the five petals symbolize the five branches of the government.<ref name="roc"/><ref name="tw">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200221050821/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/np.asp?ctNode=446 National Flag, Anthem and Flower]. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</ref> It also serves as the logo of [[China Airlines]], the national carrier of [[Taiwan]] (the [[Republic of China]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Looking back|url=http://www.china-airlines.com/en/about/about-1-1.htm|publisher=China Airlines|access-date=21 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817023216/http://www.china-airlines.com/en/about/about-1-1.htm|archive-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> The flower is featured on some [[New Taiwan dollar]] coins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Current New Taiwan Dollar Coins|url=http://foreigner.ntpc.gov.tw/_file/2968/SG/36591/D.html|publisher=New Taipei City Government|access-date=21 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331014046/http://foreigner.ntpc.gov.tw/_file/2968/SG/36591/D.html|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

==== Korean ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lidded Prunus Vase (Meiping) with Lotus Sprays LACMA AC1999.38.6.1-.2.jpg
| width1 = {{#expr: (175 * 1437 / 2100) round 0}}
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = 청자 상감매죽학문 매병 (보물 제1168호).jpg
| width2 = {{#expr: (175 * 2000 / 3000) round 0}}
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = [[Song dynasty|Song]] [[meiping]] and [[Goryeo]] maebyong
}}

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mullany|first=Francis|title=Symbolism in Korean ink brush painting|year=2006|publisher=Global Oriental|location=Folkestone|isbn=978-1-901903-89-8|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vc3qAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> It is a popular flower motif, amongst other flowers, for [[Korean embroidery]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Kyung-ja|title=Traditional Korean costume|year=2007|publisher=Global Oriental|location=Folkestone, Kent, UK|isbn=978-1-905246-04-5|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5unfAAAAMAAJ |author2=Hong, Na-young |author3=Chang, Sook-hwan }}</ref> Maebyong are plum vases derived from the Chinese meiping and are traditionally used to hold branches of plum blossoms in Korea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vase (Maebyeong) with Lotus Blossoms|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/69248.html|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|access-date=22 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Judith G.|title=Arts of Korea|year=1998|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87099-850-8|page=415|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgTqAAAAMAAJ&q=maebyong+meiping}}</ref> Korean [[Ceramic art|ceramist]] Master [[Kim Se-yong (ceramist)|Kim Se-yong]] incorporates the blossom into many of his [[openwork]] [[celadon]] vases.

Also, during [[Korean Empire]] period, the plum blossom became [[Imperial Seal of Korea|the imperial seal]] and royal official flower. Since ancient times, plum blossom has been filled with meaning and mystery. Plum blossoms bloom at the end of the winter, and because of this, they are called the herald of spring. They also symbolize perseverance because of how they can possibly bloom during the cold winter. Since they are considered the first flower of the year, they also represent purity and renewal. Plum flowers have five petals which are believed to carry 5 different blessings such as: wealth, health, virtue, peaceful and natural death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plum Blossoms, its Symbolism and Meanings |url=https://www.lotusfun.com/blogs/lotusfun/plum-blossoms-its-symbolism-and-meanings |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Lotus Fun |language=en}}</ref>

==== Japanese ====
Plum blossoms are often mentioned in [[Japanese poetry]] as a symbol of spring, as well as elegance and purity. When used in [[haiku]] or [[renga]], they are a ''[[kigo]]'' or season word for early spring. The blossoms are associated with the [[Japanese bush warbler]] and are depicted together on one of the twelve [[Suit (cards)|suits]] of [[hanafuda]] (Japanese playing cards).<ref>{{cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Shigeki|title=Pattern sourcebook: Nature 2: 250 patterns for projects and designs|year=2009|publisher=Rockport Publishing|location=Beverly, Mass.|isbn=978-1-59253-559-0|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Plum blossoms were favored during the [[Nara period]] (710–794) until the emergence of the [[Heian period]] (794–1185), in which the cherry blossom was preferred.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Mary S.|title=Sashiko: Easy & elegant Japanese designs for decorative machine embroidery|year=1999|publisher=Lark Books|location=Asheville, N.C.|isbn=978-1-57990-132-5|page=132}}</ref>

Japanese tradition holds that the ''ume'' functions as a protective charm against evil, so the ''ume'' is traditionally planted in the northeast of the garden, the direction from which evil is believed to come. The eating of the pickled fruit for breakfast is also supposed to stave off misfortune.<ref name=lp>Rowthorn, Chris and Florence, Mason. ''Lonely Planet: Kyoto''. 2001, page 21.</ref>

The tradition of [[hanami]] was originally performed with plum blossoms rather than [[Cherry blossom|cherry blossoms]] as is common today. The specific custom of viewing plum blossoms in Japan is now called ''umemi'' (梅見, plum-viewing).<ref>{{Cite web |title=「梅見月」って何月のこと？梅から始まる江戸の花見を、美しい錦絵とともに紹介！｜和樂web 美の国ニッポンをもっと知る！ |url=https://intojapanwaraku.com/rock/culture-rock/143837/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=和樂web 美の国ニッポンをもっと知る！ |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=梅見月うめみづき｜暦生活 |url=https://www.543life.com/koyomi/post20230201.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=暦生活 |language=ja}}</ref>

=== Southeast Asia ===
==== Vietnamese ====
In [[Vietnam]], due to the beauty of the tree and its flowers, the word ''mai'' is used to name girls. The largest hospital in Hanoi is named [[Bạch Mai Hospital|Bạch Mai]] (white plum blossom),<ref>{{cite web|title=Bach Mai - Trang chủ|url=http://bachmaihospital.org/|publisher=Bach Mai Hospital|access-date=27 August 2011}}</ref> another hospital in Hanoi is named [[Mai Hương Hospital|Mai Hương]] ("the scent of plum"), situated in Hồng Mai (pink plum blossom) street.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mai Huong Hospital|url=http://www.maihuong.gov.vn/Default.asp?mnz=39&mno=0&Languageid=1|publisher=Mai Huong Day Psychiatric Hospital|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163905/http://www.maihuong.gov.vn/Default.asp?mnz=39&mno=0&Languageid=1|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> [[Hoàng Mai District|Hoàng Mai]] (yellow plum blossom) is the name of a district in [[Hanoi]]. Bạch Mai is also a long and old street in Hanoi. All these places are located in the south part of Hanoi, where, in the past, many ''P. mume'' trees were grown.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

== See also ==
{{Cookbook|Ume-shu}}
{{Cookbook|Umeboshi}}
* [[Chinese garden]]
* [[Chinese cuisine]]
* [[Japanese cuisine]]
* [[Korean cuisine]]
* [[Vietnamese cuisine]]
* ''[[Prunus salicina]]''
* [[Greengage]]
* [[Typhoon Muifa]], various typhoons named for the [[Macanese language|Macanese]] form of the Chinese word for the plum blossom

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Prunus mume}}
{{Wikispecies|Prunus mume}}
* [http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-plum-blossom.php China Online Museum: Chinese Plum Blossom]
* [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30048 NPGS/GRIN – ''Prunus mume'' information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091107074508/http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/chlee/plsc368/student/papers03/ccharpentier/charpentier_cedric4.html NDSU: A good history – ''Prunus mume'']
* [https://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch?keywordquery=Prunus+mume&mode=sciname&submit.x=12&submit.y=7 USDA Plant Profile for ''Prunus mume'' (Japanese apricot)]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q157763}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Prunus|mume]]
[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Trees of Japan]]
[[Category:Trees of Korea]]
[[Category:Trees of Laos]]
[[Category:Trees of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Trees of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Japanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Japanese fruit]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:Apricots]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1830]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Fujian]]

Fractured Freedom

2026-01-12T07:00:35Z

Ali omar: Put up post

{{Short description|2021 non-fiction book}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Fractured Freedom: A Prison Memoir
| image = Fractured Freedom.jpg
| author = [[Kobad Ghandy]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = English
| genre = [[Memoir]]
| release_date = 16 March 2021
| media_type = Hardcover
| pages = 316
| isbn = 978-8194969167
| publisher = [[Roli Books]]
}}

'''''Fractured Freedom: A Prison Memoir''''' is a [[memoir]] by [[Kobad Ghandy]]. The book mainly concerns his imprisonment of over a decade following accusations of being a member of the [[politburo]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Communist Party of India]]. The book is divided into three parts: "Motivation and Drive Behind Action", "A Decade in India's Prisons", and "Contemplation and Consideration of Justification". The book was published on 16 March 2021 in English by [[Roli Books]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2021 |title= Why I am a communist: Activist Kobad Ghandy on ideology and Utopia |url=https://scroll.in/article/990841/why-i-am-a-communist-activist-kobad-ghandy-on-ideology-and-utopia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221124327/https://scroll.in/article/990841/why-i-am-a-communist-activist-kobad-ghandy-on-ideology-and-utopia |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website= [[Scroll.in]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title= Read an excerpt from Kobad Ghandy's Fractured Freedom, a stirring narrative of his activism and incarceration |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/read-an-excerpt-from-kobad-ghandys-fractured-freedom-a-stirring-narrative-of-his-activism-and-incarceration-9441141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221125145/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/read-an-excerpt-from-kobad-ghandys-fractured-freedom-a-stirring-narrative-of-his-activism-and-incarceration-9441141.html |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website= [[Firstpost]] |language=English
}}</ref> A [[Marathi language|Marathi]] translation was released soon after.

== Critical reception ==
===English edition===
Ghandy's memoir was met with critical acclaim. [[Mahmood Farooqui]] of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote:
<blockquote>"The importance of this memoir and of being Kobad lies in shedding privilege, in adopting poverty and struggle, in choosing the right life, in suffering wrongs for it, and yet remaining steadfast. Fractured Freedom is a moral lesson for modern India, which both the Left and the Right would do well to heed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title= Review: Fractured Freedom - A Prison Memoir by Kobad Ghandy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewfractured-freedom-a-prison-memoir-by-kobad-ghandy-101618589005870.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221105032/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewfractured-freedom-a-prison-memoir-by-kobad-ghandy-101618589005870.html |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website= [[Hindustan Times]] |language=English
}}</ref></blockquote>

Asim Ali of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' wrote:
<blockquote>"This is a sincere and lucid book, mercifully free of intellectual jargon or literary pretensions. It is also deeply moving at times, particularly when Ghandy writes about his wife. Whatever one makes of Ghandy's ideas, there are some important insights to be gleaned from his dramatic life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title= Honest reflections |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-fractured-freedom-a-prison-memoir-by-kobad-ghandy/cid/1838487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221105912/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-fractured-freedom-a-prison-memoir-by-kobad-ghandy/cid/1838487 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website= [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=English
}}</ref></blockquote>

===Marathi edition===
Sukumar Shidore of ''[[Loksatta]]'' wrote, "as the content of the book is multi-dimensional, it is hoped that the discerning reader will delve into its various aspects".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title= एका नक्षलवाद्याचे अध्यात्म.. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/sampadkiya/athour-mapia/review-of-book-fractured-freedom-written-by-kobad-ghandy-zws-70-2705219/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221111456/https://www.loksatta.com/sampadkiya/athour-mapia/review-of-book-fractured-freedom-written-by-kobad-ghandy-zws-70-2705219/ |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Milind Champanerkar of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' wrote that "considering the singular images of 'gunmen, burakhadhari', it seems that this book can provide a lot of insight into reality, breaking through the myths about the extreme left".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2022 |title= अतिडाव्याच्या मनातील परिवेदनेबाबत अंतर्दृष्टी देणारं 'फ्रॅक्चर्ड फ्रीडम' |url=http://marathi.thewire.in/review-kobad-ghandy-book-fractured-freedom-marathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221113153/https://marathi.thewire.in/review-kobad-ghandy-book-fractured-freedom-marathi |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website= [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

The [[Government of Maharashtra]] withdrew a literature award it had given the Marathi translation of the memoir, citing objections that the book "promotes [the] violence of [[Naxalism]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title= Maharashtra government scraps award, and jury, for Kobad Ghandy's book translation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-government-scraps-award-and-jury-for-kobad-ghandys-book-translation/articleshow/96184157.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221133728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-government-scraps-award-and-jury-for-kobad-ghandys-book-translation/articleshow/96184157.cms |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2024|reason=The quote isn't in the source}} This initiated a strong reaction in the Marathi literary community, with awardees of the same competition Anand Karandikar<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title= Row over Kobad Ghandy book: Author Anand Karandikar to return Maharashtra govt award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/dec/13/row-over-kobad-ghandy-book-author-anand-karandikar-to-return-maharashtra-govt-award-2527816.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223063149/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/dec/13/row-over-kobad-ghandy-book-author-anand-karandikar-to-return-maharashtra-govt-award-2527816.html |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website= [[The New Indian Express]] |language=English
}}</ref> and Shared Baviskar<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2022 |title= Row over Kobad Ghandy book: Marathi writer Sharad Baviskar returns award in protest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/dec/14/row-over-kobad-ghandy-book-marathi-writer-sharad-baviskar-returns-award-in-protest-2528001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223063622/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/dec/14/row-over-kobad-ghandy-book-marathi-writer-sharad-baviskar-returns-award-in-protest-2528001.html |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website= [[The New Indian Express]] |language=English
}}</ref> returning their rewards to the government. As a further sign of solidarity with Ghandy, several members of the jury that selects award-winning books resigned from the committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2022 |title= Kobad Ghandy book row: Chief of Maharashtra govt.'s language advisory panel, 4 members of literary board resign as protest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kobad-ghandy-book-row-chief-of-maharashtra-govts-language-advisory-panel-4-members-of-literary-board-resign-as-protest/article66262105.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223064247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kobad-ghandy-book-row-chief-of-maharashtra-govts-language-advisory-panel-4-members-of-literary-board-resign-as-protest/article66262105.ece |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website= [[The Hindu]] |language=English
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=AsZjzgEACAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]

Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021

2026-01-09T09:59:31Z

Ali omar: New new details...

{{short description|Anti-conversion law in India}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of
Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021
| legislature = Uttar Pradesh Legislature
| long_title = An Act to provide for prohibition of unlawful conversion from one religion to another by misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement or by any fraudulent means or by marriage and for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto
| image = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
| citation = https://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/3of2021_english.pdf
| territorial_extent = Uttar Pradesh
| enacted_by = Uttar Pradesh State Legislature
| date_enacted = 24 November 2020
| date_assented = 28 November 2020 (Ordinance)
4 March 2021 (Act)
| date_signed = [[Anandiben Patel]], {{small|[[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| date_commenced =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| related_legislation = Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967 Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978 [[Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act]], 2003 Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act 2006 Uttarakhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2018 Madhya Pradesh Freedom of Religion Bill, 2020 
| summary =
| keywords = Unlawful Conversion, Unlawful inter-faith marriages, Allurement, Convincing for Conversion, Force, Fraudulent, Coercion, Undue Influence,
Minor, Religion, Mass Conversion, Religion Convertor
| status = amended
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021''' ({{langx|hi|उत्तर प्रदेश विधिविरुद्ध धर्म संपरिवर्तन प्रतिषेध अधिनियम|Uttara Pradēśa Vidhivirudha Dharma Saṁparivartana Pratiśēdha Adhiniyam}}), referred to as the '''Love Jihad law''' by most of the media,<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-26|title=What UP govt's new anti-conversion law says, and origin of 'love jihad'|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/what-up-govts-new-anti-conversion-law-says-and-origin-of-love-jihad/552115/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|quote=Most media reports have referred to it as an ordinance against ‘love jihad’ [...]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Perrigo|first=Billy|date=25 November 2020|title=India's Biggest State Passes Law Based on Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theory|url=https://time.com/5915579/love-jihad-uttar-pradesh/|access-date=2020-11-26|magazine=Time}}</ref> is an [[anti-conversion law]] enacted by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], India. The [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|Uttar Pradesh state cabinet]] cleared the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020 on 24 November 2020 following which it was approved and signed by state Governor [[Anandiben Patel]] on 28 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-24|title=Jail term, fine for 'illegal' conversions in Uttar Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece|access-date=2020-11-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-28|title=UP Governor Anandiben Patel gives assent to ordinance on 'unlawful conversion'|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-governor-anandiben-patel-gives-assent-to-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversion-11606545320071.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the Uttar Pradesh legislature enacted the Act that was assented to by the governor on 4 March 2021 and was published in state gazette on 5 March 2021.<ref>Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021</ref>

The law makes religious conversion non-bailable with up to 10 years of jail time if undertaken through misinformation, unlawfully, forcefully, allurement or other allegedly fraudulent means. The law also requires that [[religious conversion]]s for marriage in Uttar Pradesh has to be approved by a [[district magistrate]]. The law also encompasses strict action for mass conversion, including cancellation of registration of social organisation involved in mass religious conversion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2020-11-24|title=Jail term, fine for 'illegal' conversions in Uttar Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece|access-date=2020-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The ordinance was passed amid media publicity and heated debate over [[Love Jihad|love jihad]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Lalchandani|first=Neha|date=25 November 2020|title=Religious conversions bill: UP cabinet passes ordinance to check 'unlawful' religious conversions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-cabinet-passes-ordinance-to-check-unlawful-religious-conversions/articleshow/79398391.cms|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However, the law itself contains no mention of love jihad.<ref name=":7" /> The ordinance was passed days after the Yogi Adityanath government launched 'Mission Shakti', a campaign for the safety and security of women in the state.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

An amendment to the ordinance was passed in July 2024, strengthening it. There will now be harsher provisions in the anti-conversion laws, such as life in prison. The legislation has changed to specifically for anyone who threaten, attack, marry, promise to marry, plot, or traffic women, minors, or anybody else with the objective of converting them. These acts are now classified as serious crimes. Penalties for such offenses range from 20 years to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-30 |title=UP govt passes stricter 'love jihad' law, includes life term |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-govt-passes-stricter-love-jihad-law-includes-life-term/articleshow/112138207.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Freedom of religion in India}}Prior to India's independence, during the [[British Raj]], Hindu [[princely state]]s including Kota, Patna, Surguja, Udaipur, and Kalahandi passed laws restricting religious conversions "in an attempt to preserve Hindu religious identity against Muslims."

=== Prior conversion legislation ===
Prior legislation passed in India to check conversion include:{{Sfn|Ahmad|Kumar|p=4–18|2018}}

* Before Independence
** Raigarh State Conversion Act, 1936
** Surguja State Apostasy Act, 1942
** Udaipur State Anti-Conversion Act, 1946
* After Independence
** Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967
**[[Madhya Pradesh]] Freedom of Religion Act, 1968
** Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978
**[[Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act]], 2003
** Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2006{{Efn|In 2007 "the Himachal Pradesh High Court struck down section 4 of the Act and Rules 3 and 5 of the Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Rules 2007, which implement the Act."{{Sfn|Ahmad|Kumar|p=4–18|2018}}|name=|group=}}
** Uttarakhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2018
Laws prohibiting conversion have been passed under various governments — [[Swatantra Party]] government in Odisha in 1968; [[Congress|Congress Party]] government in Himachal Pradesh in 2006. The 2020 UP ordinance contains similar grounds as what was mentioned in these laws.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Tanna|first=Kartikeya|date=2020-11-23|title='Love jihad' laws: Announcements by BJP state govts raise political storm; myths, half-truths add fuel to fire|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/love-jihad-laws-announcements-by-bjp-state-govts-raise-political-storm-myths-half-truths-add-fuel-to-fire-9042801.html|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Jurisprudence from [[High courts of India|High Courts across the country]] have said that conversion is not a casual matter. In 2014, the Allahabad High Court stated in a judgement that if conversion "is resorted to merely with the object of creating a ground for some claim of right" it would be "a fraud upon the law".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smt. Noor Jahan Begum ... vs State Of U.P. & 4 Others on 16 December, 2014|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/22354729/|access-date=25 November 2020|website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> The [[Akhilesh Yadav]] government in Uttar Pradesh at the time took a similar stand.<ref name=":3" /> In the case of ''[[Lily Thomas]] vs Union of India'' in 2000, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] nulled the marriage on the basis that if someone "feigns to have adopted another religion just for some worldly gain or benefit" it was "religious bigotry".<ref name=":3" />

According to human rights bodies such as [[International Christian Concern]] and [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF) "no individual has been convicted of forced conversions in India" and the "laws have resulted in few arrests".<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Ahmad|Kumar|p=21|2018}}

=== Uttar Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2019 draft ===
In 2019, the Uttar Pradesh State Law Commission under Justice Aditya Nath Mittal had compiled a report on unlawful religious conversion and proposed a draft Uttar Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Seth|first=Maulshree|date=2020-11-25|title=UP clears 'love jihad' law: 10-year jail, cancelling marriage if for conversion|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-clears-love-jihad-law-10-year-jail-cancelling-marriage-if-for-conversion-7064474/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The long title of the draft bill stated: "to provide freedom of religion by prohibition of conversion from one religion to another by misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement or by any fraudulent means or by marriage and for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto."<ref>[DRAFT BILL] The Uttar Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2019.</ref> The commission stated that the [[Indian Penal Code]] is "not sufficient" to prevent conversions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-23|title=State Government in India's Uttar Pradesh Proposes Anti-Conversion Law|url=https://www.persecution.org/2019/11/23/state-government-indias-uttar-pradesh-proposes-anti-conversion-law/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Persecution|publisher=[[International Christian Concern]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Usage of the term love jihad ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction =
| total_width = 300
| image1 = The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath meeting the President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Anandiben Patel Ji.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = (Left) Chief Minister Adityanath told a gathering on 31 October 2020 that his government will make a law to curb "love jihad". (Right) The law was given assent by Governor Anandiben Patel.
}}
On 31 October, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced that a law to curb '[[Love Jihad]]'{{Efn|As of November 2020, 'Love jihad' is a term not recognized by the Indian legal system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adityanath Cabinet Approves Ordinance Against 'Love Jihad' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=The Wire |date=24 November 2020}}</ref>|name=|group=}} would be passed by his government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=UP CM to Make 'Love Jihad' Law, Warns of 'Ram Naam Satya' Journey|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/conversion-for-the-sake-of-marriage-unacceptable-allahabad-hc|access-date=2020-11-25|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bajpai|first=Namita|date=31 October 2020|title='Your Ram Naam Satya journey will begin': CM Yogi's warning on 'love jihad', conversations|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/31/your-ram-naam-satya-journey-will-begin-cm-yogis-warning-on-love-jihad-conversations-2217607.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Following the publication of the draft and assent of the bill, some commentators distanced themselves from attaching the phrase "love jihad" to the bill. While some media reported that the law was related to "love jihad", even calling the ordinance the 'love jihad law' and 'love jihad ordinance';<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gaur|first1=Vatsala|last2=Sharma|first2=Aman|date=24 November 2020|title=UP clears ordinance to 'stop love jihad'; provision for 1-5 year jail|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/love-jihad-up-government-passes-ordinance-against-unlawful-religious-conversions/articleshow/79391179.cms|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Prashant|date=2020-11-24|title=Yogi govt approves 'love jihad' ordinance with 3-10 years of jail term, Rs 50,000 penalty|url=https://theprint.in/india/yogi-adityanath-govt-approves-love-jihad-ordinance-against-conversions-for-marriage/551174/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> the law itself contains no mention of love jihad.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Prashant|date=2020-11-22|title=Draft UP law on 'love jihad' proposes 5-yr jail, marriage annulment for 'forced conversion'|url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/draft-up-law-on-love-jihad-proposes-5-yr-jail-marriage-annulment-for-forced-conversion/549637/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Days before the ordinance, on 17 October, the Yogi Adityanath government launched 'Mission Shakti', a six-month campaign for the safety and security of women in the state.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=Mission Shakti — UP: 400 cases of crimes against women, children on priority list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mission-shakti-up-400-cases-of-crimes-against-women-children-on-priority-list-6812196/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-17|title=Uttar Pradesh: Yogi Adityanath launches Mission Shakti for security of women in the state|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-launches-mission-shakti-for-security-of-women-in-the-state/2107931/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Allahabad High Court judgement ===
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] had cited an [[Allahabad High Court]] judgement in 2020 as one of the basis for the new law.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rehman|first=Asad|date=2020-11-25|title=Allahabad HC says previous orders on interfaith marriages not 'good law'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/allahabad-high-court-hindu-muslim-marriage-love-jihad-up-7063742/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=23 November 2020|title='Not good in law': Allahabad HC overrides order that held conversion just for marriage unacceptable|url=https://scroll.in/latest/979276/not-good-law-allahabad-hc-strikes-down-order-that-held-conversion-just-for-marriage-unacceptable|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> However, the court later commented on the same judgement, overriding it by saying that it was "not [...] good law".<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Sparsh|date=2020-11-23|title='Right To Choose A Partner Of Choice A Fundamental Right': Allahabad High Court Says The Judgments Which Held 'Conversion For The Purpose Of Marriage Only' Not Good Law|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/right-to-choose-a-partner-of-choice-a-fundamental-right-allahabad-high-court-says-the-judgments-which-held-conversion-for-the-purpose-of-marriage-only-not-good-law-166287|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Provisions ==
The ordinance defines as:<ref>[https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2020-11/091266ee-6a3b-46e3-ae24-f4dbc9770456/Uttar_Pradesh_Interfaith_ordinance_2020.pdf Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020].</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=29 November 2020 |title=Uttar Pradesh ordinance on Religious Conversion explained |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/uttar-pradesh-ordinance-religious-conversion-explained |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

# '''Allurement''': means any gift, gratification, easy money or material benefit either in cash or kind, employment, free education in a reputed school run by any religious body, a better lifestyle, divine pleasure, or otherwise.
# '''Coercion''': forcing someone to do something against their will by employing physical force or psychological coercion that threatens or injures them.
# '''Conversion''': by renouncing one's own religion and adopting another religion.
# '''Fraudulent''': means impersonation by false name, surname, of religious symbols.
# '''Religion converter''': refers to a person of any religion who converts to another, regardless of the title they go by, such as Mulla, Father, Karmkandi, or Maulvi.

The law makes conversion non-bailable with up to 10 years of jail time if undertaken unlawfully, that is if "done through misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement, fraudulent means" or solely for marriage.<ref name=":5" /> The ordinance also lays down provisions related to mass conversions.<ref name=":5" /> The law requires that [[religious conversion]]s for marriage in Uttar Pradesh to be approved by a [[district magistrate]].<ref name=":5" /> Uttar Pradesh Law Commission says that the proposed law does not include any restriction on [[interfaith marriage]].<ref name=":1" /> But experts point out that the vague framing of law makes it easy for the police to interrogate any interfaith marriage and harass Muslim men and interfaith couples.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/muslim-teenager-in-up-arrested-under-love-jihad-law-for-walking-with-a-hindu-friend|title=Muslim teenager in UP arrested under love jihad law for walking with a hindu friend|website=The wire|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

== Usage ==
A few hours after the ordinance came into effect, the first case was filed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Kanwardeep|date=30 November 2020|title=Uttar Pradesh files first case within hours of getting anti-conversion law|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/uttar-pradesh-files-first-case-within-hours-of-getting-anti-conversion-law/articleshow/79472696.cms|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abhishek|first=Kumar|date=29 November 2020|title=First case under religious conversion law registered in UP's Bareilly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/first-case-under-religious-conversion-law-registered-in-up-bareilly-1745065-2020-11-29|access-date=2020-12-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Muskan Jahan, then 3 months pregnant, was the first woman detained under the new ordinance.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Raju |first=S |date=13 December 2020 |title=Woman detained under UP's new law against love jihad suffers miscarriage |website=Hindustan Times |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/woman-detained-under-up-s-new-law-against-love-jihad-suffers-miscarriage/story-ZJyLolrouFhyK8lFJfrGjK.html |access-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref> She was sent to a 'protection home' after her husband was arrested where she suffered a [[miscarriage]] allegedly due to negligence by authorities.<ref name=":12" /> Both were later released after a court found no evidence of 'love jihad'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kanwardeep |date=19 December 2020 |title=Love Jihad: no evidence, court allows release of man; ultrasound confirms wife miscarried |website=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/love-jihad-no-evidence-court-allows-release-of-man-ultrasound-confirms-wife-miscarried/articleshow/79802744.cms |access-date=December 20, 2020}}</ref> In relation to another case being brought before the police, a senior police officer in [[Shahabad (Assembly constituency)|Shahabad]] said:<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |date=26 December 2020 |title="We operate freely now": How hindu groups are driving UP's crackdown on love jihad |website=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/india/we-operate-freely-now-how-hindu-groups-are-driving-ups-crackdown-on-love-jihad/574368/ |access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="It is a fact that the two were in love. She knew that he was a Muslim and went to the court to marry him, [...] Now that we received a complaint of forceful conversion, we registered the case and made the arrest. Whether it is justified or not, is for the court to decide. In such cases, the girl's statement is sacrosanct."|author=|title=|source=}}

The law has empowered [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] groups like the [[Bajrang Dal]] and used by them to stop interfaith marriages between consenting adults and prosecute them for it.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=7 December 2020 |title=UP: Despite consensual marriage, muslim man arrested under new 'love jihad law' |website=The Wire |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/uttar-pradesh-love-jihad-arrest-muslim-man-consensual-marriage-bajrang-dal |access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> Within 1 month of passing the law, 14 cases were initiated and 51 arrests made.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Abhishek |date=29 December 2020 |title=1 month of love jihad law in UP: 51 arrests made, 14 cases lodged, only 2 complaints from victims |website=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/month-of-love-jihad-law-up-arrests-complaints-1754073-2020-12-29 |access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> Of these, 13 cases alleged that Hindu women were converted to Islam and in the one case it was alleged that the conversion was to Christianity.<ref name="indiatoday" /> In 8 cases, the women gave statements saying that they are a friend or in a relationship with the accused person and in one case, there was a married couple.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite news |date=9 January 2021 |title=1 month of UP 'love jihad' law: 14 cases, 49 in jail, woman 'victim' complainant in only two |publisher=Indianexpress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/love-jihad-law-up-police-7124001/ |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday" /> The onus to prove that the conversions were not forced was placed on the convert and the accused.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2020 |title=About 35 arrests, dozen FIRs as UP 'love jihad' law completes one month |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/261220/about-35-arrests-dozen-firs-as-up-love-jihad-law-completes-one-mont.html |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> In only 2 cases, the complaint was made by girls themselves,<ref name="indiatoday" /> including one case in [[Hardoi]] where a woman was brought by the Bajrang Dal to file a case who claimed that she was enchanted with a ''tabeez'' (religious locket).<ref name=":11" />

In another incident, [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh police]] stopped a Muslim wedding ceremony and detained the couple for a night inside the police station mistaking the bride as a converted Hindu woman on the basis of rumours.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 December 2020|title=Love jihad: UP police stop muslim couple's wedding based on rumours, groom allegedly beaten up|website=The Scroll|url=https://scroll.in/latest/980932/love-jihad-up-police-stop-muslim-couples-wedding-based-on-rumours-groom-allegedly-beaten-up|access-date=December 21, 2020}}</ref> An interfaith couple has also fled Uttar Pradesh and sought protection in [[Delhi High Court]] from Uttar Pradesh police applying the law against them.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 December 2020|title=Fearing love jihad allegations, interfaith couple flees UP; seek protection in delhi|website=The Wire|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/Fearing-love-jihad-allegations-interfaith-couple-flees-up-seeks-protection-in-delhi|access-date=December 21, 2020}}</ref> In a village in [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], a mob chased the family of an accused in a case where the 'victim' has denied allegations of 'love jihad' while the police is still searching for the accused.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Avaneesh|date=8 January 2021|title=Firozabad: woman denies love jihad charge, mob chases man's family members|website=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/firozabad-woman-denies-love-jihad-charge-mob-chases-mans-family-members-7137681/|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> There were also reports of Uttar Pradesh police refusing to register cases under the provisions of 'love jihad law' when the complainants were muslim women who converted to Hinduism for marrying Hindu men but were later rejected by their husbands after marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=10 December 2020|title=UP's 'love jihad law' partisan towards muslim women? Police refuses to take cognisance of cases involving them|website=National Herald|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/ups-love-jihad-law-partisan-towards-muslim-women-police-refuses-to-take-cognisance-of-cases-involving-them|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref>

=== First conviction ===
In the first conviction under the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021 (Anti-Love Jihad Act), a Muslim youth in the state's [[Amroha]] district was given a five-year prison sentence for attempting to marry a Hindu girl under false pretenses by concealing his religion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Sparsh |date=2022-09-21 |title=UP Court Sentences Man To Five Years In Jail In First Conviction Under UP 'Anti Love Jihad' Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/up-court-sentences-man-to-five-years-in-jail-in-first-conviction-under-up-anti-love-jihad-law-209887 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey, DHNS |first=Sanjay |title=Muslim youth sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment in first conviction under UP 'Love Jihad' law |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/muslim-youth-sentenced-to-5-years-imprisonment-in-first-conviction-under-up-love-jihad-law-1146165.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Criticism and support ==
Numerous experts have described the law as unconstitutional including former Law Commission chairman Justice [[Ajit Prakash Shah|A. P. Shah]] & former Supreme Court judge [[Madan Lokur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-love-jihad-law-must-be-struck-down-immediately-justice-ap-shah-2340505|title=UP love jihad law must be struck down immediately: Justice A. P. Shah|website=NDTV|access-date= January 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/982125/love-jihad-ups-law-has-many-defects-cannot-be-sustained-says-ex-sc-judge-madan-lokur|title=UP's anti-love jihad law has many defects, cannot be sustained, says ex-SC judge Madan Lokur|website=The Scroll|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> The criticism is largely focused on denying the right to freedom of religion and restricting women's rights to choose their partner.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/981591/ups-anti-conversion-law-attacks-muslims-infantalises-women-and-curbs-dalit-rights|title=UP's anti-conversion law attacks muslims, infantilises women and curbs dalit rights|website=Scroll|access-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/love-jihad-miscegenation-nazi-germany-nuremberg-law-miscegenation-law-of-virginia-167775|title=Love Jihad: A present day variant of the anti-miscegenation laws|website=Live law|access-date= January 2, 2021}}</ref> In December 2020, 104 former bureaucrats have written an open letter to Chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] asking him to repeal the law. They alleged that UP "has become the epicentre of politics of hate, division and bigotry and the institutions of governance are now steeped in communal poison".<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=30 December 2020|title=104 ex bureaucrats write to Yogi Adityanadh; UP is now epicentre of politics of hate, bigotry|website=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/104-ex-bureaucrats-write-to-yogi-adityanath-up-is-now-epicentre-of-politics-of-hate-bigotry-7125513/|access-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref>

In January 2021, 224 retired judges, civil servants, diplomats, armed forces veterans wrote a letter to the CM in support of the UP law against 'unlawful conversion'.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=4 January 2021|title=Over 200 retired judges, civil servants, diplomats, armed forces veterans support UP law against 'unlawful conversion'|website=ANI|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/over-200-retired-judges-civil-servants-diplomats-armed-forces-veterans-support-up-law-against-unlawful-conversion20210104225629|access-date=}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020 applies to everyone belonging to any religion, provides for the regulation of conversion through prescribed declaration and giving notice to authorities for ruling out unlawful conversions based on misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement, fraudulent means, marriages etc. It rightly provides that the marriages done for sole purpose of unlawful conversion can be declared void by the family courts on a petition by any of the two parties in a marriage"|author=|title=|source=}}

== Supreme Court Challenge ==
In 2020, Citizens for Justice and Peace filed a PIL before the [[Supreme Court of India]] challenging the constitutional validity of the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020. CJP argues that this law “places a burden on individuals to justify their personal decisions to the State authorities throttling their Right to Life and Personal Liberty, Dignity, Freedom of Conscience and Choice.” Supreme Court is hearing this challenge along with several other matters challenging similar laws from other Indian states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2025-10-13 |title=Constitutionality of Anti-Conversion Laws {{!}} Supreme Court |url=https://onelawstreet.com/constitutionality-of-anti-conversion-laws-supreme-court/ |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite report|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/anti-conversion-laws/india-anti-conversion-laws.pdf|title=State Anti-conversion Laws in India|last1=Ahmad|first1=Tariq|last2=Kumar|first2=Supreetha|date=October 2018|publisher=Library of Congress. The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center.|publication-date=2017|edition=Updated|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017004043/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/anti-conversion-laws/india-anti-conversion-laws.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2020}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==

* Editorial (27 November 2020). [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/policing-faith-the-hindu-editorial-on-love-jihad-laws-seeking-to-prohibit-unlawful-religious-conversions/article33187876.ece Policing faith: On 'love jihad' laws]. ''The Hindu.''

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh state legislation]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]

Jolsobi

2026-01-09T04:32:29Z

Ali omar: Creating Entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = [[Jaicheng Jai Dohutia]]
| writer = [[Jaicheng Jai Dohutia]]
| producer = Bhupali Moran
[[Jaicheng Jai Dohutia]]
| starring = Darathie Bhardwaj
Numal Chandra Gogoi
Dulukanta Moran
Durlabha Moran
| cinematography = Chida Bora
Jaicheng Jai Dohutia
| editing = [[Jaicheng Jai Dohutia]]
| music = Saurav Mahanta
Andreas Lucas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|10|26|Sao Paulo, Brazil|ref1=}}
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = India
| language = Assamese
}}'''''Jolsobi''''' (''End of Spring'') is an Assamese language film directed and written by debutant [[Indie film|independent filmmaker]] [[Jaicheng Jai Dohutia]] and produced by Mayamara Productions in association with Arman Productions, FunDeMental Studios and Mogador Film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-19 |title=Jaicheng Dohutia’s Assamese film Jolsobi invited to 45th São Paulo International Film Festival |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/jaicheng-assamese-jolsobi-sao-paulo.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gani |first=Abdul |date=2021-10-18 |title=Jaicheng Dohutia's Jolsobi at 45th Sao Paulo Film Festival |url=https://assamtribune.com/entertainment/jaicheng-dohutias-jolsobi-at-45th-sao-paulo-film-festival-1239034 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Jolsobi, Indie Feature Film, 2019-2020 {{!}} Crew United |url=https://www.crew-united.com/en/Jolsobi__302251.html |language=en |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref> The film is based on gender equality a massive issue and a worldwide injustice.

== Plot ==
Tapashi (Darathie Bharadwaj), a young college grad, the protagonist of the film tries to hold a job; she even tries to salvage her relationship with a man who doesn't feel the same way about her while attempting to make it big in a small village that restricts her and barely allows her freedom of choice but none of it is ever sufficient.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dcosta |first=Vidal |date=2022-06-06 |title=REVIEW - 'Jolsobi' (2021) |url=https://www.themoviebuff.net/2022/06/review-jolsobi-explores-the-haplessness-and-heartbreak-of-not-being-able-to-contribute-to-society/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The Movie Buff |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jolsobi Movie Review {{!}} Jolsobi Movie Cast {{!}} Jolsobi {{!}} Indian Film History |url=https://indianfilmhistory.com/movie/jolsobi |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Cast ==

* Darathie Bharadwaj
* Numal Chandra Gogoi
* Durlabha Moran
* Dulukanta Moran
* Akhil Bihiya Gogoi
* Biponjit Gogoi
* Karabi Dowarah
* Bishal Anurag
* Geetashree Dohutia
* Rashmi Rekha Dohutia

== Production ==
''Jolsobi'' is an Indo-German production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=Cinema from the world over, makes way to Delhi again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/cinema-from-the-world-over-makes-way-to-delhi-again-101651907373991.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It has been made by Mayamara Art & Culture in association with Mogador Film [[Berlin]], Fundamental Studios [[Frankfurt]] and Arman Productions [[India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=FunDeMental Studios |url=https://www.fundemental.de/projekte/arman-production-jolsobi-end-of-spring/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=www.fundemental.de}}</ref> [[Jaicheng Jai Dohutia|Dohutia]] wrote the script in 2020.

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2021
|[[São Paulo International Film Festival]]
|New Director's Competition
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page {{!}} HIFF |url=https://www.habitatworld.com/hiff/details.php?editId=32 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=www.habitatworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhuyan |first=Kalpa Jyoti |date=2021-10-20 |title=Jaicheng Zxai Dohutia’s ‘Jolsobi’ selected for competition at São Paulo film festival |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2021/10/jaicheng-zxai-dohutias-jolsobi-selected-for-competition-at-sao-paulo-film-festival/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2021/10/jaicheng-zxai-dohutias-jolsobi-selected-for-competition-at-sao-paulo-film-festival/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Award]]
|Best Screenplay
[[Best Director]]
[[Best Cinematography]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galaxy of Stars Gathered at the 'Prag Cine Awards 2022', Check the Winners List |url=https://pragnews.com/Galaxy-of-Stars-Gathered-at-the-%27Prag-Cine-Awards-2022%27,-Check-the-Winners-List |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://mayamarafilms.wixsite.com/jolsobi}}
* {{IMDb title|id=tt12247290}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2020s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Suicide prevention and intervention in India

2025-12-15T03:29:53Z

Ali omar: New a entry

{{short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}

'''Suicide prevention and intervention efforts in India''' are in the nascent stage.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mhi.org.in/media/insight_files/MHI-Suicide_Prevention-Changing_the_Narrative-Sep2021_1.pdf | title=Suicide Prevention: Changing the Narrativej | website=mhi.org.in}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), [[suicide in India]] is a serious public health issue but it can be prevented with timely interventions that are based on evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suicide - India|url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/suicide|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Suicide prevention is also one of the [[United Nations]] [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDG3.4.2) wherein they have asked member countries to work towards reduce global suicide rates by one third by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suicide Prevention {{!}} For Researchers {{!}} Springer Nature|url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/sdg-programme/suicide-prevention|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.springernature.com}}</ref> Notable steps taken by the [[Government of India]] include the decriminalization of suicide in the Mental HealthCare Act of 2017<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/175248.pdf | title=The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124072206/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/175248.pdf | archive-date=2023-01-24}}</ref> and launching of India's first mental health toll free helpline KIRAN.<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}} Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities {{!}} MSJE {{!}} Government of India|url=https://disabilityaffairs.gov.in/content/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=disabilityaffairs.gov.in}}</ref> Many experts have emphasised the urgent need for a national strategy for suicide prevention to be implemented that is multi-sectoral in nature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: Experts urge multi-sector strategy to stem suicides|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/india-experts-urge-multi-sector-strategy-to-stem-suicides/1968586|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

Fortunately, India released its first national suicide prevention strategy in November 2022. According to a journal article authored by Dr. Vikas Arya (The [[University of Melbourne]]), "the national strategy outlines various objectives, key stakeholders, and timeframes by which the objectives should ideally be achieved. The Ministry of Health and Welfare has been recognized as the key organization in ensuring the adoption of the plan at the national level, while various other ministries (e.g., the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, and the Ministry of Agriculture) and stakeholders (e.g., state and local governments, [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], community-level health workers, academics, and the media) are identified as key actors. It is hoped that all these various ministries and stakeholders will come together to implement the plan successfully at the national, state, and local levels. The strategy draws on the World Health Organization's (WHO) model of a multisectoral approach to suicide prevention with the goal of reducing suicide mortality by 10 % in India by 2030".<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Arya|first=Vikas|date=2024-03-01|title=Suicide prevention in India|journal=Mental Health & Prevention|volume=33 |article-number=200316 |language=English|doi=10.1016/j.mhp.2023.200316|doi-access=free}}</ref> He also suggests that "while the first national suicide prevention strategy of India highlights the importance of both public health and health care strategies, given the lack of resources in the health care system of India, public health strategies for suicide prevention should be prioritized including restriction of lethal means (e.g., ban on lethal pesticides), gatekeeper training and awareness programs in various different settings (e.g., schools), responsible reporting of suicide among different media platforms, and improving the quality of suicide surveillance data".<ref name="auto"/>

== Government Initiatives ==

=== Decriminalization of suicide ===
The [[Mental Healthcare Act, 2017|Mental Health Care Act 2017]] negated laws of Section 309 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] and stated that attempting suicide is not a crime. The person attempting suicide is believed to be under a lot of stress and does not warrant punishment. Furthermore, the act announces provisions such as access to free healthcare and rehabilitation for people who attempt suicide.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vadlamani|first1=Laxmi Naresh|last2=Gowda|first2=Mahesh|date=April 2019|title=Practical implications of Mental Healthcare Act 2017: Suicide and suicide attempt|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=61|issue=Suppl 4|pages=S750–S755|doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_116_19|issn=0019-5545|pmc=6482674|pmid=31040468 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Kiran ===
Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment launched KIRAN ([tel:+1800-599-0019 1800-599-0019]), a toll-free 24/7 mental health helpline in September 2020 to help individuals in need of mental health support. The aim of the helpline, which was developed by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) is to provide psychological support in the wake of increasing distress and psychosocial vulnerabilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Soniya|date=2020-09-07|title=Govt launches KIRAN, a 24x7 helpline for people to seek mental health counselling|url=https://theprint.in/health/govt-launches-kiran-a-24x7-helpline-for-people-to-seek-mental-health-counselling/497542/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

The helpline will provide services such as screening, mental health first aid, crisis management and referrals to other mental health professionals. Over 600 clinical psychologists and psychiatrists are involved in the helpline. Calls can be made in 13 languages: Hindi, Assamese, Tamil, Marathi, Odia, Telugu, Malayalam, Gujarati, Punjabi, Kannada, Bengali, Urdu and English.<ref>{{Cite web|title=vikaspedia Domains|url=https://vikaspedia.in/news/24x7-tollfree-mental-health-rehabilitation-helpline-kiran-18005990019-launched|access-date=2021-11-20|website=vikaspedia.in}}</ref>

=== Compensation for family members of Covid positive suicide victims ===
On September 23, 2021, the Union Government of India said that they are considering providing monetary assistance to bereaved family members of individuals who died by suicide within thirty days of being diagnosed with Covid. This took place after the Supreme Court's advice to include suicide deaths as being caused by distress from COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-23|title=Family of COVID-19 patients who died by suicide to get compensation: Union govt tells SC|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/family-covid-19-patients-who-died-suicide-get-compensation-union-govt-tells-sc-155667|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

===Suicide Prevention Policy===
Madhya Pradesh government has started working to formulate the India's first suicide prevention policy by taking serious note of suggestion letter given by eminent psychiatrist Dr Satyakant Trivedi who runs a campaign against suicide "Say Yes To Life".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-17|title=MP to come up with Suicide Prevention Policy|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/mp-to-come-up-with-suicide-prevention-policy.html/|access-date=2022-08-22|website=ThePoineer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-17|title= इस प्रदेश में बनेगी पहली सुसाइड प्रिवेंशन पॉलिसी, सरकार ने की घोषणा|url=https://www.aajtak.in/health/story/madhya-pradesh-will-become-first-state-the-country-suicide-prevention-policy-1524535-2022-08-24|access-date=2022-08-22|website=AajTak|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-11|title=CM plants saplings on World Suicide Prevention Day|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/cm-plants-saplings-on-world-suicide-prevention-day.html/article65875268.ece|access-date=2022-09-11|website=ThePioneer|language=en-US}}</ref>

On the State's existing suicide-prevention infrastructure, [[Vishvas Sarang]], the Minister of Medical Education, said that the latest initiative is not aimed specifically for the state but the government viewed the problem as universal and the strategy would suggest measures to reduce the instances everywhere in the country.

“Suicide is undoubtedly a big problem in society and every section of it is affected by it. We witness frequent cases of suicide, and this is definitely linked to mental health. To check this and find a solution to this problem, we have come up with an extensive action plan,” said Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-10|title= Madhya Pradesh government to prepare a draft suicide prevention strategy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madhya-pradesh-government-to-prepare-a-draft-suicide-prevention-strategy/article65875268.ece|access-date=2022-09-10|website=TheHindu|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Community programs ===
Centre for Mental Health Law and Policy (CMHLP) work to implement evidence backed suicide prevention interventions in rural India through their Suicide Prevention and Implementation Research Initiative (SPIRIT).

Interventions include training youth and making them aware of mental health, safely storing pesticides and training community people to identify and support at-risk individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suicide Prevention & Implementation Research Initiative (SPIRIT) - Centre for Mental Health Law and Policy|url=https://cmhlp.org/projects/spirit/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=cmhlp.org}}</ref>

In collaboration with Sangath, Quicksand Design Studio, Centre for Mental Health Law and Policy (CMHLP) are leading a program called iOutlive! where suicides among young people in Urban India belonging to marginalized and deprived identities will be addressed. Interventions include resource sharing, campaigns and chat based peer support services.

=== Gatekeeper training ===
[[Suicide Prevention India Foundation]] (SPIF) have collaborated with the QPR institute to offer gate keeping training in India. This training aims to equip members of the public with basic knowledge about the signs of suicide and first aid skills so that they can identify and support a person undergoing a suicide crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gatekeeper – SPIF|url=https://www.spif.in/gatekeeper/|access-date=2021-11-20|language=en}}</ref> SPIF is also working to create a community of gatekeepers in India so that help is more accessible to those who need it.

=== National Alliance for Suicide Prevention ===
Mariwala Health Initiative has announced a National Alliance to bring together individuals from multiple sectors including research and policy to work towards a common goal of suicide prevention. They aim to support community based interventions and prioritise the lived experiences of individuals. They've also published a report titled 'Suicide Prevention: Changing the Narrative' where the Indian scenario is summarised.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MHI : Mariwala Health Initiative|url=https://mhi.org.in/asp/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=mhi.org.in}}</ref>

=== Helplines ===
Many organizations run helplines to provide immediate support to individuals facing suicidal thoughts or urges. Please see [[List of suicide crisis lines]].

=== Centralized pesticide-storage facility ===
Vijayakumar and colleagues (supported by the Sneha Suicide Prevention Centre in India and WHO) constructed two centralized storage facilities in two villages in [[Tamil Nadu]] as an effort to reduce pesticide-related suicides. Farmers could store their pesticides in storage boxes (similar to a bank locker) and they could access their pesticide-storage boxes with the key to their own locker. There was a significant reduction in pesticide suicides in the villages where this facility was constructed compared to other villages in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vijayakumar|first=Lakshmi|date=2017|title=Challenges and opportunities in suicide prevention in South-East Asia|journal=WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–33|doi=10.4103/2224-3151.206161|pmid=28597856|s2cid=13766173|issn=2224-3151 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Few state government in India like Madhyapradesh has started thinking about the concept of pesticide banks.
<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-18|title= मप्र में बनेंगे कीटनाशक बैंक, यहां रखे जाएंगे पेस्टीसाइड्स|url=https://www.peoplessamachar.in/Insecticide-banks-will-be-built-in-MP-pesticides-will-be-kept-here|access-date=2022-09-18|website=PeoplesSamachar|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suicide in India]]

List of airports in Sikkim

2025-12-07T21:17:03Z

Ali omar: starting the data w/ sources...

{{Short description|None}}

[[File:Pakyong Airport, Gangtok.png|thumb|Pakyong Airport, Gangtok]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

Until 2018, the nearest airport to the north-eastern [[India]]n state of [[Sikkim]] was [[Bagdogra Airport]] located 124 kilometres from the state capital [[Gangtok]]. The state had no airport of its own. However, in 2018, the state's first airport in [[Pakyong]] was opened for public use after it was inaugurated by Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1547040#:~:text=The%20Prime%20Minister%2C%20Shri%20Narendra,100th%20airport%20in%20the%20country.|title=PM inaugurates Pakyong Airport, as air connectivity reaches Sikkim|work=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/sikkims-first-airport-at-pakyong-10-things-to-know/sikkim-airport-breathtaking-photos/slideshow/65930837.cms|title=Sikkim's first airport at Pakyong: 10 things to know|work=Economic Times|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, [[SpiceJet]] became the first airline to launch flights to [[Pakyong Airport]] from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] and [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/oct/05/spicejets-first-commercial-flight-lands-at-sikkims-pakyong-greenfield-airport-1881180.html|title=SpiceJet's first commercial flight lands at Sikkim's Pakyong Greenfield Airport|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref> Opening of the [[Pakyong Airport]] also marked the opening of India's 100th airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indias-100th-airport-opens-in-sikkim/article25030792.ece|title=India’s 100th airport opens in Sikkim|work=The Hindu|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref>

==List==
The list includes the airports in [[Sikkim]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>List of airports in Sikkim</big>
|-
! Sl. no.
! Location in Sikkim
! Airport name
! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]
! Operator
! Category
! Role
|-
| 1 ||[[Pakyong]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Pakyong Airport]]|| align="center" |VEPY|| align="center" |PYG||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport|Domestic]]||Commercial
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Sikkim| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Sikkim]]

Ramnad estate

2025-12-01T17:02:20Z

Ali omar:

{{Short description|Zamindhari kingdom in India (1601 to 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Ramnad
| common_name = Ramnad dynasty
| status = Kingdom, later Zamindari estate
| common_languages = [[Tamil language(Official)|Tamil]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]]
| religion = [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]]
| event_start =
| date_start =
| year_start = 1601
| event_end =
| date_end =
| year_end = 1949
}}
{{TNhistory}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The '''Kingdom of Ramnad''' or '''Ramnad Estate''' was a permanently settled kingdom and later ''[[zamindar]]i'' estate that existed in the Ramnad subdivision of the [[Madurai district]] and later [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramnad district]] of the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] in the [[East India Company]] from 1601. It was ruled by the rajas also had the title of [[Sethupathi]]. Madurai Nayaks ruled the Ramnad area with the appointed chieftains between 14th to 16th century CE, and in 17th century CE the appointed governors expanded their power to establish "Ramnad Kingdom" which was also called as "[[Maravar]] Kingdom" by the British. In 1795 CE, after an heir dispute, they were reduced to the status of zamidari by the [[East India Company]]. After the [[independence of India]] in 1947 the [[Political integration of India|estates were merged]] in the [[Dominion of India|Dominon of India]] and in 1949 all rulers lost the ruling rights, [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]] was also finally abolished in 1971.

The seat of administration was the town of [[Ramanathapuram]]. The Zamindari had its origins in the administrative area of Ramnad established by [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Muthu Krishnappa Nayak]] in the 1605 AD. After the fall of Madurai Nayaks, the governors established Kingdom of Ramnad. In 1803, the kingdom was converted to a ''zamindari'' by the British. The male rulers of Ramnathapuram also bore the title of [[Sethupathi]] or "protector of the bridge", the bridge here referring to the legendary [[Rama's Bridge]]<ref name="sethupathi_tondaimans">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadu.ind.in/tamilnadu_history/sethupathis_thondaimans/sethupathis.php|title=Sethupathi Tondaimans|work=The History of Tamil Nadu|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712110239/https://www.tamilnadu.ind.in/tamilnadu_history/sethupathis_thondaimans/sethupathis.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="holdersofhistory">{{cite web|title=Holder of History: The Ramnad Sethupathis|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1518390491.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023031602/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1518390491.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="bridgeofram">{{cite web|title=Sethupathi Dynasty of Ramnad – Guardians of Rama Sethu|url=http://www.bridgeofram.com/2008/02/sethupathi-dynasty-of-ramnad-guardians.html|publisher=Bridge of Ram|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006003201/http://www.bridgeofram.com/2008/02/sethupathi-dynasty-of-ramnad-guardians.html|archive-date=6 October 2011|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> while female rulers bore the title "Nachiyar".
[[Image:Ramanathapuram 1784 a.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Ramnad Palace]] front view]]
[[File:S-TN-44.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Built by [[Raghunatha Kilavan]]-[[Ramalinga Vilasam]]]]

== Legend ==
{{anchor | History | Kingdom of Ramnad | Ramnad Kingdom | Maravar Kingdom | Sethupathi Kingdom }}
The estate of Ramnad included the Hindu holy island city of [[Rameswaram]], from where, legend has it that the Hindu god [[Rama]] launched his invasion of [[Ravana]]'s [[Lanka]]. On the conclusion of the war and Rama's success in it, he appointed a ''Sethupathi'' or "lord of the bridge" to guard the way to the island. The "bridge" referred to here is the legendary [[Rama's Bridge]] which was believed to have been constructed by Rama. The chieftains of Ramnad were entrusted with the responsibility of protecting the bridge, hence the appellation.

== History ==

=== 14th-16th century CE: As traditional Maravar kings ===
{{anchor | Maravar | chieftains | chieftain | Maravar chieftains }}
During Muttu Krishnappa Nayak (1601–1609 A.D.) of [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] reign, the Ramnadu region, due to lack of efficient leadership, crimes and robbery were found frequently against pilgrims of Rameswaram through the wild jungle. Due to lack of knowledge of the Jungles, Nayak army found it hard to control the robbers. Therefore, Muthu Krishnappa Nayaka (1601-1609 A.D.) laid down the foundation of the rule of the Sethupathi (watchmen of the bridge ) of Ramnad area under the Madurai Nayaks and made an agreement with the locals to stop the robbery. Muthu Krishnappa Nayaka appointed Sadayakka Teva as Sethupathi in 1605 A.D. to stop crimes and protect the pilgrims of Rameswaram through the wild and inhospitable region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francis |first1=W. |title=Madura |year=1906 |publisher=Madras : Govt. Press |pages=44, 45 |url=https://archive.org/details/madurafrancis01madr/page/44/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajagopal |first1=S |title=MILITARY POTENTIAL OF MADURAI NAYAKA'S FROM 1564 TO 1623 A.D. – A STUDY |url=https://adalyajournal.com/gallery/43-aug-1681.pdf |date=8 August 2019 |volume=8}}</ref> When the power of the Nayak kings of [[Madurai]] began to decline in the late 17th century, the [[Raghunatha Kilavan]] of Ramnad asserted his independence.

=== 17th-19th century CE: Rise as Ramnad Kingdom or Maravar Kingdom ===
{{anchor | Ramnad | Maravar | Ramnad Kingdom | Kingdom of Ramnad | Maravar Kingdom }}

In the late 17th century, Raghunatha Kilavan crowned himself king of Ramnad and changed his seat from Pogalur to Ramnad close to the east coast on the request of Muslim trade merchants to give protection against Portuguese traders. With the help and fund from Muslim trade merchants, he erected massive fortifications to protect his capital. He ruled from 1673 to 1708 and oversaw the growth of the feudal chieftainship of Ramnad into powerful ''"Kingdom of Ramnad"'' which is known as ''"[[Maravar]] Kingdom"''. In 1725, the [[Thanjavur Marathas|king of Tanjore]] claimed the northern part of the Ramnad kingdom (the [[Aranthangi]] region) up to the river Pambar in return for his services during the civil war in Ramnad. A vassal of Ramnad who was amongst the victors in the civil war took over the westerly located [[Sivaganga]] region, thereby leaving only three-fifths of the kingdom actually in the hands of the king of Ramnad.

=== 19th-20th century CE: reduced to zamidari jagir during British Raj ===
{{anchor | Maravar Kingdom | Ramnad Kingdom | Kingdom of Ramnad }}

Ramnad participated in the [[Carnatic wars]] between the [[British East India Company|British]] and the [[French Indies Company|French East India companies]]. The state came under British influence in the 1790s and the king of Ramnad was deposed in 1795 for misrule. The British, then, made the king's sister the ruler of Ramnad and deprecated the kingdom to a ''zamindari'' by a permanent ''[[Sanad (deed)|sanad]]'' granting them [[jagir]] of Ramnad in 1803. Since then, until the India's independence in 1947, Ramnad was ruled by the queen and her descendants.

[[Bhaskara Sethupathi|Raja Bhaskara Sethupathi]], who lived in the late 19th century, borrowed large amounts of money from [[Nagarathar]] creditors for construction of irrigation works and massive developments projects and for charitable purposes that he soon ran into heavy debt. In 1895, most of the estate was pledged to the creditors who set up a trust for its administration and maintenance. Bhaskara Sethupathi's successors actively supported the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]. [[Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi]] was an active supporter of the Justice Party and promoted the Self-Respect Movement.

After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, the [[Government of India]] marged estates, jagiirs, kingdom with the Union of India. Consequently, in 1949 all rulers lost the ruling rights. In 1971, [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]], an allowance given to the former rulers, was also abolished, thus ending all entitlements.

== List of Sethupathi rulers ==
=== Chieftains With the Madurai Nayaks ===
* Udaiyan Sethupathi (a) Sadaikkan (1601–1623)
* Koottan Sethupathi (1623–1635)
* Dalavai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1635–1645)
* Thirumalai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1646–1676)
* Raja Suriya Sethupathi (1676)
* Aathana Raghunatha Sethupathi (1677)

=== Independent kings of Ramnad Kingdom ===
* [[Raghunatha Kilavan|Raghunatha Kilavan Sethupathi]] (1678–1710)
* Muthu Vairavanatha Sethupathi I (1710–1712)
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I|Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi]] (1713-1725)
* Sundaresvara Raghunatha Sethupathi (1725)
* Bavani Sangara Sethupathi (1725–1727)
* Kumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1728–1735)
* Sivakumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1735-1747)
* Rakka Thevar Sethupathi (1748)
* Sella Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1749–1762)
* [[Muthuramalinga Sethupathi|Muthuramalinga Vijaya Ragunatha Sethupathi]] I (1762-1772 1781-1795)

=== Ruler of princely state under British Raj ===
; As king
* ''Interregnum'' (1795—1803)<ref>{{Cite book |author=A. Ramaswami |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3390/page/n115/mode/1up |page=98|title=Tamil Nadu District Gazetteers: Ramanathapuram |date=1972 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Printing}}</ref>

; As Zamindars
* Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1803–1807)
* Annaswami Sethupathi (1807–1820)
* Ramaswami Sethupathi (1820–1830)
* Muthu Chella Thevar Sethupathi (1830–1846)
* Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar (1846–1862)
* [[Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II]] (1862–1873)
* [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] (1873–1889)
* [[Bhaskara Sethupathy]] (1889–1903)
* Dinakara Sethupathy
* [[Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi]] (1903–1929)
* [[Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi]] (1929–1967)
* [[Dasarathan Sethupathi]] (March 1967 - December 1967
* [[Ramanatha Sethupathi]] (1967-1979)
* [[Rajeswari Nachiyar]] (1979-2023)

== Ramnad estate during British Raj ==

=== Location ===
[[File:Bhaskara Sethupathy of Ramnad.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Raja of Ramnad [[Bhaskara Sethupathy]] (1889–1903)]]

The estate of Ramnad was located between 9 degrees 6' and 10 degrees 6' N latitude and 77 degrees 56' and 79 degrees 19' E longitudes. It comprised the southern and eastern portion of Madura district and included the whole Bay of Bengal coast of the district.

=== Area and population ===

The estate covered an area of {{convert|2104|sqmi|km2|sigfig=3}} and had a population of 723,886 in 1901. It was one of the largest and most populous ''zamindari'' estates in the Madras Presidency. The zamindar of Ramnad paid a tribute of {{INR}} 3.75 [[lakh]] for the year 1903-04 to the British government.

=== Subdivisions ===
Then part of the Madurai district, the estate was subdivided into five ''zamindari'' tehsils: Ramnad, Tiruvadanai, Paramakudi, Tiruchuli and Mudukulathur. The administration was based in the town of [[Ramanathapuram]] in Ramnad tehsil. Ramanathapuram, Kilakkarai, Paramakudi, Rameswaram, Mandapam and Pamban were some of the important towns in the estate.

== Constructions ==
Jennifer Howes credits Sethupathis for some historic constructions in Pogalur (Sethupathi coronation in 1604), Kamudi had two lines of fortification some buildings and a well probably Sethupathis spent substantial time there, Ramnad, [[Rameswaram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Howes, . 2003. |first=Jennifer |title=The Courts of Pre-Colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |isbn=9781135789961 |pages=71–158 |chapter=Pantings in the Ramlinga Vilasam}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sethupathi]], title of Raghunatha Kilavan and his descendants
* [[Maravar]], community to which Ramnad / Sethupathi kings belonged
* [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]], once ally and later adversary of Sethupathis
* [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]], once ally and later adversary of Sethupathis
* [[Marava War of Succession]], war of succession after [[Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I|Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi]]
* [[Chokkanatha Nayak Invasion of Ramnad]]
* [[Serfoji I's invasion of Ramnad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35009| year=1908| pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35009/page/n185 177]–179| publisher=Clarendon Press|ref=Imperial Gazetteer}}

{{Princely states of the Madras States Agency}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:States and territories established in 1601]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]

Kaushalya river

2025-11-27T07:22:18Z

Ali omar: correct information to improve readability and added references for clarity

{{Short description|River tributary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kaushalya River
| name_other =
| etymology =
| image = Kaushalya dam, near Pinjor, Haryana, India.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Kaushalya dam near Pinjore
| image_alt =
| map =
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| source1_location = [[Shivalik Hills]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_location = [[Panchkula district]], [[Haryana]]
| mouth_elevation =
| basin_size =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| length_km = 20
| discharge1_location= [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar river]] just south-east of [[Pinjore]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies = [[Kaushalya Dam]]
| waterfalls =
| bridges = Kaushalya bridge
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Kaushalya river''', a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar river]], is a river in [[Panchkula district]] of [[Haryana]] state of [[India]].<ref name="MH1"/>

==Origin and route==
The Kaushalya river rises in the [[Shivalik hills]] on the border of [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] State, and flows through [[Panchkula district]] and converges with [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar river]] near [[Pinjore]] just downstream of [[Kaushalya Dam]].<ref name="MH1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/ |title=Hillsofmorni.com - Kaushalya dam |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114024025/http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The basin is classified in two parts, [[Khadir and Bangar]], the higher area that is not flooded in rainy season is called ''Bangar'' and the lower flood-prone area is called ''Khadar''.<ref name="Har1">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160201121800/http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm HaryanaOnline - Geography of Haryana]}}</ref>

Several archaeologists have identified the old [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] with the [[Sarasvati river]], on the banks of which the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] developed.<ref name="Possehl 1997">{{citation |first=Gregory L. |last=Possehl |authorlink=Gregory Possehl |title=The Transformation of the Indus Civilization |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=11 |number=4 |date=December 1997 |pages=425–472 |jstor=25801118 |doi=10.1007/bf02220556|s2cid=161129625 }}</ref><ref name="Kenoyer 1997">{{citation |last=Kenoyer |first=J. M. |year=1997 |chapter=Early City-states in South Asia: Comparing the Harappan Phase and the Early Historic Period |title=The Archaeology of City States: Cross Cultural Approaches |editor1=D. L. Nichols |editor2=T. H. Charlton |pages=52–70 |location=Washington |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=1560987227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iORzQgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Allchin|first1=Bridget|last2=Allchin|first2=Raymond|title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-28550-6 |page=160}}</ref><ref>{{citation |editor-last=Erdosy |editor-first=George |title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ZRShEIFwMC |year=1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-014447-5 |pages=44, 266}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|[[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus–Sarasvati civilisation]] major sites
Ghaggar river in Panchkula.jpg|[[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar river]] flowing through [[Panchkula]] in [[Haryana]]
Flock of Cormorants, Kaushalaya dam, Haryana, India.JPG|Flock of Cormorants at [[Kaushalya Dam]]
Migratory birds at Kaushalya dam, near Pinjor, Haryana, India.JPG|Migratory birds at [[Kaushalya Dam]], near [[Pinjore]], [[Haryana]] (Dec. 2015)
Migratory birds at Kaushalya dam, near Pinjor, Panchkula,Haryana, India.JPG|Migratory birds at [[Kaushalya Dam]], near [[Pinjore]], [[Panchkula district]] (Dec. 2015)
Migratory birds at Kaushalya dam, near Pinjor, Haryana, India.jpg|Migratory birds at [[Kaushalya Dam]] (Dec. 2015)
Water of Kaushlya Dam attracts local and migratory birds.JPG|Water of [[Kaushalya Dam]] attracts local and migratory birds (June 2015)
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Western Yaumna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]], branches off [[Yamuna]]
* [[Dangri]], a tributary of [[Sarsuti]]
* [[Tangri river]], a tributary of [[Sarsuti]], merge if Dangri and Tangri are same
* [[Markanda river, Haryana|Markanda river]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Sarsuti]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Chautang]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Sutlej]], a tributary of [[Indus]]
* [[Ganges]]
* [[Indus]]
{{col div end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ghaggar-Hakra river}}
{{commons category|Sarasvati River}}

{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Haryana}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghaggar-Hakra River}}
[[Category:Rivers of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Sarasvati River]]

Prabhu Chauhan

2025-11-17T15:03:45Z

Ali omar:

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| caption =
| image =
| office1 = Minister of Animal Husbandry [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start1 = 20 August 2019
| term_end1 = 13 May 2023
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| predecessor1 = Venkatarao Nadagouda
| successor1 = [[K. Venkatesh]]
| office2 = Minister of Haj & Wakf [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start2 = 27 September 2019
| term_end2 = 21 January 2021
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| successor2 = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
| office3 = Minister of Minority Welfare [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start3 = 27 September 2019
| term_end3 = 10 February 2020
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| predecessor3 = [[B. Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan]]
| successor3 = [[Shrimant Patil]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 25 May 2008
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli]]
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Aurad Assembly constituency]]
| office5 = Minister in Charge of the Bidar and Yadagiri district
| term_start5 = 17 September 2019
| term_end5 = 28 July 2021
| office6 = Minister incharge of the Yadagiri district
| term_start6 = 25 January 2022
| term_end6 = 13 May 2023
| birth_name = Prabhu Bamala Chauhan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|7|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Ghamsubai Thanda, Aurad taluka
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children ={{bulleted list |Prateek Prabhu Chauhan (son)
|Priyanka Prabhu Chauhan (Daughter)
}}
|relatives = Amit Annarao Rathod (Son in Law)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| profession = Agriculturist
| nationality =
| father = Bhamala
| spouse = Swati Prabhu Chauhan
| residence =[[Aurad]], [[Bangalore]]
| source =
}}
'''Prabhu Bamala Chauhan''' (born 6 July 1969) is an Indian politician who has been the member of the Legislative Assembly from Aurad assembly constituency since from 2008.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} He was the Minister of State for Animal Husbandry Department of Karnataka from 20 August 2019 to 13 May 2023 in [[B. S. Yediyurappa|B.S.Yediyurappa]] cabinet and <ref name="Fresh faces in the Karnataka cabinet">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Fresh faces in the Karnataka cabinet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/aug/22/fresh-faces-in-the-karnataka-cabinet-2022418.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510075508/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/aug/22/fresh-faces-in-the-karnataka-cabinet-2022418.html |archive-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Later he has also sworn in as cabinet minister on 4 August 2020 for a second time in [[Basavaraj Bommai ministry|Basavaraj Bommai cabinet]] and the Animal Husbandry portfolio has been allotted.<ref name="Karnataka Minister Takes Oath in Traditional Lambani Attire: Here's the Significance">{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=Karnataka Minister Takes Oath in Traditional Lambani Attire: Here's the Significance |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/karnataka-minister-takes-oath-in-traditional-lambani-attire-heres-the-significance-4047392.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |work= |date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510075313/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/karnataka-minister-takes-oath-in-traditional-lambani-attire-heres-the-significance-4047392.html |archive-date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2018-latest/constituency/article/bhalki-eshwara-khandre-prakash-khandre-bjp-congress-jds/223898 |title=Aurad Election Result 2018 live updates: BJP's Prabhu Chauhan wins |language=en-GB |access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=1092 | title=Karnataka 2013 PRABHU B. CHAVHAN (Winner) AURAD (BIDAR) | work=myneta.info | accessdate=24 May 2016}}</ref> and he was the Minister in charge of the [[Bidar district]]. In Basavaraj Bommai Cabinet he was made Minister in charge of the Yadgiri district.

==Political career==
He has been elected to Karnataka assembly from [[Aurad Assembly constituency|Aurad]], a reserved constituency in [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] by defeating incumbent [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]] Mr. [[Narsingrao Suryawanshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-17 |title=Crystal Reports |language=hi |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13mem/52.pdf|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317110005/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13mem/52.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> He won subsequent elections in [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] and 2023 from [[Aurad Assembly constituency|same Constituency (Aurad)]].<ref name="Karnataka elections: BJP wrests one seat each from Congress and JD(S) in Bidar2">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka elections: BJP wrests one seat each from Congress and JD(S) in Bidar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-bjp-wrests-one-seat-each-from-congress-and-jds-in-bidar/article66846973.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420083136/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-bjp-wrests-one-seat-each-from-congress-and-jds-in-bidar/article66846973.ece |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Gopinath Munde]], former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief minister of Maharashtra]], was his mentor. Chauhan is the protégé of ex-MLA from [[Aurad Assembly constituency|Aurad]], Gundappa Vakil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/447139/aurad-mla-detained-airport-2011.html|title = Aurad MLA was detained at airport in 2011|date = 12 December 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavhan, Prabhu}}
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Bidar district]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Acharya Vidyasagar

2025-11-11T10:31:55Z

Ali omar: adjusted references per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian Jain monk (1946–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya]]
| name = Vidyasagar
| honorific-suffix =
| image = 0521 acaaraya.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| birth_name = Vidyadhar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sadalga]], [[Belgaum district]], Mysuru State, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|02|18|1946|10|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dongargarh|Chandragiri]], [[Rajnandgaon district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| resting_place = Chandragiri, [[Dongargarh]], India
| father = Mallappa
| mother = Shrimanti
| initiation_date = 30 June 1968
| initiation_place = [[Ajmer]]
| initiator = ''Acharya'' [[Gyansagar]]
| predecessor = ''Muni'' [[Gyansagar]]
| successor = ''Muni'' [[Samaysagar]]
| disciples = Pramansagar, Sudhasagar, [[Kshamasagar]], Guptisagar
| works = ''Mukamati'' (silent soil)
| website = {{URL|https://vidyasagar.guru}}
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Acharya Vidyasagar''' (10 October 1946 – 18 February 2024) was an influential Indian [[Digambara|Digambara Jain]] [[Acharya (Jainism)|''acharya'']] (monk), credited with having brought about a revival in educational and religious activities in Digambara Jainism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20021125-aggressive-movement-to-revive-jainism-sweeps-central-india-794269-2002-11-25 |title=Aggressive movement to revive Jainism sweeps central India |first=Neeraj |last=Mishra |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=25 November 2002 |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025751/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20021125-aggressive-movement-to-revive-jainism-sweeps-central-india-794269-2002-11-25 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote the epic Hindi poem ''Mukamati''.

==Early life==
Vidyasagar was born on 10 October 1946 during the full moon festival (''[[Sharad Purnima]]'') in [[Sadalga]], in the [[Belgaum district]], of [[Karnataka]] in a [[Kannada]]-speaking [[Jain]] family. The modest house where he was born, is now a temple and a museum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/news/report-from-the-village-of-acharya-vidyasagar-129038807.html |title=कर्नाटक में जहां बचपन बिताया वह घर अब म्यूजियम, पुनीत जैन, Dainik Bhaskar, Oct 20, 2021 |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126064202/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/news/report-from-the-village-of-acharya-vidyasagar-129038807.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

His childhood name was Vidyadhar.{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=23, 35}} He was the second of four sons, the eldest son being Mahavira Ashtage and the younger ones Anantanath and Shantinath.{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=34-35}} As a child, he was fond of eating fresh butter which was used to make [[ghee]] (clarified butter).{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=37}} He was not a demanding child and accepted what was given to him.{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=40}} Vidyadhar used to visit temples and teach his younger siblings the principles of religion.{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=41-42}} He called both younger sisters ''"Akka"'' (elder sister). He was attentive and was eager to undertake his studies. In his spare time he used to paint.{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=42}}

== Initiation ==
Vidyasagar was initiated as a ''[[Digambara monk]]'' in 1968 at the age of 22 by Acharya [[Gyansagar|Acharya Gyanasagar]], who belonged to the lineage of [[Shantisagar|Acharya Shantisagar]], at [[Ajmer]].{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=28}} His father Mallappa, his mother Shrimati, and two sisters took ''[[diksha]]'' and joined the ''[[sangha (Jainism)|sangha]]'' (community of the pious) of Acharya Dharmasagar.{{sfn|Gita Jain|1978|pp=8-14}} All of his brothers, Anantanath, Shantinath and Mahavir Ashtage followed him and were initiated by Acharya Vidyasagar as Muni Yog Sagar. Muni Samay Sagar, and Muni Utkrasht Sagar respectively.{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=73}}

He was elevated to the ''Acharya'' status in 1972.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|pp=56–57}}

== Ascetic life ==
Acharya Vidyasagar made very strict rules for his ascetic life. He never drank milk. He also did not consume curd, green vegetables, ghee and dry fruits. He also drank water only once a day by filling it with his palm and finger. He used to eat very limited quantity of plain dal and roti. He travelled across the country barefoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ascetic Life |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jeevan-mantra/dharm/news/acharyashri-vidyasagar-of-digambara-muni-tradition-took-samadhi-mahasamadhi-of-jain-saint-vidyasagar-ji-132603545.html}}</ref>

The Acharya did not eat salt, sugar, fruits, milk, oil, ghee, in addition to what is traditionally prohibited (root vegetable and Panchudambar fal). He went out for a meal at about 9:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. from ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvakas]]'' (lay votaries). He took food once a day in the palm of his hand, one morsel at a time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2014 |title=आचार्यश्री के आहारचर्या के लिए सजती हैं चौकियां, जानें किन चीजों को देख छोड़ देते हैं खाना, Patrika, 2016-06-05 |url=http://www.patrika.com/news/damoh/amazing-rules-and-rituals-of-acharya-shri-vidhyasagar-ki-aharchariya-1315343/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327235123/http://www.patrika.com/news/damoh/amazing-rules-and-rituals-of-acharya-shri-vidhyasagar-ki-aharchariya-1315343/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

Vidyasagar slept on the floor or a wooden platform without any mattress or pillow. As a Digambar monk, for discourses he was provided a raised wooden seat without any padding.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

==Public activities==

=== Travels ===
[[File:Maharajji_1.jpg|thumb|alt= Picture of Acharya Vidyasagar leading his ''sangha'' |Acharya Vidyasagar leading his ''sangha'' during his ''vihara'', passers-by kneel in reverence]]

As a traditional ''Digambara'' Jain monk, Acharya Vidyasagar never stayed in a single location for more than a few days, except for the four months of the rainy season (''Chaturmas''). He never declared where he would be next, although people tried to guess his next destination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=दयोदय गौशाला पहुंचे आचार्यश्री, होली पर दिया यह संदेश, Patrika, 3/13/2017 |url=http://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/latest-story-of-acharya-shri-vidyasagar-maharaj-in-jabalpur-1529939/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327182031/http://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/latest-story-of-acharya-shri-vidyasagar-maharaj-in-jabalpur-1529939/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आचार्य विद्यासागर जी का ससंघ प्रवेश आज, Bhaskar News Network, Jul 15, 2016 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-VID-MAT-latest-vidisha-news-053003-559509-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327171300/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-VID-MAT-latest-vidisha-news-053003-559509-NOR.html |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> After his initiation in 1968 he had: seven ''Chaturmas'' in Rajasthan (1968–74); one in Uttar Pradesh (1974); seven in Madhya Pradesh (1976–1982); one in Jharkhand (1983); nine in Madhya Pradesh again (1984–1992); two in Maharashtra (1993–94); one in Madhya Pradesh (1995); one in Gujarat (1996); 11 again in Madhya Pradesh (1997–2007); one again in Maharashtra (2008); and eight again in Madhya Pradesh (2009–2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=आचार्यश्री जी के चातुर्मास, September 28, 2017 |url=https://vidyasagar.guru/articles.html/jeewan-parichay/acharya-shri-ji-ke-chaturmas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174320/https://vidyasagar.guru/articles.html/jeewan-parichay/acharya-shri-ji-ke-chaturmas/ |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Official visits ===
He was visited by Indian government officials, including Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in 1999,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vidyasagar.net/shri-atal-bihari-vaypayee-ji-had-visited-acharyashree-in-gomtagiri-indore/|title=Video : सन् 1999 में श्री अटल बिहारी वायपेयी जी ने गोम्मटगिरि इंदौर में आचार्यश्री के दर्शन किए थे|work=Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj {{!}} Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj Pravachan {{!}} Jain Religion in Hindi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503090356/http://www.vidyasagar.net/shri-atal-bihari-vaypayee-ji-had-visited-acharyashree-in-gomtagiri-indore/|archive-date=3 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2016,<ref>{{citation |last=Ranjan |title=Why is Modi keen to meet Acharya Vidyasagar? |date=14 October 2016 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/why-is-modi-keen-to-meet-acharya-vidyasagar/story-3ZbjQ5aVjnSy3NfrVQhUdK.html |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172340/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/why-is-modi-keen-to-meet-acharya-vidyasagar/story-3ZbjQ5aVjnSy3NfrVQhUdK.html |archive-date=17 October 2016 |url-status=live |location=[[Bhopal]] |publisher=HindustanTimes}}</ref> Union minister [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scindia makes up his mind to lead Congress in state, Sep 29, 2016 |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/scindia-makes-up-his-mind-to-lead-congress-in-state/941057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084044/http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/scindia-makes-up-his-mind-to-lead-congress-in-state/941057 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> Union Minister [[Uma Bharti|Uma Bharati]] in 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |title=केंद्रीय मंत्री उमाभारती ने आचार्य विद्यासागर महाराज से खजुराहो में चातुर्मास करने का आग्रह किया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/sagar/news/latest-khajuraho-news-041003-2232493.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005731/https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/sagar/news/latest-khajuraho-news-041003-2232493.html |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-03 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh [[Digvijaya Singh|Digvijay Singh]] in 2018, Congress State President [[Kamal Nath]] in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रदेश कांग्रेस अध्यक्ष कमलनाथ करेंगे आचार्यश्री के दर्शन |url=http://www.vidyasagar.net/kamalnath-acharyashri-darshan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011190548/http://www.vidyasagar.net/kamalnath-acharyashri-darshan/ |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=2019-05-03 |work=Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj {{!}} Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj Pravachan {{!}} Jain Religion in Hindi |language=en-US}}</ref> Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Yogi Adityanath]] in 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |title=आचार्य विद्यासागर जी महाराज को राजकीय अतिथि सम्मान, मुख्यमंत्री ने की घोषणा |url=https://www.patrika.com/lalitpur-news/acharya-vidyasagar-ji-will-be-honoured-with-rajkiya-atithi-samman-3727424/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126004003/https://www.patrika.com/lalitpur-news/acharya-vidyasagar-ji-will-be-honoured-with-rajkiya-atithi-samman-3727424/ |archive-date=26 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-27 |work=patrika.com |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Union Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Chowkidar Rajnath |date=2019-04-21 |title=मध्य प्रदेश के चुनावी दौरे की व्यस्तताओं के बीच मुझे आज जैन मुनि, आचार्यश्री विद्यासागरजी महाराज के दर्शन का सौभाग्य मिला। आचार्यश्री के चरणों में कोटिश: नमन!pic.twitter.com/j4c5wPTn4N |url=https://twitter.com/rajnathsingh/status/1119921007605760000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605150900/https://twitter.com/rajnathsingh/status/1119921007605760000 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=2019-04-22 |website=@rajnathsingh |language=hi}}</ref> [[Lok Sabha]] Speaker [[Om Birla]] in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-29 |title=लोकसभा अध्यक्ष से बोले आचार्य विद्यासागर : संसद में हिंदी का उपयोग हो अपने देश को इंडिया नहीं भारत बोलें |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-acharya-vidyasagar-told-the-speaker-of-lok-sabha-hindi-should-be-used-in-parliament-speak-bharat-not-india-3121184 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025172329/https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-acharya-vidyasagar-told-the-speaker-of-lok-sabha-hindi-should-be-used-in-parliament-speak-bharat-not-india-3121184 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref> Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh [[Kamal Nath]] in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-26 |title=सीएम कमलनाथ से बोले आचार्य विद्यासागर हथकरघा और आयुर्वेद को प्रोत्साहन की आवश्यकता |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-acharya-vidyasagar-spoke-to-cm-kamal-nath-handloom-and-ayurveda-need-encouragement-5288951 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165739/https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-acharya-vidyasagar-spoke-to-cm-kamal-nath-handloom-and-ayurveda-need-encouragement-5288951 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref> and Prime Minister Narendra Modi again in 2023.<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/national/pm-modi-visits-dongargarh-in-poll-bound-chhattisgarh-meets-acharya-vidyasagar-maharaj-news-328851 PM Modi Visits Dongargarh In Poll-Bound Chhattisgarh, Meets Acharya Vidyasagar Maharaj]</ref>

On 28 July 2016, he gave a religious speech (''[[pravachana]]'') in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] by invitation from [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]].<ref>{{citation |title=देश के इतिहास को बनाए रखने के लिए पक्ष-विपक्ष साथ काम करें: आचार्यश्री |date=28 July 2016 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |url=http://www.patrika.com/news/bhopal/jain-saint-vidya-sagar-to-give-spiritual-speech-in-mp-assembly-1360946 |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803205001/http://www.patrika.com/news/bhopal/jain-saint-vidya-sagar-to-give-spiritual-speech-in-mp-assembly-1360946/ |archive-date=3 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=When Another Jain Monk Addressed A State Legislative Assembly And There Was No Controversy |date=29 August 2016 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/29/when-another-jain-monk-addressed-a-state-legislative-assembly-an |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830162242/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/29/when-another-jain-monk-addressed-a-state-legislative-assembly-an/ |archive-date=30 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jain_inscription_Vidyasagar.jpg|thumb|alt= Photograph showing the inscription on a Parshvanath idol | Inscription on a Parshvanath idol at Orchha mentioning the lineage of Acharya Vidyasagar from Acharya Shantisagar. He is termed ''anasakta yogi'', ''jyeshtha'', ''shreshtha'', ''sant shiromani'']]

He was also privately visited by American ambassador [[Kenneth Juster]] in 2018<ref>{{Cite news |title=आचार्य विद्यासागर से प्रभावित हुए अमेरिकी राजदूत जस्टर; कहा- हफ्ते में एक दिन रहूंगा शाकाहारी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/bhopal/news/american-ambassador-junkie-influenced-by-acharya-vidyasagar-5926529.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005700/https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/bhopal/news/american-ambassador-junkie-influenced-by-acharya-vidyasagar-5926529.html |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-03 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> and by French diplomat Alexandre Ziegler.<ref>{{Cite web |title=खजुराहो में आचार्य विद्यासागर महाराज से आर्शीवाद लेने पहुंचे कमलनाथ, जबलपुर पहुंचे कांग्रेसजन news in hindi |url=http://www.palpalindia.com/2018/08/01/jabalpur-mp-Khajuraho-Acharya-Vidyasagar-Maharaj-Arishwad-Kamal-Nath-Hindi-Ashoshagaye-Goshala-news-in-hindi-248694.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503090422/http://www.palpalindia.com/2018/08/01/jabalpur-mp-Khajuraho-Acharya-Vidyasagar-Maharaj-Arishwad-Kamal-Nath-Hindi-Ashoshagaye-Goshala-news-in-hindi-248694.html |archive-date=3 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-03 |work=palpalindia |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=French diplomat vows to turn vegetarian after meeting Jain muni - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/french-diplomat-vows-to-turn-veggie-after-meeting-jain-muni/articleshow/66397413.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/french-diplomat-vows-to-turn-veggie-after-meeting-jain-muni/articleshow/66397413.cms |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=2018-10-29 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Acharya Vidyasagar opened a chain of schools for girls under the name Pratibhasthali Gyanodaya Vidhyapeeth.

=== Celebrations ===
The fiftieth anniversary of his ''diksha'' was celebrated in many cities in India with parades and festivities in July 2018.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/vidyasagar-maharaj-showed-us-the-right-path-say-jain-devotees/articleshow/59360144.cms Vidyasagar Maharaj showed us the right path, say Jain devotees, TNN Jun 29, 2017]</ref> On this occasion, commemorative columns (''Swarna Kirti Stambha'') were erected in Ajmer,<ref>{{Cite web |title=अजमेर को मिला 71 फीट ऊंचा कीर्ति स्तंभ, Danik Bhaskar, Jul 01, 2018 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/ajmer/news/latest-ajmer-news-041003-2095046.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014311/https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/ajmer/news/latest-ajmer-news-041003-2095046.html |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APfoLpMUZrg संयम स्वर्ण कीर्ति स्तम्भ : Amazing Architecture : Jain Temple In Ajmer, Rajasthan India, Jun 28, 2018]</ref> Rewa,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2017 |title=Jain Samaj Founded 21 feet high sanyam kirti stambh in Rewa |url=https://www.patrika.com/rewa-news/jain-samaj-founded-21-feet-high-sanyam-kirti-stambh-in-rewa-2121229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025518/https://www.patrika.com/rewa-news/jain-samaj-founded-21-feet-high-sanyam-kirti-stambh-in-rewa-2121229/ |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Sravanbelgola and other locations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आचार्य विद्यासागर के संयम स्वर्ण जयंती महोत्सव के समापन पर कार्यक्रम 13 से, Danik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/kishangarh/news/latest-kishangarh-news-045503-2172013.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925031147/https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/kishangarh/news/latest-kishangarh-news-045503-2172013.html |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref>

== Works ==
Acharya VidyasagaraJi was a scholar of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] and knew several languages including [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[English language|English]].{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=26}} He wrote in languages such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Hindi. His works include ''Niranjana Shataka'', ''Bhavana Shataka'', ''Parishah Jaya Shataka'', ''Suniti Shataka'' and ''Shramana Shataka''.<ref>Ek Tapahput kavi ki kavya Sadhna, Asha Malaiya, Tirthankar, Nov-Dec 78, p. 21-24</ref>

He composed nearly 700 [[haiku]] poems which are unpublished.<ref>{{Cite news |title=हायकू |url=http://www.vidyasagar.net/haiku-17265/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807091030/http://www.vidyasagar.net/haiku-17265/ |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=2018-11-02 |work=Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj {{!}} Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj Pravachan {{!}} Jain Religion in Hindi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हायकू स्वाध्याय - आचार्य श्री के हायकू और आपकी समझ - मेरे गुरुवर... आचार्य विद्यासागर जी महाराज |url=https://vidyasagar.guru/haiku/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005632/https://vidyasagar.guru/haiku/ |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=2018-11-02 |website=मेरे गुरुवर... आचार्य विद्यासागर जी महाराज |language=en-US}}</ref>

He wrote the Hindi epic poem titled ''Mukamati''.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|pp=56–57}}<ref name="webindia2">{{citation |title=Acharya Vidyasagar's book "Silent Earth" presented to President |date=15 June 2011 |work=[[Web India 123]] |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110615/1772295.html |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163303/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110615/1772295.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> This has been included in the syllabus of Hindi MA programmes at various institutions.<ref>{{citation |title=बीयू के सिलेबस में जैन ग्रंथ 'मूकमाटी' को किया शामिल |date=24 May 2013 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/MPc-58-1943771-NOR.html |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234934/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/MPc-58-1943771-NOR.html |archive-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This has been translated into English by Lal Chandra Jain and was presented to [[Pratibha Patil]], the [[President of India]].<ref name="webindia2" /><ref name="jainworld.com">{{citation |title=Acharya Vidyasagar's Book "Silent Earth" Presented To President |work=jainworld.com |url=http://jainworld.com/GJE.asp?id=54 |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316143001/http://jainworld.com/GJE.asp?id=54 |archive-date=16 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Vidyasagar|2010|p=}}

== Death ==
Acharya Vidyasagar died in [[Dongargarh]] on 18 February 2024 at the age of 77, after three days of fast (''[[sallekhana]]'').<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Jain seer Acharya Vidyasagar Maharaj passes through 'sallekhna', PM Modi offers condolences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jain-seer-acharya-vidyasagar-maharaj-passes-through-sallekhna-pm-modi-offers-condolences/articleshow/107791170.cms |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/acharyashri-vidyasagar-of-digambara-muni-tradition-took-samadhi-132602875.html जैन मुनि आचार्य विद्यासागर महाराज ने समाधि ली:डोंगरगढ़ के चन्द्रगिरि तीर्थ में 3 दिन उपवास के बाद शरीर त्यागा, पिछले साल Prime Minister Modi मिलने पहुंचे थे, Bhaskar, Feb 18, 2024]</ref> Before his death, he nominated Muni Samaysagar as his successor on 6 February 2024.

=== Reactions ===
[[File:2023 11$img05 Nov 2023 PTI11 05 2023 000053A.jpg|thumb| PM Modi with Acharya Vidyasagar, Nov 2023]]
His death met with formal condolences from the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi who wrote: "He [Acharya Vidyasagar] will be remembered by the coming generations for his invaluable contributions to society, especially his efforts towards spiritual awakening among people, his work towards poverty alleviation, healthcare, education and more."<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Twitter (X) |url=https://x.com/narendramodi/status/1759075293988352293?s=20}}</ref> Modi also wrote an article about Vidyasagar's impact on the society.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pm-narendra-modi-writes-on-sant-shiromani-acharya-vidhyasagar-maharaj-loss-of-a-guiding-light-9171952/ PM Narendra Modi writes on Sant Shiromani Acharya Vidhyasagar Maharaj: Loss of a guiding light, Indian Express, February 21, 2024]</ref> Condolences were sent also by the Governor and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=UP governor CM condole death of Jain seer Acharya Vidyasagar Maharaj |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/02/18/nrg8-up-jain-seer-adityanath.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> A one-minute silence was observed at the BJP's National Convention 2024 in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-18 |title=Jain seer Acharya Vidyasagar Maharaj passes through 'sallekhna', PM Modi offers condolences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jain-seer-acharya-vidyasagar-maharaj-passes-through-sallekhna-pm-modi-offers-condolences/articleshow/107791170.cms |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Chhattisgarh and [[Madhya Pradesh]] Governments declared a half-day state mourning.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-02-18 |title=Chhattisgarh govt declares half-day state mourning on passing away of Acharya Vidyasagar Maharaj |url=https://telanganatoday.com/chhattisgarh-govt-declares-half-day-state-mourning-on-passing-away-of-acharya-vidhyasagar-maharaj |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Tradition==
Acharya Vidyasagar belongs to the tradition established by Acharya [[Shantisagar|ShantisagarJi]].{{sfn|Kshamasagar|2007|p=51}} Acharya Shantisagar initiated Acharya Virasagar, who was then succeeded by Acharya Shivsagar, Acharya [[Gyansagar]]<ref>{{citation |title=इस संत के जीवत रहते स्टूडेंट कर रहे हैं इन पर PHD, जानें क्या है इनकी खूबी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/bhopal/news/c-58-3193036-bp0851-NOR.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=17 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028215045/http://m.bhaskar.com/news/c-58-3193036-bp0851-NOR.html |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and finally Acharya Vidyasagar.

Some of his disciples are well-known scholars in their own right. {{As of|2001}}, about 21% of all the Digambara monks were under Acharya Vidyasagar.{{sfn|Flügel|2006|p=356}} Muni Sudhasagar and Muni Pramansagar are also his disciples.<ref>{{citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Jain-Muni-Pramansagar-ji-Maharaj-disciple-of-Acharya-Vidyasagar-ji-Maharaj-would-discourse-on-Ramayana-and-Geeta-at-the-local-Zila-school-ground-from-November-7-to-11-The-four-day-programme-being-organised-by-Vishwa-Dharma-Jagaran-Manch-is-expected-to-garner-huge-crowd-in-wake-of-the-popularity-that-Maharaj-has-gained-while-giving-similar-discourse-in-other-cities-of-the-country-/articleshow/6823669.cms |title=Jain Muni Pramansagar ji Maharaj disciple of Acharya Vidyasagar ji |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413075941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Jain-Muni-Pramansagar-ji-Maharaj-disciple-of-Acharya-Vidyasagar-ji-Maharaj-would-discourse-on-Ramayana-and-Geeta-at-the-local-Zila-school-ground-from-November-7-to-11-The-four-day-programme-being-organised-by-Vishwa-Dharma-Jagaran-Manch-is-expected-to-garner-huge-crowd-in-wake-of-the-popularity-that-Maharaj-has-gained-while-giving-similar-discourse-in-other-cities-of-the-country-/articleshow/6823669.cms |archive-date=13 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of his best known disciples was Muni [[Kshamasagar]] who died in 2015.<ref>[वर्णीभवन मोराजी में मुनिश्री क्षमासागर महाराज का समाधिमरण, Patrika, 2015-03-13]</ref>

Acharya Pushadantasagar, the guru of [[Tarun Sagar|Muni Tarun Sagar]], was initiated as a ''[[kshullak]]'' (junior monk) by Acharya Vidyasagar, although he took ''muni [[diksha]]'' from Acharya Vimal Sagar. Upadhyaya Guptisagar took ''muni diksha'' in 1982 from Acharya Vidyasagar although he later joined the ''[[sangha]]'' (community) of Acharya Vidyanand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vidyasagar.guru/articles.html/jeewan-parichay/the-invincible-ascetie-aacharya-shri-vidyasagar/|title=The Invincible Ascetic Aacharya Shri Vidyasagar|website=मेरे गुरुवर... आचार्य श्री विद्यासागर जी महाराज|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003328/https://vidyasagar.guru/articles.html/jeewan-parichay/the-invincible-ascetie-aacharya-shri-vidyasagar/|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Acharya Vidyasagar has been a source of inspiration to the people for founding institutions for their welfare at different locations.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|pp=56–57}} Since the number of monks (''munis'') and nuns (''āryikas'') initiated and directed by him exceeds two hundred (117 Digambar Muni, 172 Aryikas), they stay in more than 60 locations in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vidyasagar.net/acharyashri/89-2/shishyagan-chaturmas-2009/ |title=शिष्य गण – चातुर्मास 2009 |access-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426162029/http://www.vidyasagar.net/acharyashri/89-2/shishyagan-chaturmas-2009/ |archive-date=26 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This ensures that only a few monks or nuns are staying in one place.

Acharya Vidyasagar gave carried out most Digambara monk initiations in the country, amounting to 505.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बनेगा अनूठा रिकॉर्ड:विद्यासागर महाराज देश के पहले ऐसे आचार्यश्री जिन्होंने अब तक 505 दीक्षाएं दीं, दूसरे नंबर पर कुन्थु सागर महाराज |lang=hi |trans-title=Unique record will be created: Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj is the first such Acharya Shri of the country who has given 505 initiations so far, Kunthu Sagar Ji Maharaj is at number two |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/sagar/damoh/news/vidyasagar-maharaj-is-the-first-such-acharyashri-of-the-country-who-has-given-505-initiations-so-far-kunthu-sagar-maharaj-at-number-two-129406826.html |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511120651/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/sagar/damoh/news/vidyasagar-maharaj-is-the-first-such-acharyashri-of-the-country-who-has-given-505-initiations-so-far-kunthu-sagar-maharaj-at-number-two-129406826.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
A documentary titled ''Vidyoday'', directed by [[Vidhi Kasliwal]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Vidyoday |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9044540/ |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> was released on 25 November 2018 by [[Landmarc Films|Landmark Films]].<ref>{{Citation|last=LandmarcFilms|title=Vidyoday {{!}} Acharya Vidyasagar {{!}} Teaser 04 {{!}} Documentary {{!}} Landmarc Films|date=22 September 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9XhyY2ei50|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109194411/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9XhyY2ei50&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The film had its first international screening at the Harrow Safari Cinema in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BrZ0Flihf7k/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BrZ0Flihf7k |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=Vidhi Kasliwal on Instagram: "LONDON calling! So excited about our first international screening!! Looking forward to the feedback!! #Vidyoday #AcharyaVidyasagar…"|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=17 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jain philosophy]]
* [[List of Jains]]
* [[Ahimsa in Jainism]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Flügel |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Flügel |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2cDn8bNbXAC |date=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-00853-9}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Gita |title=Acharya Vidyasagar |date=1978 |ref={{sfnref|Gita Jain|1978}}}}
*{{citation |author=Kshamasagar |authorlink=Kshamasagar |title=In Quest of Self : The life story of Acharya Shri Vidyasagar |publisher=[[Bhartiya Jnanpith]] |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSieVNwsAAIC |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-263-1166-8}}
*{{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |authorlink=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |publisher=[[Sussex Academy Press]] |date=1998 |location=[[Sussex]] |volume=I and II |isbn=1-898723-30-3 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|1998}}}}
* {{citation |last=Vidyasagar |first=Acharya |title=The Silent Earth [Mūkamāṭī] |year=2010 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-263-1875-9 |editor=Lal Chandra Jain |series=Moortidevi Granthamala: English Series No. 22}}
{{refend}}{{Citation |title=Live streaming of cremation ceremony |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/maR0r9Q1WqE?si=wsvm0vzIBvAtd1Xb }}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|last1=Mācave|first1=Prabhākara|last2=Rāmamūrti|first2=Tripāṭhī|title=Mūkamāṭī-Mīmāṃsā|volume=1, 2 & 3|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|language=Hindi}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vidyasagar (Jain monk)}}
* {{Official website|https://vidyasagar.guru}}
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.app.vidyasagar&hl=en Official android app]
{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyasagar, Acharya}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:2024 suicides]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Digambara Acharyas]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Haiku poets]]
[[Category:Suicides by starvation]]

Dipor Bil

2025-11-09T21:09:02Z

Ali omar: brief improve details based on references and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Permanent fresh water lake in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Dipor Bil or Deepor Beel
| image = Deepor beel.jpg
| alt = View of the lake
| pushpin_map_alt=Location of Deepor Beel
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Guwahati]], [[Kamrup district]], Assam
| coords = {{coord|26.13|N|91.66|E|type:waterbody_region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| type = Fresh water
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| pushpin_map = India
| length =
| width =
| area = {{cvt|4014|ha|sqmi}}
| depth = {{cvt|1|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{cvt|4|m|ft}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{cvt|53|m|ft}}
| islands =
| cities = Twelve villages on the periphery of the beel
| website = {{URL|www.diporbil.org}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| embedded =
{{Designation list
| child = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Deepor Beel
| designation1_date =19 August 2002
| designation1_number = 1207<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepor Beel |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1207 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Dipor Bil''', also spelled '''Deepor Beel ''' (Pron: dɪpɔ:(r) bɪl) (''bil'' or ''[[beel]]'' means "lake" in the local [[Assamese language]]), is located to the south-west of [[Guwahati]] city, in [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/18076 |title=BirdLife Data Zone}}</ref> of [[Assam]], India.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2IN012en.pdf |title=Ramsar Wetlands Information Sheet — Deepor Beel |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Convention on Wetlands]] official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000400/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2IN012en.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>
It is a permanent freshwater lake, in a former channel of the [[Brahmaputra River]], to the south of the main river. In 1989, 4.1 km² of the area was declared a [[Wildlife Sanctuary|wildlife sanctuary]] by the [[Government of Assam]]. It is listed as a [[wetland]] under the [[Ramsar Convention]] which designated the lake as a [[Ramsar Site]] in November 2002 for undertaking conservation measures on the basis of its biological and environmental importance.<ref name="RIS"/><ref name="Deep_Bil">[http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/index.cfm Ramsor sites] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015085027/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/index.cfm |date=2008-10-15 }}</ref>

Considered one of the largest [[beel]]s in the Brahmaputra valley of [[Lower Assam]], it is categorised as representative of the [[wetland]] type under the [[Burma]] monsoon forest biogeographic region.<ref name= invent_ory >http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183104/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} Wet Land Inventory.pdf, Deepor Beel, pages 195–202</ref>

==Access==
[[File:Deepor beel road.jpg|thumb|right|On the way to Deepor Beel in [[Guwahati]], Assam]]
It is located 13 km South West of Guwahati on the [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] (NH. 31), on the Jalukbari-Khanapara bypass, alongside its north western boundary. PWD road skirts the northern fringe of the Rani and Garbhanga Reserve Forests on the south. The National Highway 37 borders the beel on the east and north-east and the [[Assam Engineering College]] Road on the north. Also, minor roads and tracts exist in the vicinity of the beel. The beel is about 5 km from the Guwahati Airport (LGB Int. Airport). A broad gauge railway line skirts the lake.<ref name="RIS"/>

==Topography and geology==
The beel is bounded by the steep highlands on the north and south, and the valley formed has a broad U-shape with the [[Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary|Rani and Garbhanga hills]] forming the backdrop.<ref name = invent_ory /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianjungles.com/160405c.htm |title=IndiaJungleFever – the Guide into the Casino Jungle |website=www.indianjungles.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109071149/https://www.indianjungles.com/160405c.htm |archive-date=9 January 2013}}</ref>
The geologic and tectonic history of the region provide the links to the hydrology and channel dynamics of rivers and pattern, and intensity of land use in the area. It is commonly stated that the beel together with those adjoining it are an abandoned channel of the Brahmaputra system.<ref name = invent_ory />

While the beel and its lowland fringe are said to be underlaid by recent alluvium consisting of clay, silt, sand and pebbles, the highlands immediately to the north and south of the beel are made up of gneisses and schists of the [[Archean|Archaean]] age.<ref name="RIS"/>

==Hydrology==
The Basistha and Kalmani rivers and local monsoon run-off are the main sources of water to the lake, between May and September. Khonajan channel drains the beel into the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]], 5 km to the north. It acts as a natural stormwater reservoir during the monsoon season for the [[Guwahati|Guwahati city]] (stated to be the only major storage water basin for the city's drainage, with about four[[ metres ]]depth of water during monsoon dropping to about one metre during the dry season.<ref name="RIS"/>

The beel has a perennial water spread area of about 10.1 km2, which extends up to 40.1 km2 during floods.<ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul252008/178.pdf Evidence of biological degradation in sediments of Deepor Beel]</ref> However, an area of 414 ha has been declared as "Deepor Beel Sanctuary" by the Government of Assam.<ref name="RIS"/> As per a Remote Sensing Study the wetland area is reported to have reduced to 14.1% (405 ha) from 1990 to 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brahmatwinn.uni-jena.de/brahmatwinnwiki/uploads/2/27/160_Remote_Sensing_Based_Study_on_Channel_Changes_and_Wetland_Ecosystem_Dynamics_of_Brahmaputra_River_in_India_.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Ecosystem Dynamics_deepor beel_conf_fnl.doc |access-date=2013-06-17}}</ref>

Temperatures in the beel vary from 10.60 to 320C. During the winter months, when the size of the lake reduces in area by about fifty percent, the shore area (up to one kilometre) is cultivated with rice paddy when the climate is also relatively cool and dry. The tropical monsoon climate prolongs from May to September when it is humid. Pre-monsoon showers are experienced between March and May.<ref name = invent_ory />

== Flora ==
[[File:Tree in new leaves (Tectona grandis) I IMG 8133.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Deciduous forest within the beel basin — ''[[Tectona grandis]]''-the common [[teak]]]]
[[File:Makhanak Pokhari.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Euryale ferox]]'' — giant [[Nymphaeaceae|water lily]] in the [[beel]]]]

The hydrophytic vegetation of the beel has been classified, based on ecological adaptation, into the following categories with their floristic elements.<ref name = india_folk>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ishani/article/viewFile/386/332 |title=Save Deepor Beel Now or Never by Indrajit Dutta |access-date=11 October 2008 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181315/http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ishani/article/viewFile/386/332 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These are:
*Aquatic vegetation like [[Giant Water Lily]], [[water hyacinth]], [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] grasses, [[Nymphaeaceae|water lilies]] and other submerged, emergent and floating vegetation are found during the summer season.
*In the dry areas, during winter, aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation are seen
*In deep open water area, [[marshy]] lands, [[mud flat]], emergent vegetation, water hyacinth patches, net-grass land patches are reported
*Migratory [[Anatidae|water-fowl]], residential water-fowl and [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[Bird|avifauna]] are common in [[paddy field]] areas, dry [[grassland]] areas and scattered forest areas.

A total of 18 genera of [[phytoplankton]] are reported from the core area of the beel ecosystem out of which species of ''[[Oscillatoria|Oscilatoria]]'' and ''[[Microcystis]]'' are dominant. List of aquatic plants identified in the beel<ref name = "Deep_Bil"/> are:
*''[[Eichhornia crassipes]]'', ''[[Pistia stratiotes]]'', ''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'', ''[[Lemna minor]]'', ''[[Potamogeton crispus]]'', ''[[Vallisneria spiralis]]'', ''[[Hydrilla verticillata]]'', ''[[Ipomoea aquatica]]'' ([[syn.]] ''I. reptans''), ''[[Azolla pinnata]]'', ''[[Spirodela polyrhiza]]'', ''[[Eleocharis plantaginea]]'', ''[[Nymphaea alba]]'', ''[[Nymphaea rubra]]'' and ''[[Sagittaria sagittifolia]]''.
*''[[Euryale ferox]]'', a giant water lily with edible seeds, are leased to earn revenue for the government. Other lake shore vegetation include:
*''[[Eupatorium adoratum]]'', ''[[Achyranthes aspera]]'', ''[[Cyperus esculentus]]'', ''[[Phragmites karka]]'', ''[[Vitex trifolia]]'', ''[[Accium basilium]]'', ''[[Saccharum spontaneum]]'' and ''[[Imperata arundinacea]]''.

Dominant tree species in the nearby [[Deciduous forests]] in the beel basin are species of ''[[Tectona grandis]]'' or common teak, ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'', ''[[Shorea robusta]]'' and ''[[Bombax malabaricum]]''.<ref name = "Deep_Bil"/> In the surrounding forest area, aquarium plants, medicinal plant and [[orchids]] of commercial value are reported.<ref name="RIS"/>

== Avifauna ==
The beel is a natural habitat to many varieties of birds. 219 species of birds including more than 70 migratory species are reported in the beel area. The largest congregations of aquatic birds can be seen, particularly in winter, with a reported recorded count of 19,000 water birds in a day. Some of the globally threatened species of birds like [[spot-billed pelican]] (''Pelecanus philippensis''), [[lesser adjutant]] stork (''Leptoptilos javanicus''), [[Baer's pochard]] (''Aythya baeri''), [[Pallas's sea eagle]] (''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''), [[greater adjutant]] stork (''Leptoptilos dubius'').
[[File:Spotbilled pelican.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Spot-billed pelican]] found in beels and lakes in India]]
Among the large number of migratory water fowl, the [[Siberian crane]] (''Grus leucogeranus'') regularly migrates to this habitat during its annual journey. This is in addition to the large congregation of residential water birds seen in the lake.<ref name="RIS"/>

In 2023, it was reported that the population of birds like the [[Pheasant-tailed jacana|Pheasant Tailed Jacana]] has been declining. <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUWKm7pVjH0 |title=Nagrikal Conversations on Wetlands: Beyond our current thinking |language=en |access-date=2024-04-16 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

Considering the richness of the bird varieties found in the beel, the [[BirdLife International]] has declared Deepor Beel as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) with high priority for conservation.<ref name="RIS"/><ref name = india_folk/>

== Aquatic fauna ==
Surveys have revealed 20 [[Amphibian|amphibians]], 12 [[Lizard|lizards]], 18 [[Snake|snakes]] and 6 [[turtle]] and [[tortoise]] species in the beel. Over 50 commercially viable species of [[fish]], belonging to 19 families have been identified, which supplies stock to other nearby [[Wetland|wetlands]] and rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of water hyacinth utility through geospatial mapping and in-situ biomass estimation approach: case study of Deepor beel (wetland), Assam, India |url=https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2767129/v1/bf44ddfc-bde9-4ef1-b7b9-a788205a9c7f.pdf?c=1696864195}}</ref> The beel provides food, acts as a spawning and nursery water body; some of the species breed within the beel.<ref name="RIS"/><ref name = india_folk/>

==Land fauna==
Wild [[Asian elephant]]s (''Elephas maximus''), [[leopard]], [[jungle cat]] and the protected [[barking deer]], [[China|Chinese porcupine]] and [[sambar (deer)|sambar]] are found in the beel. Herds of elephants are reported in the beel.<ref name = india_folk/>

==Utility of the beel ==
The inhabitants around the villages located in the periphery and the catchment of the beel use the beel for:
*Fishing
*As a waterway for transporting the villagers of the southern boundary to the N.H. 37
*Collect fodder for domestic cattle and collect aquatic seeds such as giant water lily, ''Nymphea'' sp. etc.
*Raise [[rice|boro]] [[paddy field|paddy]] – sown in December–January and harvested in April–May

The Dipor Bil is reported to provide, directly or indirectly, its natural resources for the livelihood of fourteen indigenous villages (1,200 families) located in its precincts.<ref name=glo_bal>http://www.globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=1/08 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710000128/http://www.globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=1%2F08 |date=2010-07-10 }} Protect Wetland Bird Paradise/India</ref> Freshwater fish is a vital source of protein and income for these communities; the health of these people is stated to be directly dependent on the health of this wetland ecosystem. A member of Deepor Beel Fishermen's Cooperative Society has succinctly stated:<ref name = glo_bal/> "Our forefathers protected this wetland and we are committed to do the same as we depend on the wetland for our livelihood. We will protect this wetland at any cost and against any odds".

== Deterioration of the beel ==
Natural and anthropogenic causes for the deterioration of the beel are many. For the last few years, Deepor Beel has been dealing with too many water hyacinths growing, causing trouble for the people living there, according to residents' reports. The major reasons reported in the beel ecosystem are.:<ref name = "Deep_Bil"/><ref name = india_folk/>
*Proliferation of human settlements, roads, and industries around the periphery (in the eastern and north-eastern sides) causing pollution problems
*Waste water from different parts of the city and the adjoining areas
*Construction of broad-gauge railway line on the periphery of the beel
*Allotment of the government vacant land to private party by Government settlement department
*Brick kilns and soil cutting
*Hunting, trapping and killing of wild birds and mammals
*Unplanned intensive fishing practices (both during day and night)
*Boragaon garbage dumping site adjoining the Dipor Bil

==Restoration activities==
A comprehensive management plan has been set in motion and it is proposed to notify the whole beel area as a protected area.

Weeds have been removed in an area of 500 ha and the fish catch is reported to be improving. The long term measures envisaged to preserve the beel environment are:<ref name = "Deep_Bil"/>
*Encroachments and settlements around the beel periphery to be eliminated
*Train stops on the boundary of the beel to be discontinued
*To raise suitable plantations on either side of the railway line to reduce noise level
*Eco-restoration of surrounding forest area
*To preserve effectiveness of the beel as storm water detention basin for Guwahati city and creation of additional storage capacity in the naturally depressed areas within the greater metropolitan area
*Guwahati city runoff, which includes sewage, to be treated before discharging into the beel
*To discontinue land cutting, [[Brick Kiln]]s and industrial development in the periphery of the beel
*Government settlements to be discontinued and the beel to be preserved to its natural state
*Encourage bird related [[eco-tourism]] and [[Conservation movement|conservation]] education.

===Bird sanctuary===
Deepor Beel Bird Sanctuary covering an area of 414 ha within the larger spread of the beel to shelter several species of birds has been created by the Department of Forests, Assam, and shooting and bird-trapping are prohibited by law, but enforcement is reported to be inadequate. Over 120 species of birds have been listed in the sanctuary, including [[kingfishers]], fishing [[eagle]]s, adjutant storks and abundant varieties of ducks.<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/tourism/deeporbeel-bird-sanctuary-guwahati.html Deepor Beel Bird Sanctuary, Guwahati] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013024756/http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/tourism/deeporbeel-bird-sanctuary-guwahati.html |date=2008-10-13 }}</ref> A watch tower has been erected on the bank of the beel for bird watching and security purpose.<ref name = india_folk/><ref>{{cite web|title=Birding opportunities at Deepor Beel |url=http://www.bengalbirds.info/Deepor_Beel_Guwahati_Assam.php |archive-date=21 July 2011 |website=Bengal Birds Info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721185837/http://www.bengalbirds.info/Deepor_Beel_Guwahati_Assam.php}}</ref>

== Public participation ==
While the management authority for the beel is the Forest Department of the Government of Assam, with the Fisheries Department as the functional Authority,<ref name = "Deep_Bil"/> several public and private institutions and universities are involved in creating the awareness of the Ecological importance of the beel and the need to restore it to its original status. Some important ones are:
*The Ramsar Convention, which has recognised the Deepor Beel in its list of 1782 wetland sites, with 158 contracting parties to the convention of the world and holds seminars to create awareness of the beel's uniqueness.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=India's most important wetlands described |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/indias-most-important-wetlands-described |website=www.ramsar.org |date=28 July 2008}}</ref>
*Aaranyak, a non-governmental organization<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaranyak.org/index.htm |title=Aaranyak |access-date=11 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925053941/http://www.aaranyak.org/index.htm |archive-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> set up "to foster conservation of biodiversity in Northeast India through research, environmental education, capacity building and advocacy for legal and policy reform to usher a new era of ecological security" is actively involved in Community Based Conservation Projects, which includes among other projects the "Deepar Beel Community Conservation Project".<ref>[http://www.aaranyak.org/Projects/deepar_beel.htm Deepar Beel Community Conservation Project] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827164656/http://www.aaranyak.org/Projects/deepar_beel.htm |date=2008-08-27 }}</ref> The project was designed "to reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the wetland by providing for alternative and diversified means of livelihood to the people living along the fringe villages. The purpose of the project is to set up some community run 'Self Help Groups' (SHGs) to strengthen their livelihood options through diverse means and garn their support in the conservation of Deepar Beel as wetland ecosystem."
*[[North Dakota State University]], USA<ref>[http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsuem Go to "Case Studies" and "Documents"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517065446/http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsuem |date=2008-05-17 }}</ref> has a website created as a tool to facilitate better understanding of the concepts and practices in environmental management, and to complement the graduate course materials for the students, undertook a "Case Study of Deepor Beel Wetland Management" for the fall course of 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/bezbarua/em/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805075320/http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/bezbarua/em/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-05 |title=EM Home Page |publisher=Ndsu.nodak.edu |date=2007-11-06 |access-date=2013-06-17}}</ref>
*The Animal Ecology Laboratory in the Department of Zoology, [[Guwahati University]] has been involved in biological studies of the beel.<ref name = "Deep_Bil"/>
*Parangam Sarma Basistha, an architect and urban planner from Guwahati, have been involving in research on Impact of urbanisation in the wetland and worked for conservation of the Deepor Beel through the development of land use of the catchment areas.
*Chandan Kumar Duarah (Pratidin Group) and Mubina Akhtar, environmentalists have been studying and working for preservation of the wetland and published many reports.

=== Guwahati Water bodies (Preservation and Conservation) Bill, 2008 ===
The Guwahati Waterbodies (Preservation and Conservation) Bill, 2008 has been passed with the objective of preserving the wetland, minimising the problem of waterlogging in the city and creating an eco-friendly atmosphere. With this Bill at its command, the Government of Assam is planning to re-acquire land in the periphery of Deepor Beel, to undertake development projects, including water sports at the beel, and for this purpose a budgetary allocation of about US $3 million (Rs.12 crores) has been approved.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120911122627/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080719/jsp/guwahati/story_9568717.jsp Rs 12cr for Deepor Beel-Waterbody bill passed in Assembly]</ref>

==See also==
[[List of lakes of Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Dipor Bil}}

{{Protected areas of Assam}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Lakes of Assam]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Tourism in Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup district]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2002]]
[[Category:Wetlands of Assam]]

Sudeep Gupta

2025-10-31T20:16:27Z

Ali omar: New new details...

{{Short description|Indian medical oncologist}}
[[File:Sudeep1.jpg|Dr Sudeep Gupta receiving a research grant|thumb]]
Dr '''Sudeep Gupta''', born February 8, 1969, is an Indian medical doctor and medical oncologist, currently serving as the Director of the Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), a unit of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]], Government of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://actrec.gov.in/dr-sudeep-gupta | title=Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer | Dr. Sudeep Gupta }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1858748|title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau}}</ref> He succeeded [[Rajendra Achyut Badwe]] as the Director of [[Tata Memorial Centre]], Mumbai, in 2023. An alumnus of India’s foremost medical institution, the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), New Delhi, he is recognized for his expertise in breast and gynaecological cancers. Dr Gupta has spearheaded transformative projects during his tenure (December 1, 2018, to November 30, 2023) as the Director of the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), one of the institutions under TMC. These include the Proton Therapy Centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=TMC’s proton therapy facility at ACTREC provides state-of-the-art treatment accessible to deserving patients from within the country and neighboring countries |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059107#:~:text=Tata%20Memorial%20Centre%27s%20National%20Hadron,on%2011th%20May%202023 |publisher=Department of Atomic Energy |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> the Women’s and Children’s Cancer Centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer {{!}} Surgical Oncology |url=https://actrec.gov.in/departments/surgical-oncology |website=actrec.gov.in |access-date=13 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and the Radiological Research Unit (one of the world’s largest therapeutic nuclear medicine facilities),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Rupsa |title=Game changer in cancer care: Tata hospital to unveil world’s largest nuclear therapeutic facility |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cancer-care-tata-hospital-unveil-worlds-largest-nuclear-therapeutic-facility-9089817/ |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> which established ACTREC as a leading institution for cancer care. With over 350 peer-reviewed publications, his contributions to [[Oncology|oncology research]] and cost-effective cancer treatment strategies have earned him national and international acclaim.

== Biography ==
Dr Gupta was born on February 8, 1969, in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, to a doctor couple who served as medical officers in the Indian Railways. He spent much of his childhood in [[Tundla]], a semi-urban/rural location in Uttar Pradesh, where he studied in a convent school, the Christ The King School (now Christ The King Inter College). Eldest of four siblings, he demonstrated academic excellence from his childhood, standing first in his entire class in his 10th standard Indian Certificate of Secondary Education examination at the [[St. Peter's College, Agra|St Peters College]], Agra and in the 12th Standard Central Board of Secondary Education examination at the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]] (Barakhamba Road), New Delhi.

He was selected for the MBBS course at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in 1986, which he completed in 1991. He went on to pursue and complete an MD in Internal Medicine in 1994 and a DM (Doctor of Medicine) in Medical Oncology in 2000 from AIIMS, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=DM Alumini |url=https://aiims.edu/index.php/en/medical_oncology_alumini/2017-07-18-05-17-50 |website=AIIMS NEW |language=en-gb}}</ref> His mother, herself a gynaecologist and an alumnus of the [[King George's Medical University|King George’s Medical College]], Lucknow, developed advanced-stage ovarian cancer when Dr Gupta was in the final year of his medical school in 1990. She was treated at AIIMS, Delhi, went into remission, suffered a relapse when he was in the final year of MD Medicine and then suffered repeated exacerbations of the cancer, until she died in 1999 because of [[Brain metastasis|brain metastases]]. Dr Gupta was likely influenced by this personal experience in taking up [[oncology]] as his career.

== Career And Legacy ==
Dr. Sudeep Gupta joined the Tata Memorial Centre in 2001 as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Medical Oncology. He distinguished himself as an astute clinician and an accomplished teacher. He also developed an interest in clinical and translational research related to breast and [[Gynecologic cancer|gynaecological cancers]], which are his core interests.He was noticed by the TMC leadership and considered for leadership positions. He was selected as the Deputy Director of ACTREC and then its Director in December 2018. Dr. Gupta has authored over 350 peer-reviewed publications and several book chapters. His notable works include a [[Randomized controlled trial|randomised controlled trial]] on [[cervical cancer]] treatment strategies, presented at the Plenary session of the [[European Society for Medical Oncology|European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO)]] in 2017 and published in the [[Journal of Clinical Oncology]]. This study influenced global clinical practices for cervical cancer treatment.
Another landmark study on using [[carboplatin]] for [[triple-negative breast cancer]], presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium in 2022, showcased his commitment to cost-effective therapies. His work often bridges the gap between clinical practice and laboratory research, particularly in tumour evolution and [[Hypoxia (medicine)|hypoxia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gardi |first1=Nilesh |last2=Chaubal |first2=Rohan |last3=Parab |first3=Pallavi |last4=Pachakar |first4=Sunil |last5=Kulkarni |first5=Suyash |last6=Shet |first6=Tanuja |last7=Joshi |first7=Shalaka |last8=Kembhavi |first8=Yogesh |last9=Chandrani |first9=Pratik |last10=Quist |first10=Jelmar |last11=Kowtal |first11=Pradnya |last12=Grigoriadis |first12=Anita |last13=Sarin |first13=Rajiv |last14=Govindarajan |first14=Raman |last15=Gupta |first15=Sudeep |title=Natural History of Germline BRCA1 Mutated and BRCA Wild-type Triple-negative Breast Cancer |journal=Cancer Research Communications |date=14 February 2024 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=404–417 |doi=10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-23-0277 |url=https://aacrjournals.org/cancerrescommun/article/4/2/404/734272/Natural-History-of-Germline-BRCA1-Mutated-and-BRCA |issn=2767-9764|pmc=10865976 }}</ref> His work has impacted global clinical practices, emphasizing cost-effective interventions.

In November 2023, Dr. Gupta was appointed Director of the Tata Memorial Centre, furthering his vision for accessible, research-driven cancer care. He has emphasised the progressive adoption of the hub-and-spoke model of cancer care delivery in India to make cancer care accessible to all citizens.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Somita |title=Tata Memorial Centre proposes hub-and-spoke model to address soaring cancer cases |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/tata-memorial-centre-proposes-hub-and-spoke-model-to-address-soaring-cancer-cases-101703790873479.html |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Beyond his professional obligations, along with a cancer survivor, Mrs Devieka Bhojwani, he established the Women's Cancer Initiative,<ref>{{cite web |title=WCI {{!}} Home |url=https://www.wci.co.in/ |website=www.wci.co.in |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> a non-governmental organization based in Tata Memorial Hospital, which offers financial and logistic assistance to women with breast and gynaecological cancers. He has also served as editor-in-chief of the Indian Journal of Medical and [[Pediatric oncology|Paediatric Oncology]] and created [[Year-in-review|Year in Review]], a top-tier breast cancer conference every year in Mumbai and a website of the same name that archives major oncology conferences. Because of his work in cancer care and control, Dr Gupta has been conferred several prestigious orations at top conferences and by institutions.

Dr Sudeep Gupta's career seamlessly integrates leadership, research, and patient-centred care, while his dedication to education, advocacy, and community engagement inspires the next generation of oncologists.

== Positions held ==
* Director, Tata Memorial Centre (2023–Present)
* Director, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) (2018–2023)
* Deputy Director, ACTREC (2013–2018)
* Faculty member in the Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre (2001–present)

==Selected papers==
*{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Sudeep |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Amita |last3=Parab |first3=Pallavi |last4=Mahantshetty |first4=Umesh |last5=Hawaldar |first5=Rohini |last6=Sastri (Chopra) |first6=Supriya |last7=Kerkar |first7=Rajendra |last8=Engineer |first8=Reena |last9=Tongaonkar |first9=Hemant |last10=Ghosh |first10=Jaya |last11=Gulia |first11=Seema |last12=Kumar |first12=Neha |last13=Shylasree |first13=T. Surappa |last14=Gawade |first14=Renuka |last15=Kembhavi |first15=Yogesh |last16=Gaikar |first16=Madhuri |last17=Menon |first17=Santosh |last18=Thakur |first18=Meenakshi |last19=Shrivastava |first19=Shyam |last20=Badwe |first20=Rajendra |title=Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Radical Surgery Versus Concomitant Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage IB2, IIA, or IIB Squamous Cervical Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |date=1 June 2018 |volume=36 |issue=16 |pages=1548–1555 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2017.75.9985}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=31103d569094&imageview=0 Hindustan Times]
* [https://www.esmo.org/content/download/118131/2070933/1/4837_ESMO_Daily_Reporter_Monday_v2_LR.pdf European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO)]
* [https://touchoncology.com/breast-cancer/conference-hub/sudeep-gupta-sabcs-2022-addition-of-platinum-to-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-in-patients-with-triple-negative-breast-cancer-a-phase-iii-randomized-controlled-trial/ Touch Oncology]

==External links==
* [https://tmc.gov.in/About Tata Memorial Centre ]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Sudeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Meenakshi Sargogi

2025-10-25T12:19:12Z

Ali omar: added layout for accuracy additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Industrialist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meenakshi Sargogi
| image =
| imagesize = Meenakshi Sargogi picture
| caption = Meenakshi Sargogi
| birth_date = 1944
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 2020
| death_place = Kolkata
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Industrialist
| yearsactive = 1979–2015
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Meenakshi Sargogi''' was an Indian industrialist and the former managing director<ref name="Balrampur Chini to invest Rs 200 crore on raising ethanol capacity">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-balrampur-chini-to-invest-rs-200-crore-on-raising-ethanol-capacity-2089716 | title=Balrampur Chini to invest Rs 200 crore on raising ethanol capacity | publisher=DNA Syndicate | date=27 May 2015 | accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> and the incumbent non-executive director of Balrampur Chini Mills.<ref name="Board of Directors">{{cite web | url=http://www.chini.com/directors.php | title=Board of Directors | publisher=Chini.com | date=2015 | accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> She is credited with the revival of a loss-making sugar business into a profitable multi-focussed industrial conglomerate.<ref name="The sweet taste of success">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/The-sweet-taste-of-success/articleshow/20769258.cms | title=The sweet taste of success | newspaper=Times of India | date=1 September 2002 | accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> She received the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] from the Government of India in 1992 for her contributions to the Indian [[sugar industry]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in 1944 in [[Allahabad]], in the most populous Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], she did her early schooling at [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Nainital]] and returned to Kanpur where she completed her graduate studies.<ref name="The sweet taste of success" /> She is reported to have learnt the basics of the business, dismantled the senior management and turned around the company to make a profit of {{INR}} 4.4 million in the first full year of business.<ref name="The sweet taste of success" />

Meenakshi shared the responsibilities of the managing director of the company with her husband for 22 years until June 2015 when she stepped down from active career to retain the post of a non-executive director.<ref name="Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd ">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8398702&privcapId=8080999 | title=Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> During this period, Balrampur Sugar Mills grew from a single unit business to multiple factory industry which she achieved by purchasing Babhnan Sugar Mills in 1990, Tulsipur Sugar Mills in 1998, the Rauzagaon factory of Dhampur Sugar Mills in 2005<ref name="The Sugar Queen – Balrampur Chini">{{cite web | url=https://goodbadnews.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/the-sugar-queen-balrampur-chini/ | title=The Sugar Queen – Balrampur Chini | publisher=Good Bad News | date=2015 | accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> and Indo Gulf Sugar Mills in 2007 and diversified the business to other areas such as [[ethanol]] and [[Electricity|power]].<ref name="ET Markets profile">{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/balrampur-chini-mills-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12477.cms | title=ET Markets profile | publisher=Economic Times | date=2015 | accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[History of sugar]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sargogi, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the sugar industry]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Farmagudi

2025-07-23T16:29:32Z

Ali omar: Put up new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Farmagudi
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.416|73.984|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ponda, Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GA
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Farmagudi''' is a [[suburb]] of [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda town]] in [[Goa]], [[India]]. It falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Ponda taluka]]. Situated on a [[plateau]], it is located 3 km away from the main Ponda City, on the way towards [[Panjim]]. Farmagudi is home to several educational institutions, including the ([[Goa Vidyaprasarak Mandal|GVM]]'s) Higher Secondary School, GVM's College of Commerce & Economics, Ponda Education Society's Higher Secondary School, and the [[Goa Engineering College]], [[National Institute of Technology Goa]], and [[IIT Goa]].<ref>{{cite news | title=‘Can increase seats at new Farmagudi IHM’ | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 April 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/can-increase-seats-at-new-farmagudi-ihm/articleshow/99649324.cms?from=mdr | access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Goa district]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

M. Tamil Selvan

2025-06-27T11:46:47Z

Ali omar: starting some stub v1...

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Muniswamy Tamil Selvan
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| residence =
| alma mater =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|02|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1978 Commonwealth Games|1978 Edmonton]]| Bantamweight – Overall}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1982 Commonwealth Games|1982 Brisbane]]| Featherweight - Overall}}
| show-medals = y
| updated = 26 OCtober 2020
}}

'''Muniswamy Tamil Selvan''' (born 3 February 1955) is a former Indian weightlifter. He competed in the [[Weightlifting at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 56 kg|men's bantamweight event]] at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/tamil-selwan-muniswamy-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418063809/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/tamil-selwan-muniswamy-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Tamil Selwan Muniswamy Olympic Results |accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref> He won silver medals in the men's Bantamweight event at 1978 Commonwealth Games<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thyagarajan|first=S.|date=2014-07-31|title=Sathuvachari — the home of weightlifters|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sathuvachari-the-home-of-weightlifters/article6267574.ece|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and in the men's Featherweight event at 1982 Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{Cite web|title=This rustic gym in Vellore has produced five Olympians|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/nov/27/this-rustic-gym-in-vellore-has-produced-five-olympians-1543036.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 November 2016 }}</ref> He was conferred with the [[Arjuna Award]] in the year 1977-78 by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/arjunaawardeespdf/tamilselvan_weightlifting.pdf|title=M Tamil Selvan|last=|first=|website=Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu|language=en|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Heavy lifters are at home in Sathuvachari|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170909/282419874408714|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102214341/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170909/282419874408714|archive-date=2 Nov 2020|access-date=2023-09-26|via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of people from Vellore]]
*[[List of Tamil recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Selvan, M}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:People from Vellore]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1978 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1982 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Kacheguda–Ashokapuram Express

2025-05-02T11:48:15Z

Ali omar:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kacheguda–Ashokapuram Superfast Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| status =
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1975|05|19}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}} (KCG)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Ashokapuram}} (AP)
| distance = {{convert|770|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hrs 35 mins
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 17063/17064 [[Ajanta Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12785 / 12786
| speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
}}

The 12785 / 12786 '''Kacheguda–Ashokapuram Superfast Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Daily Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}} and [[Ashokapuram railway station|Ashokapuram]] in India. It is currently{{when|date=September 2018}} being operated with 12785/12786 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1356&did=14649499310755D7D12C43FD887A1AA8AFE1EEC3B8CC0.web91 AUGMENTATION OF TRAINS WITH ADDITIONAL COACHES]</ref><ref>[http://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1330&did=14609795032810C794E23E254E5B992C2FA32A804B6B5.web107 WCR PROVIDES TEMPORARY STOPPAGE FOR TWO MINUTES AT HABIBGANJ STATION]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=7376&did=146046541468015D052103C3BD702209986D7F36C700F.web103 Temporary Stoppage to various trains at Shadnagar & Vikarabad Stations On the Occasion of Spiritual Meeting at Chegur]</ref> It is the only direct connects Ashokapuram Mysuru in Karnataka to Kacheguda Hyderabad in Telangana. On daily basis.

== Service==

*12785/Kacheguda–Ashokapuram Superfast Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and covers 764 km in 15h 35m.
*12786/Ashokapuram–Kacheguda Superfast Express has an average speed of 53 km/h and covers 764 km in 14h 45m.

The Service extended from K.S.R Bangalore City to Mysore since 04-03-2019. 
The Service again extended from Mysore to Ashokapuram Since 07-04-2025.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 17063/17064 [[Ajanta Express]]

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}}
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/999? Jadcherla]
* {{stnlnk|Mahbubnagar}}
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/842? Gadwal Junction]
* {{stnlnk|Kurnool City}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhone Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gooty Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anantapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharmavaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Penukonda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hindupur}}
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1001? Gauribidanur]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1002? Doddaballapur]
* {{stnlnk|Yelahanka Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangalore East}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangalore Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangalore City}}
* {{stnlnk|Kengeri}}
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1436? Ramanagaram]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1433? Mandya]
* {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}}
* [[Ashokapuram railway station|Ashokapuram]]

==Coach composition==

The train has standard [[LHB coach]] with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:(W.E.F-03/01/2025)

* 1 First AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 Power car/Generator car

As is customary with most other train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways, depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||GEN||GEN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||A1||A2||HA1||GEN||GEN||EoG
|}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP7]] locomotive from Kacheguda to Ashokapuram, and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261,293,532|title=South Western Railway}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Kacheguda railway station]]
* [[Bangalore City railway station]]
* [[Mysore Junction railway station]]
* [[Ajanta Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/137 12785/Kacheguda–Ashokapuram SF Express (PT)] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/891 12786/Ashokapuram–Kacheguda SF Express (PT)] India Rail Info
* [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kacheguda-Bengaluru City Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1975]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Sachin Kumar Singh

2025-04-04T01:31:59Z

Ali omar: New new bio...

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1997)}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sachin Kumar Singh
| image =
| fullname = Sachin Kumar Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|12|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj, Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| year1 = 2019–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 25 September 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1201552.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Sachin Kumar Singh''' (born 25 December 1997) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1201552.html |title=Sachin Kumar Singh |access-date=25 September 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 25 September 2019, for [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200653.html |title=Elite, Group C, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Jaipur, Sep 25 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 11 January 2021, for Bihar in the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244323.html |title=Plate Group, Chennai, Jan 11 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 17 February 2022, for Bihar in the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280424.html |title=Plate Group, Kolkata, Feb 17 - 20 2022, Ranji Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1201552}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sachin Kumar}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bihar cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1997-stub}}

Jamia Amjadia Razvia

2025-03-26T16:40:04Z

Ali omar: Creating New Info!

{{Short description|India Islamic seminary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Taibatul Ulma Jamia Amjadia Rizvia
| native_name = جامعہ امجدیہ رضویہ
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 21 August 1982 ([[Islamic calendar|Hijri date]]: 2 [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] 1402)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jamiaamjadia.net/intro-amjadi.php |title=Introduction Jamia Amjadia Rizvia |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531005442/http://jamiaamjadia.net/intro-amjadi.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| closed =
| type = [[Islamic university]]
| affiliation = Uttar Pradesh Madarsa Educational Board
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = [[Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri]]
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| faculty =
| staff =
| students = 700
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Ghosi]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| sports =
| colors =
| colours =
| nickname = Taibatul Ulema
| mascot =
| athletics =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|jamiaamjadia.net}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jamia Amjadia Rizvia''' is an Islamic seminary ([[Madrasa]]) of the [[Sunni]] denomination situated in [[Ghosi]] city in Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=उर्स के दौरान मस्जिद का इफ्तेताह |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mau-masjid-launches-during-urs-19375698.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It was established by [[Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri]] a north Indian [[Hadith studies#Muhaddith: scholar of hadith|Muhaddith: scholar of hadith]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-23|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Hadith studies#Muhaddith: scholar of hadith|reason= }} and son of a 19th-century [[Faqih]] [[Mufti Amjad Ali Aazmi]].<ref>[http://www.indianngos.org/ngo_detail.aspx?nprof=3526321111 TAIBATUL OLAMA JAMIA AMJADIA - Indian NGOs | NGOs India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401033847/http://www.indianngos.org/ngo_detail.aspx?nprof=3526321111 |date=1 April 2017 }} indianngos.org</ref><ref>[http://upmsp.org/College-Detail/T-O-JAMIA-AMJADIA-RIZVIA-GHOSI--MAU/559 T O JAMIA AMJADIA RIZVIA GHOSI MAU] upmsp.org</ref><ref>[http://www.indiamaps.in/ngo-of-uttar-pradesh/ghosi/taibatul-olama-jamia-amjadia-34269/ Details Of Taibatul Olama Jamia Amjadia - An NGO of Ghosi, Uttar Pradesh]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} indiamaps.in</ref>

== Festivals ==
The annual Urs of Amjad Ali Aazmi is celebrated in the ground of Madrasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मौलाना अमजद अली की मजार पर जुटे जायरीन |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mau-14457726.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Islamic educational institutions]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mau district]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barelvi Islamic universities and colleges]]

Union Budget of India

2025-02-01T16:57:48Z

Ali omar:

#REDIRECT [[Union budget of India]]

Brachystelma tumakurense

2025-01-02T07:48:54Z

Ali omar: Put up new info

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Brachystelma
| species = tumakurense
| authority = Gundappa, Sringesw., Vishwan. & Venu
}}

'''''Brachystelma tumakurense''''' is a species of [[tuber]]ous [[flowering plant]] in the dogbane family [[Apocynaceae]]. It is found in [[Tumakuru district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], for which it is named.

== Description ==
''Brachystelma tumakurense'' is a perennial [[herb]]. It has an unbranched, erect and delicate stem that grows up to a height of {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The long and narrow leaves, which are curled such that they appear cylindrical, are about {{convert|13|cm|abbr=on}} long and are separated by [[Internode (botany)|internodular]] spaces of {{convert|6|-|7|cm|abbr=on}}. The stem is weak and sometimes bends under the weight of the leaves and flowers.<ref name="Gundappa et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=B. V.|first1=Gundappa|last2=A. N.|first2=Sringeswara|last3=S.|first3=Vishwanath|last4=Venu|first4=P. |name-list-style=amp |date=2021-06-30|title=A new species of ''Brachystelma'' (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) from Karnataka, India|url=http://rheedea.in/storages/submission/file/2050778875.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Rheedea|volume=31|issue=2|pages=48–52|doi=10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.02.01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819151956/http://rheedea.in/storages/submission/file/2050778875.pdf|archive-date=2021-08-19|access-date=2021-08-19|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The plant bears 3–6 drooping [[flower]]s. The flowers' [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]]s are thread-like and measure about {{convert|5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in length. Flower [[bud]]s are about 5 mm long when mature. The flowers have five [[sepal]]s, which measure {{convert|2.5-3|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} in length, are green on the underside and [[maroon]] above. Five hairy-looking [[petal]]s, each measuring {{convert|9-10|mm|abbr=on}} long, are borne. The petals' lobes are light green; the bases are greenish, with maroon spots.<ref name="Gundappa et al." />

=== Phenology ===
The plant itself grows from May to August, after which it withers. The oblong underground tuber, which is edible, persists for up to a year. Flowers are borne from June to July, and fruits from August to September.<ref name="Gundappa et al." /><ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|last=Deepika|first=K. C.|date=2021-08-18|title=New plant found in Tumakuru takes the district's name|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-plant-found-in-tumakuru-takes-the-districts-name/article35987641.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819061409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-plant-found-in-tumakuru-takes-the-districts-name/article35987641.ece|archive-date=2021-08-19 }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Brachystelma tumakurense'' was identified from a moist mixed forest in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, in 2017, when deficient rainfall caused grasses surrounding the plant to grow shorter than usual.<ref name="Gundappa et al." /> The plant is named for Tumakuru district.<ref name="Hindu" />

''Brachystelma tumakurense'' is closely related to ''B. bourneae'', ''B. maculatum'' and ''B. rangacharii''; the plants all have oblong tubers, erect stems, long and narrow leaves, and bear 3–6 flowers. ''B. tumakurense'' is differentiated from the other three species by having green petals spotted with [[maroon]]—the other plants have differently-coloured flowers.<ref name="Gundappa et al." />

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Brachystelma tumakurense'' is known only from the locality from where it was first described—[[Devarayanadurga]] in Karnataka's Tumakuru district.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Web Desk|date=2021-07-03|title=ತುಮಕೂರು : ದೇವರಾಯನದುರ್ಗ ಅರಣ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಸಸ್ಯ ಪ್ರಭೇದ ಪತ್ತೆ!!|url=https://prajapragathi.com/tumkur-272/|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Prajapragathi|language=kn|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819061440/https://prajapragathi.com/tumkur-272/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gundappa et al." /> It is found growing among [[Poaceae|grasses]] in moist mixed forests.<ref name="Gundappa et al." />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q108150065}}

[[Category:Brachystelma|tumakurense]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Plants described in 2021]]