Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Akhtarul Islam Shahin

2026-05-08T09:22:38Z

AlfonzoGuess50: new.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Akhtarul Islam Shahin
| caption = Akhtarul Islam Shahin
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Samastipur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Samastipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]]
| salary =
| term_start = 2010
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| successor = [[Ashwamedh Devi]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
}}

'''Akhtarul Islam Shahin''' is an Indian politician from Bihar. He is serving as a third term member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Samastipur Assembly constituency]] since 2010. He is a representing the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], led by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Tejashwi Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhtarul Islam Sahin MLA of SAMASTIPUR Bihar contact address & email|url=https://nocorruption.in/politician/akhtarul-islam-sahin/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=nocorruption.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Samastipur Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Akhtarul Islam Shahin of RJD Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/samastipur-election-result-2020-live-updates-samastipur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3060887.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=2020-11-10|title=Samastipur Assembly Constituency Result 2020 LIVE Updates: RJD's Akhtarul Islam Shahin Retains His Seat|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/samastipur-vidhan-sabha-constituency-results-live-updates-bihar-assembly-election-2020-winner-counting-of-votes-jdu-rjd-ashwamedh-devi-md-shaheen-4204176/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> He is the deputy chief whip of Rashtriya Janata Dal, the main opposition party in the state legislature since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-10-08 |title=श्रवण कुमार बने विधानसभा में सत्ता पक्ष के मुख्य सचेतक, अख्तरुल इस्लाम शाहीन होंगे उप सचेतक |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/shravan-kumar-becomes-chief-whip-in-bihar-legislative-assembly/bh20221008075137924924009 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=विधायक अख्तरूल बने विस के उप मुख्य सचेतक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/samastipur/story-mla-akhtarul-became-deputy-chief-whip-of-vis-7115223.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shahin was born to Abdus Salam in Samastipur district of Bihar. He has completed his Intermediate from Inter College, Patna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKHTARUL ISLAM SHAHIN(RJD):Constituency- Samastipur(SAMASTIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=876 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Akhtarul Islam Shahin fought [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] at the age of 31 from Samastipur Assembly constituency as a candidate of Rashtriya Janata Dal and won against nearest rival [[Ram Nath Thakur]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]] with a margin of 1827 votes. He again won [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency against the nearest rival Renu Kumari, a candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] with a margin of 31080 votes. He won [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency against the rival candidate Ashwamedh Devi of Janata Dal (United) with a margin of 4714 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samastipur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/samastipur-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahin, Akhtarul Islam}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

V. P. Tamilselvi

2026-05-07T20:26:04Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting basic post nd citations...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. P. Tamilselvi
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
| predecessor = [[A. Bannari]]
| successor =
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| occupation = Owner Tamil Beauty Salon, Politician, Former Principal (Retired)
| spouse = A. Sivakumar
}}

'''V. P. Tamilselvi''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V.P.Tamilselvi(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- BHAVANISAGAR (SC)(ERODE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=244 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Erode district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V.P.Tamilselvi, BHAVANISAGAR (SC) constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/v-p-tamilselvi-244/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

She became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency on TVK ticket. She 72,391 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[A. Bannari]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 4,569 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Bhavanisagar election result LIVE: VP Tamilselvi of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhavanisagar-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072125.html |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu Election Results 2026: Full list of winners and losers from TVK, DMK & AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-election-results-2026-full-list-of-winners-and-losers-from-tvk-dmk-aiadmk/articleshow/130763720.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamilselvi, V.P.}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal

2026-05-06T15:01:24Z

AlfonzoGuess50: info

{{short description|West Bengal affiliate of the BJP}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal
| country = West Bengal
| country2 = India
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| native_name =
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = BJP
| flag =
| president = [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
| general_secretary = Amitava Chakravorty
| leader = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| headquarters = 6, Muralidhar Sen Lane, [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Square]], [[Kolkata]]-700073, [[West Bengal]]
| blank1_title = Alliance
| blank1 = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| blank2_title =
| blank2 =
| spokesperson =
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap

|[[National conservatism]]<ref name="mathewjoh">* {{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|title=Conservatism and Ideology|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark |last3=Walker|first3=David M|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52900-2|pages=45–50|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061245/https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, {{doi|10.1080/23269995.2014.946315}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|url-status=live| issn = 2176-9257|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|pages=50–150|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Hindutva]]<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{multiref
| {{cite journal|volume=26|issue=3|journal=Democratization|first1=Duncan|last1=McDonnell|year=2019|first2=Luis|last2=Cabrera|title=The right-wing populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)|pages=484–501|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885|s2cid=149464986}}
| {{Cite book|last=Özçelik|first=Ezgi|title=Right-wing Populist Governments Rhetorical Framing of Economic Inequality : the Cases of BJP in India and AKP in Turkey|publisher=Koç University|year=2019}}
}}</ref>
|[[Neoliberalism]]<ref name="Surajit 2017">* {{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182 |url-status=live|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1 |pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|archive-date=14 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Shankar|title=Defining, Constructing and Policing a 'New India': Relationship between Neoliberalism and Hindutva|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=7 July 2006|volume=41|issue=26|pages=2803–2813|jstor=4418408|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Kalpana|last2=Ung Loh|first2=Jennifer|last3=Purewal|first3=Navtej|title=Gender, Violence and the Neoliberal State in India|journal=Feminist Review|date=July 2018|volume=119|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0109-8|s2cid=149814002|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210111943/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Navdeep|title=The low politics of higher education: saffron branded neoliberalism and the assault on Indian universities|journal=Critical Policy Studies|date=2018|volume=12 |issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.1080/19460171.2017.1403343|s2cid=148842457}}</ref>
}}
| position = {{nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]{{sfnm|1a1=Malik|1a2=Singh|1y=1992|1pp=318–336|BBC|2012|2a1=Banerjee|2y=2005|2p=3118}} to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref name="Davies">{{Cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22 |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |last2=Lynch |first2=Derek |date=16 August 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60952-9 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| student_wing = ABVP
| youth_wing = Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, West Bengal
| womens_wing = BJP Mahila Morcha, West Bengal
| newspaper = ''Banga Kamal Barta''
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| seats1_title = Seats in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|207|294|hex=#FF9933}}
| seats4_title = Seats in [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|12|42|hex=#FF9933}}
| seats3_title = Seats in [[Rajya Sabha]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|3|16|hex=#FF9933}}
| website = {{URL|bjpbengal.org}}
| slogan = Joy Maa Kali, Joy Maa Durga, Joy Shree Ram
| symbol = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| founder = {{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal''' ('''BJP - West Bengal''') is the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] affiliate in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The party is based in [[Kolkata]] and is led by chair [[Samik Bhattacharya]].

The party holds 3 seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]] and 12 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] from the state. Furthermore, the party has 207 seats in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] by having a landslide victory in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and is the current ruling party in the state.

==History==
===Predecessors and formation===
The origins of the BJP lies in the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS)]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)]]. [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], the founder of the BJS, was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta (Now Kolkata)]], while [[K. B. Hedgewar]], the founder of the RSS also studied in the city. In the 1960s, plenty of RSS offices opened across the state. They mostly worked with [[Marwari people|Marwari]] traders as well as [[Labour in India|migrants]] from [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]], in Kolkata's [[Burrabazar]]. By late 1960s, local meetings were conducted in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Smita |date=15 May 2019 |title=The rise of the BJP in West Bengal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-rise-of-the-bjp-in-west-bengal/article27140846.ece |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
===Electoral performance===
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= {{color|white|Vote share in consecutive assembly elections}}
|titlebar= blue
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.84}}
{{bar percent|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.14}}
{{bar percent|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|10.16}}
{{bar percent|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|6.52}}
{{bar percent|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|1.93}}
{{bar percent|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|5.19}}
{{bar percent|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|6.45}}
{{bar percent|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|11.34}}
{{bar percent|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|0.51}}
{{bar percent|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|0.58}}
}}
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= {{color|white|Vote share in consecutive Lok Sabha elections}}
|titlebar= blue
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.73}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|40.25}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|17.02}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|6.14}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|8.06}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|11.13}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|10.2}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|6.88}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|11.66}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|1.67}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|0.4}}
|border_width=2|style=|background-color=Light orange}}

===1980s===
The BJP started its operation within the state from the grassroots level of governance, particularly the [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat politics]]. The party also used various cultural icons in the state, including [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]] in its election campaigns.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] contested the West Bengal assembly election for the first time in [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]].<ref name="Swain2001">{{cite book|author=Pratap Chandra Swain|title=Bharatiya Janata Party: Profile and Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gk1Wz4k_xUC&pg=PA194|year=2001|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-257-8|page=194}}</ref> The primary objective of the party was to create a nucleus for a future third force in West Bengal politics.<ref name="Swain2001"/> The party supported the call of the West Bengal government to hold the elections in March 1982.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Annual Register of Indian Political Parties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKkkAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Michiko & Panjathan|page=108}}</ref> The party contested on 52 assembly constituencies and got around 129,994 votes in the state.

In [[1984 Indian general election|1984 Lok Sabha election]], BJP contested on 9 seats and got 101165 (0.4%) votes in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election, 1984 (Vol I, II) |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>

In the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]] the party contested on 57 constituencies and slightly increased its votes to 134,867.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal 1987 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3190-west-bengal-1987/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>

In [[1989 Indian general election|1989 Lok Sabha election]], BJP contested on 19 seats and got 529618 (1.67%) votes in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election, 1989 (Vol I, II) |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>

===1990s===
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] fielded 291 candidates across the state in [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991 Vidhan Sabha election]], and managed to increase its share of votes from 0.51% in 1987 to 11.34% (3,513,121 votes).<ref name=s1991>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal]''</ref><ref name="Swain2001"/> This was the first time BJP fielded such a large number of candidates in West Bengal assembly elections.<ref name="Swain2001"/> The party also fielded 42 candidates for the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 Lok Sabha election]] which took place simultaneously with the Vidhan Sabha election. The BJP got 3624974 (11.66%) votes in this election. Rather than focusing primarily on the [[Ayodhya]] issue, which was highlighted in the BJP campaigns across the country, the West Bengal BJP campaign concentrated on agitations against immigration from [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA441|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|page=441}}</ref> The campaign sought to invoke Bengali memories of [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name="Jaffrelot1999"/> While support for BJP increased among Bengali communities, its main stronghold in the state remained non-Bengali populations in [[Calcutta]] ([[Marwari people|Marwaris]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]]).<ref name="Jaffrelot1999"/> Besides this, the party was able to mobilise the rural voters who were not benefitted from [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left government's]] land reforms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Md. Iftekhar |date=2023 |title=The rise of the BJP in West Bengal: A study of Lok Shaba and assembly election. |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/5-1-10-718.pdf |journal=International Journal Political Science Governance}}</ref>

In 1996, both [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Assembly election]] and [[1996 Indian general election|Lok Sabha election]] took place simultaneously, the party contested on 292 assembly constituencies and got 2,372,480 (6.45%) votes<ref name=s1996>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal]''</ref> and contested 42 [[Lok Sabha]] seats and got 2525864 (6.88%) votes across the state.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/|title =General Election, 1996 (Vol I, II)|publisher =Election Commission of India|website =eci.gov.in|access-date =25 April 2020}}</ref>

In [[1998 Indian general election|1998]], the BJP contested on 14 seats and won 1 [[Lok Sabha]] seat for the first time in [[Elections in West Bengal|West Bengal]] from [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]. It got 3724662 (10.2%) votes.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/|title =General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II)|publisher =Election Commission of India|website =eci.gov.in}}</ref> [[Tapan Sikdar]], who was serving as the West Bengal State President of BJP, won the [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] constituency with 631,383 (50.7%) votes defeating nearest rival [[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]] of the [[CPI (M)]].<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

In [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], the BJP in an alliance with [[All India Trinamool Congress]] contested 13 seats and won 2 [[Lok Sabha]] seats and got 3,928,424 votes (11.13).<ref>{{cite web |url =https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=1517|title =General Elections 1999 – Overview of West Bengal : General Elections-2004 |publisher =Press Information Bureau|access-date =25 April 2020 }}</ref> The two elected [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] were [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]] from [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]] with 43.82% votes and [[Tapan Sikdar]] from [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] with 51.59% votes.<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

===2000s===
In [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001 Assembly election]], BJP contested on 266 constituencies and got 1901351 (5.19%) votes throughout the state and 5.68% in seats contested.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3193-west-bengal-2001/|title =West Bengal 2001|publisher =Election Commission of India|website =eci.gov.in|access-date =25 April 2020}}</ref>

In the [[2004 Indian general election]], the [[National Democratic Alliance]] was completely decimated by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] led [[United Progressive Alliance]]. The BJP didn't win a single seat and its ally [[All India Trinamool Congress]] was reduced to just 1 [[Lok Sabha]] seat.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://m.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm|title =Why did the NDA lose West Bengal?|publisher =rediff|date =14 May 2004|access-date =24 April 2020}}</ref> The BJP however managed to get 2983950 (8.06%) votes.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/|title =General Election, 2004 (Vol I, II, III)|publisher =Election Commission of India|website =eci.gov.in|access-date =25 April 2020 }}</ref>

In the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006 Assembly election]], BJP entered into an alliance with the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] and contested on 29 constituencies. The BJP got 760236 (1.93%) votes throughout West Bengal and 19.89% on seats it contested.<ref name=eciparty>{{cite web
|url = http://www.eci.gov.in/May2006/index_st.htm
|title = Election Commission of India - State Elections 2006: Partywise position in West Bengal
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|access-date = 23 May 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060523060020/http://www.eci.gov.in/May2006/index_st.htm
|archive-date = 23 May 2006
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In [[2009 Indian general election in West Bengal|2009 Indian general election]], BJP candidate [[Jaswant Singh]], with support from [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]], won the [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling Lok Sabha seat]] getting a total of 4,97,649 (51.50%) votes. Across the state BJP got only 6.14% votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: West Bengal 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2009/west-bengal/15/9 |website=IndiaVotes |publisher=India Votes Database}}</ref>

===2010s===
In [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 Legislative Assembly election]] the BJP allied with GJM.<ref>{{cite news |title=GJM backing both BJP and Congress-Trinamul alliance |url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/gjm-backing-both-bjp-and-congress-trinamul-alliance-505 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=9 April 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[2014 Indian general election in West Bengal|2014 Indian general election]] the BJP won only 2 seats. BJP candidates for the first time, returned runner-up in 3 seats and got 17.2% vote share throughout the state. This performance was better than BJP's previous best of 11.66% in 1991 elections. However the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] dominated the election winning 34 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-the-rise-of-bjp-in-west-bengal-1989376|title=The rise of BJP in West Bengal {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=17 May 2014|newspaper=dna|language=en-US|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>

In [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly election]] the BJP in an alliance with GJM contested 291 seats and got 5,555,134 (10.16%) votes and created history by winning 3 assembly seats for the first time.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/after-sweeping-polls-in-west-bengal-tmcs-legislative-party-to-meet-in-kolkata-today_1887311.html | title=It's 'Mamata wave' in West Bengal as voters reject Congress-Left alliance | publisher=[[Zee News]] | work=Ritesh K Srivastava | date=20 May 2016 | access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>

There was a major political shift from the left to the right in the [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019 Lok Sabha election in West Bengal]]. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], won 18 [[Lok Sabha]] seats out of the 42 constituencies with 23,028,343 (40.25%) votes. On 24 May 2019, [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] reported that BJP had made CPI-M a marginalised party and setting a strong challenge to the ruling Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-election-results-2019-left-veers-political-oblivion-1502758472.html | title = West Bengal election results 2019: left veers into political oblivion | date = 24 May 2019 | publisher = The Statesman, 24 May 2019 | access-date = 30 May 2019}}</ref> The shift in the voting pattern was seen across the state.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-in-west-bengal-lefts-vote-drop-will-benefit-bjp-but-to-what-extent/article27214640.ece | title = Analysis: In West Bengal, Left's vote-reduction will benefit BJP but to what extent? | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 23 May 2019 | publisher = The Hindu 23 May 2018 | access-date = 30 May 2019| last1 = Bagchi | first1 = Suvojit }}</ref>

After the election the Government of India passed the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] (CAA) in the Parliament, allowing a quicker route to citizenship to non Muslim immigrants from neighbouring countries. The party hoped to benefit from the votes of the Hindu immigrants from [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Romita Datta">Romita Datta, [https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-no-one-will-douse-the-caa-fire-in-bengal-1635533-2020-01-10 Why no one will douse the CAA fire in Bengal], India Today, 10 January 2020</ref><ref name="Kaushik Deka">
Kaushik Deka, [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20200120-who-is-not-a-citizen-1635189-2020-01-10 Who is (not) a citizen?], India Today, 10 January 2020</ref>

===Post 2020===
The BJP's Bengali booklet released in January 2020 claimed that the [[National Register of Citizens]] will be implemented to identify any undocumented migrants including Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and non-Muslims by the Citizenship Amendment Act.<ref>[https://scroll.in/latest/949007/nationwide-nrc-in-pipeline-says-bjps-bengali-booklet-on-citizenship-law Amended citizenship law will shield Hindus when NRC will be rolled out, says BJP's Bengali booklet], Scroll, 7 January 2020</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nrc-next-says-bjps-bengali-booklet-on-caa/ NRC next, says BJP's Bengali booklet on CAA], The Indian Express, 7 January 2020</ref>

In [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly election]] the BJP in an alliance with AJSU contested 293 seats and got 28,968,281(38.15%) votes and created history by winning 77 assembly seats for the first time and becoming the second largest party and the official opposition. Ahead of the election, numerous politicians from other parties, including the governing Trinamool Congress, joined the BJP. Notably, [[Suvendu Adhikari]] and [[Mihir Goswami]], both of whom switched parties before the elections, were appointed as [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|leader of opposition and deputy leader of opposition in the legislative assembly]] respectively.

The BJP has started campaigning for the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] with the slogan, "Paltano Darkar Chai BJP Sarkar" and is actively campaigning as of 31 March 2026. They are targeting Hindu voters and potentially [[Trinamool Congress]]'s women vote bank with the appointment of Retna Debnath in Panihiti constituency.

== Leadership and Organizational Structure ==
The following is the current organizational structure of the Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal as of January 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bjpbengal.org/state-office-bearers/|title=State Office Bearers - BJP West Bengal|work=BJP West Bengal|accessdate=10 January 2026}}</ref>:

=== State Office Bearers (2026) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:left;"
! Position
! Name
|-
| State President || [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|-
| General Secretary (Organisation) || Amitava Chakravorty
|-
| Joint General Secretary (Organisation) || Satish Dhond
|-
| General Secretaries ||
* [[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]]
* [[Locket Chatterjee]]
* [[Saumitra Khan]]
* Bapi Goswami
* Shashi Agnihotri
|-
| Vice-Presidents ||
* Raju Anindya Banerjee
* [[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
* [[Agnimitra Paul]]
* [[Dipak Barman]]
* Jagannath Chattopadhyay
* Sanjay Singh
* [[Manoj Tigga]]
* [[Nisith Pramanik]]
* [[Tapas Roy]]
* Amitava Roy
* Tanuja Chakraborty
* Prabal Raha
|-
| State Secretaries ||
* [[Shankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
* Dipanjan Guha
* Sonali Murmu
* Manoj Pandey
* [[Amlan Bhaduri]]
* Mahadev Sarkar
* Sakharav Sarkar
* Sintu Senapati
* Sarbori Mukherjee
* Mohon Sharma
* Sanjay Varma
* Biva Majumdar
|-
| State Spokesperson || Debjit Sarkar
|-
| Treasurer || Kedarashish Bapat
|-
| Social Media Convener || Saptarshi Choudhury
|-
| Media Convener || Bimal Shankar Nanda
|}

===Morcha Presidents (2026)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:left;"
! Morcha
! President
|-
| Yuva Morcha || Indranil Khan
|-
| Mahila Morcha || Phalguni Patra
|-
| SC Morcha || Sujit Biswas
|-
| ST Morcha || [[Khagen Murmu]]
|-
| OBC Morcha || Subhendu Sarkar
|-
| Kisan Morcha || Rajib Bhowmick
|-
| Minority Morcha || Ali Hussain
|}

===List of State Presidents===
{{About|the chronological List of State Presidents of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for West Bengal|List of All India Presidents|List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Term in office
|-
|1
|[[Haripada Bharati]]
|1980–1982
|-
|2
|[[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
|1982–1986
|-
|3
|[[Sukumar Banerjee (politician)|Sukumar Banerjee]]
|1986–1991
|-
|4
|[[Tapan Sikdar]]
|1991–1995
|-
|(2)
|[[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
|1995–1997
|-
|(4)
|[[Tapan Sikdar]]
|1997–1999
|-
|5
|[[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]]
|1999–2002
|-
|6
|[[Tathagata Roy]]
|2002–2006
|-
|(3)
|[[Sukumar Banerjee (politician)|Sukumar Banerjee]]
|2006–2008
|-
|7
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|2008–2009
|-
|8
|[[Rahul Sinha (politician)|Rahul Sinha]]
|2009–2015
|-
|9
|[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|2015–2021
|-
|10
|[[Sukanta Majumdar]]
|2021–2025
|-
|11
|[[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|2025–''Incumbent''
|-
|}

The West Bengal BJP has one president, twelve vice-presidents and five general secretaries & twelve secretaries.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://zeenews.india.com/india/major-reshuffle-in-west-bengal-bjp-unit-chandra-bose-shunted-out-2287362.html|title =Major reshuffle in West Bengal BJP unit, Chandra Bose shunted out|publisher =[[Zee News]]|location =Kolkata|date =1 June 2020|website =zeenews.india.com|author =Pooja Mehta|access-date =2 June 2020}}</ref> As of July 2025, the President of the West Bengal state branch of the party is Samik Bhattacharya.

[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]] is the most successful president. During his leadership party gain 18 MP in [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019 lok sabha election]]. And in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 Vidhan sabha election]] party gain 77 MLA.

=== List of Leaders of Legislative Party ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Portrait
! Name
! [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term
! Legislative office
! Assembly
! [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]]
|2016
|2021
| 5 years
| {{dash}}
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
|rowspan=2|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|[[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|100px]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|[[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|10 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|10 May 2021}}
| Leader of the Opposition
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
|}

==Electoral performance==
=== Lok Sabha ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Seats Won
! Seats +/-
! Vote Share (%)
! +/- (%)
! Outcome
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" ! |Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|-
| [[1951–52 Indian general election in West Bengal|1951–52]]
| {{Composition bar|2|31|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| New
| 5.94%
| New
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election in West Bengal|1957]]
| {{Composition bar|0|36|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| 1.43%
| {{down}}4.51%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election in West Bengal|1962]]
| {{Composition bar|0|36|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 1.05%
| {{down}}0.38%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election in West Bengal|1967]]
| {{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 1.39%
| {{up}}0.34%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election in West Bengal|1971]]
| {{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 0.85%
| {{down}}0.54%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#1E90FF; color:white;" ! |Janata Party{{efn|Janata Party was the amalgamation of Bharatiya Lok Dal & Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed in 1977.}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election in West Bengal|1977]]
| {{Composition bar|15|42|{{party color|Janata Party}}}}
| New
| 21.46%
| New
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election in West Bengal|1980]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Janata Party}}}}
| {{down}} 15
| 4.53%
| {{down}}16.93%
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" ! |Bharatiya Janata Party
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election in West Bengal|1984]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| New
| 0.4%
| New
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election in West Bengal|1989]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 1.67%
| {{up}}1.37%
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election in West Bengal|1991]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 11.66%
| {{up}}9.99%
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election in West Bengal|1996]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 6.88%
| {{down}}4.78%
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election in West Bengal|1998]]
| {{Composition bar|1|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{up}}1
| 10.2%
| {{up}}3.32%
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election in West Bengal|1999]]
| {{Composition bar|2|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| 11.13%
| {{up}}0.93%
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal|2004]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| 8.06%
| {{down}}3.07%
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election in West Bengal|2009]]
| {{Composition bar|1|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| 6.14%
| {{down}}1.92%
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election in West Bengal|2014]]
| {{Composition bar|2|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| 16.84%
| {{up}}10.7%
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019]]
| {{Composition bar|18|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 16
| 40.64%
| {{up}}23.8%
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal|2024]]
| {{Composition bar|12|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| 39.1%
| {{down}}1.54%
| {{yes2|Government}}
|}

=== Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Seats Won
! Seats +/-
! Vote Share (%)
! +/- (%)
! Outcome
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" ! |Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|-
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| {{Composition bar|9|187|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| New
| 5.58%
| New
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| {{Composition bar|0|195|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{down}} 9
| 0.98%
| {{down}}4.6%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Composition bar|0|252|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 0.45%
| {{down}}0.53%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Composition bar|0|280|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 1.33%
| {{up}}0.88%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| {{Composition bar|0|280|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 0.89%
| {{down}}0.44%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| {{Composition bar|1|279|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{up}} 1
| 0.82%
| {{down}}0.07%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Composition bar|0|280|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| {{down}} 1
| 0.19%
| {{down}}0.63%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#1E90FF; color:white;" ! |Janata Party
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Composition bar|29|294|{{party color|Janata Party}}}}
| New
| 20.02%
| New
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" ! |Bharatiya Janata Party
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| New
| 0.58%
| New
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| {{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 0.51%
| {{down}}0.07%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| {{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 11.34%
| {{up}}10.83%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 6.45%
| {{down}}4.89%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| {{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 5.19%
| {{down}}1.26%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| {{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 1.93%
| {{down}}3.26%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| {{Composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 4.06%
| {{up}}2.13%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| {{Composition bar|3|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{up}} 3
| 10.16%
| {{up}}6.1%
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| {{Composition bar|77|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{up}} 74
| 38.15%
| {{up}}28.81%
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| {{Composition bar|207|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{up}} 130
| 45.85%
| {{up}} 7.70%
| {{yes2|Government}}
|}

===Local elections===
====Municipal Corporation====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Municipal Corporation
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats Won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Change in Seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Status
|-
!colspan=8|[[Darjeeling district]]
|-
|[[2015 Siliguri Municipal Corporation election|2015]]
|rowspan=2|[[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|2|47|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2022 Siliguri Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|5|47|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
!colspan=8|[[Hooghly district]]
|-
|2015
|rowspan=2|[[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation|Chandannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|1|33|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2022 Chandernagore Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|0|33|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
!colspan=8|[[Howrah district]]
|-
|2013
|[[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|2|50|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
!colspan=8|[[Kolkata district]]
|-
|2015
|rowspan=2|[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|7|144|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|2021]]
|{{Composition bar|3|144|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
!colspan=8|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|-
|2015
|rowspan=2|[[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|0|41|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2022 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|0|41|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
!colspan=8|[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
|-
|2015
|rowspan=2|[[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|8|106|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2022 Asansol Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|7|106|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|2017
|rowspan=2|[[Durgapur Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|0|43|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|{{partial|Others}}
|}

==Current elected members==
===Incumbent member(s) of Lok Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan=2|S.No.
! colspan=2|Constituency
!width:200px" rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type=number|[[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal#Results by constituency|Win Margin in 2024]]
|-
!|#
!|Name
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|01.
| 2
| [[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]]
| [[Manoj Tigga]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''75,447'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|02.
| 3
| [[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
| [[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''86,693'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|03.
| 4
| [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
| [[Raju Bista]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''1,78,525'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|04.
| 5
| [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
| [[Kartick Chandra Paul]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''68,197'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|05.
| 6
| [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat]]
| [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,386'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|06.
| 7
| [[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]]
| [[Khagen Murmu]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''77,708'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|07.
| 13
| [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]
| [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''1,86,899'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|08.
| 14
| [[Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bongaon]]
| [[Shantanu Thakur]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''73,693'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|09.
| 30
| [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''77,733'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|10.
| 31
| [[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]
| [[Soumendu Adhikari]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''47,764'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|11.
| 35
| [[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
| [[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,079'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|12.
| 37
| [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]]
| [[Saumitra Khan]]
| align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''5,567'''
|}

===Incumbent member(s) of Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan=2|S.No.
! colspan=2|Constituency
!width:200px" rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|Remarks
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type=number|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election#Results by constituency|Win Margin in 2026]]
|-
!|#
!|Name
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Cooch Behar district|'''Cooch Behar district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|01.
|1
|[[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]] (SC)
|[[Dadhiram Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''29,584'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|02.
|2
|[[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga]] (SC)
|[[Nisith Pramanik]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''57,090'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|03.
|3
|[[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Uttar]] (SC)
|[[Sukumar Roy (politician)|Sukumar Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''70,384'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|04.
|4
|[[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
|[[Rathindra Bose]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,747'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|05.
|5
|[[Sitalkuchi Assembly constituency|Sitalkuchi]] (SC)
|[[Sabitri Barman]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''25,278'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|06.
|7
|[[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]]
|[[Ajay Ray]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,447'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|07.
|8
|[[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]]
|[[Girija Shankar Ray]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''34,613'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|08.
|9
|[[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]]
|[[Malati Rava Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''26,457'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Alipurduar district|'''Alipurduar district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|09.
|10
|[[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram]] (ST)
|[[Manoj Kumar Oraon]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''52,877'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|10.
|11
|[[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini]] (ST)
|[[Bishal Lama]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''37,843'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|11.
|12
|[[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
|[[Paritosh Das]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''70,420'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|12.
|13
|[[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]] (SC)
|[[Dipak Barman]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''45,999'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|13.
|14
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]] (ST)
|[[Laxuman Limbu]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''40,910'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Jalpaiguri district|'''Jalpaiguri district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|14.
|15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]] (SC)
|[[Naresh Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''38,550'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|15.
|16
|[[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri]] (SC)
|[[Dalim Chandra Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''56,503'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|16.
|17
|[[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
|[[Ananta Deb Adhikari (Politician)|Ananta Deb Adhikari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''68,805'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|17.
|18
|[[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj]] (SC)
|[[Dinesh Sarkar]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''21,477'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|18.
|19
|[[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Phulbari]]
|[[Sikha Chatterjee|Shikha Chatterjee]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''97,715'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|19.
|20
|[[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]] (ST)
|[[Sukra Munda]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''15,492'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|20.
|21
|[[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata]] (ST)
|[[Puna Bhengra]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''25,858'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kalimpong district|'''Kalimpong district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|21.
|22
|[[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]]
|[[Bharat Chettri|Bharat Kumar Chhetri]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''21,464'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Darjeeling district|'''Darjeeling district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|22.
|23
|[[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]]
|[[Noman Rai]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''6,057'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|23.
|24
|[[Kurseong Assembly constituency|Kurseong]]
|[[Sonam Lama (politician)|Sonam Lama]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,007'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|24.
|25
|[[Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency|Matigara-Naxalbari]] (SC)
|[[Anandamoy Barman]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''1,04,265'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|25.
|26
|[[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]]
|[[Shankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''73,192'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|26.
|27
|[[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa]] (ST)
|[[Durga Murmu]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''45,263'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Uttar Dinajpur district|'''Uttar Dinajpur district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|27.
|32
|[[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]]
|[[Biraj Biswas]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''19,869'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|28.
|33
|[[Hemtabad Assembly constituency|Hemtabad]] (SC)
|[[Haripada Barman]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''12,361'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|29.
|34
|[[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]] (SC)
|[[Utpal Brahmachari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''76,425'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|30.
|35
|[[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|[[Koushik Chowdhury]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''58,641'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|'''Dakshin Dinajpur district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|31.
|37
|[[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]] (SC)
|[[Tapas Chandra Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''9,063'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|32.
|39
|[[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]]
|[[Bidyut Kumar Roy (Indian politician)|Bidyut Kumar Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''47,576'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|33.
|40
|[[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan]] (ST)
|[[Budhrai Tudu]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''36,987'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|34.
|41
|[[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]] (SC)
|[[Satyendra Nath Ray]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,339'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Malda district|'''Malda district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|35.
|43
|[[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur]] (ST)
|[[Joyel Murmu]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''78,188'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|36.
|44
|[[Gazole Assembly constituency|Gazole]] (SC)
|[[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''38,192'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|37.
|49
|[[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]]
|[[Gour Chandra Mandal]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''13,938'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|38.
|50
|[[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha]] (SC)
|[[Gopal Chandra Saha]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''50,128'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|39.
|51
|[[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|[[Amlan Bhaduri]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''93,784'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|40.
|54
|[[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]]
|[[Raju Karmakar]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''46,881'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Murshidabad district|'''Murshidabad district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|41.
|58
|[[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
|Chitta Mukherjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,542'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|42.
|64
|[[Murshidabad Assembly constituency|Murshidabad]]
|[[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''31,521'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|43.
|65
|[[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram]] (SC)
|Dilip Saha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''5,919'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|44.
|66
|[[Khargram Assembly constituency|Khargram]] (SC)
|Mitali Mal
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''9,333'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|45.
|67
|[[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan]] (SC)
|Sukhen Kumar Bagdi
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,300'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|46.
|68
|[[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]]
|Gargi Das Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,335'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|47.
|71
|[[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]
|Bharat Kumar Jhawar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''13,208'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|48.
|72
|[[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]]
|[[Subrata Maitra (politician)|Subrata Maitra]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,548'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Nadia district|'''Nadia district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|49.
|77
|[[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]]
|Samarendranath Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,185'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|50.
|78
|[[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]]
|Subrata Kabiraj
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,253'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|51.
|81
|[[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]]
|Shantanu Dey
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,327'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|52.
|83
|[[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]
|Tarak Nath Chatterjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''78,361'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|53.
|84
|[[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]]
|Shruti Shekhar Goswami
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''21,444'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|54.
|85
|[[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
|Sadhan Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''27,801'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|55.
|86
|[[Santipur Assembly constituency|Shantipur]]
|Swapan Kumar Das
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''45,376'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|56.
|87
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
|[[Parthasarathi Chatterjee]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''57,551'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|57.
|88
|[[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj]] (SC)
|Sukanta Biswas
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''60,899'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|58.
|89
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] (SC)
|[[Ashim Biswas (politician)|Ashim Biswas]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''51,743'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|59.
|90
|[[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]] (SC)
|Ashim Kumar Biswas
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''64,464'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|60.
|91
|[[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]]
|[[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''36,945'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|61.
|92
|[[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani]] (SC)
|Anupam Biswas
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''34,792'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|62.
|93
|[[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]] (SC)
|[[Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,055'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[North 24 Parganas district|'''North 24 Parganas district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|63.
|94
|[[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah]] (SC)
|Soma Thakur
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''34,616'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|64.
|95
|[[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar]] (SC)
|[[Ashok Kirtania]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''40,670'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|65.
|96
|[[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bangaon Dakshin]] (SC)
|[[Swapan Majumder]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''37,814'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|66.
|97
|[[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata]] (SC)
|[[Subrata Thakur]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''47,683'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|67.
|100
|[[Habra Assembly constituency|Habra]]
|Debdas Mondal
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''31,462'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|68.
|101
|[[Ashoknagar Assembly constituency|Ashoknagar]]
|Sumay Hira
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''9,408'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|69.
|103
|[[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]]
|[[Sudipta Das]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''13,343'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|70.
|104
|[[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|Sumitro Chatterjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,430'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|71.
|105
|[[Bhatpara Assembly constituency|Bhatpara]]
|[[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Kumar Singh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,807'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|72.
|106
|[[Jagatdal Assembly constituency|Jagaddal]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar (police officer)|Rajesh Kumar]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''20,909'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|73.
|107
|[[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]]
|[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,656'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|74.
|108
|[[Barrackpur Assembly constituency|Barrackpore]]
|Kaustav Bagchi
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''15,822'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|75.
|109
|[[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
|Kalyan Chakraborty
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''24,486'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|76.
|110
|[[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum Uttar]]
|[[Sourav Sikdar]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''26,404'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|77.
|111
|[[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
|[[Ratna Debnath]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,836'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|78.
|113
|[[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
|[[Sajal Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''16,956'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|79.
|114
|[[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]
|Arijit Bakshi
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''25,273'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|80.
|115
|[[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency|Rajarhat New Town]]
|Piyush Kanodia
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''316'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|81.
|116
|[[Bidhannagar Assembly constituency|Bidhannagar]]
|Sharadwat Mukhopadhyay
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''37,330'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|82.
|117
|[[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|Tarunjyoti Tewari
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''27,757'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|83.
|119
|[[Barasat Assembly constituency|Barasat]]
|Shankar Chatterjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''34,558'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|84.
|123
|[[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] (ST)
|Sanat Sardar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,510'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|85.
|126
|[[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]] (SC)
|Rekha Patra
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''5,421'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[South 24 Parganas|'''South 24 Parganas district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|86.
|127
|[[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]] (SC)
|Bikrano Naskar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''16,100'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|87.
|131
|[[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]
|Dipankar Jana
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''4,760'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|88.
|132
|[[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]
|Sumanta Mondal
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''7,881'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|89.
|145
|[[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]]
|Agniswar Naskar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''401'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|90.
|147
|[[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''35,782'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|91.
|150
|[[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
|Sarbori Mukherjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''27,716'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|92.
|151
|[[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]]
|Debasish Dhar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''9,807'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|93.
|152
|[[Tollygunj Assembly constituency|Tollygunge]]
|[[Papiya Adhikari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''6,013'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|94.
|153
|[[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]
|Shankar Sikder
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''25,137'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|95.
|154
|[[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]]
|Indranil Khan
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''24,699'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kolkata district|'''Kolkata district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|96.
|159
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''15,105'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|97.
|160
|[[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]]
|[[Swapan Dasgupta]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''20,865'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|98.
|165
|[[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]]
|[[Vijay Ojha]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''5,797'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|99.
|166
|[[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur]]
|[[Purnima Chakraborty]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''14,633'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|100.
|167
|[[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktala]]
|[[Tapas Roy]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''15,644'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|101.
|168
|[[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
|[[Ritesh Tiwari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''1,651'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Howrah district|'''Howrah district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|102.
|169
|[[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]]
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''11,997'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|103.
|170
|[[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah Uttar]]
|Umesh Rai
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''11,250'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|104.
|172
|[[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]]
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''16,058'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|105.
|177
|[[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar]] (SC)
|Chiran Bera
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''4,177'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|106.
|179
|[[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]]
|[[Hiran Chatterjee]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,260'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|107.
|181
|[[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]]
|Amit Samanta
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''4,454'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|108.
|183
|[[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]]
|Anupam Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''6,671'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Hooghly district|'''Hooghly district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|109.
|185
|[[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]]
|Dipanjan Chakraborty
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,415'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|110.
|186
|[[Sreerampur Assembly constituency|Sreerampur]]
|Bhaskar Bhattacharya
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''8,685'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|111.
|187
|[[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]]
|Dilip Singh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''3,026'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|112.
|188
|[[Singur Assembly constituency|Singur]]
|Arup Kumar Das
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''21,438'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|113.
|189
|[[Chandannagar Assembly constituency|Chandannagar]]
|Dipanjan Kumar Guha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''13,441'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|114.
|190
|[[Chunchura Assembly constituency|Chunchura]]
|Subir Nag
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''43,435'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|115.
|191
|[[Balagarh Assembly constituency|Balagarh]] (SC)
|Sumana Sarkar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''41,914'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|116.
|192
|[[Pandua Assembly constituency|Pandua]]
|Tushar Kumar Majumder
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''5,228'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|117.
|193
|[[Saptagram Assembly constituency|Saptagram]]
|Swaraj Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''23,289'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|118.
|195
|[[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]]
|Prosenjit Bag
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''862'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|119.
|196
|[[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]]
|Madhumita Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''3,488'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|120.
|198
|[[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]]
|Santu Pan
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''30,999'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|121.
|199
|[[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]]
|[[Biman Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''53,453'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|122.
|200
|[[Arambagh Assembly constituency|Arambagh]] (SC)
|Hemanta Bag
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,959'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|123.
|201
|[[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat]] (SC)
|Prasanta Digar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''49,582'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|124.
|202
|[[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]]
|[[Susanta Ghosh (politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''34,483'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Purba Medinipur district|'''Purba Medinipur district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|125.
|203
|[[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|Hari Krishna Bera
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''34,729'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|126.
|204
|[[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
|Subrata Maity
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,903'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|127.
|205
|[[Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency|Panskura Paschim]]
|Sintu Senapati
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''32,567'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|128.
|206
|[[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|[[Ashok Dinda]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''16,241'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|129.
|207
|[[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|Nirmal Khanra
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''30,603'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|130.
|208
|[[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]]
|Subhash Chandra Panja
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''26,238'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|131.
|209
|[[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia]] (SC)
|Pradip Kumar Bijali
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''49,062'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|132.
|210
|[[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''9,665'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|133.
|211
|[[Chandipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|Pijush Kanti Das
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''20,270'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|134.
|212
|[[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|Tapan Maity
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''9,051'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|135.
|213
|[[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|[[Sumita Sinha]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''20,055'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|136.
|214
|[[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|[[Santanu Pramanik|Shantanu Pramanik]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''20,878'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|137.
|215
|[[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri]] (SC)
|Subrata Paik
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''32,690'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|138.
|216
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|[[Arup Kumar Das]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''31,472'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|139.
|217
|[[Ramnagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|Chandra Shekhar Mondal
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''26,939'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|140.
|218
|[[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
|[[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''25,692'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Jhargram district|'''Jhargram district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|141.
|220
|[[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram]] (ST)
|Amiya Kisku
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''6,424'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|142.
|221
|[[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]]
|Rajesh Mahata
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''26,675'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|143.
|222
|[[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]]
|Lakshmikanta Sau
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''38,147'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|144.
|237
|[[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]] (ST)
|Pranat Tudu
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,977'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Paschim Medinipur district|'''Paschim Medinipur district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|145.
|219
|[[Dantan Assembly constituency|Dantan]]
|Ajit Kumar Jana
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,376'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|146.
|223
|[[Keshiary Assembly constituency|Keshiary]] (ST)
|Bhadra Hembram
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''15,887'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|147.
|224
|[[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Sadar]]
|[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''30,506'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|148.
|225
|[[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]]
|Rama Prasad Giri
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''20,367'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|149.
|226
|[[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
|Amal Kumar Panda
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''11,136'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|150.
|227
|[[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
|Swagata Manna
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''18,480'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|151.
|229
|[[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
|Subhasish Om
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,801'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|152.
|230
|[[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|Tapan Kumar Dutta
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''32,134'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|153.
|231
|[[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal]] (SC)
|[[Sital Kapat|Shital Kapat]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''37,657'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|154.
|232
|[[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona]] (SC)
|Sukanta Dolui
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''33,481'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|155.
|233
|[[Garbeta Assembly constituency|Garbeta]]
|Pradip Lodha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''26,225'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|156.
|234
|[[Salboni Assembly constituency|Salboni]]
|Biman Mahata
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''15,243'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|157.
|236
|[[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|Shankar Guchhait
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''38,747'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Purulia district|'''Purulia district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|158.
|238
|[[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan]] (ST)
|Labsen Baskey
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''29,577'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|159.
|239
|[[Balarampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Balarampur]]
|Jaladhar Mahato
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''35,051'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|160.
|240
|[[Baghmundi Assembly constituency|Baghmundi]]
|Rahidas Mahato
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''40,817'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|161.
|241
|[[Joypur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Joypur]]
|Biswajit Mahato
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,218'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|162.
|242
|[[Purulia Assembly constituency|Purulia]]
|[[Sudip Kumar Mukherjee]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''49,253'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|163.
|243
|[[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar]] (ST)
|Mayna Murmu
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''27,283'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|164.
|244
|[[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|[[Kamalakanta Hansda]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''21,276'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|165.
|245
|[[Para Assembly constituency|Para]] (SC)
|[[Nadiar Chand Bouri]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''33,721'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|166.
|246
|[[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]] (SC)
|Mamoni Bauri
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''44,059'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Bankura district|'''Bankura district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|167.
|247
|[[Saltora Assembly constituency|Saltora]] (SC)
|[[Chandana Bauri]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''32,135'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|168.
|248
|[[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]]
|[[Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''47,174'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|169.
|249
|[[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh]] (ST)
|Kshudiram Tudu
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''52,269'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|170.
|250
|[[Raipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raipur]] (ST)
|Kshetra Mohan Hansda
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,742'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|171.
|251
|[[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|Souvik Patra
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''50,073'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|172.
|252
|[[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|[[Niladri Sekhar Dana]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''54,177'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|173.
|253
|[[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]]
|Billeswar Sinha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''41,310'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|174.
|254
|[[Onda Assembly constituency|Onda]]
|[[Amarnath Shakha]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''31,723'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|175.
|255
|[[Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]
|Shukla Chatterjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''30,605'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|176.
|256
|[[Katulpur Assembly constituency|Katulpur]] (SC)
|Lakshmikanta Majumdar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''34,367'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|177.
|257
|[[Indas Assembly constituency|Indas]] (SC)
|[[Nirmal Kumar Dhara]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''900'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|178.
|258
|[[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi]] (SC)
|[[Dibakar Gharami]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''29,410'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Purba Bardhaman district|'''Purba Bardhaman district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|179.
|260
|[[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Dakshin]]
|Moumita Biswas Mishra
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''30,470'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|180.
|261
|[[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]] (SC)
|Subhash Patra
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''834'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|181.
|262
|[[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]] (SC)
|Arun Halder
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''11,178'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|182.
|263
|[[Monteswar Assembly constituency|Monteswar]]
|Saikat Panja
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''14,798'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|183.
|264
|[[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna]] (SC)
|Siddharth Majumdar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,630'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|184.
|265
|[[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|Manab Guha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''7,106'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|185.
|267
|[[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]]
|Soumen Karfa
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''6,528'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|186.
|268
|[[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Dakshin]]
|Prankrishna Tapadar
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''16,662'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|187.
|269
|[[Purbasthali Uttar Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Uttar]]
|Gopal Chattopadhyay
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''30,226'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|188.
|270
|[[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]]
|Krishna Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''35,066'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|189.
|271
|[[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]]
|Anadi Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''27,610'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|190.
|272
|[[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]]
|Shishir Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''12,723'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|191.
|273
|[[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram]] (SC)
|Kalita Maji
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''12,535'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|192.
|274
|[[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi]] (SC)
|Raju Patra
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,494'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Paschim Bardhaman district|'''Paschim Bardhaman district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|193.
|275
|[[Pandabeswar Assembly constituency|Pandabeswar]]
|[[Jitendra Tiwari]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''1,398'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|194.
|276
|[[Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency|Durgapur Purba]]
|Chandra Shekhar Banerjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''30,934'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|195.
|277
|[[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency|Durgapur Paschim]]
|[[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''37,598'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|196.
|278
|[[Raniganj, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raniganj]]
|Partho Ghosh
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''17,786'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|197.
|279
|[[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]]
|Bijan Mukherjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''22,514'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|198.
|280
|[[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]]
|[[Agnimitra Paul]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''40,839'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|199.
|281
|[[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol Uttar]]
|Krishnendu Mukherjee
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''11,615'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|200.
|282
|[[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Poddar]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''26,498'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|201.
|283
|[[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]]
|Arijit Roy
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''11,722'''
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Birbhum district|'''Birbhum district''']]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|202.
|284
|[[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]] (SC)
|Anup Kumar Saha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''27,647'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|203.
|285
|[[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]]
|Jagannath Chattopadhyay
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''28,686'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|204.
|288
|[[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labhpur]]
|[[Anup Kumar Saha]]
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''3,550'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|205.
|289
|[[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia]] (SC)
|Krishna Kant Saha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''10,306'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|206.
|290
|[[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
|Dudh Kumar Mondal
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''21,002'''
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|207.
|284
|[[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]]
|Dhruba Saha
|
|align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|'''24,233'''
|-
|}

==See also==

* [[Bharathiya Janata Party, Kerala|Bharatiya Janata Party, Kerala]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== General and cited sources ===
* {{cite journal |last1 = Malik |first1 = Yogendra K. |last2 = Singh |first2 = V.B. |title = Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)? |journal = Asian Survey |date = April 1992 |volume = 32 |issue = 4 |pages = 318–336 |jstor = 2645149 |doi = 10.2307/2645149}}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Banerjee |first1 = Sumanta |title = Civilising the BJP |journal = Economic & Political Weekly |date = 22 July 2005 |volume = 40 |issue = 29 |pages = 3116–3119 |jstor = 4416896 }}
* {{cite news |first = Samar |last = Halarnkar |title = Narendra Modi makes his move |work = BBC News |date = 13 June 2012 |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18352532 |quote = The right-wing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's primary opposition party |ref = {{harvid |BBC |2012}} }}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://bjpbengal.org/}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - West Bengal}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists]]

Battle of Bhuchar Mori

2026-05-05T13:12:17Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Short description|1591 battle between Mughal Empire and Kathiawar forces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Bhuchar Mori
| width =
| partof = [[Akbar's conquest of Gujarat]]
| image = Sketch of Battle of Bhuchar Mori from Yaduvanshprakash.jpg
| caption = Sketch from the ''Yaduvanshprakash'' by Mavdanji Ratnu, 1934
| date = July 1591
| place = [[Bhuchar Mori]] plateau near [[Dhrol State]] (now near [[Dhrol]], [[Jamnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India)
| coordinates = {{coord|22.582|70.400|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Gujarat#India
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location of battle in Gujarat
| map_label = Bhuchar Mori
| territory = * [[Gujarat]] captured by [[Mughal Empire]] and Dissolution of [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
| result = Mughal victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[Junagadh State]]
| combatant2 = [[Nawanagar State]] [[Gujarat Sultanate]] [[Muli State]]
| commander1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] Daulat Khan Ghori
| commander2 = [[Muzaffar Shah III]] Jam Sataji Jam Ajaji{{KIA}} Jasa Vajir{{KIA}} Rao Bharmalji I Sanganji Vadher Vasaji Parmar
[[ Charan Gopaldas Ji Barhat ]]
| commander3 = गोपालदास बारहठ: युद्ध में वीरगति प्राप्त करने वाले एक प्रमुख चारण योद्धा, जिनका "पालिया" (स्मारक) आज भी युद्ध मैदान में है। [1]

जामनगर के जामसताजी ने संवत् 1639वि.को अहमदाबाद के 'मुजफ्फर शाह' बादशाह को शरण दे दी। अकबर ने ईसे लोटाने को कहा परन्तु सताजी ने शरणागत की रक्षा का अपना धर्म समझते हुए वापिस देने से मना कर दिया। इस पर अकबर के सूबेदार मिर्जा अजीज कोका को जामनगर पर सेना देकर भेजा।
नवानगर (जामनगर) के महान वीर चारण परबतजी वरसङा ने जामनगर के प्रत्येक गाँव में जाकर वीरत्व का बोध कराते हुए नवयुवकों की सैन्य टुकङी तैयार की । और नागङा वजीर के नेतृत्व में युद्ध क्षेत्र को प्रयाण किया और परबतजी वरसडा विरता से लडकर विरगति को प्राप्त हुए।अकबर की भारी सेना से यह एतिहासिक युद्ध 'भुचर मोरी' की समर भुमि मे लङा गया। दुसरी ओर महात्मा ईसरदासजी बारहठ के पुत्र 6 ग्रामो के गरासदार गोपालदासजी बारहठ अपने परिजनों सहित अन्य पाँच सौ तूम्बेल चारणो की टुकङी का स्वयं नेतृत्व करते हुए, विर चारणो की सेना को लेकर समर भुमि मे पहुचें।
इस युद्ध में अकबर की सेना से अप्रतिम वीरता से लङते हुए इन चारणों ने शत्रुओं का भारी विनाश किया ओर खून की बहती धारा में इन्होने मरण को वरण किया। इन चारण वीर योद्धाओं के पराक्रम को देखकर " मिरजा अजीज कोका" ने कहा ,जेमने पासे आवां चारणों छै' तेने आपणे केवी रीते जीती शकीशुं ? धन चारणो ने जेमणे पोताना धणीनुं नमक उजाली पृथ्वी पर पोतानुं नाम अमर कर्यु।" कुल मीलाकर 1100 चारण ईस युद्ध मे विरता से लडकर शहीद हुए।
इस युद्ध में सताजी के पुत्र अजाजी रणखेत रहे। जिनकी पाग लेकर गोपालदासजी बारहठ ने राणी को सुपुर्द किया, जिसके साथ राणी भूचर मोरी के रणक्षेत्र में आकर सती हुई। गरासदार गोपालदास बारहठ के शरीर पर 52 घाव लगे हुए थे । इसलिए वह भी कुछ देर बाद विरगति को प्राप्त हुए । आज भी भूचर मोरी के युद्ध मैदान मे इस विर बारहठ का "पालिया" (चबुतरा) बना हुआ है।जो इसकी वीरता के गीत गाता हुआ इसकी साक्षी दे रहा है। [2]
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = {{plainlist|
* 80,000–90,000<ref name="PHI" />
}}
| strength2 = {{plainlist|
* 17,000–21,000<ref name="PHI" />
** 84 elephants<ref name="GSLJM1" />

}}
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
*10,000–20,000 warriors<ref name="PHI"/><ref name="TS1882" />
*500 injured<ref name="PHI" /><ref name="TS1882" />
}}
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
* 2,000 warriors<ref name="PHI"/>
* 500 horses disabled<ref name="PHI"/><ref name="TS1882" />
}}
* 1,500 [[pilgrim]] [[sadhus]]
| casualties3 =
| notes = The numbers are derived from agreement of various sources.<ref name="PHI" />
| campaignbox =
| alt = Battle of Dhrol
}}
The '''Battle of Bhuchar Mori''', also known as '''Battle of Dhrol''', was fought between the army of [[Kathiawar]] led by [[Nawanagar State]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army at [[Bhuchar Mori]] plateau near [[Dhrol]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] (now in [[Jamnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India). It was meant to protect [[Muzaffar Shah III]], the last Sultan of [[Gujarat Sultanate]] who had taken asylum under Jam Sataji of Nawanagar after his escape from the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. It was fought in July 1591 ([[Vikram Samvat]] 1648). The Kathiawar army included the armies of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]] who betrayed Nawanagar and joined the Mughal army at last. The battle led to a large number of casualties on both sides. The battle resulted in the victory of the Mughal army.<ref name="PfefferBehera1997">{{cite book|author1=Georg Pfeffer|author2=Deepak Kumar Behera|title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198|year=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-983-4|page=198}}</ref><ref name="GSLJM1" />

It is considered the largest battle in the history of Saurashtra. It is often dubbed as the ''[[Battle of Panipat (disambiguation)|Panipat]] of Saurashtra''.<ref name="GSLJM1" />

==Background==
Muzaffar Shah III, the Sultan of [[Gujarat Sultanate]], was a titular king and the state was managed by various nobles in divisions who were constantly fighting each other. Muzaffar besieged Ahmedabad with the help of other nobles. Itimad Khan, the noble managing Ahmedabad, invited Mughal emperor Akbar to conquer the state. He entered Ahmedabad without a battle on 18 November 1572. Muzaffar was captured hiding in a grain field. Akbar captured the state gradually by 1573 AD (Vikram Samvat 1629). His governors managed the state from 1573 to 1583 with frequent rebellions and disturbances.<ref name="Dosábhai1894" />

Akbar jailed Muzaffar Shah in [[Agra]] but he escaped to Gujarat in 1583 AD ([[Vikram Samvat]] 1639). After a short stay at [[Rajpipla]], he crossed over to Kathiawar where he was joined by 700 soldiers. He was aided by Loma khuman he raised 5000 cavalry . He plundered villages near Ahmedabad and later captured Ahmedabad and eventually [[Vadodara]] and [[Bharuch]]. Muzaffar was defeated at Ahmedabad by new Mughal governor Mirza Khan on 26 January 1584 AD. Muzaffar fled to [[Mahemdabad]] and later to [[Khambhat]]. As Mirza Khan advanced towards Khambhat in February 1584, he moved to Vadodara where again both forces clashed and Muzaffar was defeated. He fled to mountains. Later when Bharuch was captured by the Mughal, he fled from place to place; first to [[Idar State|Idar]] and later to Kathiawar. As nobody gave him asylum, Jam Sataji of [[Nawanagar State]] agreed and hid him in Barda Hills.<ref name="GSLJM1" /><ref name="DB2015">{{cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ |url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-HMU-bhuchar-mori-war-history-in-rajkot-latest-news-5102199-NOR.html |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=divyabhaskar |language=gu}}</ref>

Akbar transferred his foster brother [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] from Malwa to Gujarat in 1588-89 AD ([[Hijri year]] 997) in place of Mirza Khan to capture Muzaffar.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The large army was stationed at [[Viramgam]]. He sent Navroz Khan and Saiyad Kasim with troops to find him to [[Morbi]]. Mirza Aziz Koka corresponded with Jam Sataji and asked to surrender but he declined Jam Sataji harassed the Mughal army by cutting their supplies, by killing stragglers, and carrying off horses and elephants whenever he could.<ref name="De2015"/>

==Battle==
[[File:Shri Jam Sataji First.JPG|thumb|Jam Sataji]]
[[File:Shri Jam Ajaji.JPG|thumb|Jam Ajaji who died in battle]]
Mirza Aziz Koka assembled his army near Dhrol which included 8,900 to 9,000 warriors. The army included the Roman, [[Arab]], Russian, [[Turkic peoples|Turk]], Firkani, Habasi, Mirkani, Mukrani, Sindhi, and soldiers from [[Kandhar]], [[Kabul]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], and [[Iran]].<ref name="PHI"/><ref name="GSLJM1">{{cite web |last=Jadav |first=Joravarsinh |date=29 April 2012 |title=આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ – લોકજીવનનાં મોતી |url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510180850/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html |archive-date=10 May 2016 |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref group=note>Various sources suggest the strength of troops from 8900 to 9000. [[Akbarnama]] stated less than 10000 warriors.</ref>

The Kathiawar force was stationed near Dhrol which had 17,000 to 21,000 warriors. The Nawanagar forces included Hapa, Kana, Balach, Jiya, Kabar, Dal, Mod, and Rao clans of [[Jadeja]], Sodha,[[Tumbel]], [[Barhath]], [[Gadhvi]] and other clans of [[Charan|Cāraṇas]], Dhundhan, Dhaman, [[Sumra]], Sindhi, Rajgor. The forces of Jam Sataji was joined by Nawab Dolatkhan Ghori and ''Jagirdar'' Ra Khengar of [[Junagadh State]] and the warriors sent by Rao Bharmalji I of [[Cutch State]]. Sanganji Vadher of [[Okha, Gujarat|Okha]] and Vasaji Parmar of [[Muli State]] joined with their army. Maheraman Ajani of [[Bhadresar]], [[Kutch]] joined Nawanagar with his fourteen sons. The Jamat of naked Atit [[Sadhu]]s, returning from pilgrimage [[Dwarka]] and going to Hinglaj Devi, also joined them. The army also had a large number of cannons, 84 elephants, cavalry, and camels.<ref name="PHI"/><ref name="GSLJM1" /><ref name="TS1882">{{cite book |author=Ranchhodji Diwan |author-link=Ranchhodji Diwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbsOAAAAQAAJ |title=Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd |publisher=Education Society Press, & Thacker |year=1882 |pages=247–252 |language=en}}</ref><ref group=note>Numbers of Kathiawar force does note correspond to other sources. 17000 of Nawanagar, 15000 of Junagadh, 5000 of Kutch and 1500 Atit Sadhus are stated in some sources but seems exaggerated. Other old sources place the Kathiawar forces ranging from 17000-21000 warriors. [[Akbarnama]] stated that it was more than 30000 but it seems that the forces reduced as Junagadh left.</ref><ref group=note>It is stated in Akbarnama that Muzaffar left battlefield without fighting but no other source mention that he participated in the battle.</ref>

When the Mughal army reached Bhuchar Mori, Jam attacked with the auxiliary forces of Kutch.<ref name="Dosábhai1894">{{cite book |author=Edalji Dosábhai |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog |title=A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time |publisher=United Print. and General Agency |year=1894 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog/page/n175 133]–147}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat1964">{{cite book|author=India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat|title=District Census Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcrUAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State|pages=41, 45, 195}}</ref> There were two night raids on the Mughal forces too and the battle was delayed two days due to rain.<ref name="PHI"/> Several skirmishes were fought, in each of which the Kathiawar army was victorious. Due to the season of rain, the battlefield was not suitable and the strategy of Jam Sataji won frequently. After a period of three months,<ref name="DB2015">{{cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ |url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-HMU-bhuchar-mori-war-history-in-rajkot-latest-news-5102199-NOR.html |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=divyabhaskar |language=gu}}</ref> Mirza Aziz Koka started peace talks with mediation of Chandrasinh of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Halvad]]. He had agreed to pay two [[lakh]] to Jam Sataji and one lakh secretly to Chandrasinh if the peace talks succeed. Daulat Khan of Junagadh secretly made pacts with Mirza Aziz Koka. As Mirza Aziz Koka assured support, he declared the war with Jam Sataji again.<ref name="TS1882"/><ref name="De2015">{{cite web |author=DeshGujarat |date=3 September 2015 |title=A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open |url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/09/03/a-memorial-dedicated-to-the-battle-of-bhuchar-mori-ready-to-open/ |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref><ref name="GSLJM2">{{cite web | title=જામનગરની પ્રજાએ કુંવર અજાજીના મૃત્યુનો શોક અઢીસો વર્ષ પાળીને રાજભક્તિ દર્શાવી – લોકજીવનનાં મોતી | website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] | date=6 June 2012 | url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html | language=gu | access-date=10 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510212540/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html | archive-date=10 May 2016 | last=Jadav | first=Joravarsinh | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:Chandrasinh_negotiates_peace_between_Mughals_and_katiyawad.png|thumb|Before the Battle of Bharuch Mori, Chandrasinh Jhala of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Halvad]] (centre) tries to negotiate peace between Mughal (right) and Kathiawad army (left)]]
When the battle began, the armies of Junagadh left the Kathiawar forces. As Jam Sataji discovered the betrayal, he alighted from his elephant, mounted a fleet horse and left the battlefield to secure the state and family. His minister, Jasa Vajir, and his son Jasaji continued the battle till evening; he also guarded the family of the Jam, whom he placed in ships and despatched by sea, to escape being captured, and afterwards all returned to Nawanagar.<ref name="TS1882"/> The battle started and lasted for three [[prahar]]s (nine hours approximately). There were 26,000 to 30,000 soldiers on the battlefield.<ref name="PHI"/> There was a large number of casualties. The artillery, horses, elephants, and camels were also used in the battle.<ref name="PHI"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/>

Jam Sataji's son Kunwar Ajaji III, who was in town due to his wedding feast, left with over 500 Rajput warriors of his wedding party to the battlefield with Nag Vajir.<ref name="TS1882"/><ref name="DB2015"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/>

The next day, the right wing of Mughal forces were led by [[Qasim Khan Barha and Hashim Khan Barha|Sayyid Kasim]], Naurang, and Gujar Khan; and the left by Muhammad Rafi, who was a celebrated general, with several imperial Amirs and Zamindars. Mirza Marhum, son of Nawab Azim Humayun, commanded the centre, and before him Mirza Anwar and the Nawab himself took their post. The Nawanagar army was commanded by Jasa Vajir, Kunwar Ajaji, and Mehramanji Dungarani. Nag Vajir, Dahyo Lodak, Bhaljidal were also leading the troops. A cannonade from both armies opened the combat. Muhammad Rafi assailed the army of the Jam with his battalions, while Gujar Khan and Mirza Anwar, the Nawab attacked Kunwar Ajaji, Jasa Vajir.<ref name="PHI"/><ref name="TS1882"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/>
[[File:Bhuchar mori stone memorial 07.jpg|thumb|On the north side wall of the memorial shrine, a 16th-century art in traditional style depicting Ajaji on the horse attacking Mirza Aziz Koka on an elephant.|left]]
Kunwar Ajaji was on a horse and Mirza Aziz Koka was on an elephant. Ajaji had attacked Mirza Aziz Koka with a spear, but he was not harmed. But Ajaji was attacked by Mughal soldiers and he died on the battlefield.<ref name="Singhji1994">{{cite book|author=Virbhadra Singhji|title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA259|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-546-9|page=259}}</ref> Jasa Vajir, Mehramanji, Dungarani, Bhanjidal, Dahyo Lodak, Nag Vajir, and Togaji Sodha also died on the battlefield. 2000 Kathiawar soldiers died.<ref name="PHI"/> In the Mughal forces, Mohammed Rafi, Saiyad Saifuddin, Saiyad Kabir, and Saiyad Alikhan also died. Both armies suffered heavily. It is believed that both armies lost more than 10,000 soldiers. More than one thousand Atit Sadhus died. Jam Sataji lost 67 relatives including his son, nephew, and son-in-law. The fourteen sons of Mehramanji also died.<ref name="De2015"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/> The 700 horses of Nawanagar were disabled.<ref name="PHI"/> In the Mughal army, Muhammad Rafi, Sayyid Sharf-ud-din, Sayyid Kabir, Sayyid Ali Khan, and 100-200 other soldiers died while 500 were wounded.<ref name="PHI"/><ref name="TS1882"/>

===Date===
According to the notes of the office of Nawanagar, the battle ended on Wednesday, the 7th of the dark fortnight of [[Shraavana]] month (Shraavana Vad 7) of Vikram Samvat 1648 (July 1591). The day was a festival day of ''Shitla Satam''. The ''doha'' by Gambhirsinh Parmar also gives the same date.<ref name="GSLJM1" /><ref name="DB2015"/><ref group=note>The ''doha'' in {{langx|gu|સંવત સોળ અડતાલીસે, સાવણ માસ ઉદાર, જામ અજો સૂરપૂર ગયો, વદ સાતમ બુધવાર}}</ref>

According to ''[[Akbarnama]]'', the forces met on 4th Amardād or 6th Shawal 999 (14-18 July 1591).<ref name="PHI">{{cite web| last=Fazl| first=Abu| title=Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in ''The Akbarnama''| website=Packard Humanities Institute| url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0| access-date=14 May 2016| pages=902–911| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0| archive-date=14 July 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

The date of the battle as given by [[Ranchhodji Diwan]], the [[dewan|diwan]] of Junagadh, in ''Tarikh-i-Sorath'' is the 8th of the bright fortnight of the Aaso month, Samvat 1648 or 6th day of Rajab month, Hijri year 1001.<ref name="TS1882"/><ref name="Dosábhai1894"/><ref group=note>These dates are probably not true as the festival of Shitla Satam is marked as a day of death of Ajaji not corresponding to Vikram Samvat date. Hijri year 1001 correspond to 1593 which does not match.</ref>

==Aftermath==
As the Mughal army advanced towards Nawanagar, Jam Sataji instructed queens to leave the town by ship from the port. Gopaldas Barhath, the son of Isardasji Barhath of Sachana, reached Surajkunwarba, the recently married Sodha wife of Ajaji, with the [[Paghadi]] of Ajaji. Surajkunwarba left the town to reach the battlefield. She was attacked on the way by Mughals but was protected by Thakor Sahib of Dhrol who negotiated even though he had not participated in the battle due to personal differences with Jam Sataji. She reached the battlefield and committed [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] on the funeral pyre of Ajaji.<ref name="DB2015"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/>

Mirza Aziz Koka reached Nawanagar and plundered it. Jam Sataji left to Junagadh to save Muzaffar. Daulat Khan was wounded in the battle and went off the Junagadh<ref name="PHI"/> and died later. The Mughal Army reached Junagadh but returned to Ahmedabad as it was fatigued due to the long season. In 1592 AD, Mirza Aziz Koka again proceeded to Kathiawar with fresh forces. He besieged Junagadh and the garrison surrendered after three months. Muzaffar had already left to the Barda hills. The Mughal army finally left to Ahmedabad after placing a governor at Junagadh. They also eventually conquered [[Prabhas Patan]], [[Dwarka]], and [[Bet Dwarka]].<ref name="TS1882"/><ref name="Dosábhai1894"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/>

After leaving the Barda hills, Muzaffar reached [[Okha, Gujarat|Okha]] Mandal where he spent some time. Mirza Aziz Koka sent his son with troops to capture him. Sava Wadher died while covering the escape of Muzaffar. Muzaffar reached Kutch from Vasta Bandar and requested asylum from Rao Bharamalji I of Kutch. The Mughal army was sent to [[Morbi]] and prepared to cross [[Rann of Kutch]] to enter Kutch. Rao surrender Muzaffar to the troops sent for his capture as he knew the fate of Nawanagar and Junagadh. While being escorted to the Mughal camp, Muzaffar alighted from his horse near Dhrol after traveling the whole night. He went behind a tree on some pretense and committed suicide by cutting his own throat with a knife on 24 December 1592. With his death, the rule of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] of [[Gujarat Sultanate]] ended.<ref name="TS1882"/><ref name="Dosábhai1894"/><ref name="Srivastava1962">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|title=Political history, 1542-1605 A.D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ|year=1962|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=323}}</ref><ref name="India1980">{{cite book|author=Numismatic Society of India|title=The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElYaAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|page=133}}</ref>

Morbi was granted to Rao Bharmalji as a ''jagir'' for his service. Jam Sataji returned Nawanagar in 1593 AD (Vikram Samvat 1649). He lived at Nawanagar but the affairs of the state were managed by the Mughal deputy with his concert. Jasaji, the second son of Jam Sataji, was kept at Delhi for some time.<ref name="TS1882"/><ref name="Dosábhai1894"/> In the absence of Sataji, Kalabai; the queen of Kunwar Bhanji, the son of Rana Ramdevji of [[Ranpur, Gujarat|Ranpur]]; had conquered the areas formerly lost to Nawanagar with the help of Mers and Rabaris and established its new capital at Chhaya village.<ref name="Watson1879">{{cite book|author=John Whaley Watson|title=Statistical Account of Porbandar: Being the Porbandar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26|year=1879|publisher=Printed at the Education Society's Press|page=26}}</ref>

==Legacy==
<gallery>
File:Bhuchar mori stone memorial 04.jpg|Memorial shrine of Ajaji and nearby ''[[paliya]]''s (herostones)
File:Bhuchar mori stone memorial 10.jpg|Horse-mounted statue of Ajaji at the site
File:Bhuchar mori stone memorial 03.jpg|Paliya
File:Bhuchar mori stone memorial 05.jpg|Paliya of Nag Vajir on right
</gallery>
Many folklore, songs, historical fictions and stories originated from the event.<ref name="Gujarat1964"/> Due to large number of casualty, in Halar region, the word ''Bhuchar Mori'' became almost synonymous with the massacre.<ref name="Dosábhai1894"/><ref name="Hodivala1979">{{cite book|author=Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala|title=Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn : Supplement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73pDAAAAYAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Islamic Book Service|page=557}}</ref>
===Memorial site===
{{main article|Bhuchar Mori#Memorial site}}
The memorial site is situated on the plateau of Bhuchar Mori. There is ''[[paliya]]'' or memorial stone of Ajaji in a shrine. The ''paliya'' dedicated to his wife Surajkunwarba, stand south of it. On the north side wall of the shrine, there is a 16th-century art in traditional style depicting Ajaji on the horse attacking Mirza Aziz Koka on an elephant. There are 23 more ''paliya''s in the compound. More eight memorials are outside of the compound and one dedicated to Rakhehar Dholi is some distance away. There are 32 memorials in total. There are eight tombs on the southwest of the shrine dedicated to the soldiers of the Mughal army. The site had a well and a mosque.<ref name="DB2015"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/>

A new memorial was commissioned by [[Government of Gujarat]] at the site in 2007 and it was completed in September 2015.<ref name="DeshGuj2015">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Memorial to martyrs of Bhuchar Mori battle unveiled | website=DeshGujarat | date=4 September 2015 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/09/04/memorial-to-martyrs-of-bhuchar-mori-battle-unveiled/ | access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="AP2015">{{cite web | title=Guj CM Dedicates Bhuchar Mori Shaheed Memorial at Dhrol, Jamnagar | website=Official Website of Gujarat Chief Minister Anandiben Patel | date=4 September 2015 | url=http://anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/ | access-date=10 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601222405/http://anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/ | archive-date=1 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A memorial forest, ''Shaheed Van,'' was opened to public in August 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/|title=મુખ્ય પ્રધાન વિજય રૂપાણીએ 'ભૂચર મોરી'માં ખુલ્લુ મુકાયું 'શહીદ વન'|date=14 August 2016|work=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825192022/http://sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/|archive-date=2016-08-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 1992, the memorial site is visited by people of Kshatriya community for prayers on Shitla Satam. The annual fair is organized on the last of the [[Shraavana|Shravan]] month (Shravan Vad Amavasya) which is attended by thousands.<ref name="Gujarat1964"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/><ref name="General1965">{{cite book|author= Office of the Registrar General India|title=Census of India, 1961: Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQEdAQAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=378}}</ref>

===Mourning===
As Kunwar Ajaji had died on Shraavana Vad 7, Shitla Satam, the people of Navanagar State and adjoining Halar region had stopped the celebrations of the day. After years, when Bapubha, son of Jam Ranmalji born on the same day, the people started the celebrations of Shitla Satam. The people mourned for nearly 250 years on the day.<ref name="Gujarat1964"/><ref name="GSLJM2"/><ref name="General1965" />

===In literature===
[[Adho Duraso|Durso Adho]], the court poet of Akbar, wrote a poetry with mixture of love and heroic moods titled ''Kumar Shri Ajajini Bhuchar Morini Gajgat''.<ref name="GSLJM2"/><ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA74|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=74–}}</ref> The event is described in the works of court poets of Nawanagar; ''Vibhavilas'' (1893) by Vajmalji Mahedu and ''Yaduvansh Prakash'' (1934) by Mavdanji Ratnu.<ref name="GSLJM1" /> Gujarati author [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] had written a novel, ''Samarangan'' in 1938 based on the event.<ref name="DB2015" /><ref name="De2015" /> [[Harilal Upadhyay]] wrote ''Ranmedan'' (1993) focused on the background which led to the battle.<ref name="Upadhyay">{{cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Jiten |title=Ranmedan |website=Historical Novel in Gujarati By Harilal Upadhyay |url=http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm |language=gu |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040304/http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notes and references==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===References===
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuchar Mori}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:1591 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1591]]
[[Category:Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:Gujarat under the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]

List of chief guests at the Delhi Republic Day parade

2026-05-03T20:11:55Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

Since 1950, [[India]] has been hosting [[head of state]] or [[head of government|government]] of another country as the state guest of honor for [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in [[New Delhi]]. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organized at different venues (like [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|Irwin Amphitheatre]], [[Rajpath|Kingsway]], [[Red Fort]] and [[Ramlila Maidan]]). It was only starting 1955 when the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] in its present form was organized at [[Rajpath]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-25 |title=Republic Day Parade: Chief guests India hosted |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/republic-day-parade-chief-guests-india-hosted/article69139143.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and [[Eastern Bloc]] countries were hosted by India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-25 |title=Republic Day: How does India choose its chief guest for 26 January parade |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9wxx29yknpo |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.

== List of chief guests ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ {{sronly|Chief guests at the Delhi Republic Day Parade}}
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Chief Guest
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Designation
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Note
! scope="col" | Host
|-
| 1950
| [[File:Presiden Sukarno (retouched).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Sukarno]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/republic-day-celebrations-president-pranab-mukherjee-tweets-images-from-1950-onwards/articleshow/46020366.cms?intenttarget=no|title=Republic Day celebrations: President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards|date=25 July 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| {{IDN}}
| [[President of Indonesia]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
| 1951
| [[File:King Tribhuvan (cropped).png|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|Tribhuvan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RashtrapatiBhvn/status/556740676822392832/photo/1|title=King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 #26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr|first=President of|last=India|date=18 January 2015}}</ref>
| {{NPL}}
| [[King of Nepal]]
| colspan="2" |
|- style="background:#e6e6e6"
| 1952
| colspan="7" rowspan="2" ; | {{center|No information available}}
|- style="background:#e6e6e6"
| 1953
|-
| 1954
| [[File:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/SW29.pdf |title=Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru |publisher=claudearpi.net |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-date=17 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417235426/http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/SW29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{BTN}}
| [[King of Bhutan]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
| 1955
| [[File:Malik Muhammad.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1066984/dawn-features-31-january-2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm | archive-date=5 February 2005 | title=DAWN - Features; 31 January, 2005 | url-status=live | date=31 January 2005 }}</ref>
| {{PAK}}
| [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]
| colspan="2" | {{NoteTag|First guest for parade at [[Rajpath]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indiainworldaffa0000raja_m0v8 |url-access=registration |title=India in world affairs, 1954–56 |publisher= Asia Publishing House |last1=Rajan |first1=M. S. |year=1964|isbn=978-0-210-26916-9 }}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1956
| [[File:Rab Butler in 1963 (3x4 cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Rab Butler]]
| {{UK}}
| [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Two guests<ref name=ProQuest501661043>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|501661043}} |title=REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI: Parade In Heart Of City |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 1956 |page=4 }}</ref>{{NoteTag|On each of these occasions, [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma]] from [[United Kingdom]] was also the official guest for the parade.<ref name=ProQuest501661043 /><ref name="british1964" />|group=notes: chief guests|name=mountbatten}}
|-
| [[File:TANAKA Kotaro.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Kōtarō Tanaka (judge)|Kōtarō Tanaka]]
| {{JPN}}
| [[Chief Justice of Japan]]
|-
| 1957
| [[File:Zhukov-LIFE-1944-1945 cropped.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Georgy Zhukov]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqVRL5l-Ql0|title=Zhukov At India's National Day Aka Zhukov – India (1957)|last=British Pathé|date=13 April 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| {{URS}}
| [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|Minister of Defence]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1958
| [[File:Ye Jianying.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Ye Jianying]]<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh1uAAAAMAAJ&q=marshall | title = India & China, 1904–2004: A century of peace and conflict | isbn = 9788178271125 | last1 = Deepak | first1 = B. R | date = 1 January 2005| publisher = Manak Publications }}</ref>
| {{flag|China}}
| [[Marshal of the People's Republic of China]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1959
| [[File:Prince Philip beard.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Philip]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/video/in-india-they-have-been-celebrating-republic-day-after-news-footage/030-59-02|title=In India, they have been celebrating Republic Day. After the parade...|date=6 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 |title=Archived copy |website=mealib.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503062254/http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T79mRf_JoiU|title=Duke Popular Everywhere (1959)|last=British Pathé|date=13 April 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| {{UK}}
| [[List of British royal consorts|Royal consort of British monarch]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 1960
| [[File:Kliment Voroshilov.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Kliment Voroshilov]]<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QfqUPmd1nvQC&q=Voroshilov+visited+india+january&pg=PA375 | title = Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents | isbn = 9788170230021 | last1 = Prasad | first1 = Rajendra | year = 1984| publisher = Allied Publishers }}</ref>
| {{URS}}
| [[Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 1961
| [[File:Queen Elizabeth II - 1953-Dress.JPG|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Elizabeth II]]<ref name="timescontent1961">{{cite web|url=http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/123836/News/Pandit-Jawaharlal-Nehru-Queen-Eliza.html |title=Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, News Photo, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be |publisher=Timescontent.com |date=26 January 1961 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{UK}}
| [[Queen of the United Kingdom]] and the other [[Commonwealth realms]]
| colspan="2" | 3rd invitation{{NoteTag|[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] also accompanied Queen Elizabeth II during the parade.<ref name="timescontent1961" />|group=notes: chief guests|name=parade_1961}}
|-
| 1962
| [[File:Viggo Kampmann.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Viggo Kampmann]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 |title=Archived copy |website=mealib.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503130033/http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{DEN}}
| [[Prime Minister of Denmark]]
| colspan="2" | {{NoteTag|Attended Republic Day in Madras ([[Chennai]]).<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|365725781}} |title=Danish Premier to Visit India |work=The Times of India |date=4 January 1962 |page=7 }}</ref>|group=notes: chief guests|name=parade_1962}}
|-
| 1963
| [[File:Norodom Sihanouk (1983).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Norodom Sihanouk]]<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=41jVAAAAMAAJ&q=invitation+1963+radhakrishnan | title = Indian Information | year = 1962}}</ref>
| {{KHM}}
| [[King of Cambodia]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| 1964
| [[File:Lord Mountbatten 20 Allan Warren.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]<ref name="british1964">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BskeHou0GEE|title=Republic Celebration (1964)|last=British Pathé|date=13 April 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| {{UK}}
| [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
| colspan="2" | 4th invitation{{NoteTag|group=notes: chief guests|name=mountbatten}}
|-
| 1965
| 
! scope="row" | Rana Abdul Hamid
| {{PAK}}
| [[Ministry of National Food Security & Research (Pakistan)|Minister of Food and Agriculture]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|- style="background:#e6e6e6"
| 1966
| colspan="7" | {{center|No information available{{NoteTag|No invitations were sent out possibly due to the [[Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri|demise]] of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] on 11 January 1966 in [[Tashkent]]. The new government headed by [[Indira Gandhi]] was sworn in on 24 January 1966 (only two days before the Republic Day).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&q=indira+gandhi+1966+republic+day&pg=PA277 |title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi |author= Pranay Gupte |date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306826-6 |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref>|group=notes: chief guests|name=parade_1966}}}}
|-
| 1967
| [[File:Portrait of King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan in 1963.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 |title=Archived copy |website=mealib.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503065225/http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{flag|Afghanistan|1930}}
| [[King of Afghanistan]]
| colspan="2" | {{NoteTag|For the first time, the [[President of India]] ([[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill-health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQAuAQAAIAAJ&q=For+the+first+time+in+18+years,+the+President+of+India+could+not+take+the+salute+at+the+Republic+Day+parade+in+New+Delhi|title=Asian Recorder|date=25 July 1967|via=Google Books}}</ref> Mohammed Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMttAAAAMAAJ&q=zahir+shah+afghanistan+1967+india+visit|title=Asian Almanac|date=25 July 1967|publisher=V.T. Sambandan.|via=Google Books}}</ref>|group=notes: chief guests|name=parade_1967}}
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1968
| [[File:Алексей Косыгин (1966) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Alexei Kosygin]]
| {{URS}}
| [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union]]
| 3rd invitation
| rowspan="2" | Two guests<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=visit+to+New+Delhi+of+Mr+Kosygin+on+the+occasion+of+Republic+Day#hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=visit+of+Alexei+Kosygin+on+india+Republic+Day+january+1969&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbs=bks:1&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&fp=7d6fc978b7918c0e |title=visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day – Google zoeken |date=2 November 2013 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]
|-
| [[File:Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Josip Broz Tito]]
| {{YUG}}
| [[President of Yugoslavia]]
|
|-
| 1969
| [[File:Todor Zhivkov , eerste secretaris Communistische Partij en president van Bulgari, Bestanddeelnr 924-8077 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Todor Zhivkov]]<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v2LVAAAAMAAJ&q=Todor+Zhivkov+republic+day | title = Asian Recorder | year = 1969}}</ref>
| {{BGR}}
| [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1970
| [[File:King Baudouin of Belgium.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]]<ref name="mealib1">{{cite web |url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 |title=Archived copy |website=mealib.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503123711/http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="google1970">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eoxAQAAIAAJ&q=1970+Baudouin+india+republic+day|title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine|date=25 July 1970}}</ref>
| {{BEL}}
| [[King of Belgium]]
| colspan="2" | {{NoteTag|Attended only the [[Beating Retreat#India|Beating Retreat]].<ref name="mealib1" /><ref name="google1970" />|group=notes: chief guests|name=parade_1970}}
| rowspan="6" |[[V. V. Giri]]
|-
| 1971
| [[File:President Nyerere van Tanzania, koppen, Bestanddeelnr 928-2879 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Julius Nyerere]]<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij9EAAAAIAAJ&q=principal+guest | title = India | year = 1971}}</ref>
| {{TZA}}
| [[President of Tanzania]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1972
| [[File:Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]]<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y1IgAAAAMAAJ&q=Ramgoolam+republic+day | title = Foreign Affairs Record | year = 1972}}</ref>
| {{MUS}}
| [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1973
| [[File:Prins Bernhard in Zaire (voorheen Belgisch Congo), Bernhard en Mobutu, Bestanddeelnr 926-6037 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nw62AAAAIAAJ&q=President+Mobutu+ | title = The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | last1 = Reed | first1 = Sir Stanley | year = 1974}}</ref>
| {{ZAI}}
| [[President of Zaire]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1974
| [[File:Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Josip Broz Tito]]
| {{YUG}}
| [[President of Yugoslavia]]
| 2nd invitation
| rowspan="2" | Two guests<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9mhDAAAAYAAJ&q=tito | title = Indian and Foreign Review | year = 1973}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon 1960 (cropped).PNG|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]
| {{LKA}}
| [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]]
|
|-
| 1975
| [[File:Kaunda1986 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Kenneth Kaunda]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVnVAAAAMAAJ&q=President+Kenneth+Kaunda+visit+to+india+1974+republic+day |section=Written Answers |title=Lok Sabha Debates: 13th Session |date=20 February 1975 |at=Col. 40 |volume=XLVIII |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
| {{ZMB}}
| [[President of Zambia]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
| 1976
| [[File:Jacques Chirac 1980.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jacques Chirac]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 |title=Interview given by Jacques Chirac, President of the Republic, to the Indian weekly magazine "India Today" – la France en Australie |website=www.ambafrance-au.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922113137/http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 |archive-date=22 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{FRA}}
| [[Prime Minister of France]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1977
| [[File:Edward Gierek 1980b.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Edward Gierek]]<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s94nAAAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Gierek+1977 | title = The Eastern Economist | year = 1977}}</ref>
| {{flag|Poland|1928}}
| [[First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1978
! scope="row" | [[File:Patrick Hillery (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Patrick Hillery]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/claremuseum/projects/hillery_exhibition/5_visits.htm |title=Patrick J. Hillery |publisher=Clarelibrary.ie |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626071558/http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/claremuseum/projects/hillery_exhibition/5_visits.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{IRL}}
| [[President of Ireland]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
| 1979
| [[File:Interview with Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser, 1979 (cropped 3).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Malcolm Fraser]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcindia-au.org/bilateral_visits.html |title=Bilateral Visits |publisher=Hcindia-au.org |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{AUS}}
| [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1980
| [[File:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1975).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]]
| {{FRA}}
| [[President of France]]
| colspan="2" |2nd invitation
|-
| 1981
| [[File:Jose Lopez Portillo new.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jose Lopez Portillo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/reports/80.81.htm |title=MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |publisher=Mealib.nic.in |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{MEX}}
| [[President of Mexico]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1982
| [[File:Juan Carlos I 2009 3.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Juan Carlos I]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/reports/81-82.htm |title=MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |publisher=Mealib.nic.in |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{ESP}}
| [[King of Spain]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1983
| [[File:President Sharari cropped.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Shehu Shagari]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/reports/83.84.htm |title=MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |publisher=Mealib.nic.in |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{NGA}}
| [[President of Nigeria]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Zail Singh]]
|-
| 1984
| [[File:4th King of Bhutan, HM Jigme Singye Wangchuck at a Royal Banquet, at the Taschichhodzong, in Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/reports/84.85.htm |title=MEA | MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |publisher=Mealib.nic.in |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{BTN}}
| [[King of Bhutan]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 1985
| [[File:Raúl Alfonsín con banda presidencial (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Raúl Alfonsín]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/23fr01.pdf |title=India Argentina Relations |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126161900/http://mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/23fr01.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2010}}</ref>
| {{ARG}}
| [[President of Argentina]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1986
| [[File:Andreas Papandreou (1968) 3.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Andreas Papandreou]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/annualreport/ar20002001.pdf |title=Annual Report 2000–2001 |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221130453/http://mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/annualreport/ar20002001.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2010}}</ref>
| {{GRC}}
| [[Prime Minister of Greece]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1987
| [[File:Alan García presidente del Perú.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Alan Garcia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meacommunity.org/Documents/MEA%20Annual%20Report%201986.doc |title=meacommunity.org |publisher=meacommunity.org |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317122920/http://meacommunity.org/Documents/MEA%20Annual%20Report%201986.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{PER}}
| [[President of Peru]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1988
| [[File:J. R. Jayawardene, President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka on June 20, 1984.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[J. R. Jayewardene]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201987.doc |title=meacommunity.org |publisher=meacommunity.org |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317122939/http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201987.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{LKA}}
| [[President of Sri Lanka]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
| rowspan="5" |[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
| 1989
| [[File:Nguyễn Văn Linh.jpeg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201988.doc |title=meacommunity.org |publisher=meacommunity.org |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317122946/http://meacommunity.org/Documents/ANNUAL%20REPORT%201988.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{VNM}}
| [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1990
| [[File:Anerood Jugnauth, 1995.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Anerood Jugnauth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 |title=Choosing R-Day chief guest: Behind the warm welcome, a cold strategy |website=www.indianexpress.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124161434/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{MUS}}
| [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 1991
| [[File:Maumoon-Abdul-Gayoom.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/5 |title=Choosing R-Day chief guest: Behind the warm welcome, a cold strategy |newspaper=Indian Express |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{MDV}}
| [[President of the Maldives]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Mário Soares 2003.jpeg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Mário Soares]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{PRT}}
| [[President of Portugal]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1993
| [[File:John Major 1993 (3).jpg|104x104px]]
! scope="row" | [[John Major]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{UK}}
| [[Prime Minister of United Kingdom]]
| colspan="2" | 5th invitation
| rowspan="5" |[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
| 1994
| [[File:GohChokTong-WashingtonDC-20010614.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Goh Chok Tong]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{SGP}}
| [[Prime Minister of Singapore]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1995
| [[File:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Nelson Mandela]]<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/general/1990s.html "General South African History timeline"] sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008.</ref>
| {{ZAF}}
| [[President of South Africa]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1996
| [[File:Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1999).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{BRA}}
| [[President of Brazil]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1997
| [[File:Basdeo Panday with Mikko Pyhälä (Ambassador of Finland) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Basdeo Panday]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{TTO}}
| [[Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Jacques Chirac (1997) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jacques Chirac]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{FRA}}
| [[President of France]]
| colspan="2" | 3rd invitation
| rowspan="5" |[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Birendra Bir Bikram Shah c. 1967 (restoration).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{NPL}}
| [[King of Nepal]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{NGA}}
| [[President of Nigeria]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika - cropped from Secretary Clinton Addresses Reporters in Algiers (8141547674).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{DZA}}
| [[President of Algeria]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Cassam Uteem, 2021.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Cassam Uteem]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{MUS}}
| [[President of Mauritius]]
| colspan="2" | 3rd invitation
|-
| 2003
| [[File:Mohammad Khatami - December 11, 2007.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Mohammed Khatami]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{IRN}}
| [[President of Iran]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="5" |[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
| 2004
| [[File:Lula - foto oficial - 05 jan 2007 (cropped 2).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{BRA}}
| [[President of Brazil]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 2005
| [[File:4th King of Bhutan, HM Jigme Singye Wangchuck at a Royal Banquet, at the Taschichhodzong, in Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{BTN}}
| [[King of Bhutan]]
| colspan="2" | 3rd invitation
|-
| 2006
| [[File:King Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud January 2007.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{SAU}}
| [[King of Saudi Arabia]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Владимир Путин (18-06-2023) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Vladimir Putin]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{RUS}}
| [[President of Russia]]
| colspan="2" | 4th invitation
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{FRA}}
| [[President of France]]
| colspan="2" | 4th invitation
| rowspan="5" |[[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Назарбаев ЕАЭС (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" />
| {{KAZ}}
| [[President of Kazakhstan]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Lee Myung-bak presidential portrait.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lee Myung Bak]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/1 |title=Choosing R-Day chief guest: Behind the warm welcome, a cold strategy |newspaper=Indian Express |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| [[President of South Korea]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, official presidential portrait (2009).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/03/indonesian-president-next-republic-day-parade-chief-guest.htm |title=Indonesian President next R-Day parade chief guest – Rediff.com India News |publisher=News.rediff.com |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/03/indonesian-president-next-republic-day-parade-chief-guest.htm |title=Indonesian President next R-Day parade chief guest – Rediff.com India News |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
| {{IDN}}
| [[President of Indonesia]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Prime Minister of Thailand (8182792228) cropped.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Yingluck Shinawatra]]<ref>{{cite web|author=New Delhi, 2 Dec (IANS) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/208764/thai-pm-chief-guest-indias.html |title=Thai PM to be chief guest on India's Republic Day |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
| {{THA}}
| [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Prime Minister of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi with Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Jetsun Pema (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-invites-king-of-bhutan-as-chief-guest-at-republic-day-celebrations/317802-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129011741/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-invites-king-of-bhutan-as-chief-guest-at-republic-day-celebrations/317802-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2013 |title=India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{BTN}}
| [[King of Bhutan]]
| colspan="2" | 4th invitation
| rowspan="5" |[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Shinzō Abe 20200101.jpg|103x103px]]
! scope="row" | [[Shinzo Abe]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/japanese-prime-minister-shinzo-abe-guest-at-republic-day-japan-china-215849-2013-10-28 |title=India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India, News – India Today |date=29 October 2013 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{JPN}}
| [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 2015
| [[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Barack Obama]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30978148|title=Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2015}}</ref>
| {{USA}}
| [[President of the United States]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| 2016
| [[File:François Hollande - 2017 (27869823159) (cropped 2).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[François Hollande]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/french-president-hollande-to-be-chief-guest-at-republic-day-celebrations-next-year/|title=French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest|date=22 November 2015}}</ref>
| {{FRA}}
| [[President of France]]
| colspan="2" | 5th invitation
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/abu-dhabi-crown-prince-to-be-chief-guest-on-republic-day-710475-2016-10-02|title=Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day|date=2 October 2016 }}</ref>
| {{UAE}}
| [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2018
| [[File:His Majesty Bolkiah 20231216.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Hassanal Bolkiah]]
| {{BRN}}
| [[Sultan of Brunei]]
|
| rowspan="10" | Ten guests<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-invite-heads-of-10-asean-nations-for-republic-day-celebtations/articleshow/59497883.cms|title=India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 January 2018 }}</ref>{{NoteTag|Heads of the ten [[ASEAN]] states.}}
| rowspan="12" |[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
| [[File:Hun Sen in July 2019.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Hun Sen]]
| {{KHM}}
| [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]
| 2nd invitation
|-
| [[File:Joko Widodo 2019 official portrait.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Joko Widodo]]
| {{IDN}}
| [[President of Indonesia]]
| 3rd invitation
|-
| [[File:Mr. Thongloun Sisoulith.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Thongloun Sisoulith]]
| {{LAO}}
| [[Prime Minister of Laos]]
|
|-
| [[File:Dato Sri Mohd Najib Tun Razak.JPG|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Najib Razak]]
| {{MYS}}
| [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]
|
|-
| [[File:Remise du Prix Sakharov à Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
| {{MMR}}
| [[State Counsellor of Myanmar]]
|
|-
| [[File:President Rodrigo Duterte portrait (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Rodrigo Duterte]]
| {{PHL}}
| [[President of the Philippines]]
|
|-
| [[File:Lee Hsien Loong 2016 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lee Hsien Loong]]
| {{SGP}}
| [[Prime Minister of Singapore]]
| 2nd invitation
|-
| [[File:Prayut Chan-o-cha at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]]
| {{THA}}
| [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]
| 2nd invitation
|-
| [[File:Mr. Nguyen Xuan Phuc.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]
| {{VNM}}
| [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]]
| 2nd invitation
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Mr. Houlin Zhao, ITU Secretary-General with H. E. Mr. Cyril Ramaphosa, President, South Africa (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/south-africa-president-cyril-ramaphosa-accepts-pm-modi-s-invite-to-be-chief-guest-for-republic-day/story-QES3tZHXn1b3OqKAkT70JJ.html|title=South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa accepts PM Modi's invite, to be 2019 Republic Day chief guest|date=1 December 2018|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1068889137564966912|title=Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale: PM had a number of bilateral engagements this morning.Argentina PM is keen to make a visit to India in 2019. PM extended South Africa Pres Cyril Ramaphosa invitation to be chief guest for India's Republic Day in 2019& Ramaphosa accepted.#G20Summitpic.twitter.com/DinFx7zdTV|date=1 December 2018}}</ref>
| {{ZAF}}
| [[President of South Africa]]
| colspan="2" | 2nd invitation
|-
| 2020
| [[File:Jair Bolsonaro 2021 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jair Bolsonaro]]<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi to hold talks with Brazilian President Jair Messias Bolsonaro in New Delhi today |url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=379237 |website=All India Radio |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125041250/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=379237 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{BRA}}
| [[President of Brazil]]
| colspan="2" | 3rd invitation
|- style="background:#e6e6e6"
| 2021
| colspan="7" rowspan="2" ;| {{center|No chief guest due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=No Chief Guest for 2021 says centre|date=14 January 2021|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-foreign-chief-guest-at-republic-day-parade-amid-covid-19-says-centre-101610631159803.html|access-date=14 January 2021|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=No chief guest at Republic Day for two years in a row amid COVID surge, say sources|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/no-chief-guest-at-republic-day-for-two-years-in-a-row-amid-covid-surge-say-sources-10300741.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>{{NoteTag|An invitation for 2021 was sent to [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]], but after a few weeks he cancelled his visit, citing the need to oversee [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|pandemic]] response in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Boris Johnson, UK PM and Republic Day chief guest, cancels India visit|url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/uk-pm-boris-johnson-cancels-india-visit--6307201.html|website=MoneyControl |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>|group=notes: chief guests|name=parade_2021}}{{NoteTag|Invitations for 2022 were sent to leaders of five [[Central Asia]]n nations – [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Sadyr Japarov]] of [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Emomali Rahmon]] of [[Tajikistan]], [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] of [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] of [[Uzbekistan]]. But due to surge in [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] cases and the new [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]] being on the rise, [[Indian government]] decided not to host foreign dignitaries.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=2021-12-13|title=Five Central Asian leaders invited as R-Day chief guests|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-central-asian-leaders-invited-as-r-day-chief-guests/article37947174.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Haidar|first1=Suhasini|last2=Bhattacherjee|first2=Kallol|date=2022-01-19|title=No Central Asian chief guests at this year's Republic Day celebrations|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/this-year-too-no-chief-guest-in-republic-day-parade/article38291645.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>}}}}
|- style="background:#e6e6e6"
| 2022
|-
| 2023
| [[File:AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt's president to be chef guest at Republic Day Celebration |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/news/india/republic-day-2023-egypt-s-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-to-be-the-chief-guest-2022-11-27-826894&ved=2ahUKEwiQt-Lap9D7AhVy5XMBHQ6TCzMQ0PADKAB6BAghEAE&usg=AOvVaw3uB5f_2XUdXquBmkTDN8QP |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
| {{EGY}}
| [[President of Egypt]]
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan="5" | [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
| 2024
| [[File:Emmanuel Macron August 2024.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Emmanuel Macron]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=French President Macron to be chief guest for 2024 Republic Day parade |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/french-prez-to-be-chief-guest-for-r-day-parade-101703269815989.html |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| {{FRA}}
| [[President of France]]
| colspan="2" |6th invitation{{NoteTag|An invitation was sent out to [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Joe Biden]], but he cancelled his visit due to the country's [[India–United States relations#Spying allegations against India|2023 spying allegations against India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=Biden drops out of India visit after claims of Indian murder plot on US soil |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/biden-india-visit-republic-day-quad-summit-b2462567.html |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
| 2025
| [[File:Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Prabowo Subianto]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peri |first1=Suhasini Haidar & Dinakar |title=Indonesian President to be chief guest at Republic Day celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indonesian-president-prabowo-subianto-will-be-republic-day-chief-guest-says-mea/article69104900.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=22 January 2025 |language=en-IN |date=16 January 2025}}</ref>
| {{IDN}}
| [[President of Indonesia]]
| colspan="2" |4th invitation
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
| [[File:Ursula von der Leyen 2024.jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[Ursula von der Leyen]]
| rowspan="2" |{{EU}}
| [[President of the European Commission]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Two guests<ref>{{cite web|title=EU leaders Von der Leyen, António Costa to be chief guests at Republic Day 2026, says report|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/eu-leaders-von-der-leyen-ant-nio-costa-to-be-chief-guests-at-republic-day-2026-says-report-11766053696449.html|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=18 December 2025|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Antonio Costa Portrait 2024 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
! scope="row" | [[António Costa]]
| [[President of the European Council]]
|}

== Summary by continent and region ==
[[File:Countries invited as chief guest for India Republic Day parade.svg|thumb|500px|Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade. [[European Union]] (once invited) and [[Yugoslavia]] (twice invited) has not been depicted in the map. Erstwhile [[Soviet Union]] is depicted as [[Russia]]. 
{{legend|#000203|6 times (France)}}
{{legend|#004E83|5 times (United Kingdom)}}
{{legend|#0071BD|4 times (Bhutan, Indonesia, Soviet Union/Russia)}}
{{legend|#109EFF|Thrice (Brazil, Mauritius)}}
{{legend|#74C6FF|Twice (Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam)}}
{{legend|#CEEBFF|Once}}
{{legend|#E0E0E0|Never invited}}
]]
By continent and geographic region, the invitations break up as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Continent
! Region
! Invitations
! Countries
|-
! rowspan="5" | Asia (37)
| [[Southeast Asia]]
| 17
| [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]] (twice), [[Indonesia]] (4 times), [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]] (twice), [[Thailand]] (twice), [[Vietnam]] (twice)
|-
| [[South Asia]]
| 12
| [[Afghanistan]], [[Bhutan]] (4 times), [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] (twice), [[Pakistan]] (twice), [[Sri Lanka]] (twice)
|-
| [[East Asia]]
| 4
| [[China]], [[Japan]] (twice), [[South Korea]]
|-
| [[West Asia]]
| 3
| [[Iran]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|-
| [[Central Asia]]
| 1
| [[Kazakhstan]]
|-
! rowspan="5" | Europe (26)
| [[Western Europe]]
| 13
| [[Belgium]], [[France]] (6 times), [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] (5 times)
|-
| [[Eastern Europe]]
| 8
| [[Bulgaria]], [[Poland]], [[Soviet Union]]/[[Russia]] (4 times), [[Yugoslavia]] (twice)
|-
| [[Southern Europe]]
| 3
| [[Greece]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]]
|-
| [[Northern Europe]]
| 1
| [[Denmark]]
|-
| [[European Union]]
| 1
| [[European Union]]
|-
! rowspan="5" | Africa (12)
| [[Southern Africa]]
| 6
| [[Mauritius]] (thrice), [[South Africa]] (twice), [[Zambia]]
|-
| [[North Africa]]
| 2
| [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]]
|-
| [[West Africa]]
| 2
| [[Nigeria]] (twice)
|-
| [[East Africa]]
| 1
| [[Tanzania]]
|-
| [[Central Africa]]
| 1
| [[Zaire]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | America (8)
| [[South America]]
| 5
| [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] (thrice), [[Peru]]
|-
| [[North America]]
| 2
| [[Mexico]], [[United States]]
|-
| [[Caribbean]]
| 1
| [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|-
! Oceania (1)
| [[Australasia]]
| 1
| [[Australia]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of diplomatic visits to India]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot |group=notes: chief guests}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Republic days]]
[[Category:India diplomacy-related lists|Chief guests at Delhi Republic Day parade]]

Pinipe Viswarup

2026-04-20T08:29:26Z

AlfonzoGuess50: New New Details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pinipe Viswarup
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|10|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nadavapalli]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy Ministry|Minister of Transport]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 11 April 2022
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| governor = * [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
* [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor = [[Perni Nani]]
| office1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Minister for Social Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 30 May 2019
| term_end1 = 7 April 2022
| governor1 = * [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
* [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor1 = Nakka Anand Babu
| successor1 = [[Merugu Nagarjuna]]
| office2 = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Minister for Animal Husbandry, Dairy development, Fisheries & Veterinary University]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 25 November 2010
| term_end2 = 28 September 2013
| governor2 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| predecessor2 = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| successor2 = [[Thota Narasimham]]
| office3 = [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Minister of Rural Water Supply]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 25 May 2009
| term_end3 = 24 November 2010
| governor3 = * [[N. D. Tiwari]]
* [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = * [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
* [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
| predecessor3 = Pinnamaneni Venkateswar Rao
| successor3 = [[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]
| office4 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency4 = [[Amalapuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Amalapuram]]
| term_start4 = 23 May 2019
| term_end4 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor4 = [[Aithabathula Anandarao]]
| successor4 = Aithabathula Anandarao
| constituency5 = [[Amalapuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Amalapuram]]
| term_start5 = 2009
| term_end5 = 2014
| predecessor5 = Chittabbai Kudupudi
| successor5 = [[Aithabathula Anandarao]]
| constituency6 = [[Mummidivaram (Assembly constituency)|Mummidivaram]]
| term_start6 = 2004
| term_end6 = 2009
| predecessor6 = Chelli Vivekananda
| successor6 = [[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Pinipe Viswarup''', (born on 2 October 1962) is an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. He worked as a Minister in the cabinets of three chief ministers, [[YS Rajasekhara Reddy]], [[Konijeti Rosaiah|Rosaiah]] and [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Kiran Kumar Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2019-06-08 |title=Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is an active member of [[YSR Congress Party]] and was a supporter of [[Samaikyandhra]] movement.

==Early life and education==
Viswarup was born in Nadavapalli village of [[East Godavari]] district to Reddy Panthulu and Seethamma. He did his schooling in [[Eluru]] and completed B.Sc., B.Ed. in [[Bombay]]. He was active in student politics during his college life and later entered into mainstream [[politics]]. He married Meenakshi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-26 |title=Pinipe Viswarupu {{!}} MLA {{!}} Amalapuram {{!}} East Godavari {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theleaderspage.com/pinipe-viswarupu/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Viswarup was active in college politics and worked for the development of Mummidivaram. He started his political journey with Indian National Congress. In 2004, [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|YS Rajasekhara Reddy]] nominated him to contest from Mummidivaram constituency and he won. In 2009, he won from Amalapuram constituency and served as Rural Water Supply Minister from 2010 and continued as Minister in Rossaiah's cabinet after the death of YS Rajasekhara Reddy. In 2011, he became Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Minister in Kiran Kumar Reddy's cabinet. He resigned as a Minister and from [[Indian National Congress Party]] after the Telangana bill was passed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-08 |title=సమైక్య ప్రకటన వెలువడకపోతే రాజీనామా: విశ్వరూప్ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/pinipe-vishwaroop-ready-to-resign-for-united-andhra-pradesh-63943 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> Later in 2011, he joined [[YSR Congress Party]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhraheadlines.com/state/governor_accepts_ministere28099s_resignation-4-120321.html |title=Governor accepts minister's resignation |website=www.andhraheadlines.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003001250/http://www.andhraheadlines.com/state/governor_accepts_ministere28099s_resignation-4-120321.html |archive-date=2013-10-03}}</ref> and was elected again as MLA from Amalapuram on YSRCP ticket in 2019 and became the Social Welfare Minister.<ref name="Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415155454/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2022, he became Transport minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2022-04-12 |title=రవాణా శాఖ మంత్రిగా బాధ్యతలు చేపట్టిన పినిపె విశ్వరూప్ |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2022/andhra-pradesh/pinipe-vishwaroop-charge-to-minister-of-transportmrgsandhrapradesh-663262.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

In May 2022, his house was attacked and set on fire by a mob which opposed the new name of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trimurthulu |first=S. |date=2023-12-23 |title=Change of YSRC incharges may be tough in Konaseema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Dec/23/change-of-ysrc-incharges-may-be-tough-in-konaseema-2644245.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He and his family members were evacuated by the police and were safe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Andhra minister, MLA houses set afire over stir on district name |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/andhra-minister-mla-houses-set-afire-over-stir-on-district-name-101653419659317.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=2022-05-24 |title=Minister, MLA houses burnt during clashes in Konaseema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-minister-mla-houses-burnt-during-clashes-in-konaseema/article65457673.ece |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-05-24 |title=Homes of Andhra minister, MLA set on fire during protests against renaming district after Ambedkar |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1024701/andhra-pradesh-ministers-house-set-on-fire-during-protests-against-renaming-of-konaseema-district |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswarup, Pinipe}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Garhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:37Z

AlfonzoGuess50: Added A Entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Garhi
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-163-Garhi.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 163
| district = [[Banswara district|Banswara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Kailash Chandra Meena]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:289357}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Garhi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It comprises Garhi tehsil and parts of [[Banswara]] tehsil, both in [[Banswara district|Banswara]] district, and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Kailash Chandra Meena]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2018/>{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Kanta Garasiya<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Jeetmal Khant]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|rowspan=2| [[Kailash Chandra Meena]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Garhi<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:87607}}
|percentage = 38.61
|change = -9.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shankarlal Charpota
|votes = {{formatnum:72439}}
|percentage = 31.92
|change = -4.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Mani Lal Garasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:43548}}
|percentage = 19.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pankaj Charpota
|votes = {{formatnum:3947}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shalendra Roat
|votes = {{formatnum:3422}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxman Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2296}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5199}}
|percentage = 2.29
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15168}}
|percentage = 6.69
|change = -5.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:226929}}
|percentage = 78.43
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Garhi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Meena
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:99350}}
|percentage = 48.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kanta Bhil
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:74949}}
|percentage = 36.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raju
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|votes = {{formatnum:23093}}
|percentage = 11.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chetan
|votes = {{formatnum:2618}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4619}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24401}}
|percentage = 11.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205788}}
|percentage = 78.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banswara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|23.59|74.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Banswara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Umashankar Kushwaha

2026-04-13T00:19:41Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting initial stub added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ghazipur Sadar Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 2007
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| birth_date =
| spouse = Urmila Kushwaha
| birth_place = Uttar Pradesh
}}
'''Umashankar Kushwaha''' is an Indian politician, who was elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ghazipur Sadar Assembly constituency]]. He was associated with [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]. He was elected to Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in the general elections of 2002 for the first time.<ref name=UP>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/14th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=119|title=14th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=29 October 2024}}</ref>

He was born to Ram Prasad Kushwaha on 1 June 1957 in [[Ghazipur district]] of Uttar Pradesh at a place called Parsadpur Chhawni Line. He moved to [[Gorakhpur University]] for his master's degree and also completed his degree of [[Bachelor of Education]]. On 13 February 1988, he was married to Urmila Kushwaha. They had one son and two daughters together from this marriage.<ref name=UP/>

Kushwaha joined state government service before entering into politics. From 1994 to 1996, he served as the member of state cooperative society for buying and selling of agricultural products.In 2002, he ran for the state assembly polls and was elected as a candidate of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], becoming a legislator for the first time. In this election, he defeated Shri Rajendra of [[Communist Party of India]]. In 2003, he was made a member of Committee on Petition of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<ref name=UP/>

Kushwaha has also served as the chairman of [[Uttar Pradesh Cooperative Bank]]. In later part of his political career, he left Bahujan Samaj Party to join [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In 2019, he left BJP accusing it of neglecting the cause of [[Other Backward Castes]]. He rejoined Bahujan Samaj Party in the meantime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur-former-mla-umashankar-kushwaha-again-joins-bsp-19078378.html|title=पूर्व विधायक उमाशंकर कुशवाहा फिर बसपा में शामिल |website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=29 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://m.facebook.com/umashanker.kushwaha.77/ Umashankar Kushwaha] on [[Facebook]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Umashankar}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}

Saboo (footballer)

2026-04-10T11:28:31Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Short description|British Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mahbub Khan
| image = File:Saboo with Kolkata Mohammedan in 1940 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Saboo with Kolkata Mohammedan in 1940
| fullname = Mahbub Khan
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1917
| birth_place = Unknown{{efn|name=birthplace|Some sources state he was from [[North-West Frontier Province]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-24 |title=How Mohammedan Sporting's glorious past is linked to its uncertain future |url=https://qz.com/india/286516/how-its-glorious-past-is-linked-to-the-uncertain-future-of-mohammedan-sporting |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> while others state he was from [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Nation_at_Play/O5mACgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Saboo+,+Masoom+,+and+Rahim%22&pg=PA124&printsec=frontcover |title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India |date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53993-7 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=11}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17480679|title=INDIAN SOCCER TEAM|page=15|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|via=trove.nla.gov.au|date=12 August 1938|access-date=29 January 2026|archive-date=29 January 2026|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260129141416/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17480679|url-status=live}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and given age|1980|6|6|df=y|64–65}}<ref name="death">{{cite news|title=স্বস্মৃতির আখরে আর একটি নাম আব্বাস মীর্জা|trans-title=Another name at the end of the memory is Abbas Mirza|page=6|date=1 October 1980|language=bn|publisher=[[Krirajagat]]|quote=কলিকাতা মোহামেডানের কৃতী খেলোয়াড় মাহবুব খান ওরফে সাবু, মারা যান গত ৬ই জুন-ভারতের বাঙ্গালোরে, তাঁর নিজ শহরে।|trans-quote=Mahbub Khan, alias Saboo, a veteran player of Kolkata Mohammedan, died on 6th June in his hometown of Bangalore, India.}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Inside left]]
| years1 = 19??–19??
| clubs1 = Crescent Club Bangalore
| years2 = 1930s–1940s
| clubs2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 = 45+
| years3 = 1942
| clubs3 = → Bata SC Calcutta (loan)
| nationalyears1 = 1938–1946
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India XI]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
}}

'''Mahbub Khan''' ({{circa}} 1917 – 6 June 1980),<ref name="death"/> commonly known as, '''Saboo''', was a [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Forward (association football)|Inside left]]. He was one of the most well-known players of [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Kolkata Mohammedan]] throughout the 1930s and 1940s.

== Club career ==
Saboo played for the Crescent Club of [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Rishav |url=https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=58gUEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80&dq=Masum+was+considered+a+gem+of+a&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih2amPotqTAxU6k_0HHbV_C-YQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Masum%20was%20considered%20a%20gem%20of%20a&f=false |title=A Game of Two Halves: The Story of the Golden Era of Indian Club Football |date=2024-07-19 |publisher=Exceller Books |language=en}}</ref> before joining [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]] of [[Calcutta]], where he played for throughout the 1930s as well as the 1940s.

In 1936, Saboo was instrumental in Mohammedan's 1936 [[IFA Shield]] triumph, notably scoring a [[hat-trick]] in the semi-finals against [[Howrah Union]] to win the match 4–0.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sA-AAAAIBAJ&dq=Jumma+Khan+Jr.&pg=PA20&article_id=6479,1585799 |title=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 1940, After an early goal by Noor Mohammad in the 24th minute, Saboo would score the winning goal in the historic [[1940 Durand Cup final]] against the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]], securing a 2–1 victory.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Faizan |date=2025-08-28 |title=Mohammedan SC's Iconic 1940 Durand Cup Victory |url=https://tacklefrombehind.com/football/mohammedan-sc-1940-durand-cup/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=TFB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Aniket |date=2015-08-29 |title=Looking back at Mohammedan Sporting's historic Durand Cup triumph |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/looking-back-mohammedan-sportings-historic-durand-cup-triumph |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 1940 |title=Amrita Bazar Patrika |url=http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/csssc_abp/abp/21078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0-AAAAIBAJ&dq=Durand+Cup+Final&pg=PA3&article_id=4263,764990 |title=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also helped the club become the first ever Indian club to win the [[Durand Cup]]. He would also finish as the league's top goal-scorer with 11 goals the same year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Rishav |url=https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=58gUEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=Hafiz+Rashid&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB9YiagOaSAxWWY6QEHXnwG6YQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Hafiz%20Rashid&f=false |title=A Game of Two Halves: The Story of the Golden Era of Indian Club Football |date=2024-07-19 |publisher=Exceller Books |language=en}}</ref> The following year, In the [[IFA Shield]], he scored seven goals in a ten to nil win for [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thursday, 31 July 1941, Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19410731/190/0013}}</ref> He also played a key role in helping the team win the tournament the very same year, scoring in the final alongside teammate [[Rashid Khan (footballer)|Rashid Khan]].<ref name=":1" /> As well as netting in 16 goals in the league, becoming the league's top goal-scorer back-to-back.<ref name=":1" />

In 1942, Saboo, along with a few fellow teammates of [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] were loaned to Bata SC for their participation in the [[Rovers Cup]] that year. Players like Noor Mohammed Jr., Taher, [[Sirajuddin (footballer)|Sirajuddin]], [[Hafiz Rashid]] joined the team, that year, the team managed to reach the final of the tournament. Winning the final match 3–1 against Bombay Champions, W.I.A.A. Staff.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 1942 |title=Amrita Bazar Patrika |url=http://www.ndl.gov.in/nw_document/csssc_abp/abp/28147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 1942 |title=Amrita Bazar Patrika |url=http://www.ndl.gov.in/nw_document/csssc_abp/abp/28231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 1942 |title=Amrita Bazar Patrika |url=http://www.ndl.gov.in/nw_document/csssc_abp/abp/28255}}</ref>

== International career ==
In 1938, Saboo was selected to represent an [[India national football team|Indian XI]] for their tour to [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I.F.A. TEAM FOR AUSTRALIA|date=2 August 1938|access-date=29 January 2026|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19380802/192/0013|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Civil and Military Gazette]]|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> He was also selected to represent the team for their tour of [[South Africa]] in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN FOOTBALL TEAM FOR SOUTH AFRICA|date=19 June 1946|access-date=29 January 2026|url-access=subscription|url=https://britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19460619/139/0008|work=[[The Civil and Military Gazette]]|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

== Death ==
Saboo died on 6 June 1980 in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]].<ref name="death"/>

== Honours ==
===Mohammedan Sporting===
* [[Calcutta Football League]]:
** Winners (7): 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941
* [[Durand Cup]]:
** Winners (1): [[1940 Durand Cup final|1940]]
*[[IFA Shield]]:
** Winners (3): 1936, 1941, 1942

===Bata SC===
* [[Rovers Cup]]:
** Winners (1): 1942

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]
[[Category:Men's association football inside forwards]]
[[Category:1910s births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]

J. Mohammad Gani

2026-04-07T15:50:06Z

AlfonzoGuess50: created the post w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Mohammad Gani
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|3|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pudukkottai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Tamil Nadu Assembly-Member
| constituency1 = [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1989
| predecessor1 = [[Rajakumar Vijaya Raghunatha Thondaiman]]
| successor1 = [[A. Periannan]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Trader
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''J. Mohammad Gani''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He belongs to [[Pudukkottai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Gani contested and won the [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai assembly constituency]] election on behalf of the Congress party in the 1984 Tamil Nadu Assembly elections. In this election, out of the 137,340 voters in the constituency 107,384 votes were polled (78.2%). Mohammad Gani secured 63,877 votes and defeated Subbiah of the Communist Party of India (CPI), who came in second, by a margin of 37,663 votes.<ref>https://resultuniversity.com/election/pudukkottai-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency#1984</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pudukkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=J. Mohammad Gani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=63,877 |percentage=62.37% |change=+12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Subbiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=26,214 |percentage=25.60% |change=-22.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chelladhuri |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=7,354 |percentage=7.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sundaravel Udayar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,018 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Samiaiah Kadavarar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,023 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Lakshmanan |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,663 |percentage=36.77% |change= 35.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,418 |percentage=78.19% |change= 4.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,340 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Commissioner of the Greater Mumbai Police

2026-04-02T05:35:06Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Short description|Chief of the Police in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = [[Police Commissioner]]
| insignia = File:Director_General_of_Police.png
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = Rank Insignia of the Police Commissioner (Director General Rank)
| image =
| incumbent = [[Deven Bharti]]
[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| incumbentsince = 30 April 2025
<ref> Deven Bharti appointed Commissioner of Police https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/deven-bharti-appointed-commissioner-of-police-101746040814808.html </ref>
| style = The Honorable
| residence = [[Byculla]], Mumbai
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| termlength = 1 year
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| formation = 1864
| succession =
| deputy = Special Commissioner of Police
| inaugural = Sir Frank H. Souter
| website = {{URL|https://mumbaipolice.maharashtra.gov.in|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| body = [[Mumbai Police]]
}}

The '''Police Commissioner of Mumbai''' is the chief of the [[Mumbai Police]], and an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. The Mumbai [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Police Commissioner]] is appointed by the [[Maharashtra]] State Government on the recommendation by the Establishment Board, which includes [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]]—Home department and other senior bureaucrats.

The first commissioner was [[Frank Souter]], who was appointed in 1864.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/How-the-city-police-slowly-lost-its-glory/articleshow/298198.cms | title=How the city police slowly lost its glory | first=Dilip | last=Chaware | date=24 November 2003 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=17 July 2018 }}</ref>

The headquarters are opposite [[Crawford Market]] in [[South Mumbai]].

==Criticism==
[[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julio Ribeiro]] wrote that some commissioners are appointed by lobbying. They are expected to repay the favour to the politicians. They transfer junior officials to positions where the politicians can make maximum illegal money.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/slow-death-of-an-institution-111274|title = Slow death of the institution of Mumbai Police Commissioner}}</ref>

==List of Police Commissioners of Mumbai==
[[File:Ocp mumbai.JPG|thumb|Office of Police Commissioner of Mumbai]]
List of former Police Commissioners of Mumbai:<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissioner of Police, Greater Mumbai {{!}} Mumbai Police |url=https://mumbaipolice.gov.in/srcp |website=mumbaipolice.gov.in |publisher=Mumbai Police |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name || Dates in Office || Badge Name || Ref
|-
|[[Deven Bharti]] || 1 May 2025 — present || DEVEN BHARTI ||
|-
|Vivek Phansalkar || 1 July 2022 — 30 April 2025 || VIVEK PHANSALKAR ||
|-
|Sanjay Pandey|| 28 February 2022 — 30 June 2022 || SANJAY PANDEY ||
|-
|Hemant Nagrale|| 17 March 2021 — 28 February 2022 || HEMANT NAGRALE ||
|-
|[[Param Bir Singh]]|| 28 February 2020 — 17 March 2021 || PARAM BIR SINGH ||
|-
|[[Sanjay Barve]]|| 28 February 2019 — 28 February 2020 || SANJAY BARVE ||
|-
|[[Subodh Kumar Jaiswal]]|| 30 June 2018 — 27 February 2019 || SUBODH JAISWAL ||
|-
| [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]] || 31 January 2016 — 29 June 2018 || D. D. PADSALGIKAR ||
|-
| [[Ahmed Javed|Ahmad Javed]] || 8 September 2015 — 31 January 2016 || AHMAD JAVED ||
|-
| [[Rakesh Maria]] || 16 February 2014 — 8 September 2015 || RAKESH MARIA ||
|-
| [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Dr. Satyapal Singh]] || 23 August 2012 — 31 January 2014 || SATYA PAL SINGH ||
|-
| [[Arup Patnaik]] || 1 March 2011 — 23 August 2012 || ARUP PATNAIK ||
|-
| [[Sanjeev Dayal]] || 1 June 2010 — 1 March 2011 || SANJEEV DAYAL ||
|-
| [[Dhanushkodi Sivanandhan]] || 13 June 2009 — 31 May 2010 || D. SIVANANDHAN ||
|-
| [[Hasan Gafoor]] || 1 March 2008 — 12 June 2009 || HASAN GAFOOR ||
|-
| [[Dhananjay Jadhav]] || 7 March 2007 — 29 February 2008 || D. N. JADHAV ||
|-
| [[Anami Narayan Roy]] || 4 February 2004 – 6 March 2007 || A. N. ROY ||
|-
| Dr. Parvinder Singh Pasricha || 19 November 2003 — 3 February 2004 || P. S. PASRICHA ||
|-
|Ranjit Singh Sharma || 1 January 2003 — 9 November 2003 || R. S. SHARMA ||
|-
|Mahesh Narayan Singh || 5 May 2000 — 31 December 2002 || M. N. SINGH ||
|-
|Ronald Hyacinth Mendonca || 22 August 1997 — 4 May 2000 || R. H. MENDONCA ||
|-
|S. C. Malhotra|| 3 December 1996 — 21 August 1997 || ||
|-
|R.D. Tyagi || 1 November 1995 — 2 December 1996 || ||
|-
|Satish Sahney || 17 November 1993 — 31 October 1995 || SATISH SAHNEY ||
|-
|Amarjeet Singh Samra || 30 January 1993 — 16 November 1993 || A. S. SAMRA ||
|-
|Shreekant Krushnaji Bapat || 1 August 1992 — 30 January 1993 || ||
|-
|S. Ramamurthi || 1 October 1990 — 31 August 1992 || ||
|-
|S.V. Bhave || 1 January 1990 — 30 September 1990 || ||
|-
|Vasant Keshaorao Saraf || 1 August 1987 — 31 December 1989 || V. K. SARAF || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890915-we-have-a-good-criminal-intelligence-system-bombay-police-commissioner-vasant-saraf-816540-1989-09-15 | title=We have a good criminal intelligence system: Bombay Police Commissioner Vasant Saraf | date=15 September 1989 | newspaper=[[India Today]] | first1=Raghu Nandan | last1=Dhar | first2=M. | last2=Rahman | access-date=11 January 2019 }}</ref> ||
|-
|D. S. Soman || 2 May 1985 — 31 July 1987 || ||
|-
|[[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julio Francis Ribeiro]] || 25 February 1982 — 1 May 1985 || J. F. RIBEIRO || ||
|-
|K. P. Medhekar|| 30 January 1981 — 24 February 1982 || ||
|-
|M.S. Kasbekar || 4 January 1979 — 29 October 1980 || ||
|-
|M.G. Gavai || 28 July 1978 — 3 January 1979 || ||
|-
|V.V. Chaubal || 27 June 1977 — 24 March 1978 || ||
|-
|S.V. Tankhiwale || 19 June 1975 — 26 June 1977 || ||
|-
|M.G. Mugve || 9 May 1973 — 18 June 1975 || ||
|-
|S.G. Pradhan || 17 March 1970 — 8 May 1973 || ||
|-
|Emmanuel Sumitra Modak || 20 January 1968 — 16 March 1970 || E. S. MODAK || ||
|-
|A.G. Rajadhyaksha || 25 February 1965 — 19 January 1968 || ||
|-
|S. Majeeddulla || 10 March 1962 — 24 February 1965 || ||
|-
|V.J. Kanetkar || 25 January 1960 — 9 March 1962 || ||
|-
|K. J. Nanavatty || 24 December 1959 — 24 January 1960 || || <ref name=Parsik>{{cite web|url=https://parsikhabar.net/bombay/the-irani-brothers-last-two-parsi-police-officers-left-in-mumbai/8588/|title=The Irani Brothers: Last Two Parsi Police Officers Left in Mumbai - Parsi Khabar|website=Parsikhbar.net|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>||
|-
|Praving Sinhji || 21 September 1957 — 23 December 1959 || ||
|-
|K. D. Billimoria || 3 July 1955 — 20 September 1957 || || <ref name=Parsik />||
|-
|M.M. Chudasama || 16 May 1949 — 2 July 1955 || ||
|-
|G.H. Wanjara || 1914-1950 ||
G.H. Wanjara was an Indian police officer who served as the [[Inspector general|Inspector General of Police]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] from 1946 to 1950. He was also the first Indian to hold this position, as he succeeded [[Frank Souter|Sir Frank Souter]], the last British officer to head the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Bombay police]]. Wanjara was involved in the security arrangements for the visit of [[Lord Mountbatten]], the last [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], to Bombay in 1947. He was also responsible for maintaining law and order during the turbulent period of partition and independence. Wanjara was awarded the [[King's Police Medal|King’s Police Medal]] in 1948 for his distinguished service.He join a duty on 1914.
|-
|Jehangir Sohrab Bharucha || 15 August 1947 — 16 May 1949
|| J. S. BHARUCHA || <ref name=Parsik /> ||
|-
|A. E. Caffin || 4 February 1947 — 14 August 1947 || ||
|-
|J.C. Wilson || 11 July 1946 — 3 February 1947 || ||
|-
|P.B. Wilkins || 14 June 1946 — 10 July 1946 || ||
|-
|H.E. Butler || 15 February 1942 — 13 June 1946 || ||
|-
|W.R.G. Smith || 28 September 1939 — 14 February 1942 || ||
|-
|N.P.A. Smith || 18 March 1939 — 27 September 1939 || ||
|-
|W.R.G. Smith || 10 November 1936 — 17 March 1939 || ||
|-
|J.W. Rowland || 16 May 1936 — 9 November 1936 || ||
|-
|W.R.G. Smith || 2 September 1933 — 15 May 1936 || ||
|-
|Mr. Patrick A. Kelly || 30 January 1932 — 1 September 1933 || P. A. KELLY || ||
|-
|G.S. Wilson || 19 October 1930 — 29 January 1932 || ||
|-
|D. Healy || 5 April 1930 — 18 October 1930 || ||
|-
|Mr. Patrick A. Kelly || 25 November 1927 — 4 April 1930 || P. A. KELLY || ||
|-
|D. Healy || 26 March 1927 — 24 November 1927 || ||
|-
|Mr. Patrick A. Kelly || 1 November 1924 — 25 March 1927 || P. A. KELLY || ||
|-
|D. Healy || 1 March 1924 — 31 October 1924 || ||
|-
|Mr. Patrick A. Kelly || 1 June 1922 — 29 February 1924 || P. A. KELLY || ||
|-
||F.A.M. Vincent || 1 December 1920 — 31 May 1922 || ||
|-
|I.C. Boyd || 3 May 1920 — 30 November 1920 || ||
|-
|Maharana Raghubir Singh || 21 May 1917 — 2 May 1920 || M. R. S. ||
|-
|F. A. M. Vincent || 16 April 1916 — 20 May 1917 || || <ref name="The Bombay City Police, an Historical Sketch 1672 -1916">{{cite book |last1=Edwardes |first1=Stephen Meredyth |title=The Bombay City Police, an Historical Sketch 1672 -1916 |date=1924 |publisher=Oxford Press |pages=56, 57, 58, 59 |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/16356.pdf |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Maharana Raghubir Singh || 1 January 1902 — 15 April 1916 || M. R. S. || <ref name="The Bombay City Police, an Historical Sketch 1672 -1916" />
|-
|Hartly Kennedy || 9 January 1899 — 31 December 1901 || || <ref name="The Bombay City Police, an Historical Sketch 1672 -1916"/>
|-
|Robert Hampe-Vincent || 9 April 1893 — 8 January 1899 || || <ref name="The Bombay City Police, an Historical Sketch 1672 -1916"/>
|-
|Col W. H. Wilson || 4 July 1888 — 8 April 1893 || || <ref name="The Bombay City Police, an Historical Sketch 1672 -1916"/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Commissioner of Pune City Police]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Bangalore]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Delhi]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata]]
* [[Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Police Commissioner Of Mumbai}}
[[Category:Mumbai civic officials]]
[[Category:Mumbai Police]]
[[Category:Police commissioners of Mumbai| ]]

Ram Singh of Sitamau

2026-04-01T06:38:38Z

AlfonzoGuess50: New A Bio...

{{short description|Raja of Sitamau from 1900 to 1967}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Ram Singh
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]]
| reign = 21 November 1900 – 25 May 1967
| coronation = 21 November 1900
| predecessor = Shardul Singh
| successor = Krishan Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1880|01|02|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|05|25|1880|01|02|df=yes}}
| issue = {{ubl|Raghubir Singh|Govind Singh|Raghunath Singh|Chand Kanwar|Kishan Kanwar}}
| father = Dalel Singh
| mother =
| investiture = 28 February 1905
| spouse 2 = Rajawatiji
| spouse 1 = Chauhaniji
| spouse 3 = Batianiji
}}

[[Sir]] '''Ram Singh''' [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] was the [[Raja]] of [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]] from 1900 until his death in 1967.

==Early life, family, and education==
He was born on 2 January 1880, as the second son of Dalel Singh, the Thakur of Kachhi Baroda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=3236 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Indian Government |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69363/ |title=Rulers Leading Families And Officials In The States Of Central India Edition Fifth 1935 |date=1935 |pages=147}}</ref> He was educated at [[Daly College]] in [[Indore]], where he remained for nearly seven years.<ref name=":0" /> When he left the school, he went to [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]].<ref name=":0" /> There, under the tutelage of [[Michael O'Dwyer]], who was acting as a settlement officer, he learned about [[Land tenure|land tenures]], [[revenue]], and other matters connected with the management of estates.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=645–649 |language=en}}</ref> He was married three times and had three sons and two daughters.<ref name=":1" /> He married, firstly, in 1902 to a daughter of the [[Raja]] of [[Chhota Udaipur State|Chhota Udaipur]]; secondly, in 1903 to a daughter of the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of Baleri in [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]; and thirdly to a granddaughter of the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of Maroli in [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].<ref name=":2" /> His wives were: Chauhaniji, Rajawatiji and Batianiji, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=SITAMAU |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sitamau.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630060735/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sitamau.html |archive-date=2017-06-30 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> His sons were [[Raghubir Singh of Sitamau|Raghubir Singh]], Govind Singh, and Raghunath Singh.<ref name=":0" /> His daughters were Chand Kanwar and Kishan Kanwar.<ref name=":0" />

==Succession==
When Shardul Singh died without an heir to succeed him as the [[Raja]] of [[Sitamau]] on 10 May 1900, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] selected Ram Singh as his successor.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtQ_AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Political Administration of the Territories Within the Central India Agency |date=1902 |pages=24–25 |language=en}}</ref> He was installed on the vacant throne by the political agent in [[Malwa]] on 21 November 1900, in the absence of the agent to the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]] in [[Central India]], who was unable to attend the ceremony.<ref name=":3" /> As during the reign of his predecessor, the state had encountered a terrible famine, to combat which it had to take a loan of 1,25,000 rupees, and still, the state's condition had not improved.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_4bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1908 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=324–325 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The government, in consideration of this, took only 40,600, or half a year's net income, as nazrana and made it payable in four installments.<ref name=":4" /> They also presented him with a khilat valued at 10,125 rupees at his installation, in the form of a deduction from the nazrana.<ref name=":4" /> As he was a minor at the time, the administration of the state on his behalf was carried out by the state's [[dewan]], Pandit Balwant Rao Trimbak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9Q_AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Political Administration of the Territories Within the Central India Agency |date=1903 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> He was invested with full ruling powers on 28 February 1905.<ref name=":4" />

==Reign==
During his reign, [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]] became a seat of learning and culture.<ref name=":5" /> Following India's independence in 1947, he signed the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]] and the standstill agreement, through which he acceded his state to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyduAAAAMAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh: Mandsaur |date=1993 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Upon the formation of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]] was merged into it, and he handed over his state's management to the newly formed state government on 20 June 1948.<ref name=":6" /> His [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]] was 58,000 rupees, of which 48,000 rupees were dynastic and 10,000 rupees were personal.<ref name=":6" />

==Personal life==
He was a good poet and encouraged his children and others to take part in literary activities.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=INDIAN HISTORY COLLECTIVE |url=https://indianhistorycollective.com/prince-historian-raghubir-sinh-jadunathsarkar-gssardesai-indianhistory/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=indianhistorycollective.com}}</ref> He personally taught his children [[English language|English]].<ref name=":7" />

==Death==
He died on 25 May 1967, and was succeeded by his grandson, Krishan Singh, as the [[Raja]] of [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utG7AAAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Dhar |date=1993 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=308–309 |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours==
He was invested with the insignia of [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] by [[George V]] on the occasion of the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi durbar]] of 1911.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/supplementtowhos00luckrich/ |title=Supplement to Who's who in India, containing lives and photographs of the recipients of honours on 12th December 1911, together with an illustrated account of the visit of Their Imperial Majesties the King-Emperer and Queen-Empress to India and the coronation durbar |date=1912 |publisher=Lucknow, Newul Kishore press |others=University of California Libraries |pages=37}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Year
!Honour
!Class/Grade
!'''Ribbon'''
!Post-nominal letters
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom|name=United Kingdom}}
|1911
|[[Order of the Indian Empire]]
|Knight Commander
|[[File:Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg|70x70px]]
|KCIE
|}

=='References==
<references />
[[Category: 1880 births]]
[[Category: 1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Deepak Verma (judge)

2026-03-27T03:05:24Z

AlfonzoGuess50: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox judge
| name = Deepak Verma
| image = Deepak Verma Judge.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 11 May 2009
| term_end = 27 August 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/HCKformer_judges/deepak_verma.html|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Deepak Verma|website=karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in}}</ref>
| nominator = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| successor =
| office1 = Chief Justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start1 = 4 March 2009
| term_end1 = 10 May 2009
| nominator1 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start2 = 2 January 2008
| term_end2 = 3 March 2009
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|08|28}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh
|
|
| occupation = Independent arbitrator, mediator
| spouse = Shevanti Verma
| children = 2
}}

'''Deepak Verma''' (28 August 1947 –) is an Indian jurist and a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/138_deepakverma.htm|title=Supreme Court of India - Former Judges|work=supremecourtofindia.nic.in}}</ref> His served in the Indian judiciary as the Chief Justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]], acting Chief Justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Acting-CJ-disposes-of-15-cases-in-Dharwad/article15278427.ece|title=Acting CJ disposes of 15 cases in Dharwad|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 July 2008|accessdate=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Dinakaran-sworn-in-Chief-Justice/article15275905.ece|title=Dinakaran sworn in Chief Justice|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 August 2008|accessdate=14 April 2022}}</ref> and judge in the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mphc.gov.in/former-high-court-judges|title=Former High Court Judges - High Court of Madhya Pradesh|work=mphc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/profiles-elevated-as-cj.asp#|title=High Court of Karnataka Official Web Site|work=kar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/judges_former_supCourt.asp|title=High Court of Karnataka Official Web Site|work=kar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hcraj.nic.in/photocj2sc.aspx|title=Hon'ble Chief Justices elevated to Supreme Court of India|work=hcraj.nic.in}}</ref> After retiring from the Supreme Court, he served as an international arbitrator and mediator, and acted as an expert<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Polepalli |first=Sindhura Natesha |date= 2021|title=The Award in the Matter of an Arbitration Concerning The "Enrica Lexie" Incident (Perm. Ct. Arb.) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/abs/award-in-the-matter-of-an-arbitration-concerning-the-enrica-lexie-incident-perm-ct-arb/475993FE2CC46DF0A11074FC0640B4F7 |journal=International Legal Materials |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=180–289 |doi=10.1017/ilm.2020.66 |issn=0020-7829|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-19 |title=Bankruptcy petition against Mallya in UK is illegal, retired Indian SC judge tells UK court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/bankruptcy-petition-against-mallya-in-uk-is-illegal-retired-indian-sc-judge-tells-uk-court/articleshow/79803074.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-04 |title=Arms dealer Bhandari faces risk of violence & extortion in Tihar, former SC judge tells UK court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/arms-dealer-bhandari-faces-risk-of-violence-extortion-in-tihar-former-sc-judge-tells-uk-court/articleshow/94628626.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> on matters of Indian law in several high-profile cases before foreign courts and international tribunals, including the multi-billion dollar [[Vijay Mallya]] case. He had served the role of a sports ombudsman in India,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2019-12-29 |title=Justice Deepak Verma appointed DDCA's new Ombudsman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/justice-deepak-verma-appointed-ddcas-new-ombudsman/article30425328.ece |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-07 |title=HC upholds Justice Verma's Appointment as HCA Ombudsman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/hc-upholds-justice-vermas-appointment-as-hca-ombudsman/articleshow/81944598.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AITA appoints three-member panel to look into rebel players' grievances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/video/aita-panel-rebel-tennis-players-deepak-verma-mc-gupta-naresh-kumar-415967-2013-02-03 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=India Today |date=4 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref> and also served as the chairperson and member of the advisory board of several distinguished non-profits, educational institutions and universities in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbiosis International (Deemed University) |url=https://siu.edu.in/fee-structure-committee.php |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=siu.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Governors & Committees – Bimacc |url=https://www.bimacc.org/about/board/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |title=Trustees of SLIC — SLIC |url=https://www.slic.org.in/about_page/trustees-of-slic |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.slic.org.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://kfcri.org/deepakverma.php | title=KFCRI }}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web| title=Verma, Deepak | url=https://siac.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/9.-Justice_Deepak_Verma_Profile_May2021.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109061530/https://siac.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/9.-Justice_Deepak_Verma_Profile_May2021.pdf | archive-date=2023-11-09}}</ref> He was part of the bench that delivered the landmark judgment for the Indian antirape law in 2013.

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Verma was born on 28 August 1947, in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. His father, R.P. Verma, was an eminent lawyer in Jabalpur. His educational journey began with his schooling at institutions such as Christ Church, Mahakaushal High School, and Model High School, and culminated with his matriculation from Naveen Vidya Bhawan in Jabalpur. Following his matriculation, he initially pursued a [[B.Sc]] degree at [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]], but subsequently transitioned to the field of Arts, ultimately completing his B.A. from St. Aloysius College in Jabalpur. He earned his [[LL.B.]] degree from [[Jabalpur University]]. His enrollment as an Advocate occurred in the year 1972.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr.Justice Deepak Verma |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/former_judges/deepakj.htm |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Deepak Verma, Former Judge, Supreme Court of India | url=http://vi.piac.vn/DesktopModules/TTOArbitratorListing/PDF/CV-Justice-Deepak-Verma.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110050341/http://vi.piac.vn/DesktopModules/TTOArbitratorListing/PDF/CV-Justice-Deepak-Verma.pdf | archive-date=2023-11-10}}</ref>

===Career===
Verma practiced as an Advocate in the civil courts until his elevation in 1994. He acted as an Administrative Judge of [[Indore]] until August 2005. Subsequently, he continued his service as the Administrative Judge at the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Jabalpur.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto5"/>

As a sitting judge of the Indore bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, Verma was assigned as a Welfare Commissioner for the victims of the [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal gas disaster]], tasked with disbursing compensation to those affected<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandavilli |first=Apoorva |date=2018-07-10 |title=The World's Worst Industrial Disaster Is Still Unfolding |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/07/the-worlds-worst-industrial-disaster-is-still-unfolding/560726/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> He is known to have disposed of all matters pending before him by holding sittings for the victims even during public holidays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No revision cases from gas tragedy still pending {{!}} International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal |url=https://www.bhopal.net/no-revision-cases-from-gas-tragedy-still-pending/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.bhopal.net|date=22 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1362/simple-searchquery=GSR%20282(E)%20Regarding%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20Justice%20Deepak%20Verma%20to%20post%20of%20Commissioner&searchradio=notification{{Dead link | date=June 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-11 |title=Gas NGOs given task to trace claimants |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gas-ngos-given-task-to-trace-claimants/story-sLihVv5UisLvwBJhA637bO.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Demands for grants (2004-2005) | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/62625/1/14_Chemicals_And_Fertilizers_3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110043056/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/62625/1/14_Chemicals_And_Fertilizers_3.pdf | archive-date=2023-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unaccc.world | title=2030 World Transformation From Common Citizen to Global Citizen | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327040357/https://unaccc.world/ | archive-date=2022-03-27}}</ref>

Verma was transferred as a Judge to the [[Karnataka High Court]] in [[Bangalore]] on January 2, 2008. Being the seniormost judge on the bench, he also served as the Acting Chief Justice of the Karnataka High Court. On March 4, 2009, he was further elevated as [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-03-17 |title=I am not pro any caste or religion: CJ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/i-am-not-pro-any-caste-or-religion-cj/articleshow/4273625.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On May 11, 2009, Verma was appointed as a Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] where he continued to serve until his retirement on August 28, 2012.<ref name="auto5" /> He was part of several benches of the Supreme Court of India dealing with critical issues such as the [[Right to food|Right to Food]], which aimed to ensure the distribution of grain to the poor at "no cost" or "very low cost" as part of the efforts to streamline the [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public Distribution System]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-29 |title=Supreme Court seeks Centre's response on additional foodgrain supply to BPL families |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-seeks-Centres-response-on-additional-foodgrain-supply-to-BPL-families/article15796997.ece |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-08-13 |title=Give foodgrain to poor rather than let it rot: SC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/give-foodgrain-to-poor-rather-than-let-it-rot-sc/articleshow/6303209.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court asks Centre to give grains to the poor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-supreme-court-asks-centre-to-give-grains-to-the-poor-1422327 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, he was part of the bench at the Supreme Court that redefined medical negligence to include cases involving overdose of medicines, failure to inform patients about potential side-effects of drugs, lack of extra care in cases with a high mortality rate, and hospitals failing to provide fundamental amenities to patients. Notably, he also presided over the appeal in the high-profile [[1999 Delhi hit-and-run case]], among other significant cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1999 BMW hit-and-run case: SC acquits three co-accused |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/1999-bmw-hit-and-run-case-sc-acquits-three-co-accused-111960-2012-07-31 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=India Today |date=August 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-01 |title=Three accused in BMW hit-and-run case acquitted |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/three-accused-in-bmw-hitandrun-case-acquitted/article3713653.ece |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court redefines medical negligence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-redefines-medical-negligence-53950-2009-08-09 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=India Today |date=10 August 2009 |language=en}}</ref> He was part of the bench that delivered the landmark judgment for the Indian anti-rape law in 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-04-23 |title=India's anti-rape law judge JS Verma dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22260180 |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Post-retirement from the Indian judiciary, Verma started acting as an [[arbitrator]] and [[Mediation|mediator]] in both domestic and international disputes. He has presided around 200 domestic and international arbitrations, rendering awards in complex cases valued at several billion dollars. He has also provided expert opinions before international tribunals and courts worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://siac.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/9.-Justice_Deepak_Verma_Profile_May2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703212714/https://siac.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/9.-Justice_Deepak_Verma_Profile_May2021.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2024 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=siac.org.sg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=In the matter of an arbitration before an arbitral tribunal constituted under annex VII to the 1982 united nations convention on the law of the sea the Italian republic v. the Republic of India concerning the "Enrica Lexie" incident | url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/16500 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831173523/https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/16500 | archive-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> He was part of the panel alongside Justice Gopala Gawda in the 2020 [[Vijay Mallya]] bankruptcy matter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Vijay Mallya loses appeal against UK bankruptcy order |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/vijay-mallya-loses-appeal-against-uk-bankruptcy-order-101744347489515.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Verma is widely recognized as an expert in matters of Indian law. He has acted as an expert witness in several precedent-setting multijurisdictional disputes before the Federal Courts in the United States, the Senior Courts in England and Wales, the Commission for Control of [[Interpol|INTERPOL]] Files (CCF), and the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] at the Hague. He has also acted as the inquiry authority and overseen internal investigations for several multinational corporations and banking and financial institutions.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Why UK court discussed Tihar, how economy is big test for Truss {{!}} Times Special - TOI ePaper+ | url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/timesspecial/news-current-affairs/why-uk-court-discussed-tihar-how-economy-is-big-test-for-truss-/1665114216013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007143407/https://epaper.timesgroup.com/timesspecial/news-current-affairs/why-uk-court-discussed-tihar-how-economy-is-big-test-for-truss-/1665114216013 | access-date=2025-06-15 | archive-date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>"Deepak " Hardy Expl. & Prod. (India), Inc. v. Gov't of India, 219 F. Supp. 3d 50, 55 (D.D.C. 2016)</ref>

Shilled for Nirav Modi, in an extradition case, claiming he would be subjected to "custodial interrogation" but British courts rejected this and threw the statements into the garbage bin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/how-retired-supreme-court-judge-s-defence-of-nirav-modi-failed-in-uk-court/ar-AA1ZspWd |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Verma was known for his philanthropic contributions to society. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he made a contribution of Rs. 51 lakh to the [[Prime Minister's Relief Fund]] to support labourers and migrant workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/covid-19-former-sc-judge-justice-deepak-verma-contributes-rs-51-lakh-for-welfare-of-migrants-read-letter-154590-|title=Deeply Pained By The Plight Of Labourers': Former SC Judge Justice Deepak Verma Contributes Rs. 51 Lakh To PM's Relief Fund|work=LiveLaw.in}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus: Retired Supreme Court Judge Deepak Verma Donates Rs 51 Lakh To PM's National Relief Fund |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/coronavirus-judge-deepak-verma-rs-51-lakh-to-pms-national-relief-fund-257514.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=News Nation English |language=en}}</ref> Verma serves as the Chairperson and Trustee of the Socio-Legal Information Centre (SLIC), a non-profit legal aid and education organization that provides free legal assistance to those who lack the capacity to seek legal remedy. SLIC is an implementing partner of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR). SLIC has emerged as one of India's largest and most active legal human rights program and reproductive rights unit, through its project [[Human Rights Law Network|the Human Rights Law Network]] (HRLN).<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{Cite web | title=SLIC | url=https://slic.org.in | access-date=2025-06-15 | website=slic.org.in}}</ref>

== Notable Appointments ==
*Chairperson: High Powered Committee appointed by the Supreme Court of India to oversee import, transfer, procurement, rescue, and rehabilitation of wild animals, including those in captivity, across India (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=High powered panel led by Justice Verma to decide issues concerning wild animals in country: SC [Read Judgment] |url=https://lawstreet.co/judiciary/high-powered-panel-led-by-justice-verma-to-decide-issues-concerning-wild-animals-in-country-sc |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Lawstreet.co |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/6325202313150142539judgement03-mar-2023-461959.pdf | title=Miscellaneous application no. 231 of 2023 with i.a. no. 32084 of 2023 :- Application on behalf of the Petitioner for clarification of the order dated 01.08.2022 in special leave petition (civil) no. 12246 of 2022 | website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Supreme Court forms HPC on inter-state transfer of wild animals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-forms-hpc-on-inter-state-transfer-of-wild-animals-101677862736674.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Padmakshi |date=2023-03-06 |title=Supreme Court Forms Committee To Oversee Transfer/Import Of Wild Animals In India |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-forms-committee-to-oversee-transferimport-of-wild-animals-in-india-223157 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>
*Ombudsman: Delhi & District Cricket Association (2020).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/justice-deepak-verma-appointed-new-ombudsman-of-ddca20191229203837/ | title=Justice Deepak Verma appointed new ombudsman of DDCA }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-09 |title=DDCA Ombudsman now also in charge of Hyderabad Cricket Association |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ddca-ombudsman-now-also-in-charge-of-hyderabad-cricket-association/articleshow/78016174.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-29 |title=Justice Deepak Verma appointed new ombudsman of DDCA |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/justice-deepak-verma-appointed-ombudsman-ddca-150837332.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-SG |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110034442/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/justice-deepak-verma-appointed-ombudsman-ddca-150837332.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Ombudsman: Hyderabad Cricket Association (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-04-19 |title=Deepak Verma says he is the Ombudsman of HCA |url=https://telanganatoday.com/deepak-verma-says-he-is-the-ombudsman-of-hca |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-10 |title=HCA row: Telangana HC bats for ex-SC judge Verma as ombudsman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hca-row-hc-bats-for-ex-sc-judge-verma-as-ombudsman/articleshow/81996918.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*Electoral Officer: Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh (2022).
*Chairman: Justice Deepak Verma Committee constituted by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in a Public Interest Litigation (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-24 |title=SIT to assess 550 claims received under Pinnacle Dreams project in a week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/pinnacle-dreams-sit-sit-to-assess-550-claims-received-under-pinnacle-dreams-project-in-a-week/articleshow/65926470.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*Chairman: Three-Member High-Level Committee of the All-India Tennis Association (AITA) (2013).<ref>hairman: Three-Member High-Level Committee of the All-India Tennis Association (AITA) (2013).</ref>
*Chairperson: High Powered Committee constituted by the High Court of Agartala in a Public Interest Litigation (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Panel led by ex-judge to decide issues on wild animals: SC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/panel-led-by-ex-judge-to-decide-issues-on-wild-animals-sc-1197141.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/covid-19-former-sc-judge-justice-deepak-verma-contributes-rs-51-lakh-for-welfare-of-migrants-read-letter-154590- Deeply Pained By The Plight Of Labourers': Former SC Judge Justice Deepak Verma Contributes Rs. 51 Lakh To PM's Relief Fund]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} - Published on LiveLaw.in.
*[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/committee-to-oversee-transfer-and-import-of-captive-wild-animals-in-india-supreme-court/article66606882.ece Committee to oversee transfer and import of captive wild animals in India: Supreme Court] - Published in The Hindu.
*[https://technocratsgroup.edu.in/justice-deepak-verma-2/ Justice Deepak Verma Profile] - Published on the website of Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal.
*[https://www.aiac.world/panellist/8129 Justice Deepak Verma - AIAC Panellist Profile] - Published on the AIAC (Asian International Arbitration Centre) website.
*[https://siac.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/9.-Justice_Deepak_Verma_Profile_May2021.pdf Justice Deepak Verma Profile (PDF)] - Published on the website of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC).
*[https://thewire.in/environment/sc-expands-ambit-of-pan-india-high-powered-committee-to-curb-capturing-of-wild-elephants SC Expands Ambit of Pan-India High-Powered Committee to Curb Capturing of Wild Elephants] - Published in The Wire.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Deepak}}
[[Category:Indian jurists]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]

Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)

2026-03-22T22:58:34Z

AlfonzoGuess50: typo fix

{{Short description|King of Gujarat from 1143 to 1172}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{About|King of Gujarat|the Pala king|Kumarapala (Pala king)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Gujarat
| image = Chaulukyas of Anahillapataka King Kumarapala Circa 1145-1171.jpg
| caption = Coin of Kumarapala featuring a seated [[Lakshmi]] on one side and ''Shrimat-Kumarapaladeva'' written on other side.<ref name="Roy1980"/><ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=55245 CNG Coins]</ref>
| reign = 1143–1172
| predecessor = [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]
| successor = [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]
| birth_place = Dadhisthali (now Dethali near [[Siddhpur]])
| father = Tribhuvanpala
| dynasty = [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki)
| religion = [[Jainism]], [[Shaivism]]
}}
'''Kumarapala''' ({{reign|1143|1172}}) was a ruler from the [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki) dynasty of present-day western India. He ruled present-day [[Gujarat]] and surrounding areas, from his capital [[Anahilapataka]] (modern Patan).

Kumarapala was a descendant of the Chaulukya king [[Bhima I]]. The information about him largely come from two sources – the numerous Sanskrit and Apabhramasa-Prakrit language inscriptions and the Jain texts. These provide a highly inconsistent historical profile in some respects, and corroborate each other in some. Both portray Kumarapala as a keen and generous patron of arts and architecture, one who supported the divergent religious Indian traditions in Western India, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan region.

Kumarapala inscriptions predominantly invoke Shiva – a Hindu god, and they do not mention any Jain Tirthankara or Jaina deity. The major Veraval inscription calls him ''Mahesvara-nripa-agrani'' (worshipper of Shiva), and even Jain texts state that he worshipped Somanatha (Somesvara, Shiva). He rebuilt a spectacular Somanatha-Patan ''tirtha'' site with many Hindu temples, bathing ghats and pilgrim facilities, according to one inscription, thereby expanding the [[Somnath temple]] his father rebuilt after the plunder and destruction by Mahmud of Ghazni. The inscriptions suggest that he was a Hindu and participated in Brahmanic rituals, at least till the last known inscriptions that mention him.<ref name="Ray1958">{{cite journal | last=Ray | first=Nisith Ranjan | title=A Note on the Decline of Chalukya Power under Bhimadeva II | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=Indian History Congress | volume=21 | year=1958 | jstor=44145171 | pages=83–86 }}</ref><ref>V Ozha and G Buhler (1889), The Somnathpattan Prasasti of Bhava Brihaspati, Vienna Oriental Journal, Volume 3, pp. 14–17</ref><ref name="Kapadia">{{cite book | last=Kapadia | first=A. | title=In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-108-22606-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyluDwAAQBAJ | pages=26–41}}</ref>

According to Jain texts such as those written by Hemachandra and Prabhachandra, Kumarapala spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by his relative and predecessor [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. He ascended the throne after Jayasimha's death, with help of his brother-in-law. He ruled for nearly three decades, during which he subdued a number of neighbouring kings, including the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Arnoraja]] and the [[Shilahara]] king [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]]. He also annexed the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] territory of [[Malwa]] to his kingdom by defeating Ballala. Kumarapala, state the Jain text, became a disciple of the [[Jainism|Jain]] scholar [[Hemachandra]] and adopted Jainism towards the end of his reign. The Jain texts composed after his death, additionally state that after his conversion, Kumarapala banned all killing of animals in his kingdom – a law that would be consistent with the [[Ahimsa]] principle. Multiple legendary biographies by medieval Jain chroniclers present him as the last great royal patron of Jainism.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=120-125}} However, the inscriptions and the evidence from rulers who succeeded Kumarapala do not corroborate the Jain texts.<ref name="Ray1958"/> Furthermore, the Jaina chronicles differ substantially in important details about his life.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=89}}

== Sources of information ==

The information about him largely come from two sources – the numerous Sanskrit and Apabhramasa-Prakrit language inscriptions and the Jain texts. These provide a highly inconsistent historical profile in some respects, and corroborate each other in some. Both portray Kumarapala as a patron of all arts and architecture, leaving behind a legacy of major Hindu and Jain temples and ''tirtha'' sites. These different sources of information also present him as a king who supported the divergent religious Indian traditions in Western India, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan region.<ref name="Ray1958"/><ref name="Kapadia"/>

Kumarapala is the subject of several major chronicles by medieval Jain scholars. These scholars include [[Hemachandra]] (''Dvyashraya'' and ''Mahaviracharita''), [[Prabhachandra]], Somaprabha (''Kumarapala-Pratibodha''), [[Merutunga]] (''[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]''), Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana Suri, among others. Of all the Indian kings, the largest number of chronicles have been written about Kumarapala. However, these chronicles differ substantially in important details about his life.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=89}}

== Background ==
=== Ancestry ===

All sources state that Kumarapala was the successor of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], who was his relative and hated him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=91}}{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}}

According to [[Hemachandra]], Kumarapala was a descendant of the earlier Chaulukya king [[Bhima I]] through Kshemaraja, Devaprasada and Tribhuvanapala. Kshemaraja, who was the elder son of Bhima, renounced his rights to the throne, and retired to Dadhisthali as an ascetic. His younger brother [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]] succeeded their father on the throne. Karna sent Keshmaraja's son Devaprasada to look after him at Dadhisthali. After Karna's death, his own son Jayasimha ascended the throne. When Devaprasada learned about Karna's death, he sent his son Tribhuvanapala to Jayasimha's court, and committed suicide. Kumarapala was Tribhuvanapala's son, and succeeded Jayasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=89}}

Jayasimha Suri also provides a similar genealogy. He mentions some additional details: Kshemaraja and Karna were Bhima's sons by different women; and Kumarapala was the eldest son of Tribhuvanapala and Kashmiradevi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=90}} The genealogy given by Somaprabha and Prabhachandra is similar to the one provided by Hemachandra, but Prabhachandra omits the name of Kshemaraja.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=89}}

According to Merutugna, Kumarapala was a descendant of Bhima I through Haripala and Tribhuvanapala. Haripala was a son of Bhima and a concubine named Bakuladevi. Merutunga's genealogy seems to be historically inaccurate, as the fragmentary [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh]] inscription corroborates Hemachandra's genealogy.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=89-90}} However, historian A. K. Majumdar notes that the voluntary rejections of thrones are very rare, and therefore, Hemachandra's claim of Kshemaraja having voluntary give up his throne is doubtful. Hemachandra, who was a royal courtier, probably invented a fictional narrative to avoid mentioning the illegitimate son Haripala. This also explains why Karna's son Jayasimha Siddharaja hated Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=55-56}}

Jina-Mandana Suri attempted to reconcile Merutunga's account with Jayasimha Suri's account. According to him, Kshemaraja's mother was Bakuladevi and Karna's mother was Udayamati. Bhima gave his kingdom to his younger son Karna, to please his younger wife Udayamati.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=89-90}}

Multiple chroniclers state that Kumarapala's brother-in-law Krishna-deva served as Jayasimha's general. According to Prabhachandra, Kumarapala's brother Kirtipala also served as Jayasimha's general, in an expedition against Navaghana.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=90}}

== Early life and ascension ==

Kumarapala's contemporary chronicler [[Hemachandra]] does not mention anything about the king's life before his ascension to the throne. This is unusual, because Hemachandra's narratives about other kings of the dynasty describe their early lives. Historian Ashoke Majumdar theorizes that this might be because Hemachandra played a significant role in Kumarapala's early life, as mentioned by later chroniclers.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=91}} Yashahpala, another contemporary writer, provides a hint about the king's early life in his drama ''Maharaja-Parajaya''. In this play, a character states that Kumarapala "wandered alone through the whole world", suggesting that the king spent his early life wandering away from the royal court.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=92}}

Prabhachandra provides the following account of Kumarapala's early life: One day, Jayasimha Siddharaja learned through [[divination]] that Kumarapala would be his successor. This made Jayasimha very angry, because he hated Kumarapala. Fearing for his life, Kumarapala fled the kingdom in form of a [[mendicant]]. Sometime later, Jayasimha's spies told him that Kumarapala had returned to the capital disguised as an ascetic. Jayasimha then invited 300 ascetics to a feast, and washed their feet in order to identify Kumarapala (who had royal marks on his feet). Kumarapala was recognized, but fled to Hemachandra's house before he could be arrested. Jayasimha's men followed him, but Hemachandra hid him under palm leaves. After leaving Hemachandra's house, Kumarapala was similarly saved by a farmer named Āli. He then went to [[Khambhat]], accompanied by a [[Brahmin]] named Bosari. There, he sought shelter with a rich man named Udayana, who turned him away to avoid enmity with the king Jayasimha. Fortunately for Kumarapala, Hemachandra had also arrived at a Jain monastery in Khambhat. Hemachandra gave him food and shelter, and predicted that he would become the king after 7 years. The Jain scholar also took 3,200 ''dramma''s (gold coins) from a Jain [[Śrāvaka|layman]], and gave them to Kumarapala. Subsequently, Kumarapala spent years traveling as a [[Kapalika]] ascetic, before being joined by his wife Bhopaladevi and their children. When Jayasimha died, Kumarapala returned to the capital and met Hemachandra. The next day, he arrived at the royal palace, accompanied by his brother-in-law Krishna-deva, who commanded 10,000 horses. There, he was proclaimed as the new king after two other claimants were rejected.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=91-93}}

Merutunga mentions a similar legend: Some astrologers told Jayasimha that Kumarapala would succeed him. To escape Jayasimha's anger, Kumarapala spent many years in foreign lands, disguised as an ascetic. Subsequently, he returned to the capital Anahilapataka, and lived in a monastery. One day, Jayasimha invited several monks and washed their feet on the occasion of his father's [[Śrāddha|shraddha]] (a ceremony for the deceased ancestors). Kumarapala was recognized, but managed to escape. He was saved by a potter named Āliga, took 20 silver coins from a mouse, and was given food by an unnamed rich lady. Later, Kumarapala reached Khambhat, planning to seek resources from the royal minister Udayana. He learned that Udayana had gone to a Jain monastery, and followed him there. At the monastery, he met Hemachandra, who prophesied that Kumarapala will become a monarch in 1199 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]. Kumarapala was astonished at this prophecy, and promised to become a Jain if it came true. Udayana then arranged for Kumarapala to travel to [[Malwa|Malava]]. In Malava, Kumarapala saw an inscription at the Kudangeshvara temple, predicting his ascension to the throne in 1199 VS. After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala returned to Anahilapataka, and visited his sister's husband Kanhada-deva. The next morning, he arrived at the royal palace, accompanied by Kanhada's army. After rejecting two princes, Kanhada appointed Kumarapala as the new king.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=93-94}}

Jayasimha Suri provides a slightly different account: Kumarapala lived at Dadhisthali, where his great-grandfather had retired. Once, he came to Anahilapataka, where he received a sermon from Hemachandra, before returning to Dadhisthali. Jayasimha Siddharaja, who was childless, was devastated when Hemachandra predicted that Kumarapala would succeed him as the king. He had Kumarapala's father Tribhuvanapala murdered. Kumarapala sought advice from his brother-in-law Krishna-deva, who told him to leave Dadisthali in a mendicant's disguise. Kumarapala followed the advice, but returned to the capital sometime later. When Jayasimha learned about this, he invited all the mendicants to his father's shraddha ceremony, and recognized Kumarapala while washing his feet. Kumarapala managed to escape. He was saved by a farmer named Bhimasimha, took money from a mouse, was given food by a woman named Devashri, and was again saved by a potter named Sajjana. Next, he met his friend Bosari and the two went to the monastery at Khambhat. At the monastery, Hemachandra told Udayana that Kumarapala would become the king one day. He also saved Kumarapala from Jayasimha's spies. With help from Udayana, Kumarapala then traveled to [[Bharuch]]. From there, he proceeded to [[Ujjain]], [[Kolhapur|Kollapura]], [[Kanchi]], and finally [[Kollam|Kolambapattana]]. There, the deity [[Somanatha]] appeared in the dream of the local king Pratapasimha, and ordered him to help Kumarapala. After spending some days in Kollambapattana, Kumarapala returned to Ujjain, where he read the prophecy about his future kingship at the Kundageshvara temple. Next, he visited [[Chittor]] with his family. As the date of his prophesied kingship (1199 VS) came closer, he returned to Anahilapataka. Shortly after, Jayasimha died, and Kumarapala reached the palace with Krishna-deva. There, he was made the king after two other claimants were found unsuitable. His sister Premaladevi performed the ''mangalika'' ceremony, and Udayana's son Vagabhata was made an ''amatya'' (minister).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=94-96}}

Jina-Mandana Suri's account of Kumarapala's early life is largely borrowed from the earlier chroniclers.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=96}} But it does contain some original elements: for example, Kumarapala does not go to Hemachandra; rather, Hemachandra realizes that he is nearby, by sensing some signs indicating presence of a prince, such as "a lizard dancing on a serpent's head".{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=98}} [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]] also states that Kumarapala lived in exile fearing for his life, and returned to the capital only after the death of Jai Singh (that is, Jayasimha).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=96}}

The contemporary Muslim historian [[Muhammad Aufi]] mentioned a king called Rai Gurpal (of Nahrawala), who surpassed all other kings of Hindustan in good qualities. According to Aufi, Gurpal spent many years as a mendicant and suffered "all the miseries of travel", before he became a king. Historian Ashoke Majumdar identifies Gurpal with Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=96}}

The historicity of these legendary narratives is debatable, but it is known that Kumarapala seized the throne after sudden death of Jayasimha. This is known from two inscriptions dated to Kumarapala's reign: the 1145 CE [[Mangrol, Rajasthan|Mangrol]] inscription issued by his [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] feudatory, and the 1169 CE [[Veraval]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription issued by the [[Shaivite]] priest Bhava Brihaspati.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=99}} Jayasimha's only known male descendant was his daughter's son, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] prince [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]. Someshvara was too young to become a king at that time, and Kumarapala may have seized the throne with the support of powerful persons, including his brother-in-law Krishna-deva (Kanhada-deva) and rich Jains such as Udayana.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=100}} There might be some truth to Kumarapala's wanderings during his early years as well. But the greater part of the legendary narratives appears to be fanciful.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=102}}

The Jain chronicles mention that Kumarapala ascended the throne in 1199 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] (1042 CE). However, this is known to be inaccurate: a 1200 VS (1043 CE) inscription of Jayasimha has been found at Bali in [[Pali district]] of Rajasthan. The inaccuracy appears to have resulted from the later chroniclers' misinterpretation of Hemachandra's ''Mahaviracharita''. In this text, [[Mahavira]] tells Hemachandra that Kumarapala will become a king when 1669 years have ''passed'' after [[Vira Nirvana Samvat|his death]]. This implies that Kumarapala became the king after the ''end'' of the year 1199 VS, that is in 1200 VS.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=99}}

== Reign and military career ==
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of Kumarapala{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=499-501}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="72.62" latitude="23.67">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Bali, Rajasthan|Bali]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.2854, 25.1909] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Bhatund (Bhatunda)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.2316, 25.0402] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Chittorgarh]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.6269, 24.8887] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Dahod]] (Dohad)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.1240, 22.8596] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gala" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.8417, 22.9658] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Girnar]] (including Neminatha Temple)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.5503, 21.5179] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kiradu]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.0977, 25.7528] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Junagadh]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.4579, 21.5222] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.1158, 21.1172] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mount Abu]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.7156, 24.5926] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Nadol]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.4552, 25.3699] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Nanana" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.1680, 26.1542] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Narlai]] (Nadlai)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.5346, 25.3164] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.3234, 25.7711] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Prachi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.6075, 20.9208] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Ratnapura]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.4460, 23.7640] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Udaipur, Madhya Pradesh|Udaipur]] (Udayapur)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.0709, 23.8737] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Vadnagar]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.6166, 23.7757] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Veraval]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.3629, 20.9159] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
According to Merutunga, the ministers who had served Jayasimha tried to have the newly crowned Kumarapala assassinated. But Kumarapala survived after being forewarned by a loyal servant, and had the conspirators killed. Sometime later, his brother-in-law Kanhada-deva, who had played an important role in his ascension, started making fun of him by divulging secrets from his days as a mendicant. Kumarapala warned him to stop doing this, but Kanhada didn't comply with this request. As a result, Kumarapala had his limbs paralyzed by wrestlers and also blinded him. After this incident, all the officers and [[samanta]]s (feudatories) started treating the new king with respect.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=103}}

Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from [[Chittor]] and [[Jaisalmer]] in the north to the [[Vindhya]]s and the [[Tapti River]] in the south (ignoring his raid of the [[Shilahara]] kingdom of northern [[Konkana]]). In the west, it included [[Kutch district|Kachchha]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]; in the east, it extended up to at least [[Vidisha]] (Bhilsa).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}} The Jain chroniclers provide highly exaggerated accounts of the territorial extent of Kumarapala's kingdom. For example, Udayaprabha claims that Kumarapala's empire included [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Chola Empire|Chauda]], [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], [[Karnata]], [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]], [[Lata (region)|Lata]], [[Medapata]], [[Marwar|Maru]], and [[Bengal|Vanga]]. Such claims are of little historical value.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=118}}

=== Chahamanas of Shakambhari ===
==== Arnoraja ====

[[Arnoraja]], the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king, ruled the Sapadalaksha country to the north of Kumarapala's kingdom. His wife was a daughter of Jayasimha Siddharaja, and their son [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] had been brought up at the Chaulukya court. There appear to have been two wars between Arnoraja and Kumarapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=134}}

The first war appears to have been caused by Arnoraja's opposition to Kumarapala's ascension to the Gujarat throne. According to historian A. K. Majumdar, Arnoraja may have planned to replace Kumarapala with his son Someshvara. {{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=107-108}} Jayasimha's nominee and adopted son Chahada (also called Bahada or Charubhatta) formed an alliance with Arnoraja, and instigated him to fight Kumarapala. This is attested by several sources, including ''Dvyashraya'' (''Kumarapala Charita''), and ''Prabandha Chintamani''.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=134-135}} Merutunga's ''Prabandha Chintamani'' states that Chahada felt insulted by Kumarapala, and went to Sapdalaksha, where he instigated the king and his feudatories to attack Kumarapala by bribing them.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=104}} Chahada also managed to win over a large part of Kumarapala's army. As a result, Kumarapala was betrayed by several of his own soldiers on the battlefield. Despite this, he won the battle. Chahada was captured, after he fell to ground while trying to jump on Kumarapala's elephant. Kumarapala also wounded Arnoraja with an iron [[dart (missile)|dart]], and captured the horses of the Chahamana generals. The accounts of Prabhachandra, Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana are similar to that of Merutunga.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=105-106}} According to ''Kumarapala Charita'', Arnoraja suffered from an arrow shot in his face during the war.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=135}} Prabachandra states that Kumarapala's army unsuccessfully besieged Arnoraja's capital [[Ajmer|Ajayameru]] 11 times. Before launching the 12th campaign, Kumarapala prayed [[Ajitanatha]] on his minister's advice. This time, he defeated Arnoraja, whose ally included Jayasimha's adopted son Charubhata.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=97}}

Hemachandra's ''Dvyashraya'' states that after being defeated, Arnoraja concluded a peace treaty by arranging the marriage of his daughter Jahlana to Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=105-106}} According to ''Kumarapala Charita'', Kumarapala's sister also married Arnoraja.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=135}} Despite the conflict, Kumarapala treated Arnoraja's son Someshvara well. According to the Chahamana chronicle ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', Kumarapala (literally "Boy Protector") became worthy of his name through his treatment of Someshvara.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=108}}

Sometime around 1150 CE, there was a second war between Arnoraja and Kumarapala. According to the Jain chroniclers of Gujarat (such as Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana), Arnoraja once insulted Jains while playing chess with his wife Devalladevi. Devalladevi, a devout Jain and a sister of Kumarapala, asked her brother to avenge this insult.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=104}} Historian A. K. Majumdar points out that Kumarapala converted to Jainism at a later date, so the legend about his sister getting offended by Arnoraja appears to be historically inaccurate.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=107-108}} According to [[Dasharatha Sharma]], Devalladevi is a fictional character created by either Rajashekhara or another Jain writer, as none of the chronicles written before 14th century mention her.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=51}} According to Majumdar, Arnoraja invaded the Chaulukya kingdom taking advantage of Kumarapala's involvement in other conflicts.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=107-108}}

This second war also ended with Arnoraja's defeat. Kumarapala's victory over Arnoraja is corroborated by the [[Vadnagar]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription. His 1150 CE [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh]] inscription also states that he defeated the king of Shakambhari, devastated the Sapadalaksha country and then set up a camp at Shalipura. The [[Veraval]] ''prashasti'' also states that Kumarapala defeated the king of Jangala (another name for the Chahamana territory).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=106}}

==== Vigraharaja IV ====

Arnoraja's son [[Vigraharaja IV]] launched several expeditions against the Chaulukyas to avenge his father's defeat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=56}} According to the [[Bijolia]] rock inscription, he killed one Sajjana, a feudatory (''[[samanta]]'') of Kumarapala at Chitrakuta ([[Chittor]]).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=57}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=109}} The Jain author Somatilaka Suri states that Vigraharaja's army captured Sajjana's [[war elephant|elephant force]]. While Vigraharaja was busy fighting at Chittor, Kumarapala tried to create a diversion by besieging [[Nagaur]], but lifted the siege after learning about Vigraharaja's victory at Chittor.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=57}}

Vigraharaja also subdued the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], who were feudatories of Kumarapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=149}} The Bijolia inscription boasts that he destroyed the enemy cities of Javalipura ([[Jalore]]), Pallika ([[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]) and Naddula ([[Nadol]]). The Naddula ruler subdued by him may have been [[Alhanadeva]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=148}} Vigraharaja also defeated one Kuntapala, who can be identified with a Naddula Chahamana subordinate of Kumarapala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=57-58}}

A Chahamana ''prashasti'' ([[eulogy]]) boasts that Vigraharaja reduced Kumarapala to a ''karavalapala'' (probably the designation of a subordinate officer). This is obviously an exaggeration, but it does appear that Vigraharaja conquered some of Kumarapala's territories.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=58-59}} The Chahamana-Chaulukya relations probably became normal when Arnoraja's son [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=109}}

=== Paramaras of Abu ===

The writings of Prabhachandra, Jayasimha Suri, and Jina-Mandana Suri mention Kumarapala's conflict with Vikramasimha, a ruler of the [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Paramara branch of Abu]]. Kumarapala passed through Abu during his march against Arnoraja. Vikramasimha considered Kumarapala an usurper, and made a plan to assassinate him. He invited Kumarapala to dinner at his palace, but Kumarapala sent his officers instead. One of these officers told Kumarapala about Vikramasimha's treacherous plan.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=109-110}}

After defeating Arnoraja, Kumarapala returned to Abu, and had Vikramasimha imprisoned. He appointed Vikramasimha's nephew Yashodhavala as the new chief of Abu.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=110}}

=== Chahamanas of Naddula ===

The [[Chahamanas of Naddula]] were the northern neighbours and longstanding rivals of the Chaulukyas. [[Asharaja]], a former king of Naddula, had accepted Chaulukya suzerainty during Jayasimha's reign, after being dislodged by his nephew [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}} Asharaja's son [[Katukaraja]] seized the throne of Naddula around 1145 CE. His inscriptions of Katukaraja are dated in the Simha [[calendar era]], which was used in the present-day Gujarat region. Based on this, historian R. B. Singh believes that he captured Naddula with help of Kumarapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=253}} Katukaraja's younger brother and successor [[Alhanadeva]] ruled as Kumarapala's vassal.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=254}}

After becoming Kumarapala's feudatories, the Chahamanas of Naddula suffered an invasion by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamanas]]. During this time, in the 1150s CE, Kumarapala appointed his own governors at Naddula. In 1156 CE, Kumarapala's governor Pratapasimha was ruling at Naddula. In 1159 CE, another governor Vayajaladeva was in charge of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=256}} This governor is also known as Vaijalladeva and Vaijaka in historical records.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=110}} However, by 1161 CE, Kumarapala had restored Alhanadeva's rule in Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=257}}

Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that the Shakambhari Chahamana king [[Vigraharaja IV]] subdued Alhanadeva. As a result, Kumarapala placed Naddula under his own governors, and restored Alhanadeva's rule when Vigraharaja turned his attention away from Naddula to focus on northern campaigns.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=111}} Historian R. B. Singh theorizes that Alhanadeva joined Vigraharaja's predecessor [[Arnoraja]] against Kumarapala. As a result, Kumarapala appointed his own governors at Naddula. Later, Alhanadeva came back to Kumarapala, and helped him defeat Arnoraja. Kumarapala restored Alhanadeva's rule in a part of his former kingdom, but retained control of Naddula through his own governors. Later, Alhanadeva served him in a southern campaign, as a result of which Kumarapala restored Naddula to him.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=255-257}}

According to a [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription, the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] king (that is, Kumarapala) sought Alhanadeva's assistance in establishing peace in the hilly areas of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. An 1171 CE inscription proves that Alhanadeva's son [[Kelhanadeva]] continued to serve Kumarapala as a feudatory.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=111}}

=== Paramaras of Kiradu ===

The Paramara branch at [[Kiradu]] continued to acknowledge the Chaulukya suzerainty during Kumarapala's reign, as it had done under Jayasimha. The Kiradu inscription of the Paramara ruler Someshvara states that he gained control of Sindhurajapura with Jayasimha's help in 1141 CE, and made it secure in 1148 CE after gaining Kumarapala's favour. Alhana, the Chahamana ruler of Naddula, also issued an inscription from Kiradu in 1152 CE. It is possible he was temporarily appointed as the governor of Kiradu during this period. In 1161 CE, Someshvara captured two forts from a man named Jajjaka, as a result of which he gained a considerable wealth, including 1,700 horses. Jajjaka managed to get back his territories after acknowledging Kumarapala's suzerainty.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=111}}

=== Ballala of Malwa ===

Jayasimha Siddharaja had captured a large part of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]]. After his death, the Paramara king [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] regained control of his kingdom. However, his reign was cut short by an usurper named Ballala. According to [[Hemachandra]], Ballala had agreed to join Arnoraja's invasion of Gujarat. However, Hemachandra does not describe him as actually participating in Arnoraja's battle against Kumarapala. It is possible that Ballala had to change his plans because of the matrimonial alliance between Arnoraja and Kumarapala. Two of Kumarapala's generals - Vijaya and Krishna - betrayed him, and joined Ballala. Kumarapala then sent an army against Ballala around 1150-51 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=112}}

Kumarapala's Abu Paramara feudatory Yashodhavala killed Ballala in a battle, as attested by a [[Mount Abu]] inscription. The [[Vadnagar]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of Kumarapala boasts that the head of the lord of Malwa hung at the gates of the Chaulukya palace. This "lord of Malwa" is identified with Ballala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=112}}

=== Mallikarjuna ===

Kumarapala sent an army against [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]], the [[Shilahara]] king of northern [[Konkana]]. This campaign resulted in Mallikarjuna's death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=113}}

According to Merutunga, Kumarapala ordered an attack against Mallikarjuna, because the Shilahara king bore the pompous title ''raja-pitamiha'' ("grandfather of kings"). {{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=113}} However, the earlier writers such as Hemachandra do not mention any such reason for Kumarapala's aggression. This claim appears to be an invention of the later writers. It is possible that Kumarapala simply wanted to expand his kingdom, or was forced to take action against Mallikarjuna after a Shilhara raid in southern Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=114}}

Merutunga states that Kumarapala's army was led by Amrabhata (alias Ambada), the son of Udayana. Amrabhata's first march against Mallikarjuna was unsuccessful: the Shilaharas attacked him while his army was crossing the Kalavini river. Amrabhata was forced to retreat, and lived in seclusion as a result of this embarrassment. But Kumarapala dispatched him to Konkana with another army. During this second invasion, Amrabhata defeated Mallikarjuna. Jayasimha Suri and Jina-Mandana state that the Chaulukya army defeated Mallikarjuna during the first invasion.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=113-114}}

Apart from Amrabhata, the Chahamana prince [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] and the Abu Paramara prince Dharavarsha (son of Yashodhavala) appear to have participated in this battle. The Abu ''prashasti'' of Tejapala states that Yashodhavala performed well in a battle that made the wives of the Kunkuna (Konkana) ruler cry.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=114}} According to Hemachandra, Mallikarjuna fell from his elephant during the battle, and was beheaded by the Gujarat soldiers.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=113}} The Chahamana chronicle ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' claims that Someshvara personally beheaded Mallikarjuna.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=114}} Balachandra's ''Vasantavilasa'' claims that it Amrabhata killed Mallikarjuna. It appears that the Amrabhata was the nominal leader of the second campaign, which was actually led by Someshvara and Dharavarsha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=115}}

=== Saurashtra ===

Kumarapala waged war against a ruler of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. Later chroniclers such as Merutunga, Jayasimha Suri and Jina-Mandana state that Kumarapala's army was led by Udayana, who was mortally wounded during this campaign. However, this claim appears to be incorrect, as the earlier writer Prabachandra states that Udayana died fighting Navaghana of Saurashtra during the reign of Jayasimha Siddharaja.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=115}}

The later writers seem to have confused Jayasimha's Saurashtra campaign with that of Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=115}} Kumarapala's Saurashtra campaign was probably against the [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]]s. His [[Prachi]] stone inscription states that he appointed one Gumadeva to control the Abhiras, and that Gumadeva's sword frightened the Abhiras. The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] chief Alhana seems to have participated in this campaign, as his [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription boasts that he put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=116}}

=== After conversion to Jainism ===

The Jain chronicles state a rival king decided to invade Gujarat, taking advantage of Kumarapala's conversion to the non-violent [[Jainism|Jain fath]]. This greatly worried Kumarapala, but [[Hemachandra]] assured him that the Jain deities would protect him. Hemachandra also correctly predicted that the invading king would die on a specific day during the march.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=116}}

According to Prabhachandra, the invading king was the ruler of Kalyanakataka (identified with [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]]). According to Merutunga and Jina-Mandana, the invader was Karna, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king of the Dahala country. When he was sleeping on his elephant, his gold chain got caught in a tree branch, strangling him to death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=116}}

The historicity of these legends is doubtful, as they claim that Hemachandra had the supernatural power to predict the invader's death on a certain day. Neither the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukyas]], nor the Kalachuris were in a position to attack the powerful Gujarat Chaulukya kingdom during Kumarapala's reign. Therefore, these legends appear to have been invented by the Jain chroniclers to glorify Hemachandra and to prove that Kumarapala's adoption of Jainism did not weaken him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=116}}

== Last years ==

According to Jayasimha Suri, Kumarapala planned to pass on the throne to either his nephew [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]] or his grandson Pratapamalla. One day, he asked Hemachandra for advice. Hemachandra recommended Pratapamalla's name, and declared that Ajayapala was not fit to be a king. This conversation was overheard by Hemachandra's disciple Balachandra, who was a childhood friend of Ajayapala. Balachandra informed Ajayapala about the king's plan. Sometime later, Hemachandra died, and Kumarapala fell ill with grief. Before the king could appoint Pratapamalla as his heir, Ajayapala mixed poison in his milk. When Kumarapala realized that he had been poisoned, he asked for an antidote from the royal store. However, Ajayapala had already hidden this antidote, and as a result, Kumarapala died of poisoning.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=124-125}}

Other Jain chroniclers such as Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana give similar accounts of Kumarapala's death. However, these accounts do not appear to be historically accurate. Ajayapala was a follower of [[Brahmanism]], because of which the later Jain chroniclers portrayed him in a negative light. The early Jain chroniclers do not mention him as the murderer of Kumarapala. Moreover, ''Surathotsava'' by Someshvara (the priest of Ajayapala's son Bhima) suggests that Ajayapala was a son (not nephew) of Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=125-127}}

Kumarapala's body was cremated, and his ashes were immersed at [[Allahabad|Prayag]], at the confluence of [[Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=125}} According to [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]]'s ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'', his uncle and royal priest Sarva-deva II immersed the remains of Kumara-pala in Ganges.<ref>{{cite book |author=B.J. Sandesara |author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara |title=Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature |series=Singhi Jain Series |year=1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tljAAAAMAAJ |page=46 }}</ref>

== Administration ==

Three sons of Udayana, who is said to have helped Kumarapala during his early years, became highly influential and powerful politicians during Kumarapala's reign. These were Vagabhata, Amrabhata and Charubhata.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=91}} Vagabhata-deva was made a minister, and a man named Āliga was made the chief of council (''jyayana-pradhana'').{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=104}}

The coins attributed to Kumarapala has his name on reverse and seated goddess, probably Lakshmi, on obverse.<ref name="Roy1980">{{cite book|author=P. C. Roy|title=The Coinage of Northern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA82|year=1980|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-122-5|pages=84–86}}</ref>

== Religion ==
Kumarapala was born in a [[Shaivite]] family, but started patronizing [[Jainism]] at some point in life. The later Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism,{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}} and as a righteous Jain king.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=100}} During his reign, Jainism became prominent in Gujarat.<ref name="Luniya1978">{{cite book|author=Bhanwarlal Nathuram Luniya|title=Life and culture in medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a8JAQAAIAAJ|access-date=26 May 2011|year=1978|publisher=Kamal Prakashan|page=385}}</ref> It is not certain when exactly Kumarapala adopted the Jain faith. While several legendary chronicles state that he met the Jain scholar [[Hemachandra]] early in his life, the historical accuracy of this claim is doubtful.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}}

According to Kumarapala's near-contemporary Somaprabha, the king used to hold religious meetings with [[Brahmins]], but remained unsatisfied with their discussions. One day, his minister Vahada noticed this and told him about Hemachandra. The king requested a meeting with the Jain monk, who later converted him to Jainism. Hemachandra himself gives a similar account in his ''Mahavira-Charita''. The later legendary accounts of Kumarapala's conversion to Jainism are too fanciful to be true. For example, Merutunga claims that Hemachandra made the god [[Shiva]] appear before Kumarapala at the [[Somnath temple|Somanatha temple]]. Shiva told Kumarapala that Hemachandra was an incarnation of all the gods. On Hemachandra's advice, Kumarapala gave up the consumption of meat and wine. After return to his capital, Kumarapala took the [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)#Twelve Vows|twelve vows]] and became a Jain.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=120}}

The Jain chronicles state that Kumarapala banned [[animal slaughter]], alcohol, gambling and adultery after his conversion to Jainism. However, no extant inscriptions issued by the king announce any such ban. Two inscriptions issued by his feudatories ban animal slaughter on certain days of the month.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=122}} These are the Ratanpur inscription and the 1152 CE [[Kiradu]] inscription.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=121}}

Even after his conversion to Jainism, Kumarapala did not stop patronizing Shaivism. Hemachandra himself states that Kumarapala restored the temples of Shiva-Kedaranatha and Somanatha, and also erected the Kumareshvara temple after being told to do so by Shiva in a dream.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=121}} Although Jain accounts unanimously state that Kumarapala converted to Jainism, none of the king's extant inscriptions invoke Jain deities. Most of his inscriptions began with invocations to [[Shiva]]. Even the Ratanpur inscription of his feudatory, which bans animal slaughter in accordance with Jain principles, begins with an invocation to Shankara (Shiva). The Kiradu inscription also states that Kumarapala achieved his conquests by the grace of Shankara. The 1169 CE [[Veraval]] ''prasasti'' inscription issued by the Shaivite priest Bhava Brihaspati describes Kumarapala as the leader of the rulers who worship Maheshvara (Shiva).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=121}}

In view of these evidences, historian H. C. Ray theorizes that Kumarapala leaned towards Jainism because of financial considerations: he simply wanted to win over the support of rich Jain merchants, who controlled the economy of Gujarat. Historian Ashoke Kumar Majumdar criticizes this theory, arguing that the rich merchants in Gujarat probably became Jain ''after'' Kumarapala's conversion to Jainism, and because of his attempts to promote Jainism.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=120}}

According to Hemachandra's ''Dvyashraya'', Kumarapala began his day with blessings from the [[Brahmin]]s and accepted a [[tilaka]]. Later in the day, he visited a Jain temple (named as ''Kumarapala-Vihara'' by a commentator). At the temple, he worshipped [[Parshvanatha]]. Thus, Hemachandra's writings indicate that Kumarapala did not give up Brahaminical rituals completely. However, the writings of the later Jain writers suggest that Kumarapala was completely devoted to Jainism. For example:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=123-124}}

* Jina-Mandana states that Kumarapala stopped worshipping the Brahmanical idols.
* Somaprabha, writing around a decade after Kumarapala's death, claims that the king recited Jain [[mantra]]s and the ''[[Namokar Mantra|Pancha Namaskara]]'' prayer after waking up. After meditating and taking a bath, he worshipped Jain images. Time permitting, he visited the Kumarapala-Vihara and performed the Jain [[Jain rituals#Dravya Puja|eight-fold worship]] there. After this, he visited Hemachandra and listen to his teachings. At noon, the king had lunch only after he offered food to the Jain deities. Next, he discussed religion and philosophy with an assembly of learned men, and then attended his court.

It is possible that Kumarapala gave up the [[Brahmanism|Brahminical]] rituals during the last years of his life. Another possibility is that the later Jain writers made concerted attempts to falsely portray him as a completely devout Jain.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=123-124}}

The Shaivite texts claim that Kumarapala converted back to Shaivism.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2008|p=116}} For example, a ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' story states that Brahmins appealed to [[Hanuman]] for Kumarapala's re-conversion to Shaivism: a [[talisman]] given by Hanuman resulted in the destruction of Kumarapala's capital, and ultimately, his re-conversion. Gadadhara's ''Sampradaya Pradipa'' (1554) claims that Hemachandra was defeated in a debate and sentenced to death, after which Kumarapala became a Shaivite. Such stories, which appear to be imaginary, conceded that at some point, Kumarapala believed in Jainism.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2008|p=116}}

== Constructions ==
The Vadnagar inscription (1152 CE) mentions that Kumarapala built the fort of [[Vadnagar]]. ''Jagaducharita'' mentions that he ordered a tank to be built at Bhadravati ([[Bhadreshwar]]).<ref name="Dhaky1961"/> The stepwell at Vayad near [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] was built during Kumarapala's reign. Ganga stepwell at [[Wadhwan]] has been dated to 1169 CE (Samvat 1225).{{sfn | The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective | 1981 |page=21}}

=== Temples ===
[[File:Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg|thumb|[[Taranga Jain temple]] in Gujarat, constructed by Kumarapala]]
[[File:Palitana, Shatrunjaya, Adishwar Temple (9721034826).jpg|thumb|Adinath temple on Shatrunjaya]]
Kumarapala had constructed many temples; Brahminical temples as well as Jain temples due to his leaning towards it.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/> According to the Jain texts, he was responsible for building a large number of temples in his capital [[Anahilapataka]] (modern Patan).<ref name="Howard2012">{{cite book|author=Michael C. Howard|title=Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA189|date=23 February 2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2|pages=189–}}</ref>

He built the [[Somnath temple|temple at Somanatha]] in 1169 CE which the grandest and the most beautiful of his time. It's ''gudhamandapa'' (shrine proper) had the ceiling of about 34{{1/2}} feet which is the largest known in India.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/> He built Kumarapaleshwar temple and renovated Kedareshwar temples at Anahilapataka (now Patan). He replaced Phase II [[Somnath Temple]] (Bhima II's temple) at [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhas]] with large Kailash-Meru temple on the place.<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=55–62, 79–80}}</ref> He also constructed Somnath Temple in [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Desai2006">{{cite book|author=Anjali Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA227|access-date=26 May 2011|year=2006|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|pages=227}}</ref>

According to Jain ''[[prabandha]]''s, he built 32 Jain temples as the repentance of his non-vegetarianism in early life. This is mentioned in Yashapala's ''Mohaparajaya-nataka'' (VS 1229-32, 1173-76 CE) as well as in Prabhachandracharya's ''Prabhavakacharita'' (VS 1334, 1278 CE) and Merutunga's ''Prabandhachintamani'' (VS 1361, 1305 CE). Though it may be not be true explanation, he had constructed large number of temples himself or were constructed by his governors, administrators and officers.<ref name="KKV">{{Cite book|url=https://jainelibrary.org/book-detail/?srno=249390|title=નિર્ગ્રંથ ઐતિહાસિક લેખ સમુચ્ચય (Nirgranth Aetihasik Lekh Samucchay)|last=Dhaky|first=M. A.|publisher=Sresthi Kasturbhai Lalbhai Smaraknidhi|year=2002|location=Ahmedabad|pages=151–168|language=gu|trans-title=Nirgrantha (Jain) Historical Article Collection|chapter=કુમારપાળ અને કુમારવિહારો|trans-chapter=Kumarapala and Kumara-viharas|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky}}</ref>

He built Kumara-vihara dedicated to [[Parshwanath]] which had 24 ''devkulika''s (shrines) in Anahilapataka. He built Trivihara and Tribhuvana-vihara (1160 CE) at Anahilapataka in merit of his father Tribhuvanpla which had 72 ''devkulika''s and was dedicated to [[Neminatha]]. The large [[Ajitnatha]] temple at [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]] built by Kumarapala still survives while most of his other temples no longer exists.<ref name="KKV"/> He also built temples at several sites, many of which are already Jain sites of pilgrimage: [[Palitana|Shatrunjaya]], Arbudagiri ([[Mount Abu|Abu]]), Stambhatirtha ([[Khambhat]]), Prabhas (of Parshwanatha). He also built Kumaravihara at Tharapadra ([[Tharad]]), Iladurga ([[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]), Jabaliputra ([[Jalore]], 1165 CE), Dwipa ([[Diu, India|Diu]]), Latapalli ([[Ladol, Gujarat|Ladol]]), Karkarapuri (Kakar), Mandali ([[Mandal, Gujarat|Mandal]]) and Mangalpura ([[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]]). He built Jholika-vihara (1163 CE) at the birthplace of Hemachandra in [[Dhandhuka]]. ''Kumarapalapratibodha'' mentions his excavation of Jivantaswami Mahavira image from Vitabhayapura and its installation in the temple at Anahilapataka. Karmba-vihara, Yuka-vihara and the Mushaka-vihara are mentioned with a bizarre story in ''Prabandhachintamani'', ''Puratan-prabandha-sangraha'' and ''Kumarapala-charitra-sangraha''.<ref name="KKV"/><ref name="Dhaky1961" />

His Jain ministers built large number of temples. His minister Prithvipala built ''mandapa'' in front of the ''Vanrajavihara'' at Anahilapatak and the extant ''mandapa'' ({{circa|1150 CE}}) at the [[Dilwara Jain Temples|Vimala Temple]] on [[Mount Abu]]. He also built a ''mandapa'' the Ninnaya's temple built by his ancestor at [[Chandravati]] for the merits of his maternal grandmother. He also built Shantinath temple in Shayanvadapura in Rohamandal for the merits of his maternal grandfather. These two were between 1150-60. Minister Amrabhatta, son of Udayana, replaced old ''Shakunika-vihara'' at Bhrigukutch ([[Bharuch]]) with new grand temple. The relics of it are reused in extant Jami mosque at Bharuch. Minister Amarabhatta built Shakuni-chaitya (1166 CE) at Bhrigukutch ([[Bharuch]]) which was consecrated by [[Hemachandra]]. His brother Vagbhatta replaced old temple of Adinatha with new magnificent temple. Siddhapala, son of poet Shripala, built Siddhapala-vasati at Anahilapataka. Governor Muluka built Sahajigeshwara temple in 1146 CE in memory of his father, as mentioned in the inscription in Sodhli stepwell in [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]].<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

''Anchalagaccha-pattavali'' mentions that Minister Vagbhatta built the [[Palitana temples|Adinath temple]] (1155-1157 CE) on [[Shatrunjaya]] hill. On its foothill, he established the Vagbhattapura town and built Tribhuvana-vihara. Dholka inscription mentions that minister Vagbhatta added 24 ''devakulika''s to Udayana-vihara (about 1167 CE) in [[Dholka]]. ''Dholka-prashasti'' mentions that Vairisimha, a friend or a relative of Minister Vagbhatta, built the Parshwanatha temple in [[Khambhat]].<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

Kavi Vagbhatta who wrote ''Vagbhattalankara'', built the Mahavira temple known as Undira-vasahika at Padra which was consecrated by Jinabhadrasuri. Minister Vadhuyana's son Kapardi built the Adinath temple at Vatesara. A mutilated Junagdh inscription mentions many temples built by Minister Dhavala.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

The earliest extant temple of his period is small temple of Sarvamangala Devi at Khandoran. Other extant temples include Khandeshwari-mata Temple at Math near Kasangadh near Idar, the Mata temple (1146 CE) at Kanoda, the triple shrine at Parbadi in Saurashtra, Kumbheshwara Temple at [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district|Kumbhariya]]. The ''mandapa'' was added to Akhada Mahadeva temple at Vasai during his time. The [[Galateshwar Temple|temple at Galteshwar]] in [[Kheda district]] is a rare ''Bhumija'' style temple of Chalukyan style, devoid of any Paramara influence. There is a temple of Shashibhushana (c. 1169 CE) at Prabhas which is mentioned as one of five sacred temples of the town according to ''Prabhas-kanda''. Kumarapala's Somanatha inscription mentions its renovation by Pashupatacharya [[Bhava Brihaspati]]. Some older parts of the temple still survives.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{citation |editor=John E. Cort |author=John E. Cort |chapter=Who is a King? Jain Narratives of Kingship in Medieval Western India |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{cite book|author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer|title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02284-3|pages=19–24| ref={{sfnref | The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective| 1981}}}}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA116 |year=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306468-8 }}
{{refend}}
{{Chaulukya dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chaulukya kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Jain monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]

Bharati Shivaji

2026-03-21T14:55:53Z

AlfonzoGuess50: new.

{{Short description|Classical dancer of Mohiniyattom, choreographer and author (Born: 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bharati Shivaji
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1948
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Classical dancer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Mohiniyattom]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| child = Vijayalakshmi
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] Lasya Lakshmi [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] Samman Nritya Choodamani
}}
'''Bharati Shivaji''' is an Indian classical dancer of [[Mohiniyattom]],<ref name="Heritage Club IIT Roorkee">{{cite web | url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/spicmacay/wincon.html | title=Heritage Club IIT Roorkee | publisher=Heritage Club IIT Roorkee | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126225831/http://www.iitr.ac.in/spicmacay/wincon.html | archive-date=2015-11-26 | url-status=dead }}</ref> choreographer and author, known for her contributions to the art form by way of performance, research and propagation.<ref name="Mohiniyattam (Bharati Shivaji and Vijayalakshmi)">{{cite web | url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/mohiniyattam-bharati-shivaji-and-vijayalakshmi-IDK992/ | title=Mohiniyattam (Bharati Shivaji and Vijayalakshmi) | publisher=Exotic India Art | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> She is the founder of '' Center for Mohiniyattam'', a dance academy promoting [[Mohiniyattom]]<ref name="Classical Dancers of India">{{cite web | url=http://classicaldancers.weebly.com/bharati-shivaji.html | title=Classical Dancers of India | publisher=Classical dancers | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> and the co-author of two books, ''Art of Mohiniyattom''<ref name="Art of Mohiniyattam">{{cite book | title=Art of Mohiniyattam | publisher=Lancer, India | author=Bharati Shivaji, Avinash Pasricha | year=1986 | pages=107 | isbn=978-8170620037}}</ref> and ''Mohiniyattom''.<ref name="Mohiniyattam">{{cite book | title=Mohiniyattam | publisher=Wisdom Tree | author=Bharati Shivaji, Vijayalakshmi | year=2003 | isbn=9788186685365}}</ref> She is a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm#DanceBharatnatyam | title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331060603/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm#DanceBharatnatyam | archive-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> and [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] Samman.<ref name="Padmashri Bharati Shivaji">{{cite web | url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=176 | title=Padmashri Bharati Shivaji | publisher=Thiraseela | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2004, for her contributions to Indian classical dance.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
{{quote box|align = left|width=21em|''[[Mohiniyattam]] is one of the eight Indian classical dance forms recognized by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]. The term Mohiniyattam comes from the words "Mohini" (meaning a woman who enchants onlookers) and "attam" (meaning graceful and sensuous body movements). The word "Mohiniyattam" literally means "dance of the enchantress".''<ref name="Mohiniyattam-2">{{cite web | url=http://mohiniyattam.de/en/mohiniyattam | title=Mohiniyattam | publisher=Mohiniyattam.de | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413124141/http://mohiniyattam.de/en/mohiniyattam | archive-date=13 April 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
Bharati Shivaji was born in 1948 in the temple town of [[Kumbakonam]], in [[Tanjavur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="Performers of Indian dances and music">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianembassy.ru/index.php/ru/media-news/78-cultural-centre/cultural-life/485-performers-of-indian-dances-and-music- | title=Performers of Indian dances and music | publisher=Indian Embassy, Russia | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127042927/http://www.indianembassy.ru/index.php/ru/media-news/78-cultural-centre/cultural-life/485-performers-of-indian-dances-and-music- | archive-date=27 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and had her early training in [[Bharatnatyam]] under Lalita Shastri<ref name="Bound to Kerala by Mohiniyattam">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bound-to-kerala-by-mohiniyattam/article3428965.ece | title=Bound to Kerala by Mohiniyattam | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 May 2012 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> and [[Odissi]] under [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]].<ref name="Time for Samvaad">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-mohiniyattam-collective-by-bharati-shivaji/article6636181.ece | title=Time for Samvaad | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 November 2014 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> Later, on advice from [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], renowned social reformer, she took up research on [[Mohiniyattom]], the traditional dance form of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Padmashri Bharati Shivaji" /> After obtaining a research fellowship from [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], she traveled to Kerala and pursued research under [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]], a scholar of the [[Arts of Kerala|Temple Arts of Kerala]] and former vice-chairman of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref name="From law to theatre">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100780500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226125822/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100780500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 February 2018 | title=From law to theatre | date=31 October 2004 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> Shifting her focus from Bharatnatyam and Odissi,<ref name="Bound to Kerala by Mohiniyattam" /> she started training Mohiniyattom under Radha Marar and, later, under [[Kalamandalam Satyabhama]], and also had a training stint under [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]],<ref name="Classical Dancers of India" /> considered by many as the ''Mother of Mohiniyattom''.<ref name="Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma">{{cite web | url=https://smitharajan.tripod.com/kalyanikuttyamma.html | title=Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma | publisher=Smith Rajan | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Moving to New Delhi, Shivaji founded the dance academy, ''Center for Mohiniyattom'', a dedicated facility for promoting the dance form. She is known to have contributed to the evolution of the dance tradition,<ref name="Padmashri Bharati Shivaji" /> by adding more languor to the already languorous discipline,<ref name="Bound to Kerala by Mohiniyattam" /> and by adapting it to other dance forms such as ballet; her Mohiniyattom adaptation of the [[Swan Lake]] of [[Tchaikovsky]], choreographed along with her daughter, Vijayalakshmi, is one such effort.<ref name="The power of grace">{{cite web | url=http://www.theacorn.com/news/2014-06-26/Community/The_power_of_grace.html | title=The power of grace | publisher=The Acorn | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127045202/http://www.theacorn.com/news/2014-06-26/Community/The_power_of_grace.html | archive-date=27 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Her productions include adaptations of ''Bhanusinger Padavali'' of [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref name="A seeker’s odyssey">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-seekers-odyssey/article7109601.ece | title=A seeker's odyssey | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 April 2015 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> ''Chandrotsavam'' of the [[Manipravalam]], ''Somastuthi'' from the [[Rig Veda]], and the ''Devagita'', from [[Ashtapadi]].<ref name="Classical Dancers of India" /> She is known to have incorporated postures, movements and music from other Traditional art forms of Kerala such as [[Ottamthullal]], [[Kaikottikali]], [[Thayambaka]] and [[Krishnanattam]] into Mohiniyattom, a legacy from her tutelage under [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].<ref name="Mohiniattam Style">{{cite web | url=http://en.kuchipudi.ru/mohini_e.htm | title=Mohiniattam Style | publisher=Kuchipudi | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 | archive-date=4 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204232931/http://en.kuchipudi.ru/mohini_e.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1986, Shivaji published his first book, Art of ''Mohiniyattam'', co-authored by Avinash Pasricha.<ref name="Art of Mohiniyattam" /> The book documents her researches under Sangeet Natak Akademi fellowship and a subsequent senior fellowship from the Department of Culture under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and is a reference book on the subject.<ref name="Padmashri Bharati Shivaji" /> She published another book, ''Mohiniyattam'', co-written by her daughter, Vijayalakshmi, herself a noted Mohiniyattom performer, in 2003.<ref name="Mohiniyattam" /> The book deals with the history and evolution of the art form and comments about the styles and techniques, repertoire, music, costumes and jewellery associated with it.<ref name="Mohiniyattam (Bharati Shivaji and Vijayalakshmi)" /> She has performed on several stages in India<ref name="BVB celebrates Munshi’s birthday">{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bvb-celebrates-munshi-s-birthday/story-U3kKcpLyDKFSrabe3isAZJ.html | title=BVB celebrates Munshi's birthday | newspaper=Hindustan Times | date=7 May 2013 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bharati Shivaji to perform today">{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021019/cth2.htm | title=Bharati Shivaji to perform today | publisher=Tribune | date=18 October 2002 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> and abroad<ref name="Bollywood meets Holyrood">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/aug/22/artsfeatures.bollywood | title=Bollywood meets Holyrood | newspaper=Guardian | date=22 August 2002 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> and has taught many Indian and foreign students.<ref name="Russian belle dons role of Radha in Kerala’s Mohiniattam">{{cite web | url=http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=98165 | title=Russian belle dons role of Radha in Kerala's Mohiniattam | publisher=South Asia Mail | date=30 April 2008 | access-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127083602/http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=98165 | archive-date=27 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She also continues her research by visiting temples and gives lecture-demonstrations on the dance form at conferences and seminars.<ref name="A seeker’s odyssey" />

== Awards and honours ==
Shivaji was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1999–2000.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar" /> Four years later, the Government of India included her in the 2004 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> She is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] Samman, ''Lasya Lakshmi'' title from Kunchan Nambiar Memorial Trust, Kerala and ''Nritya Choodamani'' title from the Krishna Gana Sabha, [[Chennai]].<ref name="Profile of Padmashree Bharti Shiwaji">{{cite web | url=http://spicmacay.apnimaati.com/2011/01/profile-of-padmashree-bharti-shiwaji.html | title=Profile of Padmashree Bharti Shiwaji | publisher=Spicmacay | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> She won the [[Nishagandhi Puraskaram]] of the [[Government of Kerala]] in 2017.<ref name="ind2017">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/nishagandhi-award-for-bharati-shivaji/articleshow/56653216.cms |title=Nishagandhi Award for Bharati Shivaji |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2017-01-20 |access-date=2017-01-21 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/nishagandhi-award-for-bharati-shivaji/articleshow/56653216.cms |archive-date=2018-04-07 }}</ref>

Sara and Urs Baur, two American filmmakers, have made a documentary, ''Beyond Grace'', on Mohiniyattom and the art of Shivaji which features her daughter, Vijayalakshmi, too.<ref name="Docu on Mohiniyattam exponents to be screened">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article431296.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127020818/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article431296.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 November 2015 | title=Docu on Mohiniyattam exponents to be screened | publisher=Indian Express | date=7 July 2011 | access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> The 78-minute film, which details the work of the mother-daughter combination,<ref name="Beyond Grace">{{cite web | url=http://www.beyondgracethemovie.com/bios | title=Beyond Grace | publisher=Beyond Grace the Movie | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127043518/http://www.beyondgracethemovie.com/bios | archive-date=27 November 2015 }}</ref> was premiered on 9 July 2011 at the Raleigh Theatre, [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], Los Angeles.<ref name="Docu on Mohiniyattam exponents to be screened" />

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | title=Art of Mohiniyattam | publisher=Lancer, India | author=Bharati Shivaji, Avinash Pasricha | year=1986 | pages=107 | isbn=978-8170620037}}
* {{cite book | title=Mohiniyattam | publisher=Wisdom Tree | author=Bharati Shivaji, Vijayalakshmi | year=2003 | isbn=9788186685365}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mohiniyattom]]
* [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]
* [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
* [[Kalamandalam Satyabhama]]
* [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite interview | url=http://aswadanam.com/index.php/en/arts/83-mohiniyattam-main-articles/143-bharatai-sivaji | title=A tete a tete with Mohiniyattam exponent Bharati Shivaji | date=2 September 2014 | access-date=26 November 2015 | last=Bharati Shivaji | interviewer=Supriya Rajan | location=Sree Sankara School of Dance, Kalady, Kerala}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4534406|Bharati Shivaji}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4qs-NT4lxg | title=National dance fest : Bharati Shivaji (Mohiniyattam) | publisher=Kutcheri Buzz | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=19 October 2012 | access-date=25 November 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0hSYZMk8Ho | title=Geeta-Govinda Sopan (Mohiniyattam) performance by Padmashri Bharati Shivaji | publisher=Konchhok | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=21 February 2013 | access-date=25 November 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/delhi-photos-1/#/dehli-bharati-shivaji_1855_600x450.jpg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217175039/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/delhi-photos-1/#/dehli-bharati-shivaji_1855_600x450.jpg | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 February 2010 | title=Bharati Shivaji and Dance Troupe | publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] | date=2015 | access-date=25 November 2015 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivaji, Bharati}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Women art historians]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]

Thiru. Vi. Ka. Salai

2026-03-17T11:57:39Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting first pg from scratch...

{{short description|Main street in the downtown region of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox street
|marker_image=
|name= Thiru Vi Ka High Road
|native_name=
|alternate_name= General Patters Road, Westcott Road, Royapettah High Road
|maint= [[Corporation of Chennai]]
|image=
|caption=
|map=
|length_mi= 2.17
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|length_notes=
|established=
|decommissioned=
|direction_a=North
|terminus_a=[[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]]
|junction=
|direction_b=South
|terminus_b=Lazarus Church Road, [[Mylapore]], Chennai
|coordinates= {{coord|13.0507497|N|80.2683518|E|display=inline,title}}
|location= Chennai, India
|system=
}}

'''Thiru Vi Ka Salai''', or the '''Thiru Vi Ka High Road''', is one of the main streets in the downtown region of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Running from north to south, the street branches off of the arterial [[Anna Salai]] north of the [[LIC Building]]<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/> and ends at Luz Corner in [[Mylapore]], continuing as the [[Ramakrishna Mutt Road]]. The street connects the neighbourhoods of [[Royapettah]], [[Mylapore]] and [[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Royapettah+High+Rd,+Chennai,+Tamil+Nadu/@13.045449,80.2643679,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a52663ab20229e1:0xe98c03290c2aa538!8m2!3d13.045449!4d80.2665566?hl=en Location in Google Maps]</ref> The street includes three individual stretches formerly known as General Patters Road, Westcott Road and Royapettah High Road, respectively. The longest stretch, formerly known as the Royapettah High Road, runs to a length of {{convert|1.17|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="GeoIQ">{{cite web | url = https://geoiq.io/roads/Royapettah-High-Road/Q793KLfu7r | title = Royapettah High Road | last = | first = | date = n.d. | website = GeoIQ | access-date = 19 November 2021 | quote = }}</ref> The presence of numerous automobile dealers on the northern end of the street resulted in Chennai coming to be known as ''The Detroit of India''.<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/>

==History==
The original Woodlands Hotel was located on Royapettah High Road, whose garden space is presently occupied by a namesake cinema complex.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|84–85}} The street is also known for the presence of princely properties of the Arcot Nawab family, including the [[Amir Mahal]] and Acharya Graha. It is said that Amir Mahal and Acharya Graha were connected with a tunnel.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|196}} The Acharya Graha housed the Regional Provident Fund office before the office was moved to its present premises on the same street.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|196}} Previous owners of the Acharya Graha include Justice S. Subramania Aiyer, the Zamindar of Arni, and Congress associate T. M. Srinivasan.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|196}} When it was owned by T. M. Srinivasan, the property had several Congress visitors including [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Balgangadhar Tilak]].<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|196}} Jammi Buildings, from which Jammi Pharmaceuticals, an outgrowth of the clinic and pharmacy established in Mylapore by Ayurvedic physician Jammi Venkataramanayya in 1928 known for its then popular household name 'Jammi Liver Cure', operated from 1949 till the 1980s, is one of the oldest landmarks on the street.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|238–239}}

On the southern side of the street, the Sanskrit Academy was established in 1927 to promote Sanskrit learning. Several Sanskritic organisations, including the [[Madras Sanskrit College]], were founded in the first quarter of the 20th century.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|237–238}} In the 1950s, the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute was established, which now has about 50,000 books in [[Sanskrit]] and on [[Indology]], besides 1000 ''olas'' (palm-leaf manuscripts) in [[Grantham]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Sanskrit.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|238}} The ''Madras Law Journal'', the oldest in [[South India]], was established in the campus in 1891 and moved out in 2006–2007 when it was acquired by an international publisher.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|238}} When the area west of the Madras Sanskrit College towards the southern part of the street, known as the ''Dhobi Ghat'', was gifted in 1915, it became the permanent location of the Student's Home, a home for destitute boys founded in 1905 in a temporary location by C. Ramaswamy Aiyangar and C. Ramanujachari. In the 1920s, the home expanded to include a high school and a college.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|237}}

By the middle of the 20th century, Anna Salai had become the hub of automobile manufacturers in [[South India]], including conglomerates such as [[Simson (company)|Simson]], [[Addison Motor Company]], [[Royal Enfield]], South India Automotive Company, George Oaks of the [[Amalgamations Group]], [[Standard Motor Products of India Limited|Standard Motor Products of India]], and [[TVS Motor Company]].<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/> This, coupled with low rental rates in the nearby streets, resulted in automobile spare manufacturers and dealers opening shops in the region, including [[Pudupet]], [[Chintadripet]], General Patters Road, Whites Road, State Bank Street and so forth.<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/> General Patters Road became the hub of automobile service and spare dealers.<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/> This resulted in the region coming to be called ''The Detroit of India''.<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/> The stretch was also home to theaters such as Jayapradha and Melody.<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/>

On 19 October 1952, at the house of Telugu leader [[Bulusu Sambamurti]], in a street off Royapettah High Road leading to the present-day Vidya Mandir School, [[Gandhian]] [[Potti Sriramulu]] embarked on a fast-unto-death, demanding the creation of a new Andhra state for the Telugu-speaking people, leading to the formation of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] the following year.<ref name="TH_IdeaofAndhra">{{cite news
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| title = Idea of Andhra was born in Mylapore
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 1 August 2013
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/idea-of-andhra-was-born-in-mylapore/article4974866.ece
| access-date = 22 December 2021}}</ref> The old tile-roofed house was later demolished to make way for a memorial for Potti Sriramulu.<ref name="TH_IdeaofAndhra"/>

==The street==
Thiru Vi Ka Salai is connected with [[Anna Salai]] at the northern end.<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = தெரு வாசகம்: கார்களை அலங்கரிக்கும் சாலை
| newspaper = The Hindu Tamil
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 6 July 2018
| url = https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/sontha-veedu/134991-.html
| access-date = 21 December 2021}}</ref> The northernmost stretch branching off Anna Salai on its eastern side and abutting the Express Estate was formerly known as General Patters Road,<ref name="Muthiah2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref>{{Rp|84–85}} running to a length of 0.97 km.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://geoiq.io/roads/General-Patters-Road/HBDEaIHLAv
| title = General Patters Road
| last =
| first =
| date = n.d.
| website = GeoIQ
| publisher =
| access-date = 22 December 2021
| quote = }}</ref> From then on, the street was known as the Royapettah High Road.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>{{Rp|84–85}} The initial stretch of the Royapettah High Road was in turn known as the Westcott Road for the first 530 meters and the remaining 2 km as the Royapettah High Road.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://geoiq.io/roads/Westcott-Road/obmfop2Cmp
| title = Westcott Road
| last =
| first =
| date = n.d.
| website = GeoIQ
| publisher =
| access-date = 22 December 2021
| quote = }}</ref> The street also has a flyover that connects the neighbourhoods of Royapettah and Mylapore.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Swaminathan
| first = T. S. Atul
| title = Royapettah flyover badly needs more illumination
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 30 November 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/royapettah-flyover-badly-needs-more-illumination/article25632415.ece
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref> The southern end of the street is connected to the Kutchery Road at the Luz Corner Junction.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = All eyes on Kalvi Varu Street project
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 6 February 2021
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/all-eyes-on-kalvi-varu-street-project/article33767479.ece
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref> Railway stations that are connected to the main street are the [[Thirumayilai railway station]] and the [[Mundagakanniamman Koil railway station]] of the [[Chennai MRTS]], both near the southern end of the street. The Royapettah underground station of the [[Chennai Metro]] is under construction near the [[Government Royapettah Hospital]] at the northern side of the street.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = 3 Indian cos may build 29 underground metro stations in Chennai
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 12 October 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/3-indian-cos-may-build-29-underground-metro-stations-in-chennai/articleshow/86955777.cms
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref>

===Traffic junction===
The five-road junction near the northern end of the Royapettah flyover, connecting Avvai Shanmugam Salai and Masilamani Street with the Royapettah High Road stretch of the Thiru Vi Ka Salai is a critical traffic junction on the street.<ref name="NM_FiveRoad">{{cite news
| last = Shekar
| first = Anjana
| title = Why this five-road junction in Chennai's Royapettah is a nightmare for motorists
| newspaper = The News Minute
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = News Minute
| date = 6 September 2019
| url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-five-road-junction-chennai-s-royapettah-nightmare-motorists-108491
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="TH_ChaosRules">{{cite news
| last = Swaminathan
| first = T. S. Atul
| title = Chaos rules a busy intersection in Royapettah
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 5 October 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chaos-rules-a-busy-intersection-in-royapettah/article25133971.ece
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref> The junction is one of the busiest in South Chennai owing to various factors such as being a bus route and the presence of several commercial establishments, headquarters of political parties, auto-gas filling stations, and a residential area.<ref name="TOI_TraffNightmare"/> It is also one of the junctions with five arms, one of which leads to a residential colony.<ref name="TOI_TraffNightmare">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Royapettah junction a traffic nightmare
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 23 July 2019
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/royapettah-junction-a-traffic-nightmare/articleshow/70337016.cms
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref>

==Major landmarks and memorials==
The city's largest peripheral hospital, the 712-bed [[Government Royapettah Hospital]], is located on the northern part of the street.<ref name="TOI_10CroreForCancerUnit">{{cite news
| title = Rs 10cr for cancer unit at Royapettah hospital
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 August 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-17/chennai/33248577_1_oral-cancer-cancer-centre-cancer-tops
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130224055002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-17/chennai/33248577_1_oral-cancer-cancer-centre-cancer-tops
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 24 February 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 28 Apr 2013}}</ref> Other important landmarks on the street include Sathyamurthi Bhavan (the headquarters of the [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]]), the historic Royapettah Police Station, [[Provident Fund]] office, [[Madras Sanskrit College]], [[Valluvar]] Statue, and the [[Luz Anjaneya Temple]].<ref name="THT_ThiruViKa"/><ref>{{cite news
| last = Narayanan
| first = Vivek
| title = In Chennai, this intersection has had no working traffic signal for years
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 14 February 2020
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/in-chennai-this-intersection-has-had-no-working-traffic-signal-for-years/article30820462.ece
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Anand
| first = M. Aaditya
| title = Anjaneyar Devasthanam at Mylapore is two centuries old
| newspaper = News Today
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 4 January 2019
| url = https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/01/04/anjaneyar-devasthanam-at-mylapore-is-two-centuries-old/
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref>

The house where Potti Sriramulu fasted to death now stands as the Potti Sreeramulu Memorial Building, which promotes arts and culture and also houses a Telugu library.<ref name="TH_IdeaofAndhra"/><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Andhra Pradesh government urged to protect Potti Sriramulu memorial
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Vijayawada
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 5 December 2016
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-urged-to-protect-potti-sriramulu-memorial/articleshow/55802856.cms
| access-date = 22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Potti Sreeramulu Memorial Society to hold contests for students; music, art, Telugu poetry
| newspaper = Mylapore Times
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = 13 July 2016
| url = https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2016/07/potti-sreeramulu-memorial-society-to-hold-contests-for-students-music-art-telugu-poetry/
| access-date = 22 December 2021}}</ref>

==Development==
Royapettah High Road is one of the major roads that are being developed under the phase I of the Mega Streets Project.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Shivani
| title = Chennai Mega Streets Project: Corporation to revamp 25 km stretch of road in the city under 'quick wins'
| newspaper = The Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 27 January 2021
| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-mega-streets-project-25-km-roads-7155605/
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Nag
| first = Devanjana
| title = Mega Streets Project: GCC to revamp 25 km stretch of road in Chennai under 'quick wins'; details here
| newspaper = Financial Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 22 January 2021
| url = https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/mega-streets-project-gcc-to-revamp-25-km-stretch-of-road-in-chennai-under-quick-wins-details-here/2176344/
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Shivani
| title = Mega Streets Project to give 110 km of Chennai's arterial roads a makeover
| newspaper = The Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 13 February 2020
| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-mega-streets-project-6266110/
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] sent a proposal to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] on widening the road and began the work on preparation of land plan schedule.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Buildings on 132 roads may be razed
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 26 August 2016
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Buildings-on-132-roads-may-be-razed/article14589347.ece
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Roads of Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Roads in Chennai]]
[[Category:Roads in Tamil Nadu]]

Thankamani Gopinath

2026-03-15T05:19:33Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting the stub basic info

{{short description|Indian Mohiniyattam dancer (1918–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thankamani Gopinath
| birth_name = Mangat Mulaykkal Thankamani
| alias =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 27 March 1918
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]] (in present [[Kerala]])
| death_date = 28 December 1990
| death_place =
| parents =
| spouse = [[Guru Gopinath]]
| children =
| occupation = [[Mohiniyattam|Mohiniyattam dancer]], [[keral Natanam]] dance teacher
| known for = [[Kerala Natanam]]
| awards =
}}

'''Mangat Mulaykkal Thankamani''', known by her married name '''Thankamani Gopinath''' (27 March 1918 – 28 December 1990) was a prominent Indian [[Mohiniyattam|Mohiniyattam dancer]] and dance teacher from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=BIJU |title=കാലം മറയ്ക്കാത്ത ദേവനര്‍ത്തകി: തങ്കമണി ഗോപിനാഥിന്‍റെ ജന്‍‌മശതാബ്‌ദി 27ന് |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/dance-drama-in-malayalam/100th-birth-anniversary-of-thankamani-gopinath-118032300035_1.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=malayalam.webdunia.com |language=ml}}</ref> The wife and co-dancer of [[Guru Gopinath]], she was the first student of Mohiniyattam from [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kalamandalam]]. Thankamani is considered as one of the important icons in the history of women's progress in Kerala, who learned Mohiniyattam at a time when learning and performing dance was considered unethical for girls in Kerala. She has also starred and sang a song in the 1941 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie]] [[Prahlada (film)|Prahlada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-22 |title=Trailblazer on the dance stage |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/life-and-times-of-danseuse-thankamani-gopinath/article23309184.ece |access-date=2023-06-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Biography==
Thankamani was born on 27 March 1918 at [[Kunnamkulam]] in present-day [[Thrissur district]]. Here parents were Panthalat Govindan Nair and Mangat Mulakkal Kunjikavamma. When [[Vallathol Narayana Menon|Vallathol]] started [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kalamandalam]], she was the first [[Mohiniyattam]] student to enroll there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2018-06-01 |title=An ode to perfection |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/marquee/an-ode-to-perfection-1502643373.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>

She married [[Guru Gopinath]] in September 1936. Thangamani became one of the earliest actresses in Malayalam after she played the role of Kayathu in [[Prahlada (film)|Prahlada]] (1941), the third [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam sound film]] alongside her husband Guru Gopinath.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHsRAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D |title=Paricayam |date=1967 |language=ml}}</ref> Along with being the female lead, she also sang in the film. After the marriage Thangamani gradually stopped dancing Mohiniyattam. Together, they developed and popularized an innovative dance style called [[Kerala Natanam]] (originally named Kathakali Natanam).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kernala Natanam, The Enchanting Dance of India |url=https://www.kurukshethrabooks.com/books/product/kerala-natanam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413195333/https://kurukshethrabooks.com/books/product/kerala-natanam |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.kurukshethrabooks.com}}</ref> Thankamani's ''Pantadi dance'' and ''Udyana Varnana'' together with the dances of Radhakrishna, Sivaparvati, Lakshmi Narayana and Sita of Ashokavana she performed with Guru Gopinath were once popular in [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles - SEVENTY YEARS OF KERALA NATANAM by G Vinodini |url=https://narthaki.com/info/articles/article77.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref>

Thangamani taught dance at Sree Chitrodaya Dance College, which was the first dance school in [[Travancore]]. She was the teacher of most of the early students who learned Kerala Natanam like Lalitha, Padmini, Ragini, Bhavani Chellappan, Mangala and Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kr̥ṣṇavāriyar |first=En Vi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aYyAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D |title=വിചിന്തനങ്ങൾ, വിശദീകരണങ്ങൾ |date=1988 |publisher=Ḍi. Si. Buks |language=ml}}</ref>

Guru Gopinath-Thangamani Gopinath was one of the most popular dance pairs in India during the 1940s and 1950s. Thangamani, who left the dance stage in the late 1960s became a member of the Vishwa Kala Kendram Bharana Samiti in [[Vattiyoorkavu]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. She died on 28 December 1990, three years after the death of Guru Gopinath.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lemos |first=Justine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWp2EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D&pg=PA108 |title=Tradition and Transformation in Mohiniyattam Dance: An Ethnographic History |date=2022-06-28 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-5072-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath, Thankamani}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]

State Bank of India

2026-03-13T11:37:08Z

AlfonzoGuess50: expanded article per standard format additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian public sector bank}}
{{Redirect|.sbi||SBI (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox company
| name = State Bank of India (SBI)
| logo = State Bank of India.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = State Bank of India Corporate Centre Mumbai.jpg
| image_alt = SBI Headquarters
| image_caption = State Bank Bhavan, [[Nariman Point]], [[Mumbai]]
| former_name =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| predecessor = {{Plainlist|
[[Imperial Bank of India]] (1921 {{endash}} 1955)
:[[Bank of Calcutta]] (1806 {{endash}} 1921)
:[[Bank of Bombay]] (1840 {{endash}} 1921)
:[[Bank of Madras]] (1843 {{endash}} 1921)
}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1955|07|01}} State Bank of India
----
{{ubl|
{{start date|1921|01|27|df=yes}} [[Imperial Bank of India]]
:{{start date|1806|06|02|df=yes}} [[Bank of Calcutta]]
:{{start date|1840|04|15|df=yes}} [[Bank of Bombay]]
:{{start date|1843|07|01|df=yes}} [[Bank of Madras]]
}}
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|SBIN}}|{{BSE|500112}}|{{LSE|SBID}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE062A01020}}
| industry = [[Banking]], [[financial services]]
| num_locations = 23,085 branches 63,580 ATMs<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - About Us |url=https://sbi.bank.in/web/about-us/about-us |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=sbi.bank.in}}</ref>
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl
| [[Challa Sreenivasulu Setty |C. Sreenivasulu Setty]] ([[List of chairmen of the State Bank of India|chairman]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/govt-appoints-dinesh-kumar-khara-as-sbi-chairman-for-3-years-11602000392605.html|work=livemint|title=govt-appoints-dinesh-kumar-khara-as-sbi-chairman-for-3-years|date=6 October 2020|access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>
| Kameshwar Rao Kodavanti ([[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]])<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbi-appoints-kameshwar-rao-kodavanti-as-cfo/articleshow/101419102.cms|title= SBI appoints Kameshwar Rao Kodavanti as CFO|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= July 2023}}</ref>
}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Retail banking]]|[[Corporate banking]]|[[Investment banking]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s| [[Private banking]]|[[Wealth management]]|[[Asset management]]|[[Investment management]]|[[Credit cards]]|[[Insurance]] }}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|5.24|lc|lk=on}}<ref name="Annual Report 2025"/>
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1.10|lc}}<ref name="Annual Report 2025"/>
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|70910|c}}<ref name="Annual Report 2025"/>
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|66.76|lc}}<ref name="Annual Report 2025"/>
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4.86|lc}}<ref name="Annual Report 2025"/>
| equity_year = 2025
| owner = [[Government of India]] (55.50%)
| subsid = {{ubl|[[SBI Life Insurance Company|SBI Life Insurance Ltd]]|[[SBI Mutual Fund]] (63%)|[[SBI Cards]] and Payment Services Ltd (68.63%)|[[SBI General Insurance]] (69.11%)}}
| num_employees = 2,36,221<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employee strength of Public Sector Banks |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/268/AU259_JW71fE.pdf?source=pqars |access-date=2025-07-24 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Finance}}</ref>
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://sbi.bank.in/}}|{{URL|https://retail.sbi.bank.in/}}}}
| ratio = [[Tier 1 capital|Tier 1]] 14.25% (FY 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBI Financial Highlights Past 5 years - Investor Relations |url=https://sbi.bank.in/web/investor-relations/sbi-financial-highlights-past-5 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=sbi.bank.in}}</ref>
| rating = {{plainlist|
* [[S&P Global Ratings|S&P]] BBB− / A-3/ Positive<ref name="ratings"/>
* [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody's]] Baa3/ P-3/ Stable<ref name="ratings"/>
* [[Fitch Ratings|Fitch]] BBB− / F-3/ Stable<ref name="ratings">{{Cite web |title=Bank Ratings - Investor Relations |url=https://sbi.bank.in/web/investor-relations/bank-ratings |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=sbi.bank.in}}</ref>
}}
| location = State Bank Bhavan, M.C. Road, [[Nariman Point]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| footnotes = <ref name="Annual Report 2025">{{cite web|url=https://sbi.co.in/documents/17836/0/SBI+Analyst+Presentation+Q4FY25.pdf/d496fee6-a237-4328-a5ff-7246e4b736b4?t=1746263845521|title=Annual Report of State Bank of India FY 25|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Consolidated Annual Report via web">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/sbi/results/consolidated-yearly/SBI|title=State Bank of India Consolidated Yearly Results, State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts|website=moneycontrol.com|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702112648/http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/sbi/results/consolidated-yearly/SBI|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Annual Report via Moneycontrol">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/sbi/results/yearly/SBI|title=State Bank of India Yearly Results, State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts|website=moneycontrol.com|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720025818/http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/sbi/results/yearly/SBI|archive-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90028.pdf|title=From Imperial Bank to State Bank|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030040112/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90028.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''State Bank of India''' ('''SBI''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector]] [[bank]] and [[financial service]]s statutory body,<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024-25 (English) |url=https://sbi.bank.in/documents/17826/35696/Annual+Report+FY2025.pdf |publisher=SBI |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It is the largest bank in India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sbi-joins-rs-5-trillion-market-cap-club-stock-surges-26-in-three-months-39715199540_1.html|title=SBI joins Rs 7-trillion market cap club; stock surges 26% in three months|date=14 September 2022 }}</ref> with a 23% market share by assets and a 25% share of the total loan and deposits market.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/how-indian-financial-services-players-are-coming-to-terms-with-technological-changes/articleshow/64184172.cms | title=Away from the public gaze, State Bank of India is preparing to unleash a revolution | access-date=22 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522044243/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/how-indian-financial-services-players-are-coming-to-terms-with-technological-changes/articleshow/64184172.cms | archive-date=22 May 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> It is also the [[List of largest employers in India|tenth largest employer in India]] with nearly 250,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://officechai.com/news/8-biggest-employers-in-india/|title = These Are the Biggest Employers in India|date = 15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/indias-eight-biggest-employers/indian-railways/slideshow/47861032.cms|title = India's eight biggest employers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/emc/bse/index.html|title = Top Companies in India: Top Companies in India by Employee Cost, Top BSE Companies by Employee Cost, Top BSE Companies}}</ref> As of 2024, SBI has 500 million customers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/banking/sbi-crosses-50-crores-customer-milestone-dinesh-khara-expresses-gratitude/107903032|title=SBI crosses 50 crores customer milestone, Dinesh Khara expresses gratitude |publisher=The Economic Times }}</ref>

The [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) has identified SBI, [[HDFC Bank]], and [[ICICI Bank]] as [[Systemically important financial institution|domestic systemically important banks]] (D-SIBs), which are often referred to as banks that are "[[too big to fail]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?Id=21730 |title=Monetary and Credit Information Review |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |quote=Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) - The Reserve Bank on January 2, 2023 released the list of Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs). State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, and HDFC Bank continue to be identified as D-SIBs, under the same bucketing structure as in the 2021 list of D-SIBs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=50995 | title=RBI releases 2020 list of Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> SBI is the [[List of largest banks|43rd largest bank in the world]] by total assets and ranked 163rd in the [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] list of the world's biggest corporations of 2025.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/?fg500_country=India | title=Fortune Global 500 – The largest companies in the world by revenue |publisher=Fortune | access-date=2 October 2025 }}</ref> In 2024, SBI was ranked 55th in [[Forbes Global 2000|''Forbes'' Global 2000]].<ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0|title=The Global 2000 2023|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-02-07|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0}}</ref>

The bank descends from the [[Bank of Calcutta]], founded in 1806 via the [[Imperial Bank of India]], making it [[List of oldest banks in India|the oldest commercial bank]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The [[Bank of Madras]] merged into the other two presidency banks in [[British India]], the [[Bank of Calcutta]] and the [[Bank of Bombay]], to form the [[Imperial Bank of India]], which in turn became the State Bank of India on 1 July 1955.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Rajesh |title=Banking Theory Law N Practice |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHCQsprFST4C&q=allahabad+bank+established&pg=PA8 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |page=8 |isbn= 978-0-07-009123-8|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> Over the course of its 200-year history, the bank has been formed from the [[List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India|mergers and acquisitions of more than twenty banks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Imperial Bank to State Bank |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90028.pdf |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=rbidocs.rbi.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The State Bank Of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/381465/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with [[Reserve Bank of India]] (India's central bank) taking a 60% stake, renaming it State Bank of India.

== History ==
[[File:SBI Imperial bank seal.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Seal of Imperial Bank of India.|Seal of Imperial Bank of India|188x188px]]
The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century when the [[Bank of Calcutta]] (later renamed the [[Bank of Bengal]]) was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks, the other two being the [[Bank of Bombay]] (est. 15 April 1840) and the [[Bank of Madras]] (est. 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as [[Joint stock company|joint stock companies]] and were the result of [[royal charter]]s. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when, with the Paper Currency Act, the right was taken over by the Government of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the re-organised banking entity took as its name [[Imperial Bank of India]]. The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint-stock company but without Government participation.

Under the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955, the [[Reserve Bank of India]], which is [[Central Bank|India's central bank]], acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 1 July 1955, the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. In 2008, the [[Government of India]] acquired the Reserve Bank of India's stake in SBI to remove any [[conflict of interest]] because the RBI is the country's banking regulatory authority.

In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act. This made eight banks that had belonged to [[Indian Princely States|princely states]] into subsidiaries of SBI. This was during the First Five-Year Plan, which prioritised the development of rural India. The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach. In 1963, SBI merged the State Bank of Jaipur (est. 1943) and State Bank of Bikaner (est.1944).Colton Largey is the owner of world bank

SBI has acquired local banks in rescues. The first was the Bank of Bihar (est. 1911), which SBI acquired in 1969, together with its 28 branches. The next year, SBI acquired the National Bank of Lahore (est. 1942), which had 24 branches. Five years later, in 1975, SBI acquired [[Krishnaram Baldeo Bank]], which had been established in 1916 in [[Gwalior State]], under the patronage of Maharaja [[Madho Rao Scindia]]. The bank had been the ''Dukan Pichadi'', a small moneylender, owned by the Maharaja. In 1985, SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in [[Kerala]], which had 120 branches. SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, the [[State Bank of Travancore]], already had an extensive network in Kerala.

In March 2001, SBI partnered with [[BNP Paribas]] to form a 76:24 [[joint venture]] life insurance company named [[SBI Life Insurance Company]].

The proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a single very large bank and streamline operations started in the mid-2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iba.org.in/viewmembanks.asp?id=2 |title=Indian Banks' Association |publisher=Iba.org.in |date=23 April 2005 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180611/http://www.iba.org.in/viewmembanks.asp?id=2 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 when [[State Bank of Saurashtra]] merged with SBI, reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six. On 19 June 2009, the SBI board approved the absorption of [[State Bank of Indore]], in which SBI held 98.3%.<ref>{{cite web |title= Approvals for State Bank of Indore merger by July: SBI |url= http://www.cmlinks.com/sbi/NewsText.asp?Code=1375&period=1001&srno=9172002038 |date= 21 June 2010 |work= Business Standard |access-date= 28 June 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110708170155/http://www.cmlinks.com/sbi/NewsText.asp?Code=1375&period=1001&srno=9172002038 |archive-date= 8 July 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBI's existing network of branches. The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title= State Bank of Indore branches to become SBI units from Aug 26 : SBI |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Banking/articleshow/6434466.cms |date= 26 August 2010 |work= The Economic Times |access-date= 26 August 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161008235522/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Banking/articleshow/6434466.cms |archive-date= 8 October 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref>

In 2009, SBI and [[Macquarie Group]] established the Macquarie-SBI Infrastructure Fund to invest in infrastructure projects in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=SBI and Macquarie launch Indian Infrastructure Fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/sbi-and-macquarie-launch-indian-infrastructure-fund/articleshow/4364831.cms |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2009}}</ref> In 2011, SBI and [[Oman]]'s sovereign wealth fund SGRF launched a 50:50 joint venture [[private equity]] firm called the Oman India Joint Investment Fund.<ref>{{cite news |title=SBI-backed Oman India Fund looks to raise Rs 19, 800 crore in second innings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/sbi-backed-oman-india-fund-looks-to-raise-rs-19-800-crore-in-second-innings/articleshow/49795651.cms |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 November 2015}}</ref>

On 7 October 2013, [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] became the first woman to be appointed chairperson of the bank.<ref>{{cite news | title=Arundhati Bhattacharya, the first woman to head SBI |newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 October 2013| url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/arundhati-bhattacharya-first-woman-to-head-sbi/article5210836.ece?homepage=true | access-date=8 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004545/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/arundhati-bhattacharya-first-woman-to-head-sbi/article5210836.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=3 December 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the [[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana]] of financial inclusion launched by Government in August 2014, SBI held 11,300 camps and opened over 30 lakh (3 million) accounts by September, which included 21 lakh (2.1 million) accounts in rural areas and 15.7 lakh (1.57 million) accounts in urban areas.<ref name=etsep>{{cite news | title = SBI takes lead in opening bank accounts under Jan Dhan Yojana | newspaper = The Economic Times | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbi-takes-lead-in-opening-bank-accounts-under-jan-dhan-yojana/articleshow/42287996.cms | date = 11 September 2014 | access-date = 30 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140921052222/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbi-takes-lead-in-opening-bank-accounts-under-jan-dhan-yojana/articleshow/42287996.cms | archive-date = 21 September 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2016, the board of SBI and the Union Cabinet cleared the proposal to merge the remaining five associate banks ([[State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur]], [[State Bank of Hyderabad]], [[State Bank of Mysore]], [[State Bank of Patiala]], and [[State Bank of Travancore]]) and SBI's fully owned subsidiary [[Bharatiya Mahila Bank]] with SBI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/cabinet-okays-merger-of-associates-with-sbi/article8732405.ece |title=Cabinet okays merger of associates with SBI |newspaper=@Businessline |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830174050/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/cabinet-okays-merger-of-associates-with-sbi/article8732405.ece |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/five-associate-banks-to-merge-with-sbi/article8612665.ece|title=Five associate banks to merge with SBI|date=18 May 2016|access-date=1 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621001933/http://www.thehindu.com/business/five-associate-banks-to-merge-with-sbi/article8612665.ece|archive-date=21 June 2016|url-status=live|last1=Saha|first1=Manojit}}</ref> The merger would see SBI entering the list of world's 50 largest banks by assets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/50cZxIsB9vMOJKae2UGl0M/SBI-units-discussed-consolidation-with-parent-bank-unions.html|title=SBI merger: India may soon have a global Top 50 bank|first=Aparna|last=Iyer|date=17 May 2016|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630191358/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/50cZxIsB9vMOJKae2UGl0M/SBI-units-discussed-consolidation-with-parent-bank-unions.html|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The merger went into effect on 1 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sbi-five-associate-banks-bmb-merge-with-sbi/article17757316.ece |title=Five associate banks, BMB merge with SBI |newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 2017 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401125350/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sbi-five-associate-banks-bmb-merge-with-sbi/article17757316.ece |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, as part of an RBI-directed rescue deal, the State Bank of India acquired a 48.2% stake in [[Yes Bank]].<ref name=CNMP-PS-DX-2020-IN-PLT7>{{cite web |title=SBI to buy YES Bank shares worth Rs 7,250 crore at Rs 10 a piece|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sbi-to-buy-yes-bank-shares-worth-rs-725-crore-at-rs-10-apiece/articleshow/74593789.cms |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=14 March 2020 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> As of 8 February 2024, the shareholding has decreased to 26.13%.<ref name=CNMP-PS-DX-2024-IN-PLT12>{{cite web |title=SBI jumps over 6% on YES Bank block deal buzz. Is PSU booking profit after recent surge|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sbi-jumps-over-6-on-yes-bank-block-deal-buzz-is-psu-booking-profit-after-recent-surge/articleshow/107517008.cms |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=8 February 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref>

On 16 August 2022, in an attempt to facilitate and support India's [[Startup company|start-ups]], SBI launched a dedicated branch for start-ups in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= Livemint |date=2022-08-16 |title=Bengaluru: SBI launches its first dedicated branch for start-ups. Details here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bengaluru-sbi-launches-its-first-dedicated-branch-for-start-ups-details-here-11660656591291.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==
SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas, including products aimed at [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]] (NRIs). SBI has 17 regional hubs known as local head offices (LHOs), under whom are 57 administrative offices (AOs), that are located in important cities throughout India, under whom are furthermore administrative sub-offices known as regional business offices (RBOs), with each RBO having, under its direct administrative control, some 40 to 50 branches.

=== Domestic ===
[[File:Samriddhi Bhavan - River Hooghly 2012-10-23 1265.JPG|thumb|right|Samriddhi Bhavan, [[Kolkata]]]]
As per SBI website, SBI has over 22,500 branches in India.<ref name="Fortune_500">{{cite news |url=http://beta.fortune.com/global500/state-bank-of-india-232 |title=Fortune 'Global 500' 2016:State Bank of India |access-date=10 October 2016 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925110128/http://beta.fortune.com/global500/state-bank-of-india-232 |archive-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=SBI Reports a 35 Percent Decline in Net Profit for Q3 2024 |url=https://thehinduvoice.com/sbi-reports-a-35-percent-decline-in-net-profit-for-q3-2024/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144427/https://thehinduvoice.com/sbi-reports-a-35-percent-decline-in-net-profit-for-q3-2024/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> In the financial year 2012–13, 95.35% of its revenue and 88.37% of total profits came from domestic operations.<ref name="Fortune_500" />

As of September 2025, the SBI group had 63,580 ATMs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SBI network of ATM's |url=https://sbi.bank.in/web/about-us/about-us#:~:text=SBI%2C%20the%20largest%20Indian%20Bank,%2D%20Service%2C%20Transparency%2C%20Ethics%2C |language=en-US}}</ref> and 82,900 BC outlets. In November 2017, SBI launched an integrated [[digital banking]] platform named [[YONO]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Harsh |title=SBI launches digital banking-cum-shopping platform 'YONO' |url=https://entrackr.com/2017/11/sbi-launch-yono-digital-banking-shopping/ |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=Entrackr |date=24 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> SBI [[YONO]] has 87.7 million users in FY25<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=SBI Yono Users |url=https://sbi.co.in/documents/17836/0/SBI+Analyst+Presentation+Q4FY25.pdf/d496fee6-a237-4328-a5ff-7246e4b736b4?t=1746263845521}}</ref>

=== International ===
[[File:The State Bank of India - geograph.org.uk - 1521339.jpg|right|thumb|State Bank of India branch at [[Southall]], [[United Kingdom]]]]
[[File:State Bank of India 2005 stamp.jpg|right|thumb|Stamp dedicated to the State Bank of India in 2005]]
As of 2024–25, the bank had 241 overseas offices spread over 36 countries having the largest presence in foreign markets among Indian banks.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url = https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/documents/41076/10365480/State+Bank+of+India+-+unabridged+Annual+Report+2014-15-English.pdf/abc0ab55-a749-4c95-ac67-baa8b9d86606|title = SBI Annual Report 2014–15|access-date = 14 January 2016|publisher = State Bank of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151126225359/http://www.sbi.co.in/portal/documents/41076/10365480/State+Bank+of+India+-+unabridged+Annual+Report+2014-15-English.pdf/abc0ab55-a749-4c95-ac67-baa8b9d86606|archive-date = 26 November 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>

*'''SBI Australia'''<ref>{{cite web |title=About SBI Australia – SBI – Australia |url=https://aus.statebank/sbi-sydney |website=aus.statebank |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>
*'''SBI Bangladesh'''<ref>{{cite web |title=About SBI Bangladesh – SBI – Bangladesh |url=https://bd.statebank/about-sbi-bangladesh |website=bd.statebank |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>
*'''SBI Bahrain'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - SBI - Bahrain|url=https://bh.statebank/home|access-date=2021-12-27|website=bh.statebank}}</ref>
*'''SBI Canada Bank'''<ref>{{cite web |title=About SBI Canada – SBI Canada Bank |url=https://ca.statebank/about-sbi-canada |website=ca.statebank |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> was incorporated in 1982 as a subsidiary of the State Bank of India. SBI Canada Bank is a Schedule II Canadian Bank listed under the Bank Act and is a member of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation.
*'''SBI China'''<ref>{{cite web |title=About SBI China – SBI – China |url=https://cn.statebank/about-sbi-china |website=cn.statebank |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=State Bank of India set to open second branch in China|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/state-bank-of-india-set-to-open-second-branch-in-china/article4347862.ece|access-date=1 June 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
*'''PT Bank SBI Indonesia''' SBI acquired a 76% stake in PT Bank Indo Monex for $6 million in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=SBI buys Indonesian bank for $6 mn |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/sbi-buys-indonesian-bank-for-6-mn-105110801019_1.html |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=8 November 2005}}</ref> In 2009, the bank was renamed PT Bank SBI Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |title=SBI eyeing bank acquisition in Indonesia |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbi-eyeing-bank-acquisition-in-indonesia/articleshow/6923378.cms |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=14 November 2010}}</ref>
*'''SBI (Mauritius) Ltd''' SBI established an offshore bank in 1989, State Bank of India International (Mauritius) Ltd. This then amalgamated with The Indian Ocean International Bank (which had been doing retail banking in Mauritius since 1979) to form SBI (Mauritius) Ltd. Today, SBI (Mauritius) Ltd has 14 branches – 13 retail branches and 1 global business branch at Ebene in Mauritius.<ref>[http://www.sbimauritius.com/new/files/about.php Bank to Grow with] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502153606/http://www.sbimauritius.com/new/files/about.php |date=2 May 2017 }}. SBI Mauritius. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</ref>
*'''[[Nepal SBI Bank Limited]]''' SBI owns 55% stake, while the state-owned Employees Provident Fund of Nepal owns 15% and the general public owns the remaining 30%. Nepal SBI Bank Limited has branches throughout the country.
*'''Commercial Indo Bank LLC, Moscow''' was established as a 60:40 joint venture between SBI and [[Canara Bank]]. In 2022, SBI acquired Canara Bank's 40% stake for $14.67 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Bank of India to acquire balance stake in Commercial Indo Bank LLC, Moscow |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/state-bank-of-india-to-acquire-balance-stake-in-commercial-indo-bank-llc-moscow-123012100206_1.html |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
*'''SBI Singapore''' In 1977, SBI established an offshore bank in Singapore providing commercial and wholesale banking services. In October 2008, it obtained a qualified full banking license.<ref>{{cite news |title=SBI to double its branch network in Singapore this fiscal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/sbi-to-double-its-branch-network-in-singapore-this-fiscal-109060500143_1.html |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=5 June 2009}}</ref>
*'''SBI South Korea''' In January 2016, SBI opened its first branch in [[Seoul]], South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Bank of India opens first branch in South Korea |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/state-bank-of-india-opens-first-branch-in-south-korea/articleshow/50565244.cms |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 January 2016}}</ref>
*'''SBI South Africa'''
*'''SBI Sri Lanka'''<ref>{{cite web |title=About SBI Sri Lanka – SBI – Sri Lanka |url=https://sl.statebank/about-sri-lanka-sbi |website=sl.statebank |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> was founded in 1864 and is the oldest bank in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news |title=SBI Sri Lanka's net operating income tops Rs. 1 b |url=https://www.ft.lk/Financial-Services/SBI-Sri-Lanka-s-net-operating-income-tops-Rs-1-b/42-650888 |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=Daily FT |language=English}}</ref> It has three branches located in [[Colombo]], [[Kandy]] and [[Jaffna]].
*'''SBI UK Ltd'''<ref>{{cite web |title=About SBI UK – SBI UK |url=https://sbiuk.statebank/about-sbi-uk |website=sbiuk.statebank |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>
*'''SBI US''' In 1982, the bank established a subsidiary, State Bank of India (California). It has ten branches—nine branches in the state of California and one in Washington, D.C., as of 28 March 2011.

=== Former associate banks ===
[[File:SBImumbai.jpg|right|thumb|alt=SBI main branch at Mumbai lit up|Main branch of SBI in Mumbai]]
SBI acquired the control of seven banks in 1960. They were the seven regional banks of former Indian princely states. They were renamed, prefixing them with 'State Bank of'. These seven banks were [[State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur]] (SBBJ), [[State Bank of Hyderabad]] (SBH), [[State Bank of Indore]] (SBN), [[State Bank of Mysore]] (SBM), [[State Bank of Patiala]] (SBP), [[State Bank of Saurashtra]] (SBS) and [[State Bank of Travancore]] (SBT). All these banks were given the same logo as the parent bank, SBI.

The plans for making SBI a single very large bank by merging all associate banks started in 2008, when SBS merged with SBI. The very next year, SBN also merged with SBI. The merger of the five remaining associate banks, namely SBBJ, SBH, SBM, SBP, and SBT, with the SBI received approval in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/sbi-merges-with-5-associates-new-entity-set-to-enter-worlds-top-50-banks-list/286525/ |title=SBI merges with 5 associates: New entity set to enter world's top 50 banks list |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830174049/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/sbi-merges-with-5-associates-new-entity-set-to-enter-worlds-top-50-banks-list/286525/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/u4u9tx6Pt3MkwEP1g8CnTK/Who-benefits-from-merger-of-SBI-associates.html |title=Who benefits from merger of SBI, associates? |date=20 June 2016 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830172033/https://www.livemint.com/Money/u4u9tx6Pt3MkwEP1g8CnTK/Who-benefits-from-merger-of-SBI-associates.html |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The merger completed in April 2017, with SBI's fully owned subsidiary [[Bharatiya Mahila Bank]] also merging with SBI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbis-merger-could-see-the-banking-behemoth-leapfrogging-into-the-global-top-50/articleshow/58617431.cms |title=SBI's merger could see the banking behemoth leapfrogging into the global top 50 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=11 May 2017 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830172033/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbis-merger-could-see-the-banking-behemoth-leapfrogging-into-the-global-top-50/articleshow/58617431.cms |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live |last1=Gupta |first1=Deepali }}</ref>

In Nigeria, SBI operated as INMB Bank, which began in 1981 as the Indo–Nigerian Merchant Bank and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking. It later merged with [[Sterling Bank (Nigeria)|NAL Bank]].<ref>{{cite news |title= SBI to merge its Nigerian arm with Nal Bank |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/sbi-to-merge-its-nigerian-arm-with-nal-bank-105042101023_1.html |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In Kenya, State Bank of India acquired 76% of [[Giro Commercial Bank]] for {{USD}}8 million in October 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-137297728/sbi-buy-76-kenyas.html |title=State Bank of India Acquired 76% Shareholding in Giro Commercial Bank in 2005 |publisher=Accessmylibrary.com |date=8 October 2005 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023024200/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-137297728/sbi-buy-76-kenyas.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Giro Commercial Bank was acquired by [[I&M Holdings Limited|I&M Holdings]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richardson |first1=Paul |title=I&M Holdings of Kenya Agrees to Acquire Giro Commercial Bank |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-07/i-m-holdings-of-kenya-agrees-to-acquire-giro-commercial-bank |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=6 March 2025 |date=7 September 2015}}</ref> In Botswana, SBI registered a subsidiary on 27 January 2006 and was issued a banking licence by the [[Bank of Botswana]] on 29 July 2013. The subsidiary handed over its banking licence and closed its operations in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2021|title=Surrender Of A License To Transact Banking Business|url=https://www.bankofbotswana.bw/sites/default/files/press-release-files/Press%20Release%20-%20Notice%20of%20intention%20to%20surrender%20banking%20licence%20by%20Bank%20SBI.pdf|access-date=22 August 2021|website=[[Bank of Botswana]]}}</ref>

[[File:SBI Mumbai LHO.jpg|thumb|alt=SBI Mumbai LHO.|State Bank of India [[Mumbai]] LHO]]

=== Non-banking subsidiaries ===
Notable non-banking subsidiaries of SBI include:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sbi.bank.in/web/affiliates/affiliates |title=Subsidiaries/Joint Ventures - SBI |date=25 October 2025 |website=sbi.bank.in |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
* SBI Capital Markets Ltd.
* SBICap Trustee Company Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of SBI Capital Markets
* SBICap Securities Ltd.
* [[SBI Card|SBI Cards & Payments Services Ltd.]] (68.60% stake and FY 2024-25 net profit at Rs.1916 Crore)
* [[SBI Life Insurance Company|SBI Life Insurance Company Ltd.]]
* [[SBI General Insurance|SBI General Insurance Company Ltd.]]
* [[SBI Mutual Fund|SBI Funds Management Ltd.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbimf.com/about-us |title=About Us - SBI MF |website=sbimf.com |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
* SBI Factors Ltd.
* State Bank Operations Support Services Pvt. Ltd.
* SBI-SG Global Securities Services Pvt. Ltd.
* SBI Ventures Ltd.
* SBI DFHI Ltd. (72.17% stake and FY 2024-25 net profit at Rs.330.86 Crore)

===Affiliate banks===
Banks in which SBI owns non-controlling minority stakes (in ascending order) include:{{cn|date=June 2025}}
*[[Yes Bank]] (10.8%)
*[[Bank of Bhutan]] (20%)
*[[Jio Payments Bank]] (23%)

===Regional rural banks===
*Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank (35%)
*[[Chhattisgarh Gramin Bank]] (35%)
*[[Jharkhand Gramin Bank]] (35%)
*Meghalaya Rural Bank (35%)
*[[Mizoram Rural Bank]] (35%)
*Nagaland Rural Bank (35%)
*[[Rajasthan Gramin Bank]] (35%)
*[[Telangana Grameena Bank]] (35%)
*[[Uttarakhand Gramin Bank]] (35%)

== Listings and shareholding ==
[[File:Bank of Bengal 1876.jpg|thumb|Share of the Bank of Bengal, issued 13 May 1876]]
As 30th September 2025, the Government of India held a 55.50% equity shares in SBI.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholding Pattern - STATE BANK OF INDIA |url=https://www.bseindia.com/XBRLFILES/SHPXBRLDataXML/500112_1610202516115_SP.html |publisher=BSE |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref> The equity shares of SBI are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/state-bank-of-india/sbi/500112/ |title=State Bank of India |publisher=BSEindia.com |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102194242/http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/state-bank-of-india/sbi/500112/ |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[BSE SENSEX]] index,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |title=Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX |publisher=BSE India |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094728/http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=SBIN |title=State Bank of India |publisher=NSE India |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235700/http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=SBIN |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[NIFTY 50]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nseindia.com/products-services/indices-nifty50-index |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |publisher=NSE India |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143407/http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[Global Depository Receipt]]s (GDRs) are listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-markets/stocks/summary/company-summary.html?fourWayKey=US8565522039USUSDIOBE |title=SBID State Bank of India GDR (Each Rep 2 SHS INR10) |publisher=London Stock Exchange |date=11 October 1996 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917184413/http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-markets/stocks/summary/company-summary.html?fourWayKey=US8565522039USUSDIOBE |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Employees ==
{{See also|List of chairpersons of the State Bank of India}}
SBI is one of the largest employers in the world with 232,296 employees as of 31 March 2024. Out of the total workforce, the representation of women employees is nearly 27%. The percentage of officers, associates, and subordinate staff was 47%, 38%, and 13% respectively on the same date. Each employee contributed a net profit of {{INRConvert|2620460|lk=r}} during FY 2023–24.<ref name="Annual Report 2023-24">{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/7b39b1e8-9b03-434a-9fe6-227b53b7173b.pdf |title=Annual Report 2023-24 of State Bank of India|access-date=9 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718084418/https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/documents/41076/60023/SBI%2BAR%2B2019.pdf/1df935b3-aa03-497d-8c24-0cbfbc07d496|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Logo==
[[File:SBI-logo.svg|thumb|The State Bank of India logo was designed by NID in 1971.]]
The SBI logo was designed by the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-17 |title=From banyan tree to keyhole: NID designed the new iconic logo for SBI |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/from-banyan-tree-to-keyhole-nid-designed-the-new-iconic-logo-for-sbi/article64328336.ece |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> The logo was designed by Shekhar Kamat and the logotype in 14 Indian languages was designed by Mahendra Patel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ola |first1=Deepak Singh |title=State Bank of India (SBI) Logo |url=https://thebranvetica.com/SBI-logo.html |website=The Branvetica |access-date=12 September 2024 |date=23 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Ravi |title=Will SBI's new logo make it cool? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/will-sbis-new-logo-make-it-cool/articleshow/58005799.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=12 September 2024 |date=5 April 2017}}</ref> State Bank of India and all its associate banks used the same blue keyhole logo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 February 2014|title=SBI bank logo was inspired by Kankaria lake|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2014/02/19/sbi-logo-was-inspired-by-kankaria-lake/|access-date=3 August 2020|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref> The State Bank of India [[wordmark]] usually had one standard typeface, but also utilised other typefaces. The wordmark now has the keyhole logo followed by '''"SBI"'''.

== Philanthropy ==
State Bank of India maintains a philanthropic arm named SBI Foundation which supports development initiatives in India and also with initiatives that comply under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs under [[corporate social responsibility]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=SBI Invests Rs. 316.76 Cr in CSR Initiatives for FY2023, Transforming Lives Across India I India CSR |url=https://indiacsr.in/sbi-csr-investment/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thacker |first=Hency |date=2023-05-25 |title=State Bank of India CSR Report: Providing Service Beyond Banking |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/state-bank-of-india-sbi-csr-corporate-social-responsibility-report/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The CSR Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref>
==Awards==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}
*State Bank of India (SBI) won the ET Company of the Year award at The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence 2023. The award was accepted by SBI Chairman [[Dinesh Kumar Khara]].

*The State Bank of India (SBI) was named the World's Best Consumer Bank for 2025 by [[Global Finance (magazine)]]. This marks the first time an Indian bank has received this global recognition.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Forbes Global 2000]]
* [[Fortune India 500]]
* ''[[Grit, Guts and Gumption]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite journal |last=Mukerji |first=B |date=December 1961 |title=State Bank of India and Co-operative Institutions |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/231082/files/State%20Bank%20of%20India%20and%20Cooperative%20Institutions.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics |volume=XVI |issue=I |issn=0019-5014 |via=AgEcon, Department of Applied Economics [[University of Minnesota]]}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Amiya |title=The Evolution of the State Bank of India: The Roots 1806-1876 |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin India |isbn=978-0670999170 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |pages=452}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Abhik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sknWQvz3MIC |title=The Evolution of the State Bank of India: The Era from 1995 to 1980 |last2=Chakraborty |first2=A. K. |last3=Das |first3=Suman |last4=Mathai |first4=J.S. |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin India |isbn=9780670999064 |volume=4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Rajesh |title=The Political Economy of State-owned Enterprises in China and India |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-27165-5 |location=[[London]] |pages=247–272 |chapter=State Bank of India: The Opportunities and Challenges of Being a State-Owned Bank in India |doi=10.1057/9781137271655_11}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Dhir |first1=Sanjay |title=Cases in Strategic Management. Flexible Systems Management |last2=Kumar |first2=Sushil |date=17 April 2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-981-13-7064-9 |location=[[Singapore]] |chapter=State Bank of India |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-7064-9_14}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{official website}}
{{Finance links
| name = State Bank of India
| symbol = SBKFF
| sec_cik = 1036627
| yahoo = SBKFF
| google = SBKFF
}}

{{SBI}}
{{Navboxes
|title=
|list1=
{{Indian PSU}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{Financial services in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{BSE Sensex}}
{{CNX Nifty companies}}
{{Asia topic|State Bank of India}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State Bank of India| ]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1955]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Sudhanoti District

2026-03-09T11:49:52Z

AlfonzoGuess50: small fix

{{Short description|District in Azad Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sudhanoti District
| official_name =
| native_name = {{nq|ضلع سدھنوتی}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| settlement_type = [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir|District of Azad Kashmir]] administered by Pakistan<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/>
| image_skyline = A view of Pallandri city and Cadet Collage Pallandri..jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A view of Cadet College Pallandri in the Sudhanoti District
| coordinates = {{coord|33|40|N|73|43|E|type:adm2nd_region:PK_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300 | frame-height=170|frame-align=center | zoom=4|type=point|title=Sudhanoti District|marker=district|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Sudhanoti district
| image_map1 = Map of Sudhanoti.png
| map_caption1 = A map showing Sudhanoti district shaded in Yellow along with [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]] district
| coor_pinpoint = Pallandri Tehsil
| subdivision_type = Administering country
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Azad Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Poonch Division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pallandri]]
| government_type = District Administration
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = N/A
| leader_title1 = District Police Officer
| leader_name1 = N/A
| leader_title2 = District Health Officer
| leader_name2 = N/A
| area_total_km2 = 569
| population_total = 297,584
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_footnotes = <ref name=city>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/AzadKashmir.html |url-status=dead|title=Population of Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir - Sudhanoti District population|website=Citypopulation.de website|archive-date=29 June 2020|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629022906/http://www.citypopulation.de/AzadKashmir.html}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 523
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite book| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| title = Language and politics in Pakistan| date = 1996| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-577692-8| page = 226}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Pahari (Poonchi)]], [[Gujari]], [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari]]
| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| blank_name_sec1 = District Council
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[List of tehsils of Azad Kashmir|Tehsils]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 4
| website = [https://sudhanoti.com/ sudhanoti.com]
}}

'''Sudhanoti''' (also called '''Sudhnoti''',<ref>{{cite web |first1=Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir |last1 = Azad|title=AJ&K Map |url=https://ajk.gov.pk/ajk-map/ |website=Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سدھنوتی}}}}) is one of the 10 districts of Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] in the [[Kashmir#Dispute|disputed]] [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name="tertiary-kashmir">The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (e), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |access-date=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|editor-last=Ciment|editor-first=James|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II|edition=2nd|year=2015|orig-year=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1|chapter=China: Border War with India, 1962|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=573|quote=The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.}} (g) {{citation|last=Clary|first=Christopher|title=The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia|date=25 February 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford and New York|isbn=9780197638408|page=109|quote=Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.}} (h) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (i) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (j) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajk.gov.pk/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2256&Itemid=144|title=AJ&K Portal|website=www.ajk.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bawa |first=Satinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcUBAAAAMAAJ&q=1837+revolt+poonch |title=The Jammu Fox: A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir, 1792-1857 |date=1974 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |isbn=978-0-8093-0652-7 |language=en}}</ref> The Sudhanoti District is bounded on the north and east by the [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch District]],<ref name="pndajk.gov.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.pndajk.gov.pk/ajk_glance2007.asp#DDSDAJK|title=Subdivisions of AJK|access-date=24 May 2009|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405225014/http://pndajk.gov.pk/ajk_glance2007.asp#DDSDAJK|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the south by the [[Kotli District]], and on the west by the [[Rawalpindi District]] of Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. It is located {{convert|90|km}} from [[Islamabad]], the capital of Pakistan. It is connected with [[Rawalpindi]] and Islamabad via the [[Azad Pattan]] Road. Historically, the tehsil of Sudhanoti established during the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] period by Raja Moti Singh as part of the larger Poonch jagir included territories that are now part of the separate [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch District]]. This included towns such as [[Rawalakot]] and [[Khaigala]], which historically lay within the greater, pre-partition Sudhanoti region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Poonch: India's Invincible Citadel |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2022 |quote=In the Dogra era, the tehsil of Sudhanoti also included the territories of the modern-day Poonch district in Azad Kashmir.}}</ref>

The district headquarters is the town of [[Pallandri]]. It lies at an elevation of 1,372 meters and is at a distance of 97 kilometers from Rawalpindi via the Azad Pattan Road. Pallandri is connected to [[Rawalakot]] by a 64-km metalled road.
[[File:Pakistan - Azad Kashmir - Sudhnati.svg|thumb|300px|right|Map of Azad Kashmir with the Sudhanoti District highlighted in red]]

== Administrative divisions ==
The Sudhanoti District is divided into four [[tehsil]]s:<ref>{{cite web |title=Tehsils of Sudhnoti District on AJK map |url=https://www.ajk.gov.pk/ajkmap |website=ajk.gov.pk |publisher=AJK Official Portal |access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Balouch, Azad Kashmir|Baloch Tehsil]]
* [[Mong, Azad Kashmir|Mang Tehsil]]
* [[Pallandri|Pallandri Tehsil]]
* [[Tarar Khel|Trarkhel Tehsil]]<ref name="pndajk.gov.pk"/>

== History ==
Sudhnoti (now called Sudhanoti) was first established as a [[tehsil]] of the [[History of Poonch|Poonch jagir]] by [[Moti Singh (ruler)|Raja Moti Singh]], the ruler of Poonch in the second half of the 19th century. In the Dogra era, the tehsil of Sudhanoti also included the territories of the modern day [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch district]] in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="grewal">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=Brigadier J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOl-EAAAQBAJ |title=Poonch: India's Invincible Citadel |date=2022-08-01 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-345-8 |pages=101–103, 105–107, 109–111 |language=en}}</ref>

== Population ==
The district is overwhelmingly dominated by the [[Sudhan]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Faraz |last2=Mashwani |first2=Zia-ur-Rahman |last3=Mehmood |first3=Ansar |last4=Qureshi |first4=Rehmatullah |last5=Sarwar |first5=Rizwan |last6=Ahmad |first6=Khawaja Shafique |last7=Quave |first7=Cassandra L |title=An ethnopharmacological survey and comparative analysis of plants from the Sudhnoti District, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |date=2021 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=14 |doi=10.1186/s13002-021-00435-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=33743778 |pmc=7980561 |quote=Owing to a unique tribal composition, where up to 85% of the district population belongs to the “Sudhan” tribe}}</ref> and the population of Sudhanoti was recorded as 297,584 in the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 census]].<ref name=city/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/27-Aug-2017/census-2017-ajk-population-rises-to-over-4m|title=Census 2017: AJK population rises to over 4m|work=The Nation|access-date=1 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

The main native language is [[Pahari language (Kashmir)|Pahari]], spoken by an estimated 95% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book| title = Statistical Year Book 2020| place = Muzaffarabad| publisher = AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics| url = https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf| access-date = 3 March 2022| page = 140}}</ref><ref name="Shakil 2012">{{Cite web| last = Shakil| first = Mohsin| date = 2012| title = Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)| url = https://www.academia.edu/6485567| page = 12}}</ref>

== Education ==
According to the Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017, Sudhanoti is ranked 34 out of 155 districts with a score of 68.85 in terms of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked last with the very low score of 6.76.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017 |url=https://elections.alifailaan.pk/wp-includes/file/DER17.pdf |website=elections.alifailaan.pk |publisher=[[Alif Ailaan]] |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730105939/https://elections.alifailaan.pk/wp-includes/file/DER17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Educational institutes include:


* [[Mirpur University of Science & Technology]] (MUST) Pallandri campus, Sudhanoti District
* [[Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University]] [[Nerian Sharif]], a chartered university situated 125 km west of Islamabad
* [[University of Poonch]] (SM campus, Mang, Sudhanoti District)

== Notable people ==


* [[Kiran Imran Dar]], Member National Assembly (MNA) Pakistan
* [[Aziz Khan (general)|Aziz Khan]], General of the Pakistan Army and Chairman of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|year=2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-48281-787-4|page=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228}}</ref>
* [[Khan Muhammad Khan]], Politician and the Chairman of the War Council during the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gctr.edu.pk/pages/Intromore.html |publisher=Khan Sahib Government College of Technology, Rawalkot |title=Introduction |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>
* Dr. [[Muhammad Najeeb Naqi Khan]], Minister for Health and Finance. He was elected as a member of the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly five times (in 1991, 1996, 2006, 2011, and 2016) from the Pallandri constituency and was a member of the Kashmir Council from 2001 to 2006.
* [[Muhammad Alauddin Siddiqui]], Islamic Sufi Scholar and 2nd custodian of [[Nerian Sharif]], [[Tarar Khel]]. He died on 3 February 2017.

== See also ==
* [[Balouch, Azad Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ajk.gov.pk Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Azad Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Poonch Division}}
{{Administrative units of Azad Kashmir}}

[[Category:Sudhanoti District| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Poonch Division]]

Danube Kangjam

2026-03-08T08:25:41Z

AlfonzoGuess50: Added New Post

{{Short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Meitei name|[[Kangjam]]|[[Danube]]}}{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2025}}{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Danube Kangjam
| name = Danube Kangjam 
| honorific_suffix = Danu
| image = 
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Imphal]]
| baptised = 
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause = 
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names = Danu
| siglum =
| citizenship = Indian 
| education = [[LLB|Law education]]
| alma_mater = [[Manipur University]]
| occupation = actress, model, social activist
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization = [[Miss Universe India]] (MUI)
| agent = 
| known_for = appearing in beauty pageants
| notable_works = 
| style =
| height = 
| television = Impact TV
| title = 
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| otherparty =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charges = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = Khuraijam Tarunibala 
| father = Birendra Singh Kangjam 
| relatives =
| family = [[Kangjam]]
| callsign = 
| awards = Best Actress Award for music video ''"Khoidajei"''
| website = 
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_type =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Danube Kangjam''', shortly known as '''Danu''',<ref name="e-pao1">{{Cite web|title=Khoidajei won best Music Video Award of SIFF 2019|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Rock_Concert.Khoidajei_won_best_Music_Video_Award_of_SIFF_2019|access-date=2024-09-22|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> is an Indian model and actress. She is native to [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. She is the title holder of the 18th Sunsilk Miss Mega Northeast beauty pageant in 2021. She is an activist for social issues with [[cybercrime]], [[LGBT]] rights, body positivity and self-acceptance.<ref name="e-pao2">{{Cite web|title=Danube Kangjam Pema Bhutia Sanwaka Surong Mega Miss North East 2021|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Fashion_Section.Danube_Kangjam_Pema_Bhutia_Sanwaka_Surong_Mega_Miss_North_East_2021|access-date=2024-09-22|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-12-30|title=Pema Choden Bhutia, Danube Kangjam & Sanwaka Surong Crowned 18th Sunsilk Mega Miss North East 2021|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/pema-choden-bhutia-danube-kangjam-sanwaka-surong-crowned-18th-sunsilk-mega-miss-north-east-2021-570613|access-date=2024-09-22|website=Sentinel Assam|language=en}}</ref><ref name="e-pao3">{{Cite web|last=EastMojo|first=Team|date=2021-12-30|title=Pema Bhutia, Danube Kangjam, Sanwaka Surong crowned 18th Sunsilk Miss North East|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/12/30/pema-bhutia-danube-kangjam-sanwaka-surong-crowned-18th-sunsilk-miss-north-east/|access-date=2024-09-22|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>
She was the winner of the ''"Graceful Walk"'' title in the Miss Spring contest in the second edition of Shirui Lily Festival.<ref name="e-pao4">{{Cite web|title=Shirui Lily Festival : Veronica Awungshi crowned Miss Spring : 29th apr18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..290418.apr18|access-date=2024-09-22|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
Danube represents her state [[Manipur]] in the [[Miss Universe India 2024]] beauty pageant and won Best National Costume.<ref name="e-pao5">{{Cite web|title=Society encourages pageant contestants : 02nd sep24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp9..020924.sep24|access-date=2024-09-22|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Danube Kangjam ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯗꯥꯅꯨꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯝ}}|}}) was born to Birendra Singh Kangjam and Khuraijam Tarunibala. She belongs to [[Imphal West district]] of [[Manipur]].<ref name="e-pao6">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-06|title=Interview: Danube Kangjam, winner of 18th Sunsilk Mega Miss North East 2021 – Guwahati Times|url=https://guwahatitimes.com/2022/01/interview-danube-kangjam-winner-of-18th-sunsilk-mega-miss-north-east-2021/|access-date=2024-09-22|website=guwahatitimes.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=2024-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922152939/https://guwahatitimes.com/2022/01/interview-danube-kangjam-winner-of-18th-sunsilk-mega-miss-north-east-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Besides being a law student, she also worked as an anchor at ImpactTv. Before she started her modeling career, she was a fencing player and had represented [[Manipur]] at the [[National Games of India|National Games]].<ref name="e-pao6" />

== Education ==
Danube is a student of law education.<ref name="e-pao2" /><ref name="e-pao3" />

She is a BA LLB from Vishal Law Institute, under Manipur University. She did her schooling from Shishu Nistha Niketan and Rajkumari Sanatombi Devi Vidyalaya.<ref name="e-pao6" />

== Career ==

Danube got her inspiration from Mega Miss North East 2015 winner Jessica Marbanian.<ref name="e-pao2" /><ref name="e-pao3" />

Upon winning the 18th Sunsilk Miss Mega Northeast beauty pageant in 2021, she said,
{{Blockquote|This pageant holds a very special place in my heart, and my ambition to come here brought me into the world of pageantry through the state pageant. So, I feel really grateful and happy on winning this crown.<ref name="e-pao2" /><ref name="e-pao3" />}}

Danube Kangjam was a judge of the Miss Phek 2023 at the Phek District Beauty Pageant 2023 held at Phek town on August 25 under the aegis of Vogue Entertainment Nagaland (VEN).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kevengo-u Ngotha is Miss Phek 2023|url=https://morungexpress.com/kevengo-u-ngotha-is-miss-phek-2023|access-date=2024-09-22|website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

She achieved the title of ''"Graceful Walk"'' in the Miss Spring contest in the second edition of Shirui Lily Festival.<ref name="e-pao4" />

She stands in for her home state [[Manipur]] in the Miss Universe India 2024 beauty pageant.<ref name="e-pao5" />

== Awards ==
Danube was awarded the Best Actress SIFF-2019 for a [[Meitei language]] music video named ''Khoidajei'' (My secret love) in the SKG International Film Festival (SIFF-2019) held from 29 May to 2 June 2019 at [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref name="e-pao1" />

== Filmography ==
Danube acted in a [[Meitei language]] music video named ''Khoidajei'' (My secret love) directed by Roziit Chongtham and produced by Joychand Moirangthem. The music video was the winner of the Best Music Video Award of SKG International Film Festival (SIFF-2019) held from 29 May to 2 June 2019 at [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref name="e-pao1" />

== See also ==
* [[Miss Manipur]]
* [[Femina Miss Manipur]]
* [[Miss Meetei Chanu]]
* [[Miss Kangleipak]]
* [[Miss Universe India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]

Taana (film)

2026-03-03T02:37:31Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting a entry v1...

{{short description|2020 Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taana
| image = Taana film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Yuvaraj Subramani
| producer = M.C. Kalaimamani M.K. Lakshmi Kalaimamani
| writer = Yuvaraj Subramani
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] [[Nandita Swetha]]
| music = [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| studio = Nobel Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|01|24}}
| cinematography = G. R. N. Shiva
| editing = [[Prasanna GK]]
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Taana''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Yuvaraj Subramani. The film stars [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] and [[Nandita Swetha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=20 September 2018 |title=Vaibhav and Nandita get set to make you laugh in 'Taana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhav-and-nandita-get-set-to-make-you-laugh-in-taana/articleshow/65871092.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025223620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhav-and-nandita-get-set-to-make-you-laugh-in-taana/articleshow/65871092.cms |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> , This movie is available on [[ZEE5|Zee5]] ott platform.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
Sakthi is the only son in the family of cops but he refuses to join the force due to his voice disorder; if Sakthi gets anxious or tensed, he speaks in a female voice. A corrupt DIG is hurt by Sakthi's performance in sports during the selection process. With his ego hurt, he challenges Sakthi that he would never be able to join Police while he is at helm of the affairs. Meanwhile Sakthi encounters a dead body near tracks in forest which he feels is a murder, but police falsely dismisses as a suicide case. With help of a police constable, Sakthi discovers various cryptics leading the trail of murders to a builder and DIG. The film is all about how Sakthi overcome his shortcomings and join the police force only to find the criminals behind the murders.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Shaktivel
**Surendar kpy as young Shaktivel (Flashback)
* [[Nandita Swetha]] as Nivetha
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Dooma
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Shakti's father
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as D.I.G Tilagar
* Mippu
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
* Pasanga Sivakumar<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=24 January 2020 |title=Vaibhav strained himself physically while shooting for 'Taana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhav-strained-himself-physically-while-shooting-for-taana/articleshow/73574715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128072203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhav-strained-himself-physically-while-shooting-for-taana/articleshow/73574715.cms |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Uma (Tamil actress)|Uma]] as Shakthi's mother<ref name="TOI" />
* [[Sandra Amy|Sandra]] as Anitha
*Arun
*Aravind
*[[Vignesh Karthick]]
*[[Kalairani]]
* [[Florent Pereira]] as Shakti's Grandfather <ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2019 |title=From behind the scenes to in front of the arc lights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-behind-the-scenes-to-in-front-of-the-arc-lights/articleshow/68656841.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626160115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-behind-the-scenes-to-in-front-of-the-arc-lights/articleshow/68656841.cms |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Vaibhav was signed to work on a film titled ''Taana'' directed by Yuvaraj, an associate of [[Selvaraghavan]] in 2018. The film was titled ''Taana'', which is based on the Tamil term ''Taanakaran'' (Police). [[Nandita Swetha]], [[Pandiarajan]], [[Yogi Babu]], and [[Hareesh Peradi]] were signed to play supporting roles with the latter portraying a negative role and Pandiarajan portraying the father of Vaibhav's character. The film was shot in [[Ranipet]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2018 |title=Vaibhav and Nandita get set to make you laugh in 'Taana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhav-and-nandita-get-set-to-make-you-laugh-in-taana/articleshow/65871092.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025223620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhav-and-nandita-get-set-to-make-you-laugh-in-taana/articleshow/65871092.cms |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] was roped in to compose the music and notably used 40 violins for the song "Nee Mayakkura".<ref name="Subramanian 2019">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2019-09-27 |title=Vishal's unusual music for Taana |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270919/vishals-unusual-music-for-taana.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124234021/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270919/vishals-unusual-music-for-taana.html |archive-date=24 January 2020 |access-date=2020-03-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The lyrics for all songs were written by Ku. Karthik.<ref name="Raaga.com">{{Cite web |title=Taana (2019) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/taana-songs-T0004807 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231011053204/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/taana-songs-T0004807 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

*Nee Mayakkura - Sinduri
*Tik Tok - Yogi, Roshini
*Vandhaachu Taana Kutti - Ann Benson, Sriranjani, Aneha
*Taana - Velu, Balaji Sri
*Accham Pisaasada - Velu
*Mistero - MCD

== Reception ==
''The Times of India'' wrote "Taana has nothing new to offer except for another disorder-based characterisation created for its protagonist. There is hardly any scene which makes one empathise with the protagonist. On top of that, the film is filled with several clichés we come across in most of the films – a middle-class hero, a female lead for the hero to fall in love at first fight, father-son ego, doting mother, and so on. A horror angle and an investigation track in the latter half are better than the tiring former half. Apart from the decent technical side, what keeps the audience hooked to an extent is Vaibhav’s performance and some of the one-liners of Yogi Babu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Taana Movie Review : A tedious outing filled with clichés |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/taana/movie-review/73582823.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529093609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/taana/movie-review/73582823.cms |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''The New Indian Express'' wrote "It is quite hard to determine what Taana aspires to do. The film could have been a zany comedy that took a sensitive dig at what ‘masculinity’ means in today’s world. Or, it could have been a mere investigative thriller that follows the journey of a cop. Taana half-heartedly tries to do both and ends up being neither".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2020 |title='Taana' review: Handcuffed in boredom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/Jan/25/taana-review-handcuffed-in-boredom-2094102.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511143420/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/Jan/25/taana-review-handcuffed-in-boredom-2094102.html |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10415510}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Money Back Guarantee (2014 film)

2026-03-02T10:03:28Z

AlfonzoGuess50: Adding A Entry Nd Citations!

{{About||the 2023 film|Money Back Guarantee (2023 film)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{tone|date=December 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Money Back Guarantee
| image = Money_Back_Guarantee_film_poster.jpg
| alt = Money_Back_Guarantee_film_poster
| caption = Poster of the film
| native_name =
| director = [[Sunil Pal]]
| producer = Sarita Pal
| writer = Sunil Pal
| screenplay = Sunil Pal
| story = Sunil pal
| based_on = 
| starring = Sunil Pal [[Ganesh Acharya]] [[Ahsaan Qureshi]] [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] [[Mukesh Khanna]]
| narrator =
| music = Deen Mohd Saral-Prabal
| cinematography =
| editing = Santosh Kumar (Promos)
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|14}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 10 million<ref name=BOI>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2407|title=MONEY BACK GUARANTEE|date=|work=Box office India|accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 1.77 million<ref name=BOI/>
}}
'''''Money Back Guarantee''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]] language [[comedy film]], directed by [[Sunil Pal]] and produced by his [[wife]] Sarita Pal. This film is the second to be directed by the stand-up comedian Sunil Pal under his production house, Pal Films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil Pal to show his serious side in ''Money Back Guarantee'' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sunil-pal-to-show-his-serious-side-in-money-back-guarantee/1141011/ |work=Indian Express |date=12 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326154654/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sunil-pal-to-show-his-serious-side-in-money-back-guarantee/1141011/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 March 2014|accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
The film tells the story of a common man who falls prey to a greedy [[guru]]. It revolves around how fake advice is given by spiritual gurus to their followers and how a [[List of Static Shock episodes|duped]] follower takes revenge in his own way. The protagonist of the film is a little boy who aspires to be a superstar but his teacher steals all of his [[money]] as a domestic loan and never pays it back.

== Cast ==
* [[Sunil Pal]]
* [[Raju Shrivastav]]
* [[Mukesh Khanna]]
* [[Ganesh Acharya]]
* [[Ahsaan Qureshi]]
* Khayaali
* [[Bharti Singh]]
* Dhananjay Galani
* [[Rajkumar Kanojia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Chandor Assembly constituency

2026-02-08T12:41:24Z

AlfonzoGuess50: Added A Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandor
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1967
| abolished = 1976 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1976 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 92,839
| mla = Janardan Kedu Aher
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Chandor Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. G. Gunjal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Janardan Kedu Aher || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Janardan Kedu Aher |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,665 |percentage = 47.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukarrao S. Sonawane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,530 |percentage = 47.09% |change={{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhikaji Nathu Deshmane |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 2.70% |change={{decrease}}24.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naraharpani K. Thakare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,275 |percentage = 2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 135 |percentage = 0.25% |change= {{decrease}}7.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,160 |percentage = 60.49% |change= {{decrease}}3.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,216}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,839|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=R. G. Gunjal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,769 |percentage = 39.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. B. Nikam |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,259 |percentage = 31.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=F. S. Dawkhar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 12,006 |percentage = 26.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. D. Ahire |party=Independent politician |votes = 736 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,510 |percentage = 7.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,523 |percentage = 64.05% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,770}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,322|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1964]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Donald Clive Anderson

2026-02-02T06:32:47Z

AlfonzoGuess50: quick reworked section after review and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|English military consultant and historian (1897–1957)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[Image:Captin Anderson Boomerang.jpg|400px|right|thumb| From [[Malcolm Uren]], editor of ''[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|The Western Mail]]'', [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth, WA]], To Donald Anderson, Australian Specialist, Ministry of Information, 1944.]]

Captain '''Donald Clive Anderson''' (18 April 1897 – 2 January 1957)<ref name="The Times, 3 January 1957">''The Times'', 3 January 1957.</ref> was an [[English people|English]] military consultant and historian. He joined the [[British Indian Army]] before fighting in the [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in [[World War I]]. Anderson toured [[Australia]] before working in [[Sudan]] on ''[[The Four Feathers (1939 film)|The Four Feathers]]'' film in 1939,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0026478/ IMDb.]</ref> working for the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]] during [[World War II]], and following the war working on [[Festival of Britain]].

==Early life==
Donald Anderson was born in [[Cookham]], [[England]]. He probably attended the [[Quetta cadet college]]. He was commissioned on to the Unattached List, [[British Indian Army]] on 15 November 1915, was admitted to the British Indian Army on 18 November and was attached to [[122nd Rajputana Infantry]].<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29588/page/4985/data.pdf ''THE LONDON GAZETTE''], 19 May 1916, p. 4985.</ref> The regiment was stationed in India at [[Kohat]] until late 1916, entraining on 1 November 1916, embarking on 3 November 1916 and landing at [[Basra]], Mesopotamia, on 8 November 1916. He was promoted [[lieutenant]] on 15 November 1916. In early 1918 a company was detached from the regiment and sent to Palestine to form part of a new unit, the 2nd battalion, [[154th Indian Infantry]]. On 31 May 1918 he was posted to 2nd battalion, 154th Indian Infantry as well, being made Adjutant on 9 June 1918. The regiment formed part of 233rd Brigade, 75th Division and fought in Palestine. He held the rank of acting Captain commanding a company from 28 May 1917 to 24 September 1917, 24 September 1917 to 20 November 1917 and 17 February 1918 to 14 November 1918.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30599/page/3766/data.pdf ''THE LONDON GAZETTE''], 26 March 1918, p. 3766.</ref>

[[File:Captain Donald Clive Anderson, 2nd 154th Indian Infantry 1921.jpg|thumb|[[Captain Donald Clive Anderson]] with the last stand of the 2nd 154th Indian Infantry, raised 26 May 1918, disbanded 1921. Lt Gilbert, Captin Glass MC, Sub Major Hargian, Lt Eldred, Lt Col A Boxwell CIE, Captin HE Morris, Hardial, Kale Khan, Lt Shikari Banadur IDSM, Lt Shikari Bahanur IDSM, Lt Woodford, Sub Ladnu Ram, Captin Sale.]]

He remained in the British Indian Army after the war, being promoted Captain on 15 November 1919 but retired on 15 March 1923 under the terms of the Royal Warrant of 25 April 1923, owing to the reduction of the Indian Army.

After the war Anderson returned to Britain, visiting family in [[Guernsey]] in 1920.

[[File:Donald Clive Anderson skiing in Murren 1920.jpg|thumb|Donald Clive Anderson skiing with Wellie Vaughan, Jim Wild, Xine, Soko in Murren, Switzerland Winter 1920–1921]]

An early skier, Anderson spent the winter of 1920–21 in Switzerland in [[Mürren]], the town where the famous [[Kandahar ski club]] was set up in 1924. The name for the club is said to be named after the "Roberts of Kandahar-Cup" first run in 1911. During the 1880 Afghanistan War Lord Roberts won a battle in Kandahar.

In early 1921 Anderson sailed to Australia on the [[P&O (company)|P&O]] ship {{SS|Macedonia|1903|6}} and returned to England in the early 1930s.

While in Australia, Anderson visited [[Il Parran]], [[Glen Innes, New South Wales|Glenn Innes]] (1923), [[Hobart]] (August 1924), visiting Amy Gant, Anderson's mother's first cousin wife of [[Tetley Gant]], member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council.

In 1924 with [[C. L. Morell]], Anderson toured several stations in the Northern Territory and Queensland – Barclay Downs, Lawn Hill Station, [[Alexandra, Victoria|Alexandra]] – before returning through [[Goondiwindi]] and Pukawidgi near [[Inverell]] in 1925.

==Career==
[[Image:Rajputana.jpg|thumb|A painting depicting members of the Rajputanta Rifles, of all ranks and uniforms. circa. 1911]]

Anderson was the military consultant<ref>[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/HollywoodRaj-WilliamQuinnellandTheFourFeathers1939.html Drummer William A. P. Quinnell and the filming of ''The Four Feathers'', 1939]. Screen Actors in the Role of Her Majesty's Soldiers, "The Hollywood Raj".</ref> for the 1939 film ''[[The Four Feathers (1939 film)|The Four Feathers]]'' directed by [[Zoltan Korda]], starring [[John Clements (actor)|John Clements]], [[Ralph Richardson]], [[June Duprez]] and [[C. Aubrey Smith]]. Captain Anderson ensured the accuracy of the military uniforms and procedure in England and [[Sudan]]. During filming, Captain Anderson dressed as a Sudanese tribesman and led the charge of Khalifa's cavalry during filming.

During [[World War II]], Anderson worked for the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]] using experience gained in the making of the ''Four Feathers''. He was also the [[Australia]]n specialist for the Ministry because of his time spent in Australia.

After the war Anderson worked as Chief Press Officer for the [[Festival of Britain]] in [[London]], 1951.<ref name="The Times, 3 January 1957"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp143032/donald-clive-anderson | title=Donald Clive Anderson - Person – Festival of Britain group, including Osbert Lancaster, Feliks Topolski and Sir Huw Wheldon|publisher= National Portrait Gallery, London}}</ref>

==Shakespeare==
In the 1930s Anderson researched the idea that [[William Shakespeare]] may have been written by [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]] and was a friend of [[John Thomas Looney]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://oberonshakespearestudygroup.blogspot.com.au/2010/07/oxfordian-verily-anderson-paget-passes.html | publisher=Oberon Shakespeare Study Group|title= Oxfordian Verily Anderson Paget passes to eternity|first= Linda |last=Theil | date=2010-07-17}}</ref>

==Published work==
''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'', Spring 1953. Vol. XXXI. No. 125.
McGuffie, T. H., ed. (L. E. Buckell, Major G. Tylden, Major P. Young, W. Y. Carman, Dr. F. Herrmann, C. C. P. Lawson, Major J. H. Busby, C. T. Atkinson, S. H. Ward, Major N. P. Dawnay, G. O. Rickword, '''Captain D. C. Anderson''', Captain R. A. Ingham Clark, et al.). Published by Society for Army Historical Research, London, 1953.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.abebooks.com/ | title=AbeBooks | Shop for Books, Art & Collectibles}}</ref>

==Family==
His father was Frank Anderson, the Chief Surveyor of West Africa, and architect of Lagos government buildings, prison and light house in Nigeria. Donald had one brother and two sisters, Joko and Christine. His brother Patrick died in an aeroplane crash while in the [[Royal Flying Corps]] on 19 October 1917, aged 18; he was based at [[RAF Waddington|Waddington]], [[Turnhouse]] and [[Midlothian]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Anderson married English author [[Verily Bruce]] in 1940. They had five children, including the writer [[Rachel Anderson]] and the writer and health activist [[Janie Hampton]].

[[File:DC Anderson.jpg|thumb|A scan of D. C. Anderson's obituary from ''The Times'']]

== References==
{{Reflist}}
* ''The London Gazette'' 26 March 1918
* Indian Army List January 1919
* Quarterly Army List March 1922
* Commonwealth War Graves Commission

==External links==
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071844009427343 "Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes in War and Peace" by Captain Donald Anderson, late 6th Rajputana Rifles]. ''Royal United Services Institution Journal'', Volume 85, Issue 537, 1940.
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071844009425552?journalCode=rusi19 "Naval Canteen Launches", by Captain Donald Anderson, late 6th Rajputana Rifles]. ''Royal United Services Institution Journal'', Volume 85, Issue 538, 1940.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906111411/http://www.king-emperor.com/122-Rajputana-Infantry.htm The 122nd Rajputana Infantry in Mesopotamia 1917-1918], Christopher Trevelyan, King-Emperor

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Donald Clive}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:People from Cookham]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Berkshire]]

Beyhadh

2026-01-29T08:33:17Z

AlfonzoGuess50: stub.

{{Short description|Indian romantic television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Beyhadh Logo.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Psychological]] Crime Romance [[Revenge]]
| creator = [[Prateek R Sharma]]
| director = Vikram V. Labhe
| screenplay = Shilpa F D'Mello Radhika Anand Bhupsa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9275744/?ref_=ttfc_fc_wr6|title = Bhupsa|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flixjini.in/tvshow/beyhadh|title = Beyhadh : Where to Stream TV show online}}</ref>
| story = Prateek Sharma
| creative_director = Ameeta Devadigga
| starring = [[Jennifer Winget]] [[Kushal Tandon]] [[Aneri Vajani]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 273
| producer = [[Prem Krishen]] Sunil Mehta
| location = [[Mumbai]] [[Lonavala]] [[Mauritius]]
| cinematography = Hanoz Kerawala
| music = Mukul Puri Elvis Nishant
| editor = Ganga Kacharla Amit Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Cinevistaas Limited]] [[LSD Films]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|11}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2017|10|27}}
| related = ''[[Beyhadh 2]]''
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]
}}

'''''Beyhadh''''' ({{Translation|''Extreme''}}) is an Indian romantic thriller television series which aired from 11 October 2016 to 27 October 2017 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/jennifer-wingets-beyhadhs-on-air-date-revealed-420996|title=Beyhadh's on air date revealed|newspaper=[[ABP News]]|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106021609/https://www.abplive.in/television/jennifer-wingets-beyhadhs-on-air-date-revealed-420996|url-status=dead}}</ref> It starred [[Jennifer Winget]], [[Kushal Tandon]] and [[Aneri Vajani]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Beyhadh-is-like-a-breath-of-fresh-air/articleshow/54879465.cms|title=Beyhadh is like a breath of fresh air - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 October 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>

''[[Beyhadh 2]]'' premiered on 2 December 2019 and starred [[Jennifer Winget]], [[Ashish Chaudhary]] and [[Shivin Narang]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/beyhadh-2-ashish-chowdhary-and-shivin-narang-to-star-opposite-jennifer-winget-1602956-2019-09-25|title=Beyhadh 2: Ashish Chowdhary and Shivin Narang to star opposite Jennifer Winget|website=India Today|date=25 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> It went off-air abruptly due to the COVID-19 pandemic.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/beyhadh-2-ishaaron-ishaaron-mein-and-patiala-babes-to-go-off-air-post-covid-19-lockdown-report/story-6w47DO5BAfYmohCWMhYhbK.html|title=Beyhadh 2, Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein and Patiala Babes to go off air post Covid-19 lockdown: report|date=April 21, 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sony-tv-not-bringing-back-beyhadh-2-patiala-babes-after-lockdown/|title=Sony TV not bringing back 'Beyhadh 2' & 'Patiala Babes' after lockdown|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2020-04-20|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>''

==Plot==

Maya Mehrotra, the owner of "Fashion and the City" is a young and successful business tycoon, suffering from dark past and troubled childhood due to her abusive dad, Ashwin. Carefree and cheerful, Arjun Sharma is a photographer in Maya's company. His childhood friend, lawyer Saanjh Mathur, secretly loves him. Initially, Arjun and Maya are at loggerheads as their opposing natures and perspectives often collide and Maya tries to terminate Arjun many times but he gets a chance and returns and annoys Maya even more but with time the two come closer and start to understand each other. As Arjun rescues Maya in an elevator accident and later, from Ashwin, she falls in love with and proposes him.

A series of circumstances including Maya rescuing Ayaan (Arjun's younger brother) from jail, revealing her past to Arjun, helping him realize his past mistakes and uniting him with his step mother Vandana and completing his family in the process leads to Arjun falling for Maya. Thus, he ends up proposing her in [[Mauritius]], much to Saanjh's dismay. As Maya and Arjun plan their wedding, Ashwin (Maya's father) tries to provoke Saanjh and Vandana (Arjun's mother) against Maya to ruin her wedding. Moreover, he tries to get over her company's shares as well but all in vain as he was murdered. Arjun and Maya get married.

Later, Jhanvi (Maya's mother) gets to know about Ashwin's murderer and tries to expose the truth, however, was pushed off a building by the murderer causing her to go in a coma and was blamed for the murder. Meanwhile, Arjun's flirtatious nature and his extreme friendship with Saanjh irks Maya and she fakes a [[miscarriage]] and blames Saanjh, leading to a fall out between Arjun and Saanjh. Hurt, Saanjh leaves for London.

===Three years later===

Maya has completely isolated Arjun from everyone. Arjun has realized Maya's [[mental illness]]. Saanjh returns to India with her boyfriend Samay Ahuja. Saanjh and Samay are about to get married. Later, it is revealed that Samay has been Maya's obsessive lover for the last eight years.

Maya accuses Ayaan in her fake attempt to rape case with the help of Samay. Later, Saanjh tries to expose Maya but Samay kills Prem (Saanjh's father) to discard all the evidences against Maya. It is revealed that the person behind Ashwin's murder and Jhanvi's accident is none other than Maya, and thus she is blackmailed by Samay. Later, on his wedding day, he abducts Maya but Arjun saves her as she is pregnant with his child and thus gets to know about Samay and Maya's relationship, which makes him hate her.

===Six months later===

Maya is in a mental hospital where she admitted herself for her treatment to pretend to be cured. Ayaan tries to expose Maya but she runs her car over him and he gets severely injured. Later, during a fight with Vandana, Maya falls from the stairs and loses her unborn child. Filled with anguish and desire for revenge, Maya kills Vandana.

Maya learns Arjun's feelings of hatred for her, thus, she traps him and fakes her death by knocking him out and then killing and planting her lookalike, Mansi, at the scene of the crime. Arjun is convicted of her murder and is given death sentence. Maya decides to die to unite Arjun in her [[after life]] but is saved by Samay.

Arjun believes that Maya is alive and escapes from jail to expose Maya. Maya joins hands with Samay to plot against Arjun and Saanjh but Arjun convinces Samay that Maya is only using him. Maya kills Samay and abducts Saanjh. Arjun rescues Saanjh and Maya is proved guilty in court after her own mother testifies against her and is sentenced to be hanged. Arjun realizes his love for Saanjh, and so does Saanjh and both decide to get married, much to Maya's dismay. She sends many people to injure and kill Saanjh, but none of her plan work. On the day Maya was going to be hanged, her punishment changed to life time prison. Finally, Arjun and Saanjh get married. Saanjh is still scared of Maya. Later, Maya is sent to solitary confinement.

===Five years later===

Maya is still in jail. Arjun has become a millionaire and has tight security around the house. Ayaan is a [[widower]] and has a daughter named Arohi. Saanjh and Arjun raise his child together. Maya escapes from jail by, once again, faking her death.

Maya intentionally hurts Ayaan's daughter due to which Ayaan moves away from Arjun with Arohi. Later, Arjun and Saanjh decide to use a [[Surrogate pregnancy|surrogate]] as Saanjh cannot conceive. Maya manages to somehow become their surrogate leaving Arjun and Saanjh shocked.

Saanjh decides to care for Maya despite her longtime animosity towards her, whilst Maya plots against everyone. As the pregnancy nears an end, Maya asks Saanjh for Arjun in exchange for the baby but he expresses his hatred for Maya and love for Saanjh. Maya gives birth to a baby girl and runs away with her. Saanjh approaches Maya who points the gun at her. Arjun shoots Maya from behind. Saanjh finds out the gun which Maya pointed on her was empty. Thus Maya dies by Arjun's hands, confessing her obsessive and limitless love for him.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Jennifer Winget]] as Maya Mehrotra: Ashwin and Jhanvi's daughter; Arjun's former wife and obsessive lover; Samay's love interest, owner of 'Fashion and the City", Arjun and Saanjh's baby surrogate mother (2016–2017)
** Mansi : Maya's friend in the [[mental asylum]], whom Maya made her lookalike through [[plastic surgery]], who had an abusive married life.
* [[Kushal Tandon]] as Arjun "Duffer" Sharma: Rajeev and Raksha's son; Vandana's step son; Ayaan's half-brother; Maya's former husband and Saanjh's husband (2016–2017)
* [[Aneri Vajani]] as Saanjh "Dusky" Mathur Sharma : Prem and Suman's daughter; Shubh's sister; Arjun's childhood friend turned wife (2016–2017)

===Recurring===
* Kavita Ghai as Jhanvi Mehrotra: Ashwin's widow; Maya's mother (2016–17)
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as Ashwin Mehrotra: Jhanvi's husband; Maya's father (2016–17)
* [[Swati Shah]] as Vandana Sharma: Rajeev's second wife; Arjun's step-mother; Ayaan's mother (2016–17)
* [[Sumit Bhardwaj]] as Ayaan Sharma: Rajeev and Vandana's son; Arjun's half-brother; Simmi's widower; Aarohi's father. (2016–17)
* Vaishnavi Rao as Smriti "Simmi" Sharma: Ayaan's wife (2017)
* [[Vibha Bhagat]] as Suman Mathur : Prem's widow, Saanjh and Shubh's mother, Vandana's bestfriend. (2016–17)
* [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as Premnath "Prem" Mathur : Suman's husband, Saanjh and Shubh's father (2016–17)
* [[Rakshit Wahi]] as Shubh Mathur : Suman and Prem's son, Saanjh's brother. (2016–17)
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Rajeev Randhawa : Maya's obsessive lover and stalker since last 8 years. Later, he changed his identity to "Samay Ahuja" (2017)
* Sharad Vyas as Aadesh Malkhani : Saanjh's boss at [[Law Firm]] (2016–17)
* Shraddha Jaiswal as Swati Baweja
* [[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]] as Advocate Pooja Daschandni (2017)
* [[Kiran Srinivas]] as Dr. Jitendra Kumar Srivastava (2016)
* Shraddha Kaul as jailer : Warden at Maya's jail. She ordered to kill Maya but died herself in the process.

==See also==
*[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6193550}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television series related to plastic surgery]]

Ketu (mythology)

2026-01-25T12:39:04Z

AlfonzoGuess50: slightly cleanup formatting for clarity additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Hindu deity representing descending lunar node}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Ketu graha.JPG
| alt = Ketu
| member_of = [[Navagraha]]
| caption = Ketu upon his mount
| name = Ketu
| Sanskrit_transliteration = केतु
| affiliation = [[Graha]], [[Asura]], [[Svarbhanu]]
| god_of = [[Lunar eclipse]]s, South [[Lunar Node]] Body of [[Svarbhanu]]
| abode = Ketuloka
| mantra = {{IAST|Oṃ Viprachitti Putra Simhika Putra Om Navagraha Ketave Namaḥ}}
| weapon = Spear
| mount = Vulture
| number = 7,16 and 25
| planet =
| parents = [[Viprachitti]] (father), [[Simhika]] (mother)
| siblings = [[Rāhu]]
| consort = [[Chitralekha (Hinduism)|Chitralekha]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastern-spirituality.com/glossary/spirituality-terms/c-definitions/chitralekha-deity | title=Chitralekha (Deity) Consort of Ketu }}</ref>
}}

'''Ketu''' ([[Sanskrit]]: [[wiktionary:केतु#Sanskrit|केतु]], [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Ketú}}) ([[File:Descending_node_(bold).svg|16x16px|☋]]) is the descending (i.e. 'south') [[lunar node]] in [[Vedic]], or [[Hindu astrology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The less known story of Rāhu and Ketu! |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/the-lesser-known-story-of-rāhu-and-ketu/266298 |publisher=speakingtree.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Role Of Ketu in Astrology |url=http://www.shrivinayakaastrology.com/Planets/roleofketu.html |publisher=shrivinayakaastrology.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ketu Astrological significance |url=https://www.heerejawharat.com/astrology/planets-significance/ketu.php |publisher=heerejawharat.com}}</ref> Personified as a deity, [[Rāhu]] ([[file:ascending node (bold).svg|16px|☊]], the ascending (i.e. 'north') lunar node) and Ketu are considered to be the two halves of the immortal [[asura]] (demon) [[Svarbhanu]], who was beheaded by the God [[Vishnu]].

As per Vedic astrology, Rāhu and Ketu have an orbital cycle of 18.6 years and are always 180 degrees from each other orbitally (as well as in the birth charts). This coincides with the precessional orbit of moon or the 18.6-year rotational cycle of the lunar ascending and descending nodes on the earth's ecliptic plane. Ketu rules the [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]] zodiac sign together with [[Budha]] (traditional ruling planet; [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] in Western astrology).

Astronomically, Rāhu and Ketu denote the points of intersection of the paths of [[Surya]] (the Sun) and [[Chandra]] (the Moon) as they move on the [[celestial sphere]], and do not correspond to a physical planet.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Santhanam |first=R. |url=http://archive.org/details/BPHSEnglish |title=Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra (vol. 1) |pages=24}}</ref> Rāhu and Ketu are respectively names of the north and the south lunar nodes. [[Eclipse]]s occur when the Sun and the Moon are at one of these points, giving rise to the story that the these are being swallowed by the Rāhu/ Ketu. Ketu is believed to be responsible for causing the [[Eclipse of the Moon|lunar eclipse]].<ref name=":02" />

==Astrology==
[[File:Planet ketu.JPG|thumbnail|left|A mural of Ketu. Depicted as the body without head. from Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur]]{{Section rewrite|date=October 2024}}
In [[Hindu astrology]], Ketu represents karmic collections both good and bad, as well as spirituality and supernatural influences. Ketu signifies the spiritual process of the refinement of materialisation to the spirit and is considered both malefic and benefic: this process causes sorrow and loss, and yet at the same time turns the individual to God. In other words, it causes material loss in order to force a more spiritual outlook in the person. Ketu is a ''karaka'' or indicator of intelligence, wisdom, non-attachment, fantasy, penetrating insight, derangement, and psychic abilities. Ketu is believed to bring prosperity to the devotee's family, and removes the effects of snakebite and illness arising out of poisons. He grants good health, wealth and cattle to his devotees. Ketu is the lord of three [[nakshatra]]s or lunar mansions: [[Ashvini]], [[Magha (nakshatra)|Magha]] and [[Mula (astrology)|Mula]].

Ketu is considered responsible for ''[[moksha]]'', ''[[sannyasa]]'', self-realization, ''[[Jnana|gnana]]'', a wavering nature, restlessness, the [[endocrine system]] and a short, fat physique.

The people who come under the influence of Ketu can achieve great heights, most of them spiritual.

[[Rāhu]], being a karmic planet, shows the necessity and urge to work on a specific area of life where there had been ignorance in the past life. To balance the apparent dissatisfaction one has to go that extra mile to gain a satisfactory settlement in the present lifetime. Rāhu can remove all negative qualities of every planet, while Ketu can emphasise every positive quality of the planet.

Ruler: According to the popular astrology text Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra (BPHS), if looking for solutions regarding Ketu, consider working with [[mantra]] of [[Ganesha]] & [[Matsya]].

[[Exaltation (astrology)|Exaltation]] and Debilitation: This has been a debatable point in astrology, as per BPHS Ketu is exalted in the sign of [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]] and debilitated in [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]]. However, many astrologers have disputed this and most modern astrologers now seem to agree that Ketu is exalted in [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] and debilitated in [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]. This stands to logic as Ketu is a [[torso]] and a prominent part of Sagittarius is a big horse torso attached to a male upper body, although Kujavat Ketu is the popular saying, Kuja denoting Mars so it's still held that a Scorpio placed Ketu is dignified.

Negative Significations: Ketu is considered malefic and has been mostly associated with negative things. Most people consider it a difficult planet as it manifests as obstacles on the material plane. However Lord [[Ganesha]] mantras can help remedy those issues because Ganesha is the presiding deity of Ketu. Ketu often brings a sense of complete detachment, losses, mindlessness, wandering, and confusion in one's life.

Positive Significations: There is a much deeper side to Ketu and it has been called the most spiritual of all planets. Ketu has been considered the planet of enlightenment and liberation. It is the one who has “lost his head (worldly senses = [[Tattva (Ayyavazhi)]])”, being a personification of renunciation (torso without a head who needs nothing). Ketu is the [[ascetic]] that wants to go beyond the mundane life and achieve the final liberation.

Friendly Planets: Ketu is a friend of Jupiter ([[Brihaspati]]), Saturn ([[Shani]]) ; neutral with Venus ([[Shukra]]) and acrimonious with Mercury ([[Budha]]), Moon ([[Chandra]]), and Mars ([[Mangala]]).

Nakshatras (Ashwini, Magha, Mula) are ruled by Ketu in Vedic Astrology.

==See also==
*[[Hati Hróðvitnisson]]
*[[Sköll]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Navagraha}}
{{Jyotish Vidya}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}

[[Category:Asura]]
[[Category:Danavas]]
[[Category:Navagraha]]
[[Category:Sun myths]]
[[Category:Moon myths]]
[[Category:Eclipses]]

Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital

2026-01-22T17:47:48Z

AlfonzoGuess50: minor reworked content per sources additionally and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
|image=Vanivilas_Women_and_childrens_hospital.jpg
|caption=The main building of hospital
|name = Vani Vilas Women and Children Hospital
|location = [[Krishnarajendra Road]], [[Bengaluru]]
|country = India
|org_group = Public Hospital
|emergency = Yes
|founded = {{start date and age|1935}}
|website = [http://www.bmcri.org/vanivilas_hosp.html www.bmcri.org/vanivilas_hosp.html]
}}
'''Vani Vilas Women and Children Hospital''' is a government run hospital in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India. It is attached to the [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute]].<ref name="bmcri">{{Cite web |title=Vanivilas Hospital |url=http://www.bmcri.org/vanivilas_hosp.html |work=Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute |access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

It was built in 1935, at a cost of {{INR}} 4lakhs. The first medical superintendent was [[M. C. Albuquerque]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vanivilashospital.org/about_hospital.html|title=About the Hospital -- History|website=Vanivilas Hospital Bangalore Karnataka|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> It was renovated in 2002 at a cost of {{INR}} 4.2 crores.<ref name="facelift">{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2002/05/28/stories/2002052802210400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204023058/http://hindu.com/2002/05/28/stories/2002052802210400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2014|title=Vani Vilas Hospital gets Rs. 4-cr. facelift|date=28 May 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2014-01-27|location=Bangalore}}</ref>

In 2000, it was selected as one of the 11 [[AIDS]] control centres in India, and the sole one in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="AIDScontrol">{{cite news |title=Vani Vilas Hospital, one of 11 AIDS control centres |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/31/stories/0431210h.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140127085558/http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/31/stories/0431210h.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2014 |first=Ranganna |last=TS |date=31 August 2000 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Bangalore|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref>

The Vani Vilas Hospital stands on the grounds where the [[Fort Church, Bangalore|Fort Church]] and the Fort Cemetery once stood. The Land was acquired from the [[Church of England]] by the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Government]]. Land was provided at Hardinge Road, Chamarajpet as compensation, where now stands the St. Luke's Church.<ref name=Luke>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://stlukesbangalore.org/brief_history.html?PHPSESSID=eee018ebd8debea124f4c59556295e3d|website=St. Luke's Church, Chamarajpet, Bangalore|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Trip2Blr">{{cite web |date=11 March 2014 |title=St Luke’s Church, Bangalore Photo Gallery |url=http://www.trip2blr.com/st-lukes-church-bangalore-photo-gallery/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624071914/http://www.trip2blr.com/st-lukes-church-bangalore-photo-gallery/ |archive-date=2014-06-24 |access-date=17 February 2015 |website=Trip2Blr.com}}</ref><ref name=Anik>{{cite book|last1=Dhanraj|first1=Anik Luke|last2=Isaac|first2=Rabindran|last3=Mercy|title=Fortified revival|date=31 October 2010|publisher=St. Luke's Church|location=Bangalore|url=http://stlukesbangalore.org/history/St%20Lukes%20church%20History.htm|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210124144/http://stlukesbangalore.org/history/St%20Lukes%20church%20History.htm|archive-date=10 February 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Notable==
[[File:Vanivilas OPD.jpg|left|The out patient department of Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital|thumb]]

Indian movie superstar [[Rajnikanth]] was born at this hospital on 12 December 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Shivaji became Rajinikanth|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-shivaji-became-rajanikanth/20130116.htm|website=rediff.com|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://vanivilashospital.org/}}

{{Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute}}
{{Education in Bangalore}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1935]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Women's hospitals]]
[[Category:Children's hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1935]]

Raimon Panikkar

2026-01-06T02:43:04Z

AlfonzoGuess50: minor edit

{{Short description|Spanish-Indian Catholic priest and theologian (1918–2010)}}
{{family name hatnote|Panikkar|Alemany|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend
| name = Raimon Panikkar
| image = Raimon Panikkar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Panikkar in 2007
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|11|02}}
| birth_name = Raimon Pannikar Alemany
| birth_place = [[Barcelona]], [[Commonwealth of Catalonia|Catalonia]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]
| death_date = {{death date|2010|08|26}} (aged 91)
| death_place = [[Tavertet]], [[Catalonia]], Spain
| occupation = [[Roman Catholic]] priest, [[theologian]], scholar, chemist, philosopher
}}

'''Raimon Panikkar Alemany''', also known as '''Raimundo Panikkar''' and '''Raymond Panikkar'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20100826/53990452372.html|title=Biodata|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20100829081848/http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20100826/53990452372.html|archivedate=2010-08-29|language=es}}</ref> (November 2, 1918 – August 26, 2010), was a [[Catholic Church in Spain|Spanish Catholic]] priest and a proponent of [[interfaith dialogue]]. As a scholar, he specialized in [[comparative religion]].

==Early life and education==
Raimon Panikkar was born to a [[Catholic Church in Spain|Spanish Catholic]] mother and a [[Malayalis|Malayali]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] Indian father in [[Barcelona]].<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last1=Sullivan |first1=Amy |title=Raimon Panikkar |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2017217,00.html |magazine=Time |date=20 September 2010}}</ref> His mother was well-educated and from the [[Catalans|Catalan]] bourgeoisie. His father, Ramunni Panikkar, belonged to a [[Nair]] family from [[Malabar District|Malabar]], [[South India]]. Panikkar's father was a freedom fighter during [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]], who later escaped from Britain and married into a Catalan family. Panikkar's father studied in England and was the representative of a German chemical company in Barcelona.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Educated at a [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] school, Panikkar studied chemistry and philosophy at the universities of Barcelona, [[University of Bonn|Bonn]] and [[Complutense University of Madrid|Madrid]], and Catholic theology in Madrid and Rome. He earned a doctorate in philosophy at the [[Complutense University of Madrid|University of Madrid]] in 1946 and a doctorate in chemistry in 1958. He earned a third doctorate in theology at the [[Pontifical Lateran University]] in Rome in 1961, in which he compared [[Thomas Aquinas]]'s philosophy with the 8th-century Hindu philosopher [[Adi Shankara|Ādi Śańkara]]'s interpretation of the [[Brahma Sutras]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last1=Grimes |first1=William |title=Raimon Panikkar, Catholic Theologian, Is Dead at 91 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/us/05panikkar.html |work=The New York Times |date=4 September 2010}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1946 he was ordained a [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priest]] and became a professor of philosophy at the [[Complutense University of Madrid|University of Madrid]].<ref name="nyt" /> He made his first trip to India in 1954 where he studied [[Indian philosophy]] and religion at the [[University of Mysore]] and [[Banaras Hindu University]], where he met several Western monks seeking Eastern forms for the expression of their Christian beliefs. "I left Europe [for India] as a Christian, I discovered I was a Hindu and returned as a Buddhist without ever having ceased to be Christian", he later wrote.<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="time" />

While in Jerusalem during 1962, he was summoned to Rome by the [[Opus Dei]] founder and director, [[Josemaría Escrivá]], who expelled him after a brief trial where he was charged with disobedience to the organization.<ref>{{cite book |title= Raimon Panikkar |author= Raffaele Luise |id= San Paolo |place= Milan |year=2011 |pages= 25–32}}</ref>

In 1966 he became a visiting professor at [[Harvard Divinity School]] and a professor of religious studies at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] in 1972, and for many years he taught in the spring and spent the rest of the year doing research in India.<ref name="nyt" /> Where the typical approach to cross-cultural religious studies, especially in a secular university, was to hold two or more traditions at arm's length and draw lines of comparison between them, Panikkar's approach was to view issues in the real world through the eyes of two or more traditions.

In 1987 he moved to [[Tavertet]] in [[Catalonia]], in the hills north of Barcelona, where he founded the Raimon Panikkar Vivarium Foundation, a center for intercultural studies.<ref name="nyt" /> In 2005 he created Arbor,<ref>{{cite web|title=Moneyhouse registration|url=http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/p/panikkar_alemany_raimon-4995690/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150121025755/http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/p/panikkar_alemany_raimon-4995690/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 21, 2015|website=Moneyhouse}}</ref> for the realization of his principle of interreligious collaboration for the relief of poverty in thousands of villages of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arbor Foundation India|url=https://www.arborindia.org/|website=Arbor India|access-date=2018-05-21|archive-date=2018-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531144958/http://www.arborindia.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Panikkar authored more than 40 books and 900 articles. His complete works are being published in Italian. His 1989 [[Gifford Lectures]] were published in English by Orbis in 2009 under the title ''The Rhythm of Being''.

In a statement from his residence in Tavertet dated January 26, 2010, he wrote: <blockquote>"Dear Friends ... I would like to communicate with you that I believe the moment has come (put off time and again), to withdraw from all public activity, both the direct and the intellectual participation, to which I have dedicated all my life as a way of sharing my reflections. I will continue to be close to you in a deeper way, through silence and prayer, and in the same way I would ask you to be close to me in this last period of my existence. You have often heard me say that a person is a knot in a network of relationships; in taking my leave from you I would like to thank you from the bottom of my heart for having enriched me with the relationship I have had with each of you. I am also grateful to all of those who, either in person or through association, continue working to spread my message and the sharing of my ideals, even without me. Thankful for the gift of life which is only such if lived in communion with others: it is with this spirit that I have lived out my ministry."</blockquote>

==Works==
* ''The Unknown Christ of Hinduism'' (1964)
* ''The "crisis" of [[Madhyamika]] and Indian philosophy today''. [[University of Hawaii]] Press (1966)
* ''Cometas: Fragmentos de un diario espiritual de la postguerra''. Euramerica, S.A. (first edition; 1972)
* ''Worship and secular man: An essay on the liturgical nature of man, considering secularization as a major phenomenon of our time and worship as an apparent fact of all times; A study towards an integral anthropology''. Orbis Books, 1973
* ''The Trinity and the religious experience of man: Icon-person-mystery''. Orbis Books, 1973 {{ISBN|0-88344-495-X}}
* ''The [[Veda|Vedic]] Experience: Mantramañjari: An Anthology Of The Vedas For Modern Man''. Berkeley: [[University of California]] Press, 1977.
* ''Colligite fragmenta: For an integration of reality''. [[Villanova University]] Press, 1978
* ''Myth, Faith and [[Hermeneutics]]: Cross Cultural Studies''. [[Paulist Press]], 1979. {{ISBN|0-8091-0232-3}}
* 'Aporias in the comparative philosophy of religion', in ''Man and World'', vol 13, 1980, pp. 357–83.
* ''The Unknown Christ Of Hinduism: Towards An Ecumenical Christophany'' (1981 Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books.) {{ISBN|0-88344-523-9}}
* ''Blessed Simplicity: The Monk as a Universal Archetype''. San Francisco, CA: [[HarperSanFrancisco]], 1984. {{ISBN|0-8164-0531-X}}
* ''The Silence of God: The Answer of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]''. Orbis Books; revised edition (June 1989) {{ISBN|0-88344-446-1}}
* ''The Cosmotheandric Experience: Emerging Religious Consciousness'' edited by [[Scott Eastham]]. Orbis Books, June 1993. {{ISBN|0-88344-862-9}}
* ''A Dwelling Place for Wisdom''. Westminster John Knox Press, November 1993 {{ISBN|0-664-25362-8}}
* ''Invisible Harmony: Essays on [[Contemplation]] and Responsibility'' edited by [[Harry J. Cargas|Harry James Cargas]]. [[Augsburg Fortress]] Publishers, June 1995 {{ISBN|0-8006-2609-5}}
*''[[Pluralism (political philosophy)|Pluralism]] and oppression: theology in world perspective'' (co-authored with [[Paul F. Knitter]]). College Theology Society. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1991.
*''Cultural Disarmament: The Way to Peace''. Westminster John Knox Press; September 1, 1995 {{ISBN|0-664-25549-3}}
*''The Intrareligious Dialogue''. Paulist Press; revised edition, July 1999. {{ISBN|0-8091-3763-1}}
*''Christophany: The Fullness Of Man''. Orbis Books, November 30, 2004. {{ISBN|1-57075-564-7}}
*Foreword to ''The Cave of the Heart: The Life of [[Swami Abhishiktananda]]'' by Shirley Du Boulay. Orbis, 2005. {{ISBN|1-57075-610-4}}
*''Espiritualidad Hindu: Sanatana Dharma''. Kairos, 2006 {{ISBN|84-7245-577-7}}
*''The Experience of God: Icons of the Mystery'' (trans. by Joseph Cunneen). Fortress Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-8006-3825-5}}
*''Initiation to the Vedas''. [[Motilal Banarsidass]], July 15, 2006 {{ISBN|81-208-2954-9}}
*''[[Human Rights]] as A Western Concept'' (co-authored with [[Arvind Sharma]]). D.K. Printworld, 2007, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-246-0429-0}}
*''The Rhythm of Being. The [[Gifford Lectures]]''. Orbis Books, June 20, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-57075-855-3}}

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*''Theological Approach and Understanding of Religions: Jean Danielou and Raimundo Panikkar: A Study in Contrast'' by Dominic Veliath. Kristu Jyoti College (1988)
* ''[https://www.isje.org/it/studia-et-documenta-6/volumi-pubblicati/vol-11-2017/ Raimon Panikkar: a propósito de una biografía] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612150414/https://www.isje.org/it/studia-et-documenta-6/volumi-pubblicati/vol-11-2017/ |date=2018-06-12 }} (''in: ''Studia et Documenta Vol. 11,'' p. 323-348) by Josep-Ignasi Saranyana. Rome: Istituto Storico San Josemaría Escrivá (2017)
*''Emerging Trends in Indian Christology: A Critical Study of the Development, Context and Contemporary Catholic Attempts of R.Panikkar and S.Kappen to Articulate a Relevant Christology in Indian Context''. (1992) by Jacob Parappally, MSFS, {{ISBN|81-85812-12-8}}
*''Christ: The Mystery in History: A Critical Study on the Christology of Raymond Panikkar'' by Cheriyan Menacherry. Peter Lang Publ Inc. (June 1996) {{ISBN|3-631-48369-4}}
*''Christian Advaita as the Hermeneutic Key to Bede Griffiths' Understanding of Inter-religious Dialogue.'' by Kuruvilla Pandikattu Ph D Thesis in Theology, Innsbruck: Univ of Innsbruck, 1996. (Chapter Two deals with Panikkar)
*''The Intercultural Challenge of Raimon Panikkar'', edited by Joseph Prabhu. Orbis Books, November 1996. {{ISBN|1-57075-056-4}}
*''A New Hermeneutic of Reality: Raimon Panikkar's Cosmotheandric Vision'' by Anthony Savari Raj. Peter Lang Publishing (August 1998) {{ISBN|0-8204-3445-0}}
*Valluvassery, Clement. ''Christus im Kontext und Kontext in Christus: Chalcedon und indische Christologie bei Raimon Panikkar und Samuel Rayan'', 2001.
*''An Emerging Cosmotheandric Religion?: Raimon Panikkar's Pluralistic Theology Of Religions'' by Jyri Komulainen. Brill Academic Publishers (January 30, 2005) {{ISBN|90-04-13893-5}}
* D'Sa, Francis X. "Panikkar, Raimon (1918-2010)." ''[[ACPI Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. Ed. Johnson J. Puthenpurackal. Bangalore: ATC (2010). 2:1005-1009.
* Gispert-Sauch, G. "Raimon Panikkar." ''[[Vidyajyoti College of Theology|Vidyajyoti: Journal of Theological Reflection]]''(December 2010).
* Pigem, Jordi. ''El pensament de Raimon Panikkar: interdependència, pluralisme, interculturalitat''. [[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]], 2007. ISBN 978-84-7283-903-8. OCLC 159592435.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.google.co.in/search?q=Raimon+Panikkar&hl=en&rlz=1B3GGGL_enIN351IN351&tbs=vid:1&tbo=u&ei=6SW6S53RGMTGrAfO2v3DCg&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=title&resnum=9&ved=0CCwQqwQwCA "Raimon Panikkar talks"]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/us/05panikkar.html?_r=2&hpw New York Times Obit]
* [http://www.raimon-panikkar.org Official website]
* [http://www.raimonpanikkar.org Web in Raimon Panikkar honoris]
* [https://fonsespecials.udg.edu/Panikkar Personal library in Universitat de Girona ]
* [http://www.share-international.org/ARCHIVES/religion/rl_cfnew-innocence.htm The new innocence: Interview with Raimon Panikkar by Carmen Font] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915212141/http://share-international.org/archives/religion/rl_cfnew-innocence.htm |date=2006-09-15 }}
* [https://them.polylog.org/1/fpr-en.htm ''Religion, Philosophy and Culture'' by Raimon Panikkar]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Panikkar, Raimon}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Indian people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic priests from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Divinity School faculty]]
[[Category:Clergy from Barcelona]]
[[Category:Philosophers of religion]]
[[Category:Religious studies scholars]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish philosophers]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Buddhist and Christian interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Complutense University of Madrid]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Barbados–India relations

2026-01-04T07:29:48Z

AlfonzoGuess50: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Barbados–India|Barbados|India}}
[[File:World Leaders' Summit Opening Ceremony (51646570087).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meeting Barbadian Prime Minister [[Mia Mottley]] at [[COP26]] in Glasgow, Scotland; November 2021]]
'''Barbados–India relations''' are the international relations that exist between Barbados and India. The Embassy of India in [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] is concurrently accredited to Barbados.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=S. Balachandran concurrently accredited as next High Commissioner of India to Barbados |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/s-balachandran-concurrently-accredited-as-next-high-commissioner-of-india-to-barbados20211231213924/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> India also maintains an Honorary Consulate in [[Holetown]].<ref name="IndianEmbassy">{{cite web|url=http://indembassysuriname.com/relationpages.php?id=51|title=Barbados|website=Embassy of India, Paramaribo|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621120241/http://indembassysuriname.com/relationpages.php?id=51|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Many Indians from Gujarat, Bengal and Sindh emigrated to Barbados in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=15 March 2017 |title=To be an immigrant |url=https://www.barbadostoday.bb/2017/03/15/to-be-an-immigrant/ |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=Barbados Today |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520045635/https://www.barbadostoday.bb/2017/03/15/to-be-an-immigrant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to historian Sabir Nakhuda, the first Indian to arrive in Barbados was Beshart Ali Dewan. Dewan who hailed from the present-day state of West Bengal emigrated to Barbados in 1910.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=15 February 2016 |title=How Indians shaped Barbadian culture |url=http://www.newsgram.com/the-indian-immigrants-in-barbados/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143307/http://www.newsgram.com/the-indian-immigrants-in-barbados/ |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=NewsGram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Indians in Barbados came from Bengal, Gujarat, Hyderabad |url=http://theindiandiaspora.com/news-details/Spotlight/primary_news/first-indians-in-barbados-came-from-bengal-gujarat-hyderabad.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127090540/http://theindiandiaspora.com/news-details/Spotlight/primary_news/first-indians-in-barbados-came-from-bengal-gujarat-hyderabad.htm |archive-date=27 November 2020 |url-status=usurped |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=theindiandiaspora.com}}</ref>

Diplomatic relations between Barbados and India were established on 30 November 1966, the date the former became an independent country. On the same day, India gifted a throne that was placed in the Barbadian [[House of Assembly (Barbados)|House of Assembly]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Dr S. K.|title=India and Its Neighbours: Renewed Threats and New Directions|date=1 March 2017|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789386367501|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgY1DgAAQBAJ|access-date=28 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Barbados Welcomes New Indian Envoy|url=http://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/barbados-welcomes-new-indian-envoy/|website=gisbarbados.gov.bb|date=21 September 2016|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

An Indian delegation visited Barbados to attend the CARICOM Summit in July 1996.<ref name="ICWA">{{cite web|title=India – Barbados Relations|url=http://icwa.in/pdfs/Barbados_new.pdf|website=ICWA|access-date=28 April 2017|date=January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912063246/http://icwa.in/pdfs/Barbados_new.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Barbados supported the G-4 resolution on expanding the UN Security Council in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's bid for permanent UNSC seat gets stronger - Rediff.com India News|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/14unsc.htm|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> The country also voted for India's candidature for Non-Permanent seat on the UN Security Council in 2011–12, and supports India's candidature for a permanent seat on the Security Council.

Barbadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Billie A. Miller has visited India on numerous occasions to participate in various international conferences. Minister of State for External Affairs Digvijay Singh visited Barbados in June 2003 and held talks with Deputy Prime Minister and Attorney General [[Mia Mottley]], and Senior Minister and Foreign Minister Billie Miller. During the visit, the two countries signed an MoU agreeing to hold regular Foreign Office Consultations.<ref name="ICWA"/> Finance Minister P. Chidambaram visited Barbados in September 2005 to participate in the Commonwealth Finance Ministers' Meeting.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shukla|first1=K. R. Gupta & Vatsala|title=Foreign Policy of India|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788126910311|page=460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOG8v3blLQUC|access-date=28 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Business : No stock market scam in offing, asserts Finance Minister|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091803991300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-09-18|access-date=28 April 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2005 |title=No scam in the offing in stock markets: FM |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/17scam.htm |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=rediff.com |agency=PTI}}</ref>

The first-ever Foreign Office Consultation (FOC) between Barbados and India was held in Bridgetown from 28 April to 1 May 2015. Special Secretary (AMS & CPV) in the Ministry of External Affairs R. Swaminathan and Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Simone Rudder led the Indian and Barbadian delegations at the FOC. Swaminathan also held bilateral talks with Minister of foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Maxine McClean, Minister of Industry, International Business, Commerce and Small Business Development Donville Inniss and Health Minister John Boyce.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=13 December 2016 |title=India-Barbados Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Barbados_dec2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908214814/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Barbados_dec2016.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

Barbados and India signed an Air Services Agreement on 6 October 2015. The agreement provides fifth freedom rights and permits Indian and Barbadian airlines to operate direct scheduled flights and chartered flights between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2015/10/09/india-and-barbados-sign-air-services-agreement/|title=India and Barbados Sign Air Services Agreement|date=2015-10-09|website=Caribbean Journal|access-date=2017-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-10-31 |title=Barbados signs air services agreement with India |url=https://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/ |access-date=2017-04-28 |website=Barbados Today |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112052511/http://barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Barbados, India Sign Air Services Agreement |url=http://m.caribbeannewsdigital.com/en/noticia/barbados-india-sign-air-services-agreement |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000828/http://m.caribbeannewsdigital.com/en/noticia/barbados-india-sign-air-services-agreement |archive-date=2017-04-29 |access-date=2017-04-28 |website=Caribbean News Digital}}</ref>

In May 2018, P. P. Chaudhary, the Indian government's Minister of State, Law, Justice and Corporate Affairs visited Barbados and discussed the framework of doctors from India working and operating in Barbados as well as the areas of international business and financial services, health care, Double Taxation Agreements (DTA), tax information agreements, Air Services Agreements, and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2018 |title=Barbados treasures relationship with India |url=http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/156495/barbados-treasures-relationship-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929010902/http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/156495/barbados-treasures-relationship-india |archive-date=29 September 2018 |website=NationNews}}</ref>

In 2024 India's Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] was conferred with the [[Order of Freedom of Barbados]] award by the Barbadian Prime Minister, [[Mia Mottley]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff writer |author-link1= |date=24 November 2024 |title=India Prime Minister to receive Barbados' highest national honour |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/india-prime-minister-receive-barbados-highest-national-honour |url-access= |work=Caribbean Media Corporation (CMC) |publication-place= |publisher=Loop News |publication-date=24 November 2024 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |archive-format= |access-date=25 February 2025 |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Staff writer |author-link1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=National Independence Honour for India's PM Modi |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.cbc.bb/news/local-news/national-independence-honour-for-indias-pm-modi/ |url-access= |work=Barbados Government Information Service |script-work= |trans-work= |publication-place= |publisher=[[Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) |publication-date=23 November 2024 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |archive-format= |access-date=25 February 2025 |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= }}</ref>

== Trade ==
Bilateral trade between Barbados and India totaled US$10.67 million in 2015–16, recording a growth of nearly 4% over the previous fiscal. Indian exports to Barbados stood at $10.50 million and imports were $170,000. The main commodities exported by India to Barbados are vehicles, pharmaceuticals, textiles, iron and steel, and organic chemicals. The major commodities imported by India from Barbados are electrical machinery, optical photography cinematographic equipment.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Indian firm Larsen & Toubro was awarded a {{INRConvert|1.3|c}} contract by the West Indies Cricket Board in February 2005 to serve as the "construction management consultant" on a project to rebuild the Kensington Oval. In August 2005, L&T was awarded a {{INRConvert|211|c}} contract to carry out the construction work. As part of the upgrade, two stands were renovated and 7 new stands were built raising the stadium's capacity from 13,000 to 26,500. L&T completed the work by January 2007, in time for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.<ref>{{cite web|title=L&T to rebuild Kensington Oval in Barbados|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/lt-to-rebuild-kensington-oval-in-barbados/article2187358.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=28 April 2017|language=en|date=25 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 August 2005 |title=L&T bags Rs 211 cr order from W. Indies |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/LT-bags-Rs-211-cr-order-from-W-Indies/articleshow/1209781.cms |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

During the CoVID-2019 pandemic the [[Government of India|Indian government]] allocated aid in the form of 100,000 AstraZeneca vaccines<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUCiaQ-JHSw |title=India's gift of 100,000 COVID-19 vaccines arrived Barbados earlier today |date=10 February 2021 |type=YouTube}}</ref> for Barbados which arrived on 9 February 2021. The Barbados Government then allocated approximately 70,000 doses for the [[Commonwealth of Dominica]].

== Cultural relations ==
Cricket is the primary cultural tie between the two countries. The Indian and West Indian cricket teams regularly tour each other's countries. Several Barbadian cricketers such as [[Carlos Brathwaite]], [[Jason Holder]], and [[Dwayne Smith]] have played in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name="MEA2016"/>

[[Indo-Barbadian]]s or Indo-Bajans are Barbadian nationals of full or partial Indian ancestry. As of 2010, according to Barbados' national census agency, Indo-Barbadians made up 1.3% of the country's population and were the fourth largest ethnic group in country, after blacks (92.4%), mixed-race (3.1)%, and whites (2.7%).<ref> {{cite web |last1=Doc. |first1=Doc. |year=2010 |title=Barbados Demographics |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.gov.bb/Visit-Barbados/demographics |url-access= |trans-title= |department=Statistical Service |website=www.gov.bb |script-website= |trans-website= |publication-place= |publisher=Government of Barbados |publication-date=11 May 2025 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date=11 May 2025 |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= }} </ref> Of the nearly 3,000 Indo-Barbadians, almost 2,000 originate from the Surat district of Gujarat. Around 130 Indo-Barbadian families are of Sindhi origin and are primarily involved in business. About 150 Indo-Barbadians are professionals involved in education and medicine, and 30 Indo-Barbadians are enrolled as students at a private medical university.<ref name="MEA2016"/> There are also some [[British Indian]]s and [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]s who own hotels and other real estate in Barbados.<ref name="IndianEmbassy"/>

Nationals between the nations are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]].<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=writer |first1=Staff |author-link1= |year=2025 |location= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |title=India - Barbados |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.indembassysuriname.gov.in/relationpages.php?id=43 |url-access= |trans-title= |website=www.indembassysuriname.gov.in |script-website= |trans-website= |publication-place= |publisher=[[Embassy of India]] at [[Paramaribo, Suriname]] |publication-date=2025 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date=11 May 2025 |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indians in Barbados]]
* [[Indo-Caribbeans]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Barbados_nov17.pdf Barbados relations], Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.

{{Foreign relations of Barbados}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{International power}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbados-India relations}}
[[Category:Barbados–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Barbados|India]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

Thomas Austin (civil servant)

2025-12-29T03:18:42Z

AlfonzoGuess50: quick update

{{Short description|British civil servant of the Indian civil service and administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sir Thomas Austin
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Sir Thomas Austin.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| smallimage =
| caption = Austin in 1953.
| office1 = [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]]
| term_start1 = 1932
| term_end1 = 1934
| monarch1 = [[Chithira Thirunal]]
| predecessor1 = [[V. S. Subramanya Iyer]]
| successor1 = [[Muhammad Habibullah]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|07|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = 1976 (age 89)
| death_place = [[United Kingdom]]
}}
'''Sir Thomas Austin''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (20 July 1887 – 27 June 1976) was a British civil servant of the [[Indian civil service]] and [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] who served as the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]] from 1932 to 1934.

== Early life ==
Thomas Austin was born in 1887 to a British clergyman, Rev. T. Austin. He was educated at [[Plymouth College]] and [[Jesus College, Cambridge]].

== Indian civil service ==
Thomas Austin entered the Indian Civil Service in 1910 and served in various junior positions before being appointed District Collector of [[Nilgiris District|Nilgiris]] in 1929. He served as Collector of Nilgiris from 1929 to 1932 when he was appointed the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]] on a two-year contract. In his later life, Austin also served as Chief Secretary of the [[Government of Madras]].

== Honours ==
Austin was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in the [[1945 New Year Honours]].

[[Austin Town]] in the city of [[Bangalore]], [[India]] is named after Thomas Austin who had built houses for low-income groups in the Cantonment section of the city.<ref name="pastmuster">{{cite web|title=Past Muster|publisher=TimeOut Bengaluru|url=http://www.timeoutbangalore.com/client_coverstory/client_coverstory_details.asp?code=621|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708184257/http://www.timeoutbangalore.com/client_coverstory/client_coverstory_details.asp?code=621|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|title=Kelly's handbook to the titled, landed and official classes, Volume 95|pages=182|publisher=Kelly's Directories|year=1969}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Austin, Thomas}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:People educated at Plymouth College]]

Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy

2025-12-06T20:03:59Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Advert|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox institute
|name= Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy
|image=
|caption=
|established= {{start date and age|2005}}
|chairman= [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]]<ref name="CSTEP">{{Cite web|title=CSTEP|url=https://cstep.in/|access-date=2022-04-07|website=cstep.in}}</ref>
|head= Jai Asundi<ref name="CSTEP" />
|staff=
|budget=
|location= [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|address=No. 18 & 19, 10th Cross, Mayura Street, Papanna Layout, Nagashettyhalli (RMV II Stage), Bengaluru 560094
Karnataka, India
|website= {{URL|https://cstep.in}}
}}
The '''Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy''' ('''CSTEP''') is an Indian [[think tank|think-tank]] based in [[Bengaluru]].

Its research is consolidated into six sectors: [[Climate change|Climate]], [[Environmental studies|Environment]] and [[Sustainability]]; Energy and Power; Renewables and Energy Conservation; [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and Digital Platforms; [[Strategic studies|Strategic Studies]]; and Air Quality.<ref name="CSTEP" />

== History ==
CSTEP was founded in 2005 by Dr [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]], former Scientific Advisor to [[Minister of Defence (India)|India's Defence Minister]] (1982-1992) and former head of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]], along with Professor [[Palle Rama Rao|P Rama Rao]]. Dr Anshu Bharadwaj, a former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, was the first executive director from 2009 to 2020 before being succeeded by Dr Jai Asundi.<ref name="CSTEP Team">{{Cite web|title=Jai Asundi|url=https://cstep.in/our_team/dr-jai-asundi/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=cstep.in}}</ref>

In 2008, CSTEP received its first grant from Shri Sivasubramaniya Nadar Educational and Charitable Trust to conduct studies in energy.<ref name="CSTEP Turns 10 - YouTube">{{Cite web|title=CSTEP Turns 10 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlgNcadIp38|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-07-11|title=SSN signs tie-up for scientific research|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/7ehWMKVW420WsmKUf2NyyO/SSN-signs-tieup-for-scientific-research.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> In 2018 the organization created the Centre for Air Pollution Studies (CAPS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAPS|url=http://caps.cstep.in/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=caps.cstep.in}}</ref> and launched the Artificial Intelligence & Digital Labs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AI and Digital Lab|url=https://cstep.in/verticals.php?id=889|access-date=2020-08-24|website=cstep.in}}</ref>

== Staff ==
In 2022, CSTEP employed 126 people in fields such as science and engineering, policy, [[economics]], [[Information technology|IT]], management, and communication.<ref name="About CSTEP">{{Cite web|title=About CSTEP|url=https://cstep.in/about.php|access-date=2022-04-07|website=cstep.in}}</ref> As of 2022 its chairman was its founder Dr. Arunachalam and its executive director is Dr. Jai Asundi (2020 onwards).<ref name="About CSTEP" />

== Location ==
CSTEP was founded in Arunachalam's residence in [[Bengaluru]] and later worked out of the CAIR (DRDO) office on [[Infantry Road]], Bengaluru. As of 2022, CSTEP operates out of two locations, with one office in Bengaluru and another in [[Noida]].

== Activities ==

=== India Clean Air Summit ===
The India Clean Air Summit (ICAS) is CSTEP's flagship event on Air Pollution, organised by the Air Quality sector.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Clean Air Summit (ICAS) 2021|url=https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=1726|access-date=2022-04-07|website=cstep.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India Clean Air Summit (ICAS) 2020|url=https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=1247|access-date=2022-04-07|website=cstep.in}}</ref>
Each year, the summit focuses on a specific theme, reflecting the evolving
challenges and priorities in the field of air quality management.

• ICAS 2019<ref>[https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=787#:~:text=India%20Clean%20Air%20Summit%202019%20(ICAS19)%2C%20the%20annual%20flagship,it%20and%20by%20how%20much%3F%20ICAS%202019 ICAS 2019]</ref> marked the launch of the event, bringing together policymakers, researchers,
industry experts, and civil society organisations to initiate discussions on air pollution and
its wide-ranging impacts.

• ICAS 2020<ref>[https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=1247 ICAS 2020]</ref> (‘Finding the Missing Evidence’) focused on identifying gaps in air pollution
data and research and emphasised the need for a common data-sharing platform and a
‘democratic’ approach to studying and resolving air pollution.

• ICAS 2021<ref>[https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=1726 ICAS 2021]</ref> (‘Clean Air for Healthy Living’) highlighted several important topics, including
the critical link between air quality and public health and the lack of studies in India to
assess the health impacts of air pollution.

• ICAS 2022<ref>[https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=2042%20ICAS%202022 ICAS 2022]</ref> (‘Looking at Air Pollution Through the Climate Lens’) explored the
interconnections between air pollution and climate change and addressed how air
pollution control measures can contribute to climate change mitigation and vice versa.

• ICAS 2023<ref>[https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=2498%20ICAS%202023 ICAS 2023]</ref> (‘Clean Air for Sustainable Development and Mission LiFE’) aimed to explore
the need to prioritise clean air for sustainable development and Mission LiFE—India’s
most ambitious policy yet to address climate change.

• ICAS 2024<ref>[https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=2775%20ICAS%202024 ICAS 2024]</ref> (‘The Participatory Future of Air Quality Management’) is being hosted in
collaboration with the Clean Air Monitoring and Solutions Network (CAMS-Net) from 26 to
30 August 2024.

=== Role of Science & Technology for Society ===
In March 2020, CSTEP initiated a Discussion Series on the Role of Science & Technology for Society, with the stated aim of making "science accessible to citizens to find sustainable solutions for India's developmental challenges".

The first event of the series was woven around the launch of Dr Arunachalam's book ‘From Temples to Turbines: An Adventure in Two Worlds’.<ref name="Temples to Turbines">{{Cite web|title=From Temples to Turbines: An Adventure in Two Worlds|url=https://cstep.in/event-details.php?id=1028|access-date=2020-08-24|website=cstep.in}}</ref> The Chief Designer of [[HAL Tejas|LCA Tejas]], [[Kota Harinarayana]], and former Chief Secretary to the Government of Karnataka SV Ranganath, were the main speakers at the event.<ref name="Temples to Turbines" />

=== India Energy Transformation Platform ===
CSTEP is the Secretariat for the India Energy Transformation Platform, a program created in 2018 to strategize on India's long-term energy future.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=India Energy Transformation Platform|url=http://ietp.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026091129/http://ietp.in/|archive-date=2020-10-26|access-date=2020-08-24|website=India Energy Transformation Platform}}</ref>

=== The eARTh Climate Fellowship ===
CSTEP launched the eARTh Initiative<ref>[https://cstep.in/projects-details.php?id=2651 eARTh Initiative]</ref> on 14 October 2023 at the Bangalore International Centre,
Karnataka, India, bringing art to the heart of climate action. The event brought together scientists,
artists, conservationists, and citizens to explore how art and science can trigger a positive
change for the planet.
The objective of the eARTh Initiative is to build a collective of artists and communicators and
highlight the climate crisis in an accessible manner to initiate climate action. The eARTh Climate
Fellowship for students came to fruition as a result of the Initiative. The nine-month fellowship
programme began in January 2024 and ended in September 2024. The selected fellows attended periodical offline sessions and worked on their artistic outputs, which were displayed during the second eARTh event held in October 2024.

== Funding ==
CSTEP is registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 and receives grants from national and international foundations, industry trusts, and governments.<ref name="About CSTEP" />

It has received grants from foundations such as the [[International Development Research Centre|International Development Research Centre (IDRC)]], OAK Foundation, Rohini & Nandan Nilekani Philanthropies, [[The World Bank|World Bank]], United Nations Development Programme, the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], and many others.<ref name="About CSTEP" />

== Policy influence ==
It has been involved in a number of policy projects in collaboration with the Indian government as well as national and international organizations<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Biswajit.|date=January 23, 2014|title=MNRE starts process for a National Wind Energy Mission.|url=http://twocircles.net/2014jan23/mnre_starts_process_national_wind_energy_mission.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=TwoCircles.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-07-06|title=Phase I of Perform, Achieve & Trade to start from April 2011|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Phase-I-of-Perform-Achieve-Trade-to-start-from-April-2011/article16186484.ece|access-date=2020-08-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CSTEP Project|url=https://cstep.in/projects-details.php?id=500|access-date=2020-08-24|website=cstep.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Implementation of RTPV on Govt. Buildings in BESCOM Area|url=https://cstep.in/projects-details.php?id=402|access-date=2020-08-24|website=cstep.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LiDAR-based RTPV Tool for Bengaluru|url=https://cstep.in/projects-details.php?id=400|access-date=2020-08-24|website=cstep.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Recommendations to the Government on India's Official GHG Emission Estimation Process|url=https://cstep.in/publications-details.php?id=1036|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813210540/https://cstep.in/publications-details.php?id=1036 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2020-08-24|website=cstep.in}}</ref> such as the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|Gates Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-01-01|title=OPP1087912|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/Quick-Links/Grants-Database/Grants/2013/07/OPP1087912|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.gatesfoundation.org|language=en}}</ref> [[IBM]],{{cn|date=November 2025}} [[Bureau of Energy Efficiency]], and the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-22|title=India Energy Security Scenarios|url=http://indiaenergy.gov.in/vision_stake.php|access-date=2020-08-24|archive-date=2015-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222085337/http://indiaenergy.gov.in/vision_stake.php|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

== Collaborative projects ==
CSTEP has also collaborated with other organizations on various projects. It was one of the Indian organizations which participated in SERIIUS, a joint clean energy development program established by the [[Government of India]] and the [[US Department of Energy]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-14|title=Solar Energy Research Institute for India and the United States (SERIIUS)|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/SERIIUS/SERIIUS.htm|access-date=2020-08-24|archive-date=2013-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214083234/http://www.iitb.ac.in/SERIIUS/SERIIUS.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> as well as multiple projects with the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-31|title=EU-India Update|url=http://euindiaenewsletter.com/Vol_9_October_2013/Energy.html|access-date=2020-08-24|archive-date=2015-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131214603/http://euindiaenewsletter.com/Vol_9_October_2013/Energy.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Think tanks established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in India]]

Socrates K. Valath

2025-11-30T02:51:59Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting first stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=June 2022}}
{{Resume-like|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Socrates K. Valath
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place = [[Cheranellore]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Novelist, short story writer
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = Fiction
| subject =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Padmarajan Award]]
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Socrates Krishnan Valath,''' (born 1963) is an Indian novelist and short story writer, working in [[Malayalam literature]]. His short story anthology, ''Nyayavithi'', was selected for the [[Padmarajan Award]] in 2014. He is also a recipient of the Kerala State Television Award in 2003, C. Ayyappan Award in 2015 and a Certificate of Merit at the Annual [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] Awards in 2017.

== Biography ==
Socrates Valath was born in 1963 to the writer [[V. V. K. Valath]] as the youngest of three sons, in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] .<ref name="വി.വി.കെ.വാലത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2001/01/01/ker-vvk.html |title=വി.വി.കെ.വാലത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു |last=Staff |date=2001-12-01 |website=malayalam.oneindia.com |language=ml |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|[[Mopasang Valath]], a noted painter<ref name="Kerala State - Everything about Kerala">{{Cite web |url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/kerala_celebrities/mopasang.php |title=Kerala State - Everything about Kerala |last=stateofkerala.in |website=www.stateofkerala.in |language=en |access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref><ref name="http://en.artscad.com/@/MopasangValath">{{Cite web |url=http://en.artscad.com/@/MopasangValath |title=Mopasang Valath Artworks |date=2019-05-01 |website=en.artscad.com |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> and [[Einstein Valath]], a writer,<ref name="Angabhangam - Einstein Valath">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pratilipi.com/story/അംഗഭംഗം-60nw5sq5gzr9 |title=Angabhangam - Einstein Valath |date=2019-04-30 |website=www.pratilipi.com |language=ml |access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref> are his siblings}} His entry into Malayalam literature was with a short story, ''Vala'', published in [[Mathrubhumi weekly]] in 1987.<ref name="About the author">{{Cite book |title=About the author |date=2019 |publisher=Logos Books |quote=Author details of his book, ''Tag Number 3'' |location=Pattambi}}</ref> It preceded a number of books which include his novel, ''Aanandalahari'', and six short story anthologies. He has also published a book of interviews, ''Kathaantharangal'', which features a number of interviews he had with his fellow writers including [[S. Hareesh]], [[Thomas Joseph]], [[Unni R.]], [[Santhosh Echikkanam]] and [[E. Santhosh Kumar]] and [[V. J. James]].<ref name="kathantharangal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahamalayalam.com/kathaantharangal-malayalam-interview-by-socrates-k-valath/pid-120732311 |title=kathantharangal |website=MAHAMALAYALAM |language=en |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>

Valalth's entry into films was in 2003, when he directed ''Harappa to Pokhran'', a children's film which was aired in [[Surya TV]].<ref name="The Hindu : Kerala News : `American Dreams' bags best serial award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/06/stories/2004040606240400.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Kerala News : 'American Dreams' bags best serial award |date=2004-04-06 |access-date=2019-05-01}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Subsequently, he wrote the screenplay and dialogues for two films,<ref name="Socrates Valath - M3DB.COM">{{Cite web |url=https://m3db.com/artists/31618 |title=Socrates Valath - M3DB.COM |date=2019-05-01 |website=m3db.com |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> ''Thavalam'' in 2008<ref name="Thaavalam (2008)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4009 |title=Thaavalam (2008) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> and ''KQ'' in 2013.<ref name="KQ (2013)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4740 |title=KQ (2013) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> He has also directed a documentary, ''And the Fight Goes On'', on the [[quadriplegic]] writer and historian, [[MP Anil Kumar]].<ref name="And the Fight Goes On">{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3499978/ |title=And the Fight Goes On |date=2019-05-01 |website=IMDb |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> Besides, he has compiled stories for ''Crime File'' for [[Surya TV]] and [[Jeevan TV]], created content for the programmes, ''Vipani'' for [[Doordarshan]], ''Business Watch'' for [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], and ''Haritha Keralam'' for Jeevan TV and scripted the tele-serials, ''Adaminte Santhathikal'' for Asianet<ref name="Socraties K Valath - profile in Malayala Chalachithram">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=3617 |title=Socraties K Valath - profile in Malayala Chalachithram |date=2019-05-01 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> and [[Ente Kuttikalude Achan]] for [[Mazhavil Manorama]].<ref name="അശ്വന്തും അനുപമയും പിന്നെ മൂന്ന് കുറുമ്പുകളും; പ്രേക്ഷകമനം കീഴടക്കാൻ ഇവർ!">{{Cite web |title=അശ്വന്തും അനുപമയും പിന്നെ മൂന്ന് കുറുമ്പുകളും; പ്രേക്ഷകമനം കീഴടക്കാൻ ഇവർ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/new-serial-ente-kuttikalude-achan-will-be-telecast-soon/articleshow/81364989.cms |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref>

Valath lives in [[North Paravur]], in Ernakulam district.<ref name="About the author" />

== Awards and honours ==
''Harappa to Pokhran'', a Saljith P. R. production directed by Valath, was selected for the award for the best children's programme at the 2003 Kerala State Television Awards.<ref name="The Hindu : Kerala News : `American Dreams' bags best serial award" /> A decade later, his short story anthology, ''Nyaayavithi'', fetched him the [[Padmarajan Award]] in 2014.<ref name="Padmarajan award for Ain">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/padmarajan-award-for-ain/article7203944.ece |title=Padmarajan award for Ain |date=2015-05-14 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref><ref name="Padmarajan - Tribute to a genius">{{Cite web |url=http://www.padmarajan.org/latest_news.html |title=Padmarajan - Tribute to a genius |website=www.padmarajan.org |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> He received the C. Ayyappan Award for short story in 2015 and ''Janala'' (The Window), a [[radioplay]] he wrote for the [[Thrissur]] station of the [[All India Radio]], was selected for the ''Certificate of Merit'' at the [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] annual competition in 2017.<ref name="Akashvani Annual Awards -2017, Certificate of Merit for AIR Thrissur.">{{Cite web |url=http://airddfamily.blogspot.com/2018/10/akashvani-annual-awards-2017.html |title=Akashvani Annual Awards -2017, Certificate of Merit for AIR Thrissur. |date=2019-05-01 |website=Noshwind |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Short story anthology ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.readersshoppe.com/home/en/Book-Store/Short-Stories/Logos-Books/15-p2460c59c90.html |title=Veronica @ 15 |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2018 |publisher=Logos Books |isbn=9789386744784 |location=Pattambi}}
* {{Cite book |title=Tag Number 3 |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2019 |publisher=Logos Books |isbn=9789388364409 |location=Pattambi}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=86623&query_desc=au%25252Cwrdl%25253A%252520valath |title=Madanelloorile penpannikal |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2010 |publisher=Sahithyapravarthaka Sahakaranasangham |isbn=9780000170446 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kavachitham |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2014 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=9788182662339 |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.readersshoppe.com/home/en/Book-Store/Short-Stories/Logos-Books/jayahe-p2362c59c90.html?search=socrates |title=Jaya He |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2017 |publisher=Logos Books |isbn=9788193332368 |location=Pattambi}}
* {{Cite book |title=AD 2025 |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2014 |publisher=Saikatham Books }}
* {{Cite book |title=Nyaayavithi |last=Socrates K. Valath |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9789386680556 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |title=Theranjedutha Kathakal|last=Socrates K. Valath |publisher=Logos Books Pattambi |isbn= |location=Pattambi}}
* {{Cite book |title=Appooppan Konna Maram|last=Socrates K. Valath |publisher=Green Books |isbn=9789393596536 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |title=Katha|last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2022 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society |isbn=9789394705173 |location=Kottayam}}

{{div col end}}

{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}

=== Novel ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=155608&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Socrates%2520Valath |title=Aanandalahari |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2016 |publisher=Green Books |isbn=9788184235098 |location=Thrissur}} third edition 2022

=== Interviews ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.mahamalayalam.com/kathaantharangal-malayalam-interview-by-socrates-k-valath/pid-120732311 |title=Kathantharangal |last=Socrates K. Valath |publisher=Bookerman |year=2015 |isbn=9788192883137 |page=152 |language=en}}
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/movie-review/uyare-parvathy-thiruvoth-movie-review/ |title=Uyare - A Review |last=Socrates K. Valath |date=2019-05-01 |website=Southlive |language=ml |access-date=2019-05-01}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z84Oqw5T9CU |title=Socrates K Valath Interview |last=ibsen valath |date=2018-05-03 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-05-01}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?sp=3617 |title=List of Malayalam Movies screenplay written by Socraties K Valath |date=2019-05-01 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-05-01}}
* {{IMDb name|nm3738425}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valath, Socrates K.}}
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ashok Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)

2025-11-18T14:49:31Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
| term_start1 = 10 Nov 2015
| term_end1 = 2020
| term_start2 = 2024
| term_end2 = 2025
| profession = Politician
| predecessor1 = [[Ambika Singh Yadav|Ambika Yadav]]
|successor1 = [[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Satish Kumar Singh Yadav|Satish Kumar Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Ashok Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician from Bihar.<ref name=":N18"/> He served a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 2015 to 2020, and again from 2024 to 2025, representing [[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Ramgarh Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Ashok Kumar Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ramgarh-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-2-9130403.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NDA hits 4 in Bihar, registers clean sweep |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nda-achieves-clean-sweep-in-bihar-by-polls-ahead-of-2025-elections/articleshow/115606415.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramgarh By Election Result 2024 BJP Ashok Kumar defeated BSP Satish Yadav In Ramgarh {{!}} Ramgarh By Election Result 2024: रामगढ़ में हारते-हारते जीत गई बीजेपी, अशोक कुमार ने बीएसपी के सतीश यादव को हराया {{!}} Hindi News, BH kaimur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/kaimur/ramgarh-by-election-result-2024-bjp-ashok-kumar-defeated-bsp-satish-yadav-in-ramgarh/2527657/amp |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |title=Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160816/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar bypolls: NDA wins all four seats, PK's Jan Suraaj Party fails to open its account">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |date=23 November 2024 |title=Bihar bypolls: NDA wins all four seats, PK's Jan Suraaj Party fails to open its account |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/23/bihar-bypolls-nda-wins-all-four-seats-pks-jan-suraaj-party-fails-to-open-its-account |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125180221/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/23/bihar-bypolls-nda-wins-all-four-seats-pks-jan-suraaj-party-fails-to-open-its-account |archivedate=25 November 2024 |accessdate=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDA wins all four seats in Bihar bypolls; Prashant Kishor’s party fails to make a mark in debut">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=NDA wins all four seats in Bihar bypolls; Prashant Kishor’s party fails to make a mark in debut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/nda-wins-all-four-seats-in-bihar-bypolls-prashant-kishors-party-fails-to-make-a-mark-in-debut/article68902409.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125175558/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/nda-wins-all-four-seats-in-bihar-bypolls-prashant-kishors-party-fails-to-make-a-mark-in-debut/article68902409.ece |archivedate=25 November 2024 |accessdate=25 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ashok Kumar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}
Bhumihar caste

Thumbapoo

2025-09-14T09:49:36Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting basic post more to come...

{{short description|Indian Malayalam television soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| caption =
| based_on =
| network = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| writer = Sharmila V Sharmi
| director = Dileep Tavanur
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Mridula Vijay]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 399
| producer = Umadharan Kayamkulam
| cinematography =
| editor =
| screenplay = [[Sangeetha Mohan]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| music =
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| company = Souparnika Creations
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|18|df=yes}}
| executive_producer =
| voices =
| italic_title =
| budget =
| num_seasons = 1
| related =
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|02|17|df=yes}}
| location =
| endtheme =
}}

'''Thumbapoo''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]] written by Sharmila V Sharmi and scripted by [[Sangeetha Mohan]]. The show premiered on 18 October 2021 on [[Mazhavil Manorama]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thumbapoo-review-young-veena-and-rameshan-steal-the-show-that-talks-about-importance-of-character-over-looks/articleshow/87157028.cms Thumbapoo review: Young Veena and Rameshan steal the show that talks about importance of character over looks]</ref> It stars [[Mridula Vijay]], Niyuktha Prasad and Sachin SG in lead roles along with Remya Sudha, Julie Hendry and Amritha in pivotal roles.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mridhula-vijai-as-the-main-protagonist-to-sangeetha-mohan-penning-the-script-heres-what-we-know-about-the-new-show-thumbapoo/photostory/86839287.cms Mridhula Vijai as the main protagonist to Sangeetha Mohan penning the script: Here's what we know about the new show 'Thumbapoo']</ref> All episodes of this show is streaming on Manorama Max.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch all episodes of Thumbapoo from Manorama Max|website=Manorama Max|url=https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/136746/thumbapoo|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Lead roles===
* [[Mridula Vijay]] / Niyuktha Prasad as Adv. Veena Ramakrishnan.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mridhula-vijai-on-thumbapoo-the-story-of-a-girl-who-doesnt-bother-about-her-looks-but-life-goals-this-one-liner-attracted-me-to-the-show/articleshow/87084067.cms Mridhula Vijai on 'Thumbapoo': The story of a girl who doesn't bother about her looks but life goals, this one-liner attracted me to the show]</ref>
** Megha Mahesh as Young Veena<ref>[https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/mazhavil-manorama-thumbapoo-serial-megha-as-veena-viral-post/articleshow/86932148.cms മേഘയുടെ സ്വപ്നം : അഭിനയിക്കുന്ന ഡോക്ടർ; മൃദുലയെ വീണയാക്കിയതിൽ മേഘയ്ക്കും പങ്ക്!]</ref>
* Sachin SG as Rameshan. Childhood friend and husband of Veena.

===Pivotal roles===
* Remya Sudha as Soudamini. Wife of Ramakrishnan. Mother of Veena and Vidya.
* Julie Hendry as Vidya. Younger sister of Veena.
* Amritha
*[[Rini Raj]] as Sanjana
* [[Ambili Devi]] as Maya<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ambili-devi-is-excited-about-her-acting-comeback-after-two-years-details-inside/articleshow/87329110.cms Ambili Devi is excited about her acting comeback after two years; details inside]</ref>
* Rudra Prathap as Adv. Sivasankaran
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Ramakrishnan. Father of Veena and Vidya.
* VK Baiju as Sreekumar. Husband of Renuka.
* Sangeetha Rajendran as Rema, the eldest sister of Rameshan.
* Keerthi Krishna as Renuka. One of the two elder sisters of Rameshan.
* Nayana Josan as Reena, Rameshans and, Maya's Daughter
* Kiran Dev as Johnny, an employee at [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]]. Close friend of Rameshan.
* Ramya Salim
* Amith as Soman Kartha. Owner of Alpha Builders. Husband of Geetha. Father of Jishnu (born to his wife Geetha) and Swathi (born to his former lover Sugandhi). Former lover of Sugandhi.
* Aneesh Kailas as Aneesh Kumar, Architect of Alpha Builders
* Deepa Jayan as Malu
* Reshma R Nair as Neenu.
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as the owner of Corba Gelatin.
* Abees Raj as Adv. Mannadiar

===Cameo appearances===
* [[Rimi Tomy]] as Herself<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thumbapoo-singer-rimi-tomy-to-play-a-cameo-in-mridhula-vijais-show/articleshow/87852238.cms Thumbapoo: Singer Rimi Tomy to play a cameo in Mridhula Vijai's show]</ref>
*Yuva Krishna as Manu (in Promotional video)

==Production==
Lead actress [[Mridula Vijay]] withdrew from the show due to pregnancy.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tv-couple-yuva-krishna-mridhula-vijai-announces-pregnancy-with-an-adorable-post-read/articleshow/88871180.cms TV couple Yuva Krishna-Mridhula Vijai announces pregnancy with an adorable post; read]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mazhavil Manorama programs}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Mazhavil Manorama original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Badahra Mahant

2025-08-17T05:01:46Z

AlfonzoGuess50: post.

{{short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, Indoa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badahra Mahant
| other_name = Badhra Mahant, Barahra Mahanth,
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia#World
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1368|N|83.7011|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Maharajganj district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 89
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 273163
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = UP 56
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Badahra Mahant''' also known as Badhra Mahant or Barahra Mahanth is a village in Uttar Pradesh. A temple dedicated to Lord Jagannath (Shri Krishna) exists in the village.<ref>{{cite news |title=इस मंदिर में ब्रिटिश हुकूमत के अंग्रेज अफसर आते थे मत्था टेकने, इसका इतिहास जानकर हो जाएंगे हैरान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/gorakhpur/lord-jagannath-temple-special-story-in-maharajganj |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Amar Ujala |publisher=Vivek Shukla |date=31 May 2020|language=hi}}</ref> The village is located towards east of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in northern [[India]], near the border with [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindustan Special: महराजगंज के इस मठ से जुड़ी है नेपाल के लोगों की आस्था, जानें क्या है 237 साल की परंपरा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-faith-of-the-people-of-nepal-is-attached-to-the-jagannath-temple-of-maharajganj-8834429.amp.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Hindustan |publisher=Pawan Kumar Sharma |date=11 October 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Jagannath Mandir, Badahra Mahant]]
*[[Maharajganj District]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Maharajganj district]]
{{Maharajganj-geo-stub}}

Thangal Naga

2025-07-15T18:28:12Z

AlfonzoGuess50: general rework details per standard format and cleaned formatting

'''Thangal Naga''' may refer to:
* [[Thangal people]] or Khoirao, a Naga people of northeastern India
* [[Khoirao language]] or Thangal Naga, their Sino-Tibetan language

== See also ==
* [[Naga (disambiguation)]]
{{Disambig}}

New Tinsukia Junction railway station

2025-06-16T11:16:15Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|New Tinsukia Junction}}
| type = [[Regional rail]] and [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = New Tinsukia Railway Junction.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = New Tinsukia Railway Station Complex
| address = Assam Trunk Road, Hijuguri, [[Tinsukia]]-786192, [[Assam]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.4797|N|95.3340|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|124|m|ft}}
| line = * [[Lumding–Dibrugarh section]]
* Dibrugarh Town-Tinsukia-Ledo/Dangri section
| other = Auto-rickshaw, Bus Stand
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 10
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened = 1883
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Accessicon|20px}} Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NTSK
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| division = {{rwd|Tinsukia}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drink]] [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|20px|Food Plaza]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Lifts]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px|Escalators]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|20px|Railwire Free Wifi]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Rooms]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Dibru-Sadiya Railway]]
| passengers = 30K/Day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = {{increase}} {{color|#fc5|high}}
| map_type = India Assam
| map_dot_label = New Tinsukia Junction railway station
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| mapframe = Yes
}}
'''New Tinsukia''' is a railway junction station on the [[Lumding–Dibrugarh section]]. It is located in [[Tinsukia district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. It serves [[Tinsukia]] and the surrounding areas. New Tinsukia is the second station in the town of Tinsukia after the old Tinsukia Station. The [[Railway Heritage Park, Tinsukia]] is located at the station, with locomotives from the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] (DHR), [[Dibru–Sadiya Railway]] (DSR) and [[Assam Bengal Railway]] (ABR).

==History==
The {{RailGauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] line from Dibrugarh steamer ghat to [[Makum railway station|Makum]] was opened to passenger traffic on 16 July 1883.<ref name=assamrly>''Urban History of India: A Case-Study'' by Deepali Barua, pages 79-80, {{ISBN|81-7099-538-8}}, Mittal Publications, A-110 Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059</ref>

The metre-gauge railway track earlier laid by [[Assam Bengal Railway]] from Chittagong to Lumding was extended to Tinsukia on the Dibru–Sadiya line in 1903.<ref name=assamrly/><ref name=tinsukia>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/TSK/Network%20Map/history.htm |title=History of Tinsukia Division |publisher=NF Railway |accessdate=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310133856/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/TSK/Network%20Map/history.htm |archivedate=10 March 2014 }}</ref>

The project for the conversion of the Lumding–Dibrugarh section from metre gauge to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] was completed by the end of 1997.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Lumding-Dibrugarh_G_C/Project/pid11580.htm |title = Lumding Dibrugarh GC Project| publisher= Process Register| accessdate = 13 May 2013 }}</ref>

== Station amenities==
Following services available in New Tinsukia Jn. Railway Station:

* 02 (02 Bedded) AC Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker/Charging point [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 02 (02 Bedded) Non AC Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 01 (01 Bedded) Non AC Retiring Room with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 01 (07 Bedded) Non AC Dormitory with Free Wi-Fi/TV [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* ATM [[File:Map_icons_by_Scott_de_Jonge_-_atm.svg|20px]]
* Paid Executive Lounge cum Food Bar
* High Speed Google Railwire Free Wi-Fi service [[File:Wifiservice.svg|20px]]
* Upper Class/Lower Class Waiting Rooms having Free Wi-Fi/AC/TV/Charging points/Drinking water & separate Ladies/Gents Washrooms [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The Noun_Project.svg|20px]]
* Food Plaza [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|20px]]
* Tea Stall [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|25px]]
* FOB with 2X [[File:Aiga_escalator_up_mirror.svg|25px]] Escalator/Elevators [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px]] 2X
* CCTV Surveillance [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|35px]]
* Cloak Room [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|25px]]

==See also ==

* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Tinsukia}}
* {{IndiaRailInfo|2112}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Sripuriagaon|right=Panitola|type=[[Lumding–Dibrugarh section]]
|line2=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left2=|right2=Tinsukia|type2=New Tinsukia–Dangri branch line and New Tinsukia–Lekhapani branch line}}

{{Railway stations in Assam}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1883]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Assam]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Tinsukia railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Tinsukia]]

Thakurdas Nagwanshi

2025-06-10T16:57:02Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pipariya Assembly constituency|Pipariya]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Thakurdas Nagwanshi''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a four time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]], [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Pipariya Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pipariya, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/pipariya-constituency-s12aed2008a139/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pipariya assembly election results 2023: Pipariya Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/pipariya-assembly-result-12139 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagwanshi, Thakurdas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vamshavriksha (novel)

2025-05-22T19:41:16Z

AlfonzoGuess50: starting some post added tags...

{{Short description|1965 novel by S. L. Bhyrappa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Vamshavriksha
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = SL-Bhyrappa-Vamshavriksha.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Cover page of 25th edition of Vamshavriksha
| author = [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| publisher = Sahitya Bhandara, Bangalore
| pub_date = 1965
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages = 560
| isbn =
| oclc =
| preceded_by = [[Matadana]] (1965)
| followed_by = Jalapaata (1967)
| website = [https://slbhyrappa.in/vamshavriksha/ ''Official website'']
}}

'''''Vamshavriksha''''' (also spelt as '''''Vamsha Vruksha''''') ({{translation|The [[genealogy]] tree}}) <ref>Book by [[S. L. Bhyrappa]] Vamshavriksha,Sahitya Bhandara, [[Bangalore]]</ref> is a 1965 novel written by the popular [[Kannada]] writer, philosopher and thinker [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]. Vamshavruksha received the Kannada Sahitya Academy Award in 1966.<ref name="Book_ref_01">{{Cite news |others=Staff |date=2023-01-27|title=S L Bhyrappa, Sudha Murty, Rani Machaiah: Know Padma awardees from Karnataka|language=en-IN |work=indianexpress.com|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-padma-awardees-sudha-murthy-sl-bhyrappa-rani-machaiah-8406071/ |access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> A Kannada movie ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]'' based on this novel, which was directed by [[B. V. Karanth]] and [[Girish Karnad]] secured [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Regional Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] at [[19th National Film Awards]].<ref name="Movie_ref_01">{{Cite news |others=Staff |date=2019-06-11|title=The many feathers in Karnad's cap|language=en-IN |work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110619/the-many-feathers-in-karnads-cap.html |access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> Vamshavriksha is a nuanced exploration of love and loss, tragedy and triumph, and is interwoven with spiritual, historical and cultural insights.<ref name="Book_ref_03">{{Cite news |others=Muralidhara Khajane|date=2015-07-11|title=Vamshavruksha, 50 and still contemporary|language=en-IN |work=thehindu.com|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/vamshavruksha-50-and-still-contemporary/article7411278.ece |access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
A [[family tree]] spanning three generations with varying nuances of thought and emotion depicts the moral dilemma that arises in a small, tradition-bound town in [[Karnataka]] when long-established social norms are violated in the name of personal fulfillment. The protagonist, Katyayani, is in the midst of this revolution as she defies the taboo on [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856|widow remarriage]], jeopardizes her relationship with her son, and lives between two emotionally damaged families struggling to preserve their integrity and lineage.<ref name="Book_ref_02"/>

==Translation==
Vamshavriksha novel is translated to [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]],[[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]] languages.<ref name="Book_ref_02">{{Cite news |others=[[Gauri Lankesh]]|date=2015-07-06|title=50 years after Kathyayani’s rebellion|language=en-IN |work=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/50-years-after-kathyayanis-rebellion/articleshow/47964364.cms |access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Kannada Sahitya Academy Award in 1966.<ref name="Book_ref_01"/>

==Film adaptations==
{{further|Vamsha Vriksha|Vamsa Vruksham}}

This book was made into two films, In Kannada [[Vamsha Vriksha]] (1971), Starring [[Girish Karnad]] and [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] (debut film). In Telugu, [[Vamsa Vruksham]] (1972), Starring [[Anil Kapoor]] later dubbed to Hindi as Pyaar Ka Sindoor (1986).<ref name="Book_ref_03"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://slbhyrappa.in/kn// slbhyrappa.in]

{{S. L. Bhyrappa}}

[[Category:Novels in Kannada]]
[[Category:1965 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels by S. L. Bhyrappa]]

Deglur taluka

2025-05-20T02:40:08Z

AlfonzoGuess50: Added A Data...

{{Short description|Taluka in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Deglur taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Nanded district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Gaur1992" />

==Nanded district==
There were 18 talukas in Nanded district as of November 2017, viz. Nanded, [[Ardhapur taluka|Ardhapur]], [[Bhokar taluka|Bhokar]], [[Biloli taluka|Biloli]], Deglur, [[Dharmabad taluka|Dharmabad]], [[Hadgaon taluka|Hadgaon]], [[Himayatnagar taluka|Himayatnagar]], [[Kandhar taluka|Kandhar]], [[Kinwat taluka|Kinwat]], [[Loha taluka|Loha]], [[Mahur taluka|Mahur]], [[Mudkhed taluka|Mudkhed]], [[Mukhed taluka|Mukhed]], [[Naigaon taluka|Naigaon]], and [[Umri taluka|Umri]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |accessdate=19 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=22 July 2015 }}</ref> In 1981, there were eight talukas in the district, viz. Nanded, Hadgaon, Kinwat, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur (Degloor), Mukhed and Kandhar.<ref name="Gaur1992">{{cite book|author=Keshav Dev Gaur|title=Dynamics of Rural Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5mZUifCw00C&pg=PA258|year=1992|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-396-4|pages=258–}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Nanded district]]

T. L. Rajkumar

2025-05-17T08:54:40Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''T. L. Rajkumar''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Rajkumar was elected from [[Khonsa East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khonsa East constituency]] seat in the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election in 1990, 1995 and 1999 standing as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. But he lost [[Khonsa East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khonsa East constituency]] seat in the [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate to [[Wanglam Sawin]] of [[People's Party of Arunachal]].<ref>[http://myneta.info/arunachal2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=110 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/report/nscnk-self-styled-brigadier-killed-by-rival-faction/20110318.htm NSCN-K's self-styled brigadier killed by rival faction]</ref><ref name="‘Investment risk’ behind uncontested wins in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=28 March 2024 |title=‘Investment risk’ behind uncontested wins in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/investment-risk-behind-uncontested-wins-in-arunachal-pradesh/article68001532.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517084635/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/investment-risk-behind-uncontested-wins-in-arunachal-pradesh/article68001532.ece |archivedate=17 May 2025 |accessdate=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkumar, T.L.}}
[[Category:People from Tirap district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1984–1990]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}
{{ArunachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pullella Sriramachandrudu

2025-05-01T05:54:32Z

AlfonzoGuess50: New Stub

{{Short description|Indian scholar (1927–2015)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pullela Sriramachandrudu
| image = Pullela_sriramachandrudu.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1927|10|24}}
| birth_place = Indupalli village, [[Amalapuram]], [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|06|24|1927|10|24}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Scholar, Writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Smt. Subbalakshmi
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = {{plainlist|
*Smt. Satyavati
*Sri. Pullela Satyanarayana Sastry
}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[Padma Sri]]
*[[Mahamahopadhyaya]]
}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.osmania.ac.in/sanskritacademy/Faculty/Prof.P.Sriramachandrudu.html|Profile on Osmania University}}
}}
'''Dr. Pullella Sriramachandrudu''' (24 October 1927 – 24 June 2015) was an Indian scholar of Vedanta, Vyakarana and Alankara Sastra and a prolific writer of [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] literature. He was widely credited with several books in Sanskrit and Telugu<ref name="Amazon">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-Pullela-Sriramachandrudu/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3APullela%20Sriramachandrudu | title=Amazon | publisher=Amazon | date=2014 | access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="AVKF">{{cite web | url=http://www.avkf.org/BookLink/display_author_books.php?author_id=221 | title=AVKF | publisher=AVKF | date=2014 | access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> and was best known for translating many difficult Sanskrit works into Telugu the seven volume Telugu edition of the Indian epic, [[Ramayanam]] by [[Valmiki]].<ref name="Ramayanam">{{cite book | title=Valmiki Ramayanam | publisher=TLP Publishers | author=Pullela Sriramachandrudu | year=2013 | pages=2022 | isbn=978-8192771519}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has honored Pullella Srirama Chandrudu in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pullela Sriramachandrudu was born in Indupalli Village, Ayinavolu Mandal of East Godavari District on 24 October 1927. His parents were Sri. Pullela Satyanarayana Sastry and Smt. Satyavati. Their family then moved to the nearby village of [[Ayinavilli]].

== Education ==
Pullela Sriramachandrudu studies Panchakavyas, Sriharsha's Naishadam, Murari Anargharaghavam and Siddhantakaumudi under his father. He later joined the Sanskrit college at Narendrapuram and studied the classics like Kirataarjuneeyam and other grammatical works under the tutelage of Sri. Kompella Subbaraya Sastry. Later he moved to the Madras Mylapore Sanskrit college where he graduated as 'Vedanta Siromani'. While he was studying in the Madras college, he learnt to communicate in English with the help of a friend V. Venkatachalam. Also he passed the 'Hindi Visharada' examination from the Hindi Prachar Sabha.

In 1948, he found a job as Hindi Pandit in Malikipuram. But his appetite for learning had not been satisfied and while he was teaching Pullela Sriramachandrudu he also passed out of the Matriculation examination in 1950. He later went on to complete the 'Telugu Vidwan' examination in 1952, Intermediate in 1953 and in 1955 he finished the Bachelor of Arts. Then, he enrolled in the famous Banaras Hindu University for Masters majoring in Sanskrit grammar (Metaphors and Allegories) and also another Masters in English and passed out in 1957 and 1961 respectively. In 1963, he again passed out of Masters in Hindi from the same university.

Now having mastered Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu and English, he presented a thesis on "Contributions of Panditaraja Jagannatha to Sanskrit poetics" to Osmania University in Hyderabad under the supervision of Aryendra Sharma for which he was awarded a doctors.

== Marriage ==
As was the custom in those days, Sriramachandrudu was married to Smt. Subbalakshmi who was the daughter of Sri. Mangipudi Venkata Sastry at an early age of 14 years. His wife was 8 at the time of their marriage.

== Career ==
Sriramachandrudu's first job was as a Hindi Pandit in Malikipuram High School. In 1951, he joined the K.B.R. College in Amalapuram as a Sanskrit Pandit and in 1957 he was made a Sanskrit lecturer. From 1960 to 1965, he worked as a Sanskrit lecturer in Warangal college and in 1965 he was transferred to Osmania University's college of arts. in 1976, he was also the director of Sri Venkateshwara Oriental Research Institute in Tirupati for a period of about 4 months. Later he returned to Osmania University and continued as a reader and after a promotion to the grade of Professor, he managed the Sanskrit Department. He also worked as the director of Sanskrit Academy for about 11 years and as a Secretary and Vice-President of Surabharati Association.

== Selected bibliography ==
The Chronological list of his works is:<ref>Jonnalagadda Srinivasa Rao, K. Aravinda Rao (Editors). Amṛtotsava Volume of P. Sriramachandrudu. Hyderabad: Janaśrī. 2003. A Festschrift in 200 pages with articles in Telugu, English and Sanskrit. Includes a list of 121 books.</ref><ref>P. Shashirekha (Ed.). Sri Ramachandra Pratibha: Contribution of Mahamahopadhyaya P. Sri Ramachandrudu to Sanskrit Literature. Hyderabad: Jayalakshmi Publications. 2008. 492 pages. Contains 38 papers in English and Sanskrit presented during an eponymous National Seminar held at Arts College, Osmania University on 15, 16 and 17 November 2007. Includes a list of 130 books.</ref><ref>Aruna Vyas. Padmaśrī Puraskṛta Pullela Śrīrāmacadruu: Saṃskṛtavijñānakhani – Vedāntavicāradhuni. Hyderabad: Jayalakshmi Publications. 2013. xxiv + 191 pages. Includes a list of 149 books.</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Pullela+Sriramacandrudu&qt=results_page Most of these books are listed in Worldcat]</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name of the Work
!Remarks
|-
|1953
| Hindī – Telugu Vyākaraṇamu
|A grammar of Hindi written in Telugu
|-
|1962
| Sanskrit translation of Gītāñjali of Rabindranath Tagore
|
|-
|1963
| Rāghavaśatakamu (Telugu)
|
|-
|1964
| Kumatiśatakamu
|A parody on Sumatiśatakamu in Telugu
|-
|1964
| Stories of Tenāli Rāmaliṃga (Telugu)
|
|-
|1964
| Susaṃhatabhāratam
|A Sanskrit Play in Six Acts
|-
|1971
| Laghusiddhāntakaumudī
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1971
| Telugu-Saṃskṛta Nighaṇṭu
|
|-
|1974
| Our Religions and Customs (Telugu)
|
|-
|1977
| Kāḷīdāsukavitāvaibhavamu (Telugu)
|
|-
|1977
| Vakroktijīvitam
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1977
| Dhammapādam
|Translation into Sanskrit and English with notes in Sanskrit
|-
| 1977, 1981
| Vākyapadīyam
|Commentary on some portions in Telugu
|-
|1978
| Vivekacūḍāmaṇi
|Telugu translation of the text and the commentary of HH. Candraśekharabhāratī of Śaradāpīṭham, Śṛṅgerī
|-
|1979
| Anthology of Indian Literatures
|Translation into Telugu of Sanskrit portions
|-
|1979
| Ratnāvalī
|Translation into Telugu
|-
|1979
| Rāgarociḥ
|Sanskrit Translation of Telugu poems
|-
|1979
| Kāvyālaṅkāra of Bhāmaha
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1979
| Kāvyamīmāṃsā
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1979
| Bāṇabhaṭṭa
|Telugu translation of the English original of K. Krishnamurthy
|-
|1979
| The Contributions of Andhras to Buddhism
|Telugu translation of English original by K. Satchidananda Murthy
|-
|1980
| Kāvyālaṅkārasūtravṛtti
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1981
| Kāvyādarśa
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1981
| Nītidviṣaṣṭikā (Sundarapāṇḍyuni āryā)
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1982
| Kaliviḍambanam
|
|-
|1982
| Vairāgyaśatakam
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1982
| Sabhārañjanaśatakam
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1983
| Aucityavicāracarcā
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1983
| Kavikaṇṭhābharaṇam
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1983
| Suvṛttatilakam
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1983
| Sevyasevakopadeśa
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1983
| The Contribution of Panditaraj Jagannatha to Sanskrit Poetics
|(English) in two volumes
|-
|1983
| Nibandhabhāskaraḥ
|Twelve essays in Sanskrit
|-
|1983
| Pārasīkalokoktayaḥ
|Sanskrit rendering of Persian proverbs in 327 verses
|-
|1983
| Bhāratīyavijñānavettalu (Telugu)
|
|-
|1984
| Rūpakaparicayaḥ (Sanskrit)
|
|-
|1984
| Taittirīyopaniṣat
|Telugu commentary following Śāṇkarabhāṣya
|-
|1984
| Kenopaniṣat
|Telugu commentary following Śāṇkarabhāṣya
|-
|1984
| Praśnopaniṣat
|Telugu commentary following Śāṇkarabhāṣya
|-
|1984
| Muṇḍakopaniṣat
|Telugu commentary following Śāṇkarabhāṣya
|-
|1984
| Māṇḍūkyopaniṣat
|Telugu commentary following Śāṇkarabhāṣya
|-
|1984
| Nagarjuna
|Telugu translation of English original by K. Satchidananda Murthy
|-
|1984
| Vyāsamaharṣi (Telugu)
|
|-
|1986
| Panditaraja Jagannatha
|Mongoraph in English ( Published by Central Sahitya Akademi)
|-
|1986
| Bhavabhūti
|Telugu translation of English original by G. K. Bhat
|-
| 1986 – 1995
| Śrīvālmīkirāmāyaṇamu
|Word to word meanings and paraphrase in Telugu ( 10 volumes of about 800 pages each)
|-
|1987
| Mahākavi Kāḷidāsu (Telugu)
|
|-
|1988
| Śrīrāmasahasranāmastotram (Sanskrit)
|
|-
|1988
| Śrītyāgarājasahasranāmastotram (Sanskrit)
|
|-
|1989
| Sanskrit commentary on Sūryadaṅḍaka of Mayūra
|
|-
|1989
| Agnipurāṇam
|Telugu translation in two volumes
|-
|1991
| Bhāsuḍu
|Telugu translation of English original of V. Venkatachalam
|-
|1992
| Pātañjalayogasūtram
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1992
| Saṃskṛtasūktiratnakośaḥ Part I – with Telugu translation
|
|-
|1993
| Jīvanmuktivivekaḥ
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1993
| Saṃskṛtasūktiratnakośaḥ Part II – with Telugu translation
|
|-
|1993
| Vyāghrītanayasaṃvādaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Vasantāgamanam
|
|-
|1993
| Mahān bhārato'ham
|
|-
|1993
| Na kadācidanīdṛśaṃ jagat
|
|-
|1993
| Ādhunikakāvyalakṣaṇam
|
|-
|1993
| Bhāratadeśasya svarājyādhigamaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Hāsyaguṭikaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Śabarī
|
|-
|1993
| Nehruviṣaye caramaślokaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Kavikulakokilaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Saumyo dadāt saumyatām
|
|-
|1993
| Saṃskṛtabhāṣaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Muktakāni
|
|-
|1993
| Śrīrāmakṛṣṇaparamahaṃsasūktayaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Advaitamate praśastaguṇaḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Advaitam paramaṃ rahasyam
|
|-
|1993
| Advaitameva vaidikaṃ darśanam
|
|-
|1993
| Samasyāpūrtayaḥ śrīrāmastutiśca
|
|-
|1993
| Anūditāni mahādevivarmaṇaḥ gītāni
|
|-
|1993
| Nagare śṛṅgāṭakam
|
|-
|1993
| Jīrṇacchatram
|
|-
|1993
| Bhiṣajo bhaiṣajyam
|
|-
|1993
| Śikhā (Ekāṅkikā)
|
|-
|1993
| Vināyakāṣṭakam
|
|-
|1993
| Muktīśvarāṣṭakam
|
|-
|1993
| Muktīśvaravarṇamālāstotram
|
|-
|1993
| Śrīveṅkateśvaraśaraṇāgatiḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Āryāśatakam (Veṅkateśvarastutiḥ)
|
|-
|1993
| Śrīcandraśekharendrasarasvatīpadyakusumopahāraḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Śrīrāmakṛṣṇaparamahaṃsastutiḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Śrīrāghavendrāṣṭakam
|
|-
|1993
| Śrīcandraśekharabhāratīśaraṇāgatiḥ
|
|-
|1993
| Vividhastutayaḥ
|
|-
|1994
| Cāṇakyanītisūtrāṇi
|Telugu translation
|-
|1995
| Saṃskṛta vyākaraṇa vimarśa saṃpradāyamu (Telugu)
|
|-
|1995
| Nītivākyāmṛtam
|Telugu translation of Sanskrit original of Somadeva (12th Century)
|-
|1995
| Nāgānandam
|Telugu translation (done in 1956, published in 1995)
|-
|1994
| Kāvyaprakāśaḥ
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1995
| Śyāmalādaṇḍakam
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1996
| Some Unexplored Aspects of Rasa Theory
|English translation of the Hindi original of B. M. Chaturvedi
|-
|1996
| Vaijñānikaṣāṇmukham
|Sanskrit essays on Pāṇini, Kaṇāda, Kauṭilya, Āryabhaṭa, Varāhamihira and Bhāskara
|-
|1997
| Ko vai rasaḥ (Sanskrit)
|
|-
|1998
| Nyāyaśāstravettalalo rājanītiviśāraduḍu
|Telugu translation of English original by Justice Alladi Kuppuswamy
|-
|1998
| Dhvanyāloka
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1998
| Dhvanyālokalocana
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|1998
| Egalitarian and Peace-keeping Trait of the Indian Mind
|
|-
|1999
| Kauṭilyam arthaśāstram
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|1999
| Alaṅkāraśāstramu – ādhunikasāhityamu (Telugu)
|
|-
|1999
| The Upanishadic Philosophy
|
|-
|2000
| Jagadvaṃdyulaina Jagadguruvu
|Biography of Jagadguru Śrībhāratītīrthasvāmī of Śṛṅgerīśāradapīṭham in Telugu
|-
|2000
| Brahmasūtraśāṅkarabhāṣyam
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu (2 Volumes)
|-
|2000
| Adhyātmarāmāyaṇamu
|Word-to-word meanings and paraphrase in Telugu (Joint authorship)
|-
|
| Influence of Sanskrit on Telugu Language and Literature (English)
|
|-
|2001
| Adityasuprabhātastotram (Sanskrit)
|
|-
|2001
| Śrībhagavadgītāśāṅkarabhāṣyam
|Exhaustive commentary in Telugu
|-
|2001
| Śambhormūrtiḥ
|Telugu translation of Sanskrit original of Śrījanārdānandasarasvatī
|-
|2002
| Alaṅkāraśāstracaritra
|History of Sanskrit Poetics in Telugu
|-
|2002
| Prākṛtabhāṣāvāṅmayacaritra (Telugu)
|
|-
|2002
| Saṃskṛtavacovichittiḥ pratyayārthavaicitrī ca
|Sanskrit Idioms and Phrases in Sanskrit and English
|-
|1949
| Hindi-Telugu Dictionary published by a book-publisher in his name
|
|-
|2003
| Śāstrasiddhāntaleśasaṅgraha of Appayadīkṣita
|Commentary in Telugu
|-
|2003
| Yājñavalkyasmṛti
|Commentary in Telugu following Mitākṣara
|-
|2003
| Bhaṭṭi
|A Monograph in English ( Pub. by Central Sahitya Akademi)
|-
|2004
| Sītārāvaṇasaṃvādajhari, Part – I
|Telugu commentary
|-
|2004
| Sītārāvaṇasaṃvādajhari, Part – II
|Telugu commentary
|-
|2004
| Kāḷīdāsakavitāvilāsamu
|A Monograph in Telugu on Kalidasa
|-
|2004
| Paṃḍitarāyalu
|A Monograph in Telugu on Panditaraja Jagannatha
|-
|2004
| Mahiṣaśatakam
|With word to word meaning and purport in Telugu
|-
|2004
| Telugunāṭa matamulu saṃpradāyamulu
|Religions and traditions in Telugu country
|-
|2004
| Śāradāmaṃdahāsaṃ bhāsamahākavi
|A Monograph in Telugu on Bhāsa
|-
|2004
| Mṛcchakaṭikacchaṭa
|A Monograph in Telugu on Śūdraka
|-
|2004
| Kauṇḍinyasmṛti
|A modern Smṛti in Sanskrit with own English translation
|-
|2005
| Māghamahākavi
|English translation of Hindi original (Pub. by Central Sahitya Akademi)
|-
|2005
| Dakṣiṇāmūrtistotramu
|Telugu commentary
|-
|2005
| Samasāmayikam
|Sanskrit ślokas on 36 topics
|-
|2006
| Pāścātyatattvaśāstretihāsaḥ
|A History of Western Philosophy in Sanskrit
|-
|2007
| Śrībhagavadgīta – āṃdhraṭīkātātpartyasahitaṃ
|
|-
|2007
| Ādityastotraratnam of Appayadīkṣita
|Telugu translation
|-
|2008
| Hindūmatamu konni itara matālu
|Hinduism and a few other religions
|-
|2008
| Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha
|With exhaustive Telugu commentary
|-
|2009
| Śrīmatpātañjalasūktisudhābindavaḥ
|Explanation in English
|-
|2009
| Mānavatājanmapradāta mānyaguruvaryuḍu
|Telugu monograph
|-
|2009
| Dhammapadam
|Telugu translation
|-
|2009
| Kauṇḍinyasmṛti
|Telugu translation
|-
|2010
| Śrīmadrāmāyaṇāmṛtataraṇgiṇilo manobhāvalaharīvilāsālu (Telugu)
|
|-
|2010
| Glimpses into Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra
|English translation by P. Shashirekha and Aruna Vyas of the Telugu Preface of Pullela Ramachandrudu to Kauṭilyam arthaśāstram
|-
|2011
| Śriśivadṛṣṭiḥ of Somānanandanātha with the Vṛtti of Utpaladevācārya
|Telugu commentary
|-
|2011
| Śrīpullela vāri prastāvanalu
|Telugu – Collection of forewords of Śrī Pullela Sriramachandrudu
|-
|2011
| Viśvamānavahita bhagavadgīta (Telugu)
|
|-
|2012
| Mahābhāratasārasaṅgrahamu (Telugu)
|
|-
|2012
| Śrīmadrāmāyaṇāmloni upamālaṃkārāla nirupamāna saundaryamu
|Telugu – The Incomparable Beauty of Upamā alaṅkāras in Rāmāyaṇa
|-
|2012
| Narajanmapraśasti – naruni kartavayamu
|Telugu translation of Sanskrit anugrahasandeśa of HH Jagadguru Candraśekharabhāratī
|-
|2012
| Śrīsatyasundareśvarasuprabhātam
|
|-
|2013
| Vālmīkirāmāyaṇaṃ mūlānusāri anuvādamu
|Telugu prose translation of Ramayana
|-
|2014
| Bharatamunipraṇītam Nāṭyaśāstram
|
|-
|2015
| Vyāsamañjarī
|Compilation of Essays
|}

=== Collections / Edited works ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Name of the Work
|-
|1971
| Nyāyarakṣāmani of Appaya Dīkṣita
|-
|1982
| Saṃskṛtakavijīvitam (Jointly edited)
|-
|1981
| Kāśikā with Padamañjarī
|-
|1981
| Sāhityaratnākaraḥ - Part III
|-
|1982
| Kriyāsvaralakṣaṇam of Sūrubhaṭṭa
|-
|1982
| Saṅgītacandraḥ
|-
|1984
| Nīlakaṇṭhadīkṣitasya laghukāvyāni
|-
|1985
| Kāśikā with Nyāsa
|-
|1985
| Mahiṣaśatakam
|-
|1986
| Katha in Sanskrit Poetics
|-
|1987
| Paribhāṣenudsaṅgrahaḥ (Edited along with others)
|-
|1988
| Kādambarīkathāsāraḥ
|-
|1988
| Āyurvedābhisāraḥ
|-
|1989
| Ānandalaharī and other works of Appaya Dīkṣita
|-
|1989
| Kāvyalakṣaṇavādaḥ
|-
|1989
| Nibandhamañjūṣā - A Collection of Literary Essays
|-
|1990
| Abhinavavāsavadattā
|-
|1994
| Gadyasaṇgrahaḥ
|-
|1999
| The Tirumala Music Inscription – prathamopalabdha svarasahita saṃkīrtana śilālekhamu (Along with others)
|-
|2007
| Vidhirasāyanam, Purvottaramīmāṃsāvādanakṣatramālā, Upakramaparākramaḥ, Pūrvamīmāṃsāviṣayasaṅgrahadīpikā – Works of Appaya Dīkṣita
|-
|2010
| Śrīmadappayyadīkṣitendrakr̥tayaḥ Śivārcanacandrikā, Madhvatantramukhamardanam, Pāṇinitantravādanakṣatramālā, Mānasollāsaḥ, Śivadhyānapaddhatiḥ, Āryāśatakam, stotrāṇi ca
|-
|2011
| Upaniṣatsudhālahari (Telugu – A collection of lectures on social aspects in Upanishads)
|}

=== Books inspired / commissioned / edited / facilitated ===
#From 1971, he edited most of the nearly 30 works of Appaya Dikshita published by the Srimad Appaya Deekshitendra Granthavali Prakasana Samithi – of which he was a Vice President.
#During the 1980s, he as Secretary was instrumental in the publication of more than a score of works by Sura Bharati Samiti.
#In 2004, the Saṃskṛta Bhāṣā Pracāra Samiti brought out 25 monographs in Telugu to commemorate its silver jubilee. Eight of these (included in the above list) were authored by Pullela Sriramachandrudu, who conceptualized, commissioned and edited the entire series.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Valmiki Ramayanam | publisher=TLP Publishers | author=Pullela Sriramachandrudu | year=2013 | pages=2022 | isbn=978-8192771519}}
*Jonnalagadda Srinivasa Rao, K. Aravinda Rao (Editors). Amṛtotsava Volume of P. Sriramachandrudu. Hyderabad: Janaśrī. 2003. A Festschrift in 200 pages with articles in Telugu, English and Sanskrit. Includes a list of 121 books.
*P. Shashirekha (Ed.). Sri Ramachandra Pratibha: Contribution of Mahamahopadhyaya P. Sri Ramachandrudu to Sanskrit Literature. Hyderabad: Jayalakshmi Publications. 2008. 492 pages. Contains 38 papers in English and Sanskrit presented during an eponymous National Seminar held at Arts College, Osmania University on 15, 16 and 17 November 2007. Includes a list of 130 books.
*Aruna Vyas. Padmaśrī Puraskṛta Pullela Śrīrāmacadruu: Saṃskṛtavijñānakhani – Vedāntavicāradhuni. Hyderabad: Jayalakshmi Publications. 2013. xxiv + 191 pages. Includes a list of 149 books.

{{authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriramachandrudu, Pullella}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Khole Ke Hanuman Ji Temple

2025-04-30T15:11:39Z

AlfonzoGuess50:

{{Infobox temple|name=Khole ke Hanuman Ji Temple|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=[[Hanuman]]|festival=[[Hanuman Jayanti]]|district=[[Jaipur]]|state=[[Rajasthan]]|country={{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]|map_type=India Rajasthan|coordinates={{coord|26.9401|75.8548|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|map_caption=Location in Rajasthan|image=File:Khole k Hanuman Jee Temple 01.jpg}}
'''Khole Ke Hanuman Ji Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located at a distance of about 9 km from district headquarters of [[Jaipur]], the capital of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to a major [[Hindus|Hindu]] deity [[Hanuman]]. Apart from the devotees, domestic and foreign tourists also come here to admire the picturesque beauty of nature at this place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-30 |title=साहसी ब्राह्मण ने खोजा था निर्जन पड़े स्थान पर हनुमान जी का ये मंदिर, आज बन गया जयपुर की शोभा {{!}} Khole Ke Hanuman Ji Temple History |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/khole-ke-hanuman-ji-temple-history-1-2572515/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Geography ==
This temple is situated at a hill named ''Lakshman Dungri'' of [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] mountain range. This place is situated in the beauty of nature and green environment is visible all around.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जयपुर |first=संतोष कुमार पांडेय |date=2023-01-21 |title=70 साल पहले हुई थी हनुमान जी के इस मंदिर की खोज, आज बन गया जयपुर की शोभा |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-jaipur-70-years-ago-brahmin-radhe-lal-choubey-discovered-khole-ke-hanuman-ji-mandir-ann-2313447 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
In the 60s, ''Pandit Radhe Lal Choubey'' found a huge idol of [[Hanuman]] at this place and he started worshiping here. In 1961, He established ''Narwar Ashram Seva Samiti'' for the development of the temple. When this place was uninhabited, rain water used to flow here from the mountains. That is why the temple was named as ''Khole Ke Hanuman Ji''.<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
This is a new building built in ancient fort style which has three floors in it. There is a big open square in front of the temple. Just to the right of the door, there is a marble mausoleum of ''Pandit Radhe Lal Choubey''. In this grand three-storey temple, apart from Hanuman, there are separate and grand temples of [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], [[Ganesha]], [[Gayatri]] and [[Valmiki]]. The paintings done on the walls and glass all around this temple are attractive.<ref name=":0" />

== Rope way ==
In 2023, a rope way is also started here. Rajasthan state Governor [[Kalraj Mishra]] inaugurated it. This 436 meter long rope way from [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]] Mata Temple to [[Vaishno Devi|Vaishno]] Mata Temple situated on the hill has been built at a cost of Rs 18 crore. The height of this rope way, operated on five towers, is about 85 meters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=राजस्थान के पहले ऑटोमैटिक रोप-वे की जयपुर में शुरुआत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/now-devotees-will-reach-vaishnodevi-temple-in-jaipur-in-430-minutes-131907682.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Events ==
Every year a fair is organized here on the festivals of [[Govardhan Puja]] (''Annkoot''), where a large number of devotees come to have [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] and [[Prasada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=बेहद रोचक है खोले के हनुमान जी मंदिर की कहानी, जानिए किसने की थी खोज {{!}} The story of Khole Ke Hanuman Ji ka Mandir is very interesting |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/the-story-of-khole-ke-hanuman-ji-ka-mandir-is-very-interesting-8275726/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Govind Dev Ji Temple|Govind Dev JI Temple]]
* [[Moti Dungri|Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]

2016 ICC World Twenty20

2024-11-21T15:07:48Z

AlfonzoGuess50: redirect

#REDIRECT [[2016 World Twenty20]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from long name}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

2022 in Manipur

2024-10-31T23:37:50Z

AlfonzoGuess50: entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
Events in the year '''2022 in [[Manipur]]'''
[[File:Statue of Maharaja Nara Singh in front of the Western Entrance to the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|On 15 June 2022, a [[bronze statue]] of [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei king]] [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]] (1844-1850 A.D.) was unveiled by [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], in front of the [[Kangla Sanathong]], the Western Entrance to the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]].]]

== Incumbents ==
* [[Governor of Manipur]] - [[La Ganesan]]
* [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] - [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]]
* [[Government of Manipur]] - [[Second N. Biren Singh ministry]]

== Events ==
; Ongoing :
; — [[COVID-19 pandemic]]
; — [[Meitei classical language movement]]
; — [[Meitei linguistic purism movement]]
* '''28 January''' - A unanimous resolution was passed by the ''"Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup"'' (MEELAL), ''"All Manipur Working Journalists’ Union"'' (AMWJU) and ''"Editors' Guild Manipur"'' (EGM) in [[Imphal]] that all the newspapers in [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]) will be using the [[Meitei script]] ({{langx|mni|[[Meetei Mayek]]}}) instead of the [[Bengali script]] from {{Start date and age|df=y|2023|01|15}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek in newspapers |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/29/IMPHAL-Jan-28-A-resolution-has-been-taken-to-use-Meetei-Mayek-in-place-of-Bengali-script-in-all-n.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek in newspapers : 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..290122.jan22 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |title=Meetei Mayek to Replace Bengali Script in Manipuri Newspapers from 2023 |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/top-stories/meetei-mayek-to-replace-bengali-script-in-all-newspapers-in-manipur-from-jan-2023 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Pratidin Time |date=30 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State dailies to cease Bengali script Manipuri papers from Jan, 2023 : 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=44..290122.jan22 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''28 February to 5 March''' - [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]
* '''28 February to 5 March''' - [[12th Manipur Assembly]]
* '''6 May''' - Inside the [[Kangla Fort]], the ''"Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development"'' (IBSD), [[Imphal]], planted around 50 fruit bearing plants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 fruit bearing plants planted inside Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/50-fruit-bearing-plants-planted-inside-kangla-fort-in-imphal |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
* '''11 May''' - [[Google Translate]] added [[Meitei language]] (under the name '''''"[[Meiteilon (Manipuri)]]"''''') during its addition of 24 new languages to the translation tool. The writing system used for [[Meitei language]] in this tool is [[Meitei script]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Assamese, Meiteilon (Manipuri) and Mizo language has been added to Google translate, moment of pride for Northeastern India! - NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2022/05/12/assamese-meiteilon-manipuri-and-mizo-language-has-been-added-to-google-translate-moment-of-pride-for-northeastern-india/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Google Translate adds support for Assamese, Mizo and Manipuri languages - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/google-translate-adds-support-for-assamese-mizo-and-manipuri-languages/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Google Translate gets support for 24 new languages including Assamese, Mizo and Manipuri |url=https://www.time8.in/google-translate-gets-support-for-24-new-languages-including-assamese-mizo-and-manipuri/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=TIME8 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''15 June''' - [[Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh]] was unveiled in the [[Kangla Sanathong]] ([[Western Kangla Gate]]) by [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Narasingh's bronze statue unveiled : 29th aug14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..290814.aug14 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur CM unveils statue of King Narasingh |work=uniindia.com |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/development-manipur-king-narasingh/2758472.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Meidingu Narasingh statue unvieled {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/06/15/meidingu-narasingh-statue-unvieled/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugurated a statue of the then king of Manipur, Nara Singh at Kangla |url=https://www.citizenradio.in/2022/06/inaugurated-statue-of-then-king-of.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Citizen Radio Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM inaugurates Andro infrastructure, unveils Narasingh's statue : 16th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..160622.jun22 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''19 June''' - [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], flagged off an [[Electric rickshaw|E-Rickshaw]] roadshow at the [[Kangla Sanathong]] ([[Kangla Western Gate]]) in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh Flagged off an E-Rickshaw Roadshow at Western Gate of Kangla in ... - Latest Tweet by ANI {{!}} LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-flagged-off-an-e-rickshaw-roadshow-at-western-gate-of-kangla-in-latest-tweet-by-ani-3847002.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
* '''25 June''' - ''"Green Imphal City Campaign"'' was organised under the theme ''"Planting towards Greener, Cleaner Imphal"'' by the Department of Municipal Administration, Housing and Urban Development (MAHUD) in the [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Imphal campaign |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Department-of-Municipal-Administration-Housing-and-Urban-Development-MAHUD.amp.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Imphal campaign : 26th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..260622.jun22 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''27 June''' - At the [[Kangla Sanathong]] ([[Western Kangla Gate]], [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], flagged off the ''"Relief Assistance & Disaster Response Team"'' for the flood-affected people of [[Assam]]. Along with the relief materials consisting of 135 quintals of [[rice]], 102 bags of [[dal]], 120 bags of [[salt]], 120 boxes of [[mustard oil]], 40 personnels of ''State Disaster Response Force'' (SDRF) were also sent for rescue operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur CM Flags-Off Relief Assistance & Disaster Response Team For Flood-Hit Assam – Northeast Today |date=27 June 2022 |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/06/27/manipur-cm-flags-off-relief-assistance-disaster-response-team-for-flood-hit-assam/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''30 June''' - [[2022 Manipur landslide]]
* '''5 August''' - The [[Manipur State Legislative Assembly]] re-affirmed a resolution to record the [[Sanamahi religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) in the [[Indian census]] data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''20 August''' - [[Meitei Language Day#2022 - 31st event|31st anniversary to the Meitei Language Day]] was observed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title=Biren compares Meitei to endangered Sangai {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/08/20/biren-compares-meitei-to-endangered-sangai/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day 2022: CM Biren proposes course on tribal dialects |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-language-day-2022-cm-biren-proposes-course-on-tribal-dialects |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title=Manipur observes 31st Manipuri Language Day - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-observes-31st-manipuri-language-day/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''26 August 2022 to 30 August''' - [[Manipur Olympic Games 2022]]
* '''18 September''' - The "Bio Clean Water Care Service OPC Private Limited" installed four bio [[toilets]] in the [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]] under [[Public–private partnership|PPP model]], without taking any charges from the [[government of Manipur]]. It is the first of its kind in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Bio toilets installed at Nongpok Torban : 19th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=40..190922.sep22 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio-toilet complex inaugurated : 19th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..190922.sep22 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''11 September''' - Manasha Devi Sapam of [[Imphal]] was crowned the [[Miss Manipur]] 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannasha Sapam crowned Miss Manipur-2022 : 13th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..130922.sep22 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-09-12 |title=Miss Manipur 2022: Imphal's Manasha Devi Sapam wins title |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/09/12/miss-manipur-2022-imphals-manasha-devi-sapam-wins-title/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-12 |title=Imphal's Manasha Devi Sapam wins Miss Manipur 2022 title |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/imphals-manasha-devi-sapam-wins-miss-manipur-2022-title.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=nenow.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |date=2022-09-12 |title=Manipur: Manasha Devi Sapam of Imphal wins Miss Manipur 2022 title |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-manasha-devi-sapam-of-imphal-wins-miss-manipur-2022-title-612585 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''16 September''' - The [[Government of Manipur]] set up a 15-member committee to verify the accuracy of books written about history, culture, tradition, and geography of [[Manipur]], to avoid the distortion of facts, and also mandated the authors of the said subjects to submit their [[Manuscript (publishing)|manuscripts (prior to publication)]] to the Director of Higher Education and University of [[Manipur]], for verification and approval, failing which legal actions of [[prosecution]] will be taken up.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Manipur panel will review new books on state's history, culture to ensure accuracy |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1033074/manipur-forms-panel-to-oversee-history-and-culture-books-are-published-with-accurate-information |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=17 September 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=Manipur: Government Sets Up Committee To Supervise Publication Of Books On State's History, Culture |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/manipur-government-sets-up-committee-to-supervise-publication-of-books-on-state-s-history-culture-news-223946 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[outlookindia.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* '''30 June''' - [[2022 Manipur landslide]] - number of people died is 49 (as per the discovery of dead bodies as of 9 July).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Manipur landslide: Two more bodies retrieved; toll mounts to 49 {{!}} The Arunachal Times |date=9 July 2022 |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/07/09/manipur-landslide-two-more-bodies-retrieved-toll-mounts-to-49/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|2020s|Current events|India}}
* [[History of Manipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020s in Manipur]]
[[Category:2022 in India]]

Khushhalpur, Mainpuri

2024-02-13T01:13:36Z

AlfonzoGuess50: created the article needs work.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{distinguish|Kushalpur}}
{{other uses|Khushalpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khushhalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06158|N|78.80425|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.749
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1078
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205261
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khushhalpur''' ({{IAST|Khuśhālpur}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,078, in 179 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Khushhalpur had a population of 1,078, in 179 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|131}} This population was 54.1% male (583) and 45.9% female (495). The 0-6 age group numbered 179 (109 male and 70 female), or 16.6% of the total population. 189 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 17.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|106-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Khushhalpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 505 people (272 male and 233 female), in 93 households and 72 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 435 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|liv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Khushhalpur had 4 primary schools and 1 primary health centre. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|131-6}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Narkatiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-11T19:58:52Z

AlfonzoGuess50: basic expand details for clarity and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}