Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

LGBTQ literature in India

2026-05-07T18:49:45Z

AlfonzoEsh: made a post

{{Short description|Indian literature focused on LGBTQ subjects}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''LGBTQ literature in India''' is [[Indian literature|Indian writing]] that addresses [[LGBTQ (term)|LGBTQ+]] themes or is written by [[List of LGBTQ writers|LGBTQ+ authors]]. Influential works of [[queer]] writing in the Indian canon include historic [[South Asia|South Asian]] writing, works published in [[India]], and works written by the [[Indian diaspora]].

== History ==
Indian works in the ancient, medieval, and modern eras have addressed themes of [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and [[gender]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Nilanjana S. |author-link=Nilanjana Roy |date=24 February 2012 |title=Homosexuality in India: A Literary History |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/24/homosexuality-in-india-a-literary-history/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=[[New York Times]]: India Ink |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Delhi High Court]] struck down [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]], a law banning sex between adults of the same sex. This caused a rapid rise in the amount and types of LGBTQ+ works released in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anjaria |first=Ulka |date=2 February 2018 |title=Indian Queer Futures |url=https://www.publicbooks.org/indian-queer-futures/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=[[Public Books]] |language=en-US}}</ref> When the Supreme Court read down part of the same law in 2018, a further growth in LGBTQ+ publishing followed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=5 January 2024 |title=How Indian Publishers Pushed for Greater Diversity in 2023 |url=https://www.thechakkar.com/home/publishingdiversity2023 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=The Chakkar |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Ancient era ===
Some literature in ancient India dealt with [[queer]] themes and included depictions of queer characters or subtext.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Rohit K. |author-link=Rohit K. Dasgupta |date=2011 |title=Queer Sexuality: A Cultural Narrative of India’s Historical Archive |url=http://rupkatha.com/V3/n4/20_Queer_Sexuality_India.pdf |journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |publication-place=Kolkata |volume=3 |issue=4 |issn=0975-2935}}</ref>:651-654 Ancient and medieval literature portrayed [[gender]] as [[Gender fluidity|fluid]].<ref name=":1" /> Literary tropes about same-sex love included themes of [[celibacy]] and intense friendship; justifications that one's rebirth allowed their current love to transcend social rules; and transformation of one's sex in order to pursue an attraction. Scholars [[Ruth Vanita]] and [[Saleem Kidwai]] have analyzed representations of [[homoerotic love]] in ancient Indian literature, and Vanita is a particularly influential scholar in the field.<ref name=":0" />:651-654

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'', an ancient Hindu epic, contains many examples of same-sex attachment. The most prominent is the friendship between [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]], which shapes their conversation in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagvad Gita]]''. Rohit K Dasgupta views Krishna's resurrection of Arjuna's stillborn son as a form of procreation via their friendship.<ref name=":0" />:651-653 The ''Mahabharata'' also describes the gender transformation of [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], a princess who had been abducted by [[Bhishma]]. Via prayers, Amba is reborn and later transformed into a man in order to achieve revenge.<ref name=":1" />

In the ''[[Ramayana]]'', [[Hanuman]] observes women kissing each other in [[Lanka]] and the palace of [[Ravana]]. In the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'', Avikshita says she is a woman and refuses to marry, even though she was perceived as a prince.<ref name=":1" /> [[Vātsyāyana]]'s ''[[Kama Sutra|Kamasutra]]'' explicitly describes and recommends queer sexual practices.<ref name=":0" />:651-654

=== Medieval era ===
Notable medieval depictions of same-sex love include Somaprabha and Kalingasena in the ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' by [[Somadeva]] and the two mothers of [[Bhagiratha]] who conceived with Sankara's blessing in the Bengali ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan|Kritivasa Ramayana]]''. The tale of [[Shiva]]'s pursuit of [[Vishnu]] in the form of [[Mohini]] inspired a late medieval edition where the pair's union via [[ayoni]] bore a child, [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]].<ref name=":0" />:651-654 [[Babur]]'s memoirs include passionate and normalized descriptions of his love for his young wife and a male youth.<ref name=":1" />

In the medieval period, [[Perso-Arabic literature]] had a strong influence on the way love was depicted in South Asian literature. The 10th century relationship between [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud of Ghazna]] and his slave [[Malik Ayaz]] inspired later [[Ghazal|ghazals]] depicting it as a perfect love. Zulali Khwansari's ''Mathnawi-yi Zulali'' also describes their sexual relationship in a positive light: in general, this literary tradition was notable for its consistent, explicit referrals to same-sex love and its happy ending. [[Sufi poetry]] often used the imagery of love between men in representing spiritual themes, like [[Amir Khusrau|Amir Khusro]]'s poetry about [[Nizamuddin Chishti|Nizamuddin Chisti]].<ref name=":0" />:656-659

The [[Bhakti movement]] also shaped literary depictions of love in the medieval period. Because it encouraged people to worship gods as familial relations, including lovers, it expanded opportunities to discuss same-sex love. Poets like [[Surdas]], [[Tulsidas]], [[Mirabai]], and Vithabai sang about [[queer]] themes. Some public same-sex relationships were condoned as the longing of a disciple for a god's reincarnation and became the subject of literary works. [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Shri Chaitanya]] inspired Dibakar Das's ''Jagannath Charitamrita''.<ref name=":0" />:654-655

Some [[Persian poetry]] condoned or denounced the practice of [[Shāhidbāzī|shahid-bazi]], or poetry describing the author's love or attraction to boys, and this influenced later Indian poets like [[Shah Mubarak Abroo]] and [[Mir Taqi Mir]], who explicitly referenced their attraction to men and youths. Urdu [[rekhti]] poetry sometimes discussed homoerotic attachments between women, like [[Insha Allah Khan]]'s "Noble Lady", and transgressive queer themes surrounding rekhti poetry ultimately led to its suppression.<ref name=":0" />:656-659

=== 1800-1980 ===
[[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British colonial rule]] involved the imposition of laws like [[Section 377]] which persecuted [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ+ people]] in South Asia. [[Colonialism and sexuality|Colonialism]] affected cultural institutions, including by rigidly casting queer people and themes as unnatural and wrong. The British led campaigns to censor queer themes from popular and historic texts and replace overtly queer and queer-coded literary traditions with new ones.<ref name=":0" />:661-662 19th century poets like [[Altaf Hussain Hali]] and [[Muhammad Husain Azad]] led campaigns to remove homoerotic themes from Urdu poetry.<ref name=":0" />:664

[[Pandey Bechan Sharma]]'s 1924 story collection, ''Chocolate'', focused on male homosexuality and included characters who criticize trends they notice and worry about: rising homosexuality, love of boys, and youths who transgress gender norms. However, the book contained some positive depictions of homosexuality as well. ''Chocolate'' sparked debate about homoerotic literature and was condemned by many in the Hindi writing sphere, led by [[Banarsidas Chaturvedi]]. In reaction, the 1953 edition of ''Chocolate'' included several forewords that argued the book intended to condemn homosexuality.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=29 June 2021 |title=‘In fiction, one finds the opportunity to utter the unsayable’ – An exploration of Queer Literature from India |url=https://www.thechakkar.com/home/queerliteratureindia |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Chakkar |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0" />:664 In 1936, Urdu poet [[Firaq Gorakhpuri|Firaaq Gorakhpuri]] defended same-sex love as a universal phenomenon in an essay on ghazals, inspiring more Urdu poetry with homosexual themes.<ref name=":0" />:664

''Lihaaf'', an Urdu short story collection by [[Ismat Chughtai]], was another influential modern [[queer]] and [[Feminism in India|feminist]] work. The short story it is named after, "[[Lihaaf]]", explored intersectional issues of abuse, desire, and class.<ref name=":2" /> Controversy after its publication sparked an obscenity trial against Chughtai.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Literary depictions of queer relationships continued with the Hindi work ''Ek Sadak Sattavan Galiyaan'' ("A Street with 57 Lanes") by [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena]], which depicts characters grappling with relationship issues in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1973, [[Kamala Das]] began publishing her autobiography ''[[My Story (Das book)|My Story]]'' in [[Malayalam]], which included frank depictions of her same-sex desires. The work was popular and resulted in large controversy.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Krupa |date=26 September 2016 |title=LBT Representation In Indian Literature |url=https://gaysifamily.com/lifestyle/lbt-representation-in-indian-literature/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[Gaysi]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1977, [[Shakuntala Devi]] published ''The World of the Homosexuals'', which was one of the earliest English-language books of Indian queer literature. In 1978, [[Karichan Kunju]] published ''Pasitha Manidam'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] novel about Ganesan's return to his restrictive hometown and deals with leprosy treatment and processing his sexuality and trauma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 June 2022 |title=This queer reading list goes beyond the rainbow |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/this-queer-reading-list-goes-beyond-the-rainbow/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 1980-2015 ===
In the 1980s, [[Vijay Tendulkar]] produced [[Mitrachi Goshta|''Mitrachi Ghoshta'']], a Marathi play that was influential for having a [[lesbian]] protagonist.<ref name=":1" /> [[Mahesh Dattani]] was one of the most prominent playwrights on queer issues, including ''Bravely Fought the Queen'' and ''On a Muggy Night in Mumbai.''<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Patra |first=Umesh |title=“The Indian Queer” |date=2024-10-22 |work=Mapping World Anglophone Studies |pages=229–242 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003464037/chapters/10.4324/9781003464037-19 |access-date=2026-04-13 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003464037-19 |isbn=978-1-003-46403-7}}</ref>:239

Throughout the 1980s, [[Suniti Namjoshi]] published many works on women and sexuality, including the influential ''Feminist Fables''.<ref name=":5" /> In 1990, India's first magazine targeted at [[gay men]], ''[[Bombay Dost]]'', was founded by [[Ashok Row Kavi]]. Giti Thandani, who founded India's first collective for lesbians and [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] women, wrote ''Sakhiyani: Lesbian Desire in Ancient and Modern India''.<ref name=":3" />:237-238 That same year, [[Firdaus Kanga]] published the autobiographical queer memoir, ''Trying to Grow''. In 2003, [[R. Raj Rao]] published ''[[The Boyfriend (novel)|The Boyfriend]]'', followed soon by [[Bindumadhav Khire]]'s ''Partner'', [[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]]'s ''[[A Life Apart (novel)|A Life Apart]]'', [[Minal Hajratwala]]'s ''Leaving India: My Family's Journey From Five Villages to Five Continents,'' and [[Rahul Mehta]]'s ''Quarantine.''<ref name=":1" />

In 2011, the American journalist [[Joseph Lelyveld]] published ''[[Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India|Great Soul]]'', a biography of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]. It suggested Gandhi could have been bisexual and shared details of his relationship with [[Hermann Kallenbach]]. The book was banned in [[Gujarat]] and several other states, but its censorship was criticized by Gandhi's family and Indian LGBTQ organizations.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Martel |first=Frédéric |date=2 June 2020 |title=The Slow Evolution of Gay Culture in India |url=https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-slow-evolution-of-gay-culture-in-india/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=The [[MIT]] Press Reader}}</ref>

Major recent developments in [[queer theory]] include academic writing by R. Raj Rao; [[Ruth Vanita]] and [[Saleem Kidwai]]'s foundational ''Same-Sex Love in India: A Literary History''; and [[Hoshang Merchant]]'s ''Yaraana: Gay Writing From South Asia''.<ref name=":3" />:235-237 Other influential texts include early publications of [[Yoda Press]]: [[Gautam Bhan]] and Arvind Narrain's ''Because I Have a Voice: Queer Politics in India'', and Maya Sharma's ''Loving Women: Being Lesbian in Unprivileged India''. [[Zubaan Books|Zubaan]] also published historic texts with ''A Life in Trans Activism'' by [[A. Revathi]] and Nandini Murali and ''No Outlaws in the Gender Galaxy'' by [[Chayanika Shah]], Raj Merchant, [[Shals Mahajan]] and Smriti Nevatia.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Chintan Girish |date=2026-04-01 |title=On publishing queer literature for Indian readers in English |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/on-publishing-queer-literature-for-indian-readers-in-english-101775038752189.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Recent years ===
Many contemporary writers of Indian queer literature write about queer themes with more nuance and deeper representation than in the previous century. These include representing experiences across genders and sexualities, as well as intersectional experiences across caste and abilities.<ref name=":2" />

Some of these authors, both Indian and of the [[Indian diaspora]], include [[Suniti Namjoshi]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Akhil Katyal]], [[Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar]], [[Megha Majumdar]], [[Anushka Jasraj]], [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]], [[Vikram Seth]], [[Sachin Kundalkar]], [[Amruta Patil]], [[Anjali Joseph]], [[Vasudhendra]], [[Saikat Majumdar]], [[Jerry Pinto]], Sandip Roy, and Aditi Angiras.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Somak |date=29 August 2020 |title=Is Indian publishing becoming more queer-friendly? |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/queering-the-publishing-pitch-111634487311171.html |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Saurabh Sharma reviews some of these authors' works as being more affirming with more accurate representation of queer identities and themes than others. However, the writers cover a wide variety of topics, across many different writing forms. Their literature is written and translated into a variety of languages, including regional languages like [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Kannada]].<ref name=":2" />

Autobiographies by [[Transgender|trans]] people have been published recently with the goal of sharing trans and [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]] experiences with [[cisgender]] readers. Since 2010, major publications include: ''The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story'' by [[A. Revathi|A Revathi]], ''I Am Vidya'' by [[Living Smile Vidya]], ''Me Hijra, Me Laxmi'' by [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi|Laxmi]], ''We Are Not The Others'' by [[Kalki Subramaniam]], and ''The Yellow Sparrow'' by [[Santa Khurai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Somak |date=5 April 2026 |title=What A. Revathi's memoir ‘The Truth About Me’ teaches us about transgender lives |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/the-truth-about-me-revathi-hijra-11775377848881.html |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Publishing world ==

=== Publishers ===
By the 1990s, Indian publishers rarely published works of [[LGBTQ literature|queer literature]]. Some LGBTQ-themed English-language academic texts had recently been published.<ref name=":7" /> More publishers released LGBTQ+ works throughout the 21st century, and senior publishers working in the area in 2023 believed it would continue to slowly expand.<ref name=":4" />

Arpita Das began [[Yoda Press]]'s "Sexualities Series" in 2005, which expanded Indian queer literature away from academic titles.<ref name=":7" /> Independent presses like Yoda Press were the first modern publishers to platform marginalized authors writing about their own communities. Presses like [[Zubaan Books|Zubaan]], Women Unlimited, [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]], Panther's Paw, and Niyogi Books were founded with the specific motivation to share works from queer and Dalit authors.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |date=12 January 2023 |title=Queer Publishing House, exclusively for books on and by the LGBTQ, is now at the Chennai Book Fair 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/queer-publishing-house-exclusively-for-books-on-and-by-the-lgbtq-is-now-at-the-chennai-book-fair-2023/article66359951.ece |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Mainstream publishers like Penguin and Simon & Schuster have also published queer works, but this generally followed the mainstreaming of queer writing via small publishers.<ref name=":4" /> Other small queer presses include Queer Publishing House<ref name=":10" /> and [[Speaking Tiger Books|Speaking Tiger]]<ref name=":11" />. [[Westland Books]] launched the Queer Directions imprint through Karthika VK and [[Parmesh Shahani]], and [[Seagull Books]] has a Pride list.<ref name=":11" />

Many of these publishers focus on English-language editions, which many marginalized readers from accessing the writing. Some presses are working on developing more works in translation to expand their reach and communicate across language communities.<ref name=":4" />

The Queer Muslim Project, founded by Rafiul Alom, publishes and supports queer writers. Their Queer Writers' Room mentors new South Asian writers in partnership with the [[University of Iowa]]'s [[International Writing Program]].<ref name=":11" /> [[Sappho for Equality]] is an [[LGBTQ rights in India|LGBTQ rights]] organization that runs workshops and events, along with publishing works about LGBTQ topics.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Reaching Beyond The City: The LGBT Literatures in Indian Bhasas |url=https://gaysifamily.com/lifestyle/reaching-beyond-the-city-the-lgbt-literatures-in-indian-bhasas/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=[[Gaysi]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Magazines ===
Periodicals addressing the [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ+]] community and themes begin with [[Bombay Dost]], founded in 1990. In 1997, the [[Stree Sangam]] Bombay collective began publishing ''[[Scripts (magazine)|Scripts]]''. They were followed by ''[[Gaysi]]'' in 2008, ''The Queer Chronicle'' and ''[[Pink Pages]]'' in 2009, and ''[[Gaylaxy (magazine)|Gaylaxy]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaidya |first=Shreya |date=8 June 2021 |title=6 Indian LGBTQ Magazines You Should Know |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/5-indian-lgbt-magazines-you-should-know |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> [[Sappho for Equality]] publishes ''Swakanthe'', containing articles in Bengali and English.<ref name=":12" />

=== Events and awards ===
In 2018, [[Queer LitFest, Chennai|Queer LitFest]] began in [[Chennai]], and was the first Indian literature festival dedicated to the [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]] community. The Awadh Queer Literature Festival later began in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Srinjoy |date=29 August 2022 |title=Mini JLFs sprouting across India. Lit fest boom in Nagpur, Ranchi, Kanpur, Indore, Kokrajhar |url=https://theprint.in/feature/mini-jlfs-sprouting-across-india-lit-fest-boom-in-nagpur-ranchi-kanpur-indore-kokrajhar/1101536/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2018, an LGBT [[Marathi language|Marathi]] literature festival started in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torgalkar |first=Varsha |date=23 November 2018 |title=Pune’s first LGBT Marathi litfest wants to make regional queer literature accessible |url=https://scroll.in/article/903077/punes-first-lgbt-marathi-litfest-wants-to-make-regional-queer-literature-accessible |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> It became Mooknayak, a festival prioritizing LGBTQ+ [[Marathi language|Marathi]] literature, run by the Bindu Queer Rights Foundation and Yutak Charitable Trust within the [[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2019 |title=Pune: Second edition of Marathi LGBTQI literary festival, Mooknayak, today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-second-edition-of-marathi-lgbtqi-literary-festival-mooknayak-today-6189635/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kurale |first=Shubham |date=24 September 2025 |title=Pune: Fourth LGBTIQ Literary Festival Honours Community Achievements, Literary Contributions |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-fourth-lgbtiq-literary-festival-honours-community-achievements-literary-contributions |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> They had held four festivals by 2025, and hoped to expand to English and Hindi literature the next year.<ref name=":8" />

In 2019, [[Sharif D Rangnekar|Sharif D. Rangnekar]] founded Rainbow Lit Fest in order to provide a literary event dedicated to gender and sexual minorities in India.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Bibek |date=19 November 2023 |title=After India’s top court refuses to legalise gay marriage, a Delhi queer literary fest hopes to ‘reclaim our space’ |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3241937/after-indias-top-court-refuses-legalise-gay-marriage-delhi-queer-literary-fest-hopes-reclaim-our |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, they founded the [[Rainbow Awards]] for Literature and Journalism to recognize LGBTQ+ writing by Indian authors.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Scroll Staff |date=25 May 2023 |title=Inaugural Rainbow Awards to honour queer literature and journalism |url=https://scroll.in/article/1049736/inaugural-rainbow-awards-to-honour-queer-literature-and-journalism |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Eligible works must be written in English or translated from an Indian language into English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rainbow Awards FAQ |url=https://therainbowawards.in/faq/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[Rainbow Awards]] |language=en-US}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, the festival had met five times, for a predominantly English and Hindi-language audience. They hoped to become more inclusive for marginalized attendees, but needed more funds to fund flights for people from rural and remote areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bachchhav |first=Prasanna |date=18 December 2025 |title=Good queer vs bad queer—Rainbow Lit Fest brought out tensions within the community |url=https://theprint.in/feature/queer-rainbow-lit-fest-tensions/2807915/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Bookstores ===
Arpita Das, founder of [[Yoda Press]], began the independent bookstore Yodakin in 2009 in [[Hauz Khas Village]], Delhi. It platformed books from marginalized communities and supported queer literary events.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitter |first=Siddhartha |date=24 May 2013 |title=Letter from Delhi: A Bookstore of Safety |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/letter-from-delhi-a-bookstore-of-safety |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Queer Ink is the first openly queer bookstore established in India. It was founded in 2010 in Mumbai by [[Shobhna S. Kumar|Shobhna Kumar]], an out lesbian who wanted to increase the accessibility of LGBTQ+ books in India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2010 |title=India’s first gay bookstore opens in city |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/india-s-first-gay-bookstore-opens-in-city/story-K4rmrOMQPl4iMxcNYmaMII.html |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, Radhika Timbadia started Champaca Bookstore, a cafe and store in [[Bengaluru]]. It highlights indie publications and underrepresented stories, including queer literature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Chetna |date=30 April 2025 |title=Champaca, Bengaluru. A platform for books, zines and fanzines to defend the indie-publishing scene |url=https://lampoonmagazine.com/champaca-bengaluru-bookstore-cafe/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Lampoon Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2025, Prarthana Prasad opened Beku, a queer-affirming café and bookstore in South Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Preeti |date=15 August 2025 |title=Bengaluru’s Beku brings together books, bakes and beverages |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-beku-brings-together-books-bakes-and-beverages/article69936331.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{LGBTQ fiction}}

[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India| ]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]

Heroshini Komali

2026-05-06T21:02:41Z

AlfonzoEsh: made a biography!

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Heroshini Komali
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Heroshini Ramadugu Komali
| birth_date = {}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| other_names = Heroshini K Kumar
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2016–present
| imagesize =
| homepage =
}}

'''Heroshini Komali''' is an Indian actress, who has appeared in Telugu and Tamil films. After beginning her career as a television host, she has been seen in films including ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' (2019) and ''[[Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham (2022 film)|Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham]]'' (2022).

==Career==
Heroshini was born in Khammam <ref name="nie"/> to magician Vasanth Ramadugu. She began her entertainment career, aged 14, as a television host for the comedy show ''Navvulata'' produced for [[TV9 Telugu]]. She worked on the show with her sister Devarshini, often performing mimicry routines of popular Telugu film personalities, and the duo became known in the Telugu entertainment industry as the "Komali sisters". Along with her commitments for the show, she pursued a degree in mass communications at [[St. Mary's College, Hyderabad]].<ref name="nie">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2016/nov/16/lakshmi-manchu-was-cool-even-when-she-knew-i-mimic-her-1539394.html |title=Lakshmi Manchu was cool even when she knew I mimic her|date=17 November 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref>

To prepare for a career in acting, Heroshini signed up for a theatre course, underwent a body transformation programmer at Kunal Gir's Steel Gym, and took a photoshoot from photographer Venky's Photrea company.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2018/may/28/im-a-talented-telugu-ammayi-hai-dum-kisi-mein-to-cast-me-heroshini-komali-1820612.html |title=I'm a talented Telugu Ammayi, hai dum kisi mein to cast me: Heroshini Komali|date=29 May 2018 | work= The New Indian Express }}</ref> Heroshini first appeared as an actress in ''[[A Aa]]'' (2016), portraying the sister of the lead character. She was cast after director [[Trivikram Srinivas]] was impressed with her work as a host for the audio launch of ''[[Sankarabharanam (2015 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (2015).<ref name="nie"/> She was subsequently cast in [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]'s biopic films ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' and ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' (both 2019), appearing as Kantamaneni Uma Maheswari, the daughter of actor-politician [[N. T. Rama Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/030918/new-kid-on-the-block-8.html |title=New kid on the block |date=3 September 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Heroshini then moved on to work in Tamil films, first starring alongside newcomer Roshan in the action film ''[[Utraan]]'' (2020), before accepting a role in the romantic comedy ''[[Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham (2022 film)|Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080519/heroshini-komali-debuts-in-tamil.html |title=Heroshini Komali debuts in Tamil |date=8 May 2019|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions | url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20220614/282170769807828 | work=Deccan Chronicle | access-date=2025-11-24 | via=www.pressreader.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2016 || ''[[A Aa]]'' || Nandu's sister || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' || rowspan="2"| Kantamaneni Uma Maheswari || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2020 || ''[[Utraan]]'' || Nandini || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2022 || ''[[Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham (2022 film)|Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham]]'' || Anuradha || Tamil ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10093419}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komali, Heroshini}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Veedu

2026-05-02T15:51:17Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{short description|1988 film by Balu Mahendra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Veedu poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| screenplay = Balu Mahendra
| story = Akhila Mahendra
| producer = Kaladas
| starring = [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] [[Bhanu Chander]]
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = Balu Mahendra
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sri Kala International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|11|25|ref1=}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Veedu''''' ({{translation|House}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Balu Mahendra]]. Starring [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as the central character, it depicts the difficulties faced by a middle-class family in building a house. Apart from directing, Balu Mahendra wrote the script, photographed and did the editing as well. The film score by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] earned critical acclaim. At the [[35th National Film Awards]], the film received two awards including one for the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Tamil Film]]. [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] won the National Film Award for Best Actress in 1987 for her role in this film. The film was also screened at the "Indian Panorama" of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1988.also it was the biggest success film in the year

== Plot ==
Sudha, a 22-year-old unmarried woman, lives in an apartment in [[Chennai|Madras]] with her younger sister Indhu and grandfather Murugesan. She is engaged to her colleague Gopi. The owner of the tenement wants all the families to vacate the place as he intends to construct another building on the same site. Sudha's attempts to find an alternative house are unsuccessful as her family cannot afford the rent they fixed. At this juncture, Iyengar, one of her colleagues, advises her to start building a new house. Though initially hesitant, she decides to build a house after Iyengar motivates her. Sudha's grandfather already owns two construction sites on the outskirts of the city. They decide to construct the house on one of them and sell the other one to raise money. In addition, she also seeks a housing loan and pledges her jewels for money. During this time, Sudha gets introduced to a building contractor who drafts a plan for the house. To get the plan approved, they had to bribe a government official. By this time, unexpected rains halt construction, thereby inflating the cost. Though Gopi comes forward to provide financial assistance, Sudha declines, stating that his sister's marriage would be affected if he provided money.

A kind-hearted Mangamma, a construction worker, helps Sudha with the construction. When she realizes the contractor is stealing materials from the site, she informs Sudha, which in turn leads to the contractor quitting. Mangamma, her supervisor, and Iyengar help Sudha during this time as the construction work resumes. Meanwhile, as the loan sanctioning gets delayed, Sudha seeks financial help from her superior. She becomes even more dejected to know that he is a womanizer. With all her funds exhausted, she decides to halt the construction. However, Gopi offers some assistance, and the work continues to progress further. An excited Murugesan visits the site alone on a Sunday and dies while returning home. Sudha becomes depressed over the situation. When the house is nearing completion and when Sudha and Gopi appraise each other, an official from the [[Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board|Metropolitan Water Authority]] arrives at the site and asks them how they can construct a house on land already acquired by the authority. In the end, Sudha is shown sitting in the panchayat office, and a voiceover states that she is seeking justice in the court.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Sudha
* [[Bhanu Chander]] as Gopi
* [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] as Murugesan
* [[Pasi Sathya|Sathya]] as Mangamma
* Indhu as Indhu
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as a villager
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as the manager
}}

== Production ==
According to [[Balu Mahendra]], ''Veedu'' was inspired from his mother. He recalled in an interview that his mother started building a house when he was eight years old, which affected her psychologically.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} He cites, "She was not the same after that. She became temperamental. She forgot to laugh. She had no time to teach us or play with us. The changes confused me. Years later, ''Veedu'' brought this transformation to life."<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2002 |title=Balu Mahendra: The method, the madness |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/07balu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204211448/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/07balu.htm |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=19 April 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The childhood event affected Balu Mahendra, and he developed the script based on it. He opted to make the film in Tamil as he felt not many good films were made in Tamil cinema then.{{Sfn|Indian Cinema|1988|p=76}} The filming began in 1987, coinciding with the [[International Year of Shelter for the Homeless|International Year of Shelter]].{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}}

Made on a shoestring budget of ₹12 lakh (worth ₹4 crore in 2021 prices), the film's central theme revolved around the struggle of a middle-class family to build a house. It also marginally focussed on the change in human behaviour and corruption.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} The story was credited to Balu Mahendra's wife Akhila Mahendra, while he wrote the screenplay, filmed and edited apart from directing the film. The film does not feature any soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=6 January 2002 |title=Music for the people |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600150500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020327194905/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600150500.htm |archive-date=27 March 2002 |access-date=19 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Ilaiyaraaja]], a Balu Mahendra regular, was signed as the composer. On the latter's request, he used portions of his composition from the album ''[[How to Name It?]]'' for the film score.<ref name="Vikatan">{{Cite web |last=மோ. |first=அருண் |date=24 September 2013 |title=தமிழ் சினிமாவின் எல்லையை மாற்றியமைத்த கலைஞர்கள்! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/article.php?aid=41491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032449/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/article.php?aid=41491 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="Kolappan">{{Cite news |last=B |first=Kolappan |date=14 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5687355.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051859/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5687355.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Most of the sequences were narrated through [[jump cut]]s and [[Montage (filmmaking)|montages]], shot mostly using a [[hand-held camera]].{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} The final length of the film stood at {{Convert|3039|metres|feet}}.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=298}}

== Reception ==
Although filming began in 1987, the film was released only a year after. It turned out to be a box-office failure but won critical acclaim.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With ''Veedu'', Balu Mahendra becomes the first auteur (author) in Tamil cinema [...] Balu Mahendra, always among the frontline directors in the South, has with Veedu set himself quite apart making it a tall order for others to bridge the gap".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=8 July 1988 |title=Veedu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880708&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Balu Mahendra admitted that he did not expect the film to be a box-office success or a failure, but would have the satisfaction of having made a good film.{{Sfn|Indian Cinema|1988|p=76}} Archana's portrayal as a middle-class woman fetched her a lot of accolades from the critics. Chokkalinga Bhagavathar, who played her grandfather, received equal praise.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} He was a strong contender for that year's [[National Film Award for Best Actor]], but eventually lost to [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1989 |title=Way to go! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZgdAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614154633/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZgdAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=9 October 2016 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |pages=57}}</ref> At the [[35th National Film Awards]], the film won in two categories: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]], and [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Archana.{{Sfn|Indian Cinema|1988|p=76}} The film was among the 16 films to be screened at the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1988.{{Sfn|Indian Cinema|1988|p=103}} Balu Mahendra won the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 1989 |title=Cinema Express readers choose Agni Nakshathiram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890311&printsec=frontpage |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2002, the film was screened under the "Indian Summer" section of the [[Locarno Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodier |first=Melanie |date=28 June 2002 |title=No Man's Land producer to head Locarno festival jury |url=http://www.screendaily.com/no-mans-land-producer-to-head-locarno-festival-jury/409759.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092614/http://www.screendaily.com/no-mans-land-producer-to-head-locarno-festival-jury/409759.article |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=[[Screen International]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In a 2013 review, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' called ''Veedu'' to be among the two films that took Tamil cinema to [[world cinema]] level. Further, it praised the film for highlighting the plight of Indian middle-class families and the political set up of the nation. It stated ''Veedu'' was one of the few Tamil films that scores good on both content and narration, and also appreciated Balu Mahendra's directorial skills. Critics praised the film for being more visual and Balu Mahendra's understanding of cinema as a visual medium. However, the magazine criticised the usage of background score in the film as it felt it lessened the impact of an otherwise good film.<ref name="Vikatan" /> [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] in his ''The Eye of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema'' states that ''Veedu'' was a "striking departure" from the previous films of Balu Mahendra,{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} as it was devoid of commercial elements like dance, songs, fight and comedy sequences.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=298}} While analysing Archana's characterisation, Baskaran noted Balu Mahendra's penchant for strong characterisation of his female leads.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} Balu Mahendra had to construct a house which was mean to be a set for the house which was shown in the film.<ref name="Ram">{{Cite web |last=ராம் |author-link=Ram (director) |date=15 February 2014 |title=பாலுமகேந்திரா... தமிழ் சினிமாவின் வீடு! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?aid=92200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084232/http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?aid=92200 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The building which was later fully constructed, now houses the film school started by Balu Mahendra in 2007.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=47}} In many interviews, Balu Mahendra had claimed that ''Veedu'' and ''[[Sandhya Raagam]]'' were the only films that satisfied him the most as he made in these two the fewest mistakes and compromises.<ref name="rediff" /> The [[Negative (photography)|negative]] of the film is lost.<ref name="DNA">{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Rukmini |date=18 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra: A legend that lives on |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-balu-mahendra-a-legend-that-lives-on-1963176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205155707/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-balu-mahendra-a-legend-that-lives-on-1963176 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> In September 2002, ''Veedu'' was screened as part of a six-day workshop jointly conducted by the Department of Journalism and Communication and the Mass Communication Alumni Association of the University of Madras; it focussed on the impact of cinema on society.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2002 |title=The impact of cinema |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/02/stories/2002090200140400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607065017/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/02/stories/2002090200140400.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Tamil film ''[[3BHK]]'' (2025), which followed the struggles of a family to purchase a three-bedroom house, was noted for its similarities to this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=11 July 2025 |title='3BHK' Movie Review: An Unsettling Drama About The Great Middle-Class Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/3bhk-movie-review-an-unsettling-drama-about-the-great-middle-class-dream |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713151654/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/3bhk-movie-review-an-unsettling-drama-about-the-great-middle-class-dream |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubakar |date=4 July 2025 |title=3BHK Movie Review: Siddharth's Relentless Pursuit Of A Home Leaves No Room For Joy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/3bhk-movie-review-siddharth-relentless-pursuit-af-a-home-leaves-no-room-for-joy-ws-l-9421254.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710173328/https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/3bhk-movie-review-siddharth-relentless-pursuit-af-a-home-leaves-no-room-for-joy-ws-l-9421254.html |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=Westland |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
*{{Cite web |title=Indian Cinema 1988 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1988Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1988 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105656/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1988Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1988 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=19 April 2015 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=76 |format=PDF |ref={{harvid|Indian Cinema|1988}}}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0235858}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

W Morung Makunga

2026-04-22T02:42:26Z

AlfonzoEsh: info.

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Wairok Morung Makunga
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1952
| birth_place =
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Tengnoupal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tengnoupal]]
| term_start1 = 2007
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = [[D Korungthang]]
| successor1 = [[D Korungthang]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = wairok Angkham
| education = B.A.
| alma_mater = [[Patkai Christian College]], [[North-Eastern Hill University|NEHU]]
| profession = Social Worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Wairok Morung Makunga''' is a politician from [[Maring Naga people|Maring]] tribe of [[Manipur]] state in India. He was elected from [[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency]] 3 times in 1990, 1995 and [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] and has also served briefly as Cabinet Minister in [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=W Morung Makunga |url=https://myneta.info/manipur07/candidate.php?candidate_id=26 |website=My Neta |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=tengnoupal Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tengnoupal-manipur-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Elections 2022: The ten constituencies that could decide the polls |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/manipur-elections-2022-the-ten-constituencies-that-could-decide-the-polls-8142641.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1995–2000]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali

2026-04-21T23:06:18Z

AlfonzoEsh: bio.

{{Short description|Indian judge (1920–1985)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = 20 December 1920
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1985|08|20|1920|12|20|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Mrs. Bahar Murtaza Ali
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Patna University]]
| education =
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| parents = [[Fazl Ali|Fazal Ali]] (father)
}}

'''Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali''' (20 December 1920 – 20 August 1985) was a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Judges: Hon'ble Mr. Justice S. Murtaza Fazal Ali|publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://sci.nic.in/judges/bio/39_smfali.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308055322/http://sci.nic.in/judges/bio/39_smfali.htm|archivedate=8 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/speeches/speeches_2006/djk.pdf |title=Home |publisher=Supreme Court of India |accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> and a former Chief Justice of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/former.html|title=Former Chief Justices & Judges|work=jkhighcourt.nic.in|accessdate=20 September 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303002341/http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/former.html|archivedate=3 March 2010}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in an aristocratic [[Shia]] Muslim family to Khan Bahadur Sir Sayyid [[Fazal Ali]], the Governor of [[Assam]] and [[Odisha]]. He received his primary education in St. Joseph Convent, Patna (Bihar) and passed Matriculation in 1936 and B.A.(Hons.) in English in 1940.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/39_smfali.htm |title=Supreme Court of India – Former Judges |website=164.100.107.37 |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301061110/http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/39_smfali.htm |archive-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He attended the I.C.S. Coaching Classes of the [[Aligarh University]] from 1942 to 1943. He passed B.L. (Bachelor of Laws) from [[Patna University]] in First Division.

==Career==
He was enrolled as an Advocate on 8 November 1944 and practised on Civil, Criminal, Original and Constitutional sides of the High Court as also in the Subordinate Courts. He was also on the panel of State Lawyers. He was appointed Judge of the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir on 9 April 1958 and Chief Justice of the said High Court in December 1967. He was Chairman of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Tribunal in the year 1971, Vice-chairman of the Amar Singh Club, Srinagar, a Member of the Nehru Award Jury from February 1972 to February 1975. He was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 2 April 1975.<ref name=":1" />
He died on 20 August 1985 while a sitting judge of the Supreme Court and lies buried near Dargah Shah-i-Mardan in the Jorbagh Karbala complex, Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/buried-in-history/article5124382.ece|title=Buried in history|first=R. v|last=Smith|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Syed Murtaza Fazl}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]

Chiranbal

2026-04-21T16:49:09Z

AlfonzoEsh: creating post!

{{Short description|Sub-alpine meadow and hiking destination in Kulgam, Kashmir}}
{{Infobox mountain

| name = Chiranbal
| photo =
| photo_caption = View of the Chiranbal meadows

| elevation_m = 2595
| elevation_ref = <ref name="makeen">{{Cite web |title=CHIRANBAL, KULGAM: Route and Coordinates |url=https://facebook.com |website=Himalayan Travel Group |date=November 11, 2022}}</ref>
| location = [[Kulgam district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| range = [[Pir Panjal Range]]

| coordinates = {{coord|33|34|27|N|74|50|26|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Chiranbal''' is the largest sub-alpine meadow in the [[Kashmir Valley]], located in the [[Kulgam district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name="kulgam-gov">{{Cite web|title=CHIRANBAL District Kulgam, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://kulgam.nic.in|access-date=April 7, 2026}}</ref> Situated at an altitude of approximately 2,595 metres (8,514 ft), it is characterized by its vast emerald grasslands, dense pine forests, and the Zajinar River which flows through its center.<ref name="klife">{{Cite news|title=Why Should We Start Looking Beyond Kounsarnag?|url=https://kashmirlife.net|date=July 19, 2020|work=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The meadow is naturally bifurcated into two sections:
* '''Haer Chiranbal''' (Upper/Small): Located at a higher elevation, offering a panoramic view of the **Brahma Sakli** mountain peaks.
* '''Bon Chiranbal''' (Lower/Big): A sprawling expanse of grassland that serves as a primary grazing ground for local shepherds.<ref name="kreader">{{Cite news|title=Tips on exploring the unexplored Chiranbal|url=https://kashmirreader.com|date=June 20, 2021|work=Kashmir Reader}}</ref>

== Tourism and Activities ==
Chiranbal is a burgeoning hub for adventure tourism and is often described as a "hidden gem" compared to the nearby [[Aharbal]] waterfall.
* '''Trekking:''' It serves as the base camp for high-altitude treks leading to alpine lakes such as **Bramsar**, **Chirsar**, and **Indarsar**.<ref name="makeen" />
* '''Angling:''' The Zajinar River is a known habitat for wild trout. Angling is permitted between April and September with a valid permit from the Department of Fisheries.
* '''Camping:''' The riverbanks are popular for night camping, though mobile network connectivity is currently unavailable in the area.

== Access ==
Chiranbal is approximately 75 km (47 mi) from [[Srinagar]] and 25 km (16 mi) from Kulgam town. The route involves driving to the village of **Hallan** (Manzgam), which is the final motorable point. From Hallan, the meadow is accessible via a 4 km to 6 km trek or by 4x4 vehicles.<ref name="kreader" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Shalu Nigam

2026-04-13T00:43:43Z

AlfonzoEsh: made

{{Short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalu Nigam
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Delhi University]]
* [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
}}
| education = Ph.D., MA Social Work, LLB
| occupation = Lawyer, Feminist legal scholar, Activist
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* [[Women's rights]] advocacy
* ''Shalu Nigam v. Regional Passport Officer''
}}
}}

'''Shalu Nigam''' is an Indian lawyer, feminist legal scholar, and author. She was the petitioner in the landmark case ''Shalu Nigam v. Regional Passport Officer'', decided on 17 May 2016, which held that applicants can be issued passports without requiring the name of the father.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/156343614/|title=Shalu Nigam & Anr vs The Regional Passport Officer & ... on 17 May, 2016|website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

==Biography==
Shalu Nigam is a lawyer,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sood |first1=Yoshita |last2=Showkat |first2=Seerat |title=Ramifications of the Dearth of Female Representation in Indian Judiciary: An Appraisal |journal=International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law |date=2018 |volume=1 |issue=3 |page=1237 |url=https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Ramifications-of-the-Dearth-of-Female-Representation-in-Indian-Judiciary-An-Appraisal_Yoshita-Sood-Seerat-Showkat.pdf |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref> feminist legal scholar, author and TEDx speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxSIBMBengaluru {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/49309 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

Her books include ''Domestic violence in India: What one should know? (a resource book)'', ''Women and Domestic Violence Law in India: A Quest for Justice'', ''Domestic Violence Law in India: Myth and Misogyny'', ''Dowry is a Serious Economic Violence: Rethinking Dowry Law in India'', and ''Single Mothers, Patriarchy and Citizenship in India: Rethinking Lone Motherhood through the Lens of Socio-legal and Policy Framework''. She also co-authored ''The Founding Mothers: 15 Women Architect of the Indian Constitution''.

She is a contributor to ''[[Countercurrents.org]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countercurrents.org/author/shalu-nigam/|title=Adv Dr Shalu Nigam, Author At Countercurrents|date=29 October 2024 }}</ref> ''Mainstream Weekly'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 - Mainstream Weekly |url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/rubrique123.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref> ''Indian Journal of Gender Studies'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Author |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Nigam/Shalu |website=Sage Journals |publisher=Sage Publications |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> and the ''South Asia Journal''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shalu Nigam |url=http://southasiajournal.net/author/shalu/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=South Asia Journal}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Nigam graduated from the [[Lady Irwin College]], University of Delhi in 1990. She received her LLB from [[Delhi University]], and a degree in MA in [[Social Work]] from [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. She also obtained her doctorate in Social Work from [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in 2002. The topic of her research was "Changing doctor-patient relationship with special reference to the consumer protection act,1986"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shalu Nigam|first=Jamia Millia Islamia|date=2001|title=Changing doctor-patient relationship with special reference to the consumer protection act,1986.|url=http://203.190.132.18:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=100749&query_desc=su%3A%22Social%20work%20-%20Thesis%22|access-date=18 November 2021}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Her post-doctoral fellowship at the [[Centre for Women's Development Studies]] was supported by the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting Fellows |url=https://www.cwds.ac.in/faculty-and-staff/visiting-faculty/ |website=Centre for Women's Development Studies |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>

She has also been associated with and served as a Secretary of the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL) Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=PUCL Bulletin |url=https://www.pucl.org/sites/default/files/bulletins/PUCL%20Bulletin%20-%20FEBRUARY%202020.pdf |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=PUCL Bulletin, Vol. XXXX |issue=2 |date=February 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724083050/http://www.pucl.org/sites/default/files/bulletins/PUCL%20Bulletin%20-%20FEBRUARY%202020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FIR against Mandeep Punia attack on freedom of press: PUCL |url=https://twocircles.net/2021feb02/440824.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=[[Two Circles]] |date=2 February 2021}}</ref> In September 2024 Nigam was elected as a Vice President PUCL Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=PUCL |title=About Us Press Statements Campaigns PUCL Litigation Events Resources Get Involved PUCL newly elected office bearers & resolutions passed by state conventions |url=https://pucl.org/manage-writings/pucl-newly-elected-office-bearers-resolutions-passed-by-state-conventions/ |website=PUCL.org |date=7 December 2024 |publisher=PUCL |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> More specifically, she curated the Delhi PUCL internship program for students from the law and social sciences background.

She started her career working with the [[United Nations High Commission for Refugees]], Delhi office. Previously, she has worked with the [[Indian Social Institute]], New Delhi on legal literacy, gender sensitization, legal awareness, legal research, training of para legals, training of trainers on human rights, prison reforms, and legal aid, besides preparing legal modules, training manuals, booklets and other training material<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |title=Legal Literacy: A Tool for Empowerment |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2976377 |website=SSRN |date=April 2008 |publisher=Social Action Vol. 58 No. 2 pp. 216-226 |ssrn=2976377 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

She is also associated with the Impact and Policy Research Institute, Delhi as a Visiting Senior Fellow<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Shalu Nigam - Impact And Policy Research Institute (IMPRI) |url=https://www.impriindia.com/shalu-nigam/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.impriindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and initiated the Law and Public Policy Youth Fellowship as a Convener and Fellowship Lead Advisor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-09 |title=LPPYF Law And Public Policy Youth Fellowship - IMPRI Impact And Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.impriindia.com/event/lppyf-law-public-policy-youth-fellowship/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.impriindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> as well as the online course on Ending Violence Against Women<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Ending Violence Against Women: Awareness Of Laws And Policies In India - IMPRI Impact And Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.impriindia.com/event/ending-violence-against-women/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.impriindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> as a Convener<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Ending Gender-based Violence - Cohort 2: Awareness Of Policies & Governance - IMPRI Impact And Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.impriindia.com/event/ending-gender-based-violence/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.impriindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and Master Trainer.

Nigam contributed to the training modules developed by the Indian Social Indtitute, Delhi, and later, established the We the People Network and the Indian Renaissance Club to promote legal awareness and sensitization.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=About your Right to Information |url=https://www.amazon.com/About-your-Right-Information-Simplified-ebook/dp/B0C947T918?ref_=ast_author_dp_rw&th=1&psc=1&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.eJoBOAAquJ0BiYjXcJzeCq1lzkiOcSRP3WoCBSSWugyhYL5JRXZsfo54u9plG1n09ctjK6mKQ0uZ9JqXPjIdgqPNMmKBxFrulne6lphJGe7PgTBu_j558ZtIf4Eq2Dktx7eha9tNmIi-tZkYuzK7dC57tc2QXE8jItHYQK8-IDl_4huFXKDc_ozs99vtgxhDQAIWgg07CyoEVRRpo5LZroNMVmIpK_mJ4lPjwLOrIeE.kwJJTmXoh4Ik8Q0JqSferfC9pR8WiPjZfSu1JfPOOdM&dib_tag=AUTHOR |website=Amazon |publisher=We the People |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

In 2020, Nigam presented a paper in the Beijing Platform for Action at 25 Conference organized by the UNSW on the resistance and backlash against women's rights<ref>{{Cite web |title='Constructive hope' in the constant struggle for women's rights, 25 years after the Beijing Conference |url=https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/news/constructive-hope-constant-struggle-womens-rights-25-years-after-beijing-conference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028124439/https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/news/constructive-hope-constant-struggle-womens-rights-25-years-after-beijing-conference |archive-date=2024-10-28 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Australian Human Rights Institute |language=en}}</ref> and in 2019 she shared lived experiences of Indian women facing dowry violence within and outside India in the Dowry Abuse Summit organized by UNSW and ACHRH<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACHRH - National Dowry Abuse Summits |url=https://www.achrh.org/national-dowry-abuse-summits/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=ACHRH |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Research and Writing==
Nigam has extensively explored the legacy of the women who played key roles in the Indian Constituent Assembly, often referred to as the Founding Mothers of the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Remembering the Founding Mothers of the Indian Constitution |url=https://janataweekly.org/remembering-the-founding-mothers-of-the-indian-constitution/ |website=janataweekly.org |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref> She challenges critiques that focus on these women's privileged backgrounds, arguing that such narrow perspectives ignore the broader historical context of their transformative activism and the significant impact they had on gender equality debates<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Reclaiming the Legacy of Founding Mothers: Feminist Paradox and the Politics of Representation |url=https://countercurrents.org/2025/09/reclaiming-the-legacy-of-founding-mothers-feminist-paradox-and-the-politics-of-representation/ |website=countercurrents.org |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

Building on this historical legacy, Nigam has also examined the creation of the [[Uniform Civil Code]] (UCC), advocating for it to be shaped by women's lived experiences. She proposed a Feminist Code rooted in a Praxis-driven approach, emphasizing the importance of considering women's realities in legal reform.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Uniformly Oppressive: A Feminist Critique of the Uttarakhand UCC as a Project of Patriarchy |url=https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2025/11/24/uniformly-oppressive-a-feminist-critique-of-the-uttarakhand-ucc-as-a-project-of-patriarchy/ |website=Law School Policy Review |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

Additionally, Nigam's research delves into [[M.N. Roy]]'s ideas on radical democracy, the Constituent Assembly, and feminist thought<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Women's Emancipation and Feminist Praxis: Reclaiming the Radical Legacy of M.N. Roy |url=https://a.co/d/9KLfQd5 |publisher=Indian Renaissance Club, Delhi NCR |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref> These figures made foundational contributions to the Indian Constitution as well as globally played a significant role emphasizing human rights and inclusive governance. Nigam argues that these figures represent a unified legacy of progressive thought and action, one that sought to challenge the status quo and create a just, equitable, and inclusive society in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=The Trifecta of Human Dignity: The (3P) Progressive Philosophical Praxis Paradigm Integrating Radical Humanism, Human Rights, and Praxis |url=https://a.co/d/gL0bSIJ |publisher=Indian Renaissance Club and We the People Network, Delhi NCR |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

Nigam has been cited for her expertise on issues related to the rights of women, including legal and other protections for survivors of domestic violence,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajvanshi |first1=Astha |title=India's women are suffering under lockdown |url=https://www.icwa.org/indias-women-suffering-lockdown/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=[[Institute of Current World Affairs]] |date=24 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/ICCIT51783.2020.9392691 |isbn=978-1-6654-2244-4 |s2cid=233197054 |chapter=Combating Domestic Violence during COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: Using a Mobile Application integrated with an Effective Solution |title=2020 23rd International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT) |year=2020 |last1=Hossain |first1=Md. Elias |last2=Najib |first2=Arshadina Umara |last3=Islam |first3=Md. Zahidul |pages=1–6 }}</ref> Battered Woman Syndrome,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deb |first1=Aishwarya |title=Battered Woman Syndrome: Prospect of Situating It within Criminal Law in India |date=30 May 2018 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3458792 |ssrn=3458792 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3458792 |access-date=24 July 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the right of self-defense,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mantri |first1=Geetika |title=Can Kerala woman who cut 'rapist' godman's penis plead self defence? Experts weigh in |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/can-kerala-woman-who-cut-rapist-godman-s-penis-plead-self-defence-experts-weigh-62361 |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=20 May 2017}}</ref> marital rape law,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta Aashna |first1=3 May 2021 |title=Marital Rape in India – An (Un)Recognised Offence The social, cultural, and legal contexts of marital rape in India. |date=3 May 2021 |url=https://criticaledges.com/2021/05/03/marital-rape-in-india/ |publisher=Critical Edges |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827092542/https://criticaledges.com/2021/05/03/marital-rape-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Krina|date=2019|title=The Gap in Marital Rape Law in India: Advocating for Criminalization and Social Change|url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol42/iss5/7/|journal=Fordham International Law Journal|volume=42|issue=5|pages=1019–1046|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> property rights,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Sourav |title=Agricultural land rights for women |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/agricultural-land-rights-for-women-10149 |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=DownToEarth |date=30 September 2005}}</ref> caste and the status of women,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sutradhar |first1=Ruman |title=What Caused Marginalization: A Study of the Tea Plantation Women of Cachar |journal=International Journal of Science and Research |date=May 2015 |volume=4 |issue=5 |page=2773 |issn=2319-7064}}</ref> backlash against women's rights in the COVID-19 era,<ref>{{cite web |title='Constructive hope' in the constant struggle for women's rights, 25 years after the Beijing Conference |url=https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/news/constructive-hope-constant-struggle-womens-rights-25-years-after-beijing-conference |website=Australian Human Rights Institute |access-date=24 July 2021 |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> and the increase in violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ganesh S. |first1=Selva |last2=Chandran |first2=RK |last3=Lambodaran |first3=G |last4=Manodh |first4=Pedamally |title=COVID-19: Current Status and Future Strategies to Control the Spread in the State of Tamil Nadu, India |journal=Medico-legal Update |date=December 2020 |volume=20 |issue=4 |page=2201}}</ref> She has also been cited for her advocacy related to [[education in India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sunil |title=Mystery of the missing girls |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mystery-of-the-missing-girls/78147/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=21 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kabilan |first1=Kannalmozhi |title=The Value of Inclusive Education and its Benefits |url=https://www.parentcircle.com/benefits-and-value-of-inclusive-education/article |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=[[ParentCircle]]}}</ref>
She is also known for her work on lawyers' dress,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pramar |first=Karan |title=The Advocates' Dress Code -Let Us Make It More Indian And Suitable To Our Climate |url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/partition-horrors-remembrance-day-prime-minister-of-india-home-ministry-180061?infinitescroll=1 |website=LiveLaw.in |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Jalal Uddin |title=Shades of the Colonial Past: Wigs and Robes in the courts of Bangladesh |url=https://futrlaw.org/shades-colonial-past-wigs-robes-courts-bangladesh/ |website=FutureLaw.org |date=11 October 2017 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> women human rights defenders,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Brutalized for resistance: The assault on Indigenous women in Modi's India | url=https://assets.survivalinternational.org/documents/2057/Brutalized_for_resistance.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308092655/https://assets.survivalinternational.org/documents/2057/Brutalized_for_resistance.pdf | archive-date=2022-03-08}}</ref> vaccine equity<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tarigan MI |first1=Hafandi R |title=Equal Access to the Vaccination of Covid-19 in Southeast Asia: Can ASEAN be a Catalyst? |journal=Hasanuddin Law Review |year=2021 |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=119 |url=http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/ojs/index.php/halrev/article/view/2875 |publisher=HLR |doi=10.20956/halrev.v7i2.2875 |s2cid=237787542 |access-date=1 August 2021 |ref=2021|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sangiovanni |first=Paola |date=August 2021 |title=Worldwide: Are Patents To Blame For Scarcity Of Vaccines? |url=https://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/patent/1107174/are-patents-to-blame-for-scarcity-of-vaccines |website=mondaq.com |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> and on transparency in governance<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cañizares Espada, Manuela and Muñoz Colomina, Clara Isabel and Pérez Estébanez, Raquel and Urquía Grande, Elena |first1=January 2021 |title=Transparency and Accessibility in Municipalities: The Case of Social Services in Spain |url=https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/65219/ |website=UCM.ES |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

==Advocacy==
In April 2018, she joined the group of lawyers in Delhi who took out a silent protest march demanding that the lawyers in the [[Kathua rape case]] in Jammu and Kashmir who stood for the accused should be punished by the cancellation of licenses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protesting lawyers take out silent march from Indian Law Institute to Bar Council of India in Delhi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kathua-rape-and-murder-case-live-updates-pdp-to-meet-today-to-decide-future-course-of-action-after-two-bjp-ministers-quit-4431283.html |website=Firstpost |date=14 April 2018 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2020, she was one of over 600 activists, lawyers and academics who called for the release of [[Sudha Bharadwaj]] and [[Shoma Sen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 600 Citizens Call for Temporary Release of Sudha Bharadwaj, Shoma Sen From Byculla Jail |url=https://thewire.in/rights/memorandum-sudha-bharadwaj-shoma-sen |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The Wire |date=25 May 2020}}</ref> On 15 July 2020, she joined other lawyers and wrote to the Chief Justice of [[Patna High Court]] regarding the treatment of survivors of violent sexual crimes in the [[Araria district|Araria District]] Court.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=Letter from Lawyers to the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Patna High Court and other Hon'ble Judges |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-378266.pdf |website=LiveLaw.in |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>

In July 2021, Nigam joined 900 individuals and groups condemning and calling for action against hate speech and misogyny directed at Muslim women online.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Shrutika |title=De-Humanizing And Sexualizing Muslim Women: An Open Letter By 900 Activists/Lawyers Against 'Auction' Of Muslim Women On GitHub Platform |url=https://livelaw.in/news-updates/an-open-letter-by-900-activists-lawyers-against-auction-of-muslim-women-on-github-platform-177598 |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=LiveLaw |date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Act of Intimidation and Harm': Rights Activists on 'Sulli Deals' App Targeting Muslim Women |url=https://thewire.in/women/sulli-deals-muslim-women-cyber-harassment-statement |access-date=25 July 2021 |work=The Wire |date=13 July 2021}}</ref> In August 2021 she joined over 650 women's rights activists and others who have denounced Union minority affairs’ minister [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]’s decision to commemorate the criminalisation of instant [[Triple talaq in India|triple talaq]] as ‘Muslim Women’s Rights Day’.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title='A Sinister Purpose': Activists Denounce Govt's Decision to Commemorate Triple Talaq Law |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/triple-talaq-law-muslim-women-rights-day |website=TheWire.in |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> In November, 2021, she joined over 200 eminent citizens, including professors, civil servants, journalists and prominent activists who wrote an open letter to the Chief Justice of India, to draw his attention to the pending status of key matters in [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], covering issues from sedition, farm laws, Citizenship Amendment Act, [[electoral bond]]s among others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Sedition, Farm Laws, Electoral Bonds: Over 200 Eminent Citizens Urge CJI to Hear Key Matters|url=https://thewire.in/law/sedition-farm-laws-electoral-bonds-over-200-eminent-citizens-urge-cji-to-hear-key-matters|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

In February 2022, she joined legal academics, lawyers, and students to write an open letter against the [[Karnataka High Court]] judgment that denied entry to young Muslim women wearing the hijab in the educational spaces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Open letter from law professionals |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/open-letter--409843.pdf |access-date=22 December 2022 |publisher=Livelaw.com |date=15 February 2022}}</ref> In May 2022, she joined a group of academics and professionals to write a letter to the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] against demolition carried out in Jahangirpuri resettlement colony in Delhi<ref>{{cite news |title=Jahangirpuri Demolitions: Letter to CM Delhi protesting women's loss of livelihoods |url=http://mainstreamweekly.net/article12309.html |access-date=19 December 2022 |publisher=Mainstream Weekly |date=7 May 2022}}</ref> In June 2022, she joined 300 citizens and wrote to the Chief Justice of India against the arrest of activist [[Teesta Setalvad]] and RB Sreekumar<ref>{{cite news |title='Chilling Message': Concerned Citizens Say SC Must Clarify It Did Not Intend Setalvad's Arrest |url=https://thewire.in/rights/chilling-message-supreme-court-teesta-setalvad-arrest |access-date=19 December 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=30 June 2022}}</ref> In August 2022, Nigam joined 6000 citizens to speak in support of continuous struggle of Bilkis Bano for justice after the State of Gujarat issued an order for remission of sentences for 11 convicts of gangrape and mass murder on the independence day<ref>[http://feministlawarchives.pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/civil-society-statement-on-bilkis-bano-august-18-2022.pdf? http://feministlawarchives.pldindia.org/wp-content/uploads/civil-society-statement-on-bilkis-bano-august-18-2022.pdf?]</ref>

In 2023, she joined over 550 individuals and organizations to condemn violence and divisive politics in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: Civil Society Condemns State-Sponsored Violence and Divisive Politics in Manipur {{!}} June 16, 2023 - South Asia Citizens Web |url=http://www.sacw.net/article15229.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.sacw.net}}</ref> Along with 500 citizens, activists, and organizations, she condemned misuse of the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act]] against scholars and activists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Clarion |date=2023-05-24 |title='Stop Misuse of PMLA to Target Scholars and Activists': Concerned Citizens |url=https://clarionindia.net/stop-misuse-of-pmla-to-target-scholars-and-activists-concerned-citizens/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Clarion India |language=en-US}}</ref> She also joined 1150 activists, lawyers, academics, and concerned citizens to condemn brutal police action against protesting women wrestlers who were demanding justice in the cases of sexual harassment against the chief of [[Wrestling Federation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Nivedita |date=2023-05-28 |title=Dismantle the structures of sexual violence, NOT the protesters' tent! Statement by concerned citizens |url=https://kafila.online/2023/05/28/dismantle-the-structures-of-sexual-violence-not-the-protesters-tent-statement-by-concerned-citizens/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=KAFILA - COLLECTIVE EXPLORATIONS SINCE 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, she became a signatory to the International Convention Against War and Destructive Use of Science: Scientists Against Israel Apartheid, Occupation and Genocide in Gaza along with 500 scientists and academics from 40 countries<ref>{{cite web |last1=BreakthroughIndia.org |title=International Convention Against War and Destructive Use of Science: Scientists Against Israeli Apartheid, Occupation and Genocide in Gaza |url=https://breakthroughindia.org/international-convention-against-war-and-destructive-use-of-science/ |website=BreakthroughIndia.org |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>

Nigam along with many other civil society activists and organizations also wrote an open letter to the [[Chief Justice of India]] on the suppression of free speech and action against peaceful protestors to stifle democratic dissent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sabrang |date=2024-01-03 |title=Stifling of right to protest, freedom: Open letter to CJI Chandrachud |url=https://sabrangindia.in/stifling-of-right-to-protest-freedom-open-letter-to-cji-chandrachud/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, she joined over 2200 citizens and wrote to the Chief Election Commissioner of India to take action against the hate speeches by the politicians during elections.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Request to take action against hate speech by a Star Pracharak of a national party | url=https://cjp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/complaint-ECI-PM-media-1-Chandru.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601110410/https://cjp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/complaint-ECI-PM-media-1-Chandru.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> She along with 250 activists and scholars to condemn raids on [[Harsh Mander]] and his NGO.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vindictive Witch Hunt': Over 250 Activists, Scholars Condemn Raids on Harsh Mander and his NGO |url=https://thewire.in/rights/vindictive-witch-hunt-over-250-condemn-raids-on-harsh-mander |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2024, along with fellow Indian citizens, she condemned the brutal state violence in Bangladesh and expressed solidarity for the struggles to establish peace and democracy<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Wire |title=Indian Citizens Condemn Hasina for Bangladesh Violence, Support Struggle for Fundamental Change |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/indian-citizens-condemn-bangladesh-violence-demand-restoration-of-democracy |access-date=6 August 2024 |publisher=The Wire |date=5 August 2024}}</ref>

In December 2025, Nigam joined several organizations and individuals to launch a `Beware of Aadhaar Campaign' flagging the concerns relating to surveillance, exclusion, and rights violations<ref>{{cite news |last1=SabrangIndia.in |title=Beware of Aadhaar: A warning on India's biometric identity model on International Human Rights Day |url=https://sabrangindia.in/beware-of-aadhaar-a-warning-on-indias-biometric-identity-model-on-international-human-rights-day/ |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

==''Shalu Nigam v. Regional Passport Officer''==

Her daughter was born on 24 August 1997, and raised by Nigam, who had divorced her biological father.<ref name="SCC 2016">{{cite news |title=Requirement of father's name of applicant not mandatory for issuing passport, mother's name sufficient |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/legal-necessity/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=SCC Online |date=20 May 2016}}</ref> According to Nigam, her child was rejected by her father because she is female.<ref name ="PTI 2016">{{cite news |title=Mother's name sufficient for passport: HC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mothers-name-sufficient-for-passport-hc-2812494/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=21 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="SCC 2016"/> In 2005 and 2011, Nigam was able to obtain a passport for her daughter without providing the name of her father, but at the next renewal, the computer application required it.<ref name="SCC 2016"/> Nigam brought a case to the [[Delhi High Court]] based on a violation of the right of her daughter to determine her name and identity.<ref name ="PTI 2016"/><ref name="SCC 2016"/> Nigam also asserted an injury to her daughter, if she was required to record the name of her father, due to the nature of the rejection by her father.<ref name="Mandal 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Saptarshi |title=Biology, Intention, Labour: Understanding Legal Recognition of Single Motherhood in India |journal=Socio-Legal Rev. |date=2019 |volume=15 |issue=131 |pages=147–149 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43132964 |access-date=25 July 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The Regional Passport Office (RPO) attorney argued RPO regulations forbade the removal of the name of a parent due to divorce, and argued it was an established legal principle that the dissolution of a parent-child relationship could only occur due to adoption.<ref name="Garg 2016">{{cite news |last1=Garg |first1=Abhinav |title=Father's name not needed for passport, Delhi HC says |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/for-passport-mothers-name-sufficient-in-some-cases-hc/articleshow/52367832.cms |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=21 May 2016}}</ref> The Court found no legal requirement for the inclusion of the name of the father and directed that the computer software be changed to allow the issuance of the passport without requiring the name of the father.<ref name="SCC 2016"/> In its remarkable<ref>{{cite web |last1=Supreme Court of India |first1=Issue XV January 2025 |title=Supreme Court Chronicles |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec0490f1f4972d133619a60c30f3559e/uploads/2025/01/2025011015.pdf |website=Supreme Court of India |publisher=Supreme Court Chronicle |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> 17 May 2016 decision, the Court also stated, "This court also takes judicial notice of the fact that families of single parents are on the increase due to various reasons like unwed mothers, sex workers, surrogate mothers, rape survivors, children abandoned by father and also children born through IVF technology."<ref name="Mandal 2019"/><ref name="Garg 2016"/>

After advocacy by Women and Child Development Minister [[Maneka Gandhi]] to Foreign Affairs Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] about the need to amend the passport rules for single women, a panel was created in July 2016 to debate and recommend changes, and its recommendations to ease the requirements were informed by the case.<ref name="Gupta 2016">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Moushumi Das |title=Norms eased for single moms to get passports for kids |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/nation-newspaper/norms-eased-for-single-moms-to-get-passports-for-kids/story-ZWMNAHLaTbkomdriv7BXMJ.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2016}}</ref> In December 2016, the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] announced new passport rules based on the panel recommendations, including to allow only one parent to be listed in the application.<ref name="NIE 2016">{{cite news |title=Passport rules liberalized for single parents, adopted children |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/23/passport-rules-liberalized-for-single-parents-adopted-children-1552338.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hindu 2016">{{cite news |title=Passport rules changed to help single mothers, orphaned children |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Passport-rules-changed-to-help-single-mothers-orphaned-children/article16934163.ece |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

Several scholars have noted the impact of the case on the rights of women in India.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=de Souza |editor1-first=Siddharth Peter |editor2-last=Herklotz |editor2-first=Tanja |title=Mutinies for Equality: Contemporary Developments in Law and Gender in India |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781009003742 |pages=218–219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyI3EAAAQBAJ |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mandal 2019" />

==Selected works==
===Books===
* {{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Domestic Violence in India: What One Should Know? (A Resource Book) |date=2008 |publisher=We the People Trust |isbn=978-8190367141}}
* {{cite book |last1=Scaria |first1=Mary |last2=Nigam |first2=Shalu |title=The Founding Mothers: 15 Women Architects of the Indian Constitution |date=2016 |publisher=Media House |location=Delhi |isbn=9789374956366}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Women and Domestic Violence Law in India: A Quest for Justice |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=9780367777715}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Domestic Violence Law in India: Myth and Misogyny |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=9780367344818}}
* Nigam Shalu (2023) D''owry is a Serious Economic Violence: Rethinking Dowry Law in ''[https://www.amazon.com/Dowry-Serious-Economic-Violence-Rethinking/dp/B0C524MKWH/ref=sr_1_2?crid=3UVTOE83UKX5I&keywords=shalu+nigam&qid=1685620230&sprefix=shalu%2Caps%2C351&sr=8-2 ''India''] ISBN 9798394429057
* Nigam Shalu (2024) ''"Single Mothers, Patriarchy and Citizenship in India: Rethinking Lone Motherhood through the Lens of Socio-legal and Policy Framework"'' We the People Network, Delhi NCR ISBN 9798879683103
* {{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |title=Dowry is a Serious Economic Violence: Rethinking Dowry Law in India |date=27 September 2024 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-0364-1270-8 |publication-date=27 September 2024 |language=English}}
* Nigam Shalu (2025) "Towards an Inclusive Gender Just Code in India: Women's Rights are Non-Negotiable, We the People Network, Delhi NCR<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Towards an Inclusive Gender Just Code in India : Women's Rights are Non-Negotiable |url=https://amzn.in/d/5Msg7YL |website=Amazon |publisher=We the People Network, Delhi NCR |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

===Chapters===

* Nigam Shalu (2018) #MeTooIndia is a tip of an iceberg and has shaken the patriarchy's core In ''#MeToo - A Blow to Patriarchy'', Edited by Binu Mathew Published by People's Literature Publication and countercurrents.org {{ISBN|9788193471470}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=Binu |title=#MeToo: A Blow to Patriarchy |date=2018 |publisher=Peoples Literature Publication |location=India |isbn=9788193471470 |pages=5–19 |url=https://store.pothi.com/book/binu-mathew-metoo-blow-patriarchy/ |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2022) Adjudicating Domestic Violence in the Courts, In ''Routledge Readings on Law, Development and Legal Pluralism, Ecology, Families, Governance'', Edited by Kalpana Kannabiran, {{ISBN|9781032269283}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kannabiran |first1=Kalpana |title=Routledge Readings on Law, Development and Legal Pluralism Ecology, Families, Governance |date=7 July 2022 |publisher=Routledge |location=India |isbn=9781032269283 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Readings-on-Law-Development-and-Legal-Pluralism-Ecology-Families/Kannabiran/p/book/9781032269283 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>

===Papers===

* Nigam Shalu (2005) ''Understanding Justice Delivery System from the Perspective of Women Litigants as Victims of Domestic Violence in India'' (Specifically in the Context of Section 498-A, IPC), Occasional Paper No 39, CWDS, New Delhi<ref>{{cite web |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |title=Understanding Justice Delivery System from the Perspective of Women Litigants as Victims of Domestic Violence in India (Specifically in the Context of Section 498-A, IPC) |url=http://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/UnderstandingJustice.pdf |website=cwds.ac.in |publisher=cwds |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003071659/http://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/UnderstandingJustice.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2008) ''Legal Literacy: A Tool for Empowerment'', Social Action, Volume 58 Issue (2) pp. 216–226<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |title=Legal Literacy: A Tool for Empowerment |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2976377 |website=SSRN |date=April 2008 |publisher=Social Action, Volume 58, Issue 2, p 216-226 |ssrn=2976377 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2014) ''Violence, Protest and Change: A Socio-Legal Analysis of Extraordinary Mobilization after the 2012 Delhi Gang Rape Case'', International Journal of Gender and Women's Studies June 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 197–221<ref>{{cite web |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |date=June 2014 |title=Violence, Protest and Change: A Socio-Legal Analysis of Extraordinary Mobilization after the 2012 Delhi Gang Rape Case |url=http://ijgws.com/journals/ijgws/Vol_2_No_2_June_2014/11.pdf |website=International Journal of Gender and Women's Studies |publisher=Vol 2 No. 2 p. 197-221 |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2017) ''Is Domestic Violence A Lesser Crime? Countering The Backlash Against Section 498A, IPC,'' Occasional Paper No 61, CWDS, New Delhi<ref>{{cite web |first=Nigam |last=Shalu |date=2017 |title=Is Domestic Violence a Lesser Crime? Countering the backlash Against Section 498A, IPC |url=https://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Occasional-Paper-Shalu-61.pdf |website=cwds.ac.in |publisher=cwds |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2020) ''COVID-19: Right to Life with Dignity and Violence in Homes,'' ''SPRI Vision'', XI (1) 97-120<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |title=COVID-19: Right to Life with Dignity and Violence in Homes |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3674336 |website=SSRN |date=15 August 2020 |ssrn=3674336 |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2020) ''A Hindu Daughter’s Right to Property: Is the retrospective amendment of Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act a step towards women’s economic empowerment?,'' Legal News and Views, Volume 34 No.9 September Issue page 2-8<ref>{{cite journal |first=Nigam |last=Shalu |title=A Hindu Daughter's Right to Property: Is the retrospective amendment of Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act a step towards women's economic empowerment? |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3694339 |website=SSRN |date=17 September 2020 |publisher=Legal News and Views, Vol. 34, No. 9 Page 2-8 |ssrn=3694339 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2024) ''Guardianship Law in India: Examining the Principle of ‘Best Interests’ of Minors and the Rights of Single Mothers as Sole Guardians'' Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 31 Issue 3 p. 308-327<ref>{{cite journal |last1=NIGAM |first1=SHALU |title=Guardianship Law in India: Examining the Principle of 'Best Interests' of Minors and the Rights of Single Mothers as Sole Guardians |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09715215241262137 |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |date=2024 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=308–327 |doi=10.1177/09715215241262137 |access-date=5 August 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2025) "Resisting Gendered Citizenship: The Politics of Colonialism, Nationalism, and Maternalism in India" Gender and Women's Studies Volume 6 No. 1 DOI: 10.31532/GendWomensStud.6.1.001<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Resisting Gendered Citizenship: The Politics of Colonialism, Nationalism, and Maternalism in India |journal=Gender and Women's Studies |date=2025 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.31532/GendWomensStud.6.1.001 |url=https://riverapublications.com/article/resisting-gendered-citizenship-the-politics-of-colonialism-nationalism-and-maternalism-in-india#article-info |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

===More===
* Nigam Shalu (2023) "Gender-Based Violence BGS-012: Course Material" IGNOU (co-author)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |date=2023-01-01 |title=Gender-Based Violence IGNOU |url=https://www.academia.edu/125344887 |journal=IGNOU}}</ref>
*Nigam Shalu (2019) Gender Specific Laws on Violence in India, In ''Training Manual for Legal Empowerment of Women and Girls with Physical Disabilities in India'', Editor Renu Addlakha, Center for Women's Development Studies, New Delhi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Gender Specific Laws on Violence in India |date=4 December 2019 |publisher=Center for Women's Development Studies |location=Delhi, India |pages=89–119 |ssrn=3498382 |edition=Edited by Renu Addlakha |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3498382 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2019) Domestic Violence, In ''Training Manual for Empowerment of Women and Girls with Disabilities in India'', Editor Renu Addlakha, Center for Women's Development Studies, New Delhi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Domestic Violence |date=4 December 2019 |publisher=Center for Women's Development Studies |location=Delhi, India |pages=192–209 |ssrn=3498396 |edition=Edited by Renu Addlakha |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3498396 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2016) ''Translation of Food Security: National Food Security Act and Community Mobilization, A Training of Trainers Manual'', By Sachin Kumar Jain, Vikas Sanvad, Lok Manch Secretariat<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |date=2016-01-01 |title=Food Insecurity: National Food Security Act 2013 and Community Mobilization A Training Of Trainers Manual (English Translation) |url=https://www.academia.edu/36364633 |journal=Translation of Manual for Training of the Trainers}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2014) ''Yes, I am a woman'', Countercurrents.org, 28 July<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam Shalu |first1=(2014) 28 July |title=Yes, I am a woman |url=https://www.countercurrents.org/nigam280714.htm |website=countercurrents.org |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2021) ''Every little girl has a dream, a dream that will not die'', Countercurrents.org, 27 September<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam Shalu |first1=(2021) 27 September |title=Every little girl has a dream, a dream that will not die…. |url=https://countercurrents.org/2021/09/every-little-girl-has-a-dream-a-dream-that-will-not-die/ |website=Countercurrents.org |date=27 September 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2021) ''MeeLord! I am seeking justice as a citizen!'' Countercurrents.org, 20 November<ref>{{Cite web|title=MeeLord! I Am Seeking Justice As A Citizen!{{!}} Countercurrents|date=20 November 2021 |url=https://countercurrents.org/2021/11/meelord-i-am-seeking-justice-as-a-citizen/|access-date=2021-11-20|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2022) ''The Curses of Patriarchy'', 8 November<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=The Curses of Patriarchy |url=https://countercurrents.org/2022/11/the-curses-of-patriarchy/ |website=www.countercurrents.org |date=8 November 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>

===In Hindi===
* सूचना का अधिकार: कुछ सामाजिक वे कानूनी पहलू We the People Trust, Delhi ISBN 9788190367134<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=सूचना का अधिकार: कुछ सामाजिक वे कानूनी पहलू |date=2006 |publisher=We the People Trust |isbn=9788190367134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRhvPgAACAAJ |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
* Nigam Shalu (2022) दहेज प्रथा अभी भी क्यों कायम है जब कानून द्वारा इसे प्रतिबंधित कर दिया गया?<ref>{{cite web |last=Nigam |first=Shalu |date=2022 |title=दहेज प्रथा अभी भी क्यों कायम है जब कानून द्वारा इसे प्रतिबंधित कर दिया गया? |url=https://www.hastakshep.com/why-does-the-dowry-system-still-persist-when-it-has-been-banned-by-law/ |website=www.hastkeshep.com |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
* ''लिव-इन रिलेशनशिप में महिलाओं के खिलाफ हिंसा और कानूनी सुरक्षा ''(2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=लिव-इन रिलेशनशिप में महिलाओं के खिलाफ हिंसा और कानूनी सुरक्षा |url=https://www.hastakshep.com/violence-against-women-and-legal-protection-in-live-in-relationships/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=hastakshep {{!}} हस्तक्षेप |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
* ''जब घूंघट बना इंक़लाब का परचम : हिजाब, नारीवाद और निरंकुशता''<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब घूंघट बना इंक़लाब का परचम : हिजाब, नारीवाद और निरंकुशता |url=https://www.hastakshep.com/hijab-feminism-and-autocracy/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=hastakshep {{!}} हस्तक्षेप |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==External links==
* A Panel Discussion on ''Right to Information (RTI) and Privacy: Congruent or Contradictory?'' on 16 November 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Right To Information (RTI) & Privacy: Congruent Or Contradictory? - IMPRI Impact And Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.impriindia.com/event/rti-privacy/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.impriindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* TEDx Talk on 12 March 2022 on ''Demystifying the Power of Law''<ref>{{Citation |title=Demystifying the Power of Law | date=16 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xybT6pAr-8E |language=en |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>
* A Webinar on ''Implementing Domestic Violence Law in India: Are we asking the right questions?'' held on 16 December 2021<ref>{{Citation |title=#GenderGaps {{!}} E50 {{!}} Dr Shalu Nigam {{!}} Implementing Domestic Violence Law: Are we asking right Q? | date=16 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsC33X2FqdU |language=en |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Nigam is a single mother and a survivor of violence<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Single Mothers, Patriarchy and Citizenship in India: Rethinking Lone Motherhood through the Lens of Socio-legal and Policy Framework |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378341346 |website=Research Gate |publisher=We the People Network |access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005]]
* [[Dowry death]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigam, Shalu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Lady Irwin College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons

2026-04-11T16:08:06Z

AlfonzoEsh: creating new details v1

{{Short description|List of active flight squadrons of Indian Air Force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
This is an organized list of all of the '''active aircraft''' [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]] that currently exist in the [[Indian Air Force]]. Squadrons might have changed names and designations many times over the years, so they are listed by their current designation. Expeditionary and provisional units are not listed.

The Indian Air Force’s squadron strength has evolved over time, shaped by regional conflicts, aircraft retirements, and procurement delays. A comprehensive historical analysis of this trajectory — including the origin and implications of the “42 squadron” benchmark — has been documented.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=IAF’s Combat Fleet: The 80-Year Journey to 42 Squadrons |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/07/09/iafs-combat-fleet-the-80-year-journey-to-42-squadrons/ |website=IAFHistory |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

{{Dynamic list|multiple=yes|date=November 2023}}

==Combat==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Squadron Name
!Insignia
!Nickname
!Command
!Date First Activated
!Base
!Aircraft
!Reference
|-
|'''[[No. 1 Squadron IAF|No. 1 Squadron]]'''
|[[File:Indian_Air_Froce_No.1_squadron_crest.jpg|50px]]
|'''''Tigers'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 April 1933
|[[Gwalior Airport|Maharajpur AFS]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/1+Sqn|title=No.1 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 2 Squadron IAF|No. 2 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Winged Arrows'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|1 April 1941
|[[Tezpur Airport|Tezpur AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/2+Sqn|title=No.2 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 4 Squadron IAF|No. 4 Squadron]]'''
| |
|'''''Oorials'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 February 1942
|[[Uttarlai Air Force Station|Uttarlai AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/4+Sqn|title=No.4 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 5 Squadron IAF|No. 5 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Tuskers'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|2 November 1948
|[[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala AFS]], [[Haryana]]
|[[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/5+Sqn|title=No.5 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 6 Squadron IAF|No. 6 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Dragons'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 December 1942
|[[Jamnagar Air Force Station|Jamnagar AFS]], [[Gujarat]]
|[[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/6+Sqn|title=No.6 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 7 Squadron IAF|No. 7 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Battle Axes'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 December 1942
|[[Gwalior Airport|Maharajpur AFS]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/7+Sqn|title=No.7 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 8 Squadron IAF|No. 8 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Eight Pursoots'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 December 1942
|[[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/8+Sqn|title=No.8 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 9 Squadron IAF|No. 9 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Wolfpack'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|4 January 1944
|[[Gwalior Airport|Maharajpur AFS]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/9+Sqn|title=No.9 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 14 Squadron IAF|No. 14 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Bulls'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|15 August 1951
|[[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala AFS]], [[Haryana]]
|[[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/14+Sqn|title=No.14 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 15 Squadron IAF|No. 15 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Flying Lancers'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|20 August 1951
|[[Sirsa Air Force Station|Sirsa AFS]], [[Haryana]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/15+Sqn|title=No.15 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 16 Squadron IAF|No. 16 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Black Cobras'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1950
|[[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/16+Sqn|title=No.16 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Goldern Arrows'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|1 October 1951
|[[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala AFS]], [[Haryana]]
|[[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/17+Sqn|title=No.17 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Flying Bullets'''''
|[[South Western Air Command]]
|15 April 1965
|[[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya AFS]],
[[Gujarat]]
|[[HAL Tejas|Tejas]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/18+Sqn|title=No.18 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="TOI-180924">{{cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Who is Squadron leader Mohana Singh? The first woman fighter pilot joins 18 Flying Bullets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/who-is-squadron-leader-mohana-singh-the-first-woman-fighter-pilot-joins-18-flying-bullets-highlights-tarang-shakti-significance/articleshow/113466316.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 20 Squadron IAF|No. 20 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Lightnings'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 June 1956
|[[Pune Airport|Lohegaon AFS]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/20+Sqn|title=No.20 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 24 Squadron IAF|No. 24 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Hawks'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|19 February 1962
|[[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/24+Sqn|title=No.24 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 27 Squadron IAF|No. 27 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Flaming Arrows'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|15 February 1957
|[[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/27+Sqn|title=No.27 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 28 Squadron IAF|No. 28 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''First Supersonics'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|23 March 1963
|[[Adampur Airport|Adampur AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/28+Sqn|title=No.28 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 30 Squadron IAF|No. 30 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Rhinos'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 November 1969
|[[Pune Airport|Lohegaon AFS]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/30+Sqn|title=No.30 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 31 Squadron IAF|No. 31 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Lions'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 September 1963
|[[Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/31+Sqn|title=No.31 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]]'''
|[[File:No.45_squadron_patch.jpg|40px]]
|'''''Flying Daggers'''''
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|20 November 1959
|[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur AFS]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[HAL Tejas|Tejas]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/45+Sqn|title=No.45 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 47 Squadron IAF|No. 47 Squadron]]'''
|[[File:Sqn_47_logo.jpg|50px]]
|'''''Black Archers'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|18 December 1959
|[[Adampur Airport|Adampur AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/47+Sqn|title=No.47 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 101 Squadron IAF|No. 101 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Falcons'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|1 May 1949
|[[Hasimara Air Force Station|Hasimara AFS]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/101+Sqn|title=No.101 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 102 Squadron IAF|No. 102 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Trisonics'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|25 August 1981
|[[Chabua Air Force Station|Chabua AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/102+Sqn|title=No.102 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 106 Squadron IAF|No. 106 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Lynxes'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|11 December 1959
|[[Tezpur Airport|Tezpur AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/106+Sqn|title=No.106 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 220 Squadron IAF|No. 220 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Desert Tigers'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|23 December 1957
|[[Halwara Air Force Station|Halwara AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak67.com/IAF/Database/Units/220+Sqn|title=No.220 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 221 Squadron IAF|No. 221 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Valiants'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|14 February 1963
|[[Halwara Air Force Station|Halwara AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/221+Sqn|title=No.221 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 222 Squadron IAF|No. 222 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Tigersharks'''''
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|15 September 1969
|[[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur AFS]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/222+Sqn|title=No.222 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 223 Squadron IAF|No. 223 Squadron]]'''
|[[File:Iaf_tridents.jpg|40px]]
|'''''Tridents'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|10 May 1982
|[[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar AFS]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/223+Sqn|title=No.223 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 224 Squadron IAF|No. 224 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Warlords'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|4 October 1983
|[[Jamnagar Air Force Station|Jamnagar AFS]], [[Gujarat]]
|[[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/224+Sqn|title=No.224 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Transport==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Squadron Name
!Insignia
!Nickname
!Command
!Date First Activated
!Base
!Aircraft
!Reference
|-
|'''[[No. 11 Squadron IAF|No. 11 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Charging Rhinos'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|15 November 1951
|[[Vadodara Airport|Makarpura AFS]], [[Gujarat]]
|[[Airbus C-295]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/11+Sqn|title=No.11 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 12 Squadron IAF|No. 12 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Yaks'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 December 1945
|[[Agra Airport|Agra AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Antonov An-32|An-32]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/12+Sqn|title=No.12 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''N/A Flying Squadron'''
|
|
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|
|[[Agra Airport|Agra AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Airbus C-295]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-01 |title=Agra Air Force welcomes C-295 aircraft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/agra-air-force-welcomes-c-295-aircraft/articleshow/117802327.cms |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 19 Squadron IAF|No. 19 Squadron]]'''
|
|
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|24 May 1960
|[[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair AFS]], [[Andaman and Nicobar]]
|[[Dornier 228|Do-228]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/19+Sqn|title=No.19 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 25 Squadron IAF|No. 25 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Himalayan Eagles'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 March 1963
|[[Vadodara Airport|Makarpura AFS]], [[Gujarat]]
|[[Antonov An-32|An-32]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/25+Sqn|title=No.25 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 33 Squadron IAF|No. 33 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Himalayan Geese'''''
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|9 January 1963
|[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur AFS]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Antonov An-32|An-32]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/33+Sqn|title=No.33 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 41 Squadron IAF|No. 41 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Otters'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|1 March 1958
|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Palam AFS]], [[Delhi]]
|[[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|HS 748]] [[Dornier 228|Do-228]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/41+Sqn|title=No.41 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 43 Squadron IAF|No. 43 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Ibex'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|20 January 1958
|[[Jorhat Airport|Jorhat AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Antonov An-32|An-32]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/43+Sqn|title=No.43 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 44 Squadron IAF|No. 44 Squadron]]'''
|[[File:44-IAF.png|50px]]
|'''''Mighty Jets'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|31 March 1961
|[[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh AFS]], [[Chandigarh]]
|[[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/44+Sqn|title=No.44 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 48 Squadron IAF|No. 48 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Camels'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|15 November 1959
|[[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh AFS]], [[Chandigarh]]
|[[Antonov An-32|An-32]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/48+Sqn|title=No.48 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 49 Squadron IAF|No. 49 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Paraspears'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|2 February 1960
|[[Jorhat Airport|Jorhat AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Antonov An-32|An-32]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/49+Sqn|title=No.49 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 59 Squadron IAF|No. 59 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Hornbills'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|14 February 1960
|[[Guwahati Airport|Guwahati AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Dornier 228|Do-228]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/59+Sqn|title=No.59 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 77 Squadron IAF|No. 77 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Veiled Vipers'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|5 February 2011
|[[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindon AFS]], [[Delhi]]
|[[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/77+Sqn|title=No.77 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 81 Squadron IAF|No. 81 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Sky Lords'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|1 September 2013
|[[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindon AFS]], [[Delhi]]
|[[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/81+Sqn|title=No.81 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 87 Squadron IAF|No. 87 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Raiding Raptors'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|6 May 2016
|[[Air Force Station Arjan Singh|Panagarh AFS]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/87+Sqn|title=No.87 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Helicopter==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Squadron Name
!Insignia
!Nickname
!Command
!Date First Activated
!Base
!Aircraft
!Reference
|-
|'''[[No. 125 Helicopter Squadron IAF|No. 125 Helicopter Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Gladiators'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|31 December 1983
|[[Pathankot Airport|Pathankot AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Boeing AH-64 Apache|AH-64]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/125+HS|title=No.125 Helicopter squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No.137 Helicopter Squadron, IAF|No. 137 Helcopter Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Vulcans'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|21 October 2019
|[[Pathankot Airport|Pathankot AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Boeing AH-64 Apache|AH-64]]
|
|-
|'''[[No. 104 Helicopter Squadron, IAF|No. 104 Helicopter Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Firebirds'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|25 August 1992
|[[Suratgarh Air Force Station|Suratgarh AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Mil Mi-24|Mi-35]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/104+HS|title=No.104 Helicopter squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 105 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 105 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Daring Eagles'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|23 November 1959
|[[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/105+HU|title=No.105 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 107 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 107 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Desert Hawks'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 January 1960
|[[Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Mil Mi-8|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/107+HU|title=No.107 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 109 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 109 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Knights'''''
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|26 August 1961
|[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur AFS]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/109+HU|title=No.109 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 110 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 110 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Vanguards'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|10 August 1963
|[[Silchar Airport|Kumbhigram AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Mil Mi-8|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/110+HU|title=No.110 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 111 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 111 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Snow Tigers'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 August 1963
|[[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/111+HU|title=No.111 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 112 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 112 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Thoroughbreds'''''
|[[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
|1 August 1963
|[[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka AFS]], [[Karnataka]]
|[[Mil Mi-8|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/112+HU|title=No.112 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 114 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 114 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Siachen Pioneers'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|1 April 1964
|[[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh AFS]], [[Ladakh]]
|[[Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama|Cheetah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/114+HU|title=No.114 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 115 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 115 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Hovering Angels'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|1 April 1967
|[[Tezpur Airport|Tezpur AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/115+HU|title=No.115 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 116 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 116 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Tankbusters'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 January 1970
|[[Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[HAL Rudra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/116+HU|title=No.116 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 117 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 117 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Himalayan Dragons'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 February 1971
|[[Sarsawa Air Force Station|Saraswa AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/117+HU|title=No.117 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 118 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 118 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Challengers'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|22 November 1971
|[[Guwahati Airport|Guwahati AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Mil Mi-8|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/118+HU|title=No.118 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 119 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 119 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Stallions'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|3 March 1972
|[[Jamnagar Air Force Station|Jamnagar AFS]], [[Gujarat]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/119+HU|title=No.119 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 127 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 127 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''First Ranas'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|10 January 1985
|[[Mohanbari Air Force Station|Mohanbari AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/127+HU|title=No.127 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 128 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 128 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Siachen Tigers'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|30 December 1985
|[[Mohanbari Air Force Station|Mohanbari AFS]], [[Assam]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/128+HU|title=No.128 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 129 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 129 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Nubra Warriors'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 July 1987
|[[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindon AFS]], [[Delhi]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/129+HU|title=No.129 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 130 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 130 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Condors'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|15 February 1988
|[[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh AFS]], [[Ladakh]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/130+HU|title=No.130 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 143 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 143 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Dhanush'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|1 June 2022
|[[Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[HAL Prachand|Prachand]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/143+HU|title=No.143 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 152 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 152 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Mighty Armours'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|14 September 1988
|[[Sarsawa Air Force Station|Saraswa AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/152+HU|title=No.152 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 153 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 153 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Daring Dragons'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|1 November 1988
|[[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur AFS]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/153+HU|title=No.153 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 154 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 154 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Snow Leopards'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|8 March 2012
|[[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar AFS]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/154+HU|title=No.154 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 155 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 155 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Kirpans'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|14 January 2011
|[[Suratgarh Air Force Station|Suratgarh AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/155+HU|title=No.155 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 156 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 156 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Armoured Kestrals'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|23 January 2012
|[[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra AFS]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/156+HU|title=No.156 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 157 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 157 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Tarkshya'''''
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
|9 April 2012
|[[Barrackpore Air Force Station|Barrackpore AFS]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/157+HU|title=No.157 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 158 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 158 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Silver Falcions'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|10 December 2012
|[[Phalodi Air Force Station|Phalodi AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/158+HU|title=No.158 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 159 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 159 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|'''''Rudraksh'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|11 February 2013
|[[Nagpur Airport|Nagpur AFS]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/159+HU|title=No.159 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 121 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 121 Helicopter Flight]]'''
|
|'''''Sea Eagles'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|7 January 1973
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/121+HF|title=No.121 Helicopter Flight, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 122 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 122 Helicopter Flight]]'''
|
|'''''Flying Dolphins'''''
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|26 September 1981
|[[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|Car Nicobar AFS]], [[Andaman and Nicobar]]
|[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/122+HF|title=No.122 Helicopter Flight, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 126 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 126 Helicopter Flight]]'''
|
|'''''Featherweights'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|15 May 1986
|[[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh AFS]], [[Chandigarh]]
|[[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/126+HF|title=No.126 Helicopter Flight, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 131 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 131 Helicopter Flight]]'''
|
|'''''Eagle Eyes'''''
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|2 August 1974
|[[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur AFS]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[HAL Cheetah|Cheetah]] [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDUCTION OF HELICOPTER UNIT AT AIR FORCE STATION THANJAVUR |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2015832 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Orb"/>
|-
|'''[[No. 132 Helicopter Flight, IAF|No. 132 Helicopter Flight]]'''
|
|'''''Hovering Hawks'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|10 April 1986
|[[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur AFS]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[HAL Cheetah|Cheetah]]
[[HAL Chetak|Chetak]]
|<ref name="Orb"/><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2042605641710342225 |user=hqwaciaf |title=The Indian Air Force proudly marks a significant milestone as 132 Helicopter Unit... |date=2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref>
|}

== Aerial Refueling ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Squadron Name
!Insignia
!Nickname
!Command
!Date First Activated
!Base
!Aircraft
!Reference
|-
|'''[[No. 78 Squadron IAF|No. 78 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Valarous Mars'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|16 December 2002
|[[Agra Airport|Agra AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Ilyushin Il-78#Variants|Il-78MKI]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=No.78 squadron, IAF |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/78+Sqn |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
|}

==Electronic warfare/Airborne early warning(AWS)==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Squadron Name
!Insignia
!Nickname
!Command
!Date First Activated
!Base
!Aircraft
!Reference
|-
|'''[[No. 50 Squadron IAF|No. 50 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Adwitiya'''''
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
|1 October 2008
|[[Agra Airport|Agra AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Beriev A-50|A-50]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/50+Sqn|title=No.50 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 181 Flight, IAF|No. 181 Flight]]'''
|
|'''''Hawks'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|5 August 1978
|[[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindon AFS]], [[Delhi]]
|[[Boeing 737#737-200|737 SIGNIT]] [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|748-R]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/181+Flt|title=No.181 Flight, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 200 Squadron IAF|No. 200 Squadron]]'''
|
|'''''Netra'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|4 December 2014
|[[Bathinda Air Force Station|Bathinda AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Embraer ERJ family|ERJ-145SM AEW&C]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/200+Sqn|title=No.200 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Aerobatics display==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Squadron Name
!Insignia
!Display Logo
!Nickname
!Command
!Date First Activated
!Base
!Aircraft
!Reference
|-
|'''[[No. 52 Squadron IAF|No. 52 Squadron]]'''
|[[File:FAIR USE - 52 Squadron IAF, The Sharks - Air Force Station Bidar.jpg|40px]]
|[[File:Suryakiran insignia.svg|50px]]
|'''''Sharks / Suryakiran Aerobatics Team (SKAT)'''''
|[[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
|1 January 1986
|[[Bidar Air Force Station|Bidar AFS]], [[Karnataka]]
|[[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk Mark-132]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/52+Sqn|title=No.52 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[No. 151 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 151 Helicopter Unit]]'''
|
|[[File:Sarang_Helicopter_Display_Team_insignia.png|50px]]
|'''''Sarangs'''''
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
|1 June 1989
|[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur AFS]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[HAL Dhruv]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/151+HU|title=No.151 Helicopter Unit, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Squadron Name
!Insignia
!Nickname
!Command
!Date First Activated
!Base
!Aircraft
!Reference
|-
|'''No. 3001 Squadron'''
|
|
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|27 November 2000
|[[Bathinda Air Force Station|Bathinda AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/3001+Sqn|title=No.3001 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Orb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/india/india-air-force|title=Indian Air Force|publisher=Orbats|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''No. 3002 Squadron'''
|
|'''''Cats Eyes'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|3 December 2003
|[[Jaisalmer Air Force Station|Jaisalmer AFS]], [[Rajasthan]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/3002+Sqn|title=No.3002 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Orb"/>
|-
|'''No. 3003 Squadron'''
|
|'''''Trinetra'''''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|1 December 2003
|[[Jammu Airport|Jammu AFS]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/3003+Sqn|title=No.3003 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Orb"/>
|-
|'''No. 3004 Squadron'''
|
|'''''cheetah'''''
|[[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
|4 December 2014
|[[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya AFS]], [[Gujarat]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/3004+Sqn|title=No.3004 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|'''No. 3005 Squadron'''
|
|'''Warden of the North'''
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]
|14 June 2005
|[[Awantipur Air Force Station|Awantipur AFS]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[IAI Heron]] Mk 2
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/3005+Sqn|title=No.3005 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-13 |title=India inducts new Heron Mark-2 drones, can stay in the air for 36 hours and surveil both Pakistan and China borders in one go |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-inducts-new-heron-mark-2-drones-can-stay-in-the-air-for-36-hours-and-surveil-both-pakistan-and-china-borders-in-one-go/articleshow/102695406.cms |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]
* [[List of Indian naval air squadrons]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{clear}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons}}
[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons| ]]
[[Category:Lists of flying squadrons|Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]

Nirmala Sahariya

2026-04-11T11:23:52Z

AlfonzoEsh: adding first data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirmala Sahariya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|7|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kishanganj (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| term_start = 2018
| predecessor = [[Lalit Meena]]
| term_end = 2023
| successor = [[Lalit Meena]]
| constituency1 = [[Kishanganj (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| predecessor1 = Hemraj Meena
| term_end1 = 2013
| successor1 = [[Lalit Meena]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Nirmala Sahariya''' was a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/expense.php?candidate_id=2376|title=NIRMALA SAHARIYA(INC):Constituency- KISHANGANJ (ST)(BARAN) - Expense Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref> representing the [[Kishanganj (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanganj]] constituency of [[Rajasthan]]. She won the 13th and 15th House [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberContacts.aspx|title=Members Page|website=rajassembly.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/nirmala-sahariya-inc-2018-kishanganj-194|title=Nirmala Sahariya-निर्मला सहारीय Inc Candidate Kishanganj Election Result 2018|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahariya, Nirmala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Baran district]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Mission Marigold

2026-04-06T12:26:42Z

AlfonzoEsh: creating new post basic info

{{Short description|Commemoration initiative for Indian Commonwealth soldiers}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{No significant coverage|date=April 2026}}
}}
[[File:Marigold Logo.jpg|thumb|Mission Marigold ]]
'''Mission Marigold''' is a commemorative initiative focused on the role of [[India|Indian]] soldiers who served with [[Allies of World War II|British and Allied forces]] during the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second]] World Wars. The campaign encourages the use of the [[Tagetes|marigold]] flower as a symbol of remembrance alongside the traditional poppy, aiming to increase awareness of the 1.4 million Indian troops who served in the First World War and the 2.5 million who served in the Second World War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India in the Second World War |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/india-in-the-second-world-war |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=INSIGHT |date=2025-09-24 |title=Mission Marigold: Remembering the Indian Soldiers in the First and Second World Wars |url=https://insightuk.org/mission-marigold-remembering-the-indian-soldiers-in-the-first-and-second-world-wars/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=INSIGHT UK |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Symbolism and adoption ==
The use of the marigold as a symbol of remembrance was selected by the [[United Service Institution|United Service Institution of India (USI)]] with support from the [[British High Commission]]. The flower was chosen for its widespread presence in India and its saffron colour, which is associated with sacrifice in Indian culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Remembers |url=https://www.usiofindia.org/page-details.php?slug=cmhcs-events-india-remembers |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.usiofindia.org}}</ref>

The architecture of the Indian War Memorial at [[Villers-Guislain]], France features the marigold, a traditional Indian symbol of sacrifice. The motif was included to provide a permanent cultural connection to the Indian soldiers who died in the First World War.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=Le mémorial indien inauguré samedi à Villers-Guislain, en présence du vice-président |url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/483288/article/2018-11-07/le-memorial-indien-inaugure-ce-samedi-en-presence-du-vice-president-indien |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=La Voix du Nord |language=fr}}</ref>

The symbol has been utilized in various commemorative events involving the [[British royal family]]. In 2016, [[William, Prince of Wales|Prince William]] and [[Catherine, Princess of Wales]] laid a wreath of marigolds at [[India Gate]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-13 |title=Prince William and Kate's continuing adventures in India – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/gallery/2016/apr/13/prince-william-and-kates-continuing-adventures-in-india-in-pictures |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> During a visit to the [[Delhi War Cemetery]], [[Charles III|King Charles III]] (then Prince of Wales) wore a marigold alongside a remembrance poppy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-17 |title=‘A Debt That Society Owes’: How India Remembers Its World War Soldiers |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-a-debt-that-society-owes-how-india-remembers-its-world-war-soldiers-news-364513 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In the arts, the marigold was used as a commemorative symbol in ''The Indian Army at the Palace'', a site-specific production by [[Pravesh Kumar]] at [[Hampton Court Palace]] exploring the presence of Indian soldiers at the site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-27 |title=Pravesh Kumar MBE on The Indian Army at the Palace |url=https://madeinshoreditch.co.uk/2025/11/27/pravesh-kumar-mbe-indian-army-at-the-palace/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Former chairperson of the [[Foreign Affairs Select Committee|Foreign Affairs Committee]] [[Tom Tugendhat]] stated that UK-India relations could be strengthened by openly acknowledging their shared history of the First World War and by conducting a joint commemoration of the same.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tugendhat |first=Tom |date=2018-11-08 |title=A sacrifice remembered: on India's role in World War I |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-sacrifice-remembered/article25446496.ece |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In November 2025, an Early Day Motion (EDM 2264) was tabled in the UK Parliament by MP [[Navendu Mishra]] noting the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Marigold - Early Day Motions - UK Parliament |url=https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/64689/mission-marigold |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=edm.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref>

== Educational Outreach ==
In the United Kingdom, the marigold has been incorporated into educational materials aimed at broadening awareness of the contribution of Indian soldiers during the World Wars. The [[Royal British Legion]] has included references to the marigold in its secondary school remembrance resources as part of its “Teaching Remembrance” programme. The initiative encourages discussion of the global dimensions of the conflict and highlights the participation of international troops alongside British forces<ref name="RBL">{{Cite web |title=Your Details {{!}} Teaching Remembrance {{!}} Royal British Legion |url=https://www.britishlegion.org.uk/get-involved/remembrance/teaching-remembrance/your-details |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Royal British Legion |language=en}}</ref>.
Educational assemblies and classroom materials have referenced literary works such as The Gift of India (1915) by [[Sarojini Naidu]], which reflects on the sacrifices of Indian soldiers during the First World War. The inclusion of the marigold alongside the poppy has been presented as a symbolic acknowledgment that the United Kingdom was supported by troops from across the British Empire.<ref name="RBL" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:War monuments and memorials]]

Parodi (film)

2026-04-03T22:35:58Z

AlfonzoEsh: adding some stub needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parodi
| image = Parodi (film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
| writer = Nanjunda (dialogues)
| screenplay = Om Sai Prakash
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Krantiveer]]''|[[Mehul Kumar]]|[[K. K. Singh]]}}
| producer = L Lingaraj B P Thyagu
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Neha Pendse|Neha]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = S Manohar
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| studio = LR Productions
| released = {{Film date|2007|2|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}
'''''Parodi''''' ({{translation|Vagabond}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]]. The film stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Neha Pendse|Neha]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Krantiveer]]'' (1994).<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=23 March 2007 |title=Was it too street smart? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/was-it-too-street-smart/article2271928.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222231701/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/was-it-too-street-smart/article2271928.ece |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> The film was released on 27 February 2007.<ref name="chiloka" />

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=December 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Vijay
*[[Neha Pendse|Neha]] as Bharathi
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
*[[Umashree]]
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as a money lender
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajit]]
* Mansi<ref name="Sify" />
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
}}

== Production ==
The film had its final phase of shooting in Bangalore in December 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Veeresh |first=K.M. |date=15 December 2006 |title=Final schedule |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3231727.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223065105/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3231727.ece |archive-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and Hindi actors [[Neha Pendse|Neha]] and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] were cast in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R G |date=2 March 2007 |title=Upendra's Parodi |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/02slid1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223063404/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/02slid1.htm |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parodi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parodi/8JSRWewaeS8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223063405/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parodi/8JSRWewaeS8_ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> Upendra wrote the lyrics and sung for a song in the film.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R G |date=2 March 2007 |title=Upendra's Parodi |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/02slid1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223063404/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/02slid1.htm |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The other songs were written by M. N. Vyasa Rao, Sriranga, and Rudramurthy Shastry.<ref name="chiloka">{{Cite web |title=Parodi (ಪರೋಡಿ) |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/parodi-2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505225757/https://chiloka.com/movie/parodi-2007 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Chiloka}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Cool Drinksu
| lyrics1 = Sri Ranga
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 5:00
| title2 = Baare Baare
| lyrics2 = M. N. Vyasa Rao
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Shashikala
| length2 = 4:43
| title3 = Parodi Parodi
| lyrics3 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| extra3 = Upendra
| length3 = 5:20
| title4 = Yeddu Baaro
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Huttiruva Mannige
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 5:17
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The director attempts to exercise his hold on the audience in a liberal fashion, undermining the latter's sensibility".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2007 |title=Undermining audiences' sensibility |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Undermining-audiences-sensibility/article14729291.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629174124/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Undermining-audiences-sensibility/article14729291.ece |archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and opined that "The ineptness of this film is, in short, such that even a popular star like Upendra can do nothing for its prospects at the box office".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R G |date=5 March 2007 |title=Upendra can't save Parodi |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/05ssparodi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223194427/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/05ssparodi.htm |archive-date=23 February 2009 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a verdict of below average and said that "This is a poorly made film with nothing new in the offering. Bizarre films with similar content seem to the order of the day in Kannada!"<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2007 |title=Parodi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/parodi-review-kannada-pclwmpfbchhid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222231707/https://www.sify.com/movies/parodi-review-kannada-pclwmpfbchhid.html |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref name="The Hindu" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14332052}}
{{Om Sai Prakash}}
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Sai Prakash]]

B. K. Misra

2026-04-03T14:01:31Z

AlfonzoEsh: added new pg

{{short description|Neurosurgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Basant Kumar Misra
| image = Dr. Basant Kumar Misra.jpg
| caption = Dr. Misra at [[Harvard University]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|01|18}}
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| education = MBBS, MS, MCh, DrNB, PDC
| alma_mater = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] [[University of Edinburgh]]
| occupation = [[Neurosurgeon]]
| organization = [[Indian Council of Medical Research|Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi]] [[Hinduja Hospital|Hinduja Hospitals, Mumbai]]
| known_for = Pioneering image-guided [[aneurysm]] surgery, [[stereotactic radiosurgery]], EC-IC bypass, [[awake craniotomy]] and [[endoscopic spinal surgery]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/profile-dr-basant-kumar-misra-the-award-winning-doctor-who-would-do-more-101630678308563.html|title=Profile: Dr Basant Kumar Misra, the award-winning doctor who would do more|date=3 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| awards = [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]
}}
Dr. '''Basant Kumar Misra''' is a neurosurgeon specialising in treating [[brain]], [[Spinal cord|spine]], [[Cerebral circulation|cerebrovascular]] and [[peripheral nervous system]] disorders, injuries, pathologies and malformations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/there-is-no-profession-that-is-more-challenging-and-demanding-than-neurosurgery-dr-b-k-misra/65936790|title=There is no profession that is more challenging and demanding than neurosurgery: Dr. B K Misra - ET HealthWorld|website=ETHealthworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/neurosurgery-in-india-is-as-good-as-anywhere-else-in-the-world-dr-basant-misra/57074661|title=Neurosurgery in India is as good as anywhere else in the world: Dr. Basant Misra - ET HealthWorld|website=ETHealthworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Experts-make-a-case-for-more-neurosurgeons/articleshow/1390166.cms|title=Experts make a case for more neurosurgeons | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 January 2006 }}</ref> Presently, he is the Honorary President of the [[World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wfns.org/menu/15/honorary-presidents-other-officers|title=Honorary Presidents & Other Officers - WFNS Officers | WFNS|website=wfns.org}}</ref> and the [[Asian Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medgatetoday.com/dr-b-k-misra-to-chair-the-world-federation-of-neurosurgical-societies-wfns-foundation/|title=Dr. B. K. Misra to chair the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Foundation.|date=3 December 2021}}</ref> He is the first neurosurgeon in the world to perform [[image-guided surgery]] for [[intracranial aneurysm|aneurysm]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicine.utah.edu/neurosurgery/news/2022/05/world-academy-of-neurological-surgery-meeting-brings-together-top-minds|title=World Academy of Neurological Surgery Meeting Brings Together Top Minds in Neurosurgery|date=9 May 2022|website=Neurosurgery Department | U of U School of Medicine}}</ref> He is a recipient of [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], the highest medical honour in India.<ref name="BS_BCRoy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mumbai-neurosurgeon-named-for-dr-b-c-roy-award-118083100888_1.html|title=Mumbai neurosurgeon named for Dr B.C. Roy award|date=31 August 2018|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>

Previously, he served as the Vice-President of the [[World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindujahospital.com/press-release/dr-b-k-misra-first-indian-receive-aans-international-lifetime-achievement-award/|title=Dr. B K Misra, first Indian to receive the AANS International Lifetime Achievement Award in Neurosurgery | Hinduja Hospital|website=www.hindujahospital.com}}</ref> and the President of the [[Asian Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons]],<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://aasns.com/about-aasns/past-president/|title=Past President – Asian Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons (AASNS)|website=aasns.com}}</ref> and the [[Neurological Society of India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neurosocietyindia.com/past-office-bearers-of-the-nsi/|title=Past Office Bearers Of The NSI – Neurological Society of India}}</ref> and the Chairman of WFNS Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wfns.org/menu/10/executive-board-advisory-board|title=Executive Board & Advisory Board - About the Foundation | WFNS|website=wfns.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Basant Misra was born in Bhubaneswar to eminent economist, [[Baidyanath Misra|Dr. Baidyanath Misra]] and Mrs. Basanti Misra, a homemaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/may/09/baidyanath-misra-passes-away-at-99-1974600.html|title=Baidyanath Misra passes away at 99|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He did his schooling from the [[Demonstration Multipurpose School, Bhubaneswar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/dm-school-makes-good-human-beings-citizens-rbi-chief/|title=DM school makes good human beings, citizens: RBI Chief - OrissaPOST|date=24 February 2019}}</ref> MBBS from the [[VSS Medical College|Government Medical College, Sambalpur]], his MS General Surgery from [[Delhi University]], his MCh in Neurosurgery from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|AIIMS, New Delhi]] and DrNB Neurosurgery from the [[National Board of Examinations]]. He received Commonwealth Medical Scholarship to the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/site/Past-president/Basant%20Kumar%20Misra,%20President%20NSI%202008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729194244/http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/site/Past-president/Basant%20Kumar%20Misra,%20President%20NSI%202008.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 July 2020 |title=Past-president Basant Kumar Misra.}}</ref>

== Career==
[[File:Dr. B. K. Misra performing Stereotactic Gamma Radiosurgery.jpg|thumb|Dr. Misra performing Stereotactic Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, the first time in South Asia]]
He started his career as a Research officer at the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], and is currently the Chairman & Chief of Surgery, and Head of the Neurosurgery department at [[P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre|Hinduja Hospitals, Mumbai]].

His notable patients include [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Abhijat Joshi]], [[Anand Kumar]], among others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jadoo-at-hinduja-blood-clot-in-hrithik-roshan-s-brain-removed-1858416|title=Jadoo at Hinduja: Blood clot in Hrithik Roshan's brain removed|first=Team|last=DNA|date=8 July 2013|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-cms-son-undergoes-brain-surgery-in-mumbai/articleshow/99919339.cms|title=Gujarat CM Bhupendra Patel's son Anuj Patel undergoes brain surgery in Mumbai|date=2 May 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediaeyenews.com/media/detailmedia/Mumbai-Odia-community-celebrate-nbsp-Ganpati-festival--|title=Mumbai Odia community cel}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/school-structure/surgery/news-and-events/2018-controversies-in-neurosurgery|title=2018 Controversies in Neurosurgery Conference|first=Martine|last=Batchelder|date=20 December 2018|website=Melbourne Medical School|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125052301/https://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/school-structure/surgery/news-and-events/2018-controversies-in-neurosurgery|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anand-kumar-reveals-he-has-brain-tumour-says-wanted-super-30-to-be-made-while-i-am-alive/story-yv5RllpXGhwgT5H5O30DiP.html|title=Anand Kumar reveals he has brain tumour, says 'wanted Super 30 to be made while I am alive'|date=11 July 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salman-Khan-back-in-action-from-September-9/articleshow/9846866.cms|title=Salman Khan back in action from September 9 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Dubey |first1=Bharati }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Another-health-scare-for-Remix-actor-Habib/articleshow/26720985.cms|title=Another health scare for Remix actor, Habib - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/himanshu-roys-medical-report-cancer-had-spread-to-his-brain|title=Himanshu Roy's medical report: Cancer had spread to his brain|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-no-one-helped-us-after-711-blasts-say-parag-sawants-friends/16352164|title=Mumbai: No one helped us after 7/11 blasts, say Parag Sawant's friends|date=8 July 2015|website=mid-day}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/mumbai-neurosurgeon-named-for-dr-bc-roy-award/1373949|title=Mumbai neurosurgeon named for Dr B.C. Roy award|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/scriptwriter-abhijat-joshi-undergoes-brain-surgery-595200-2016-04-23|title = Scriptwriter Abhijat Joshi undergoes brain surgery}}</ref>
* He is the first neurosurgeon in the world to perform [[image-guided surgery]] for [[intracranial aneurysm|aneurysm]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicine.utah.edu/neurosurgery/news/2022/05/world-academy-of-neurological-surgery-meeting-brings-together-top-minds|title=World Academy of Neurological Surgery Meeting Brings Together Top Minds in Neurosurgery|date=9 May 2022|website=Neurosurgery Department | U of U School of Medicine}}</ref>
* He is the first neurosurgeon in South Asia to perform [[stereotactic radiosurgery|gamma knife radiosurgery]].<ref name="auto"/>
* He is the first neurosurgeon in India to perform EC-IC bypass for [[Moyamoya disease]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/moyamoya-disease-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatments-101675228288905.html | title=Moyamoya disease: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments | date=February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2017;volume=65;issue=1;spage=73;epage=74;aulast=Misra;type=3 | pmid=28084242 | year=2017 | last1=Misra | first1=B. K. | title=The quest to revascularize brain in ischemic stroke | journal=Neurology India | volume=65 | issue=1 | pages=73–74 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.198183 |doi-access=free| url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* He is the first neurosurgeon in India to perform [[endoscopic spinal surgery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neuroscienceacademy.org.in/downloads/pub/Set13.pdf|title=Neuroscience Academy}}</ref>
* He is the first neurosurgeon in India to perform [[awake craniotomy]].<ref name="auto"/>

He is also working with [https://web.archive.org/web/20180913101201/http://www.me.iitb.ac.in/~bravi/ Dr. B. Ravi], institute chair professor of Mechanical engineering and the founder of [[BETiC|Biomedical Engineering and Technology (incubation) Centre (BETiC)]] at [[IIT Bombay]], to co-develop biomedical devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.betic.org/partners|title=Partners | BETIC | India|website=BETIC}}</ref>

He has authored and co-authored more than 200 publications in peer-reviewed national and international journals.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindujahealthcare.com/doctor/dr-b-k-misra/|title=Dr b k misra | Hinduja Healthcare|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803144427/http://www.hindujahealthcare.com/doctor/dr-b-k-misra|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He started the 6-year [[Diplomate of National Board|DrNB]] course in Neurosurgery for MBBS graduates (one of the only 32 NBE-accredited tertiary-care institutions in India)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://accr.natboard.edu.in/online_user/faculty_in_department.php?token=SEY16THhtd4LIO0(lmeByW3DA$1kJZ1KUQ878b0agV2)wv2Nxr5RP9z2n6do3yfDaOHJSPslg2bh|title=Existing Faculty for DrNB - Neuro Surgery (Direct 6 Years Course) Programme|website=accr.natboard.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aansneurosurgeon.org/inside-neurosurgeon/neurosurgery-in-india/ |title=AANS Neurosurgeon Neurosurgery in India - AANS Neurosurgeon |access-date=2020-03-11 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806105645/https://aansneurosurgeon.org/inside-neurosurgeon/neurosurgery-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a 3-month fellowship programme (one of only 23 WFNS-accredited Class-1 postgraduate training centres in the world) at Hinduja Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wfns.info/training-centers|title = Training Centers & Guideline | World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindujahospital.com/academics|title = Fellowship program for Young Neurosurgeons - P. D. Hinduja Hospital}}</ref> He also conducts cadaveric demonstrations, hands-on dissection workshops, seminars and CME courses. He has previously taught at [[SCTIMST]] (an [[Institute of National Importance]]), [[Australian School of Advanced Medicine]] and [[Harvard Medical School]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/66/11592/dr-b-k-misra-to-receive-dr-b-c-roy-national-award-.html | title=Dr. B. K. Misra to receive Dr. B. C. ROY National Award }}</ref>

== Posts ==
[[File:Robert Spetzler in a Neurosurgeons Group.jpg|thumb|At one of the World Academy of Neurological Surgery's meetings]]
He is holding / has held the following positions:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://congress-ph.ru/service/lectors/wfns-Misra|title=PEOPLE & HEALTH - Lectors|website=congress-ph.ru}}</ref>
* Honorary President of World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
* Honorary President of Asian Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons
* Chairman (2021-'25), World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Foundation
* First V-P (2019-'21), World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
* President (2016-'22), World Federation of Skull Base Societies
* President (2015-'17), International Conference on Cerebrovascular Surgery
* President (2015-'19), Asian Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons
* President (2004-'06), Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons
* President (2008-'09), Neurological Society of India
* President (2002-'04), Skull Base Surgery Society of India
* President (2010-'11), Cerebrovascular Society of India
* President (2009-'10), Bombay Neurosciences Association

== Awards ==
[[File:Dr. B. K. Misra receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award - 2018 by the Madras Neuro Trust.jpg|thumb|Lifetime Achievement Award - 2018 by the Madras Neuro Trust]]
* Distinguished Alumnus Award (1969) - [[Demonstration Multipurpose School, Bhubaneswar]]
* Best Graduate Award (1975) - [[Sambalpur University]]
* Best Post-Graduate Award (1980) - [[Delhi University]]
* Commonwealth Medical Scholarship (1984) - [[General Medical Council|British Medical Council]]
* Dr. B. C. Roy National Award (2018) - [[Medical Council of India]]
* International Lifetime Recognition Award (2020) - [[American Association of Neurological Surgeons]]

== Charity ==
[[File:Hinduja Hospital's Medical Relief Camp at Bhuj after the 2001 Gujarat Earthquakes.jpg|thumb|In Bhuj, after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake]]
He runs a free weekly clinic at Hinduja Hospital, Mahim, providing free consultations to patients from the weaker sections of the society. He also waives off his surgical fees, either partially or completely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindujahospital.com/dr-b-k-misra/|title=Best Neurosurgeon in Mumbai - Dr B. K. Misra | P. D. Hinduja Hospital|website=hindujahospital.com}}</ref>

Along with [[Cardiac surgeon]], [[Ramakanta Panda]] and former [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]], [[Arup Patnaik]], he set up the [http://konarkcancerfoundation.org/ Konark Cancer Foundation] for patients coming to the [[Tata Memorial Hospital]] for cancer treatment, providing them with financial support of up to INR 100,000 per patient, logistical support such as finding food and shelter for their attendants, providing other voluntary support, collecting and donating blood, medications and prosthesis. Around 125,000 patients and their families have been benefited since its inception.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/ex-mumbai-police-chief-now-helps-cancer-patients/article17914884.ece|title=Ex-Mumbai police chief now helps cancer patients|first=Jyoti|last=Shelar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 April 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://konarkcancerfoundation.org/about-3/|title=About – konark|website=konarkcancerfoundation.org}}</ref>

He started the Baidyanath Neurosurgery Charitable Trust to fund travelling fellowships of young neurosurgeons (below 40 years) from both public and private sectors, and of senior neurosurgeons from only the public sector, seeking advanced training abroad.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181126012926/http://neurosocietyindia.org/Newsletter/June2011newsletter.pdf Newsletter June 2011]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drsarangrote.com/sarangrotecv.pdf|title=Sarang Rote CV}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, B. K.}}
[[Category:Sambalpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian neurologists]]
[[Category:Indian epileptologists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]

Shikari Devi Temple

2026-03-31T22:24:41Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shikari Devi Temple|native_name='''शिकारी देवी मन्दिर'''|image=Shikari Devi Temple.jpg|caption=Shikari Devi Temple|deity=[[Durga]]|tradition=[[Hinduism]]|festival=[[Navratri]]|location=[[Shikari Devi Sanctuary]], [[Shikari Peak]], [[Janjheli]], [[Karsog]]|district=[[Mandi district|Mandi]]|state=[[Himachal Pradesh]]|country={{flag|India}}|creator=''[[Pandavas]]'' on their exile during ''[[Mahabharata]]''|coordinates={{coord|31.478716|77.165572|display=title,inline}}|map_type=India Himachal Pradesh#India|map_caption=Location in Himachal Pradesh|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|established=original structure: Ancient (unknown) |elevation_m=3,332.6|elevation_ft=10933.8}}
'''Shikari Devi Temple''' is a popular [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to goddess [[Durga]] in the form of ''Hunter's Goddess'' (in Hindi: ''Shikari Devi''). The temple is located {{Convert|18|km|mi}} from Sanarli in [[Karsog|Karsog valley]] and at the same distance from [[Janjheli]] which is on the other side of the hill, through steep road to the temple in [[Mandi district]] of the [[North India|North Indian]] state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It is believed that the temple was established by the [[Pandava]]s during their exile at the time of [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=15 July 2021 |title=“Elusive, Only Roof-less Shikari Devi Temple in India” |url=https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000758592.78456.74 |journal=Spine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=i |doi=10.1097/01.brs.0000758592.78456.74 |issn=0362-2436|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Janjehli - Shikari Devi Temple {{!}} District Mandi, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpmandi.nic.in/tourist-place/janjehli-shikari-devi-temple/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History and legends ==

=== Origin ===
It is believed that the temple dates to the time of [[Mahabharata]], when the [[Pandava]]s during their exile visited many places in [[Himalayas]] as this was one of them, and according to tradition they started worshiping Shikari Devi here and constructed the shrine.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=23 August 2024 |title=Shikari Devi Temple: यहां खुले आसमान के नीचे विराजमान हैं देवी की मूर्ति, जहां मार्कंडेय ऋषि ने किया था तप! |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/religion/mandi-shikari-devi-temple-where-sage-markandeya-did-penance-interesting-temple-located-in-himachal-seraj-valley-2795620.html |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=रहस्यों से भरा है माता शिकारी देवी का मंदिर, पांडवों के अज्ञातवास से जुड़ी है रोचक कहानी |url=https://himachal.punjabkesari.in/himachal-pradesh/news/mata-shikari-devi-temple-1019003 |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Punjabkesari}}</ref>

=== Connection with sages ===
It is also believed that [[Markandeya|Rishi Markendeya]] also meditated here for many years, as goddess was pleased by his devotion appeared to him and as by her direction, the shrine was built by him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=Shikari Devi - Shikari Mata Temple Karsog Mandi Himachal |url=https://devbhumi.in/shikari-devi-temple-history/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal: मां शिकारी देवी के मंदिर, मूर्तियों पर नहीं टिकती बर्फ, पढ़ें रोचक जानकारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/snow-does-not-last-on-the-temple-and-idols-of-maa-shikari-devi-know-its-history-and-mythological-beliefs |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Divine visions leading to temple ===
According to another legend, the Pandavas once during their hunt came across a mystical deer that disappeared into the forest, as they approached the deer, they realised that this deer is the goddess herself came in the form of a deer to guide them, and as her guidance they meditated here and subsequently built the temple.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Himachal Pradesh {{!}} Your Gateway to Himalayan Adventure and Cultural Marvels – Explore Himachal Pradesh Like Never Before! |url=https://aguidetohimachal.com/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Worship by hunters ===
Historically, the local hunters used to worship the Shikari Devi for their success in their hunts, hence the epithet, "''Shikari Devi''" (in English: the goddess of hunters). The goddess was invoked for protection against dangers by wild animals during their hunting. This reflects how nature, faith and livelihood merged in this region.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Shikari Devi Temple, Mandi - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule, |url=https://www.trawell.in/himachal/mandi/shikari-devi-temple |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref>

== Architecture and unique features ==

=== Roofless shrine ===
The temple is totally unusual apart from other temples generally as it is roofless. Many people as well as politicians tried to built a roof over it since many years but none have stayed. Always this used to happen like as the roof is made over the temple, after a while by sudden storm the roof breaks down. The former [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]], [[Virbhadra Singh|Mr. Virbhadra Singh]], also tried to built roof over the temple many times but none was success. It is believed that the goddess prefers the sky as her canopy, not any roof.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Snowfree premises ===
Another remarkable phenomena associated with the temple is that, whenever the snowfall happens in the region, the entire region is buried in several feet of snow but the temple's premises especially the interior, remains free of snow. This is a mystery as no one got to know the reason behind it till now. The belief is that it is nothing but the miracle of the goddess Shikari Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Jai |date=2 May 2022 |title=Shikari Devi temple:Where miracle happens every year |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/shikari-devi-templewhere-miracle-happens-every-year-1503066810.html |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Belief ==
It is believed that whatever is prayed here by true self, it manifests reality. It is also believed that who often come here with any sort of problems in one's life, the goddess removes all and gives whatever is asked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=Shikari Devi Temple {{!}} Amrit Katha |url=https://amritkatha.in/shikari-devi-temple/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Navratri pilgrimages ===
The temple receives a large influx of devotees during the festival of [[Navaratri|Navratri]], both in spring and autumn. People come here to seek the blessings of the goddess Shikari Devi.<ref name=":3" />

=== Traditional offerings ===
As per local custom, devotees bring offerings like ghee lamps, coconuts and [[Dhvaja]]s (traditional in ''Hinduism''). Many people whose wishes got fulfilled by the blessings of the goddess come to the shrine bare feet, and present offerings to the temple such as cash, ''[[Chatra (umbrella)|Chattra]],'' or any form of offerings the pilgrims like and as then ''Pandit'' of the temple describes them. In earlier times, animals were offered in sacrifice as a practice tied to older hunter traditions, though by the time, it was increasingly viewed with disapproval by many in older times.<ref name=":0" />

== Geography ==
[[File:Shikari Devi temple.jpg|thumb|Scenic views from Shikari Devi Temple]]
The temple stands atop the [[Shikari Devi peak]], the highest peak in Mandi district. The region around the temple is a natural sanctuary region called as Shikari Devi Sanctuary. Often it is called the 'Crown of Mandi'. The temple attracts the tourists through its miracles as well as through the scenic views of nature. From the temple many other peaks, valleys and places can be seen, as it is situated at the top of Shikari Devi peak and it is one of the highest peaks in Himachal Pradesh. [[Shimla]], [[Kasauli]], [[Solan]], and [[Rewalsar, India|Rewalsar]] can be seen from the temple. In valleys [[Kangra Valley|Kangra valley]], [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]], [[Satluj Valley|Satluj valley]], [[Solang Valley|Solang valley]], [[Balh valley]] in Mandi, etc. can be seen. The peaks which can be seen from the temple are [[Mul Mahunaag]], [[Kamrunag Lake|Kamrunaag]], [[Dhauladhar]]s, [[Parbati Parbat|Parvati Parvat]], [[Mulkila]], [[Indrasan]], [[Shrikhand Mahadev]] in Himachal Pradesh and [[Yamunotri]], [[Kalanag]], and many peaks of [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] in [[Uttarakhand]] can also be seen from the temple. In plains, [[Punjab Plain|Punjab plains]] can be seen when the weather is clear.<ref name=":0" />

== Accessibility ==
[[File:Shikari Devi In Winter.jpg|thumb|Views from temple in winters during snowfall]]
The temple is situated at the top of the Shikari peak. It is about {{Convert|31|km|mi}} from [[Thunag]]. It is accessible through two major roads which are from [[Janjheli]] and another from Snarli in [[Karsog]] valley, both are {{Convert|18|km|mi}} ride to the temple and both roads have forested terrain and steep roads which lead to the temple. The temple is also accessible by a trek from Karsog valley, as it is steep trek so many prefer the journey by road. Below the temple, the parking is allotted and from there 600-700 stairs are there to the temple.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trekking to Mandis Shikari Devi temple hills banned |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/trekking-to-shikari-devi-temple-hills-banned-566553/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

From the temple, the panoramic views of surrounding Himalayan ranges, dense oak and conifer forests, vast meadows, and sometimes snow-laden landscapes can be seen.<ref name=":0" />

== Religious and cultural significance today ==
[[File:Snow On Trees.jpg|thumb|Shikari Devi wildlife sanctuary during snowfall]]
Shikari Devi Sanctuary, surrounding the temple, is itself a protected forest and wildlife area. The sanctity given to the temple and the deity encourages local ecological balance. The forest is revered, the wildlife respected, reflecting a traditional harmony between spirituality and nature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary ESZ – GKToday |url=https://www.gktoday.in/shikari-devi-wildlife-sanctuary-esz/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref>

As for many believers in Himachal Pradesh and beyond, Shikari Devi is not just a deity, but a guardian of the forests, wildlife, and mountain travellers. The religious importance, natural beauty, and mystery, draws pilgrims as well as trekkers and nature lovers.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh by district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples by deity]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]

A. V. Rama Rao

2026-03-26T07:27:52Z

AlfonzoEsh: added bio

{{Short description|Indian chemist (born 1935)}}
{{family name hatnote|Alla|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. V. Rama Rao
| image = Alla Venkata Rama Rao - Kolkata 2011-08-02 4643.JPG
| imagesize = 170px
| caption =
| birth_name = Alla Venkata Rama Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|4|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Chemist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Organic synthesis
| spouse = Hymavathy
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two sons, 1daughter
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2016) [[Padma Shri]] (1991) 
K.G. Naik Gold Medal [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] [[Asiatic Society]] Medal [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Technology Award [[Academy of Sciences for the Developing World|TWAS]] Technology Award [[Institute of Chemical Technology|UDCT]] Distinguished Alumni and Diamond Award [[Institute of Chemical Technology|ICT]] Platinum Award [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Business Prize [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] Chemical Research Society Gold Medal [[Indian Science Congress|ISC]] Presidential Gold Medal Dr. [[Yellapragada Subba Rao]] Award [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|P. C. Ray]] Medal Dr. Y. Nayudamma Gold Medal [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Viswakarma Medal [[Ranbaxy]] Research Foundation Award [[FICCI]] Award
}}

'''Alla Venkata Rama Rao''' (born 2 April 1935) is an Indian inventor and chemist,<ref name="Dr. A. V. Rama Rao, FNA">{{cite web | url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AcademicProgramme/Uploads/Brochure.pdf | title=Dr. A. V. Rama Rao, FNA | publisher=NCI India | date=2015 | access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> known for his pioneering research in the field of drug technology.<ref name="INSA profile">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N86-0943 | title=INSA profile | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | access-date=30 September 2015 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812221534/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N86-0943 | archive-date=12 August 2016 }}</ref> He is the founder of the A. V. Rama Rao Research Foundation, a [[non governmental organization]] promoting research and doctoral studies in chemistry and Avra Laboratories, an organization dealing in intermediates and [[Active ingredient|active pharmaceutical ingredients]], used in [[therapeutics]].<ref name="AVRA Lab">{{cite web | url=http://www.avralab.com/Introduction.html | title=AVRA Lab | publisher=Avra Laboratories | date=2015 | access-date=30 September 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811142711/http://avralab.com/Introduction.html | archive-date=11 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Interview: Chemistry is the business">{{cite web |date=6 October 2008 |title=Interview: Chemistry is the business |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2008/11/Rao_interview.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201201938/http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2008/11/Rao_interview.asp |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> An elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="INSA profile" /> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="IAS Fellow">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=IAS fellow |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030329093932/http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=R |archive-date=29 March 2003 |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |title=NASI Fellow |publisher=National Academy of Sciences India |date=2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315130140/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> and [[Third World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS), Rama Rao is a recipient of several awards such as [[TWAS]] Technology Award,<ref name="INSA profile" /> [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]]<ref name="Chemical Sciences & Technology Award winners">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Chemical Sciences & Technology Award winners |url=http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_&_technology.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011110509/http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_&_technology.html |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=VASVIK.org}}</ref> and [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]].<ref name="Om Prakash Bhasin Award">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Om Prakash Bhasin Award |url=http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127121120/https://opbfawards.com/engineering.html |archive-date=27 November 2022 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Shri Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] in 1991 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2016.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Padma Bhushan">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Padma Awards 2016 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122112714/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

==Biography==
Rama Rao was born in a [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] family<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-31 |title=Young industrialist feted |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-03-31/Young-industrialist-feted/289983 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> on 2 April 1935 in [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction">{{cite web | url=http://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file/19842/ | title=Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction | publisher=Arkat USA | date=2015 | access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> to a government employee as one of his nine children.<ref name="I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India">{{cite web | url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/interview-with-dr-av-rama-rao-of-avra-laboratories/4981.html | title=I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India | publisher=Money Life | date=26 April 2010 | access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="IAS Fellow" /> As his father had to work at various places due to frequent transfers, he stayed with his grand parents at Guntur during his school days. He graduated in chemistry (BSc) from A. C. College<ref name="I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India" /> of [[Andhra University]] in 1956 and worked for one year at his alma mater as a demonstrator,<ref name="I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India" /> before moving to Mumbai to secure his post-graduate degree in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals from the [[Institute of Chemical Technology|UDCT]] of [[Mumbai University]] in 1960. This was followed by doctoral studies under the guidance of [[Krishnasami Venkataraman|Krishnaswami Venkataraman]], the first Indian director of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] (NCL),<ref name="Prof.George delivers Prof.Venkataraman memorial lecture">{{cite web|url=http://hgxh.alljournal.ac.cn/cn/ch/industrynews/industrynews_view_list.aspx?id=201107120557193560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002165354/http://hgxh.alljournal.ac.cn/cn/ch/industrynews/industrynews_view_list.aspx?id=201107120557193560 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-10-02 |title=Prof.George delivers Prof.Venkataraman memorial lecture |publisher=All Journal |date=2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 }}</ref> to obtain a PhD in 1965. He continued his research at NCL, working there as a B Grade Scientist, till 1975 when he joined [[Elias James Corey]], 1991 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, at [[Harvard University]] for a two-year stint at research along with the American organic chemist.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> He returned to India in 1977 and continued his research at NCL for another eight years.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> In 1985, he was appointed as the director of the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] (IICT) (then known as Regional Research Laboratory) where he worked till 1995.<ref name="Time line IICT">{{cite web|url=http://www.iictindia.org/(S(dtsl5ynfthe15f22pypssg45))/GProfile.aspx?opt=timeline |title=Time line IICT |publisher=Indian Institute of Chemical Technology |date=2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118003243/http://www.iictindia.org/%28S%283grrzc45ozcazs45eelmc545%29%29/GProfile.aspx?opt=timeline |archive-date=18 November 2015 }}</ref> After his superannuation from IICT, he founded Avra Laboratories, at [[Hyderabad]], then capital of [[Andhra Pradesh]], for high-end contract research and manufacture of intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients for the medical industry. The company operates out of three centres in Hyderabad and one in [[Visakhapatanam]].<ref name="AVRA Lab" />

Rao married Hymavathy<ref name="A.V. RAMA RAO'S 70TH BIRTHDAY BASH">{{cite journal |author=Tremblay |first=Jean-François |date=25 April 2005 |title=A.V. Rama Rao's 70th Birthday Bash |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/83/i17/V-RAMA-RAOS-70th-BIRTHDAY.html |journal=Chem. Eng. News |volume=83 |issue=17 |pages=15 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n017.p015|url-access=subscription }}</ref> during his early years at NCL and the couple has two sons, Chandra and Ramakrishna,<ref name="Interview: Chemistry is the business" /> both doctorate holders in chemistry, assisting their father at Avra Laboratories.<ref name="Management">{{cite web | url=http://www.avralab.com/management.html | title=Management | publisher=Avra Laboratories | date=2015 | access-date=30 September 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811114949/http://avralab.com/management.html | archive-date=11 August 2015 }}</ref> The family lives in Hyderabad, attending to the businesses of Avra Laboratories and Avra Synthesis, a sister concern.<ref name="AVRA Lab" /> He serves as the managing director of both companies while holding the directorship of Andhra Sugars Limited, manufacturers of industrial chemicals and supplies.<ref name="Director information">{{cite web | url=http://corporatedir.com/officer/01341232 | title=Director information | publisher=Corporate Dir | date=2015 | access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Rao's research, in the beginning, was focused on synthetic dyes and advanced studies on plant and insect pigments.<ref name="INSA profile" /> His elucidation of the structure of the [[Lac (resin)|lac]] dye as a composition of four different constituents, A, B, C and D variants of the Laccaic acid was one of his early achievements.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> Working further on the biogenetic origin of the product, he explored other insect pigments such as [[kermesic acid]], erythrolaccin, and ceroalbolinic acid which led to the revision of the established concepts of their origin.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> His research led to the isolation of 100 new compounds from plants and insects.<ref name="I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India" /> Association with [[Elias James Corey|Corey]] at Harvard University shifted his focus to studies related to the synthesis of biologically active natural products and he turned his attention to antitumor [[antibiotics]], [[macrolide]], [[immunosuppressants]] and [[cyclic peptides]].<ref name="INSA profile" /> After his return to India and resuming his career at NCL, he set up a school for synthesis of biofunctional molecules.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> Later, he guided the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] to become one of the top schools in India and introduced private and public sector industry participation in the research projects of the institution. The laboratory he established at IICT was fully funded by the members of the industry.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> He has mentored 109 research scholars in their doctoral studies as well as several post doctoral fellows.<ref name="INSA profile" />

The contributions of Rama Rao are reported to be noteworthy in the area of [[organic synthesis]], especially asymmetric synthesis. He is known to have developed cheaper methodology for the synthesis of anti-tumour antibiotics such as [[Anthracyclines]], Fredericamycin-A, Cervinomycins A1 and A2, Aronorosin, and [[Lavendamycin]].<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> He evolved a new method for the construction of the spiro[2,2]-nonane system, a constituent of Fredericamycin A, a first-time achievement in the world, and succeeded in its total synthesis.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> He proposed alternative methodologies for the synthesis of MeBmt, a variety of amino acid present in cyclosporin-A and of FK-506k, a 23-membered macrolide with 14-asymmetric carbons, which are reported to be noteworthy achievements in the field of asymmetric synthesis.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> His work also covered the synthesis of [[depsipeptides]] such as Jaspamide and Geodiamolides and [[macrolides]], namely [[Zearalenone]], [[Rifamycin]]-S, [[Rhizoxin]] and [[Rapamycin]].<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" />

Rao is the pioneer of [[Chiral synthesis]] and technology in India and is known to have synthesized compounds of high structural diversity like Coriolic acid, Dimorphicolic acid, β-Lactam antibiotics, Azamacrolides, [[Camptothecin]], Andrimid and [[Chrysanthemic acid]].<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> His work on K-13 has been adopted for the synthesis of [[Vancomycin]] and has helped in the synthesis of vancomycinic acid and the biphenyl segment of Vancomycin.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> [[Cipla]], an Indian drug manufacturer, utilised the cost-effective methodology Rao introduced in the manufacture of [[Azidothymidine]] (AZT), the first curative drug in the disease management of [[AIDS]]. His research have also helped in the synthesis of HIV inhibitors namely Betzalladines, Calanolides, Mischellamines and Abbot's [[protease]] inhibitor.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> Cipla have acknowledged Rao's contributions in the formulations of several drugs such as [[Salbutamol]], [[Vinblastine]], [[Vincristine]] and [[Etoposide]], apart from AZT.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" />

In 1995, when Rao set out to establish his own research centre, Avra Laboratories, several agencies such as Dai-ichi Karkaria, [[G.D. Searle, LLC]] and [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] provided him with financial and infrastructural assistance. He undertook several research assignments under the aegis of the centre for Drug Manufacturers like [[G.D. Searle, LLC|G. D. Searle]], [[Pfizer]] and [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]];<ref name="I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India" /> his successful assignment of stabilizing a molecule with anti-asthmatic properties for Cytomed, a US drug manufacturer, was one of them.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> His early research on plants and insects has been documented in over 70 scientific papers<ref name="I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India" /> and the latter day work by way of over 190 scientific papers, totalling 260 papers, published in peer-reviewed journals.<ref name="INSA profile" /> Chemical Reviews, a known journal, invited him to contribute to their special issue on the synthesis of bio-functional molecules in 1995.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> He holds 30 patents,<ref name="Management" /><ref name="Patents by Inventor Alla Venkata Rama Rao">{{cite web | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/alla-venkata-rama-rao | title=Patents by Inventor Alla Venkata Rama Rao | publisher=Justia Patents | date=2015 | access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Patents Observer">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Patents Observer |url=http://patentsobserver.com/public/applicant/show?toShow=ALLA+VENKATA+RAMA+RAO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002222414/http://patentsobserver.com/public/applicant/show?toShow=ALLA+VENKATA+RAMA+RAO |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Patents Observer}}</ref> for chemical synthesis and isolation processes, many of which are in use with drug manufacturers in the US and India.<ref name="I have always looked for ideas that are tough, relevant for the society and can make a name for India" /><ref name="Indian spin-outs set to flourish">{{cite web | url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2008/April/15040802.asp | title=Indian spin-outs set to flourish | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | date=15 April 2008 | access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="A Tribute to Prof. A. V. Rama Rao">{{cite journal | url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ark/5550190.0006.301/--tribute-to-prof-a-v-rama-rao?view=text&seq=3&size=150 | title=A Tribute to Prof. A. V. Rama Rao | author=J. S. Yadav | journal= Arkivoc| volume=2005 | year=2005 | issue=3 | pages=1–4 | doi=10.3998/ark.5550190.0006.301| doi-access=free | hdl=2027/spo.5550190.0006.301 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Besides being a member of many government policy-making bodies, he has been associated with the [[World Health Organization]] and the Ozone Cell of [[United Nations Environmental Programme]].<ref name="INSA profile" /> He has also delivered many keynote addresses and Endowment lectures at various conferences.<ref name="Sri Gopalkishanrao Vepachedu Memorial Lecture">{{cite web | url=http://www.vepachedu.org/TSJ/endowmentlecture.html | title=Sri Gopalkishanrao Vepachedu Memorial Lecture | publisher=Vepachedu Educational Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="IICHE Lecture">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=IICHE Lecture |url=http://www.iichehrc.org/docs/1st%20MP%20Chary%20Memorial%20Lecture-brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001223553/http://www.iichehrc.org/docs/1st%20MP%20Chary%20Memorial%20Lecture-brochure.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers}}</ref> A. V. Rama Rao Research Foundation, the science forum he founded, promotes research, conducts doctoral courses in association with [[Osmania University]]<ref name="Interview: Chemistry is the business" /> and has instituted awards, together with [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (IICHe), for recognising excellence in chemical research.<ref name="IIChe Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.iiche.org.in/studentawards.aspx |title=IIChe Awards |publisher=Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers |date=2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002112542/http://www.iiche.org.in/studentawards.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bengaluru, elected Rao as their Fellow in 1985.<ref name="IAS Fellow" /> The [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the two other major science academies in India, followed suit, by electing him as a Fellow in 1986<ref name="INSA profile" /> and 1989,<ref name="NASI Fellow" /> respectively. Subsequently, the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]] also elected him as a Fellow in 1995.<ref name="Dr. A. V. Rama Rao, FNA" /> He received the K. G. Naik Medal in 1982<ref name="Dr. A. V. Rama Rao, FNA" /> and, two years later, he was awarded the 1984 [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]].<ref name="Chemical Sciences & Technology Award winners" /> The Government of India included him in the 1991 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He was awarded the Durga Prasad Khaitan Memorial Medal of the [[Asiatic Society]] in 1992 and the [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) Technology Award reached him in 1993.<ref name="Dr. A. V. Rama Rao, FNA" />

The [[Academy of Sciences for the Developing World]] (TWAS) honoured him with their Technology Award in 1994, making him the first Indian chemist to receive the award.<ref name="A Tribute to Prof. A. V. Rama Rao" /><ref name="IICHE Lecture" /> He received three more awards the same year, the first, UDCT Distinguished Alumni and UDCT Diamond Award, from his alma mater, [[Institute of Chemical Technology]],<ref name="INSA profile" /> followed by CSIR Business Prize from the [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]]<ref name="INSA profile" /> and [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] from Shri Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation.<ref name="Om Prakash Bhasin Award" /> The first decade of the 21st century saw him receiving three awards, Chemical Research Society Gold Medal in 2006, [[Indian Science Congress]] Presidential Gold Medal in 2007 and [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], Mumbai Platinum Award in 2009.<ref name="Dr. A. V. Rama Rao, FNA" /> In 2012, he was awarded the Dr. [[Yellapragada Subba Rao]] Award, by the [[Nellore]] based foundation, in the name of the late Indian biochemist.<ref name="Yellapragada award for A.V. Rama Rao">{{cite news |author= |date=22 December 2012 |title=Yellapragada award for A.V. Rama Rao |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/yellapragada-award-for-av-rama-rao/article4227803.ece |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> He is also a recipient of [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|P. C. Ray]] Medal, Dr. Y. Nayudamma Gold Medal, [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Viswakarma Medal, [[Ranbaxy]] Research Foundation Award and [[FICCI]] Award.<ref name="Padmashree Rama Rao — A man of distinction" /> [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] instituted a lecture series, ''A. V. Rama Rao Lecture Series'', composed of Foundation lectures and Prize lectures, to commemorate his 70th birthday.<ref name="A V Rama Rao Lecture series">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=A V Rama Rao Lecture series |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/blank_page.php/A.V.-Rama-Rao-Lecture-Series/66/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715130821/http://www.jncasr.ac.in/blank_page.php/A.V.-Rama-Rao-Lecture-Series/66/1 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research}}</ref> [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO), in association with Avra Laboratories, has also instituted an award lecture in his honour.<ref name="A V Rama Rao Technology Award">{{cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=A V Rama Rao Technology Award |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-apr-2008/v-rama-rao-technology-award-prof-u-r-rao |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326001902/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-apr-2008/v-rama-rao-technology-award-prof-u-r-rao |archive-date=26 March 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organization}}</ref> Archive for Organic Chemistry issued a commemorative issue in 2005, to mark the 70th birth year of Rama Rao.<ref name="Arkivoc 2005 3 Commemorative for Doctor A. V. Rama Rao">{{cite book | title=Arkivoc 2005 3 Commemorative for Doctor A. V. Rama Rao | publisher=Arkat-USA, Inc | author=Ramaiah Muthyala | year=2006 | pages=308 | isbn=978-1597300155}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Elias James Corey]]
* [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]
* [[Chiral synthesis]]
* [[National Chemical Laboratory]]
* [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Arkivoc 2005 3 Commemorative for Doctor A. V. Rama Rao | publisher=Arkat-USA, Inc | author=Ramaiah Muthyala | year=2006 | pages=308 | isbn=978-1597300155}}
* {{cite journal | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/interviews/3790098/dr-a-v-rama-rao-legend | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002093013/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/interviews/3790098/dr-a-v-rama-rao-legend | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-10-02 | title=Dr. A.V. Rama Rao-A Legend | journal=Chemical Business | date=July 2000 | volume=14 | issue=7 | pages=21}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=29604253&privcapId=9638695 | title=Bloomberg Business Profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=1 October 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYqqVXY-8yg | title=Dr.AV Ramarao Guest Speech in Invent For India at A S Rao Nagar Business Summit | publisher=Phani Kumar Kalisetty | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=28 April 2012 | access-date=1 October 2015}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, A. V. Rama}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:World Health Organization]]
[[Category:United Nations Environment Programme]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Institute of Chemical Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Doabi dialect

2026-03-23T19:53:38Z

AlfonzoEsh: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Dialect of Punjabi}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Doabi
| nativename = {{Hlist|ਦੁਆਬੀ|{{nq|دوآبی}}}}
| states = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]{{efn|post partition}}
| region = {{collapsible list | title = {{nobold|[[Punjab]]}} |
*[[Doaba|Bist Doab]]
*[[Faisalabad District]]
*[[Toba Tek Singh District]]
}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northwestern Zone|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| fam6 = [[Eastern Punjabi dialects|Eastern Punjabi]]
| map = File:Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg
| mapcaption = Doabi in lime
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = doab1238
| glottorefname = Doab
}}
'''Doabi''' ({{small|Standard:}} {{IPA|pa|doːaːˈbi|}}; {{small|Doabi:}} {{IPA|pa|dʊʋaːˈbi|}}), also known as '''Bist Doabi''' or '''Jalandhari''', is an [[Eastern Punjabi dialects|eastern dialect]] of the [[Punjabi language]]. The dialect is named after the region in which it originated, [[Doaba]] or [[Bist Doab]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.asp |title=Punjabi University, Patiala. |access-date=2011-03-29 |archive-date=2017-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731155756/http://learnpunjabi.org/intro1.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> between the [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]]. Its occurrence in parts of [[Pakistani Punjab]] owes to [[Partition of India#Resettlement of refugees: 1947–1951|post-1947 migration]] of [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] populace from [[East Punjab]]. The region it is now spoken includes: the [[Jalandhar District|Jalandhar]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Kapurthala District|Kapurthala]], [[Una District|Una]] and [[Nawanshahr]] districts of [[Indian Punjab]], including the areas known as the Dona and [[Manjki Region|Manjki]]; and the [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]] and [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]] districts of [[Pakistani Punjab]]; and some areas of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}

The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090629/punjab.htm Tribune 28 January 2009 Sarbjit Dhaliwal]</ref>

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonantal Inventory of Punjabi
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Coronal consonant|Dental/Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/[[Affricate]]
![[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}*
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}*
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}*
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}*, {{IPA link|z}}*
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|{{IPA link|x}}*
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}*
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}*
|{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}*
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral approximant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɭ}}*
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|}
[[Spirantisation]] of /{{IPA|pʰ}}/ and /{{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}}/ is quite common in Punjabi, but this is less apparent in Doaba. Similarly, other Persian-borrowed phonemes are also pronounced in a more indigenous manner. {{IPA|/z, x, ɣ,/}} are pronounced {{IPA|/d͡ʒ ,kʰ, g/}} respectively. Another surprising aspect is that {{IPA|/j/}} is almost always pronounced as {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}.

[[Debuccalization|Debuccalisation]] of {{IPA|/s/}}, to {{IPA|/ɦ/}} in between vowels also occurs.

Among youngesters, {{IPA|/ɳ/}} and {{IPA|/ɭ/}} are often replaced with {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/l/}}. Though, some will replace all instances of alveolar {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} with retroflex {{IPA|/ɳ/}} and {{IPA|/ɭ/}} as a form of overcompensation.

Consonants {{IPA|/ɳ/}} and {{IPA|/ɭ/}} are often realised as [[Nasal flap|nasal]] and [[Lateral flap|lateral '''flaps''']] respectively.

Doabi's [[fortition]] {{IPA|/ʋ/}} at the start of a stressed syllable to {{IPA|[b]}}<ref name=":0" /> as in {{IPA|/'ʋə̀ɖ:a:/}} (big) to {{IPA|['bə̀ɖ:a:]}} .

They also use {{IPA|[o]}} elsewhere in a word instead of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} as in {{IPA|/'kʰʋa:b/}} (dream) to {{IPA|['kʰoa:b]}}. A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of w. Where {{IPA|/ʋ/}} appears in the middle of a word in [[Standard Punjabi]], Doabis use {{IPA|[w]}} so that {{IPA|/ɦəʋa:/}} (wind) becomes {{IPA|[ɦəwa:]}}.

Also, the vowel {{IPA|/ʊ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[o]}}. Accordingly, {{IPA|/'kʰʊʃ/}} (happy) becomes {{IPA|['kʰoʃ]}} or {{IPA|/'kʊʈ/}} (to beat - noun form) becomes {{IPA|['koʈ]}}. In Doabi, any word beginning with stressed {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[e]}}. For example, the word {{IPA|/'kʰɪt͡ʃ/}} (to pull - noun form) is pronounced as {{IPA|['kʰet͡ʃ]}} or the word {{IPA|/'ʋɪt͡ʃ/}} (in [something]) is pronounced as {{IPA|['bet͡ʃ]}}.

The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana District, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter-III |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%203.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603160416/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%203.htm |archive-date=2016-06-03 |access-date=2014-04-03}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Consonant
! Doabi word
! English translation
|-
| {{IPA|p}} {{angbr|ਪ/{{nq|پ}}}}
| {{IPA|/pəl/}}
| ‘moment’ (ਪਲ/{{nq|پل}})
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} {{angbr|ਫ/{{nq|پھ}}}}
| {{IPA|/pʰəl/}}
| ‘fruit’ (ਫਲ/{{nq|پھل}})
|-
| {{IPA|b}} {{angbr|ਬ/{{nq|ب}}}}
| {{IPA|/baːləɳ /}}
| ‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ/{{nq|بالݨ}})
|-
| {{IPA|t̪}} {{angbr|ਤ/{{nq|ت}}}}
| {{IPA|/taːɾ/}}
| ‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ/{{nq|تار}})
|-
| {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} {{angbr|ਥ/{{nq|تھ}}}}
| {{IPA|/tʰaːl/}}
| ‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ/{{nq|تھال}})
|-
| {{IPA|d̪}} {{angbr|ਦ/{{nq|د}}}}
| {{IPA|/daːl/}}
| ‘pulse’ (ਦਾਲ/{{nq|دال}})
|-
| {{IPA|ʈ}} {{angbr|ਟ/{{nq|ٹ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ʈaːl/}}
| ‘pile’ (ਟਾਲ/{{nq|ٹال}})
|-
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}} {{angbr|ਠ/{{nq|ٹھ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ʈʰiːk/}}
| ‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ/{{nq|ٹھیک}})
|-
| {{IPA|ɖ}} {{angbr|ਡ/{{nq|ڈ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɖaːk/}}
| ‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ/{{nq|ڈاک}})
|-
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}} {{angbr|ਛ/{{nq|چھ}}}}
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰa:p/}}
| ‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ/{{nq|چھپ}})
|-
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} {{angbr|ਜ/{{nq|ج}}}}
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒoːk/}}
| leech (ਜੋਕ/{{nq|جوک}})
|-
| {{IPA|k}} {{angbr|ਕ/{{nq|ک}}}}
| {{IPA|/kaːɡ/}}
| ‘crow’ (ਕਾਗ/{{nq|کاگ}})
|-
| {{IPA|kʰ}} {{angbr|ਖ/{{nq|کھ}}}}
| {{IPA|/kʰoːl/}}
| ‘open’ (ਖੋਲ/{{nq|کھول}})
|-
| {{IPA|ɡ}} {{angbr|ਗ/{{nq|گ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɡaːɭ/}}
| ‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ਼/{{nq|گالؕ}})
|-
| {{IPA|m}} {{angbr|ਮ/{{nq|م}}}}
| {{IPA|/moːɾ/}}
| ‘peacock’ (ਮੋਰ/{{nq|مور}})
|-
|{{IPA|n}} {{angbr|ਬ/{{nq|ن}}}}
| {{IPA|/nəɾ/}}
| ‘male’ (ਬੰਦਾ/{{nq|نر}})
|-
| {{IPA|ɳ}}* {{angbr|ਣ/{{nq|ݨ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɦoɳ /}}
| ‘now’ (ਹੁਣ/{{nq|ہݨ}})
|-
| {{IPA|l}} {{angbr|ਲ/{{nq|ل}}}}
| {{IPA|/laːl/}}
| ‘red’ (ਰੱਤਾ/رتہ)
|-
| {{IPA|ɭ}}* {{angbr|ਲ਼/{{nq|لؕ}}}}
| {{IPA|/koːɭ /}}
| ‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼/{{nq|کولؕ}})
|-
| ({{IPA|s}} {{angbr|ਸ/{{nq|س}}}})
| {{IPA|/soɳ /}}
| ‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ/{{nq|سݨ}})
|-
| ({{IPA|ʃ}} {{angbr|ਸ਼/{{nq|ش}}}})
| {{IPA|/ʃeːɾ/}}
| ‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ/{{nq|شیر}})
|-
| ({{IPA|z}} {{angbr|ਜ਼/{{nq|ز}}}})
| {{IPA|/zoːɾ/}}
| ‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ/{{nq|زور}})
|-
| ({{IPA|f}} {{angbr|ਫ਼/{{nq|ف}}}})
| {{IPA|/fa:sla:/}}
| ‘distance’ (ਫ਼ਾਸਲਾ/{{nq|فاصلہ}})
|-
| {{IPA|ɦ}} {{angbr|ਹ/{{nq|ح}}/{{nq|ہ}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɦoːɾ/}}
| ‘more’ (ਹੋਰ/{{nq|ہور}})
|-
| {{IPA|ɾ}} {{angbr|ਰ/{{nq|ر}}}}
| {{IPA|/ɾoːɡ/}}
| ‘disease’ (ਰੋਗ/{{nq|روگ}})
|-
| {{IPA|ɽ}}* {{angbr|ੜ/{{nq|ڑ}}}}
| {{IPA|/piːɽ/}}
|‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ/{{nq|پِیڑ}})
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> does not occur word initially

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Center
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
|-
!Close
|{{IPA|iː}}
|{{IPA|ɪ}}
|
|{{IPA|uː}}
|[[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
!Mid-close
|{{IPA|eː}}
|
|
|{{IPA|oː}}
|
|-
!Mid-open
|{{IPA|ɛː}}
|
|{{IPA|ə}}
|{{IPA|ɔː}}
|
|-
!Open
|
|
|{{IPA|aː}}
|
|
|}
Doabi has ten vowels. These are {{IPA|/ə, ɪ, ʊ, aː, ɛː, eː, iː, ɔː, oː, uː/}}

For example:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel
! Word
! Translation
|-
| {{IPA|/ə/}} ਅ
| ਅੱਖ /{{IPA|əkʰ.kʰ}}/
| 'eye'
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} ਉ
| ਉਠ /{{IPA|oʈʰ}}/
| ‘awake’
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} ਇ
| ਇੱਟ /{{IPA|eʈ:}}/
| ‘brick’
|-
| {{IPA|/aː/}} ਆ
| ਆਸ /{{IPA|aːs}}/
|‘hope’
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}} ਐ
| ਐਨਕ /{{IPA|ɛːnək}}/
| spectacles’
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}} ਊ
| ਊਠ /{{IPA|uːʈʰ}}/
| ‘camel’
|-
| {{IPA|/eː/}} ਏ
| ਸ਼ੇਰ /{{IPA|ʃeːɾ}}/
| ‘lion’
|-
| {{IPA|/oː/}} ਓ
| ਮੋਰ /{{IPA|moːɾ}}/
| ‘peacock’
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}} ਔ
| /{{IPA|ɦɔːl}}/
| ‘fear’
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} ਈ
| ਤੀਰ /{{IPA|tiːɾ}}/
| ‘arrow’
|}
One of the most distinctive features of Doabi is how its short close vowels are pronounced. Phonemically, they are:

* {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
* {{IPA|/ɪ/}}

But are phonetically:{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

* {{IPA|[o]}}
* {{IPA|[e]}}

==== Nasalisation ====
Nasalisation in Punjabi is phonemic.

== Suprasegmental Features ==

=== Tone ===
Three tones are used in Doabi: low, mid and high. For example;

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tone
! Doabi word
! English translation
|-
| Falling
| ਭਾ pà
| ‘rate’
|-
| Neutral
| ਪਾ pa
| ‘put’
|-
| Rising
| ਪਾਹ pá
| ‘harsh’
|}
This [[tonogenesis]] occurred from the loss of [[Breathy voice|breathy voiced]] consonants. Word-initially, they became voiceless plosives, but remained voiced word-medially and finally. This loss of [[Phoneme|phonemes]] led to tone to distinguish between similar [[Morpheme|morphemes]].

When the consonant (that was breathy-voiced) is word initial, the vowel that follows has a falling tone. When the consonant is medial or word-final, it has a rising tone.

Loss of word-final {{IPA|/ɦ/}} also led to a rising tone in the preceding vowel.

[[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]], however can change what tone on what syllable is present.

===Stress===
Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.

For example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Doabi word
! English translation
|-
| ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/
| ‘pitcher’
|-
| ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/
| ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’
|}

Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unstressed
! Doabi word
! English translation
|-
| s{{clarify|date=April 2014}}
| satt{{clarify|date=April 2014}}
| ‘essence’
|-
| {{clarify|date=April 2014}}
| sirnawa
| ‘address’
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stressed
! Doabi word
! English translation
|-
| s{{clarify|date=April 2014}}
| sat{{clarify|date=April 2014}}
| ‘seven’
|-
| tt{{clarify|date=April 2014}}
| patta{{clarify|date=April 2014}}
| ‘leaf’
|}

===Some basic vocabulary items===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Doabi word
! English translation
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਪੇਅ}} {{IPA|/peːə/|}}
| ‘father’
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਭੈਣ}} {{IPA|/pɛːɳ/}}
| ‘sister’
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਭਰਾ}} {{IPA|/pəɾɑː/}}
| ‘brother’
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਸੇਂਅ}} {{IPA|/sẽə/}}
| ‘apple’
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਝੋੱਨਾ}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃoːn.nɑː/}}
| ‘paddy’
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਬੱਡਾ}} {{IPA|/bəɖ.ɖɑː/}}
| ‘elder’
|}

===Fortition of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} word-initially===
Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr5.htm |title=Density of Population |access-date=2014-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123940/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr5.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> as in "vàdda" (big) to "bàdda". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".

Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.

== Grammar ==

===Sentence structure===
Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's [[prestige dialect]], [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]].

'''Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)'''

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|Phrase
|Doabi
|Standard Punjabi
|-
|He is doing
|Oh kardā ā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ

{{Nastaliq|اوہ کردا آ}}
|Oh kardā ɛ̀/e*

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ*

{{Nastaliq|اوہ کردا ہے/اے}}
|-
|They are doing
|Oh karde (y)ā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ

{{Nastaliq|اوہ کردے آ}}
|Oh karde han

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ

{{Nastaliq|اوہ کردے ہِن}}
|-
|
|*spoken forms
|}
'''Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi'''

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|Phrase
|Doabi
|Standard Punjabi
|-
|He was doing
|oh kardā sī/sīgā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ {{Nastaliq|اوہ کردا سی/سیگا}}
|oh kardā sī

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ {{Nastaliq|اوہ کردا سی}}
|-
|They were doing
|oh karde sī/sīge

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ {{Nastaliq|اوہ کردے سی/سیگے}}
|oh karde san

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi)
{{Nastaliq|اوہ کردے سن}}
|-
|You (sing. m.) were doing
|tũ kardā sī/sīgā
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ {{Nastaliq|توں کردا سی/سیگا}}
|tũ kardā sɛ̃

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ {{Nastaliq|توں کردا سیں}}
|-
|You (pl.) were doing
|tusī̃ karde sī/sīge

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ {{Nastaliq|تسی کردے سی/سیگے}}
|tusī̃ karde so

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ {{Nastaliq|تسی کردے سو}}
|-
|I (m.) was doing
|mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ {{Nastaliq|میں کردا سی/سیگا}}
|mɛ̃ kardā sã

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ {{Nastaliq|میں کردا ساں}}
|-
|We were doing
|āppā karde sī/sīge

ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ {{Nastaliq|آپاں کردے سی/سیگے}}
|asī̃ karde sã

ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ {{Nastaliq|اسیں کردےساں}}
|}

==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Doabi
! English
! Standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| ਹੋਊਗਾ "hōūgā"
| Will Happen
| "hōvēgā"
|-
| "bāɽa"
| Cow shed
| "havelī"
|-
| ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ"
| Neck
| "gardan"
|-
| "pāḷā "
| Cold
| "thand"
|-
| "kunjī"
| Key
| "chābbī"
|-
| "gaṭhe"
| Onions
| "ganḍē"
|-
| "niāṇe"
| Children
| "bacche"
|-
| "Dekhṇa"
| To See
| "Vekhṇā"
|-
| "kardā sī
| To Be Doing
| "kar ría ɛ̀"
|-
| "gábbe"
| Middle
| "vichkār"
|-
| "līre/talle"
| Clothes
| "kappaṛe"
|-
| "lītā"
| Bought
| "Leyayea"
|}

== Orthography ==
Doabi uses the Gurmukhi script.

Tone that occurs from the loss of breathy voiced consonants is shown through the following characters in [[orthography]]:

* ਘ
* ਝ
* ਢ
* ਧ
* ਭ
* ੜ੍ਹ

== See also ==
* [[Languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[List of Indian languages by total speakers]]
* [[Malwi dialect]]
* [[Puadhi dialect]]
* [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|Omission of word-final shwa in Indo-Aryan languages]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjabi dialects}}

[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]

Dragon

2026-03-18T18:13:31Z

AlfonzoEsh: added formatting further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Legendary creature}}
{{distinguish|Agamidae{{!}}Dragon lizard|Komodo dragon|Draconian (disambiguation){{!}}Draconian|Dracones|Dragoon}}
{{about|the legendary creature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Multiple image | total_width = 400 | perrow = 2 | header = {{big|Dragons}}
| image1 = St Catherine, St George and the Dragon (Mästaren från Kappenberg) - Nationalmuseum - 18337 (brightened), draken.png
| image2 = Ivan Bilibin 065 (frameless).jpg
| image3 = Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch Mythical-Creature-Dragon 1806.jpg
| image4 = Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg
| image5 = U 887, Skillsta.jpg
| image6 = 청룡 조선고적도보.jpg
| footer = {{ubl
|'''Top left''': The European dragon of the tale ''[[Saint George and the Dragon]]'', by [[Jan Baegert]]
|'''Top right''': The three-headed Slavic dragon [[Zmei Gorynich|Gorynich]], which according to legend ate young girls and was a danger to humanity
|'''Middle left''': Illustration of a winged, fire-breathing dragon by [[Friedrich Justin Bertuch]] from 1806
|'''Middle right''': [[Qing]]-era carved imperial Chinese dragons at [[Nine-Dragon Wall]], [[Beihai Park]], [[Beijing]]
|'''Bottom left''': {{ILL|Uppland Runic Inscription 887|sv|Upplands runinskrifter 887}} (11th c.), featuring both a [[runic dragon]] and winged dragon, [[Sweden]]
|'''Bottom right''': The Asian [[Azure Dragon]] (''Qīnglóng'') depicted in the [[Goguryeo tombs]] (37 BC–427 AD), [[South Korea]]
}}
}}

A '''dragon''' is a mythical creature found in the [[folklore]] of cultures throughout the world. It is generally reptilian or serpentine in form and often possesses a variety of predatory features, such as claws, wings, scales, or horns.{{sfn|Ogden|2021|p=1}}{{sfn|Leeming|2005|p=108}} Dragons are typically portrayed as intelligent beings capable of manipulating natural elements.{{sfn|Fee|2011|p=7}} Their appearance commonly incorporates reptilian, mammalian, and avian traits.{{sfn|Jones|2000}}{{sfn|Shuker|1995}}

In modern popular culture and Western traditions since the [[High Middle Ages]], dragons have been depicted as large predaceous winged quadrupeds with claws, a saurian body, scales, a long tail, and an ability to breathe fire.{{sfn|Honegger|2019|pp=1–5}}{{sfn|Williamson|2015|p=28}}{{sfn|West|2007|pp=255–256}} In East Asian traditions, particularly in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]], dragons are usually portrayed as long, serpentine, and often benevolent creatures composed of features drawn from many animals, including a camel’s head, a snake’s neck, rabbit-like or demonic eyes, a stag’s antlers, a tiger’s paws, a carp’s scales, a frog or clam’s belly, and the claws of an eagle.{{sfn|Jones|2000}}{{sfn|Shuker|1995}} Despite regional differences, dragons in nearly all cultures are regarded as powerful and awe-inspiring creatures.{{sfn|Honegger|2019|p=10}}

Dragon-like composite creatures appear in [[Art of Mesopotamia|ancient Mesopotamian art]], where they could be either hostile or benevolent.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|loc=s.v. dragons, p. 71}} In [[East Asia]], dragons were associated with rain, the sea, and other forms of water, and from the [[Han dynasty]] onward served as emblems of imperial power.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pp=100, 109}} Ancient Greek {{translit|grc|[[Dragons in Greek mythology|drakontes]]}} were large serpents endowed with supernatural qualities; in myth they were defeated by [[hero#Antiquity|heroes]] or gods, whereas in [[cult (religious practice)|cult]] they were benevolent figures associated with healing and wealth.{{sfn|Ogden|2021|pp=9–10}} In the Western tradition, dragons were often depicted as fire-breathing monsters associated with evil and death.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|p=2}}{{sfn|Rauer|2000|p=85}} In modern literature and popular culture, dragons appear prominently in works by writers such as [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], and [[George R. R. Martin]].{{sfn|Honegger|2019|pp=118–119}}
{{TOC limit|3}}

== Etymology ==
[[File:Beowulf - dracan.jpg|thumb|left|An early appearance of the [[Old English]] word {{lang|ang|dracan}} ([[Oblique case|oblique]] [[Grammatical number|singular]] of ''draca'') in ''[[Beowulf]]''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCc8TF53RhMC&pg=PA196 |title=Beowulf: A Heroic Poem of the 8th Century. With a Translation, Notes, and Appendix by Thomas Arnold |date=1876 |publisher=Longmans |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025170950/https://books.google.com/books?id=OCc8TF53RhMC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref>]]

The word ''dragon'' entered the [[English language]] in the early 13th century from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|dragon}}, which, in turn, comes from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|draco}} (genitive {{lang|la|draconis}}), meaning "huge serpent, dragon", from {{langx|grc|[[:wikt:δράκων|δράκων]]}}, {{transliteration|grc|drákōn}} (genitive {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκοντος|δράκοντος]]}}, {{transliteration|grc|drákontos}}) "serpent".{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=4}}<ref name="LiddelScott">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 Δράκων] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620113648/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 |date=20 June 2010 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus project</ref> The Greek and Latin term referred to any great serpent, not necessarily mythological.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=2–4}} The Greek word {{lang|grc|δράκων}} is most likely derived from the Greek verb {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δέρκομαι|δέρκομαι]]}} ({{transliteration|grc|dérkomai}}) meaning "I see", the [[aorist]] form of which is {{lang|grc|ἔδρακον}} ({{transliteration|grc|édrakon}}).<ref name="LiddelScott"/> This is thought to have referred to something with a "deadly glance",<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon|title=dragon|dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073530/https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon|url-status=live}}</ref> or unusually bright<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=de%2Frkomai&la=greek&can=de%2Frkomai0&prior=to/de&d=Perseus:text:1999.01.0041:card=699&i=1#lexicon|title=Greek Word Study Tool|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409213126/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=de%2Frkomai&la=greek&can=de%2Frkomai0&prior=to%2Fde&d=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0041%3Acard%3D699&i=1#lexicon|url-status=live}}</ref> or "sharp"<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://blog.oup.com/2015/04/st-georges-day-dragon-etymology/|title = Guns, herbs, and sores: Inside the dragon's etymological lair|date = 25 April 2015|access-date = 15 October 2021|archive-date = 17 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211117000637/https://blog.oup.com/2015/04/st-georges-day-dragon-etymology/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyld |first1=Henry Cecil |title=The Universal Dictionary of the English Language |date=1946 |page=334 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.64081}}</ref> eyes, or because a snake's eyes appear to be always open; each eye actually sees through a big transparent scale in its eyelids, which are permanently shut. The Greek word probably derives from an [[Indo-European]] base {{lang|ine-x-proto|*derḱ-}} meaning "to see"; the [[Sanskrit]] root {{lang|sa|दृश्}} ({{transliteration|sa|dr̥ś-}}) also means "to see".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skeat |first1=Walter W. |title=An etymological dictionary of the English language |date=1888 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=178 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft}}</ref>

== Theorised origins ==
[[File:Bone of Wawel Dragon.JPG|thumb|Several bones purported to belong to the [[Wawel Dragon]] hang outside [[Wawel Cathedral]], but actually belong to a [[Pleistocene]] mammal.]]

Draconic creatures appear in virtually all cultures around the globe,{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=96}} and the earliest attested reports of draconic creatures resemble giant snakes. Draconic creatures are first described in the mythologies of the [[ancient Near East]] and appear in [[art of Mesopotamia|ancient Mesopotamian art]] and literature. Stories about [[weather god|storm gods]] slaying giant serpents occur throughout nearly all Near Eastern and [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Indo-European]] mythologies. Famous prototypical draconic creatures include the ''[[mušḫuššu]]'' of ancient [[Mesopotamia]]; [[Apep]] in [[Egyptian mythology]]; [[Vritra|Vṛtra]] in the ''[[Rigveda]]''; the [[Leviathan]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]]; [[Big Ghoul|Grand'Goule]] in the [[Poitou]] region in [[France]]; [[Python (mythology)|Python]], [[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]], [[wyvern]] and the [[Lernaean Hydra]] in [[Greek mythology]]; [[Kulshedra]] in [[Albanian folk beliefs|Albanian mythology]]; [[Unhcegila]] in [[Lakota mythology]]; [[Quetzalcoatl]] in [[Aztecs|Aztec culture]]; [[Jörmungandr]], [[Níðhöggr]], and [[Fafnir]] in [[Norse mythology]]; [[the dragon (Beowulf)|the dragon]] from ''[[Beowulf]]''; and aži and az in ancient Persian mythology, closely related to another mythological figure, called Aži Dahaka or [[Zahhak]]. Nonetheless, scholars dispute where the idea of a dragon originates from,{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=98}} and a wide variety of hypotheses have been proposed.{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=98}}

In his book ''[[An Instinct for Dragons]]'' (2000), anthropologist David E. Jones suggests a hypothesis that humans, like [[monkey]]s, have inherited instinctive reactions to snakes, [[Big cat|large cats]], and [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]].{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=32-40}} He cites a study which found that approximately 39 people in a hundred are afraid of snakes{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=63}} and notes that fear of snakes is especially prominent in children, even in areas where snakes are rare.{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=63}} The earliest attested dragons all resemble snakes or have snakelike attributes.{{sfn|Jones|2000|pages=166–168}} Jones therefore concludes that dragons appear in nearly all cultures because humans have an innate fear of snakes and other animals that were major predators of humans' primate ancestors.{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=32}} Dragons are usually said to reside in "dark caves, deep pools, wild mountain reaches, sea bottoms, haunted forests", all places which would have been fraught with danger for early human ancestors.{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=108}}

In her book ''The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times'' (2000), [[Adrienne Mayor]] argues that some stories of dragons may have been inspired by ancient discoveries of fossils belonging to [[dinosaur]]s and other prehistoric animals.{{sfn|Mayor|2000|pages=xiii–xxii}} She argues that the dragon lore of northern India may have been inspired by "observations of oversized, extraordinary bones in the fossilbeds of the [[Siwalik Hills]] below the [[Himalayas]]"{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=xxii}} and that ancient Greek artistic depictions of the [[Cetus (mythology)|Monster of Troy]] may have been influenced by fossils of ''[[Samotherium]]'', an extinct species of giraffe whose fossils are common in the Mediterranean region.{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=xxii}} In China, a region where fossils of large prehistoric animals are common, these remains are frequently identified as "dragon bones"{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=xix}} and are commonly used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]].{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=xix}} Mayor, however, is careful to point out that not all stories of dragons and giants are inspired by fossils{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=xix}} and notes that Scandinavia has many stories of dragons and sea monsters, but has long "been considered barren of large fossils."{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=xix}} In one of her later books, she states that, "Many dragon images around the world were based on folk knowledge or exaggerations of living reptiles, such as [[Komodo dragon]]s, [[Gila monster]]s, [[iguana]]s, [[alligator]]s, or, in California, [[Elgaria|alligator lizards]], though this still fails to account for the Scandinavian legends, as no such animals (historical or otherwise) have ever been found in this region."{{sfn|Mayor|2005|page=149}}

Robert Blust in ''The Origin of Dragons'' (2000) argues that, like many other creations of traditional cultures, dragons are largely explicable as products of a convergence of rational pre-scientific speculation about the world of real events. In this case, the event is the natural mechanism governing rainfall and drought, with particular attention paid to the phenomenon of the rainbow.<ref>Blust, Robert. "The Origin of Dragons". ''Anthropos'', vol. 95, no. 2, 2000, pp. 519–536. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/40465957. Accessed 6 June 2020.</ref>

== Africa ==
=== Egypt ===
[[File:Set speared Apep.jpg|thumb|Illustration from an ancient Egyptian papyrus manuscript showing the god [[Set (deity)|Set]] spearing the serpent [[Apep]] as he attacks the [[Matet boat|sun boat]] of [[Ra]]]]

In [[Egyptian mythology]], [[Apep]] or Apophis is a giant serpentine creature who resides in the [[Duat]], the Egyptian underworld.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=11}}{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=35}} The Bremner-Rhind papyrus, written around 310 BC, preserves an account of a much older Egyptian tradition that the setting of the sun is caused by [[Ra]] descending to the Duat to battle Apep.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=11}}{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=35}} In some accounts, Apep is as long as the height of eight men with a head made of [[flint]].{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=35}} Thunderstorms and earthquakes were thought to be caused by Apep's roar{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=36}} and [[solar eclipse]]s were thought to be the result of Apep attacking Ra during the daytime.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=36}} In some myths, Apep is slain by the god [[Set (deity)|Set]].{{sfn|Niles|2013|pages=35–36}} [[Nehebkau]] is another giant serpent who guards the Duat and aided Ra in his battle against Apep.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=36}} Nehebkau was so massive in some stories that the entire earth was believed to rest atop his coils.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=36}} Denwen is a giant serpent mentioned in the [[Pyramid Texts]] whose body was made of fire and who ignited a conflagration that nearly destroyed all the gods of the Egyptian pantheon.{{sfn|Niles|2013|pages=36–37}} He was ultimately defeated by the [[Pharaoh]], a victory which affirmed the Pharaoh's divine right to rule.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=37}}

The [[ouroboros]] was a well-known Egyptian symbol of a serpent swallowing its own tail.{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=13}} The precursor to the ouroboros was the "Many-Faced",{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=13}} a serpent with five heads, who, according to the [[Amduat]], the oldest surviving [[Book of the Dead|Book of the Afterlife]], was said to coil around the corpse of the sun god Ra protectively.{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=13}} The earliest surviving depiction of a "true" ouroboros comes from the gilded shrines in [[KV62|the tomb]] of [[Tutankhamun]].{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=13}} In the early centuries AD, the ouroboros was adopted as a symbol by [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] Christians{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=44}} and chapter 136 of the ''[[Pistis Sophia]]'', an early Gnostic text, describes "a great dragon whose tail is in its mouth".{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=44}} In medieval alchemy, the ouroboros became a typical western dragon with wings, legs, and a tail.{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=13}} A famous image of the dragon gnawing on its tail from the eleventh-century [[Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)|Codex Marcianus]] was copied in numerous works on alchemy.{{sfn|Hornung|2001|page=13}}

=== Ethiopia ===
[[File:Four Arwe panels.jpg|Four panels illustrating the Arwe account from [[:File:Saba ephiop 02.jpg|a larger painting]] by an anonymous Ethiopian painter, 17th-19th c.: 1. Arwe demanding sacrifice; 2. Poison is extracted from the tree; 3. Arwe is offered a white goat; 4. Arwe dies.|thumb|right|300px]]

In Ethiopian mythology, [[Arwe]] ([[Ge’ez]]: አርዌ), also known as Wainaba, is a serpent-king who ruled for four hundred years before being destroyed by the founder of the [[Solomonic dynasty]]. His story comes in a number of versions, all of which have him as a tyrannical ruler who demands sacrifice. The myth is part of a wider tradition of serpent- or dragon-kings, such as the [[Bel and the Dragon|Babylonian dragon]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/aethiopica/article/view/737/823 |title=Snakes and Sacrifices: Tentative Insights into the Pre-Christian Ethiopian Religion |journal=[[Aethiopica]] |volume=17 |year=2014 |pages=7–24 |issn=2194-4024 |first=Andrea |last=Manzo|doi=10.15460/aethiopica.17.1.737 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== West Asia ==
=== Mesopotamia ===
[[File:Sirrush.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[mušḫuššu]]'' is a serpentine, draconic monster from [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|ancient Mesopotamian mythology]] with the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=166}} Here it is shown as it appears in the [[Ishtar Gate]] from the city of [[Babylon]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=166}}]]

Ancient people across the [[Near East]] believed in creatures similar to what modern people call "dragons".{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=71}} These ancient people were unaware of the existence of [[dinosaur]]s or similar creatures in the distant past.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=71}} References to dragons of both benevolent and malevolent characters occur throughout ancient [[Mesopotamia]]n literature.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=71}} In [[Sumerian poetry]], great kings are often compared to the ''[[Ušumgallu|ušumgal]]'', a gigantic, serpentine monster.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=71}} A draconic creature with the foreparts of a lion and the hind-legs, tail, and wings of a bird appears in [[Art of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian artwork]] from the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian Period]] ({{circa}} 2334 – 2154 BC) until the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian Period]] (626 BC–539 BC).{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=121}} The dragon is usually shown with its mouth open.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=121}} It may have been known as the ''(ūmu) nā'iru'', which means "roaring weather beast",{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=121}} and may have been associated with the god [[Hadad|Ishkur]] (Hadad).{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=121}} A slightly different lion-dragon with two horns and the tail of a scorpion appears in art from the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian Period]] (911 BC–609 BC).{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=121}} A relief probably commissioned by [[Sennacherib]] shows the gods [[Ashur (god)|Ashur]], [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]], and Adad standing on its back.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=121}}

Another draconic creature with horns, the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird appears in Mesopotamian art from the Akkadian Period until the [[Hellenistic Period]] (323 BC–31 BC).{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=166}} This creature, known in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as the ''[[mušḫuššu]]'', meaning "furious serpent", was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=166}} It seems to have originally been the attendant of the Underworld god [[Ninazu]],{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=166}} but later became the attendant to the [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]] storm-god [[Tishpak]], as well as, later, Ninazu's son [[Ningishzida]], the Babylonian [[national god]] [[Marduk]], the scribal god [[Nabu]], and the Assyrian national god Ashur.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=166}}

Scholars disagree regarding the appearance of [[Tiamat]], the Babylonian goddess personifying primeval chaos, slain by Marduk in the Babylonian creation epic ''[[Enûma Eliš]]''.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=177}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=153}} She was traditionally regarded by scholars as having had the form of a giant serpent,{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=153}} but several scholars have pointed out that this shape "cannot be imputed to Tiamat with certainty"{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=153}} and she seems to have at least sometimes been regarded as anthropomorphic.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=177}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=153}} Nonetheless, in some texts, she seems to be described with horns, a tail, and a hide that no weapon can penetrate,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=177}} all features which suggest she was conceived as some form of dragoness.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=177}}

=== Levant ===
[[File:Destruction of Leviathan.png|thumb|upright|''The Destruction of [[Leviathan]]'' (1865) by [[Gustave Doré]]]]

In the mythologies of the [[Ugarit]] region, specifically the [[Baal Cycle]] from the [[Ugaritic texts]], the sea-dragon [[Lotan|Lōtanu]] is described as "the twisting serpent / the powerful one with seven heads."{{sfn|Ballentine|2015|page=130}} In ''KTU'' 1.5 I 2–3, Lōtanu is slain by the storm-god [[Baal]],{{sfn|Ballentine|2015|page=130}} but, in ''KTU'' 1.3 III 41–42, he is instead slain by the virgin warrior goddess [[Anat]].{{sfn|Ballentine|2015|page=130}}

In the [[Hebrew Bible]], in the [[Psalms|Book of Psalms]], [[Psalm 74]], Psalm 74:13–14, the sea-dragon [[Leviathan]], is slain by [[Yahweh]], god of the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], as part of the creation of the world.{{sfn|Ballentine|2015|page=130}}{{sfn|Day|2002|page=103}} Isaiah describes Leviathan as a {{lang|he-Latn|tanin}} ({{lang|he|תנין}}), which is translated as "sea monster", "serpent", or "dragon".<ref name="tanin-translation">{{cite book | last1=Brown | first1=Francis | last2=Gesenius | first2=Wilhelm | last3=Driver | first3=Samuel Rolles | last4=Briggs | first4=Charles Augustus | title=A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament | publisher=Oxford university Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=1906 | isbn=0-19-864301-2 | language=he|url=https://www.sefaria.org/BDB%2C_%D7%AA%D6%B7%D6%BC%D7%A0%D6%B4%D6%BC%D7%99%D7%9F.1?lang=bi&with=About&lang2=en}}</ref> In Isaiah 27:1, Yahweh's destruction of Leviathan is foretold as part of his impending overhaul of the universal order:{{sfn|Ballentine|2015|pages=129–130}}{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=14}}

{{Verse translation|lang1=he|rtl1=y|head1=Original Hebrew text|attr1={{bibleverse||Isaiah|27:1|HE}}|head2=English
|בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִפְקֹד יְהוָה בְּחַרְבּוֹ הַקָּשָׁה וְהַגְּדוֹלָה וְהַחֲזָקָה, עַל לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ בָּרִחַ, וְעַל לִוְיָתָן, נָחָשׁ עֲקַלָּתוֹן; וְהָרַג אֶת-הַתַּנִּין, אֲשֶׁר בַּיָּם
|In that day the LORD will take His sharp, great, and mighty sword, and bring judgment on Leviathan the fleeing serpent — Leviathan the coiling serpent — and He will slay the dragon of the sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/bsb/isaiah/27.htm |title=Isaiah 27 BSB |author= |date= |website=biblehub.com |publisher=Online Parallel Bible Project |access-date=25 Jun 2024 |quote=}}</ref>}}

Job 41:1–34 contains a detailed description of Leviathan, who is described as being so powerful that only Yahweh can overcome it.{{sfn|Day|2002|page=102}} Job 41:19–21 states that Leviathan exhales fire and smoke, making its identification as a mythical dragon clearly apparent.{{sfn|Day|2002|page=102}} In some parts of the Old Testament, Leviathan is historicized as a symbol for the nations that stand against Yahweh.{{sfn|Day|2002|page=103}} Rahab, a synonym for "Leviathan", is used in several Biblical passages in reference to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]].{{sfn|Day|2002|page=103}} Isaiah 30:7 declares: "For Egypt's help is worthless and empty, therefore I have called her 'the silenced [[Rahab (Egypt)|Rahab]]'."{{sfn|Day|2002|page=103}} Similarly, Psalm 87:3 reads: "I reckon Rahab and Babylon as those that know me..."{{sfn|Day|2002|page=103}} In Ezekiel 29:3–5 and Ezekiel 32:2–8, the [[pharaoh]] of Egypt is described as a "dragon" (''tannîn'').{{sfn|Day|2002|page=103}} In the [[deuterocanonical]] story of [[Bel and the Dragon]] from the [[Book of Daniel]], the prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] sees a dragon being worshipped by the Babylonians.{{sfn|Morgan|2009|page=}} Daniel makes "cakes of pitch, fat, and hair";{{sfn|Morgan|2009|page=}} the dragon eats them and bursts open.<ref>Daniel 14:23–30</ref>{{sfn|Morgan|2009|page=}}

=== Iran ===
[[Azhdaha|Azhi Dahaka]] (Avestan Great Snake) is a dragon or demonic figure in the texts and mythology of Zoroastrian Persia, where he is one of the subordinates of Angra Mainyu. Alternate names include Azi Dahak, Dahaka, and Dahak. Aži (nominative ažiš) is the Avestan word for "serpent" or "dragon.<ref>For Azi Dahaka as dragon see: Ingersoll, Ernest, et al., (2013). The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00D959PJ0</ref> The Avestan term Aži Dahāka and the Middle Persian azdahāg are the sources of the Middle Persian Manichaean demon of greed "Az", Old [[Armenian mythology|Armenian mythological]] figure [[Azhdahak (mythology)|Azhdahak]], Modern Persian 'aždehâ/aždahâ', Tajik Persian 'azhdahâ', Urdu 'azhdahā' (اژدها).
The name also migrated to Eastern Europe, assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness" or "water snake" in the Balkanic and Slavic languages.<ref>Appears numerous time in, for example: D. N. MacKenzie, Mani's Šābuhragān, pt. 1 (text and translation), BSOAS 42/3, 1979, pp. 500–34, pt. 2 (glossary and plates), BSOAS 43/2, 1980, pp. 288–310.</ref><ref>Detelić, Mirjana. "St Paraskeve in the Balkan Context" In: Folklore 121, no. 1 (2010): 101 (footnote nr. 12). Accessed March 24, 2021. {{JSTOR|29534110}}.</ref><ref>Kropej, Monika. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kSKrWkIBB0IC&pg=PA102 Supernatural beings from Slovenian myth and folktales]''. Ljubljana: Institute of Slovenian Ethnology at ZRC SAZU. 2012. p. 102. {{ISBN|978-961-254-428-7}}.</ref>

Despite the negative aspect of Aži Dahāka in mythology, dragons have been used on some banners of war throughout the history of Iranian peoples.

The [[Azhdarchid]] group of pterosaurs are named from a Persian word for "dragon" that ultimately comes from Aži Dahāka.

In Persian [[Sufism|Sufi]] literature, [[Rumi]] writes in his ''[[Masnavi]]''<ref>III: 976–1066; V: 120</ref> that the dragon symbolizes the sensual soul (''[[nafs]]''), greed and lust, that need to be mortified in a spiritual battle.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher = University of North Carolina Press |ol = 5422370M |isbn = 0807812234 |location = Chapel Hill |title = Mystical dimensions of Islam |url = https://archive.org/details/137665622MysticalDimensionsOfIslamAnnemarieSchimmel |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |lccn = 73016112 |date = 1975 |author-link = Annemarie Schimmel |access-date = 16 October 2022 | pages=111–114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Savi, Julio |year=2008 |title=Towards the Summit of Reality |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-85398-522-8 |ol=23179261M }}</ref>

[[File:Rustam kills the dragon, folio from Shahnameh of Shah Ismail II, attrib. Sadegi (Beg), Iran, Tabriz, c. 1576 AD, view 1 - Aga Khan Museum - Toronto, Canada - DSC06935.jpg|thumb|upright|Rustam kills the dragon, folio from Shahnameh of Shah Ismail II, attrib. Sadegi (Beg), Iran, Tabriz, c. 1576 AD, view 1 – Aga Khan Museum – Toronto, Canada]]
In Ferdowsi's ''[[Shahnameh]],'' the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] hero [[Rostam]] must slay an 80-meter-long dragon (which renders itself invisible to human sight) with the aid of his legendary horse, [[Rakhsh]]. As Rostam is sleeping, the dragon approaches; Rakhsh attempts to wake Rostam, but fails to alert him to the danger until Rostam sees the dragon. Rakhsh bites the dragon, while Rostam decapitates it. This is the third trial of Rostam's [[Rostam's Seven Labours|Seven Labors]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/gallery/dragon/dragon.html|title=Rakhsh helping Rostam defeat the dragon|website=British Library|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527031848/http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/gallery/dragon/dragon.html|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=231078&partId=1&searchText=Shahnameh&page=1|title=Rustam killing a dragon|website=British Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/corner/shah/synopsis.html|title=Shahname Synopsis|website=British Library|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133912/http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/corner/shah/synopsis.html|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rostam is also credited with the slaughter of other dragons in the ''Shahnameh'' and in other Iranian oral traditions, notably in the myth of ''[[Babr-e Bayan|Babr-e-Bayan]]''. In this tale, Rostam is still an adolescent and kills a dragon in the "Orient" (either India or China, depending on the source) by forcing it to swallow either ox hides filled with quicklime and stones or poisoned blades. The dragon swallows these foreign objects and its stomach bursts, after which Rostam flays the dragon and fashions a coat from its hide called the ''babr-e bayān''. In some variants of the story, Rostam then remains unconscious for two days and nights, but is guarded by his steed [[Rakhsh]]. On reviving, he washes himself in a spring. In the [[Mandaeism|Mandean]] tradition of the story, Rostam hides in a box, is swallowed by the dragon, and kills it from inside its belly. The king of China then gives Rostam his daughter in marriage as a reward.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azdaha-dragon-various-kinds#pt1|title=Azdaha|website=Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511102415/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azdaha-dragon-various-kinds#pt1|archive-date=11 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babr-e-bayan-or-babr|title=Babr-e-Bayan|website=Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505023908/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babr-e-bayan-or-babr|archive-date=5 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== East Asia ==
=== China ===
{{Main|Chinese dragon}}
[[File:Nine-Dragons1.jpg|thumb|A dragon from the [[Nine Dragons (painting)|Nine Dragons Scroll]] by [[Chen Rong (painter)|Chen Rong]], 1244 AD.]]
[[File:Shan hai jing Zhuyin.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the dragon [[Zhulong (mythology)|Zhulong]] from a seventeenth-century edition of the ''[[Classic of Mountains and Seas|Shanhaijing]]'']]
[[File:Pot Eivormige pot met met een feng huang en een draak, AK-MAK-110.jpg|thumb|Dragon art on a vase, [[Yuan dynasty]]]]

The word "dragon" has come to be applied to the [[legendary creature]] in [[Chinese mythology]], [[Chinese dragon|''loong'']] (traditional 龍, simplified 龙, Japanese simplified 竜, [[Pinyin]] ''lóng''), which is associated with good fortune, and many [[East Asia]]n deities and demigods have dragons as their personal mounts or companions. Dragons were also identified with the [[Emperor of China]], who, during later Chinese imperial history, was the only one permitted to have dragons on his house, clothing, or personal articles.
Archaeologist Zhōu Chong-Fa believes that the Chinese word for dragon is an [[onomatopoeia]] of the sound of thunder<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Dragon Originates From Primitive Agriculture |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2001/Feb/7049.htm |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www.china.org.cn |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515054843/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2001/Feb/7049.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> or ''lùhng'' in [[Cantonese]].<ref>Guan, Caihua. (2001) ''English-Cantonese Dictionary: Cantonese in Yale Romanization''. {{ISBN|9622019706}}.</ref>

The Chinese dragon ({{lang-zh|t=龍|s=龙|p=lóng}}) is the highest-ranking creature in the Chinese animal hierarchy. Its origins are vague, but its "ancestors can be found on Neolithic pottery as well as Bronze Age ritual vessels."<ref>Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. ''Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery'', Tuttle Publishing, 2008, p. 121</ref> A number of popular stories deal with the rearing of dragons.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} The ''[[Zuo zhuan]]'', which was probably written during the [[Warring States period]], describes a man named Dongfu, a descendant of Yangshu'an, who loved dragons{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} and, because he could understand a dragon's will, he was able to tame them and raise them well.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} He served Emperor Shun, who gave him the family name Huanlong, meaning "dragon-raiser".{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} In another story, [[Kong Jia]], the fourteenth emperor of the [[Xia dynasty]], was given a male and a female dragon as a reward for his obedience to the god of heaven,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} but could not train them, so he hired a dragon-trainer named Liulei, who had learned how to train dragons from Huanlong.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} One day, the female dragon died unexpectedly, so Liulei secretly chopped her up, cooked her meat, and served it to the king,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} who loved it so much that he demanded Liulei to serve him the same meal again.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} Since Liulei had no means of procuring more dragon meat, he fled the palace.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}}

One of the most famous dragon stories is about the Lord Ye Gao, who loved dragons obsessively, even though he had never seen one.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=106}} He decorated his whole house with dragon motifs{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=106}} and, seeing this display of admiration, a real dragon came and visited Ye Gao,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=106}} but the lord was so terrified at the sight of the creature that he ran away.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=106}} In Chinese legend, the culture hero [[Fu Hsi]] is said to have been crossing the [[Luo River (Henan)|Lo River]], when he saw the ''[[Longma|lung ma]]'', a Chinese horse-dragon with seven dots on its face, six on its back, eight on its left flank, and nine on its right flank.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=64}} He was so moved by this apparition that, when he arrived home, he drew a picture of it, including the dots.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=64}} He later used these dots as letters and invented [[Written Chinese|Chinese writing]], which he used to write his book ''[[I Ching]]''.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=64}} In another Chinese legend, the physician Ma Shih Huang is said to have healed a sick dragon.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} Another legend reports that a man once came to the healer Lo Chên-jen, telling him that he was a dragon and that he needed to be healed.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} After Lo Chên-jen healed the man, a dragon appeared to him and carried him to heaven.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}}

In the ''[[Classic of Mountains and Seas|Shanhaijing]]'', a classic mythography probably compiled mostly during the [[Han dynasty]], various deities and demigods are associated with dragons.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=103–104}} One of the most famous Chinese dragons is Ying Long ("responding dragon"), who helped the [[Yellow Emperor|Huangdi]], the Yellow Emperor, defeat the tyrant [[Chiyou]].{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} The dragon [[Zhulong (mythology)|Zhulong]] ("torch dragon") is a god "who composed the universe with his body."{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} In the ''Shanhaijing'', many mythic heroes are said to have been conceived after their mothers copulated with divine dragons, including Huangdi, [[Shennong]], [[Emperor Yao]], and [[Emperor Shun]].{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} The god [[Zhurong]] and the emperor [[Qi of Xia|Qi]] are both described as being carried by two dragons,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=104–105}} as are Huangdi, [[Zhuanxu]], [[Yuqiang]], and Roshou in various other texts.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} According to the ''[[Huainanzi]]'', an evil black dragon once caused a destructive deluge,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} which was ended by the mother goddess [[Nüwa]] by slaying the dragon.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}}

[[File:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hongwu Emperor]] with dragon emblem on his chest. c. 1377]]
A large number of ethnic myths about dragons are told throughout China.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} The ''[[Houhanshu]]'', compiled in the fifth century BC by [[Fan Ye (historian)|Fan Ye]], reports a story belonging to the Ailaoyi people, which holds that a woman named Shayi who lived in the region around [[Mount Lao]] became pregnant with ten sons after being touched by a tree trunk floating in the water while fishing.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} She gave birth to the sons and the tree trunk turned into a dragon, who asked to see his sons.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} The woman showed them to him,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} but all of them ran away except for the youngest, who the dragon licked on the back and named Jiu Long, meaning "sitting back".{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} The sons later elected him king and the descendants of the ten sons became the Ailaoyi people, who [[tattoo]]ed dragons on their backs in honor of their ancestor.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=104}} The [[Miao people]] of southwest China have a story that a divine dragon created the first humans by breathing on monkeys that came to play in his cave.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=105}} The [[Han Chinese|Han people]] have many stories about Short-Tailed Old Li, a black dragon who was born to a poor family in [[Shandong]].{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=106}} When his mother saw him for the first time, she fainted{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=106}} and, when his father came home from the field and saw him, he hit him with a spade and cut off part of his tail.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=106}} Li burst through the ceiling and flew away to the [[Amur River|Black Dragon River]] in northeast China, where he became the god of that river.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=106–107}} On the anniversary of his mother's death on the Chinese lunar calendar, Old Li returns home, causing it to rain.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=107}} He is still worshipped as a rain god.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=107}}

[[File:Dragon Gods.svg|thumb|left|Diagram representing the Four Dragon Kings of the [[Four Seas]] in relation to the central Dragon King of the Earth]]
In China, a dragon is thought to have power over rain. Dragons and their associations with rain are the source of the Chinese customs of [[Dragon dance|dragon dancing]] and [[Dragon boat|dragon boat racing]]. Dragons are closely associated with rain{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=107–108}} and [[drought]] is thought to be caused by a dragon's laziness.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=108}} Prayers invoking dragons to bring rain are common in Chinese texts.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=107–108}} The ''[[Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals]]'', attributed to the Han dynasty scholar [[Dong Zhongshu]], prescribes making clay figurines of dragons during a time of drought and having young men and boys pace and dance among the figurines in order to encourage the dragons to bring rain.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=107–108}} Texts from the [[Qing dynasty]] advise hurling the bone of a tiger or dirty objects into the pool where the dragon lives;{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=108}} since dragons cannot stand tigers or dirt, the dragon of the pool will cause heavy rain to drive the object out.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=108}} Rainmaking rituals invoking dragons are still very common in many Chinese villages, where each village has its own god said to bring rain and many of these gods are dragons.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=108}} The Chinese dragon kings are thought of as the inspiration for the Hindu myth of the naga.{{Sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=108}} According to these stories, every body of water is ruled by a dragon king, each with a different power, rank, and ability,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=108}} so people began establishing temples across the countryside dedicated to these figures.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=108}}

[[File:Chinese draak.jpg|thumb|Head of a dragon from a Chinese [[dragon dance]] performed in [[Helsinki]] in the year 2000.]]
Many traditional Chinese customs revolve around dragons.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=108–109}} During various holidays, including the [[Chinese New Year|Spring Festival]] and [[Lantern Festival]], villagers will construct an approximately sixteen-foot-long dragon from grass, cloth, bamboo strips, and paper, which they will parade through the city as part of a [[dragon dance]].{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} The original purpose of this ritual was to bring good weather and a strong harvest,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} but now it is done mostly only for entertainment.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} During the [[Dragon Boat Festival|Duanwu]] festival, several villages, or even a whole province, will hold a [[Dragon boat|dragon boat race]], in which people race across a body of water in boats carved to look like dragons, while a large audience watches on the banks.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} The custom is traditionally said to have originated after the poet [[Qu Yuan]] committed suicide by drowning himself in the [[Miluo River]] and people raced out in boats hoping to save him.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} But most historians agree that the custom actually originated much earlier as a ritual to avert ill fortune.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} Starting during the Han dynasty and continuing until the Qing dynasty, the [[Emperor of China|Chinese emperor]] gradually became closely identified with dragons,{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} and emperors themselves claimed to be the incarnations of a divine dragon.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} Eventually, dragons were only allowed to appear on clothing, houses, and articles of everyday use belonging to the emperor{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} and any commoner who possessed everyday items bearing the image of the dragon was ordered to be executed.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|page=109}} After the last Chinese emperor was overthrown in 1911, this situation changed and now many ordinary Chinese people identify themselves as descendants of dragons.{{sfn|Yang|An|Turner|2005|pages=109–110}}

The impression of dragons in a large number of Asian countries has been influenced by Chinese culture, such as Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. Chinese tradition has always used the dragon totem as the national emblem, and the "Yellow Dragon flag" of the Qing dynasty has influenced the impression that China is a dragon in many European countries.

=== Korea ===
{{Main|Korean dragon}}
[[File:작가미상 운룡도 국립중앙박물관 소장.jpg|thumb|upright|''Ullyongdo'' (Painting of a Dragon in Clouds), Anonymous, [[Joseon Dynasty]], [[National Museum of Korea]]]]

The Korean dragon is in many ways similar in appearance to other East Asian dragons such as the [[Chinese dragon|Chinese]] and [[Japanese dragon]]s. It differs from the Chinese dragon in that it developed a longer beard. Very occasionally, a dragon may be depicted as carrying an orb known as the Yeouiju ({{Korean|hangul=여의주|labels=no}}), the Korean name for the mythical [[Cintamani]], in its claws or its mouth. It was said that whoever could wield the Yeouiju was blessed with the abilities of omnipotence and creation at will, and that only four-toed dragons (who had thumbs with which to hold the orbs) were both wise and powerful enough to wield these orbs, as opposed to the lesser, three-toed dragons. As with China, the number nine is significant and auspicious in Korea, and dragons were said to have 81 (9×9) scales on their backs, representing yang essence. Dragons in Korean mythology are primarily benevolent beings related to water and agriculture, often considered bringers of rain and clouds. Hence, many Korean dragons are said to have resided in rivers, lakes, oceans, or even deep mountain ponds. And human journeys to undersea realms, and especially the undersea palace of the Dragon King ({{Korean|hangul=용왕|labels=no}}), are common in Korean folklore.<ref>{{cite book| last= Hayward | first = Philip| title= Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid | year = 2018|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0861967322}}</ref>

In Korean myths, some kings who founded kingdoms were described as descendants of dragons because the dragon was a symbol of the monarch. [[Lady Aryeong]], who was the first queen of [[Silla]], is said to have been born from a [[cockatrice]],<ref>[[Samguk yusa]]</ref> while the grandmother of [[Taejo of Goryeo]], founder of [[Goryeo]], was reportedly the daughter of the dragon king of the West Sea.<ref>The book of the genealogy of [[Taejo of Goryeo]] – ''Pyeonnyeon-Tong-Long'' ({{Korean|hangul=편년통록|labels=no}})</ref> And [[Munmu of Silla|King Munmu]] of Silla who, on his deathbed, wished to become a dragon of the East Sea in order to protect the kingdom. Dragon patterns were used exclusively by the royal family. The royal robe was also called the dragon robe ({{Korean|hangul=용포|labels=no}}). In the [[Joseon]] period, the royal insignia, featuring embroidered dragons, were attached to the robe's shoulders, the chest, and back. The King wore five-taloned dragon insignia while the Crown Prince wore four-taloned dragon insignia.<ref>{{cite book| script-title=ko:우리 옷 만들기 | year = 2004|publisher=Sungshin Women's University Press|isbn=978-8986092639|pages=25–26 }}</ref>

Korean folk mythology states that most dragons were originally {{ill|Imugi|ko|이무기|lt=imugis}} ({{Korean|hangul=이무기|labels=no}}), or lesser dragons, which were said to resemble gigantic serpents. There are a few different versions of Korean folklore that describe both what imugis are and how they aspire to become full-fledged dragons. Koreans thought that an Imugi could become a true dragon, ''yong'' or ''mireu'', if it caught a Yeouiju which had fallen from heaven. Another explanation states they are hornless creatures resembling dragons who have been cursed and thus were unable to become dragons. By other accounts, an Imugi is a ''proto-dragon'' which must survive one thousand years in order to become a fully-fledged dragon. In either case, they are said to be large, benevolent, [[Pythonidae|python]]-like creatures that live in water or caves, and their sighting is associated with good luck.<ref>{{cite book| last= Seo | first = Yeong Dae| script-title=ko:용, 그 신화와 문화 | year = 2002|publisher=Min sokwon|isbn=978-8956380223|page= 85}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
{{Main|Japanese dragon}}

[[File:Hokusai Dragon.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Japanese dragon by [[Hokusai]] ({{circa}} 1730 – 1849)]]
Japanese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about dragons from China. Like some other dragons, most Japanese dragons are [[water deities]] associated with rainfall and bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet. Gould writes (1896:248),<ref>[[Charles Gould (geologist)|Gould, Charles]]. 1896. [https://archive.org/details/mythicalmonster00goulgoog  Mythical Monsters"]. W. H. Allen & Co.</ref> the Japanese dragon is "invariably figured as possessing three claws". A story about the ''[[samurai]]'' [[Minamoto no Mitsunaka]] tells that, while he was hunting in his own territory of [[Settsu Province|Settsu]], he dreamt under a tree and had a dream in which a beautiful woman appeared to him and begged him to save her land from a giant serpent which was defiling it.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} Mitsunaka agreed to help and the maiden gave him a magnificent horse.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} When he woke up, the seahorse was standing before him.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} He rode it to the [[Sumiyoshi taisha|Sumiyoshi]] temple, where he prayed for eight days.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} Then he confronted the serpent and slew it with an arrow.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}}

It was believed that dragons could be appeased or [[exorcism|exorcised]] with metal.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} [[Nitta Yoshisada]] is said to have hurled a famous sword into the sea at [[Sagami Province|Sagami]] to appease the dragon-god of the sea{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} and [[Ki no Tsurayuki]] threw a metal mirror into the sea at Sumiyoshi for the same purpose.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} Japanese Buddhism has also adapted dragons by subjecting them to [[Buddhist law]];{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} the Japanese Buddhist deities [[Benten]] and [[Kwannon]] are often shown sitting or standing on the back of a dragon.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} Several Japanese ''[[sennin]]'' ("immortals") have taken dragons as their mounts.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} Bômô is said to have hurled his staff into a puddle of water, causing a dragon to come forth and let him ride it to heaven.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} The ''[[Arhat|rakan]]'' Handaka is said to have been able to conjure a dragon out of a bowl, which he is often shown playing with on ''kagamibuta''.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} The ''[[shachihoko]]'' is a creature with the head of a dragon, a bushy tail, fishlike scales, and sometimes with fire emerging from its armpits.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} The ''fun'' has the head of a dragon, feathered wings, and the tail and claws of a bird.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=62}} A white dragon was believed to reside in a pool in [[Yamashiro Province]]{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=63}} and, every fifty years, it would turn into a bird called the Ogonchô, which had a call like the "howling of a wild dog".{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=63}} This event was believed to herald terrible famine.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=63}} In the Japanese village of Okumura, near [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]], during times of drought, the villagers would make a dragon effigy out of straw, [[magnolia]] leaves, and [[bamboo]] and parade it through the village to attract rainfall.{{sfn|Volker|1975|page=63}}

=== Vietnam ===
{{Main|Vietnamese dragon}}

[[File:Stylised map of Đại-Nam (Minh Mạng period).jpg|thumb|Stylised map of Đại Nam ([[Minh Mạng]] period)]]
[[File:SC174644.jpg|thumb|Dragon on a porcelain plate during the reign of Lord [[Trịnh Doanh]], [[Revival Lê dynasty]]]]
The Vietnamese dragon ({{langx|vi|rồng}}) was a mythical creature that was often used as a deity symbol and was associated with royalty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vietnam-culture.com/articles-221-34/Tale-of-Vietnamese-Dragon.aspx|title=Tale of Vietnamese Dragon|date=4 February 2014|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302081526/https://www.vietnam-culture.com/articles-221-34/Tale-of-Vietnamese-Dragon.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2024}} Similar to other cultures, dragons in Vietnamese culture represent yang and godly beings associated with creation and life. In the creation myth of the [[Vietnamese people]], they are descended from the dragon lord [[Lạc Long Quân]] and the fairy [[Âu Cơ]], who bore 100 eggs. When they separated, Lạc Long Quân brought 50 children to the sea while Âu Cơ brought the rest up the mountains. To this day, Vietnamese people often describe themselves as "Children of the dragon, grandchildren of the fairy" (''Con rồng cháu tiên'').<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPQfqQB_7K0C&pg=PA91|title=Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-century Vietnamese Society|editor-last1=Bousquet|editor-first1= Gisèle|editor-last2=Brocheux|editor-first2=Pierre|pages=91|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2002|chapter=Rethinking the Status of Vietnamese Women in Folklore and Oral History|author=Nguyen Van Ky|isbn=0-472-06805-9 }}</ref>

== South Asia ==
=== India ===
[[File:Paphal (Musée du Quai Branly) (4489839164).jpg|thumb|Head of the dragon-god [[Pakhangba]] depicted on a musical instrument from [[Manipur]], India]]

In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the oldest of the four [[Vedas]], [[Indra]], the Vedic god of storms, battles [[Vritra|Vṛtra]], a giant serpent who represents drought.{{sfn|West|2007|pages=255–257}} Indra kills Vṛtra using his ''[[vajra]]'' (thunderbolt) and clears the path for rain,{{sfn|West|2007|pages=256–257}}{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=16}} which is described in the form of cattle: "You won the cows, hero, you won the [[Soma (drink)|Soma]],/You freed the seven streams to flow" ([[Rigveda 1.32|''Rigveda'' 1.32.12]]).{{sfn|West|2007|page=257}} In another Rigvedic legend, the three-headed serpent [[Trisiras|Viśvarūpa]], the son of [[Tvastar|Tvaṣṭṛ]], guards a wealth of cows and horses.{{sfn|West|2007|page=260}} Indra delivers Viśvarūpa to a god named [[Trita|Trita Āptya]],{{sfn|West|2007|page=260}} who fights and kills him and sets his cattle free.{{sfn|West|2007|page=260}} Indra cuts off Viśvarūpa's heads and drives the cattle home for Trita.{{sfn|West|2007|page=260}} This same story is alluded to in the [[Younger Avesta]],{{sfn|West|2007|page=260}} in which the hero [[Fereydun|Thraētaona]], the son of Āthbya, slays the three-headed dragon [[Zahhak|Aži Dahāka]] and takes his two beautiful wives as spoils.{{sfn|West|2007|page=260}} Thraētaona's name (meaning "third grandson of the waters") indicates that Aži Dahāka, like Vṛtra, was seen as a blocker of waters and cause of drought.{{sfn|West|2007|page=260}}

=== Bhutan ===
The [[Druk]] ({{langx|dz|འབྲུག་}}), also known as 'Thunder Dragon', is one of the [[national symbols of Bhutan]]. In the [[Dzongkha]] language, [[Bhutan]] is known as ''Druk Yul'' "Land of Druk", and Bhutanese leaders are called [[Druk Gyalpo]], "Thunder Dragon Kings". The druk was adopted as an emblem by the [[Drukpa Lineage]], which originated in [[Tibet]] and later spread to Bhutan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waddell|first=Laurence |author-link= Laurence Waddell |title=The Buddhism of Tibet Or Lamaism|year=1895|pages=199|publisher=Cosimo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYwcfE_bLUC&q=Bhutan+thunder+dug&pg=PA199|isbn=9781602061378 }}</ref>

== Europe ==
{{main|European dragon}}

=== Proto-Indo-European ===
{{further|Chaoskampf|Sea serpent|Proto-Indo-European religion#Serpent-slaying myth{{!}}Serpent slayer|Serpents in the Bible}}

The tale of a hero slaying a giant serpent occurs in almost all [[Indo-European mythology]].{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|pages=436–437}}{{sfn|West|2007|pages=255–263}} In most stories, the hero is some kind of [[weather god|thunder-god]].{{sfn|West|2007|pages=255–263}} In nearly every iteration of the story, the serpent is either multi-headed or "multiple" in some other way.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|pages=436–437}} Furthermore, in nearly every story, the serpent is always somehow associated with water.{{sfn|West|2007|pages=255–263}} [[Bruce Lincoln]] has proposed that a Proto-Indo-European dragon-slaying myth can be reconstructed as follows:{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=437}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pages=134–135}} First, the sky gods give cattle to a man named ''*Tritos'' ("the third"), who is so named because he is the third man on earth,{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=437}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pages=134–135}} but a three-headed serpent named {{lang|ine-x-proto|Ngʷhi}} steals them.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=437}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pages=134–135}} ''*Tritos'' pursues the serpent and is accompanied by ''*Hanér'', whose name means "man".{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=437}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pages=134–135}} Together, the two heroes slay the serpent and rescue the cattle.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=437}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pages=134–135}}

=== Ancient Greece ===
{{Main|Dragons in Greek mythology}}
[[File:Fragmentary jar with scene of Herakles slaying the Hydra of Lerna, South Italy, 375-340 BC, ceramic - Fitchburg Art Museum - DSC08671.JPG|thumb|right|Greek [[red-figure]] vase painting depicting [[Heracles]] slaying the [[Lernaean Hydra]], {{circa}} 375–340 BC]]

The ancient Greek word usually translated as "dragon" ({{lang|grc|δράκων}} ''drákōn'', [[genitive]] {{lang|grc|δράκοντοϛ}} ''drákontos'') could also mean "snake",<ref>Chad Hartsock, ''Sight and Blindness in Luke-Acts: The Use of Physical Features in Characterization'', Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2008, [https://archive.org/details/sightblindnessin00chad/page/193 pp. 193–4].</ref>{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=2–4}} but it usually refers to a kind of giant serpent that either possesses supernatural characteristics or is otherwise controlled by some supernatural power.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=2–3}} Scholar Daniel Ogden characterizes the ancient Greek word as meaning [[Snakes in mythology|"a snake and something more"]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Felton |first=Debbie |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Monsters_in_Class/xvQkEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA81 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Monsters in Classical Myth |date=2024-10-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-265045-0 |language=en}}</ref> The first mention of a "dragon" in [[ancient Greek literature]] occurs in the ''[[Iliad]]'', in which [[Agamemnon]] is described as having a blue dragon motif on his sword belt and an emblem of a three-headed dragon on his breast plate.<ref>Drury, Nevill, ''The Dictionary of the Esoteric'', Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2003 {{ISBN|81-208-1989-6}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k-tVr09oq3IC&dq=earliest+mention+of+dragon&pg=PA79 p.79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=k-tVr09oq3IC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=earliest+mention+of+dragon&source=web&ots=fxq_n3SLTa&sig=zKfmIXx1BT3nQAZq3I0vkx9akhM&hl=en |date=27 December 2016 }}.</ref> In lines 820–880 of the ''[[Theogony]]'', a Greek poem written in the seventh century BC by the [[Boeotia]]n poet [[Hesiod]], the Greek god [[Zeus]] battles the monster [[Typhon]], who has one hundred serpent heads that breathe fire and make many frightening animal noises.{{sfn|West|2007|page=257}} Zeus scorches all of Typhon's heads with his lightning bolts and then hurls Typhon into [[Tartarus]]. In other Greek sources, Typhon is often depicted as a winged, fire-breathing serpent-like dragon.{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}} In the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn to Apollo]]'', the god [[Apollo]] uses his [[Arrow poison|poisoned arrows]] to slay the serpent [[Python (mythology)|Python]], who has been causing death and pestilence in the area around [[Delphi]].{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=47–48}}{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hesiod |title=Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1914 |publication-date=2005 |pages=122–134 |translator-last=Hine |translator-first=Daryl |chapter=To Pythian Apollo}}</ref> Apollo then sets up his shrine there.{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}}

[[File:Douris cup Jason Vatican 16545.jpg|thumb|left|Attic red-figure kylix painting from {{circa}} 480–470 BC showing Athena observing as the [[Colchis|Colchian]] dragon disgorges the hero [[Jason]]{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=59}}{{sfn|Deacy|2008|page=62}}]]
Hesiod also mentions that the hero [[Heracles]] slew the [[Lernaean Hydra]], a multiple-headed serpent which dwelt in the swamps of [[Lerna]].{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=28–29}} The name "Hydra" means "water snake" in Greek.{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}}{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=28}} According to the ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheka]]'' of Pseudo-Apollodorus, the slaying of the Hydra was the second of the [[Labors of Hercules|Twelve Labors of Heracles]].{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=26–27}}{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}} Accounts disagree on which weapon Heracles used to slay the Hydra,{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}} but, by the end of the sixth century BC, it was agreed that the clubbed or severed heads needed to be [[Cauterization|cauterized]] to prevent them from growing back.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=26}}{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}} Heracles was aided in this task by his nephew [[Iolaus]].{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=26}} During the battle, a giant crab crawled out of the marsh and pinched Heracles's foot,{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=26–27}} but he crushed it under his heel.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=27}} [[Hera]] placed the crab in the sky as the constellation [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]].{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=27}} One of the Hydra's heads was immortal, so Heracles buried it under a heavy rock after cutting it off.{{sfn|West|2007|page=258}}{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=27}} For his Eleventh Labor, Heracles must procure a [[golden apple]] from the tree in the [[Hesperides|Garden of the Hesperides]], which is guarded by an enormous serpent that never sleeps,{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=33}} which Pseudo-Apollodorus calls "[[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]]".{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=33–34}} In earlier depictions, Ladon is often shown with many heads.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=37}} In Pseudo-Apollodorus's account, Ladon is immortal,{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=37}} but [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]] both describe Heracles as killing him, although neither of them specifies how.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=37}} Some suggest that the golden apple was not claimed through battle with Ladon at all but through Heracles charming the Hesperides.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hesperia {{!}} American School of Classical Studies at Athens |url=https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/publications/hesperia/article/33/1/76-82 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=ascsa.edu.gr |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219205908/https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/publications/hesperia/article/33/1/76-82 |url-status=live }}</ref> The mythographer [[Herodorus]] is the first to state that Heracles slew him using his famous club.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=37}} [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], in his epic poem, the ''[[Argonautica]]'', describes Ladon as having been shot full of poisoned arrows dipped in the blood of the Hydra.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=38}}

In [[Pindar]]'s ''Fourth Pythian Ode'', [[Aeëtes]] of [[Colchis]] tells the hero [[Jason]] that the [[Golden Fleece]] he is seeking is in a [[Coppicing|copse]] guarded by a dragon, "which surpassed in breadth and length a fifty-oared ship".{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=59–60}} Jason slays the dragon and makes off with the Golden Fleece together with his co-conspirator, Aeëtes's daughter, [[Medea]].{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=60}} The earliest artistic representation of this story is an Attic red-figure ''[[kylix]]'' dated to {{circa}} 480–470 BC,{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=58–59}} showing a bedraggled Jason being disgorged from the dragon's open mouth as the Golden Fleece hangs in a tree behind him and [[Athena]], the goddess of wisdom, stands watching.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=58–59}}{{sfn|Deacy|2008|page=62}} A fragment from [[Pherecydes of Athens]] states that Jason killed the dragon,{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=60}} but fragments from the ''Naupactica'' and from Herodorus state that he merely stole the Fleece and escaped.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=60}} In Euripides's ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'', Medea boasts that she killed the Colchian dragon herself.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=60}} In the final scene of the play, Medea also flies away on a chariot pulled by two dragons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Euripides. |title=Medea |date=1993 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-27548-5 |oclc=1039113695 }}</ref> In the most famous retelling of the story from Apollonius of Rhodes's ''Argonautica'', Medea drugs the dragon to sleep, allowing Jason to steal the Fleece.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=60–61}} Greek vase paintings show her feeding the dragon the sleeping drug in a liquid form from a ''phialē'', or shallow cup.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=61}}

[[File:Kadmos dragon Louvre N3157.jpg|thumb|[[Paestum|Paestan]] red-figure kylix-krater ({{circa}} 350–340 BC) showing Cadmus fighting the dragon of [[Ares]]{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=49}}]]
In the [[founding myth]] of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], [[Cadmus]], a [[Phoenicia]]n prince, was instructed by Apollo to follow a heifer and found a city wherever it laid down.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}} Cadmus and his men followed the heifer and, when it laid down, Cadmus ordered his men to find a spring so he could sacrifice the heifer to Athena.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}} His men found a spring, but it was guarded by a dragon, which had been placed there by the god [[Ares]], and the dragon killed them.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}} Cadmus killed the dragon in revenge,{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}}{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=266}} either by smashing its head with a rock or using his sword.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}} Following the advice of Athena, Cadmus tore out the dragon's teeth and planted them in the earth.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}}{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=266}} An army of giant warriors (known as ''[[spartoi]]'', which means "sown men") grew from the teeth like plants.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}}{{sfn|Mayor|2000|page=266}} Cadmus hurled stones into their midst, causing them to kill each other until only five were left.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}} To make restitution for having killed Ares's dragon, Cadmus was forced to serve Ares as a slave for eight years.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}} At the end of this period, Cadmus married [[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]], the daughter of Ares and [[Aphrodite]].{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=48}} Cadmus and Harmonia moved to [[Illyria]], where they ruled as king and queen, before eventually being transformed into dragons themselves.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=48–49}}

In the fifth century BC, the Greek historian [[Herodotus]] reported in Book IV of his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' that western Libya was inhabited by monstrous serpents{{sfn|Charlesworth|2010|page=169}} and, in Book III, he states that [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]] was home to many small, winged serpents,{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=168}}{{sfn|Charlesworth|2010|pages=169–170}} which came in a variety of colors and enjoyed the trees that produced [[frankincense]].{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=168}}{{sfn|Charlesworth|2010|page=169}} Herodotus remarks that the serpent's wings were like those of bats{{sfn|Charlesworth|2010|page=170}} and that, unlike vipers, which are found in every land, winged serpents are only found in Arabia.{{sfn|Charlesworth|2010|page=170}} The second-century BC Greek astronomer [[Hipparchus]] ({{circa}} 190 BC – {{circa}} 120 BC) listed the constellation [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]] ("the dragon") as one of forty-six constellations.{{sfn|Grasshoff|1990|pages=35–36}} Hipparchus described the constellation as containing fifteen stars,{{sfn|Grasshoff|1990|page=36}} but the later astronomer [[Ptolemy]] ({{circa}} 100 – {{circa}} 170 AD) increased this number to thirty-one in his ''[[Almagest]]''.{{sfn|Grasshoff|1990|page=36}}

In the [[New Testament]], Revelation 12:3, written by [[John of Patmos]], describes a vision of a [[Serpents in the Bible#Ancient serpent|Great Red Dragon]] with seven heads, ten horns, seven crowns, and a massive tail,{{sfn|Kelly|2006|pages=149–150}} an image which is clearly inspired by the vision of the [[Four kingdoms of Daniel|four beasts from the sea]] in the [[Book of Daniel]]{{sfn|Kelly|2006|page=150}} and the [[Leviathan]] described in various Old Testament passages.{{sfn|Kelly|2006|pages=150–151}} The Great Red Dragon knocks "a third of the sun ... a third of the moon, and a third of the stars" out of the sky{{sfn|Kelly|2006|page=151}} and pursues the [[Woman of the Apocalypse]].{{sfn|Kelly|2006|page=151}} Revelation 12:7–9 declares: "[[War in Heaven|And war broke out in Heaven]]. Michael and his angels fought against Dragon. Dragon and his angels fought back, but they were defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in Heaven. Dragon the Great was thrown down, that ancient serpent who is called Devil and Satan, the one deceiving the whole inhabited World – he was thrown down to earth and his angels were thrown down with him."{{sfn|Kelly|2006|pages=151–152}} Then a voice booms down from Heaven heralding the defeat of "the Accuser" (''ho Kantegor'').{{sfn|Kelly|2006|page=152}}

In {{nobr|217 AD}}, [[Philostratus|Flavius Philostratus]] discussed dragons (δράκων, drákōn) in India in ''The Life of [[Apollonius of Tyana]]'' (II,17 and III,6–8). The [[Loeb Classical Library]] translation (by F.C. Conybeare) mentions (III,7) that, "In most respects the tusks resemble the largest swine's, but they are slighter in build and twisted, and have a point as unabraded as sharks' teeth." According to a collection of books by [[Claudius Aelianus]] called ''On Animals'', [[Aethiopia|Ethiopia]] was inhabited by a species of dragon that hunted elephants and could grow to a length of 180 feet (55 m) with a lifespan rivaling that of the most enduring of animals.<ref>[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''On Animals'' [https://topostext.org/work/560#2.21 2.21].</ref> In the 4th century, [[Basil of Caesarea]], on chapter IX of his [[Address to Young Men on Greek Literature]], mentions mythological dragons as guarding treasures and riches.

=== Ancient Rome ===
In Latin, dragons were known as {{lang|la|dracones}} ({{singular}} {{lang|la|[[wikt:draco|draco]]}}) – a term derived from the Greek {{translit|grc|drakōn}} – or {{lang|la|serpentēs}} ({{gloss|serpents}}). The Roman conception of dragons was largely borrowed from Greece, though the Romans provided more elaborate and extensive accounts of dragon battles that appeared in Greek mythology. In these retellings, they often gave greater emphasis to the dragons themselves, who were sometimes anthropomorphised and – according to Ogden – "treated with a certain degree of sympathy". The Romans created few original dragon myths, the only notable example being the story of the Dragon of the Bagrada river (now known as the [[Medjerda River]], located in modern-day [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]).{{sfn|Ogden|2021|loc=Chapter 2: "Draco: The Roman Dragon", paras. 1–2}} In this tale, which is attested from the 1st century BC and set during the [[First Punic War]], [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 267 BC)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]] and his army encounter a giant snake, which does not allow them to pass through the river, consuming and crushing a number of soldiers. The serpent is impervious to javelins, and is defeated by means of [[ballista]]s; its skin, measuring 120 feet, is stripped from its corpse.{{sfn|Ogden|2021|loc=Chapter 2: "Draco: The Roman Dragon", "2.1 The Bagrada Dragon and its Libyan Context", para. 1}} [[Silius Italicus]] provides the most detailed account of the story, writing that the serpent inhabited a cave and exuded a pungent odour.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pp=67, 228}} The Roman poet [[Virgil]], in his poem [[Appendix Vergiliana#Culex ("The Gnat")|''Culex'']], describes a shepherd having a fight with a large [[constriction|constricting snake]].<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/appvergculex.html Appendix Vergiliana: Culex, lines 163–201].</ref>

=== Germanic ===
{{main|Germanic dragon}}
[[File:Sigurd.svg|thumb|Drawing of the [[Ramsund carving]] from {{circa}} 1030, illustrating the ''[[Völsunga saga]]'' on a rock in [[Sweden]]. At (5), [[Sigurd]] plunges his sword into [[Fafnir]]'s underside.]]

In the [[Old Norse]] poem ''[[Grímnismál]]'' in the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', the dragon [[Níðhöggr]] is described as gnawing on the roots of [[Yggdrasil]], the world tree.{{sfn|MacCulloch|1998|page=156}} In [[Norse mythology]], [[Jörmungandr]] is a giant serpent that encircles the entire realm of [[Midgard|Miðgarð]] in the sea around it.{{sfn|West|2007|page=159}} According to the ''[[Gylfaginning]]'' from the ''[[Prose Edda]]'', written by the thirteenth-century Icelandic mythographer [[Snorri Sturluson]], [[Thor]], the Norse god of thunder, once went out on a boat with the giant Hymnir to the outer sea and fished for Jörmungandr using an ox-head as bait.{{sfn|West|2007|page=159}} Thor caught the serpent and, after pulling its head out of the water, smashed it with his hammer, [[Mjölnir]].{{sfn|West|2007|page=159}} Snorri states that the blow was not fatal: "and men say that he struck its head off on the sea bed. But I think the truth to tell you is that the Miðgarð Serpent still lives and lies in the surrounding sea."{{sfn|West|2007|page=159}}

Towards the end of the [[Old English]] epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]'', a slave steals a cup from the hoard of [[The dragon (Beowulf)|a sleeping dragon]],{{sfn|Rauer|2000|pages=81–81}} causing the dragon to wake up and go on a rampage of destruction across the countryside.{{sfn|Rauer|2000|pages=74–77}} [[Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]] insists on confronting the dragon alone, even though he is of advanced age,{{sfn|Rauer|2000|pages=77–81}}{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=122}} but [[Wiglaf]], the youngest of the twelve warriors Beowulf has brought with him, insists on accompanying his king into the battle.{{sfn|Niles|2013|pages=122–123}} Beowulf's sword shatters during the fight and he is mortally wounded,{{sfn|Rauer|2000|pages=80–82}}{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=123}} but Wiglaf comes to his rescue and helps him slay the dragon.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=123}} Beowulf dies and tells Wiglaf that the dragon's treasure must be buried rather than shared with the cowardly warriors who did not come to the aid of their king.{{sfn|Niles|2013|pages=123–124}}

In the Old Norse ''[[Völsunga saga]]'', the hero [[Sigurd]] catches the dragon [[Fafnir]] by digging a pit between the cave where he lives and the spring where he drinks his water{{sfn|Haimerl|2013|pages=36–38}} and kills him by stabbing him in the underside.{{sfn|Haimerl|2013|pages=36–38}} At the advice of [[Odin]], Sigurd drains Fafnir's blood and drinks it, which gives him the ability to understand the [[language of the birds]],{{sfn|Haimerl|2013|page=41}} who he hears talking about how his mentor [[Regin]] is plotting to betray him so that he can keep all of Fafnir's treasure for himself.{{sfn|Haimerl|2013|page=41}}{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=119}} The motif of a hero trying to sneak past a sleeping dragon and steal some of its treasure is common throughout many [[Old Norse]] sagas.{{sfn|Rauer|2000|page=85}} The fourteenth-century ''Flóres saga konungs ok sona hans'' describes a hero who is actively concerned not to wake a sleeping dragon while sneaking past it.{{sfn|Rauer|2000|page=85}} In the ''[[Yngvars saga víðförla]]'', the protagonist attempts to steal treasure from several sleeping dragons, but accidentally wakes them up.{{sfn|Rauer|2000|page=85}}

=== Post-classical ===
{{Main|European dragon|Welsh Dragon|Wyvern|Saint George and the Dragon|Margaret the Virgin|Dacian Draco}}

[[File:Welsh Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch).svg|thumb|The Welsh Dragon ({{Lang|cy|Y Ddraig Goch}}).]]
[[File:Vortigern-Dragons.jpg|thumb|Fifteenth-century manuscript illustration of the battle of the [[Welsh Dragon|Red]] and [[White dragon|White Dragons]] from [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae|History of the Kings of Britain]]'']]
The modern, western image of a dragon developed in [[western Europe]] during the [[Middle Ages]] through the combination of the snakelike dragons of classical Graeco-Roman literature, references to Near Eastern dragons preserved in the Bible, and western European folk traditions.{{sfn|Fee|2011|page=7}} The period between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries represents the height of European interest in dragons as living creatures.{{sfn|Jones|2000|page=101}} The twelfth-century [[Wales|Welsh]] monk, [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], recounts a famous legend in his ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' in which the child prophet [[Merlin]] witnesses the Romano-Celtic warlord [[Vortigern]] attempt to build a tower on [[Snowdon]] to keep safe from the [[Anglo-Saxons]],{{sfn|Hughes|2005|page=106}} but the tower keeps being swallowed into the ground.{{sfn|Hughes|2005|page=106}} Merlin informs Vortigern that, underneath the foundation he has built, is a pool with two dragons sleeping in it.{{sfn|Hughes|2005|page=106}} Vortigern orders for the pool to be drained, exposing a [[Welsh Dragon|red dragon]] and a [[white dragon]], who immediately begin fighting.{{sfn|Hughes|2005|page=106}} Merlin delivers a prophecy that the white dragon will triumph over the red, symbolizing England's conquest of Wales,{{sfn|Hughes|2005|page=106}} but declares that the red dragon will eventually return and defeat the white one.{{sfn|Hughes|2005|pages=106–107}} This story remained popular throughout the fifteenth century.{{sfn|Hughes|2005|pages=106–107}}

Dragons are generally depicted as living in rivers or having an underground lair or cave.<ref name=Ormen>{{cite book|last=Ørmen|first=Torfinn|title=Drager, mellom myte og virkelighet (Dragons: between myth and reality)|year=2005|publisher=Humanist forlag A/S|location=Oslo|isbn=978-82-90425-76-5|pages=252|edition=1st|language=no}}</ref> They are envisioned as greedy and gluttonous, with voracious appetites.{{sfn|Fee|2011|page=7}} They are often identified with [[Satan]], due to the references to Satan as a "dragon" in the [[Book of Revelation]].{{sfn|Fee|2011|page=7}} The thirteenth-century ''[[Golden Legend]]'', written in Latin, records the story of [[Margaret the Virgin|Saint Margaret of Antioch]],{{sfn|Morgan|2009|page=}} a virgin martyr who, after being tortured for her faith in the [[Diocletianic Persecution]] and thrown back into her cell, is said to have been confronted by a monstrous dragon,{{sfn|Morgan|2009|page=}} but she made the [[sign of the cross]] and the dragon vanished.{{sfn|Morgan|2009|page=}} In some versions of the story, she is actually swallowed by the dragon alive and, after making the sign of the cross in the dragon's stomach, emerges unharmed.{{sfn|Morgan|2009|page=}}

[[File:St George and the Dragon Verona ms 1853 26r.jpg|thumb|Manuscript illustration from [[Verona]] of [[Saint George and the Dragon|Saint George slaying the dragon]], dating to {{circa}} 1270]]
The legend of [[Saint George and the Dragon]] may be referenced as early as the sixth century AD,{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=53}}{{sfn|Thurston|1909|pages=453–455}} but the earliest artistic representations of it come from the eleventh century{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=53}} and the first full account of it comes from an eleventh-century [[Georgian language|Georgian]] text.{{sfn|Walter|2003|page=141}} The most famous version of the story from the ''Golden Legend'' holds that a dragon kept pillaging the sheep of the town of Silene in [[Ancient Libya|Libya]].{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=53}} After it ate a young shepherd, the people were forced to placate it by leaving two sheep as sacrificial offerings every morning beside the lake where the dragon lived.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=53}} Eventually, the dragon ate all of the sheep{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=54}} and the people were forced to start offering it their own children.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=54}} One day, the king's own daughter came up in the lottery and, despite the king's pleas for her life, she was dressed as a bride and chained to a rock beside the lake to be eaten.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=54}} Then, Saint George arrived and saw the princess.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=54}} When the dragon arrived to eat her, he stabbed it with his lance and subdued it by making the sign of the cross and tying the princess's [[girdle]] around its neck.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=54}} Saint George and the princess led the now-docile dragon into the town and George promised to kill it if the townspeople would convert to Christianity.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=55}} All the townspeople converted and Saint George killed the dragon with his sword.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=55}} In some versions, Saint George marries the princess,{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=55}} but, in others, he continues wandering.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=55}}

[[File:Galician dragon (Medieval Age).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Dragon in a granite Relief (14th century). San Anton Museum ([[A Coruña]], [[Galicia (Spain)]]).]]
Dragons are well known in myths and legends of [[Spain]], in no small part because St. George (Catalan Sant Jordi) is the patron saint of [[Catalonia]]. Like most mythical reptiles, the Catalan dragon (Catalan drac) is an enormous serpent-like creature with four legs and a pair of wings, or rarely, a two-legged creature with a pair of wings, called a wyvern. As in many other parts of the world, the dragon's face may be like that of some other animal, such as a lion or a bull. As is common elsewhere, Catalan dragons are fire-breathers, and the dragon-fire is all-consuming. Catalan dragons also can emit a fetid odor, which can rot away anything it touches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/propuestas_culturales/espana_a_traves_de_sus_tradiciones.html|title=The legends and traditions of Spain's cities and villages in Spain is Culture|website=www.spainisculture.com|accessdate=1 September 2023|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830074256/http://www.spainisculture.com/en/propuestas_culturales/espana_a_traves_de_sus_tradiciones.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Gargoyle]]s are carved stone figures sometimes resembling dragons that originally served as waterspouts on buildings.{{sfn|Sherman|2015|page=183}}{{sfn|Cipa|2008|pages=1–3}} Precursors to the medieval gargoyle can be found on [[ancient Greek temple|ancient Greek]] and [[Egyptian temple]]s,{{sfn|Sherman|2015|page=183}}{{sfn|Dinsmoor|1973|page=96}}{{sfn|Swaddling|1989|pages=17–18}} but, over the course of the Middle Ages, many fantastic stories were invented to explain them.{{sfn|Sherman|2015|pages=183–184}} One medieval French legend holds that, in ancient times, a fearsome dragon known as ''[[Gargouille|La Gargouille]]'' had been causing floods and sinking ships on the river [[Seine]],{{sfn|Sherman|2015|page=184}} so the people of the town of [[Rouen]] would offer the dragon a [[human sacrifice]] once each year to appease its hunger.{{sfn|Sherman|2015|page=184}} Then, around 600 AD, a priest named [[Romanus of Rouen|Romanus]] promised that, if the people would build a church, he would rid them of the dragon.{{sfn|Sherman|2015|page=184}} Romanus slew the dragon and its severed head was mounted on the walls of the city as the first gargoyle.{{sfn|Sherman|2015|page=184}}{{sfn|Cipa|2008|pages=1–30}}

Dragons are prominent in medieval [[heraldry]].{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} [[Uther Pendragon]] was famously said to have had two gold dragons crowned with red standing back-to-back on his royal [[coat of arms]].{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=28}} Originally, heraldic dragons could have any number of legs,{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} but, by the late Middle Ages, due to the widespread proliferation of bestiaries, heraldry began to distinguish between a "dragon" (which could only have exactly four legs) and a "[[wyvern]]" (which could only have exactly two).{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} In myths, wyverns are associated with viciousness, envy, and pestilence,{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} but, in heraldry, they are used as symbols for overthrowing the tyranny of Satan and his demonic forces.{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} Late medieval heraldry also distinguished a draconic creature known as a "[[cockatrice]]".{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} A cockatrice is supposedly born when a serpent hatches an egg that has been laid on a dunghill by a rooster{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} and it is so venomous that its breath and its gaze are both lethal to any living creature, except for a weasel, which is the cockatrice's mortal enemy.{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} A [[basilisk]] is a serpent with the head of a dragon at the end of its tail that is born when a toad hatches an egg that has been laid in a [[midden]] by a nine-year-old cockatrice.{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}} Like the cockatrice, its glare is said to be deadly.{{sfn|Friar|Ferguson|1993|page=168}}

===Post-classical Eastern===
{{main|Slavic dragon|Kulshedra}}

[[File:Змей-Горыныч, или Бой Добрыни Никитича с семиглавым Змеем-Горынычем.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Zmey Gorynych]], a three-headed dragon from [[Folklore of Russia|Russian folklore]]]]
[[File:Münster wawelski.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the [[Wawel Dragon]] from [[Sebastian Münster]]'s ''[[Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)|Cosmographie Universalis]]'' (1544).]]
In [[Albanian mythology|Albanian mythology and folklore]], ''[[stihi]]'', ''[[ljubi]]'', ''[[Kulshedra|bolla, bollar, errshaja, and kulshedra]]'' are mythological figures described as serpentine dragons. It is believed that ''bolla'', a water and chthonic demonic serpent, undergoes [[metamorphosis]] passing through four distinct phases if it lives many years without being seen by a human. The ''bollar'' and ''errshaja'' are the intermediate stages, while the ''kulshedra'' is the ultimate phase, described as a huge multi-headed fire-spitting female serpent which causes drought, storms, flooding, earthquakes, and other natural disasters against mankind. She is usually fought and defeated by a [[drangue]], a semi-human winged divine hero and protector of humans. Heavy thunderstorms are thought to be the result of their battles.{{sfnp|Doja|2005|pp=449–462}}{{Sfn|Elsie|2001|pp=46–47, 74–76, 153–156}}

In [[Slavic mythology]], the words ''"zmey"'', ''"zmiy",'' or ''"zmaj"'' are used to describe dragons. These words are masculine forms of the Slavic word for "snake", which are normally feminine (like Russian ''zmeya''). In [[Romania]], there is a similar figure, derived from the Slavic dragon and named ''[[zmeu]]''. Exclusively in Polish and Belarusian folklore, as well as in the other Slavic folklores, a dragon is also called (variously) ''смок'', ''цмок'', or ''smok''. In South Slavic folklores, the same thing is also called ''lamya'' (ламя, ламjа, lamja). Although quite similar to other [[European dragon]]s, Slavic dragons have their peculiarities.

In [[Folklore of Russia|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian folklore]], [[Zmey Gorynych]] is a dragon with three heads, each one bearing twin goatlike horns.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=146}} He is said to have breathed fire and smelled of [[sulfur]].{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=146}} It was believed that [[eclipse]]s were caused by Gorynych temporarily swallowing the sun.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=147}} According to one legend, Gorynych's uncle was the evil sorcerer Nemal Chelovek, who abducted the daughter of the [[tsar]] and imprisoned her in his castle in the [[Ural Mountains]].{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=147}} Many knights tried to free her, but all of them were killed by Gorynych's fire.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=147}} Then a palace guard in [[Moscow]] named [[Ivan Tsarevich]] overheard two crows talking about the princess.{{sfn|Niles|2013|pages=147–148}} He went to the tsar, who gave him a magic sword, and snuck into the castle.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=148}} When Chelovek attacked Ivan in the form of a giant, the sword flew from Ivan's hand unbidden and killed him.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=148}} Then the sword cut off all three of Gorynych's heads at once.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=148}} Ivan brought the princess back to the tsar, who declared Ivan a nobleman and allowed him to marry the princess.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=148}}

A popular Polish folk tale is the legend of the [[Wawel Dragon]],{{sfn|Sikorski|1997|page=235}}{{sfn|Dębicka}}{{sfn|Kitowska-Łysiak|Wolicka|1999|page=231}} which is first recorded in the ''[[Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae|Chronica Polonorum]]'' of [[Wincenty Kadłubek]], written between 1190 and 1208.{{sfn|Dębicka}}{{sfn|Kitowska-Łysiak|Wolicka|1999|page=231}} According to Kadłubek, the dragon appeared during the reign of [[Krakus|King Krakus]]{{sfn|Dębicka}} and demanded to be fed a fixed number of cattle every week.{{sfn|Dębicka}} If the villagers failed to provide enough cattle, the dragon would eat the same number of villagers as the number of cattle they had failed to provide.{{sfn|Dębicka}} Krakus ordered his sons to slay the dragon.{{sfn|Dębicka}} Since they could not slay it by hand,{{sfn|Dębicka}} they tricked the dragon into eating calfskins filled with burning sulfur.{{sfn|Dębicka}} Once the dragon was dead, the younger brother attacked and murdered his older brother and returned home to claim all the glory for himself,{{sfn|Dębicka}} telling his father that his brother had died fighting the dragon.{{sfn|Dębicka}} The younger brother became king after his father died, but his secret was eventually revealed and he was banished.{{sfn|Dębicka}} In the fifteenth century, [[Jan Długosz]] rewrote the story so that King Krakus himself was the one who slew the dragon.{{sfn|Sikorski|1997|page=235}}{{sfn|Dębicka}}{{sfn|Kitowska-Łysiak|Wolicka|1999|page=231}} Another version of the story told by [[Marcin Bielski]] instead has the clever shoemaker Skuba come up with the idea for slaying the dragon.{{sfn|Dębicka}}{{sfn|Rożek|1988|page=27}} Bielski's version is now the most popular.{{sfn|Dębicka}}

== Modern depictions ==
{{see also|List of dragons in popular culture#Dragons in fiction|label 1=List of dragons in fiction}}
[[File:Smaug par David Demaret.jpg|thumb|left|Modern [[Fan art|fan illustration]] by David Demaret of the dragon [[Smaug]] from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s 1937 children's fantasy novel ''[[The Hobbit]]'']]

Dragons and dragon motifs are featured in many works of modern literature, particularly within the [[fantasy]] genre.{{sfn|Malone|2012|pages=96–98}}{{sfn|Williamson|2015|page=28}} As early as the eighteenth century, critical thinkers such as [[Denis Diderot]] were already asserting that too much literature had been published on dragons: "There are already in books all too many fabulous stories of dragons".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diderot|first1=Denis|title=Dragons|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0000.976|journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project|date=8 August 2008|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403163414/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0000.976|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Lewis Carroll]]'s classic [[Children's literature|children's novel]] ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (1871), one of the inset poems describes the [[Jabberwocky|Jabberwock]], a kind of dragon.{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=96}} Carroll's illustrator [[John Tenniel]], a famous [[Editorial cartoon|political cartoonist]], humorously showed the Jabberwock with the [[waistcoat]], [[Malocclusion|buck teeth]], and [[Near-sightedness|myopic eyes]] of a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] university lecturer, such as Carroll himself.{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=96}} In works of comedic children's fantasy, dragons often fulfill the role of a magic fairy tale helper.{{sfn|Nikolajeva|2012|page=56}} In such works, rather than being frightening as they are traditionally portrayed, dragons are instead represented as harmless, benevolent, and inferior to humans.{{sfn|Nikolajeva|2012|page=56}} They are sometimes shown living in contact with humans, or in isolated communities of only dragons.{{sfn|Nikolajeva|2012|page=56}} Though popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, "such comic and idyllic stories" began to grow increasingly rare after the 1960s, due to demand for more serious children's literature.{{sfn|Nikolajeva|2012|page=56}}

One of the most iconic modern dragons is [[Smaug]] from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s classic novel, ''[[The Hobbit]]''.{{sfn|Malone|2012|pages=96–98}} Dragons also appear in the best-selling ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series of children's novels by [[J. K. Rowling]].{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=96}} Other prominent works depicting dragons include [[Anne McCaffrey]]'s ''[[Dragonriders of Pern]]'', [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]'s ''[[Earthsea|Earthsea Cycle]]'', [[George R. R. Martin]]'s series ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', and [[Christopher Paolini]]'s ''[[The Inheritance Cycle]]''. Sandra Martina Schwab writes, "With a few exceptions, including McCaffrey's Pern novels and the 2002 film ''Reign of Fire'', dragons seem to fit more into the medievalized setting of fantasy literature than into the more technological world of science fiction. Indeed, they have been called the emblem of fantasy. The hero's fight against the dragon emphasizes and celebrates his masculinity, whereas revisionist fantasies of dragons and dragon-slaying often undermine traditional gender roles. In children's literature (such as [[Cressida Cowell|Cressida Cowell's]] [[How to Train Your Dragon (novel series)|''How to Train Your Dragon'']] series) the friendly dragon may become a powerful ally in battling the child's fears."<ref>{{cite book |author= Schwab, Sandra Martina |chapter= Dragons |title= The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders |editor= [[Gary Westfahl]] |location= Westport, CT |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |year= 2005 |volume= 1 |page= 216 |isbn= 0-313-32951-6}}</ref> The popular [[role-playing game]] system ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' (D&D) makes heavy use of [[Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)|dragons]].{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=98}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Jabberwocky.jpg|[[John Tenniel]]'s illustration of the [[Jabberwocky|Jabberwock]] for [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'', showing the dragon as a [[Near-sightedness|myopic]] professor{{sfn|Malone|2012|page=96}}
File:Gringotts Dragon (42428011465).jpg|Fire-breathing statue of the Ukrainian Ironbelly from ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' at [[Universal Studios Florida]]
File:DnD Dragon.png|Representation of a dragon as it appears in the role-playing game ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Mythology}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Balaur]]
* [[Bat (heraldry)]]
* [[Behemoth]]
* [[Dragonology]]
* [[Feilong (mythology)]]
* [[Firedrake (folklore)|Firedrake]]
* [[Griffin]]
* [[Guivre]]
* [[Horned Serpent]]
* [[Ichneumon (medieval zoology)]]
* [[Lambton Worm]]
* ''[[The Last Dragon (2004 film)|The Last Dragon]]'', fictional 2004 documentary
* [[Lindworm]]
* [[List of dragons in literature]]
* [[List of dragons in mythology and folklore]]
* [[List of dragons in popular culture]]
* [[Mokele-mbembe]]
* [[Partridge Creek monster]]
* [[Peluda]]
* [[Scylla]]
* [[Sea serpent]]
* [[Snallygaster]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Anthony |first=David W. |date=2007 |title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World |location=Princeton, England |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |isbn=978-0691148182 |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013641/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |archive-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=live }}
* Bates, Roy. ''Chinese Dragons''. Oxford University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-195-92856-3}}.
* {{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Ruth |author-link=Ruth Berman |title=Dragons for Tolkien and Lewis |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol11/iss1/7/ |journal=[[Mythlore]] |location=East Lansing, Michigan |publisher=[[Mythopoeic Society]] |volume=11 |date=1984 |pages=53–58 |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827164614/https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol11/iss1/7/ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Ballentine |first=Debra Scoggins |date=2015 |title=The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLq6BwAAQBAJ&q=Leviathan+Yahweh&pg=PA130 |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-937025-2 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219205831/https://books.google.com/books?id=JLq6BwAAQBAJ&q=Leviathan+Yahweh&pg=PA130#v=snippet&q=Leviathan%20Yahweh&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Ruth |author-link=Ruth Berman |title=Victorian Dragons |journal=Children's Literature in Education |volume=15 |date=1984 |pages=220–233 |doi=10.1007/BF01137186 |s2cid=162244996 |issn = 0045-6713}}
* {{citation |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |first2=Anthony |last2=Green |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-7141-1705-6 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010626/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |author=Blount, Margaret Joan |chapter=Dragons |title=Animal Land: the Creatures of Children's Fiction |location=New York |publisher=William Morrow |year=1975 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 116–130] |isbn=0-688-00272-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 }}
* {{citation |last=Charlesworth |first=James H. |date=2010 |title=The Good and Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJlmWuXCCecC&q=Herodotus+winged+serpents&pg=PA170 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14082-8 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219205831/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJlmWuXCCecC&q=Herodotus+winged+serpents&pg=PA170#v=snippet&q=Herodotus%20winged%20serpents&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Cipa |first=Shawn |date=2008 |title=Carving Gargoyles, Grotesques, and Other Creatures of Myth: History, Lore, and 12 Artistic Patterns |location=Petersburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=Fox Chapel Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-56523-329-4}}
* {{citation |last=Day |first=John |author-link=John Day (Old Testament scholar) |date=2002 |title=Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ&q=tannim+Yahweh&pg=PA103 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=9780567537836 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219205832/https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ&q=tannim+Yahweh&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q=tannim%20Yahweh&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Deacy |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Deacy |title=Athena |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-30066-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiCAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Ares+Darmon&pg=PA163 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219205833/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiCAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Ares+Darmon&pg=PA163#v=snippet&q=Athena%20and%20Ares%20Darmon&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Dębicka |first=Maria |title=Dragon's Den |url=http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=11 |website=Zamek Królewski na Wawelu |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120053402/https://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=11 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Dinsmoor |first=William Bell |date=1973 |title=The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of its Historic Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqahvzeE39YC&q=spout |location=New York City, New York |publisher=Biblo and Tannen |isbn=978-0-8196-0283-1 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219205852/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqahvzeE39YC&q=spout#v=snippet&q=spout&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Doja |first=Albert |author-link=:sq:Albert Doja |title=Mythology and Destiny |journal=Anthropos |volume=100 |number=2 |year=2005 |pages=449–462 |doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2005-2-449 |s2cid=115147696 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18364/1/18364.pdf |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829100828/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18364/1/18364.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2019 |url-status=live }}. {{JSTOR|40466549}}
* {{cite book |last=Eliade |first=Mircea |author-link=Mircea Eliade |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion: Volume 4 |year=1987 |location=New York |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=0029097304}}
* {{cite book |last=Elsie |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Elsie |title=A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture |place=London |publisher=Hurst & Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC |isbn=1-85065-570-7 |year=2001 |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617000759/https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC&dq |archive-date=17 June 2020 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Fee |first=Christopher R. |date=2011 |title=Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hkx472N8Bk8C&q=Dragons+in+Germanic+mythology&pg=PA7 |series=Praeger Series on the Middle Ages |editor-last=Chance |editor-first=Jane |location=Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, and Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-313-02725-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Fontenrose |first=Joseph Eddy |date=1980 |orig-year=1959 |title=Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&q=Tiamat+dragon&pg=PA153 |location=Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England |publisher=The University of California Press |isbn=0-520-04106-2 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210508/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&q=Tiamat+dragon&pg=PA153#v=snippet&q=Tiamat%20dragon&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last1=Friar |first1=Stephen |last2=Ferguson |first2=John |date=1993 |title=Basic Heraldry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28 |location=New York City, New York and London, England |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-03463-1 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210355/https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28#v=snippet&q=dragons%20in%20heraldry&f=false |url-status=live }}
* Garrett, Valery M. ''Chinese Dragon Robes''. Oxford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-195-90499-0}}.
* {{Cite book |author1=Giammanco Frongia, Rosanna M. |author2=Giorgi, Rosa |author3=Zuffi, Stefano |title=Angels and Demons in Art |publisher=[[J. Paul Getty Museum]] |location=Los Angeles |year=2005 |isbn=0-89236-830-6}}
* {{citation |last=Grasshoff |first=Gerd |date=1990 |title=The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR_nBwAAQBAJ&q=Ptolemy+Draco+constellation&pg=PA36 |series=Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |volume=14 |editor-last=Toomer |editor-first=Gerald |location=New York City, New York, Berlin, Germany, Heidelberg, Germany, London, England, Paris, France, Tokyo, Japan, and Hong Kong, China |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-1-4612-8788-9 }}
* {{citation |last=Haimerl |first=Edgar |date=2013 |chapter=Sigurðr, a Medieval Hero |title=Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC&q=Fafnir&pg=PA40 |editor1-last=Acker |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Larrington |editor2-first=Carolyne |location=New York City, New York and London, England |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-09860-8 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210357/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC&q=Fafnir&pg=PA40#v=snippet&q=Fafnir&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hanlon |first=Tina |title=The Taming of Dragons in Twentieth Century Picture Books |journal=[[Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts]] |volume=14 |date=2003 |pages=7–27}}
* {{cite book |last=Honegger |first=Thomas |title=Introducing the Medieval Dragon |location=Cardiff |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781786834683}}
* {{citation |last=Hornung |first=Erik |date=2001 |title=The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its Impact on the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB_y56Vlz5kC&q=Ouroboros+dragon+ancient+Egypt&pg=PA75 |location=Ithaca, New York and London, England |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-3847-0 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210357/https://books.google.com/books?id=SB_y56Vlz5kC&q=Ouroboros+dragon+ancient+Egypt&pg=PA75#v=snippet&q=Ouroboros%20dragon%20ancient%20Egypt&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Hughes |first=Jonathan |date=2005 |chapter=Politics and the Occult in the Court of Edward IV |title=Princes and Princely Culture: 1450-1650 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106 |editor1-last=Gosman |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=MacDonald |editor2-first=Alasdair |editor3-last=Vanderjagt |editor3-first=Arjo |location=Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-13690-8 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210435/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106#v=snippet&q=Geoffrey%20of%20Monmouth%20Merlin%20white%20and%20red%20dragons&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |author1=Ingersoll, Ernest |author2=Henry Fairfield Osborn |date=2013 |title=The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore |location=[[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] |publisher=Cognoscenti Books |isbn=9781304112422}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Johnsgard, Paul Austin |author2=Johnsgard, Karin |author-link1=Paul Johnsgard |author-link2=Karin Johnsgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C |title=Dragons and unicorns : a natural history |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-312-21895-8 |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222052607/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Jones |first=David E. |date=2000 |title=An Instinct for Dragons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&pg=PP1 |location=New York City, New York and London, England |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-92721-8 |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227120129/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Kelly |first=Henry Ansgar |date=2006 |title=Satan: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12 |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521604024 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175301/https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last1=Kitowska-Łysiak |first1=Małgorzata |last2=Wolicka |first2=Elżbieta |title=Miejsce rzeczywiste, miejsce wyobrażone: studia nad kategorią miejsca w przestrzeni kultury |publisher=Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego [Scientific Society of the Catholic University of Lublin] |date=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9h4AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Wawel%22 |isbn=9788387703745 }}
* {{cite book |last=Leeming |first=David |title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology |year=2005 |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195156690}}
* {{Cite book |author=Littleton, C. Scott |title=Mythology: The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth and Storytelling |publisher=Thunder Bay Press (CA) |year=2002 |isbn=1-57145-827-1}}
* {{citation |last=MacCulloch |first=J. A. |date=1998 |orig-year=1948 |title=The Celtic and Scandinavian Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyWvBAAAQBAJ&q=Nidhogg+Prose+Edda&pg=PA156 |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=Academy Chicago Publishers |isbn=0-897-33-434-5 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219211008/https://books.google.com/books?id=xyWvBAAAQBAJ&q=Nidhogg+Prose+Edda&pg=PA156#v=snippet&q=Nidhogg%20Prose%20Edda&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |last2=Adams |first2=D.Q. |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-929668-2}}
* {{citation |last=Malone |first=Michael S. |date=2012 |title=The Guardian of All Things: The Epic Story of Human Memory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i8WBXpf2BIC&q=dragons+in+western+Europe+during+the+Middle+Ages&pg=PA98 |location=New York City, New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-250-01492-4 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219211010/https://books.google.com/books?id=8i8WBXpf2BIC&q=dragons+in+western+Europe+during+the+Middle+Ages&pg=PA98#v=snippet&q=dragons%20in%20western%20Europe%20during%20the%20Middle%20Ages&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Mayor |first=Andrienne |date=2000 |title=The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TwhfvU08UcC&q=The+first+fossil+hunters |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-05863-6 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210913/https://books.google.com/books?id=9TwhfvU08UcC&q=The+first+fossil+hunters#v=snippet&q=The%20first%20fossil%20hunters&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Mayor |first=Adrienne |date=2005 |title=Fossil Legends of the First Americans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMsgQQkmFqQC&q=dragon |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-11345-9 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210914/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMsgQQkmFqQC&q=dragon#v=snippet&q=dragon&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Morgan |first=Giles |date=21 January 2009 |title=St George: Knight, Martyr, Patron Saint and Dragonslayer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KV7aDQAAQBAJ&q=dragon |location=Edison, New Jersey |publisher=Chartwell Books, Inc. |isbn=978-0785822325 }}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Ruth Manning-Sanders |last=Manning-Sanders |first=Ruth |title=A Book of Dragons |publisher=Methuen |location=London |year=1977 |isbn=0-416-58110-2 |title-link=A Book of Dragons}}
* {{citation |last=Nikolajeva |first=Maria |date=2012 |chapter=The development of children's fantasy |title=The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&q=dragons&pg=PR13 |editor1-last=James |editor1-first=Edward |editor2-last=Mendlesohn |editor2-first=Farah |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-72873-7 |pages=50–61 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210916/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&q=dragons&pg=PR13#v=snippet&q=dragons&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Niles |first=Doug |date=2013 |title=Dragons: The Myths, Legends, and Lore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRTAAAAQBAJ&q=Zmey+Gorynych+academic |location=Avon, Massachusetts |publisher=Adams Media |isbn=978-1-4405-6216-7 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |last=Ogden |first=Daniel |date=2013 |title=''Drakon'': Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955732-5 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210917/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons#v=snippet&q=ancient%20Greek%20dragons&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Ogden |first=Daniel |title=The Dragon in the West: From Ancient Myth to Modern Legend |year=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198830184.001.0001 |isbn=9780198830184}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Osmond |author-link=Andrew Osmond (journalist) |first=Andrew |title=Dragons in Film |magazine=[[Cinefantastique]] |volume=34 |date=2002 |pages=58–59}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Dragon | volume= 8 |last=Phillips|first=Walter Alison |author-link=Walter Alison Phillips| pages = 466–468 |short= 1}}
* {{citation |last=Rauer |first=Christine |date=2000 |title=Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbzQ97DfsjIC&q=Dragons+in+Germanic+mythology&pg=PA85 |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=D. S. Brewer |isbn=0-85991-592-1 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219211051/https://books.google.com/books?id=wbzQ97DfsjIC&q=Dragons+in+Germanic+mythology&pg=PA85#v=snippet&q=Dragons%20in%20Germanic%20mythology&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Rożek |first=Michał |date=1988 |title=Cracow: A Treasury of Polish Culture and Art |location=Kraków, Poland |publisher=Interpress Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LlFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22wawel%22 |isbn=9788322322451 |page=27 |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612201839/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LlFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22wawel%22 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Schwab, Sandra Martina |chapter=Dragons |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders |editor=[[Gary Westfahl]] |location=Westport, CT |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |year=2005 |volume=1 |pages=214–216 |isbn=0-313-32951-6}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Karl Shuker |last=Shuker |first=Karl |title=Dragons: a Natural History |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-684-81443-9}}
* {{citation |last=Sikorski |first=Czesław |title=Wood Pitch as Combat Chemical in the Light of the Jan Długosz's Annals and Some of the Old Polish Military Treatises |journal=Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wood Tar and Pitch |date=1997 |page=235}}
* {{citation |last=Sherman |first=Josepha |date=2015 |orig-year=2008 |title=Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2-sBwAAQBAJ&q=Gargouille+medieval+folklore&pg=PA184 |location=New York City, New York and London, England |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7656-8047-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Swaddling |first=Judith |date=1989 |title=The Ancient Olympic Games |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC&q=spout |location=London, England |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=0-292-77751-5 }}
* {{citation |last=Thurston |first=Herbert |title=St. George |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=6 |place=New York City, New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |date=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFc_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA453 |pages=453–455 |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427011816/https://books.google.com/books?id=BFc_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA453 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Unerman |first=Sandra |title=Dragons in Fantasy |journal=Vector |issue=211 |date=2000 |pages=14–16}}
* Visser, Marinus Willem de; [https://archive.org/details/cu31924021444728 ''The Dragon in China and Japan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528144522/https://archive.org/details/cu31924021444728 |date=28 May 2016 }}, Amsterdam, J. Müller 1913.
* {{citation |last=Volker |first=T. |date=1975 |orig-year=1950 |title=The Animal in Far Eastern Art: And Especially in the Art of the Japanese ''Netsuke'' with Reference to Chinese Origins, Traditions, Legends, and Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyEVAAAAIAAJ&q=Fu+Hsi+dragon&pg=PA64 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-04295-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Walter |first=Christopher |date=2003 |title=The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScafAAAAMAAJ |location=Farnham, England |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=9781840146943 }}
* {{citation |last=West |first=Martin Litchfield |author-link=Martin Litchfield West |title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-928075-9}}
* {{citation |last=Williamson |first=Jamie |date=2015 |title=The Evolution of Modern Fantasy: From Antiquarianism to the Ballantine Adult Fantasy Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGFOCgAAQBAJ&q=dragons+in+modern+fantasy&pg=PA28 |location=New York City, New York and Basingstoke, England |isbn=978-1-137-51579-7 |doi=10.1057/9781137515797 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last1=Yang |first1=Lihui |last2=An |first2=Deming |last3=Turner |first3=Jessica Anderson |date=2005 |title=Handbook of Chinese Mythology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGD5go6iCUYC&q=Dragon+Kings+Chinese+mythology&pg=PA108 |series=Handbooks of World Mythology |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533263-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zhao |first=Qiguang |title=A Study of Dragons: East and West |year=1992 |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=0820417580}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Dragons}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|dragon}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Dragons}}

{{Dragons}}
{{Heraldic creatures}}
{{Fantasy fiction}}
{{Horror fiction}}
{{Reptiles in culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dragons| ]]
[[Category:Heraldic beasts]]
[[Category:Fairy tale stock characters]]
[[Category:Mythological animals]]

Puneet Vashist

2026-03-15T03:56:05Z

AlfonzoEsh: adding the info with sources!

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Puneet Vashist
| image =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years active = 1997–present
| relatives = Harsh Vashisht (brother)
| title =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| awards =
}}

'''Puneet Vashist''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Hindi]]-language films and television series.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-04 |title=Bigg Boss 9: Second wild card contestant Puneet Vashisht is confident of winning the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-9-second-wild-card-entry-puneet-vashisht-is-confident-of-winning-the-show-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-271497-2015-11-04 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-15 |title=Puneet Vashisht's Bigg Boss 9 journey comes to an end |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/puneet-vashishtha-eliminated-from-the-bigg-boss-house-272857-2015-11-15 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-04 |title=Bigg Boss 9: पुनीत वशिष्ठ होंगे दूसरे वाइल्ड कार्ड एंट्री |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/bigg-boss-9-house-gets-an-anti-hero-in-the-form-of-puneet-vashisht-317773-2015-11-04 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Josh' co-star Puneet Vashisht hits out at Khans amid Aryan Khan's arrest; says 'God has boycotted them all' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khans-josh-co-star-puneet-vashisht-hits-out-at-khans-amid-aryan-khans-arrest-says-god-has-boycotted-them-all/articleshow/86983586.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-05 |title=Bigg Boss 9: Puneet Vashisht is the new wild card entry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-9-new-wild-card-entry-puneet-claims-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-will-bid-for-him/story-QGLyL8JBil1vZdTzLnR4KO.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-08-13 |title=Defamation allegations: Sooraj Pancholi, parents of Disha Salian file police complaints against actor Puneet Vashisht |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/defamation-allegations-sooraj-pancholi-parents-of-disha-salian-file-police-complaints-against-actor-puneet-vashisht-6552305/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puneet Vashisht: I have saved my mother's number as 'My Goddess' in contact list {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/puneet-vashisht-i-have-saved-my-mothers-number-as-my-goddess-in-contact-list/videoshow/105395278.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-16 |title=Bigg Boss Nau: Puneet Vashisht gets candid |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-nau-puneet-vashisht-gets-candid/photostory/49800689.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-20 |title="Prince ek khulla saand hai": Takeaways from Puneet Vashist's live chat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bigg-boss-9-prince-narula-takeaways-from-puneet-vashist-live-chat-salman-khan-273666-2015-11-20 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline |date=February 2026}}

== Personal life ==
In August 2025, Vashist revealed he will be marrying Nazia Elahi Khan, the national spokesperson of [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]. And it they separated.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-04 |title='Yeh Shaadi Possible Nahi Hai!': Nazia Elahi Khan Exposes Actor Puneet Vashist's Two Secret Marriages, Reveals He Tried To Wed Her Without Revealing the Truth (Watch Video) {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/bollywood/yeh-shaadi-possible-nahi-hai-nazia-elahi-khan-exposes-actor-puneet-vashists-two-secret-marriages-reveals-he-tried-to-wed-her-without-revealing-the-truth-watch-video-7190614.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Himalay Putra]]'' || Abhay's friend ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' || Shaukat||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' || Priya’s brother ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' || Ronnie||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Style (2001 film)|Style]]'' || Vicky||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Gayab]]'' || Colney’s friend ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Fight Club: Members Only|Fight Club – Members Only]]'' || Sapru||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' || Captain Ijaz Khan ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]'' || Chris ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[World Cupp 2011]]'' || Himself|| Special appearance
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bagpat Ka Dulha]]'' || Bhatija ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Babloo Bachelor]]'' || Village boy ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Udaipur Files]]'' || Nizam ||
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year(s) !! Show !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2000–2008 || ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' || Viraj Agarwal ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Kkusum]]'' || Anil Nagpal ||
|-
| 2001–2003 || ''[[Kohi Apna Sa|Koi Apna Sa]]'' || Kabir Vikram Gill ||
|-
| 2001–2004 || ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' || Anupam ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kahi To Milenge]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002–2004 || ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'' || Rohit Mehra ||
|-
| 2002–2009 || ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' || Veerendra (Veeru) Sachdev ||
|-
| 2002–2008 || ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'' || Prem Khanna ||
|-
| 2004-2005 || ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' || Vaibhav ||
|-
| 2004–2005 || ''[[Karma (Indian TV series)|Karma]]'' || Jimmy Fernandes ||
|-
|2005–2011 || ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'' || Manav Sahni ||
|-
| 2006–2009 || ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' || Harsh ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Neeli Aankhen]]'' || Vinod Oberoi ||
|-
| 2008–2009 || ''[[Hamari Betiyoon Ka Vivaah]]'' || Kanhaiya ||
|-
| 2009–2011 || ''[[Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' || Karma ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' || Magician|| Episodic appearance<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-17 |title=Sunaina Gulia, Puneet Vashisth & Lilliput in Adaalat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sunaina-gulia-puneet-vashisth-lilliput-in-adaalat/articleshow/19599700.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–2014 || ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'' || Jin Joker ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Savitri – Ek Prem Kahani]]'' || Dhumketu || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-17 |title=Puneet Vashisht as Dhoomketu in Savitri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/puneet-vashisht-as-dhoomketu-in-savitri/articleshow/20102922.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ishq Kills]]'' || Dilip || Episode 9
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[Shastri Sisters]]'' || Dr. Raghvendra Singh || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-09 |title=Puneet turns psychotic for TV show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/puneet-turns-psychotic-for-tv-show/articleshow/47987402.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss 9]]'' || Himself || Wild card contestant
|-
| 2015–2017 || ''[[MTV Big F]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]'' || Daku ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta]]'' || Badrinath ||<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title='Bigg Boss' contestant Puneet Vashisht joins the cast of Kritika Kamra's 'Chandrakanta'! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-contestant-puneet-vashisht-joins-the-cast-of-kritika-kamras-chandrakanta-823635 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-10 |title=बिग बॉस के पूर्व कंटेस्टेंट पुनीत वशिष्ठ को मिला कृतिका कामरा की चंद्रकांता में अहम रोल |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/puneet-vashishtha-bagged-role-in-kritika-kamra-starrer-show-chandrakantha/248957/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]'' || [[Shiva|Mahadev]]||
|-
| 2019–2020 || ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]'' || [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]]||
|-
| 2020 || ''Kahat Hanuman Jai Shri Ram'' || [[Shani]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=पुनीत वशिष्ठ को मिला यह धार्मिक सीरियल, भगवान शनि के किरदार में लेंगे एंट्री |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-puneet-vashisth-got-kehet-hanuman-ji-shri-ram-serial-got-bhagwan-shani-role-in-the-show-3399125.amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809021625/https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-puneet-vashisth-got-kehet-hanuman-ji-shri-ram-serial-got-bhagwan-shani-role-in-the-show-3399125.amp.html |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2025 || ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Narada]]||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]'' ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1576905}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vashist, Puneet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Parvatha Purnachandra Prasad

2026-03-15T03:34:31Z

AlfonzoEsh: adding a stub initial version!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvatha Sri Purnachandra Prasad
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1964
| birth_place = [[Sankhavaram]]
| death_date =
| death_place =

| occupation = [[Politician]]
| years_active =
| spouse = Sathyaveni
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}
'''Parvatha Sri Purnachandra Prasad''' (born 14 August 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket from [[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu Constituency]] in [[East Godavari district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathipadu Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Prathipadu Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/prathipadu-constituency/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was denied a ticket for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] but remained loyal to YSRCP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-23 |title=Despite not getting tickets, majority of legislators remain loyal to Jagan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/despite-not-getting-tickets-majority-of-legislators-remain-loyal-to-jagan/articleshow/108720134.cms |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thrimurthulu |first=S. |date=2023-09-09 |title=AP Assembly elections: YSRC likely to field 3 new faces in Kakinada district |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Sep/09/ysrc-likely-to-field-3-new-faces-in-kakinada-district-2613166.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-07 |title=Jagan's reshuffling exercise aimed at winning a second term, says Prathipadu MLA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagans-reshuffling-exercise-aimed-at-winning-a-second-term-says-prathipadu-mla/article67821807.ece |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prasad hails from an agricultural family in [[Sankhavaram]], East Godavari district. His father Kondal Rao was a farmer. He did his schooling from Zilla Parishad High School, Sankhavaram and later completed his intermediate (plus two).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-08 |title=YSRCP MLA 2019 List For East Godavari {{!}} East Godavari MLA Candidates List For Assembly Elections 2019 - Sakshi |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/profiles-east-godavari-ysrcp-candidates-1171035 |access-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208184325/https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/profiles-east-godavari-ysrcp-candidates-1171035 |archive-date=2021-12-08 }}</ref> He now runs a business. He married Sathyaveni and has two daughters Nandhini and Teena.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Prasad started his political journey in 1989<ref name=":0" /> with the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and later joined [[Indian National Congress]]. He was the Vice-Sarpanch of Sankhavaram village. He also served as a Central Bank Director and a member of the [[Annavaram]] temple's trust board.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Representing YSR Congress Party, he won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Varupula Raja of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 4,666 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/party/ysrcp/ap.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.sakshi.com |title=Sakshi: Telugu Breaking News | Latest Telugu News | తెలుగు వార్తలు | Online Telugu News Today }}</ref> Many YSRCP cadre and party leaders opposed the renomination of Prasad for the 2024 election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sivanagaprasad.kodati |title=జగన్ ముద్దు.. ప్రసాద్ వద్దు : ఏలేశ్వరం వైసీపీలో అసమ్మతి పోరు, ఎమ్మెల్యేకు వ్యతిరేకంగా సీక్రెట్ మీటింగ్ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/andhra-pradesh/dissidence-plagues-in-yeleswaram-ysrcp-against-prathipadu-mla-parvatha-sri-purnachandra-prasad-ksp-s21urj |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=te}}</ref> For a long time, his family was one of the three families that dominated the local politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Deekshitula |date=2023-12-25 |title=Three families dominate politics in Prathipadu |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/three-families-dominate-politics-in-prathipadu-846585 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Purnachandra Prasad, Parvatha}}
[[Category:Politicians from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Michel Danino

2026-03-13T20:10:19Z

AlfonzoEsh: improved section additionally as per guidelines

{{short description|Hindutva author|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Michel Danino
| image = Michel Danino.png
| caption = Danino in 2016
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Honfleur]], France
| occupation = Author
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2017)
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''Michel Danino''' is an author who currently serves as the chairperson of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]'s (NCERT) social science curriculum. A proponent of [[Hindutva]], he has been criticised for engaging in [[Hindutva pseudohistory|historical negationism]].

== Biography ==
Michel Danino was born in [[Honfleur]], France. Danino spent a few years in [[Auroville]], [[Tamil Nadu]], before shifting to the [[Nilgiri Mountains]] in 1982, where he resided for two decades.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/auroville-drew-michel-danino-to-india-he-now-leads-ncert-team-drafting-new-social-science-textbooks/2718333/ |title=Auroville drew Michel Danino to India. He now leads NCERT team drafting new social science textbooks |first=Fareeha |last=Iftikhar |date=12 August 2025 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> In 2003, he settled near [[Coimbatore]]. In an interview, he said that he had obtained Indian citizenship.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |last=Pande Daniel |first=Vaihayasi |date=May 22, 2010 |title=The Sarasvati was more sacred than Ganga |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/22/interview-with-michel-danino.htm |access-date=8 August 2011 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=Technically, I am not a 'foreigner': I adopted Indian citizenship some years ago.}}</ref>

He currently serves as the chairperson of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) curriculum committee for social science. He is also a visiting professor in the ''Department of Humanities and Social Sciences'' at [[IIT Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iftikhar |first=Fareeha |date=24 August 2024 |title=‘Keeping Indian civilisation accomplishments out of school syllabus wrong ideology,’ says Michel Danino |url=https://theprint.in/india/keeping-indian-civilisation-accomplishments-out-of-school-syllabus-wrong-ideology-says-michel-danino/2237096/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> In 2017, the Indian government, under [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], conferred upon him the [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth-highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs Press Note |url=http://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231739/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-29 |website=Padma Awards}}</ref>

== Works and views ==
{{Further information|Hindutva pseudohistory}}
Danino's works and views are influenced by [[Sri Aurobindo]], who speculated against the [[Indo-Aryan migrations]].<ref name=padma2/> Danino translated ''[[Mirra_Alfassa|Mother's Agenda]]'', the 13 volume biography of [[Mirra Alfassa]], from French to English.<ref name=padma2>[https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/the-past-has-a-knack-of-exploding-in-our-faces/20180917.htm 'The past has a knack of exploding in our faces'], [[Rediff]], 19 September 2018.</ref> ''Sri Aurobindo and India's Rebirth'' (2018) describes Danino's views on the development of Aurobindo's thought.<ref name=padma2/>

=== Indigenous Aryanism ===
{{Further information|Indigenous Aryanism}}

In ''The Invasion that Never was'', published by Danino in 1996, he argued against the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|academically accepted view]] that the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] originated in [[Central Asia]], before migrating to India. Furthermore, he has falsely said, "No ancient or medieval Indian text would support the Aryan invasion theory" and "It is genetically proven that Aryans and [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]] belong to the same race."<ref name=":1" />

=== Saraswati River ===
Danino wrote ''The Lost River: On The Trail of the Sarasvatī'' in 2010, arguing against longstanding scholarly consensus. In the book, Danino sought to connect the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] [[Saraswati River]], first mentioned in the [[Rigveda]], an [[Hindu texts|ancient Hindu text]], with the current [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times of India|title=TOI Crest: Quick review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/TOI-Crest-Quick-review/articleshow/5988271.cms|access-date=17 February 2020|date=29 May 2010}}</ref> Danino has defended the inclusion of names such as "Sindhu-Saraswati" and "Indus-Saraswati", as alternatives for the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], in [[NCERT textbook controversies#Changes in content during the BJP government (2014–present)|NCERT Textbooks]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=20 August 2024 |title=Calling Harappan Civilization Sindhu Sarasvati in new textbooks is based on established scholarship, not politics: NCERT Social Science panel head |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/calling-harappan-civilization-sindhu-sarasvati-in-new-textbooks-is-based-on-established-scholarship-not-politics-ncert-social-science-panel-head-9522766/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820005131/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/calling-harappan-civilization-sindhu-sarasvati-in-new-textbooks-is-based-on-established-scholarship-not-politics-ncert-social-science-panel-head-9522766/ |archive-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He has argued that the drying of the Saraswati River was the cause of Indus Valley Civilisation's collapse.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title='Indian history was distorted by the British' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/indian-history-was-distorted-by-the-british/story-0XmF9oSZpLPrFMcdwQdsOP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A proponent of [[Hindutva]], he has been criticised for his [[Sectarianism|sectarian scholarship]] and [[historical negationism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guha |first=Sudeshna |date=2005 |title=Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=399–426 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001611 |issn=0026-749X |jstor=3876625 |s2cid=145463239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chadha |first=Ashish |date=2011-02-01 |title=Conjuring a river, imagining civilisation: Saraswati, archaeology and science in India |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=55–83 |doi=10.1177/006996671004500103 |issn=0069-9667 |s2cid=144701033}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhatt |first=Chetan |date=2000-01-01 |title=Dharmo rakshati rakshitah : Hindutva movements in the UK |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=559–593 |doi=10.1080/014198700328999 |issn=0141-9870 |s2cid=144085595}}</ref>

Historian [[Peter Heehs]]' opinion of one of Danino's works, ''Sri Aurobindo and Indian Civilization'', is that it was lacking in linguistic knowledge, and made up of attacks on colonial orientalists and half-informed invocations of nationalist orientalists. Heehs also criticised Danino's other works for appropriating [[Sri Aurobindo]] in his campaign against the [[Indo-Aryan migrations]], and for distorting Aurobindo's speculative views as assertions. Heehs added that Danino selectively cherry-picked quotes from his draft-manuscripts and ignored his published works, which were far more nuanced.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Heehs |first=Peter |date=2003 |title=Shades of Orientalism: Paradoxes and Problems in Indian Historiography |journal=History and Theory |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=169–195 |doi=10.1111/1468-2303.00238 |issn=0018-2656 |jstor=3590880}}</ref>

=== NCERT social science curriculum changes and controversy ===
{{Main|NCERT textbook controversies#Changes in content during the BJP government (2014–present)}}
As head of NCERT’s social science committee, Danino has overseen the presentation of a gentle and sanitised version of Indian history. For instance, under his leadership, the Class 8 social science textbooks portray the [[Maratha Empire]] in a favourable light, while depicting the [[Mughal Empire]] highly negatively. Critics have characterised the changes as an ideological move. In an interview with [[ThePrint]], Danino denied any ideological bias. In the same interview, he said, "We avoid all unpleasantness, thinking perhaps that this is going to, you know, traumatise the student and so on."<ref name="padma5">{{Cite web |last=Iftikhar |first=Fareeha |date=1 August 2025 |title=‘Honest history, not ideology’—NCERT social science panel chief on changes in Class 8 textbook |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/honest-history-not-ideology-ncert-social-science-panel-chief-on-changes-in-class-8-textbook/2709459/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hindutva pseudohistory]]
* [[:Category:Indigenous Aryanists|Indigenous Aryanists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.iitgn.ac.in/faculty/humanities/michel.htm|title=Michel Danino |website=IIT Gandhinagar |access-date=12 November 2013|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104112249/http://www.iitgn.ac.in/faculty/humanities/michel.htm|url-status=dead}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}{{Sangh Parivar|Michel Danino=Michel Danino}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danino, Michel}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Pseudo-scholarship]]
[[Category:French Indologists]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:20th-century French writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Pseudohistorians]]
[[Category:Historical negationists]]

Esha Dey

2026-03-12T11:49:55Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Short description|Indian actress, television presenter, and Kathak dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Esha Dey
| birth_name = Esha Wadnerkar
| birth_date = 25 May {{year?}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=अडसूळ |first=नीलेश |date=2023-05-25 |title=Samir Choughule: 'किडे' असणारी 'डे'.. हास्यजत्रेतील 'या' अभिनेत्रीसाठी समीर चौगुलेची खास पोस्ट |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/samir-choughule-shared-post-for-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-actress-esha-dey-birthday-nsa95 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title='आडनावावरून ही बंगाली वाटते पण..'; 'हास्यजत्रे'तील अभिनेत्रीसाठी समीर चौघुलेची खास पोस्ट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-samir-choughule-birthday-wish-to-actress-esha-dey-a-a734/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[London School of Dramatic Art]] (diploma in professional acting) Bharati Vidyapeeth Pune ([[Masters of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Kathak]] dance)
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|Kathak dancer}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Abhishek Khankar|2026}}
}}

'''Esha Wadnerkar''' professionally known as '''Esha Dey''' is an Indian actress, performer, prominently works in [[Marathi theatre]], [[Marathi cinema|films]], web series, and TV serials. She is known for Marathi television show [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]].

== Career ==
Dey began her professional career in 2011 as a theatre artist and subsequently expanded into working across various mediums including films, web-series, and television. She has completed [[Master of Arts|M.A]] in [[Kathak]] dance from Bharati Vidyapeeth Pune and in acting from the [[London School of Dramatic Art]]. After finishing her course in London and returning to India, the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] began. During this time, actor Sameer Khandekar invited her to create a video for his YouTube channel 'Asowa,' to which she agreed. The video garnered a positive reaction, prompting her to opt for [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]] over [[Vishakha Subhedar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=लंडनमधून अभिनय प्रशिक्षण ते महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा; अभिनेत्रीची अशी झालेली शोमध्ये एन्ट्री |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-esha-dey-talks-on-how-she-became-part-of-this-show-and-how-people-are-enjoying-her-content/articleshow/104282442.cms |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=विशाखा सुभेदारच्या जागी 'हास्यजत्रेत' आलेल्या 'या' अभिनेत्रीसाठी Samir Choughule ची खास पोस्ट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-samir-choughule-shares-post-for-esha-dey/715698 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>

She has participated in numerous projects under "BhaDiPa" and is also represented by the company "BhaDiPa".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' शोमधील अभिनेत्री झळकणार 'आश्रम ३' वेब सीरिजमध्ये; पोस्टमुळे चर्चेला उधाण |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2946016/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-marathi-actrees-esha-dey-to-be-played-role-in-ashram-3-web-series-photos-kak-96/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> In 2024, Esha shared the screen with [[Ranveer Singh]] for a [[Dalmia Group|Dalmia cement]] commercial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जाधव |first=अपूर्वा |date=2024-03-23 |title=महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा फेम अभिनेत्रीची जाहिरातीत लागली रणवीर सिंहसोबत वर्णी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/esha-dey-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actress-shared-a-screen-with-ranveer-singh-for-tv-advertisement-entertainment-bollywood-latest-update-marathi-news-1267224 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref> The following year she acted in ''[[Gulkand (film)|Gulkand]]'' which emerged as [[List of Marathi films of 2025|fourth highest Marathi film of 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=लोकप्रिय मराठी मालिकेत येणार 'गुलकंद' सिनेमाची स्टारकास्ट; व्हायरल प्रोमो पाहून चाहते झाले खुश|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/gulkand-movie-star-cast-will-be-seen-in-popular-lagnanantar-hoilach-prem-marathi-serial-promo-viral-a-a991/|website=Lokmat|date=2025-04-28|access-date=2026-01-31|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Marathi Movie 2025: सरत्या वर्षात या मराठी सिनेमांची झाली बक्कळ कमाई, 'दशावतार' ठरला किंग, तर स्वप्नील -सोनालीच्या रोमॅन्सही वेधलं लक्ष|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/top-5-highest-grossing-marathi-movie-2025-dashavatar-jarann-susheela-sujeet-and-other/articleshow/126101200.cms|website=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2026-01-31|language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2012
|''[[Aiyyaa]]''
|Anju
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Gulkand (film)|Gulkand]]''
|Ragini Mane
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|''[[Chukbhul Dyavi Ghyavi]]''
|Bandi
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|''[[Sukhi Mansacha Sadara]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Contestant
|Marathi
|
|-
|''9 To 5''
|Devika
|Marathi
|TV Mini Series
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Language
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|''[[Aashram]]''
|Hindi
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Personal life ==
Esha's real surname is Wadnerkar but when she studied at the [[London School of Dramatic Art|London School of Drama]], her journey included navigating name pronunciation challenges during auditions, prompting her professional adoption of the name Esha Dey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मी बंगाली नव्हे मराठीच! हास्यजत्रा फेम इशा डे हिनं सांगितलं आडनाव बदलण्यामागचं कारण, म्हणाली लंडनमध्ये... |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-actress-esha-dey-share-why-she-changed-her-surname-wadnerkar/articleshow/111117559.cms |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

She married Abhishek Khankar on 11 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=इंडस्ट्रीतलाच आहे ईशा डे चा नवरा, समोर आलं नाव; प्रसिद्ध मालिकांसाठी केलंय काम |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/esha-dey-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actress-married-to-abhishek-khankar-a-a945/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Esha Dey : महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा फेम ईशा डे अडकली लग्नबंधनात, लाल भडक साडीत नवरी नटली, नवरा पाहिलात का? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/lifestyle-news/fashion/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-esha-dey-looking-absolutely-stunning-with-this-red-bridal/articleshow/129490647.cms |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Twitter|id=esha__dey}}
*{{IMDb name|id=5516463}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Esha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of presidents of the All-India Muslim League

2026-03-11T15:39:13Z

AlfonzoEsh: minor update

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = President of the All-India Muslim League
| body =
| native_name =
| flag = Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Flag of the All-India Muslim League
| image = Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.jpg
| imagecaption = '''Longest serving [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]''' 24 December 1913 – 14 August 1947
| department =
| abbreviation = AIML President President of AIML
| member_of =
| reports_to =
| residence = [[Jinnah House|South Court]], [[Malabar Hill]], [[Bombay]]
| seat = [[Calcutta]] [[Dacca]]
| nominator =
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = Not fixed
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1906|12|30|df=y}}
| first = [[Khwaja Salimullah]]
| last = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| abolished = {{End date and age|1947|08|14|df=y}}
| succession = [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]
| unofficial_names = President of the Muslim League
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}

The '''[[All-India Muslim League]]''' (popularised as the '''Muslim League''') was a political party established in 1906 in [[British Raj|British India]]. The first session of the party was held in Karachi in 1907. Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the league in 1913.<ref name=ref24 /> In 1927 the League was divided into two factions regarding the issue of a joint electorates. Those who supported the joint electorates were led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (known as Jinnah League) and those who opposed were led by [[Sir Muhammad Shafi]] (Shafi League).<ref name=aimlsplit /> In 1931 the party again split into two when Muhammad Ali Jinnah moved to London abandoning politics.<ref name=ref23 /> The two factions were led by Abdul Aziz and Hafiz Hidayat. The two factions merged again when Jinnah returned to India in 1934.<ref name=ref22 /> The last session was held in Karachi in 1943 and was presided by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.<ref name=foundation /> Many Muslim leaders were invited to meet at Dhaka . They met under the chairmanship of Waqar-ul-Mulk who justified the organisation of the Muslims in a separate body . A long discussion over this subject led to the foundation of the Muslim League in 1906 under the leadership of the '''"Agha Khan, the Nawab of Dhaka" and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.'''

==List of party presidents==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Session
! Date
! Presided by
! Location
! Notable Resolutions
! Ref
|- align="center"
| 1st
| 29-30 Dec 1907
| [[Adamjee Peerbhoy]]
| [[Karachi]]
|Resolution was passed to formulate the Rules, Regulations and Code of Conduct of the All-India Muslim League.
| <ref name=foundation /><ref name=ref3 /><ref name=muslimleague />
|- align="center"
| 1st (Adjourned Session)
| 18–19 March 1908
| [[Mian Shah Din]]
| [[Aligarh]]
| Resolution passed to approved financial support to the British Committee.
| <ref name=ref2 /><ref name=ref3 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 2nd
| 30-31 Dec 1908
| Sir Syed Ali Imam
| [[Amritsar]]
| Resolution passed demanding Muslim representation Government services.
|<ref name=ref3 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 3rd
| 29-30 Jan 1910
| [[Aga Khan III|Sir Aga Khan]]
| [[Delhi]]
| Resolutions passed seeking restoration of the importance of Urdu in the U.P. and the Punjab and demanding free primary education.
||<ref name=ref3 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 4th
| 28-30 Dec 1910
| [[Syed Nabiullah]]
| [[Nagpur]]
|Resolutions passed demanding extension of communal representation to all self-governing public bodies and in the administration.
|<ref name=ref4 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 5th
| 3–4 March 1912
| [[Khwaja Salimullah]]
| [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
|Resolutions passed urging upon the government the desirability of Jinnah’s bill regarding Wakfs being passed into law.
|<ref name=ref5 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 6th
| 22–23 March 1913
| [[Mian Muhammad Shafi]]
| [[Lucknow]]
|The session made amendments in its constitution and decided to join in on calls for ‘self-government’
|<ref name=ref9 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 7th
| 30-31 Dec 1913
| [[Ibrahim Rahimtoola|Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola]]
| [[Agra]]
|Resolutions passed concerning creation of Muslim League National Fund. Muhammad Ali Jinnah also participated in this session.
|<ref name=ref6 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 8th
| 30 Dec 1915 – 1 Jan 1916
| [[Maulana Mazharul Haque]]
| [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| The session agreed for a joint session with [[Indian National Congress]] to formulate a Joint Scheme of Reforms.
|<ref name=ref7 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
|9th
| 30-31 Dec 1916
| [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| Lucknow
|The session approved the Joint Scheme of Reforms formulated by the Congress and League representatives. Popularly known as the [[Lucknow Pact]]
| <ref name=ref13 /><ref name=ref8 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 10th
| 30 Dec 1917 – 1 Jan 1918
| [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] ''(absent, in detention)''
| Calcutta
|Resolutions passed demanding release of [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]], Shaukat Ali, Maulana Azad, Maulana Hasrat Nomani from detention.
|<ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| Special Session
| 31 Aug - 1 Sep 1918
| [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]]
| Bombay
|A resolution registered the League’s emphatic protest at the insinuation contained in the Report of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] that "the people of India are unfit for responsible government".
|<ref name=ref9 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=ref14 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 11th
| 30-31 Dec 1918
| [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|A. K. Faizul Haq]]
| Delhi
| Session strongly protested against the occupation of Jerusalem and Najaf-i-Ashraf and other Holy places by the British forces during the [[Battle of Jerusalem]].
|<ref name=ref10 /><ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 12th
| 29-31 Dec 1919
| [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]]
| Amritsar
| Resolutions passed demanding retention of Urdu language and Persian characters in the courts; and justice in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh case]]. The session welcomed the [[Government of India Act 1919]] but regretted the denial of self government.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=ref11 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
|Extraordinary session
| 7 September 1920
| [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| Calcutta
| Session attended by many Congress and Hindu leader condemned the imposition of [[Rowlatt Act]]
|<ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 13th
| 30-31 Dec 1920
| [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari|M. A. Ansari]]
| Nagpur
| Resolution was passed to include the attainment of Swaraj by the people of India by all peaceful and legitimate means among the AIML objects. The session welcomed the establishment of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] at Aligarh.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 14th
| 30-31 Dec 1921
| [[Hasrat Mohani|Maulana Hasrat Mohani]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| Hasrat Mohani proposed the establishment of an Indian Republic or a United States of India.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=hasrat /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 15th
| 31 March - 1 April 1923
| [[Ghulam Muhammad Khan Bhurgri|G. M. Bhurgri]]
| Lucknow
|Jinnah’s resolution recommending entry into Councils was debated for five hours without a definite conclusion.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 15th Adjourned Session
| 24–25 May 1924
| [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| [[Lahore]]
| Resolutions passed condemning Hindu-Muslim riots and rejection of the [[Government of India Act 1919]].
|<ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 16th
| 30- 31 Dec 1924
| Syed Raza Ali
| Bombay
| Resolutions passed condemning the promulgation of [[Bengal Criminal Law Amendment]], 1924.
|<ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 17th
| 30 - 31 Dec 1925
| [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Abdur Rahim]]
| Aligarh
| Resolution passed concerning the demand of the AIML for the amendment of the constitution, and appointment of a committee on constitutional advancement.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 18th
| 29-31 Dec 1926
| [[Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)|Abdul Qadir]]
| Delhi
| Resolutions passed demanding removal of anti-Indian legislation in South Africa.
|<ref name=ref12 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 19th (Jinnah League)
| 30 Dec 1927 – 1 Jan 1928
| Muhammad Yaqub Ali
| Calcutta
| Resolutions passed announcing the rejection of [[Simon Commission]]; electing Mohammad Ali Jinnah as President of AIML for 3 years; condemning [[Mian Muhammad Shafi|Sir Muhammad Shafi]] and [[Punjab Muslim League|Punjab Provincial Muslim League]] for rebelling against the parent body.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 19th (Shafi League)
| 31 Dec 1927 – 1 Jan 1928
| [[Mian Muhammad Shafi]]
| Lahore
| Resolutions passed for joining [[All Parties Conference]] for a [[Nehru Report|joint Draft Constitution]] for India, supporting the [[Simon Commission]].
|<ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 20th
| 26-30 Dec 1928
| [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]]
| Calcutta
|Resolutions passed forming a delegation to attend the Convention called by the Indian National Congress to resolve questions regarding the [[Nehru Report]]; declining to send a delegation to the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]], terming it as a reactionary organization.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 21st
| 29-30 Dec 1930
| [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
| [[Allahabad]]
|Resolution passed declaring Simon Commission as a failure. Muhammad Iqbal delivered the [[Allahabad Address]].
|<ref name=thestatement /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
|22nd
| 26-27 Dec 1931
| [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]
| Delhi
| Resolutions passed concerning the statement of the Prime Minister at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] on 1 December 1931.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 23rd (Aziz League)
| 21 October 1933
| Mian Abdul Aziz
| [[Howrah]]
| Resolutions passed welcoming the [[Communal Award]] and recording dissatisfaction lower representation for Muslims in the legislature.
|<ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 23rd (Hidayat League)
| 25-26 Nov 1933
| Hafiz Hidayat Hussain
| Delhi
| Resolutions passed supporting extended franchise for women.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 24th
| 11–12 April 1936
| [[Syed Wazir Hasan]]
| Bombay
| Resolutions passed appointing a committee to amend the rules of the AIML.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 25th
| 15-18 Oct 1937
| rowspan="8" | [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| Lucknow
| Resolutions passed for the "establishment of full independence in the form of a federation of free democratic states in which interests of the Muslims and other minorities are adequately effectively safeguarded in the Constitution"; condemning the demolition of the [[Shaheed Ganj Mosque]] at Lahore and disapproving the scheme of All-India Federation as embodied in the [[Government of India Act 1935]].
|<ref name=ref15 /><ref name=ref16 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| Special Session
| 17–18 April 1938
| Calcutta
| Resolutions passed appreciating the assurance of the Government to get an honourable solution of the Shaheed Ganj dispute
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 26th
| 26-29 Dec 1938
| [[Patna]]
| Resolutions passed declaring [[Balfour Declaration]] in respect of Palestine as unjust.
|<ref name=ref18 /><ref name=ref19 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 27th
| 22–24 March 1940
| Lahore
| The session passed the [[Lahore Resolution]]
|<ref name=lahoreresolution /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 28th
| 12–15 April 1941
| [[Chennai|Madras]]
| Resolutions passed reiterating the demand for "Pakistan" and terming the Congress’ [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] as aiming at the consolidation of Hindu power in India
| <ref name=ref17 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 29th
| 3–6 April 1942
| Allahabad
|Resolutions passed endorsing [[A.K. Fazlul Huq]]’s expulsion from the League and demanding lifting of the ban on the [[Khaksar movement|Khaksar Movement]].
|<ref name=ref20 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 30th
| 24–26 April 1943
| Delhi
| Resolutions passed condemning martial law against the [[Hurs|Hur]] community in Sindh.
|<ref name=muslimleague /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
| 31st
| 24-26 Dec 1943
| Karachi
| Resolution passed demanding the formation of [[Pakistan]].
|<ref name=ref21 /><ref name=foundation />
|- align="center"
|}

==See also==
* [[Pakistan Movement]]
* [[List of Pakistan Movement activists]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name=aimlsplit>{{Cite journal|last=Shahid|first=Abdul Razzak|title=All-India Muslim League: Split and Reunification (1927-30)|url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Downloads/AIML.pdf|journal=Nihcr.edu.pk}}</ref>

<ref name=foundation>{{Cite book|last=Pirzada|first=Syed Sharifuddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4KAQAAIAAJ&q=foundation+of+pakistan|title=Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947|date=1970|publisher=National Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=muslimleague>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uG0AAAAIAAJ&q=establishment+of+full+independence+in+the+form+of+a+federation+of+free+democratic+states+in+which+interests+of+the+1937+Musalmans+and+other+minorities+are+adequately+effectively+safeguarded+in+the+Constitution|title=Chronology of Pakistan Movement: December 29, 1930-August 14, 1947|date=1985|publisher=National Archives of Pakistan|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref2>{{Cite web|title=Tribute to an enlightened man {{!}} Political Economy {{!}} thenews.com.pk|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/561768-tribute-enlightened-man|access-date=2020-12-19|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref3>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-20|title=Dawn of freedom|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340555|access-date=2020-12-19|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref4>{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Riaz|title=All India Muslim League and the creation of Pakistan (A chronology), 2006|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i Azam University|page=9}}</ref>

<ref name=ref5>{{Cite journal|last=Malik|first=Nadeem Sharif|date=2012|title=Formation of the All India Muslim League and its Response to some Foreign Issues – 1906 – 1911|url=http://lcwu.edu.pk/ocd/cfiles/History/Min/hist/101/ALLINDIAMUSLIMLEAGUE1906-19-winter2012.pdf|journal=Journal of Political Studies|volume=19|issue=– 2|via=Icwu.edu.pk|access-date=2020-12-20|archive-date=2021-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903191651/http://lcwu.edu.pk/ocd/cfiles/History/Min/hist/101/ALLINDIAMUSLIMLEAGUE1906-19-winter2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=ref6>{{Cite book|last=Bahadur|first=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gdAAAAMAAJ&q=ibrahim+rahmatullah+muslim+league+agra+1913|title=The Muslim League, Its History, Activities & Achievements|date=1979|publisher=Book Traders|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref7>{{Cite book|last=Nizami|first=Zafar Ahmad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Kk-DwAAQBAJ&q=maulana+mazharul+haque+bombay+muslim+league&pg=PT59|title=HAKIM AJMAL KHAN|date=2016-08-27|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2644-2|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref8>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sudheendra|title=The Tilak-Jinnah pact embodied communal harmony that is much needed in modern-day India|url=https://scroll.in/article/968926/the-tilak-jinnah-pact-embodied-communal-harmony-that-is-much-needed-in-modern-day-india|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Scroll.in|date=3 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name=ref9>{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Shan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiFuAAAAMAAJ&q=muhammad+ali+muhammad+khan+bombay+1918+muslim+league|title=The Growth of Muslim Politics in India, 1900-1919|date=1991|publisher=Ashish Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7024-418-9|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref10>{{Cite book|last=Qureshi|first=M. Naeem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C&q=a+k+faizul+haq+delhi+1918+muslim+league&pg=PA491|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924|date=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11371-8|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref11>{{Cite book|last=Pirzada|first=Syed Sharifuddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dn1DAAAAYAAJ&q=%E2%80%9Ccomplete+self-government%22+%22in+the+reforms+recently+enacted%22|title=Foundations of Pakistan: 1906-1947|date=1990|publisher=National Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref12>{{Cite book|last1=Shaik̲h̲|first1=ʻAtīq Ẓafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGpQAQAAMAAJ&q=abdul+qadir+delhi+%221926%22+muslim+league|title=Pakistan Resolution and the Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940|last2=Ali|first2=Ashraf|last3=Riyāz̤|first3=Malik Muḥammad|date=1998|publisher=National Archives of Pakistan|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref13>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of India|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/the_congress_league_scheme_1916__inc___aiml__1st%20January%201916|access-date=2020-12-19|website=www.constitutionofindia.net}}</ref>

<ref name=ref14>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Ishtiaq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hP9DwAAQBAJ&q=indian+constitutional+reform+1918+people+of+India+are+unfit+for+responsible+government&pg=PT60|title=Jinnah: His Successes, Failures and Role in History|date=2020-09-11|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-664-3|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=thestatement>{{cite web|title=The statement-Allama Iqbal's Presidential Address at Allahabad 1930|url=http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician13.htm|publisher=The Quaid.gov|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093504/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician13.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name=lahoreresolution>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-23|title=An interpretation of the Lahore Resolution|url=https://www.dawn.com/2013/03/23/an-interpretation-of-the-lahore-resolution/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref15>{{Cite web|title=Speech by M. A. Jinnah to the Muslim League, Lucknow, 1937|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lucknow_1937.html|access-date=2020-12-19|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref>

<ref name=ref16>{{Cite book|last=Leadbeater|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeIqCgAAQBAJ&q=the+establishment+in+India+of+full+independence+in+the+form+of+federation+of+free+democratic+States+in+which&pg=PT108|title=Access to History: Indian Independence 1914-64 Second Edition|date=2015-09-25|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-1-4718-3813-2|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref17>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dr Mohan Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whdYDAAAQBAJ&q=the+aim+of+all+india+muslim+league+is+to+establish+a+state+madras+jinnah&pg=PT13|title=How Did Pakistan Emerge?: Told Untold Story of Pakistan's Creation|publisher=Shubhda Prakashan|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=hasrat>{{Cite web|title=PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF HASRAT MOHANI(1921 – All India Muslim League, Annual Session) – Hasrat Mohani Trust|url=https://hasratmohanitrust.net/presidential-address-of-hasrat-mohani/|access-date=2020-12-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name=ref18>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wf4VAQAAMAAJ&q=balfour+declaration+jinnah+muslim+league+1938+patna|title=Pakistan Pictorial|date=1999|publisher=Pakistan Publications|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref19>{{Cite news|title=How India's Muslim backlash, led by Jinnah, thwarted the Balfour Declaration|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/how-india-s-muslim-backlash-wrecked-the-balfour-declaration-1.5461135|access-date=2020-12-20|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref20>{{Cite book|last=Matinuddin|first=Kamal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aONtAAAAMAAJ&q=fazlul+haq+expelled+muslim+league+1942+%22allahabad%22|title=Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis, 1968-1971|date=1994|publisher=Wajidalis|isbn=978-969-8031-19-0|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref21>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-24|title=KARACHI 1943: A PROCESSION IN TRIUMPH|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1341487|access-date=2020-12-20|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref22>{{Cite book|last=Nanda|first=B. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGGrAgAAQBAJ&q=abdul+aziz+group+hidayat+group+muslim+league&pg=PT130|title=Road to Pakistan: The Life and Times of Mohammad Ali Jinnah|date=2013-07-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-70476-5|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref23>{{Cite web|date=Jun 28, 2015|title=How Jinnah lost his love, and political relevance - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/How-Jinnah-lost-his-love-and-political-relevance/articleshow/47845905.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=ref24>{{Cite web|last=Hamdani|first=Yasser Latif|date=2020-07-01|title=Jinnah didn't join the Muslim League right away. He had one condition|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/jinnah-didnt-join-the-muslim-league-right-away-he-had-one-condition/451615/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Presidents of the All-India Muslim League}}
[[Category:All-India Muslim League]]

Chas, Maharashtra

2026-03-09T11:50:08Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chas
| other_name =
| nicknames = Chas Mauli, Chas Narodi, Chas Ambegaon
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Chas_main_gate.jpg
| image_caption = The entrance arch built by '''Ramchandra Vishnupant Bhor'''
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.052342|N|73.881426|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ambegaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2300
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410515
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02133
| registration_plate = MH 14
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Manchar]] [[Ghodegaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Ambegaon]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chas''' is a small town on the banks of the river [[Ghod River]] in [[Ambegaon]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsac.gov.in/sites/default/files/TH_PCT_Ambegaon.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024807/http://www.mrsac.gov.in/sites/default/files/TH_PCT_Ambegaon.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> taluka of [[Pune district]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pune.gov.in/about-pune/map-of-district/ | title=Map of District | District Pune, Government of Maharashtra | India }}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==Geography==

Chas is located at {{coord|19.052342|N|73.881426|E|}} and falls under [[Ambegaon Taluka]]. It is situated 6 km from the sub-district headquarters, [[Ghodegaon]], and 82 km from [[Pune]]. The village is located at the foothills of the Sahyadri Mountain range, to the north of Pune city.

The female population is 49.5%. The village has a literacy rate of 74.0%, with a female literacy rate of 33.5%.

<gallery mode=packed-overlay>

Chas 1.jpg

</gallery>

The total geographical area of the village is 360.05 hectares. Chas has a population of approximately 2,300 people and consists of about 504 houses. The village covers areas including Kadewadi, Ganeshwadi, Thakarwadi, Jambhalemala, and Chas itself.

The nearest Police station is [[Ghodegaon]] Police Station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://puneruralpolice.gov.in/PoliceStation?ps=33|title = पोलीस ठाणी | पुणे ग्रामीण पोलीस}}</ref>

==History of Chas==

This village is blessed by the presence of [[Dnyaneshwar|Saint Dnyaneshwar]] Maharaj. Sri Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj had recited the Vedas from a Reda (sacred book) named Gyana. Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj, Nivrittinath, [[Sopan]], and [[Muktabai|Muktai]], four siblings, took that Reda to Alandi.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| [[File:Chas Mauli.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Dnyaneshwar Maharaj at Chas]]
| [[File:Chas History.jpg|thumb|Chas History]]
|}

On their way, the Gyana Reda passed away while they were coming to Ale in [[Junnar]] Taluka. The four siblings were deeply saddened by this loss, and they performed the last rites for Reda in Ale. Later, while traveling to [[Bhimashankar]], they reached the place of Chas. Mauli decided that Redya's Dasakriya ritual should be performed at the Dakshina Vahini river basin. Upon reaching Chas, they saw the southward flow of the river.

The [[Ghod River|Ghod river]] flows eastward at this place, and the area faces naturally south. It was here that Mauli performed the Dashakriya of Redya.

A unique feature of this river is that the Ghodnadi flows from east to south. According to spiritual science, the flow of the Dakshina Vahini river is considered sacred, and bathing in its waters is considered as holy as bathing at the [[Kumbh Mela]].

Mauli established this location for the Dasakriya ritual and performed Redya's final rites according to the scriptural rituals.

'''The 12th Century'''

In the 12th century, the villagers built a stone mausoleum on a square stone platform at this location. This samadhi, which later became known as Mhasoba, the village deity, is the same Mhasoba from whose mouth Mauli had recited the Vedas. Every year, the Mhasoba Yatra Utsav is celebrated with great enthusiasm, from the full moon of Chaitra Shuddha 7 to Chaitra Shuddha 13.

The sanctity of this place is mentioned in many religious texts. This pilgrimage site is famously known as Navsala Pavana Mhasoba. Thousands of devotees have experienced its blessings. Many pilgrims visiting [[Bhimashankar Temple|Bhimashankar]], [[Lenyadri]], and Ozar feel that their journey is incomplete without a visit to this place. The greatness of this place has been unique since the 12th century.

'''1959-1960'''

During this period, Vaikuntha resident H.B.P. Guruvarya Kondaji visited this place to perform kirtan service and explained to the villagers the sacred importance of the site. He encouraged them to build a temple in honor of Saint Dnyaneshwar Maharaj.

Following the request of Dere Baba, a beautiful marble idol of Mauli was created, and a temple shaped like a fish was erected. A nearby temple dedicated to Mukta Devi was also built.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
| [[File:Mauli Temple Old Photo.jpg|thumb|Mauli Temple Old Photo]]
| [[File:Dnyaneshwar temple old construction (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ज्ञानेश्वर मंदिराची जुनी बांधणी - १]]
| [[File:Dnyaneshwar temple old construction (2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ज्ञानेश्वर मंदिराची जुनी बांधणी - २]]
| [[File:ज्ञानेश्वर मंदीर जुनी फोटो.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ज्ञानेश्वर मंदिराचा जुना फोटो]]
|-
| [[File:Dnyaneshwar temple 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ज्ञानेश्वर मंदिर - समोरचा देखावा]]
|}

Later, the villagers decided to restore the temple and held a meeting at the Maruti temple. The Bhoomi Poojan (ground-breaking ceremony) for the new temple was performed with the auspicious hands of Sakhre Maharaj of Alandi. Today, a beautiful temple stands in this sacred place.

Since the 12th century, this site has been considered very sacred by devotees. Bathing in the river here is considered as holy as bathing at the [[Kumbh Mela]].

==Agricultural==
[[Agriculture]] is the main occupation of the village. The most commonly grown crop is bajra, along with vegetables such as potatoes, tomatoes, and onions. Farmers also cultivate fruits like grapes and bananas.

The [[Ghod River]] flows through the village, providing a vital water supply for local farmers. The village is also connected to the [[Dimbhe Dam]] water canal. Chas has a reliable water supply from the [[Dimbhe Dam]] Canal, [[Ghod River]], and monsoon rains, enabling farmers to cultivate crops throughout the year.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:Khandi chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Khandi Chas]]
| [[File:Mahadya Dongar at Chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Mahadya Dongar at Chas]]
| [[File:Chas_General.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|General view of Chas]]
| [[File:Chas_Bandhara.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas Bandhara]]
| [[File:Chas_Village.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas Village]]
|}

During the Monsoon 2019, the famous Dnyaneshwar temple was under water. Due to heavy monsoon rains, the [[Dimbhe Dam]] released 22,000 cusecs of water into the [[Ghod River]] on August 29, 2022.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| [[File:Chas_Temple.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Chas Temple]]
| [[File:LQIF5459.jpg|thumb|upright=1|View of Chas]]
| 
| 
|-
| [[File:Shree_Sant_Dnyaneshwar_Maharaj_Temple,_Chas.ogg|link=Shree_Sant_Dnyaneshwar_Maharaj_Temple,_Chas.ogg|Dnyaneshwar Maharaj Temple (audio)]]
| [[File:Heavy_Rain_at_Chas_Sept_2022.ogg|link=Heavy_Rain_at_Chas_Sept_2022.ogg|Smhashan Bhumi, Chas (audio)]]
| 
| 
|}

==Education at Chas==
Chas has a primary school that offers education up to the 4th standard, and Sant Dnyaneshwar Vidyalaya provides education up to the 10th standard. The primary school was established in 1855.

Sant Dnyaneshwar Vidyalaya was founded on June 13, 1977. Mr. Shinde Guruji was the first principal of the school, and Mr. Aaayub Inamdar and Mr. Sambhaji Barve were the first teachers.

After completing their SSC, students typically choose a college in either Ghodegaon or Manchar for higher studies. For many years, the SSC passing percentage at Sant Dnyaneshwar Vidyalaya has been 100%.

The total campus area of the school is ten and a half acres, which includes the building, a playground, and a tamarind orchard. Various activities are conducted in the school, including an open gym, IBT, library, ICT, and many other programs.

Around 450 students study at the school. Students come from villages such as Sakore, Amondi, Girwali, Narodi, and others to receive their education.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| [[File:Sant Dnyaneshwar Vidyalaya(chas).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Sant Dnyaneshwar Vidyalaya]]
| [[File:Primary school at chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Primary school at Chas]]
| [[File:Chas_School.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Sending-off ceremony - 29 Aug 2021]]
|}

==Festivals and Temples in Chas==
Events like the local Yatra, [[Wrestling]], [[Tamasha]], and various religious observances, including [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], are celebrated with great enthusiasm in Chas. The village is home to many temples that attract devotees from all over the state.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| [[File:Sri_Ram_chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|New Ram Temple]]
| [[File:Maharaj temple chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj]]
| [[File:Murtis at chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ancient murti]]
| [[File:Shani temple at chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Shani Maharaj]]
| [[File:Nandi at chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Nandi sculpture next to Shankar Temple]]
| [[File:Shankar_Murti_at_Chas_RV_Bhor.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Shankar Murti]]
| [[File:Pirache_mandir.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Pirache Mandir]]
|}

[[Bullock cart]] races are an integral part of life in Chas and are widely recognized throughout [[Pune district]]. Here is a photo from the 2011 race in Chas.

[[File:Bullock_cart_Race.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.25|Bullock Cart Race]]

The villagers of Chas have constructed a new Ram Mandir{{anchor|Ram Mandir}} to replace the old temple, which was 100 years old. The newly constructed Hindu Ram temple in Chas was opened to devotees on Saturday, March 25, 2023, in a grand ceremony.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| [[File:Ram_Mandir_at_Chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ram Mandir at Chas]]
| [[File:Chas2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|View of Chas]]
| [[File:Mandir_under_construction.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Mandir under construction]]
| [[File:Ram_Temple_June_2021.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ram Temple June 2021]]
|-
| [[File:Chas_temple_front.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas temple front]]
| [[File:Ram_Mandir_Sept_2022.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ram Mandir September 2022]]
| [[File:Chas_temple.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas temple view]]
| [[File:Ram_temple_2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Another view of Ram Temple]]
|-
| [[File:Ram_temple_yatra.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ram Temple Yatra]]
| [[File:Ram_tempe_mirvanook.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ram Temple Mirvanook]]
| [[File:चास कीर्तन गट.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas Kirtan Group]]
| [[File:चास कीर्तन गट 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas Kirtan Group 2]]
|}

==750th Birth Anniversary Celebrations of Sant Dnyaneshwar (2025)==

'''Event:''' 750th Birth Anniversary (Saptashatkotar Suvarna Mahotsav) of Shri Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj

The 750th Birth Anniversary Celebrations of [[Sant Dnyaneshwar]] are planned to be held in Chas, on the banks of the Ghodnadi river, from 24 October 2025 to 31 October 2025.

'''Purpose:'''
Celebration of Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj’s life, teachings, and spiritual guidance, with religious discourses, devotional singing, rituals, and community participation. The festival is a major spiritual and cultural event designed to promote devotion, community involvement, and the teachings of Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj.

The event will include spiritual discourses, kirtans, and cultural programs, with participation from devotees and scholars from across the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=750th Birth Anniversary of Sant Jnaneshwar Maharaj: Maha Governor launches logo |url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/750th-birth-anniversary-of-sant-jnaneshwar-maharaj-maha-governor-launches-logo/ |website=Raj Bhavan Maharashtra |access-date=2025-10-03}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| [[File:Chas Mauli.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Dnyaneshwar Maharaj at Chas]]
| [[File:Agenda for 7 days Saptah.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75| Agenda for 7 days Saptah]]
| [[File:Chas Temple during 750th Birth Anniversary celebrations.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas Temple during 750th Birth Anniversary celebrations]]
| [[File:Celebrations On the 750th Birth Anniversary.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Celebrations on the 750th Birth Anniversary]]
| [[File:Kirtan On the 750th Birth Anniversary celebrations.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Kirtan on the 750th Birth Anniversary celebrations at the temple hall]]
|[[File:Denagi Kaksh Accepted by Sachin Bhor.jpg|thumb|Denagi cheque Accepted by Sachin Bhor]]
|}

==Senior citizen==

Chas has a senior citizen group, led by President Mr. Inamdar, a recipient of the National Teachers Award presented by the President of India. This group focuses on catering to the needs and interests of older adults and helps drive village-focused benefit schemes.

[[File:Chas Senior Citizen group.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.0|Senior Citizens of Chas during community event]]

==Tourism==
Tourist sites include the Saint [[Dnyaneshwar Maharaj]] temple. At Chas, on the bank of [[Ghod River]], Dashkriya Vidhi (10th ritual after death) of Dnyanoba Mauli's buffalo (reda) took place. The buffalo is said to have died in Ale village and his tomb was constructed on the bank of Chas.

Many rock pools can be seen in the river, and numerous formations of queues are present. This nature-rich village attracts both tourists and devotees.

Recently, the state government has included Chas village in a list of Grade C pilgrimage places.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:Dnyaneshwar_Main_Temple.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Dnyaneshwar Main Temple]]
| [[File:Kirtan Palakhi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Kirtan Palakhi celebration]]
| [[File:Dnyaneshwar_temple_2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Another view of Dnyaneshwar Temple]]
| [[File:Kund_at_Chas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Sacred Kund at Chas]]
| [[File:Dnyaneshwar_temple.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Dnyaneshwar Temple front view]]
| [[File:Dashkriya Vidhi Pravesh Dwar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Dashkriya Vidhi at Pravesh Dwar]]
| [[File:Chas's Ves.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chas's Ves cultural event]]
|}

The film industry has also been captivated by these scenic locations. Many Marathi and Hindi film serials have been filmed here

Shooting of films like Pak Pak Pakaak (2005) - पक पक पकाक <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1069262/|title = Pak Pak Pakaak|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref> and Gauracha Navra (1988) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12182224/|title = Gauracha Navra|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref> have been shot here.

== Leopard attacks in Chas==

[[Leopard]] population around Chas village has grown over the last 10 years. Recently, the frequency of leopard attacks has increased, resulting in 5 people suffering minor to major injuries between 2019 and early 2020. It has been observed that these leopards have adapted to changing land patterns and now prefer to live near human habitats for survival.

The local administration has proposed a leopard safari project in [[Ambegaon taluka|Ambegaon]], [[Junnar]] Taluka. This initiative is expected to attract wildlife enthusiasts and promote eco-tourism in the region.<ref>hindustantimes.com/pune-news/why-junnar-safari-will-give-35-leopards-better-life/story-jgrypXJVGHBVUEL9fB2tMJ.html</ref>

==Administration and Politics==

The village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]], who is an [[elected representative]] as per the [[Constitution of India]] and the [[Panchayati Raj]]. Mrs. Archana Daulat Barve is the Sarpanch of Chas-Mauli, while Aashatai Khandu Parghi serves as the Sarpanch of Thakarwadi - Chas.

[[Dilip Walse-Patil]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] is the current MLA and Ex-Cabinet Minister, served as Ministry of Co-operation as the Minister in [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/politics/dilip-walse-patil-dhananjay-munde-nawab-malik-take-oath-as-cabinet-ministers-in-maharashtra-government-574930| title = Dilip Walse Patil, Dhananjay Munde, Nawab Malik take oath as cabinet ministers in Maharashtra government| date = 30 December 2019}}</ref> from [[Ambegaon]] [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=727|title=Dilip Dattatray Walse Patil(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- AMBEGAON(PUNE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
Dr. [[Amol Kolhe]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] is the current member of parliament (MP) from [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4143|title = Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref>

Mr. Sachin Bhor Patil of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] is a youth leader for [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://checkmatetimes.com/news/NewsDetailDisplay.aspx?NewsCode=1000000590 |title=शिरुर लोकसभा राष्ट्रवादी युवक कॉंग्रेसच्या अध्यक्षपदी सचिन भोर sachin bhor, NCP pune, shirur NCP, ajit pawar, sunil tatkare, dilip valse patil, pune rural NCP |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024746/http://checkmatetimes.com/news/NewsDetailDisplay.aspx?NewsCode=1000000590 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Shri. Balasaheb G. Shekhar, a retired IPS officer, is a resident of Chas. Previously, Mr. Shekhar served as DIG, Nashik and Additional Commissioner of Police (Crime) in Navi Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/b-g-shekhar-is-new-dig-for-nashik-range/articleshow/85611213.cms|title = B G Shekhar is new DIG for Nashik Range | Nashik News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

His daughter, Janhavi Shekhar Patil, is currently serving as an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. She completed her schooling in Nashik before pursuing a degree in civil engineering from Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/farmers-son-among-five-from-district-clear-upsc/articleshow/109359577.cms |title=Farmers' son among five from district clears UPSC |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

Deputy Commissioner (Education), Mrs. Vasundhara Barve, and Deputy Commissioner (General Administration) are residents of Chas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/news/district-level-school-ground-competitions-inaugurated-enthusiasm |title=District-level school ground competitions inaugurated with enthusiasm |website=Pune Municipal Corporation |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

In February 2026, Mrs. Preeti Pravin Thorat won the Pune Zilla Parishad polls, which were held after a nine-year interval. She is the new member from Kalabh Chandoli. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune/pune-zp-winner-list-2026-maharashtra-zilla-parishad-panchayat-samiti-election-results-updates-rak-94-5703197/}}
</ref>

Earlier, Tulsi Sachin Bhor of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] was the local representative of Kalamb - Chandoli BK (Zilha Parishad Pune).

==COVID-19 Pandemic in Chas==

Many local migrants who had traveled from bustling cities like Pune, Mumbai, and other parts of India returned to their hometowns to avoid the spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]].

[[File:Chas_Corona_time.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Chas during the Corona period]]

In accordance with the Government of Maharashtra’s COVID-19 regulations, they were promptly quarantined at Sant Dnyaneshwar Vidyalaya to ensure their safety and that of the local community.

The state government mandated strict quarantine and health monitoring for returnees, along with contact tracing and preventive measures, to curb community transmission.

A strict and comprehensive lockdown was subsequently imposed in Chas, following the detailed directives issued by the Government of Maharashtra, in an effort to contain the spread of infection and maintain public health.

==Transportation==
Chas is well connected by both public and private transport to [[Ghodegaon]], [[Manchar]], and [[Kalamb, Ambegaon|Kalamb]].

The village is located just 9 km (5.6 mi) east of the Pune-Nashik [[National Highway 60 (India)]].

A proposed rail link between [[Pune]] and [[Nashik]] is expected to enhance future connectivity. The nearest international and domestic airport is [[Pune Airport]] at Lohegaon.

==Nearby Attractions==
* [[Bhimashankar Temple]],
* [[Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary]],
* [[Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar]],
* [[Lenyadri]],
* [[Girawali Observatory]],
* [[Shivneri]],
* [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] [[Khodad]],
* [[Narayangad]],

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Cite web|title=Official Pune District webpage|url=https://pune.gov.in/}}
{{Pune district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]

XV Corps (India)

2026-03-09T06:22:04Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{About|the present-day formation of the Indian Army|British Indian formation of the Second World War|XV Corps (British India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = XV Corps
| image = File:XV Corps, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Chinar Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 1916-1918 1942-1945 1948-Present<ref name="100Seasons">{{cite book|title=A Hundred Seasons : Chinar Corps Saga of Valour & Sacrifice|publisher=Chinar Corps|place=Srinagar|year=2016}}</ref>
| country = {{IND}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| type =
| role = Holding [[Corps]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Northern Command, Indian Army.png|21px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
| garrison = [[Badami Bagh]], [[Srinagar]]
| nickname = ''Chinar Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = 
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| notable_commanders = [[General (India)|General]] [[S. M. Shrinagesh]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Prashant Srivastava {{postnominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|UYSM|AVSM|SM}}
| ceremonial_chief =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]]|next=[[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]]}}

The '''XV Corps''', also known as the '''Chinar Corps''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinar Corps on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/chinarcorpsia|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Corps]] of the [[Indian Army]] which is presently located in [[Srinagar]] and responsible for military operations in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. It has participated in all military conflicts with Pakistan and China to date.<ref name="100Seasons" /> [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Prashant Srivastava is the current Corps Commander since 05 October 2024 taking over from [[Lt Gen]] [[Rajiv Ghai]].

==History==
HQ XV Corps was first raised in Egypt at [[Port Said]] on January 12, 1916, under the command of Lieutenant General Sir [[Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne|Henry Horne]] who was sacked after killing of five under command Indian soldiers.{{Citation needed|reason=unsourced edit|date=April 2024}} It was part of the [[British Indian Army]] during the [[First World War]] for operations in Egypt and France. Disbanded in 1918, it was re-raised on March 20, 1942, at [[Barrackpore]] for combat operations in [[Burma]] during [[World War II]], and after the war, it served in [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/15-corps-celebrates-raising-day-29318|title=15 Corps celebrates Raising Day|date=2015-01-12|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref>

Disbanded in Karachi in 1947 after repatriation, it was re-raised after India gained independence, as part of the [[Indian Army]], in 1948 as HQ Jammu and Kashmir Force. It underwent a number of name changes till its final re-designation as HQ 15 Corps in 1955 in [[Udhampur]]. In June 1972, HQ Northern Command was raised to take over operational control of Jammu & Kashmir. HQ 15 Corps moved to Srinagar to take charge of the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. After [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]], HQ 15 Corps was made solely responsible for military operations in the Kashmir Valley.<ref name="100Seasons"/>

==Formation Sign==
The design consists of the 'red-white-red background' depicting a corps of the Indian Army with a [[Platanus orientalis|Chinar leaf]] and a battle axe superimposed on it.

==Order of battle==
The corps currently consists of:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armys-elite-counter-insurgency-unit-rashtriya-rifles-turns-25-tomorrow/articleshow/49171891.cms?from=mdr|title=Army's elite counter-insurgency unit Rashtriya Rifles turns 25 tomorrow|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2018-07-11|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2006/kashmir20060209b.html|title=In Kashmir, Army Chief Sends Word Down The Line: No Custody Death|date=2006-02-09|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref>

*'''[[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Mountain Division]]''' (Dagger Division) headquartered at [[Baramulla]]
*'''[[28th Infantry Division (India)|28th Infantry Division]]''' (Vajr Division) headquartered at [[Kupwara]]
*One [[Indian Army#Bhairav Light Commando Battalions|Bhairav Light Commando Battalion]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-08-25 |title=Army ramps up two-front readiness, 5 Bhairav Commando units ready for frontline deployment |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-ramps-up-two-front-readiness-5-bhairav-commando-units-ready-for-frontline-deployment/2727902/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=Bhairav commandos to add muscle to Army by October 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhairav-commandos-to-add-muscle-to-army-by-october-31/articleshow/123592968.cms |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-22 |title=New weapons, specialist units to boost army’s capabilities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-weapons-specialist-units-to-boost-army-s-capabilities-101761147308953.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*''Kilo Force''', '''Victor Force'' of the [[Rashtriya Rifles]] come under the operational control of the corps

== List of Commanders / General Officer Commanding (GOC) ==
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
| rowspan="34" |[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[S. M. Shrinagesh]]
|September 1948
|January 1948
|[[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-12-72_276.pdf|title=General S. M. Shrinagesh passes away|date=1977-12-27|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=VK|title=Leadership in the Indian Army, Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2005|page=105|isbn=978-0761933229}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mohinder Singh Wadalia]]
|1957
|1959
|[[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010522/nation.htm#9|title=First Vice-Chief of Army Staff cremated|date=2001-05-22|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref>
|-
|Shiv Dev Verma
|January 1959
|1961
|[[16th Light Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jogindar|title=Behind The Scene: An Analysis of India's Military Operations 1947–1971|year=1993|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1897829202|page=53}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bikram Singh (general, born 1911)|Bikram Singh]]
|June 1961
|22 November 1963
|[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1963-11-28_183.pdf|title=Gazette of India|date=1963-11-23|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kashmir Singh Katoch]]
|November 1963
|7 June 1966
|[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-11-22_214.pdf|title=Lt Gen KS Katoch retires|date=1970-11-22|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sartaj Singh (general)|Sartaj Singh]]
|1970
|January 1973
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-01-22_048.pdf|title=Generals promoted Army Commanders|date=1973-01-22|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref><ref name="Khullar 2017">{{cite book|last=Khullar|first=Darshan |title= Themes of Glory: Indian Artillery in War|date=2017|publisher= VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd|isbn=978-9385563973|page=}}</ref>
|-
|R K Jasbir Singh
|
|
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article8188.html|title=In Memory Of Late Shujaat Bukhari|date=2018-09-01|access-date=2021-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jul/16bomb2.htm|title=Defence expert says clear nuclear doctrine crucial for India|date=1998-06-16|access-date=2021-08-10}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Though commissioned into the 4th Gorkha Rifles, he was later transferred to the [[Jat Regiment]]}}
|-
|Prem Nath Hoon
|3 August 1983
|1984
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/general-who-secured-siachen-for-india-is-no-more/story-9ODUz1FGRixfQQBY0cvWjO.html|title=Lt Gen PN Hoon, who secured Siachen for India in 1984, dies at 90|date=2020-01-07|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Though commissioned into the 4 Sikh, he was later transferred to the [[Dogra Regiment]]}}
|-
|[[Mohammad Ahmed Zaki]]
|October 1989
|June 1991
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/Past_Vice_Chancellors_Profile-16/Lt_Gen_Retd_MA_Zaki-2188|title=Lt Gen (Retd) M.A. Zaki|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]]
|July 1993
|February 1995
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=BBB/qMzCq5VxZ3GhoNbT8g==&ParentID=UyuqhWCMS2PAmbcTMwqtTw==|title=General S Padmanabhan|access-date=2021-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/aug/01josy.htm|title=Lt Gen Sundararajan Padmanabhan to be next army chief|date=2000-08-01|access-date=2021-08-10}}</ref>
|-
|J S Dhillon
|March 1995
|
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/words-of-wisdom-put-in-your-best-enjoy-what-you-do-results-will-follow-says-war-veteran/story-XPgi6Ag1U2nREvDurp1uVM.html|title=Words of wisdom: Put in your best, enjoy what you do, results will follow, says war veteran|date=2019-05-05|access-date=2021-08-10}}</ref>
|-
|Krishan Pal
|1999
|January 2000
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-commanders-who-failed/210113|title=The Commanders Who Failed|work=www.outlookindia.com/|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/08jk.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Lt Gen Krishan Pal to be shifted out of 15 Corps|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|John Ranjan Mukherjee
|January 2000
|17 April 2002
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/16inter.htm|title=The Indian Army is not a tired army|date=2001-04-16|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
|-
|Vinayak Gopal Patankar
|18 April 2002
|17 July 2003
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/07inter.htm|title=Lt Gen V G Patankar on minority targets in J&K|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nirbhay Sharma]]
|18 July 2003
|14 June 2005
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/lt-gen-nirbhay-sharma-takes-over-as-goc-of-15-corps_111689.html?pfrom=article-next-story|title=Lt Gen Nirbhay Sharma takes over as G-O-C of 15 corps|date=2003-07-18|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sarabjit Singh Dhillon]]
|15 June 2005
|22 October 2006
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dhillion-to-take-over-as-goc-of-15-corps/304552|title=Dhillion to take over as GOC of 15 Corps|work=www.outlookindia.com/|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|Amarjeet Singh Sekhon
|23 October 2006
|23 November 2007
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/lt-gen-sekhon-takes-over/13589.html|title=Lt Gen Sekhon takes over}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/new-goc-for-srinagar-based-15-corps/article18484541.ece|title=New GOC for Srinagar-based 15 Corps|date=2006-10-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Mukesh Sabharwal
|24 November 2007
|2008
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lt-General-Sabharwal-takes-charge-of-15-Corps/articleshow/2566990.cms|title=Lt General Sabharwal takes charge of 15 Corps - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Gen.-Sabharwal-takes-over-as-Srinagarrsquos-15-Corps-GOC/article14882317.ece|title=Gen. Sabharwal takes over as Srinagar's 15 Corps GOC|date=2007-11-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]
|2008
|31 October 2009
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=Lv8v2pRxXM1Xlp+Ax3IDSw==&ParentID=mH1zcfcwta6a0rx6mpCu2g==|title=General Bikram Singh (01 Jun 2012 to 31 Jul 2014)|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
|-
|N C Marwah
|30 November 2009
|3 December 2010
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/marwah-is-new-goc-15-corps/64407.html|title=Marwah is new GOC 15 Corps|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122451/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/marwah-is-new-goc-15-corps/64407.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-marwah-takes-over-as-commander-of-15th-corps-1318438|title=Marwah takes over as commander of 15th Corps {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2009-11-30|work=dna|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Syed Ata Hasnain]]
|4 December 2010
|8 June 2012
|[[The Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/after-two-decades-muslim-officer-to-command-srinagarbased-15-corps/699847/|title=After two decades, Muslim officer to command Srinagar-based 15 Corps - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/muslim-general-takes-charge-to-thwart-pak-offensive-along-loc/articleshow/7045697.cms|title=Muslim General takes charge to thwart Pak offensive along LoC|date=2010-12-05|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Om Prakash (general)|Om Prakash]]
|9 June 2012
|9 June 2013
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/lt-gen-om-prakash-takes-over-as-new-goc-of-15-corps/story-w5y40G8rIBOwHcbmiWcvXO.html|title=Lt Gen Om Prakash takes over as new GOC of 15 Corps|date=2012-06-09|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gurmit Singh (general)|Gurmit Singh]]
|10 June 2013
|25 June 2014
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/lt-gen-gurmeet-singh-to-take-over-as-goc-15-corps/148374.html|title=Lt Gen Gurmeet Singh to take over as GOC 15 Corps}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/goc-15-corps-lt-general-gurmit-singh-addressing-a-press-conference-at-army-headquarters-in-badami-bagh-in-srinagar-on-wednesday-uni/|title=GOC 15 Corps Lt General Gurmit Singh addressing a press conference at Army headquarters in Badami Bagh in Srinagar on Wednesday. (UNI)|date=2013-10-03|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/lt-gen-gurmeet-singh-new-chinar-corps-goc-859321.html|title=Lt Gen Gurmeet Singh new Chinar corps GOC|date=2013-06-10|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Subrata Saha
|26 June 2014
|25 November 2015
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/lt-gen-subrata-saha-takes-goc-15-corps-srinagar-1590193.html|title=Lt Gen Subrata Saha takes over as GOC 15 Corps in Srinagar|date=2014-06-26|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Satish Dua]]
|26 November 2015
|31 October 2016
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=153225|title=Lt Gen Satish Dua takes over as CISC|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-dua-takes-over-command-of-15-corps/124887.html|title=Lt Gen Dua takes over command of 15 Corps|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711075143/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-dua-takes-over-command-of-15-corps/124887.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jaswinder Singh Sandhu (general)|Jaswinder Singh Sandhu]]
|1 November 2016
|14 December 2017
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-sandhu-takes-over-as-goc-15-corps/317312.html|title=Lt Gen Sandhu takes over as GoC, 15 Corps|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111000322/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-sandhu-takes-over-as-goc-15-corps/317312.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anil Kumar Bhatt]]
|15 December 2017
|7 February 2019
|[[9th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/lt-gen-a-k-bhatt-new-goc-15-corps|title=Lt Gen A K Bhatt new GoC 15 Corps|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711075122/http://risingkashmir.com/news/lt-gen-a-k-bhatt-new-goc-15-corps|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon]]
|8 February 2019
|29 February 2020
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-dhillon-takes-over-as-goc-15-corps/726048.html |title=Lt Gen Dhillon takes over as GOC 15 Corps |website=www.tribuneindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208185041/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-dhillon-takes-over-as-goc-15-corps/726048.html |archive-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>
|-
|[[B. S. Raju]]
|1 March 2020
|17 March 2021
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Lieutenant General BS Raju: 'Present situation in Kashmir stable but fragile… peace goal for forces' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lieutenant-general-bs-raju-present-situation-in-kashmir-stable-but-fragile-peace-goal-for-forces-6385498/ |access-date=21 August 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Devendra Pratap Pandey]]
|17 March 2021
|9 May 2022
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/lt-gen-dp-pandey-takes-command-of-chinar-corps-101615983311147.html | title=Lt Gen DP Pandey takes command of Chinar Corps | date=17 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Amardeep Singh Aujla]]
|9 May 2022
|14 June 2023
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/lt-gen-amardeep-singh-aujla-takes-over-as-goc-chinar-corps-393284|title=Lt Gen Amardeep Singh Aujla takes over as GoC 15 Corps|date=2022-05-09|access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajiv Ghai]]
|15 June 2023
|5 October 2024
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/lt-gen-rajiv-ghai-assumes-chinar-corps-command-517171|title=
Lt Gen Rajiv Ghai assumes Chinar Corps command|date=2023-06-14|access-date=2023-06-14}}</ref>
|-
|Prashant Srivastava
|5 October 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-prashant-srivastava-assumes-command-of-armys-chinar-corps20241005125039|title=Lt Gen Prashant Srivastava assumes command of Army's Chinar Corps|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2024-10-11|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005090219/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-prashant-srivastava-assumes-command-of-armys-chinar-corps20241005125039/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{twitter|ChinarcorpsIA}}

==Further reading==
*Richard A. Renaldi and Ravi Rikhe, 'Indian Army Order of Battle,' Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC, {{ISBN|978-0-9820541-7-8}}, 2011.

{{Indian Army}}
{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:15 Corps (India)}}
[[Category:Corps of India|015]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II| ]]

Madhyamvarg: The Middle Class

2026-03-04T09:46:52Z

AlfonzoEsh: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Madhyamvarg: The Middle Class
| native_name = मध्यमवर्ग - द मिड्डल क्लास
| image = Madhyamvarg_The_Middle_Class.jpg
| caption = First Look Poster
| director = [[Harry Fernandes]]
| producer = Smt. Lakshmi Babaji Aanjarlekar Sanjay Gopal Chhabria
| writer =
| cinematography = Shafeeq Shaikh
| starring = [[Siddharth Jadhav]] [[Ravi Kishan]] [[Anant Jog]] [[Nayana Apte]] [[Sujata Joshi]] Kashmira Kulkarni [[Hemangi Kaaz]] [[Alan Fernandes]] [[Tanwi Gouri Mehta]]
| music = Gunvant Sen Salil Amrute
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|12|12}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| budget = {{INRConvert |2.43|C }}
| gross =
}}

''''' Madhyamvarg: The Middle Class''''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: मध्यमवर्ग - द मिड्डल क्लास) is a 2014 Marathi film starring [[Siddharth Jadhav]] and [[Ravi Kishan]] in lead roles. The film is a story about the fight of middle-class people against the bad things in the society. The film marks the debut of [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] actor [[Ravi Kishan]] in Marathi Film Industry.

==Plot==
The story revolves around a Police Inspector ([[Siddharth Jadhav]]) and a journalist ([[Ravi Kishan]]) and his family.
It tells the fight of middle-class people against injustice and bad things.

==Cast==
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]] as Inspector Vijay Raut
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Yashwant, Journalist
* [[Anant Jog]] as Minister
* Raj Khatri as Chandan, Minister's Brother
* [[Nayana Apte]]
* Sujata Joshi
* [[Kashmira Kulkarni]] as Priya
* Hemangi Kaaj
* Kishore Nandalaskar
* Vasant Anjarlekar
* Ramesh Vani
* Anil Gawas
* Tanwi Gouri Mehta as Tanu
* Allan Fernandes as Manu
* Dr. Dilip Potnis as Chief Editor

==Release==
The film was released on 12 December 2014 all over Maharashtra. First Look Teaser of the film was released on 13 November 2014 on YouTube. Official Trailer was launched on 27 November 2014. The film clashed with three other Marathi films viz. ''Love Factor'', ''Mismatch'', and ''Premasathi Coming Suun''.

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Gunvant Sen, with lyrics penned by Babasaheb Saudagar, Savta Gavali and Harry Fernandes.

{{Infobox album
| name = Madhyamvarg – The Middle class
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Gunvant Sen Salil Amrute
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|15}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = MGR Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Dili Kombadyane Baag"|| [[Bappi Lahiri]] & Kalpana|| Harry Fernandes || 4:42
|-
| 2 || "Anandane Ithe Nandate" || [[Swapnil Bandodkar]], [[P. Ganesh]], [[Anupam Sharma]], [[Vaishali Made]], [[Supriya Pathak]] & [[Nayana Apte]] || Savata Gawali || 5:16
|-
| 3 || "Nashibacha Khel" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Priya Bhattacharya]] || Babasaheb Saudagar || 5:03
|-
| 4 || "Navawari Saree Mein" || [[Vaishali Samant]] || Savata Gawali || 4:22
|-
| 5 || "Zhale Shaheed" || [[Roop Kumar Rathod]] || Babasaheb Saudagar || 6:55
|-
| 6 || "Zhale Shaheed" (Duet) || Roop Kumar Rathod & [[Sadhna Sargam]] || Babasaheb Saudagar || 7:04
|-
| 7 || "Ha Parivar" || Swapnil Bandodkar || Savata Gawali || 5:25
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2014}}
* { http://marathimoviemarketing.com/movies/205/Madhyamvarg }

==External links==
* {{facebook|Madhyamvarg}}
* {{youTube|Madhyamvarg}}
* {{youTube|mgrmusic}}
* {{Official website| http://www.madhyamvargfilm.com}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Yek Number (film)

2026-03-04T09:32:21Z

AlfonzoEsh: details

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}{{No plot|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yek Number.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajesh Mapuskar]]
| writer = '''Story and screenplay:''' [[Tejaswini Pandit]] Dhairya Gholap Arvind Jagtap Vinayak Purushottam Mayuresh Joshi '''Dialogues:''' Arvind Jagtap Vinayak Purushottam
| producer = Tejaswini Pandit Warda Nadiadwala
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Dhairya Gholap
*Sayli Patil
}}
| cinematography = Sanjay Memane
| editing = Mayur Hardas Apurva Motiwale
| music = [[Ajay-Atul]] [[Kunal-Karan]]
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]] Sahyadri Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|10}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Yek Number''''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama film|drama]] film directed by [[Rajesh Mapuskar]], starring Dhairya Gholap and Sayli Patil in the lead roles. It is produced by [[Tejaswini Pandit]] and Warda Nadiadwala under the banners of [[Zee Studios]], [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]], and Sahyadri Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title='Everyone On The Sets Of Yek Number Clapped For Me': Actress Sayli Patil |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/everyone-on-the-sets-of-yek-number-clapped-for-me-actress-sayli-patil-9082171.html |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Dhairya Gholap as Pratap
* Sayli Patil as Pinky
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Afiz Hamid
* [[Malaika Arora]] Special appearance in song "Majha Yek Number"

== Production ==
[[Tejaswini Pandit]] made her debut as a film producer, while politician [[Raj Thackeray]] also ventured into film production, collaborating with [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment|Nadiadwala Grandson]] on the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Teaser Of Tejaswini Pandit's Debut Marathi Production Yek Number Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/teaser-of-tejaswini-pandits-debut-marathi-production-yek-number-out-9022468.html |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title="Sajid Nadiadwala encouraged me to not quit politics and become a film producer," reveals Raj Thackeray at Yek Number trailer launch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sajid-nadiadwala-encouraged-not-quit-politics-become-film-producer-reveals-raj-thackeray-yek-number-trailer-launch/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> On [[International Women's Day]] 2024, Tejaswini Pandit and Warda Nadiadwala announced the film.<ref name=":0" /> The film was shot in various locations across [[Maharashtra]], including [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Junnar]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Konkan division|Konkan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2024 |title=Tejaswini Pandit and Warda Nadiadwala announce the first project Yek Number from their Marathi venture on International Women's Day 2024 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tejaswini-pandit-warda-nadiadwala-announce-first-project-yek-number-marathi-venture-international-womens-day-2024/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film look poster unveiled on 18 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=तेजस्विनी पंडितचं निर्मितीत पदार्पण; 'मी महाराष्ट्राचा...महाराष्ट्र माझा' म्हणणारा 'येक नंबर' नायक आहे तरी कोण? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/yek-number-marathi-movie-poster-released-film-produced-by-tejaswini-pandit-and-wardakhannadiadwala/articleshow/112603630.cms |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> The teaser was released on [[YouTube]] on 13 September, followed by the trailer launch on 25 September. The trailer launch event was attended by the film's creators and various directors and stars from the industry. [[Aamir Khan]] was present alongside fellow filmmakers [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], and [[Sajid Nadiadwala]], as well as the film's producer, politician [[Raj Thackeray]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pics: Aamir Khan, Rajkumar Hirani & others at Yek Number's trailer launch {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/pics-aamir-khan-rajkumar-hirani-others-at-yek-numbers-trailer-launch-68647.html |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 10 October 2024 in Maharashtra, coinciding [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=4 September 2024 |title=राज ठाकरेंच्या बायोपिकमध्ये दिसणार 'हा' रांगडा अभिनेता, 10 ऑक्टोबरला प्रदर्शित होणार चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/yek-number-marathi-movie-raj-thackeray-biopic-release-date-actor-dhairya-gholap-producer-tejswini-pandit-marathi-news-1310725 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:05
| title1 = Majha Yek Number - Title Track
| length1 = 4:14
| lyrics1 = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| music1 = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| extra1 = [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| title2 = Jahir Jhalay Jagala
| length2 = 5:14
| lyrics2 = [[Guru Thakur]]
| music2 = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| extra2 = [[Ajay Gogavale]] [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Tu Abhaal
| length3 = 7:56
| lyrics3 = Kunal-Karan
| music3 = Kunal-Karan
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]] Ravindra Khomne
| title4 = Toll Naka
| length4 = 2:41
| lyrics4 = Vinayak Purushottam
| music4 = Kunal-karan
| extra4 = Kunal-karan
}}

== Reception ==
Jaydeep Pathakji of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3/5 stars praised the film's interesting premise and its blend of rural and urban elements. However, he feel that the first half lacks momentum.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yek Number Movie Review : A mix of rural and urban elements and an interesting premise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/yek-number/movie-review/114149239.cms |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Payal Naik of ''[[Sakal]]'' rated 3/5 stars and finds ''Yek Number'' interesting but notes that the first half is slow, with the film gaining momentum in the second half through engaging twists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=11 October 2024 |title=Yek Number Movie Review: राज ठाकरेंवर सिनेमा मग चर्चा तर होणारच! कसा आहे तेजस्विनीचा 'येक नंबर'? |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/tejaswini-pandit-produced-yek-number-marathi-movie-review-psn14 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=33241084}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment films]]

Pattuthoovaala

2026-03-04T09:23:39Z

AlfonzoEsh: add structure also and improved wording

{{short description|1965 film by P. Subramaniam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pattuthoovaala
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. Subramaniam]]
| producer = P. Subramaniam
| writer = [[Muttathu Varkey]]
| screenplay = [[Muttathu Varkey]]
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Sheela]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] Kanchana (old)
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = E. N. C. Nair
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Neela
| distributor = Neela
| released = {{Film date|1965|11|20|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Pattuthoovaala''''' is a 1965 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed and produced by [[P. Subramaniam]]. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sheela]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and Kanchana (old). The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=144|title=Pattuthoovala|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?596|title=Pattuthoovala|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/pattuthoovaala-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016003025/http://spicyonion.com/title/pattuthoovaala-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Pattuthoovala|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
*[[Sheela]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*Kanchana (old)
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
*[[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
*[[Pankajavalli]]
*[[Philomina]]
*[[S. P. Pillai]]
*[[K. V. Shanthi]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] with lyrics by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aakaashappoykayil" || [[P. Susheela]], [[Kamukara]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kannil Neelakkayaampoo" || [[L. R. Eeswari]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Maanathe Pichakkaaranu" || Kamukara, L. R. Anjali || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Pookkal Nalla Pokkal" || L. R. Eeswari ||Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Pottikkarayikkaan Maathram" || P. Susheela, Kamukara || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 6 || "Shabdasaagara Puthrikale" || P. Susheela || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254666|Pattuthoovaala}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Subramaniam]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Miss Mary (1972 film)

2026-03-03T20:55:11Z

AlfonzoEsh: minor expanded section to improve readability further and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Miss Mary
| image = Miss Mary (1972 film) poster.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Jambulingam (director)|Jambu]]
| producer = Jambu
| writer = [[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]] K. G. Sethunath (dialogues)
| screenplay = K. G. Sethunath
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] Renuka [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]]
| music = [[R. K. Shekhar]]
| cinematography = T. M. Sundarababu
| editing = C. P. S. Mani
| studio = Sreemathi Combines
| distributor = Sreemathi Combines
| released = {{Film date|1972|08|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Miss Mary''''' is a 1972 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Jambulingam (director)|Jambu]] and produced by Jambu. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], Renuka, [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[R. K. Shekhar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=422|title=Miss Mary|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2972|title=Miss Mary|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/miss-mary-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040244/http://spicyonion.com/title/miss-mary-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Miss Mary|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*Renuka
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[T. R. Omana]]
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]]
*[[Paul Vengola]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[Jaya Guhanathan|Junior Sheela]]
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
*[[Veeran]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. K. Shekhar]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aakaashathinte Chuvattil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Chorus || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Gandharva Gaayakaa" || [[P. Leela]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Manivarnanillaatha" || [[P. Susheela]], [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Neeyente Velicham" || P. Susheela || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Ponnambiliyude" || P. Susheela, P. Jayachandran || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 6 || "Sangeethame" || [[S. Janaki]], [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 7 || "Sangeethame" (Bit) || S. Janaki, [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0272194|Miss Mary}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Dongru Siongju

2026-03-01T17:06:02Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Short description|Indian politicians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Dongru Siongju''' is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of [[10th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Bomdila Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of State Legislative Assembly – 2019 |url=http://arunachalipr.gov.in/?page_id=302 |website=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Government of Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elected Representatives |url=https://westkameng.nic.in/constituencies/ |website=West Kameng, Government Of Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref> In December 2020, he switched to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-26 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: 6 JD(U) MLAs join BJP before local poll results |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-6-jd-u-mlas-join-bjp-before-local-poll-results/story-y98z2ty6FdfDR7W4813ZJM.html |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Seven MLAs switch over to BJP in Arunachal Pradesh2">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=25 December 2020 |title=Seven MLAs switch over to BJP in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seven-mlas-switch-over-to-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article33415732.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517093421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seven-mlas-switch-over-to-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article33415732.ece |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Nitish Kumar's JDU suffers setback as 6 of its MLAs join BJP in Arunachal">{{cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Nitish Kumar's JDU suffers setback as 6 of its MLAs join BJP in Arunachal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-kumar-jdu-setback-6-mlas-join-bjp-arunachal-1753152-2020-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517095429/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-kumar-jdu-setback-6-mlas-join-bjp-arunachal-1753152-2020-12-25 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Six JD(U) MLAs join BJP in Arunachal; Nitish downplays setback">{{cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Six JD(U) MLAs join BJP in Arunachal; Nitish downplays setback |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/jdu-setback-arunachal-six-mlas-join-bjp-7119786/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517095402/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/jdu-setback-arunachal-six-mlas-join-bjp-7119786/ |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers">{{cite news|title=Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|accessdate=17 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=19 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517085923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|archivedate=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal: BJP's Dongru Siongju wins uncontested in assembly election">{{cite news |title=Arunachal: BJP's Dongru Siongju wins uncontested in assembly election |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/story/arunachal-bjps-dongru-siongju-wins-uncontested-in-assembly-election-944758-2024-03-30 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=India Today NE |date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517120538/https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/story/arunachal-bjps-dongru-siongju-wins-uncontested-in-assembly-election-944758-2024-03-30 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Did BJP’s thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress’s waning confidence?">{{cite news |title=Did BJP’s thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress’s waning confidence? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-congress-bjp-2547256-2024-06-03 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=3 June 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517124234/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="One-sixth of Arunachal House elected unopposed, all BJP nominees">{{cite news|title=One-sixth of Arunachal House elected unopposed, all BJP nominees|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/one-sixth-of-arunachal-house-elected-unopposed-all-bjp-nominees-9242598/|accessdate=20 May 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520102757/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/one-sixth-of-arunachal-house-elected-unopposed-all-bjp-nominees-9242598/|archivedate=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siongju, Dongru}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Van Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-25T03:53:06Z

AlfonzoEsh: new

{{Short description|Protected area in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Van Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| location = Dholpur district, Rajasthan, India
| nearest_city = Dholpur
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6761|N|77.8850|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 25.6
| established = 1955
| governing_body = Rajasthan Forest Department
| map = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
}}

'''Van Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Dholpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. Established in 1955, it spans approximately 26.6 square kilometers and is one of the oldest wildlife reserves in the region. The sanctuary is located about 16 kilometers from Dholpur city on the [[Vindhya]] Plateau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Vihar Sanctuary Dholpur, Rajasthan {{!}} Visiting Time |url=https://www.ranthamborenationalpark.com/van-vihar-sanctuary.html |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=ranthambore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Van Vihar, Ramsagar in Dholpur to get ecotourism boost |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/van-vihar-ramsagar-in-dholpur-to-get-ecotourism-boost/story-8cYYKaEgtXLVIYvt0DfCuL.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Vihar Sanctuary |url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/aboutus/departmental-wings/wild-life1/public-information/details-of-protected-area-/van-vihar-sanctuary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616041344/https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/aboutus/departmental-wings/wild-life1/public-information/details-of-protected-area-/van-vihar-sanctuary.html |archive-date=16 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=forest.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography and flora ==
The sanctuary features a dry deciduous forest ecosystem. Common tree species include '''Dhok''' (''[[Anogeissus pendula]]'') and '''Khair''' (''[[Acacia catechu]]''), which are adapted to the arid conditions of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife Sanctuary in Dholpur, Ramsagar Sanctuary Dholpur |url=https://www.dholpuronline.in/guide/wildlife-in-dholpur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241016041153/https://www.dholpuronline.in/guide/wildlife-in-dholpur |archive-date=16 October 2024 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=DholpurOnline.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Fauna ==
Van Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary supports a variety of wildlife. Notable mammals include '''[[Sambar deer|sambar]]''' (''Rusa unicolor''), '''[[chital]]''' (''Axis axis''), '''[[nilgai]]''' (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), '''[[wild boar]]''' (''Sus scrofa''), '''[[sloth bear]]''' (''Melursus ursinus''), '''[[striped hyena]]''' (''Hyaena hyaena''), and '''[[leopard]]''' (''Panthera pardus'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |title=10 Offbeat Wildlife Sanctuaries In Rajasthan |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/ampstories/experiences/nature/10-offbeat-wildlife-sanctuaries-in-rajasthan |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

The sanctuary is also known for its avifauna, with over 200 bird species recorded. Winter migrants include the '''[[sarus crane]]''' (''Antigone antigone''), '''[[grey heron]]''' (''Ardea cinerea''), '''[[pelicans]]''' (''Pelecanus spp.''), and '''[[white-necked stork]]''' (''Ciconia episcopus'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2017 |title=Van Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary Ramsagar RJ - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/van-vihar-wildlife-sanctuary-ramsagar-rj/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Reptiles found in the area include the '''Indian python''' (''[[Indian python|Python molurus]]''), '''cobra''' (''[[Indian cobra|Naja naja]]''), and '''monitor lizard''' (''[[Varanus|Varanus spp]].'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=indianpanorama |title=Van Vihar Sanctuary - Wildlife in Rajasthan - Indian Panorama |url=https://www.indianpanorama.in/experiences/nature-wildlife/wildlife/van-vihar-sanctuary.php |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Indianpanorama |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
* [[Ramsagar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Van Vihar National Park]], a national park in Madhya Pradesh

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dholpur district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T04:41:18Z

AlfonzoEsh: done.

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|23.54|N|83.53|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1978
| area_km2 = 430.35
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]]
| governing_body =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Balrampur Ramanujganj district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/Chattisgarh|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&pg=PA99|title=Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India|author=Sharad Singh Negi|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|page=99|isbn=9788173871283|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|430.35|km2}} and was declared as a protected area in 1978.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://surguja.gov.in/wild-life/|title=Semarsot Sanctuary|work=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Wildlife ==
The protected area consists of a mixture of moist and dry [[tropical deciduous forest]]s. Major fauna include [[nilgai]], [[spotted deer]], [[sambar deer]], [[ chinkara]], [[leopard]], [[sloth bear]], [[wild boar]], and [[Indian fox]]. Avifauna include [[darters]], [[wood pecker]]s, [[peacocks]], [[jungle fowl]], [[green pigeon]]s, [[quails]], [[parrots]], and [[storks]]. The park consists of reptiles such as [[common krait]], [[cat snake]], [[rat snake]], [[Punjab snake-eyed lacerta|snake-eyed lacerta]], [[grass skink]], [[Fan Throated Lizard|fan throated lizard]], and [[rock agama]].<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Surguja district]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1978]]

Barkakana Junction railway station

2026-02-17T06:46:46Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|BARKAKANA JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Barkakana Junction.jpg
| image_caption = Barkakana Junction railway station building
| address = [[Barkakana]], [[Ramgarh district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.6242|85.4701|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|341|m|ft}}
| line = [[Barkakana–Son Nagar line]] [[Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh line]] [[Barkakana–Muri–Chandil line]] [[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line]]
| other =
| structure = At Ground
| platform = 6
| tracks = 11
| parking = Available
| opened = 1927
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BRKA
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Dhanbad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| status = Functional
| former = Central India Coalfields Railway [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = Barkakana Junction railway station
| map_locator =
}}
{{Gomoh–Barkakana line|collapse=y}}
{{Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana line|collapse=y}}

'''Barkakana Junction railway station''' (station code: '''BRKA'''), serves [[Barkakana]] and the surrounding coal mining areas in [[Ramgarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. It comes under [[Dhanbad railway division|Dhanbad Division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]].

==History==
In 1927, the Central India Coalfields Railway opened the Gomoh–Barkakana line. It was extended to Daltonganj in 1929. Later, these lines were amalgamated with [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm | title = Indian Railway History Timeline | access-date = 2008-08-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm | archive-date = 29 February 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In the same year (1927), [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] opened the {{convert|116|km|mi|adj=on}} Muri–Barkakana section to traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 }}</ref> The 57 km-long Hazaribagh–Barkakana section was opened for passenger trains on 7 December 2016 by Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu in the presence of Chief Minister Raghubar Das<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hazaribagh-barkakana-railway-line-opened-for-traffic-116120701202_1.html | title = Hazaribagh–Barkakana line opened for traffic | work= Business Standard|date=7 December 2016 |access-date = 30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110119/jsp/jharkhand/story_13462613.jsp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120911090804/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110119/jsp/jharkhand/story_13462613.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 September 2012 | title = Koderma-Hazaribagh-Ranchi railway line is now staring at a 2014 deadline | work= The Telegraph |date= 19 January 2011 | access-date = 2008-08-26 }}</ref>

==Electrification ==
Barkakana–Garhwa, Barkakana–Danea and Barkakana–Ramgarh sections were electrified in 1996–97.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref>

==Rating==
*Overall 3.8/5

*cleanliness - good (8)/10

*porters/escalators - average (7)/10

*food - average (7)/10

*transportation - good (8)/10

*lodging - average (5)/10

*safety - good (6)/10

==Trains==
No. of Originating trains- 9
* [[Patna–Ranchi Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tatanagar–Patna Vande Bharat Express]] (one day in a week)
* [[Ranchi–New Delhi Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Dhanbad-Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express Special]]
* [[Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express (via Barkakana)]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Gaya Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Visakhapatnam–Banaras Express]]
* [[Ranchi–Varanasi Express]]
* [[Ranchi–Chopan Express]]
* [[Shaktipunj Express]]
* [[Muri Express|Tatanagar–Jammu Tawi Express]]
* [[Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express]]
* [[Palamu Express]]
* [[Howrah–Bhopal Weekly Express]]
* [[Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express]]
* [[Kolkata–Madar Express]] (Weekly Express)
* [[Ahmedabad–Kolkata Express]] (Weekly express)
* [[Asansol - Hatia Express]]
And many more express, passenger and intercity train run through this station.

==Nearest airports==
* [[Birsa Munda Airport]] (53 Km)
* [[Bokaro Airport]] (85 Km)
* [[Dhanbad Airport]] (130 Km)
* [[Sonari Airport]] (167 Km)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system1=Indian Railways

|line1=South Eastern Railway zone|left1=Ramgarh Cantt|right1=|type1=Muri–Barkakana line

|line2=East Central Railway zone|left2=Argada|right2=|type2=[[Gomoh–Barkakana line]]

|line3=East Central Railway zone|left3=Argada|right3=|type3=[[Barkakana–Koderma section via Hazaribagh]]

|line4=East Central Railway zone|left4=Sidhwar|right4=|type4=[[Koderma–Ranchi section|Barkakana–Ranchi section]]

|line5=East Central Railway zone|left5=Bhurkunda|right5=|type5=[[Barkakana–Sone Nagar section|Barkakana Sonnagar and Singrauli line]]
}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1927]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division]]
[[Category:Ramgarh district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ramgarh district]]

Ramjee Chandran

2026-02-10T02:55:01Z

AlfonzoEsh: improved information and fixed typos

{{Short description|Journalist and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramjee Chandran
| image = Ramjee Chandran.png
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Journalist]]
| yearsactive = 1989–present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| known_for = [[Explocity]]
| website = http://explocity.com/
}}

'''Ramjee Chandran''' is a journalist and author.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Chandran |first=Ramjee |year=2025 |title=Ramjee Chandran - Penguin Random House India |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/ramjee-chandran/ |accessdate=19 July 2025 |publisher=}}</ref> Chandran has been the Editor of [[Explocity]] a fortnightly magazine since 1998.
According to [[The Daily Telegraph]], ''Explocity'' is partly owned by [[Rupert Murdoch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The magazine market that leaves you spoilt for choice|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4188342/The-magazine-market-that-leaves-you-spoilt-for-choice.html|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> He is also the host of the podcasts, The Literary City With Ramjee Chandran<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandran |first1=Ramjee |title=The Literary City |website=[[Spotify]] |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/3z9anCWoh9HpfwOf1Tg9Y7?si=38a7839f6af84b31}}</ref> and the History of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandran |first1=Ramjee |title=History of Bangalore |website=[[Spotify]] |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/0hLv9FSaSd3wl7N3cLDTpQ?si=9cdf0d56c8714da9}}</ref>

==Career==

Ramjee Chandran launched several magazines devoted to the city of Bangalore, India,<ref>{{cite news|title=In an Emergency, Call 100. Or is it 1098? Or 103?|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/in-an-emergency-call-100-or-is-it-1098-or-103/?_r=0|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> notably ''The Bangalore Monthly''<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Charges Against Amway in India|url=http://www.sequenceinc.com/fraudfiles/2008/10/criminal-charges-against-amway-in-india/|publisher=Fraud Files Forensic Accounting Blog|accessdate=16 May 2016|language=en-US|date=2 October 2008}}</ref> and ''Bangalore Weekly''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Exploring Bangalore, a mouse click away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129162945/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016|date=2000-11-22|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
Also Chandran wrote several columns for various newspapers and magazines. Prior to the inception of [[Explocity]], Chandran first began a Bangalore-based magazine, "Bangalore This Fortnight", in 1989.<ref>{{cite news|last1=FINEMAN|first1=MARK|title=Culture : India's New Middle Class Finds Home in Bangalore : The country's 'Silicon Plateau' is the home for yuppies and mystics. Growth is phenomenal.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-17-wr-672-story.html|access-date=16 May 2016|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=17 December 1991|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aboutus.explocity.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/hitchhiker.jpg|title=Clipping in Mid Day Newspaper|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310210835/http://aboutus.explocity.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/hitchhiker.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was followed by the launch of the Bangalore Monthly and the Bangaloremag.com. The [[internet]] had just begun its journey in the late 1990s in India, when Chandran created Explocity.com in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020131085535/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2002|title=The Hindu Newspaper | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]]| date=22 November 2000}}</ref> Some of the initial [[funding]] was from [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s News Corp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aboutus.explocity.com/Library/asian_age.jpg|title=Clipping in Asian Age Newspaper|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=11 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023525/http://aboutus.explocity.com/Library/asian_age.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Explocity]] has content includes events, restaurants, [[hotel]] listings, shopping, nightlife and sightseeing in cities like [[New York City]], [[Dubai]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2000/11/21/stories/152139gg.htm|title= Article in the Hindu Business Line}}</ref> and Indian cities.

Chandran is also a jazz guitarist<ref>{{cite journal|title=SING SING! With Radha Thomas & Sandhya Sanjana - Jazz and Hindustani vocalese|journal=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|url=https://www.timeout.com/bangalore/events/sing-sing-with-radha-thomas-sandhya-sanjana-jazz-and-hindustani-vocalese|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discography of Ramjee Chandran|url=https://soundcloud.com/ramjeechandran|publisher=[[SoundCloud]]|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> and has performed with other acclaimed musicians on stage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramjee Chandran discography|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3136330-Ramjee-Chandran|publisher=[[Discogs]]|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UNK: The Radha Thomas Ensemble|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3136329-UNK-The-Radha-Thomas-Ensemble|publisher=[[Discogs]]|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

Ramjee Chandran was featured in the New York podcast, Destination On The Left, as a media expert.<ref name="Podcast">{{cite web |last1=Chandran |first1=Ramjee |title=Destination On The Left |url=http://destinationontheleft.com/ramjee-chandran/ |website=Destination On The Left |publisher=Nicole Mahoney |accessdate=4 June 2018}}</ref>

Chandran was invited by Bangalore International Centre to moderate a panel comprising leading animal activists and representatives from the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bangalore city corporation]].

Ramjee Chandran started The Literary City with Ramjee Chandran, under Explocity Podcasts in 2022.

For the 2022 Bangalore Literature Festival, Ramjee Chandran was invited to conduct sessions with [[Mallika Sarabhai]] and journalist, [[Barkha Dutt]]. He has appeared in later editions of the Bangalore Literature Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandran |first=Ramjee |title=Ramjee Chandran - Bangalore Literature Festival (BLF) |url=https://bangaloreliteraturefestival.org/participant/2022-ramjee-chandran/ |website=Bangalore Literature Festival}}</ref>

In 2025, Ramjee Chandran's novel, ''“For No Reason At All”'', a roman-a-clef, was released by Penguin'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandran |first1=Ramjee |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/for-no-reason-at-all/ |title=For No Reason At All |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2025 |isbn=9780143471271 |language=en |accessdate=19 July 2025}}</ref>''' and has been favourably reviewed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sheila |title=For No Reason At All: Silicon, scams, and a spy named Solly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2025/Jul/13/silicon-scams-and-a-spy-named-solly |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Rashmi |title=Deccan Herald - Out: Ex-lobbyist's story from a momentous era |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/books/out-ex-lobbyist-s-story-from-a-momentous-era-3431856 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* Chanakya Award for Innovative Leadership<ref name="auto"/>
* Best entrepreneurs from Karnataka, India<ref>{{cite web|title=India Inc's finest: Best of Karnataka|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-leading-entrepreneurs-from-karnataka/20111005.htm#10|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Ramjee}}
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chitkala Biradar

2026-02-06T06:21:14Z

AlfonzoEsh: creating post!

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitkala Biradar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Gulbarga]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| spouse = Jagadeesh Jirgi
| children = 2
| occupation = Stage Artist & Actress
| known_for = [[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]
| years_active =
}}

'''Chitkala Biradar''' is an Indian stage artist and actress who predominantly works in [[Kannada]] language movies and serials. She is best known for her performance in the serial ''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]'' as Rathnamala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/kannadati-serial-ammamma-fame-chitkala-biradar-photos-sesr-543559-page-2.html|title=Chitkala Biradar: ಶಬರಿಯಂತೆ ರಾಮನಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಅಮ್ಮಮ್ಮ; ಕಾರಣವೇನು?|website=news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/bigg-boss-kannada/i-miss-bigg-boss-says-kannada-actress-chitkala-biradar/articleshow/82493179.cms|title='ಐ ಮಿಸ್ ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್' ಎಂದ 'ಕನ್ನಡತಿ'ಯ ಅಮ್ಮಮ್ಮ ಚಿತ್ಕಳಾ ಬಿರಾದಾರ|website=vijaykarnataka.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kannadathi-serial-actress-chitkala-biradar-played-mother-role-in-kiccha-sudeep-starrer-fantam-movie/articleshow/80196057.cms|title=ಕನ್ನಡದ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ನಟರ ಜೊತೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ 'ಕನ್ನಡತಿ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನಟಿ ಚಿತ್ಕಳಾ ಬಿರಾದಾರ್!|website=vijaykarnataka.com}}</ref>

==Career==
She is an English graduate from [[Gulbarga University]]. She worked as an English teacher. Later she also worked as an English teacher in Germany also. Due to pressure from actress Sundarashree she came into the Kannada industry from the teleserial ''Bande Baratava Kala''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/colors-kannada-kannadathi-fame-chitkala-biradar-cine-journey-vcs-qjvo3d|title='ಕನ್ನಡತಿ' ರತ್ನಮಾಲಾ ರಿಯಲ್‌ ಲೈಫ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಉಪನ್ಯಾಸಕಿ; ಚಿತ್ಕಲಾ ಬಿರಾದರ್ ಜರ್ನಿ!|website=asianetnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kannadathi-serial-ratnamala-fame-actress-chitkala-biradar-personal-and-serial-life/articleshow/79234356.cms|title='ಕನ್ನಡತಿ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯ ರತ್ನಮಾಲಾ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ನಟಿ ಚಿತ್ಕಳಾ ಬಿರಾದಾರ್‌ಗೂ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ಗೂ ಒಂದು ನಂಟಿದೆ!|website=vijaykarnataka.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
|2002||''Dharma Devathe''||
|-
|2011||''[[Maduve Mane]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017||''Nuggekai''||
|-
|''Enendu Hesaridali''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019||''Hagalu Kanasu''||
|-
|''[[Bazaar (2019 film)|Bazaar]]''||
|-
|2020||''Maduve Madri Sari Hogtane''||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021||''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kannadathi-fame-chitkala-biradar-plays-special-role-in-yuvarathnaa/articleshow/81771191.cms|title=ಬಿಗ್ ಸರ್‌ಪ್ರೈಸ್ ನೀಡಿದ 'ಕನ್ನಡತಿ'ಯ ಅಮ್ಮಮ್ಮ!|website=vijaykarnataka.com}}</ref>||
|-
|''Steel Patre Samanu''||
|-
|''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''||
|-
|''[[Premam Poojyam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
|Baby Ballal
|-
|''Vishnu Priya''||
|-
|2023 ||''[[Raghavendra Stores]]'' ||Alamelamma
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serials
! Role
! Channel
|-
|2009–2011||''Bande Baratava Kala''|| ||[[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]]
|-
|2013–2020||''[[Agnisakshi (TV series)|Agnisakshi]]''||Sumathi||[[Colors Kannada]]
|-
|2015–2017||''Avanu Mathe Shravani''||Pushpavalli||[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|2017–2020||''[[Subbalakshmi Samsara]]''|| ||[[Zee Kannada]]
|-
|2019–2020||''Arthigobba Keerthigobba''|| ||[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|2020–2022||''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-kannadati-actress-chitkala-biradar-prepares-carrot-halwa-on-the-sets-of-the-show/articleshow/80722625.cms|title=Watch: Kannadati actress Chitkala Biradar prepares Carrot Halwa on the sets of the show|website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/ranjani-raghavan-kiran-raj-starrer-kannadathi-serial-completes-one-year/articleshow/80476050.cms|title='ಕನ್ನಡತಿ'ಗೆ ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷ; ವಿಶೇಷ ಸೋಶಿಯಲ್ ಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಪೋಸ್ಟ್ ಹಾಕಿದ ನಟಿ ಚಿತ್ಕಲಾ ಬಿರಾದಾರ್|website=vijaykarnataka.com}}</ref>||Rathnamala||[[Colors Kannada]]
|-
|2021||''[[Manasaare (TV series)|Manasaare]]''||Damayanthi||[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2023–2024||''Brundavana''||Sudha moorthy||[[Colors Kannada]]
|-
|2024 – present||''[[Amruthadhare]]''||Bhagya||[[Zee Kannada]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biradar, Chitkala}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]

Hindi–Urdu transliteration

2026-01-25T17:41:51Z

AlfonzoEsh: made new info!

{{Short description|Ways to convert text between Hindi and Urdu language}}
Hindi–Urdu (Devanagari: {{lang|inc-Deva|हिन्दी-उर्दू}}, Nastaliq: {{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہندی-اردو}}}}) (also known as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]])<ref name="NCSU-Hindustani">{{Cite web|url = http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm|title = About Hindi-Urdu|publisher = [[North Carolina State University]]|access-date = 9 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm|archive-date = 15 August 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Ray2011">{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Aniruddha|title=The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-16-0|language=en|quote=There was the ''Hindustani Dictionary'' of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his ''Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English'', which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his ''One Language, Two Scripts'' (1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.}}</ref> is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of modern-day [[North India|Northern India]] and [[Pakistan]] (together classically known as [[Hindustan]]).<ref name="Ashmore1961">{{cite book |last1=Ashmore |first1=Harry S. |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11 |date=1961 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |page=579 |language=en |quote=The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.}}</ref> [[Modern Standard Hindi]] is officially registered in [[India]] as a standard written using the [[Devanagari]] script, and [[Urdu|Standard Urdu]] is officially registered in [[Pakistan]] as a standard written using an extended [[Perso-Arabic script]].

'''Hindi–Urdu transliteration''' (or '''Hindustani transliteration''') is the process of converting text written in [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] (used for [[Hindi]]) into [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]] (used for [[Urdu]]), or vice versa. It focuses on representing the shared [[Phoneme|phonemes]] between those writing systems or using other writing systems, primarily [[Latin alphabet]], in their stead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lehal|first1=Gurpreet Singh|last2=Saini|first2=Tejinder Singh|date=December 2012|title=Development of a Complete Urdu-Hindi Transliteration System|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2063|journal=Proceedings of COLING 2012: Posters|location=Mumbai, India|publisher=The COLING 2012 Organizing Committee|pages=643–652}}</ref> [[Transliteration]] is theoretically possible because of the common [[Hindustani phonology]] underlying Hindi-Urdu. In the present day, the Hindustani language is seen as a [[Indian reunification|unifying]] language,<ref>{{Cite web|last=David Lunn|first=Dawn com|title=Urdu and Hindi could be one language called Hindustani. Will the politics of language allow it?|url=https://scroll.in/article/910647/urdu-and-hindi-could-be-one-language-called-hindustani-will-the-politics-of-language-allow-it|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Scroll.in|date=28 January 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> as initially proposed by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to resolve the [[Hindi–Urdu controversy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/analysis/how-gandhi-changed-his-mind-about-the-south-after-experiments-with-hindi-as-national-language/|title=After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind|work=Prabhu Mallikarjunan|date=3 October 2019 |publisher=The Feral}}</ref>

Technically, a direct one-to-one script mapping or rule-based lossless transliteration of Hindi-Urdu is not possible, primarily because Hindi is written in an [[abugida]] script and Urdu is written in an [[abjad]] script, and also because of other constraints like multiple similar characters from Perso-Arabic mapping onto a single character in Devanagari.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Visweswariah |first1=Karthik |last2=Chenthamarakshan |first2=Vijil |last3=Kambhatla |first3=Nandakishore |title=Urdu and Hindi: Translation and sharing of linguistic resources |journal=Coling 2010: Posters |date=August 2010 |pages=1283–1291 |url=https://academic.microsoft.com/paper/2158884999 |publisher=Coling 2010 Organizing Committee}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> However, there have been dictionary-based mapping attempts which have yielded very high accuracy, providing near-to-perfect transliterations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lehal |first1=Gurpreet Singh |last2=Saini |first2=Tejinder Singh |title=A Hindi to Urdu Transliteration System |date=2010 |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/paper248.pdf}}</ref> For literary domains, a mere transliteration between Hindi-Urdu will not suffice as formal Hindi is more inclined towards [[Sanskrit]] vocabulary whereas formal Urdu is more inclined towards [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] vocabulary; hence a system combining transliteration and translation would be necessary for such cases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Durrani|first1=Nadir|last2=Sajjad|first2=Hassan|last3=Fraser|first3=Alexander|last4=Schmid|first4=Helmut|date=July 2010|title=Hindi-to-Urdu Machine Translation through Transliteration|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1048|journal=Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics|location=Uppsala, Sweden|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=465–474}}</ref>

In addition to Hindi-Urdu, there have been attempts to design Indo-Pakistani transliteration systems for [[digraphic]] languages like [[Sindhi transliteration|Sindhi]] (written in extended Perso-Arabic in [[Sindh of Pakistan]] and in Devanagari by [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhis in partitioned India]]), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (written in [[Gurmukhi]] in [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] and [[Shahmukhi]] in [[West Punjab]]), [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (written in [[Saraiki alphabet#Arabic script|extended-Shahmukhi script]] in [[Saraikistan]] and unofficially in Sindhi-Devanagari script in India) and [[Kashmiri transliteration|Kashmiri]] (written in extended Perso-Arabic by [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmiri Muslims]] and extended-Devanagari by [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmiri Hindus]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Perso-Arabic To Indic Script Transliteration|url=http://sangam.learnpunjabi.org/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=sangam.learnpunjabi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saraiki - Devanagari Machine Transliteration System - SDMTS|url=http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/index.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.sanlp.org|archive-date=2021-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023112143/http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lawaye|first1=Aadil|last2=Kak|first2=Aadil|last3=Mehdi|first3=Nali|date=January 2010|title=Building a Cross Script Kashmiri Converter: Issues and Solutions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320547275|journal=Proceedings of Oriental COCOSDA}}</ref>

== Vowels ==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
|+ Hindustani [[vowel]]s
|-
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! rowspan="2" |[[ISO 15919]]
! colspan="2" |Hindi
! colspan="4" |Urdu<ref>Diacritics in Urdu are normally not written and usually implied and interpreted based on the context of the sentence</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Approx. English equivalent
|-
!Independent vowel
!Diacritic on consonants
! colspan="2" |Final
!Medial!! Initial
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big><ref>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as a conditioned allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/ɦ/}} surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an {{IPA|[ɛ]}} preceding an {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.
</ref>|| a
| अ
|<ref>Hindi does not have a diacritic to represent ə as it is usually implied after unmarked consonants.</ref>
|{{Lang|ur|ـہ}}
|{{Lang|ur|ـا}}
|{{nq|ـ◌َـ}}
|{{lang|ur|اَ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''bout
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|äː|aː}}</big>|| ā
| आ
|ा
| colspan="3" |{{Lang|ur|ـا}}
|{{Lang|ur|آ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | f'''a'''r
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>|| i
| इ
|ि
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{Lang|ur|ـی}}
|{{nq|ـ◌ِـ}}||{{Lang|ur|اِ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | st'''i'''ll
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>|| ī
| ई
|ी
|{{nq|◌ِـیـ}}||{{Lang|ur|اِیـ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>|| u
| उ
|ु
| colspan="2" |{{Lang|ur|ـو}}
|{{Nq|ـ◌ُـ}}||{{Lang|ur|اُ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | b'''oo'''k
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>|| ū
| ऊ
|ू
| colspan="3" |{{nq|◌ُـو}}||{{Lang|ur|اُو}}|| style="text-align: left;" | m'''oo'''n
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>|| ē
| ए
|े
| colspan="2" |{{Lang|ur|ے}}
|{{Lang|ur|ـیـ}}||{{Lang|ur|ایـ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | h'''ai'''r (Australian English)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>|| ai
| ऐ
|ै
| colspan="2" |{{nq|◌َـے}}
|{{nq|◌َـیـ}}||{{Lang|ur|اَیـ}}|| style="text-align: left;" | f'''ai'''ry
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>|| ō
| ओ
|ो
| colspan="3" |{{Lang|ur|ـو}}||{{Lang|ur|او}}|| style="text-align: left;" | f'''o'''rce
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}|| au
| औ
|ौ
| colspan="3" |{{nq|◌َـو}}||{{Lang|ur|اَو}}|| style="text-align: left;" | l'''o'''t (Received Pronunciation)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʰ}}</big><ref>Hindi has individual letters for aspirated consonants whereas Urdu has a specific letter to represent an aspirated consonant</ref>
|h
| colspan="2" bgcolor="CCCCCC" style="text-align:left;" |
| colspan="4" |{{Lang|ur|ھ}}
| style="text-align:left;"|(Aspirated sounds) '''c'''ake
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big><ref>No words in Hindustani can begin with a nasalised letter/diacritic.

In Urdu the initial form (letter) for representing a nasalised word is: ن٘ (nūn + small nūn ghunna diacritic)</ref>|| m̐
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="CCCCCC" style="text-align:left;" |
|ँ
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{Lang|ur|ں}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Lang|ur|ـن٘ـ}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="CCCCCC" |{{Lang|ur|ن٘}}|| style="text-align: left;" | nasal vowel fa'''un''' ({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)
|-
| ṁ
|ं|| style="text-align: left;" | ju'''ng'''le
|}

== Consonants ==

[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] has a rich set of consonants in its full-alphabet, since it has a mixed-vocabulary ([[rekhta]]) derived from [[Old Hindi]] (from [[Dehlavi dialect|Dehlavi]]), with loanwords from [[Classical Persian|Parsi]] (from [[Pahlavi language|Pahlavi]]) and [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]] languages, all of which itself are from 3 different language-families respectively: [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]].

The following table provides an approximate one-to-one mapping for [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] consonants,<ref>{{Citation|last=NC|first=Gokul|title=GokulNC/Indic-PersoArabic-Script-Converter|date=2021-05-07|url=https://github.com/GokulNC/Indic-PersoArabic-Script-Converter|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref> especially for computational purposes (lossless script conversion). Note that this direct script conversion will not yield correct spellings,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Nisar|title=An efficient Hindi-Urdu Transliteration System|url=http://www.statmt.org/OSMOSES/EFHU.pdf|journal=5th International. Multidisciplinary Conference, 29-31 Oct., at, ICBS, Lahore|archive-date=2021-04-22|access-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422062639/http://www.statmt.org/OSMOSES/EFHU.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> but rather a readable text for both the readers. Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as well, for [[Gurmukhi]] (Eastern Punjabi) to [[Shahmukhi]] (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be [[Brahmic scripts#Consonants|easily converted]] to the Devanagari script. Moreover a [[Fort William College]] document has shown the equivalent of the 'ع' sound of Hindustani.<ref>{{Cite book |title=''Primitiae Orientales'' Vol. II |publisher=Fort William College |year=1803 |location=Al Hindiyyah Al Bartaniyyah |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Hindustani Consonants
! PersoArabic !! [[ISO 15919|Latin]] !! Devanagari !! Comments
|-
| ک || k || क ||
|-
| کھ || kh || ख ||
|-
| ق || q || क़ || The [[nuqta]], in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as क<ref name="Shapiro1989">{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Michael C. |title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0508-8 |page=20 |language=English |quote=In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ ''ḳ'', ख़ ''ḳh'',ग़ ''ġ'', ज़ ''z'', फ़ ''f'') in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़ ''z'' and फ़ ''f'', are the initial sounds in English ''zig'' and ''fig'' respectively. The consonant क़ ''ḳ'' is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like ''k'', but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ ''ḳh'' is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German ''ach''. ग़ ''ġ'' is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In ''devanāgari'' each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs. In practice, however, the dot is often omitted, leaving it to the reader to render the correct pronunciation on the basis of his prior knowledge of the language. }}</ref><ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013">{{cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Dipti |last2=Mondal |first2=Tapabrata |last3=Agrawal |first3=S. S. |last4=Bangalore |first4=Srinivas |title=2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE) |chapter=Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system |date=2013 |page=3|doi=10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861|isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6 |s2cid=26461938 |quote=Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/}}</ref>
|-
| خ || k͟h || ख़ || The [[nuqta]], in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ख<ref name="Shapiro1989"/><ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013"/>
|-
| گ || g || ग ||
|-
| غ || ġ || ग़ || The [[nuqta]], in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ग<ref name="Shapiro1989"/><ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013"/>
|-
| گھ || gh || घ ||
|-
| چ || c || च ||
|-
| چھ || ch || छ ||
|-
| ج || j || ज ||
|-
| جھ || jh || झ ||
|-
| ز || z || ज़ || The [[nuqta]], in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ज<ref name="Shapiro1989"/><ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013"/>
|-
| ذ || ẕ || ज़ || (Same sound as ज़, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons)
|-
| ض || ż || ज़ || (Same sound as ज़, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons)
|-
| ظ || ẓ || ज़ || (Same sound as ज़, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons)
|-
| ژ || ž || झ़ || Used in direct [[Farsi]] loan-words
|-
| ٹ || ṭ || ट ||
|-
| ٹھ || ṭh || ठ ||
|-
| ڈ || ḍ || ड ||
|-
| ڈھ || ḍh || ढ ||
|-
| ڑ || ṛ || ड़ || Colloquially, ṛ is often confused with ḍ and vice versa
|-
| ڑھ || ṛh || ढ़ || Colloquially, ṛh is often confused with ḍh and vice versa
|-
| ت || t || त ||
|-
| تھ || th || थ ||
|-
| ط || t̤ || त || (Same sound as त, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons)
|-
| د || d || द ||
|-
| دھ || dh || ध ||
|-
| ن || n || न ||
|-
| پ || p || प ||
|-
| پھ || ph || फ ||
|-
| ف || f || फ़ || The [[nuqta]], in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as फ<ref name="Shapiro1989"/><ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013"/>
|-
| ب || b || ब ||
|-
| بھ || bh || भ ||
|-
| م || m || म ||
|-
| ی || y || य ||
|-
| ر || r || र ||
|-
| ل || l || ल ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | و || v || व || rowspan="2" | و is transcribed as /w/ for Arabic words and /v/ for Indo-Iranian words
|-
| w || व़
|-
| ش || ś || श
|-
| س || s || स ||
|-
| ص || s̤ || स || (Same sound as स, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons)
|-
| ث || s̱ || स || (Same sound as स, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons)
|-
| ہ || h || ह ||
|-
| ح || ḥ || ह || (Same sound as ह, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons)
|-
| ۃ || h̤ || ह || (Same sound as ह, spelled differently in Urdu for etymological reasons, sometimes silent)
|-
| ھ || h || ્ह || [[ھ]] is generally only used for aspirated consonants. Any individual usage is generally considered an error and to be taken as ہ
|-
| ع || a' || अ़ || Sometimes [[glottal stop]], sometimes silent.
|}

=== Sanskrit consonants ===

The following consonants are mostly used in words that are directly borrowed or adapted from [[Sanskrit]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Perso-Arabic !! Latin !! Devanagari !! Remarks
|-
| ن٘ || ṅ || ङ ||
|-
| ݩ || ñ || ञ || ݩ was introduced to write [[Gojri language|Gojri]]<ref name="arabic_ext_2002">{{Cite web|title=Proposal for extensions to the Arabic block|url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2002/02274-arabic-ext.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| ݨ || ṇ || ण || ݨ was introduced to write [[Shahmukhi]]<ref name="arabic_ext_2002" />
|-
| لؕ || ḷ || ळ || Rarely used in [[Shahmukhi]]
|-
| ݜ || ṣ || ष || ݜ was introduced to write [[Shina language|Shina]]<ref name="arabic_ext_2002" />
|-
| ڔّ || r̥ || ऋ ||
|}

=== Implosive consonants ===

These consonants are mostly found only in languages like [[Sindhi language#Perso-Arabic_script|Sindhi]] and [[Saraiki alphabet#Arabic script|Saraiki]].

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Perso-Arabic]] !! Latin !! Devanagari
|-
| ڳ || g̤ || ॻ
|-
| ڄ || j̈ || ॼ
|-
| ݙ/ڏ || d̤ || ॾ
|-
| ٻ || ḇ || ॿ
|}

== Numerals ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Usage !! Numeral System
! colspan="10" |Digits
|-
| Urdu || [[Eastern Arabic numerals|East-Arabic]] || ۰ || ۱ || ۲ || ۳ || ۴ || ۵ || ۶ || ۷ || ۸ || ۹
|-
| International || [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu-Arabic]] || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Hindi || [[Devanagari numerals|Modern Devanagari]] || ० || १ || २ || ३ || ४ || ५ || ६ || ७ || ८ || ९
|}

== Punctuations & Symbols ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Script !! Period !! Question Mark !! Comma !! Semi-colon !! Slash !! Percent !! End of verse
|-
| [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] || ۔ || ؟ || ، || ؛ || ؍ || ٪ || ۝
|-
| [[Devanagari|Modern Devanagari]] ||। || ? || , || ; || / || % ||॥
|}

== Sample text ==

The following is an excerpt from the Hindustani poem [[Tarānah-e-Hindi]] written by [[Muhammad Iqbal]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Perso-Arabic !! Devanagari !! Latin !! English translation
|-
| <div align=right>{{Nastaliq|سَارے جَہَاں سے اَچّھَا، ہِنْدُوسِتَاں ہَمَارَا۔ ہَمْ بُلْبُلیں ہَیں اِسْکِی، یَہْ گُلْسِتَاں ہَمَارَا۔۔}}</div> || सारे जहाँ से अच्छा, हिन्दुसिताँ हमारा। हम बुलबुलें हैं इसकी, यह गुलसिताँ हमारा॥ || sāre jahā̃ se acchā, hindusitā̃ hamārā. ham bulbulẽ ha͠i iskī, yah gulsitā̃ hamārā.. || Better than the entire world, is our India. We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode.
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Pakistan|Languages}}
* [[Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation]]
* [[Hindustani orthography]]
* [[Sindhi transliteration]]
* [[Hindustan|Hindustan (Indo subcontinent)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi-Urdu transliteration}}
[[category:Hindustani language]]
[[category:Hindustani orthography]]
[[category:Transliteration]]
[[category:Urdu]]
[[category:Hindi]]

Bacthafucup

2026-01-21T22:23:36Z

AlfonzoEsh: added a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Bacthafucup
| type = studio
| artist = [[Karan Aujla]]
| cover = BacTHAfucUP.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2021|09|15|df=y}}
| studio =
| genre =
* [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk]]
* [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]]
* [[Hip hop music|hip hop]]
| length = 49:15
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| label = {{hlist|[[Times Music]]|Speed Records}}
| producer = [[Tru Skool]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Bacthafucup
| type = studio
| single1 = Chu Gon Do?
| single1date = 8 July 2021
| single2 = Click That B Kickin It
| single2date = 9 September 2021
| single3 = Here and There
| single3date = 23 September 2021
| single4 = Addi Sunni
| single4date = 30 September 2021
| single5 = It Ain't Legal
| single5date = 7 October 2021
| single6 = Ask About Me
| single6date = 14 October 2021
}}
}}
'''''Bacthafucup''''' (stylized as '''''BacTHAfucUP''''', '''''BacTHAfu*UP''''' or '''''B.T.F.U''''') is the first studio album by Indian singer and songwriter [[Karan Aujla]], with music produced by [[Tru Skool]]. The album was released on 15 September 2021 by [[Times Music]] and Speed Records, with the music video for "Chu Gon Do?" releasing on 8 July 2021. It consists of 13 tracks, and features [[Harjit Harman]], 5 Rivers, Nave Suave, Gurlez Akhtar, and Amaal. The album was streamed more than 95 million times on [[Spotify]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Background ==

In November 2020, [[Karan Aujla]] announced that he was working on his debut album, and revealed [[Tru Skool]] as producer of the album. In May 2021, Aujla titled the album as ''BacDAfucUP'', and in June 2021, the album's intro was released by [[Times Music|Speed Records]] under its final title, ''BacTHAfucUP''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Finally the wait is over as Karan Aujla announce the release of his album 'BackThefuup's Intro!|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/finally-the-wait-is-over-as-karan-aujla-announce-the-release-of-his-album-bacthafuups-intro|access-date=2021-06-17|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BTFU: The Intro Video Of Karan Aujla's Debut Album Is Out Now; Singer Is All Set To Release The Songs|url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/btfu-the-intro-video-of-karan-aujla-s-debut-album-is-out-now-singer-is-all-set-to-release-the-songs/60cb59c2c22b2417f3f931db|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref> Aujla released the track listing on 2 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Karan Aujla shares the track list of his debut album 'BackThaFu*Up'!|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/karan-aujla-shares-the-track-list-of-his-debut-album-backthafuup|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702055023/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/karan-aujla-shares-the-track-list-of-his-debut-album-backthafuup |archive-date=2021-07-02 }}</ref> On 8 July 2021, Aujla released "Chu Gon Do"'s music video, directed by [[Rupan Bal]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Karan Aujla releases first track of his debut album|language=en|work=Sify|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/karan-aujla-releases-first-track-of-his-debut-album-news-bollywood-vhiplzbgfacaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190107/https://www.sify.com/movies/karan-aujla-releases-first-track-of-his-debut-album-news-bollywood-vhiplzbgfacaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> In an interview Aujla disclosed that each track from the album is of a different kind, and also disclosed that there would be a surprise collaboration on the album.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singer Karan Aujla shares details about his new song|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/music/singer-karan-aujla-shares-details-about-his-new-song20210709203740/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karan Aujla trends on the music charts with 'Chu Gon Do' from his debut album 'BTFU' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/karan-aujla-trends-on-the-music-charts-with-chu-gon-do-from-his-debut-album-btfu/articleshow/84261018.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|date=9 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In an interview with Red FM Canada, Karan said that the album would be out on 30 July 2021. However, the album was delayed.

On 2 September, Karan released the second intro for album, "Vibe Check", and stated that the album would be about Punjabi folk music. He also showed some snippets of 3-4 songs from the album. In the intro he announced that the official video of the song "Click that B Kickin It" would be released on 9 September, and the full album will be out on 15 September.

On 9 September 2021, the official video for "Click That B Kickin it" was released, which was directed by Rupan Bal.

The full album was released on all streaming platforms on 15 September 2021.

== Chart performance ==
The track "Chu Gon Do" debuted at number 6 on the UK Asian chart published by the [[Official Charts Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref> The album charted on the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' Top Canadian Albums]] at #19. On 27 September Karan Aujla Became No 1 Digital Artist In India. And 37 In The World.

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| all_music = Tru Skool
| headline = ''Bacthafucup'' track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| total_length = 49:15
| all_writing = [[Karan Aujla]]
| title1 = Intro
| extra1 = [[Tru Skool]]
| length1 = 1:45
| title2 = Here & There
| extra2 = Tru Skool
| length2 = 4:05
| title3 = Addi Sunni
| extra3 = Tru Skool
| length3 = 4:02
| title4 = Boli
| extra4 = Tru Skool
| length4 = 4:49
| title5 = Click That B Kickin It
| note5 = featuring Nave Suave
| extra5 = Tru Skool
| length5 = 4:07
| title6 = It Ain't Legal
| note6 = featuring Gurlez Akhtar
| extra6 = Tru Skool
| length6 = 3:34
| title7 = Ford
| extra7 = Tru Skool
| length7 = 3:28
| title8 = Chu Gon Do?
| note8 = featuring Satnam 5 Rivers & Mad Yardies
| extra8 = Tru Skool
| length8 = 3:20
| title9 = Feel That Flava
| extra9 = Tru Skool
| length9 = 4:19
| title10 = Sharab
| note10 = featuring [[Harjit Harman]]
| extra10 = Tru Skool
| length10 = 3:35
| title11 = Itz a Hustle
| extra11 = Tru Skool
| length11 = 3:39
| title12 = 80 Degrees
| note12 = Featuring Amaal
| extra12 = Tru Skool
| length12 = 4:05
| title13 = Ask About Me
| extra13 = Tru Skool
| length13 = 4:19
}}

== Personnel ==
* [[Karan Aujla]] – vocals, writer
* [[Harjit Harman]] – featured artist
* Gurlez Akhtar – featured artist
* Amaal Nuux – featured artist
* Satnam Singh 5 Rivers – featured artist
* Mad Yardies – featured artist
* Nave Suave – featured artist
* Ashu Sharma - featured artist
* Kala Cobra - director

=== Technical personnel ===
* [[Tru Skool]] – producer
* Teel L – mixing and mastering

=== Video directors ===
* [[Rupan Bal]] – for tracks "Chu Gon Do", "Click That B Kickin It", "Here & There", "Addi Sunni", "It Aint Legal" and "Ask About Me"
* Sagar Deol & Janik Rai – for tracks "Intro", "Vibe Check" (second intro)
* B2getherpros – for "Intro"
* Saffron Studios – for "Vibe Check" (second intro)

=== Others ===
* [[Sandeep Rehaan]] – presentation
* Deep Rehaan and Mangal Suniel – projection
* Dilpreet VFX – editor, colorist, VFX for videos
* Simar – visuals
* The Atomic Agency – album art
* Chholla – timepasser
* Sunder Bhai - teacher

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for ''Bacthafucup''
! scope="col"| Chart (2021)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|Canadian Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Billboard Canadian Albums Chart|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums/2021-10-02|access-date=2021-10-06|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
| 20
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2021-09-24|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=27 September 2021|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
| 34
|-
{{album chart|UKDigital|24|date=20210917|rowheader=true|access-date=18 September 2021}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 albums]]
[[Category:Karan Aujla albums]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language albums]]

Khema Baba Temple

2026-01-21T03:28:57Z

AlfonzoEsh: made location!

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Khema Baba Temple
| image = Khema Baba Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Idol of Khema Baba with his wife Veera Devi at temple
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.89207818255329|71.77079243318462|type:landmark_region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Barmer District|Barmer]]
| location = [[Baytu]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Khema Baba
| festivals = Khema Baba [[Fair|Mela]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Khema Baba Temple'''<ref>{{cite news|title=लोक देवता खेमा बाबा के मेले में उमड़ा आस्था का सैलाब|url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/in-the-fair-of-folk-god-khema-baba-there-was-a-surge-of-faith-5726579/|publisher=Patrika|access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref> ({{langx|hi|खेमा बाबा मंदिर}}) is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to folk deity, Lord '''Sidh Shree Khema Baba'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=BudhaRam |title=लोकदेवता सिद्ध श्री खेमा बाबा का जीवन-परिचय {{!}} Siddha Shree Khema Baba Jivani Biography Hindi |date=14 September 2022 |url=https://hindibiography2021.com/khema-baba/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सीएम ने 1.50 करोड़ जारी कर खेमा बाबा पैनोरमा का किया शिलान्यास|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/cm-announces-rs-150-crores-and-deposits-of-khemka-baba-panorama-033042-2840248.html/|publisher=Bhaskar|access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref> located near a [[dune|sand dune]], in [[Baytu]], [[Barmer District]] of [[Rajasthan]] at [[Latitude]] 25.89201°N and [[Longitude]] 71.77074°E. It is {{cvt|48|km}} from [[Barmer District]]. It is situated at a distance of 800m from Railway station and Govt bus stand Baytu.

Khema Baba was a social reformer born in village Baytu Bhopji in [[Baytu]]. He was a revered person in [[Rajasthan]] as well as in [[Gujarat]]. This temple in [[Baytu |Baytu headquarter]] to commemorate him. Fairs are organized every year on ''magha sudi'' 9 and ''bhadrapada sudi'' 9, in which thousands of people take part from different Region of [[marwar]] and around.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=आपाणो राजस्थान |url=http://www.aapanorajasthan.org/khemaji.php |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.aapanorajasthan.org}}</ref>

==Renovation==
Beginning in October 2020, [[renovations]] to the [[temple]] are underway, and as of December 2022, work is still being done.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-26 |title=बायतु में खेमाबाबा मंदिर के जीर्णोद्धार का कार्य शुरू {{!}} Work of renovation of Khemababa temple started in Baytu |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/work-of-renovation-of-khemababa-temple-started-in-baytu-6482744/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> The Samadhi Sthal of Khema Baba is the [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]] for the [[temple]].<ref name=":0" />

==Panorama==

In March 2024, Rajasthan Chief Minister [[Bhajanlal Sharma]] announced the construction of a [[panorama]] dedicated to Khema Baba in Baytu, Balotra. This initiative, part of a larger effort to preserve the state’s [[cultural]] [[Cultural heritage|heritage]], aims to educate the youth about Rajasthan's historical roots and values.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan CM announces multiple cultural, heritage projects |url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-cm-announces-multiple-cultural-heritage-projects/2002576/ |website=The Print |date=March 2024 |access-date=July 26, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.aapanorajasthan.org/khemaji.php|title=सिद्धपुरुष खेमा बाबा|access-date=2022-01-24|publisher=आपणो राजस्थान}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/khema-baba-s-fair-in-baytoo-5724625/|title=Khema Baba's fair in Baytoo {{pipe}} बायतु : खेमा बाबा का भरपूर मेला भरा {{pipe}} Patrika News|website=patrika.com|date=3 February 2020 |access-date=2022-01-20}}
*[https://facebook.com/KhemaBabaTempleBaytu/ Khema Baba Temple Baytu]
*{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/barmer/rajasthan-temple-of-khema-baba-god-of-snakes-built-at-cost-of-rs-3-50-crore-in-western-rajasthan/1902125|title=पश्चिमी राजस्थान में 3.50करोड़ की लागत से बना लोक देवता खेमा बाबा का मंदिर, सांपों के देवता से हैं प्रसिद्ध{{pipe}}Zee News|website=zeenews.india.com|date=5 October 2023 |access-date=2024-07-10}}

{{commons Category|Khema Baba Temple}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khema Baba Temple}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Barmer district]]
[[Category:Barmer district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Barmer]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

K. G. Satyamurthy

2026-01-16T14:45:24Z

AlfonzoEsh: made new data!

{{Short description|Naxalite leader of CPI (ML) People's war}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''Kambhampati Gnana Satyamurthy''' (15 July 1931 - 17 April 2012), popular as K. G. Satyamurthy''',''' was a [[Dalit]] naxalite leader and writer from [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2012-04-18 |title=Former PW leader K.G. Satyamurthy dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-pw-leader-kg-satyamurthy-dead/article3327806.ece |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was one of the founders of [[People's War Group]]. He was an associate of [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]], the founder of PWG.

== Early life and education ==
Satyamurthy was born on 15 July 1931 at Shankarampadu village, [[Nandivada mandal]], Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. He did his schooling at Gudivada and completed his post graduation in political science at Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. He married Manemma and together they had two sons and two daughters, Anupama and Sridevi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=PWG co-founder KG Satyamurthy is no more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/Apr/18/pwg-co-founder-kg-satyamurthy-is-no-more-359691.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Satyamurthy was active in student politics and was involved with the Community Party of India. He was also the leader of the Rickshaw Karmika Sangham at Gudivada during his college days. After his post-graduation, he joined as a sub-editor in [[Visalaandhra]] Telugu daily at Guntur. Then, he also served as the editor of ''Yuvajanam'', a daily in Guntur, for a short period. Later, he became a lecturer at [[Warangal]] where he met Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, a Hindi teacher in 1960. Influenced by [[Marxism]], they became friends.<ref name=":1" />

In 1966, he led the '''Visakha Ukku, Andhrula Hakku''<nowiki/>' agitation for demanding a Steel Plant in [[Visakhapatnam]]. He was influenced by the [[Naxalbari uprising|Naxalbari]] movement and along with K. Seetharamaiah founded the People's War Group in 1968. In 1972, he was arrested and was only released in 1975.<ref name=":1" /> He was the general secretary of PWG when Seetharamaiah was arrested from 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GSrikanth |date=2022-04-17 |title=ఒకచేత గన్ను, మరోచేత పెన్ను పట్టిన ధీరుడు KG సత్యమూర్తి ప్రస్థానమిదే! {{!}} Latest Telugu News |url=https://www.dishadaily.com/telugunews/kg-satyamurthy-played-an-important-role-in-bahujan-politics-123830 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=www.dishadaily.com |language=te}}</ref> Later, he left the party due to internal differences on issues.

=== Writer ===
Satyamurthy used the pen name, Sivasagar and wrote many poems including '<nowiki/>''Udyamam Nela Baludu''<nowiki/>', '<nowiki/>''Ambedkar Suryudu''<nowiki/>' and '''Guerrilla''<nowiki/>', a collection of poems. Some of his writings became popular in the Telugu revolutionary literature. All his poetry was published in the form of a magazine by Virasam leader [[Varavara Rao]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Death ===
He died on 17 April 2012, at the home of his son K. Prasanna Siddhant in Kandulapadu village, [[G. Konduru mandal|G Konduru mandal]], [[Krishna district]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>https://apnewslive.com/k-g-satyamurthy-is-dead/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |date=2012-04-17 |title=అస్తమించిన ఉద్యమం నెలబాలుడు- శివసాగర్ లేడు |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/2012/04/17/andhrapradesh-poet-revolutionary-movement-founder-kg-satyamurthy-aid0070.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Telugu One India |language=te}}</ref> Before coming to Kandulapadu, he stayed with his younger daughter for a long in Visakhapatnam. His body was cremated in [[Vijayawada]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Final red salute to comrade Satyamurthy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/Apr/19/final-red-salute-to-comrade-satyamurthy-360007.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyamurthy. K. G.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]

Bhusawal railway division

2026-01-13T17:15:16Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
'''Bhusawal railway division''' is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> It has its headquarters located at [[Bhusawal]] in [[Jalgaon district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The other railway divisions are: [[Mumbai]] CSMT, [[Nagpur]], [[Solapur]] and [[Pune]]. There are 115 railway stations in the Bhusawal railway division.<ref>[http://www.centralrailwayonline.com/newcr/cr/hq/security/DIVISIONS.htm rly stations]</ref>
[[File:Bhusawal Junction.JPG|thumb|Bhusawal Junction]]

== History ==
Milestones
In 1853, the Survey for extension of Mumbai-Thane line beyond Igatpuri towards Khandesh was completed. By 1860, the Bhusawal Station building with a single platform was constructed. The following year, the Igatpuri – Bhusawal section was opened on October 1. By 1866, the Bhusawal – Khandwa Section was opened and in 1867, the Bhusawal – Badnera section became active as single line.

In 1920, the Bhusawal division was formed under the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) and within the next two years, the doubling of the Bhusawal - Badnera section was completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History Time line |editor=R.P.Saxena |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Eventually, Bhusawal become part of the Central Railway Zone in 1951 and in 1962, the Central Railway Zonal Training School setup at Bhusawal. Electrification with 25 KV AC Traction was completed for the Igatpuri – Bhusawal section in 1969 and by 1972, Bhusawal Electric Loco shed started functioning. The Bhusawal-Badnera Section was electrified with 25 kV AC traction in 1990 and the Bhusawal Khandwa Section was electrified in 1992. As a result, by 1993, the Bhusawal steam loco shed was shut down and the last steam loco was withdrawn from service on 16 December 1993.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.centralrailwayonline.com/hindi/divisions/bhusawal/aboutus.jsp
|title=Bhusaval Division – Milestone
|publisher=Central Railway, Mumbai CSTM
|access-date=15 February 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201192525/http://www.centralrailwayonline.com/hindi/divisions/bhusawal/aboutus.jsp
|archive-date= 1 February 2010
}}</ref>

==Connections==
It connects other railway division of central railway zone at
* [[Mumbai CR Railway Division|Mumbai CSMT Railway Division]] at Igatpuri,
* [[Solapur Railway Division]] at Manmad Jn,
* [[Nagpur CR railway division|Nagpur Railway Division]] at Badnera Junction.

It connects to other Zones of Indian railways at

* Mamnad Jn to [[Nanded Railway Division]] of South Central Railway zone
* Jalgaon Jn to Mumbai(WR) railway division of [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] zone
* Khandwa Jn. to [[Bhopal Junction]] railway division of [[Western Central Railway]] Zone
* Khandwa Jn to [[Ratlam railway division|Ratlam Division]] of [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] zone
* Khandwa Jn to [[Nanded Railway Division]] of [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]] zone
* Akola Jn to [[Nanded Railway Division]] of [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]] zone

==List of railway stations and towns ==
The list includes the stations under the Bhusawal division and their station category.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES - CRITERIA= For Categorisation Of Stations |url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''A-1''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Nasik Road}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''A''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Akola Junction}}, {{rws|Amravati}}, {{rws|Badnera Junction}}, {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{rws|Burhanpur}}, {{rws|Chalisgaon Junction}}, {{rws|Jalgaon}}, {{rws|Khandwa Junction}}, {{rws|Shegaon}}, [[Khamgaon]], {{rws|Manmad}}
|-

|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''B''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Malkapur}}, {{rws|Devlali}}, {{rws|Pachora Junction}}, {{rws|Murtajapur Junction}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''C''' Category (Suburban station)
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''D''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''E''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 55
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''F''' Category Halt Station
| style="text-align:center;" | 38
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''115'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}

===Junction stations===
The Junction railway stations in the Bhusawal railway divisions are: Chalisgaon Jn, Pachora Jn, Jalgaon Jn, Bhusawal Jn, Manmad jn, Khandwa Jn, Jalamb Jn, Akola Jn, Murtajapur Jn, Badnera Jn.

==Railway line and en route stations ==
There are three main lines in this railway subdivision and numerous branch lines.

The railway line en route station details are as follows:

===Igatpuri-Bhusawal line===
*'''[[Igatpuri]](Exclude)-[[Manmad]] Jn-[[Chalisgaon]] Jn-[[Pachora]] Jn-[[Jalgaon]] Jn-[[Bhusawal]] Jn'''
*En route station details- '''[[Igatpuri]]''' - Ghoti - Padli - Asvali - Lahavit - Devlali - '''[[Nasik Road railway station|Nashik Road]]''' - Odha - Kherwadi - Kasbe Sukene - Niphad - Ugaon - Lasalgaon - Summit - '''[[Manmad]] Jn''' - Panewadi - Hisvahal - Panjhan - Nandgaon - Pimparkhed - Naydongari - Rohini - Hirapur - '''[[Chalisgaon]] Jn''' - Vaghali - Kajgaon - Nagardevla - Galan - '''[[Pachora]] Jn''' - Pardhade - Maheji - Mhasawad - Shirsoli - '''[[Jalgaon]] Jn''' - Bhadli - '''[[Bhusawal]] Jn'''
**Chalisgaon Jn- Dhule
**En route station details- '''Chalisgaon Jn''' - Bhoras Budruk - Jamdha - Rajmane - Mordad Tanda - Shirud - Borvihar - Mohade P Laling - '''[[Dhule]]'''
**Pachora Jn- [[Jamner]] (Narrow Gauge)
**En route station details- '''[[Pachora]] Jn''' - Varkhedi - Pimpalgaon - Shendurni - Pahur - Bhagdara - '''[[Jamner]]'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Section
! Main/Branch
! Gauge
! Double/Single line
! Traction
! Distance in km
|-
| [[Igatpuri]] (excl.) to [[Manmad]] Jn
| Main
| BG
| Double
| Electric
| 124
|-
| [[Manmad]] Jn to [[Chalisgaon]] Jn
| Main
| BG
| Double
| Electric
| 67
|-
| [[Chalisgaon]] Jn to [[Dhule]]
| Branch
| BG
| Single
| Diesel
| 57
|-
| [[Chalisgaon]] Jn to Pachora Jn
| Main
| BG
| Double
| Electric
| 45
|-
| [[Pachora]] Jn to [[Jamner]]
| Branch
| NG
| Single
| Diesel
| 50
|-
| Pachora Jn to [[Jalgaon]] Jn
| Main
| BG
| Double
| Electric
| 47
|-
| [[Jalgaon]] Jn to Bhusawal Jn
| Main
| BG
| Double
| Electric
| 25
|-
|-
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''''--''' km of Main''
| '''''--''' km of BG''
| '''''--''' km of double line''
| '''''--''' km of electrified track''
| '''---'''
|-
| ''' '''
| '''''--''' km of Branch''
| '''''--''' km of NG''
| '''''--''' km of single line''
| '''''--''' km of diesel track''
| '''---'''
|}

===Bhusawal-Khandwa line===
*Bhusawal Jn-[[Burhanpur]]-[[Khandwa]] Jn(Include)
*En route station details- '''[[Bhusawal]] Jn''' - Duskheda - Savda - Nimbhora - Raver - Wghoda. - '''[[Burhanpur]]''' - Asirgarh Road - Chandni - Nepa Nagar - [[Mandwa, Nepanagar|Mandwa]] - Sagphata - Dongargaon - Kohdad - [[Bagmar]] - [[Badegaon]] Gujar - '''[[Khandwa]] Jn'''

===Bhusawal-Badnera line===
*Bhusawal Jn-[[Jalamb]] Jn-[[Akola railway station|Akola]] Jn-[[Murtajapur]] Jn-{{rws|Badnera Junction}} (Include)
**En route station details- '''Bhusawal Jn''' - Varangaon - Achegaon - '''[[Bodwad railway station|Bodwad]]''' - Kolhadi. - [[Khamkhed]] - '''[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]]''' - [[Wadoda]] - [[Biswa Bridge]] - [[Kumgaon Burti]] - '''[[Nandura]]''' - '''[[Jalamb]] Jn''' - '''[[Shegaon]]''' - [[Shrikshetra Nagzari]] - Paras - Gaigaon - '''[[Akola city|Akola]] Jn ''' - Yavatmal- '''[[Ladkhed]]''' - Borgaon - Katepurna - '''[[Murtajapur]] Jn''' - [[Mana, India|Mana]] - Mandura. - Kurum - [[Takli]] - '''[[Badnera]] Jn'''
*Jalamb Jn-[[Khamgaon]]
**En route station details- '''Jalamb Jn''' - '''[[Khamgaon]]'''
*{{rws|Murtizapur Junction}}-[[Yavatmal]] (Narrow Gauge) See also [[Shakuntala Railway]]
**En route station details- '''Murtizapur Junction''' - Murtajapur Town - Kinkhed - Vilegaon. - Bhadsivni - Pohe - '''[[Karanja Lad|Karanja]]''' - Karanja Town - Somthan - Sangwi. - Warudkhed - {{rws|Darwha Moti Bagh Junction}} - Tapona - [[Ladkhed]] - Linga - Lasina - '''[[Yavatmal]]'''
*Murtizapur Junction-[[Achalpur]] (Narrow Gauge) See also Shakuntala Railway
**En route station details- '''[[Murtajapur]] Jn''' - Lakhpuri - '''Banosa''' - Lehgaon - Kokalda - Kapustalni - '''[[Anjangaon]]''' - Pathrot - Khusta Buzurg - Chamak - Nowbagh - '''[[Achalpur]]'''
*Badnera Jn-[[Amravati]]
**En route station details- '''Badnera Jn''' - '''[[Amravati]]'''<ref>[http://www.centralrailwayonline.com/crnet.jsp cnt-rly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509074727/http://www.centralrailwayonline.com/crnet.jsp |date= 9 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1374917929455-02%20BHUSAVAL%20DIVN%20MAP.pdf |title=SYSTEM MAP |publisher=Indian Railway |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

==Information==

* Bhuswal railway division serves the following districts of Maharashtra viz [[Nasik|Nashik]], [[Dhule]], [[Jalgaon]], [[Buldhana]], [[Akola]], [[Amravati]], [[Washim]], [[Yavatmal]] of Maharashtra and [[Burhanpur]], [[Khandwa]] districts of [[Madhya Pradesh]].
* Bhusawal railway division is divided into three main sections viz. [[Bhusawal Railway Division#Igatpuri-Bhusawal line|Bhusawal - Igatpuri]] on [[Mumbai]] route, [[Bhusawal Railway Division#Bhusawal-Khandwa line|Bhusawal - Khandwa]] on [[Itarsi]] route, and [[Bhusawal Railway Division#Bhusawal-Badnera line|Bhusawal - Badnera]] section on [[Nagpur]] route.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Central Railway}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

[[Category:Bhusawal railway division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Central Railway zone|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhusawal]]

Unstoppable (talk show)

2026-01-12T08:29:53Z

AlfonzoEsh: stub.

{{Short description|Indian web talk-show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Unstoppable (talk show).jpg
| alt_name = Unstoppable with NBK
| genre = [[Talk show]]
| developer =
| writer = [[B. V. S. Ravi]]
| director = {{ubl|Arun Seshkumar (2021–2022)|Ashim Sen (2022–2023)|Diwakaran Raghunathan (2024{{ndash}}present)}}
| presenter = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
| music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 22+1 (special episode)
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Fazila Allana (2024{{ndash}}present)|Kamna Nirula Menezes (2024{{ndash}}present)}}
| location = {{ubl|[[Annapurna Studios]], Hyderabad (2021{{ndash}}2022; 2024)|[[Ramanaidu Studios]], Hyderabad (2023)}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Gnanam Subramaniam (2021{{ndash}}2023)|Diwakaran Raghunathan (2022{{ndash}}2023; 2024{{ndash}}present)|Surendra Rao (2023)}}
| editor = Kamalakar Gaddala ( 2022 )
{{ubl|Santosh Mallipeddi (2021{{ndash}}2022)|Srishailam (2021{{ndash}}2022)|Nagendhar (2021{{ndash}}2022)|Surendher(2021{{ndash}}2023)|Sai Kumar (2021{{ndash}}2022)|Prashant Ummanthala (2022{{ndash}}present)|Marri Shivashankar (2022{{ndash}}present)|Saravanan (2022)|Satyanarayana (2023{{ndash}}present)|Karan Amigoo (2023{{ndash}}present)|Surendra Gavara (2023{{ndash}}present)|Tharapath Ganipenini (2024{{ndash}}present)|Ambar Vyas (2024{{ndash}}present)|Chakry (2024{{ndash}}present)}}
| camera = Multi-camera
| company = SOL Productions
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Unstoppable''''' (marketed as '''''Unstoppable with NBK''''')<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Unstoppable With NBK: Balakrishna recalls naughty moments from Mahesh Babu's childhood |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/unstoppable-nbk-balakrishna-recalls-naughty-moments-mahesh-babus-childhood-1014820 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209053111/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/unstoppable-nbk-balakrishna-recalls-naughty-moments-mahesh-babus-childhood-1014820 |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[streaming television]] [[talk show]] hosted by actor [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]. The show premiered on 4 November 2021 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=Stream NBK's Unstoppable on Aha |url=https://www.aha.video/webseries/unstoppable |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Aha Video |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509161436/https://www.aha.video/webseries/unstoppable |url-status=live }}</ref> The first season became the most-watched show on Aha, amassing over 40 crore (400 million) streaming minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Balakrishna's 'Unstoppable with NBK' becomes most-watched Telugu OTT show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/balakrishnas-unstoppable-with-nbk-becomes-most-watched-telugu-ott-show/articleshow/89455588.cms |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/balakrishnas-unstoppable-with-nbk-becomes-most-watched-telugu-ott-show/articleshow/89455588.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It also became the top-rated talk show in India on [[IMDb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=IMDb Rates Balakrishna's Unstoppable With NBK as Top Talk Show in India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/imdb-rates-balakrishnas-unstoppable-with-nbk-as-top-talk-show-in-india-4649594.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142342/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/imdb-rates-balakrishnas-unstoppable-with-nbk-as-top-talk-show-in-india-4649594.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The second season premiered on 14 October 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=Unstoppable with NBK 2: Balakrishna, Chandrababu Naidu, Lokesh's first episode promo is LIT |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/unstoppable-with-nbk-2-balakrishna-chandrababu-naidu-lokeshs-first-episode-promo-is-lit-1194665 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016141122/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/unstoppable-with-nbk-2-balakrishna-chandrababu-naidu-lokeshs-first-episode-promo-is-lit-1194665 |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by a limited third season, which aired on 17 October 2023. The fourth season of ''Unstoppable'' premiered on 25 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-10-20 |title=NBK's Unstoppable S04 starts rolling with AP CM Chandra Babu Naidu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/20/nbks-unstoppable-s04-starts-rolling-with-ap-cm-chandra-babu-naidu |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Production==
In early October 2021, [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] was approached by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] to host a talk show, with [[Krish Jagarlamudi]] serving as the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna all set to make his OTT debut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandamuri-balakrishna-all-set-to-make-his-ott-debut-7554883/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Filming began at [[Annapurna Studios]], though Balakrishna was injured during the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna injured during shooting for talk show |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nandamuri-balakrishna-injured-during-shooting-for-talk-show |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> The show was formally announced in late October, with its premiere scheduled for 4 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-28 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna's talk show Unstoppable with NBK to premiere on Nov 4, watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandamuri-balakrishna-talk-show-unstoppable-with-nbk-to-premiere-on-november-4-watch-video-7594624/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209075516/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandamuri-balakrishna-talk-show-unstoppable-with-nbk-to-premiere-on-november-4-watch-video-7594624/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the second season, [[Prasanth Varma]] was hired to shoot the promotional teasers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna and director Prashant Varma unveil Unstoppable with NBK season 2 teaser, watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/nandamuri-balakrishna-and-director-prashant-varma-unveil-unstoppable-with-nbk-season-2-teaser-watch/articleshow/94661598.cms |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/nandamuri-balakrishna-and-director-prashant-varma-unveil-unstoppable-with-nbk-season-2-teaser-watch/articleshow/94661598.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The season's anthem song was sung by [[Roll Rida]] and composed by [[Mahati Swara Sagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=aha to kick-start season 2 of 'Unstoppable with NBK' with launch of 'Unstoppable' anthem |url=https://telanganatoday.com/aha-to-kick-start-season-2-of-unstoppable-with-nbk-with-launch-of-unstoppable-anthem |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2022 |title='Unstoppable with NBK season 2' set for a grand event; here's what director Prashant Varma has to say about the teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/unstoppable-with-nbk-season-2-set-for-a-grand-event-heres-what-director-prashant-varma-has-to-say-about-the-teaser/articleshow/94601205.cms |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005094757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/unstoppable-with-nbk-season-2-set-for-a-grand-event-heres-what-director-prashant-varma-has-to-say-about-the-teaser/articleshow/94601205.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first episode of the second season, featuring [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] was filmed on 4 October 2022.{{cn|date=January 2025}} An episode featuring [[Pawan Kalyan]] was shot on 27 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2022-12-27 |title=Pawan Kalyan shoots with Nandamuri Balakrishna for Unstoppable With NBK. Leaked pics, videos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-shoots-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-for-unstoppable-with-nbk-leaked-pics-videos-2314140-2022-12-27 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228161414/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-shoots-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-for-unstoppable-with-nbk-leaked-pics-videos-2314140-2022-12-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goud |first=Priyanka |date=2022-12-27 |title=Pawan Kalyan at Unstoppable with NBK 2: Promo to viral BTS moments, 5 exciting things about episode |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pawan-kalyan-at-unstoppable-with-nbk-2-promo-to-viral-bts-moments-5-exciting-things-about-episode-1204886 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228161414/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pawan-kalyan-at-unstoppable-with-nbk-2-promo-to-viral-bts-moments-5-exciting-things-about-episode-1204886 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The third season's first episode was filmed in early October 2023 and premiered on 17 October 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devasankar |first=S |date=2023-10-05 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nandamuri Balakrishna to return as host for Unstoppable 3; Filming may commence this Dussehra |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-nandamuri-balakrishna-to-return-as-host-for-unstoppable-3-filming-may-commence-this-dussehra-1248677 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012235141/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-nandamuri-balakrishna-to-return-as-host-for-unstoppable-3-filming-may-commence-this-dussehra-1248677 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=Balakrishna's Unstoppable Limited edition with the 'Bhagavanth Kesari' team to premiere on October 17 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/balakrishnas-unstoppable-limited-edition-with-the-bhagavanth-kesari-team-to-premiere-on-october-17/articleshow/104370012.cms |access-date=2023-11-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015224254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/balakrishnas-unstoppable-limited-edition-with-the-bhagavanth-kesari-team-to-premiere-on-october-17/articleshow/104370012.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> while the second episode was filmed in mid-November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-14 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Rashmika Mandanna pose with Nandamuri Balakrishna as Team Animal shoots for Unstoppable with NBK |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-pose-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-as-team-animal-shoots-for-unstoppable-with-nbk-9026664/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128120810/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-pose-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-as-team-animal-shoots-for-unstoppable-with-nbk-9026664/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In early October 2024, the fourth season was announced, with an animated trailer revealing the launch date of 25 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Nandamuri Balakrishna's Unstoppable With NBK Season 4 Promo |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/watch-nandamuri-balakrishnas-unstoppable-with-nbk-season-4-promo-9096558.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The first episode of the fourth season, featuring N. Chandrababu Naidu, was filmed on 20 October 2024 at Annapurna Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2024-10-20 |title=‘అన్‌స్టాపబుల్’కు ఏపీ సీఎం చంద్రబాబు - గ్రాండ్ వెల్‌కం ఇచ్చిన ‘ఆహా’ టీమ్! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/unstoppable-with-nbk-season-4-ap-cm-chandrababu-naidu-episode-shooting-check-pics-184582 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-10-20 |title=Unstoppable Show: అన్‌స్టాపబుల్ సీజన్-4 టాక్ షోలో సీఎం చంద్రబాబు సందడి.. |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/andhra-pradesh/guntur/ap-cm-chandrababu-participated-in-the-shooting-of-unstoppable-season4-suri-1324231.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> Initially, the second episode was scheduled to feature the cast of ''[[Kanguva]]'', filmed on 24 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unstoppable with NBK Kanguva episode: When, where to watch Suriya and team speak on the show |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/unstoppable-with-nbk-season-4-on-aha-this-tamil-superstar-is-the-second-guest-streaming-date-here/7610d2214c76 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> However, it was replaced by an episode featuring the cast and crew of ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'', which was shot on 28 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Dulquer Salmaan shares his car secrets and meeting wife Amal Sufiya in school during Unstoppable with NBK Season 4; Deets Inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-dulquer-salmaan-shares-his-car-secrets-and-meeting-wife-amal-sufiya-in-school-during-nbk-season-4-deets-inside-1355801 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203111601/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-dulquer-salmaan-shares-his-car-secrets-and-meeting-wife-amal-sufiya-in-school-during-nbk-season-4-deets-inside-1355801 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Kanguva'' episode was later aired as the third episode on 8 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unstoppable with NBK: When and where to watch Dulquer Salmaan's Lucky Baskhar episode |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/unstoppable-with-nbk-when-where-to-watch-the-dulquer-salmaans-lucky-baskhar-episode/e53de5c5245 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The episode featuring [[Ram Charan]] and [[Sharwanand]] was shot on 31 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2024-12-30 |title=Mega Power Star Ram Charan to Appear on Unstoppable with NBK Season 4; Shoot Scheduled for Tomorrow |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mega-power-star-ram-charan-to-appear-on-unstoppable-with-nbk-season-4-shoot-scheduled-for-tomorrow-933541 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=Ram Charan joins Balakrishna on 'Unstoppable With NBK' to promote 'Game Changer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-joins-balakrishna-on-unstoppable-with-nbk-to-promote-game-changer/articleshow/116849843.cms |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |airdate= |Title= |airdateT=Premiere |background=#006602 |season= |seasonT=Episode |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2021|11|04|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Mohan Babu]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Vishnu Manchu]]
|ShortSummary= Balayya called them to increase show ratings
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2021|11|12|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2021|12|03|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Brahmanandam]] and [[Anil Ravipudi]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 4
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2021|12|10|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Boyapati Srinu]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[S. Thaman]], [[Pragya Jaiswal]]
|ShortSummary=[[Geetha Madhuri]], [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]] and others have performed the song "Jai Balayya" from the soundtrack album of the film ''[[Akhanda]]''.
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 5
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2021|12|17|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 6
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2021|12|24|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Allu Arjun]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Sukumar]]
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 7
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2021|12|31|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Ravi Teja]], [[Gopichand Malineni]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 8
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Rana Daggubati]]
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|Title=Unstoppable Episode 9
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|01|14|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Vijay Devarakonda]], [[Puri Jagannadh]], [[Charmme Kaur]]
|LineColor=#006602
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|Title=Unstoppable Grand Finale
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|02|04|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Mahesh Babu]], [[Vamshi Paidipally]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#006602
}} |guests=
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |airdate= |Title= |airdateT=Premiere |background=#000000 |season= |seasonT=Episode |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Unstoppable 2 Episode 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|10|14|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], [[Nara Lokesh]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=Unstoppable 2 Episode 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|10|21|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Vishwak Sen]], [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Unstoppable 2 Episode 3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|11|04|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Adivi Sesh]], [[Sharwanand]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title=Unstoppable 2 Episode 4
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Kiran Kumar Reddy]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|Title=Unstoppable 2 Episode 5
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|12|02|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[D. Suresh Babu]], [[Allu Aravind]], [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|Title=Unstoppable 2 Episode 6
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|12|23|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Jayasudha]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Raashii Khanna]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|Title=The Bahubali Episode
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2022|12|30|df=yes}} (Part 1)
----{{Start date|2023|01|06|df=yes}} (Part 2)
|Guests=[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Prabhas]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|Title=Unstoppable 2 Episode 8
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|01|13|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Honey Rose]], [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Gopichand Malineni]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|Title=Power Finale {{ndash}} Part 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|02|02|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Sai Tej]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|Title=Power Finale {{ndash}} Part 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Sai Tej]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}} |guests=
}}

=== Season 3 (Limited Edition) ===
{{Episode table |airdate= |Title= |airdateT=Premiere |background=#125390 |season= |seasonT=Episode |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Unstoppable Limited Edition EP 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|10|17|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Anil Ravipudi]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Sreeleela|Sree Leela]], [[Arjun Rampal]]
|ShortSummary= To promote their film ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''.
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
||Title=Wildest Episode
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|11|24|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]
|ShortSummary= To promote their film ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''.
|LineColor=125390
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Unstoppable Limited Edition EP 3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|12|22|df=yes}}
|Guests= [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Harish Shankar]], [[Shriya Saran]], and [[Jayanth Paranjee]]
|ShortSummary= A lively conversation and fun with NBK and the guests.
|LineColor=125390
}} |guests=
}}

=== Season 4 ===
{{Episode table |airdate= |title= |airdateT=Premiere |background=#771C23 |season= |seasonT=Episode |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Tirigochina Vijayam
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|10|25|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=Dil Se Dulquer
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|10|31|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], [[Venky Atluri]], Suryadevara Naga Vamsi
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Singham & Samarasimham
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|11|8|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Suriya]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Siva (director)|Siva]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title= Iddaru Firee: Part {{ndash}} 1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|11|15|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Allu Arjun]], Allu Nirmala
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title= Wild Firee: Part {{ndash}} 2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|11|22|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Allu Arjun]], Allu Ayaan, Allu Arha
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|Title= Ms. Leela & Mr. Polishetty
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|12|06|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Sreeleela]], [[Naveen Polishetty]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|Title= Sankranthi Herolu
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2024|12|27|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], [[Anil Ravipudi]], [[D. Suresh Babu]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|Title= Daaku Army
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|1|3|df=yes}}
|Guests=[[Thaman S]], [[K. S. Ravindra|Bobby Kolli]], Suryadevara Naga Vamsi
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|Title= Pandugala Vacharu
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|1|8|df=yes}} (Part 1)
----{{Start date|2025|01|17|df=yes}} (Part 2)
|Guests=[[Ram Charan]], [[Sharwanand]], [[Dil Raju]], [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=000
}} |guests=
}}

== Reception ==
Reviewing the first episode of second season, [[Mallemala Entertainments|''123Telugu'']] stated that "first episode of Unstoppable 2 is more serious than fun".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=OTT Review : Unstoppable With NBK S2 E1 – More political and less entertainment |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-unstoppable-with-nbk-s2-e1-more-political-and-less-entertainment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142344/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-unstoppable-with-nbk-s2-e1-more-political-and-less-entertainment.html |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=[[Mallemala Entertainment|123Telugu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt15697242|title=Unstoppable with NBK}}

[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television talk shows]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television seasons]]

Bangur Nagar metro station

2025-12-20T15:14:27Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bangur Nagar
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|बांगूर नगर}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image = Bangur Nagar metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Bangur Nagar metro station as seen from New Link Rd
| address = Mitha Nagar, Goregaon West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400090
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1624723|N|72.8348708|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}
| accessible =

| code = '''213'''
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year = 2023
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Lower Malad|left=Goregaon (West)}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Bangur Nagar''' is the elevated metro station serving Bangur Nagra neighbourhood of [[Goregaon]] on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418015654/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418021157/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Lower Malad metro station|Lower Malad]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Goregaon (West) metro station|Goregaon (West)]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of the [[Mumbai Metro]], Andheri West station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Maharashtra]]

English cricket team in India and Sri Lanka in 1984–85

2025-12-16T17:30:21Z

AlfonzoEsh: improved lead after review and improved wording

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = English cricket team in India in 1984-85
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 13 November 1984
| to_date = 7 February 1985
| team1_captain = [[Sunil Gavaskar]]
| team2_captain = [[David Gower]]
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 4
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Ravi Shastri]] (223)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Mike Gatting]] (209)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Ravi Shastri]] (6)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Vic Marks]] (6)
| player_of_ODI_series =
| no_of_tests = 5
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] (439)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Mike Gatting]] (575)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[L Sivaramakrishnan]] (23)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Neil Foster]] (14)
| player_of_test_series =
}}

The [[England national cricket team]] toured [[India]] in 1984–85, playing a five-match [[Test cricket|Test series]] and five match ODI series versus [[India national cricket team|India]]. Shortly after they arrived in India, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated; with cricket in India then out of the question for a few weeks, the English team went to [[Sri Lanka]] to play a couple of warm-up matches.

The tour was nearly called off after the Deputy High Commissioner of Western India, Percy Norris was shot dead on 27 November in [[Mumbai]], the day after hosting a reception for the England team.<ref>Radha, Sailesh S, "A Tribute to...Five Days in White Flannels: A Trivia Book on Test Cricket", AuthorHouse Publishing, 2009.</ref><ref name="tour">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/380051.html |title=The show must go on |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Test Series==
===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date =28 November–3 December 1984
| team1 ={{cr-rt|England}}
| team2 ={{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 =195 (96.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Phil Edmonds]] 48 (81)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] 6/64 (31.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =465/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (137 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Ravi Shastri]] 142 (323)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Pat Pocock]] 3/133 (46 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =317 (135 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Mike Gatting]] 136 (255)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] 6/117 (46 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =51/2 (15.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 22[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Norman Cowans]] 1/18 (5 overs)

| result =India won by 8 wickets
| venue =[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Bombay]]
| umpires =[[Bhairab Ganguli]] (Ind) and [[Swaroop Kishen]] (Ind)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16886/scorecard/63391 Scorecard]
| toss =England won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=
| notes = [[Chris Cowdrey]] and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (both Eng) made their debut in Tests.
*''[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] (Ind) claimed his first wicket in Tests.''<ref name="1Test">{{cite web |title=INDIA v ENGLAND 1984-85 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-england-1984-85-151944 |work=Wisden |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*''30 November was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
*''[[Mike Gatting]] (Eng) scored his first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in Tests.''<ref>{{cite web |title=The definition of being positive has changed |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mike-gatting-the-definition-of-being-positive-has-changed-909821 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en |date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
*''This was India's first win after 31 Tests.''<ref name="1Test"/>
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date =12–17 December 1984
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =307 (125.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 60 (97)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Richard Ellison (cricketer)|Richard Ellison]] 4/66 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =418 (169.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] 160 (390)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] 6/99 (49.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =235 (103.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Sunil Gavaskar]] 65 (164)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Phil Edmonds]] 4/60 (44 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =127/2 (23.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Allan Lamb]] 37[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] 1/41 (8 overs)

| result =England won by 8 wickets
| venue =[[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires =[[Dara Dotiwalla]] (Ind) and [[Piloo Reporter]] (Ind)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16886/scorecard/63392 Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=
| notes = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] (Ind) made his debut in Tests.
*''14 December was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
*''This was England's first win after 13 Tests,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Steen |first1=Rob |title=Surprise, surprise |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rob-steen-on-ten-of-the-most-shocking-results-in-test-history-1085678 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en |date=7 March 2017}}</ref> their then longest winless run in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA v ENGLAND 1984-85 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-england-1984-85-151945 |work=Wisden |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>''
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date =31 December 1984–5 January 1985
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =437/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (200 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Ravi Shastri]] 111 (357)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Phil Edmonds]] 3/72 (47 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =276 (100.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Allan Lamb]] 67 (102)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Chetan Sharma]] 4/38 (12.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =29/1 (18 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Manoj Prabhakar]] 21 (56)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Allan Lamb]] 1/6 (1 over)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires =[[Bhairab Ganguli]] (Ind) and [[V. Vikramraju]] (Ind)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16886/scorecard/63393 Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] (Ind) scored a century on Test debut.
*''Only 20 minutes of play was possible on day 2 due to [[smog]] and rain.''
*''2 January was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
*''Azharuddin and [[Ravi Shastri]], in the first innings, broke the record for highest partnership for India for the fifth wicket in Tests (214 runs),<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA v ENGLAND 1984-85 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-england-1984-85-151946 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> before it was broken by [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[VVS Laxman]] [[Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|in 2001]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kotian |first1=Harish |title=15 years ago this day.... |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/-fifteen-years-ago-this-day-vvs-laxman-rahul-dravid/20160314.htm |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>''
}}

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date =13–18 January 1985
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =272 (67.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 78 (101)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Neil Foster]] 6/104 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =652/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (175 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Mike Gatting]] 207 (309)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 2/36 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =412 (122.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 105 (218)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Neil Foster]] 5/59 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =35/1 (8 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] 21[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] 1/12 (4 overs)

| result =England won by 9 wickets
| venue =[[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Madras]]
| umpires =[[Mahendra Gupte]] (Ind) and [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] (Ind)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16886/scorecard/63394 Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=
| notes= 16 January was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].
*''With [[Graeme Fowler]]'s involvement in partnerships of 178 and 241 runs for the first and second wickets in England's first innings, both records for the country, he became the first player since [[Len Hutton]] in 1938 to be involved in such an instance in the same innings of a Test.''<ref name="4Wisden">{{cite web |title=India v England 1984-85 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-england-1984-85-151947 |work=Wisden |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*''This was also the first instance where two England players scored double-centuries in one innings of a Test.''<ref name="4Wisden"/>
}}

===5th Test===
{{Test match
| date =31 January–5 February 1985
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =553/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (165 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 137 (255)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Neil Foster]] 3/123 (36 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =417 (188.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] 96 (279)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 4/81 (36.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =97/1d (13 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 54[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Mike Gatting]] 0/7 (1 over)

| score-team2-inns2 =91/0 (36 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Mike Gatting]] 41* (59)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 0/8 (1 over)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Green Park Stadium|Modi Stadium]], [[Kanpur]]
| umpires =[[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] (Ind) and [[Piloo Reporter]] (Ind)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16886/scorecard/63395 Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and decided to bat.
| notes = [[Gopal Sharma]] (Ind) made his debut in Tests.
*''[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] (Ind) became the first player to score centuries in his first three Tests.''
*''India's first innings total of 553 was their highest against England in Tests.''<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA v ENGLAND 1984-85 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-england-1984-85-151948 |work=Wisden |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==

England won the Charminar Challenge Cup 4–1.

===1st ODI===

{{Limited overs matches

| date = 5 December 1984

| time =

| daynight =

| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}

| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}

| score1 = 214/6 (45 overs)

| runs1 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar|DB Vengsarkar]] 105 (124)

| wickets1 = [[Neil Foster|NA Foster]] 3/44 (10 overs)

| score2 = 215/6 (43.2 overs)

| runs2 = [[Mike Gatting|MW Gatting]] 115[[not out|*]] (135)

| wickets2 = [[Manoj Prabhakar|M Prabhakar]] 1/27 (10 overs)

| result = England won by 4 wickets

| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/45/45397.html Scorecard]

| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]]

| umpires = [[Subrata Banerjee|S Banerjee]] and [[Mohammad Ghouse|MI Ghouse]]

| motm = [[Dilip Vengsarkar|DB Vengsarkar]] (IND) and [[Mike Gatting|MW Gatting]] (ENG)

| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.

| rain = The match was reduced to 45 overs per side.

| notes = [[Rajinder Ghai|RS Ghai]] and [[Kiran More|KS More]] (both IND), and [[Richard Ellison (cricketer)|RM Ellison]] and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|RT Robinson]] (both ENG) made their ODI debuts.

}}

===2nd ODI===

{{Limited overs matches

| date = 27 December 1984

| time =

| daynight =

| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}

| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}

| score1 = 252/5 (49 overs)

| runs1 = [[Ravi Shastri|RJ Shastri]] 102 (142)

| wickets1 = [[Vic Marks|VJ Marks]] 3/50 (8 overs)

| score2 = 241/6 (46 overs)

| runs2 = [[Mike Gatting|MW Gatting]] 59 (86)

| wickets2 = [[Roger Binny|RMH Binny]] 2/48 (7 overs)

| result = England won by [[Average Run Rate method|faster scoring rate]]

| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/45/45460.html Scorecard]

| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]

| umpires = [[Jiban Ghosh (umpire)|JD Ghosh]] and [[Padmakar Pandit|PG Pandit]]

| motm = [[Ravi Shastri|RJ Shastri]] (IND)

| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.

| rain = The match was reduced to 49 overs per side.

* When play was halted England needed to have scored 237 runs to win.

| notes =

}}

===3rd ODI===

{{Limited overs matches

| date = 20 January 1985

| time =

| daynight =

| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}

| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}

| score1 = 205/6 (46 overs)

| runs1 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin|M Azharuddin]] 47[[not out|*]] (37)

| wickets1 = [[Vic Marks|VJ Marks]] 3/35 (10 overs)

| score2 = 206/7 (45 overs)

| runs2 = [[Allan Lamb|AJ Lamb]] 59[[not out|*]] (75)

| wickets2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 3/38 (10 overs)

| result = England won by 3 wickets

| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/45/45557.html Scorecard]

| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]

| umpires = [[Salil Das|SK Das]] and [[R. V. Ramani|RV Ramani]]

| motm = [[Allan Lamb|AJ Lamb]] (ENG)

| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.

| rain = The match was reduced to 46 overs per side.

| notes = [[Mohammad Azharuddin|M Azharuddin]] and [[Sadanand Viswanath|S Viswanath]] (both IND) made their ODI debuts.

}}

===4th ODI===

{{Limited overs matches

| date = 23 January 1985

| time =

| daynight =

| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}

| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 240/7 (50 overs)

| runs1 = [[Martyn Moxon|MD Moxon]] 70 (124)

| wickets1 = [[Ravi Shastri|RJ Shastri]] 4/40 (10 overs)

| score2 = 241/7 (47.4 overs)

| runs2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 54 (41)

| wickets2 = [[Jonathan Agnew|JP Agnew]] 3/38 (10 overs)

| result = India won by 3 wickets

| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/45/45564.html Scorecard]

| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]

| umpires = [[R. Mrithyunjayan|R Mrithyunjayan]] and [[A. L. Narasimhan|AL Narasimhan]]

| motm = [[Kapil Dev]] (IND)

| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.

| rain =

| notes = [[Jonathan Agnew|JP Agnew]], [[Chris Cowdrey|CS Cowdrey]] and [[Martyn Moxon|MD Moxon]] (all ENG), and [[Lalchand Rajput|LS Rajput]] (IND) made their ODI debuts.

}}

===5th ODI===

{{Limited overs matches

| date = 27 January 1985

| time =

| daynight =

| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}

| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 121/6 (15 overs)

| runs1 = [[Allan Lamb|AJ Lamb]] 33[[not out|*]] (19)

| wickets1 = [[T. A. Sekhar|TA Sekhar]] 3/23 (3 overs)

| score2 = 114/5 (15 overs)

| runs2 = [[Ravi Shastri|RJ Shastri]] 53 (45)

| wickets2 = [[Phil Edmonds|PH Edmonds]] 2/20 (3 overs)

| result = England won by 7 runs

| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/45/45585.html Scorecard]

| venue = [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]

| umpires = [[Ram Babu Gupta|RB Gupta]] and [[Nagaraja Rao|BR Nagaraja Rao]]

| motm = [[Ravi Shastri|RJ Shastri]] (IND)

| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.

| rain = The match was reduced before play started to 15 overs per side.

| notes = [[Bruce French (cricketer)|BN French]] (ENG) made his ODI debut.

}}

==References==
* ''Playfair Cricket Annual 1985''
* ''Wisden Cricketers Almanack 1986''
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/IND/1984-85_IND_England_in_India_1984-85.html CricketArchive tour itinerary]
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61797.html Tour Page ESPNcricinfo]
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61797.html?view=records record ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}
{{International cricket in 1984–85}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:English cricket team in India and Sri Lanka in 1984-85}}
[[Category:1984 in English cricket]]
[[Category:1984 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1984 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:1985 in English cricket]]
[[Category:1985 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of India|1984-85]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of Sri Lanka|1984]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1980–81 to 1985]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 1972–73 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-cricket-tour-stub}}
{{SriLanka-cricket-tour-stub}}

Our Lady of Light Church, Chennai

2025-11-29T08:32:06Z

AlfonzoEsh: adding basic post and citations!

{{short description|Catholic shrine in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Church of Our Lady of Light
| fullname =
| image = [[File:Luz church, Chennai.jpg|frameless|250px|centre|Luz church at [[Mylapore]]]]
| caption = Luz church
| pushpin map = Tamil Nadu
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption = Our Lady of Light shrine (Luz Church), [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|02|17.4|N|80|15|44.8|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Our_Lady_of_Light_Church,_Chennai&params=13_02_17.4_N_80_15_44.8_E_type:landmark_region:IN]
| location = [[Chennai]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]] ([[Latin Church]])
| website =
| bull date =
| founded date = {{start date and age|1516}}
| founder = Portuguese missionaries.
| dedication = Our Lady of Light
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| status = [[Marian shrine]]
| functional status = Active
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
| groundbreaking = 1515
| completed date = 15 August 1516
| demolished date =
| capacity =
| parish = Luz Church Parish
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]]
| archbishop = Rev. Archbishop [[George Antonysamy]]
| priestincharge =
| priest = Rev. Fr. Peter Thumma
| asstpriest =
| chaplain =
| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =
}}

'''Church of Our Lady of Light''' ({{langx|ta|பிரகாச மாதா ஆலயம்}}) is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[shrine]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The locals commonly call it '''Luz Church''', which derives from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name '''Nossa Senhora da Luz'''. Built in 1516 by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], it is one of the oldest Churches in the city and its foundation stone marks as one of the oldest [[Europe]]an monuments in India. The history of the church dates back to the 16th-century legend of safe arrival to land by [[missionaries]]. The church is located very near to the [[Santhome Basilica]], where [[Apostle Thomas]] is believed to be buried.

Although at the time the church was built, the locality was a thick forest, now it is part of a bustling metropolitan area. This 16th-century European-architecture building consists of patterns of Gothic arches and [[Baroque]] ornamentation. The feast of Our Lady of Light is celebrated on 15 August every year. On 15 August 2010, Church of Our Lady of Light was declared Shrine of Our Lady of Light by A. M. Chinnappa, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archbishop of Madras-Mylapore]].

==History==

===Background===
{{See also|Christianity in India}}
The historical background of this church is intertwined with the traditional history of [[Christianity in India]]. Arrival of [[Christianity]] in India is of two phases, where by traditional accounts, St. Thomas brought the religion in the first century and attained [[martyrdom]] in [[Chennai]] in AD 53. The second phase is after the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century. The legends of the Church of Our Lady of Light connects both.

===Legend===
The history of the Church is compounded with the history of the arrival of the Portuguese to India. Soon after [[Vasco da Gama]] discovered the sea-route to India, the legend states, that eight Franciscan priests left for India from [[Lisbon]] with the fleet of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] on 9 March 1500. They landed in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], where three of the Friars were slain on 16 November 1500. The others reached [[Cochin]], and settled down of preach the [[Good news (Christianity)|good news]]. A few years later, they sailed down South to spread their message further. It is said, that the [[Friars]] were lost in the rough sea and started praying to [[Mother Mary]] for their safety. The legend states that they were miraculously guided by a mysterious bright light which guided them safe to land. The Friars that in honour of their safe arrival to the land, built the ''Church of Our Lady of Light'' ({{langx|pt|Nossa Senhora da Luz}}).<ref name=arch/> The church would later suffer damages inflicted from the forces of [[Golconda]] between 1662 and 1673.<ref>[http://luzchurch.org/ind2b.htm History of Luz Church] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919163728/http://luzchurch.org/ind2b.htm |date=2008-09-19 }}</ref> During the times of [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]]'s invasion of the city forts between 1780 and 1782, the [[British East India Company]] Forces occupied the Luz Parish Residence for some years.<ref name=arch>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdioceseofmadrasmylapore.org/parish_view1.php?uid=P041 |title=Info on the Church on Archdioceses website |access-date=30 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904070517/http://www.archdioceseofmadrasmylapore.org/parish_view1.php?uid=P041 |archive-date=4 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Currently this church also governs the [[Stella Maris College (Chennai)|Stella Maris College, Chennai]].<ref name=arch/>

==Location==
The church is located in [[Mylapore]] local of Chennai and at the time it was built, this part of Mylapore is believed to have been a thick forest. Thus the church gets its local name in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''"Kaatu Kovil"'' ({{langx|ta|காட்டுக் கோவில்}}) (Jungle Temple).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=beqYWLRER6MC&dq=Luz+Our+lady+Church+Chennai&pg=PA89 South India Handbook]</ref> It is located about 1.5 km from the [[Santhome Basilica]]<ref name=chennaibook>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&dq=Luz+Our+lady+Church+Chennai&pg=PA28 Chennai Travel book]</ref> where [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] of [[Jesus]] [[Saint]] [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]] is buried. Although now a bustling locale, it is believed that this area could have been covered with [[mangroves]] in the early days. The road leading to the church is now named as ''Luz Church road'' after the church itself.
[[File:Jehovah - Chennai 1516 - name of God in the bible.jpg|alt=Chennai - tetragrammon|thumb|tetragrammon :Jehovah - name of God for Christians- Chennai 1516]]
the [[tetragrammaton]] is visible on the main facade at a height of about 6 meters.

==Architecture==
The existing structure at Luz was built by the Portuguese in 1516.<ref name="IJAHS">{{cite journal | last1 = Priya | first1 = R. Sasi Mary | last2 = Radhakrishnan | first2 = V. | author-link = | title = The art and architectures along the Tamil Nadu coast | journal = International Journal of Art & Humanity Science | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 43 | date = March–April 2016 | language = | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313763972 | jstor = | issn = 2349-5235 | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref> The architecture of the building consists of patterns of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[arch]]es, [[Baroque]] [[Ornament (architecture)|ornamentation]] compounded with classical European style. The altars are gilded with silver and gold leaves and the ceilings with powder blue [[fresco]] paintings. The building plan resembles the Portuguese style in more than one way. Luz church represents one of the many attempts made by these people to leave their identity in far-off places. The foundation stone of this church is considered to be one of the oldest European monuments in India.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pwMk4FIcpuUC&dq=Luz+Church+Madras&pg=RA1-PA153 Madras Tercentenary Celebrations Committee Commemoration]</ref>

==Feast==
The feast of Our Lady of Light is celebrated on 15 August every year <ref>[http://www.madrasi.info/luz-church.html Luz Church on Madras info]</ref> which is also the day of [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] and hence a [[public holiday|national holiday]]. The day is also as the feast of ''[[Assumption of Mary]]''.<ref name=arch1>[http://chennai.clickindia.com/travel/luzchurch.html Luz Church in Clickindia.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906113111/http://chennai.clickindia.com/travel/luzchurch.html |date=2008-09-06 }}</ref> The feast is celebrated with a grand mass and car procession.

[[File:Altar of luz church, Chennai.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Altar of luz church]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Christianity}}
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[Santhome Church]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Our_Lady_of_Light_Church,_Chennai&params=13_02_17.4_N_80_15_44.8_E_type:landmark_region:IN GeoHack - Our Lady of Light Church, Chennai]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1516]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Chennai]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1516 in India]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:1516 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in India]]

National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)

2025-11-24T10:07:01Z

AlfonzoEsh: rework intro per sources

{{Short description|Old numbering of road in India}}
{{For | the current National Highway 3 from Amritsar to Manali|National Highway 3 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 3
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q643149|title=National Highway 3|text= Interactive Map of Old National Highway '''3''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
|image=Nashik Mumbai NH3.jpg
|image_notes=Old NH 3 Nashik - Mumbai, Maharashtra
|direction_a= North
|terminus_a= [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|destinations= [[Agra]]–[[Gwalior]]–[[Indore]]–[[Dhule]]–[[Nashik]]–[[Mumbai]]
|direction_b=South
|terminus_b= [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|junction= {{collapsible list| [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH 2]] in [[Agra]]|[[National Highway 11 (India)|NH 11]] in Agra|[[National Highway 93 (India)|NH 93]] in Agra|[[National Highway 11B (India)|NH 11B]] in [[Dholpur]]|[[National Highway 75 (India)|NH 75]] in [[Gwalior]]|[[National Highway 92 (India)|NH 92]] in Gwalior|[[National Highway 25 (India)|NH 25]] in [[Shivpuri]]|[[National Highway 76 (India)|NH 76]] in Shivpuri|[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] in Biaora|[[National Highway 86 (India)|NH 86]] in [[Dewas]]|[[National Highway 59 (India)|NH 59]] in [[Indore]]|[[National Highway 59A (India)|NH 59A]] in Indore|[[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] in [[Dhule]]|[[National Highway 211 (India)|NH 211]] in Dhule|[[National Highway 50 (India)|NH 50]] in Nashik|[[National Highway 222 (India)|NH 222]] in [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]|[[National Highway 4 (India)|NH 4]] near [[Thane]]|[[National Highway 8 (India)|NH 8]] in [[Mumbai]] }}
|length_notes= [[North–South and East–West Corridor|NS]]: 95 km (Agra–Gwalior) [[National Highways Development Project|Phase III]]: 375 km
|states=[[Uttar Pradesh]]: 26 km [[Rajasthan]]: 32 km [[Madhya Pradesh]]: 712 km [[Maharashtra]]: 391 km
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=2A
|next_type=NH
|next_route=4
|ahn={{Jct|country=IND|AH|43}}{{Jct|country=IND|AH|47}}
}}
[[File:NH3_-_Mumbai_-_Nashik_Highway.jpg|right|thumb|Agra-Mumbai Highway near [[Dhule]], Maharashtra]]
'''National Highway 3''' (old number), or Old national '''NH 3''', commonly referred to as the [[Agra]]–[[Mumbai]] Road or just Agra Road in Mumbai, was a major Indian [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] that ran through the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410062034/http%3A//morth%2Enic%2Ein/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396%2Ehtm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }} Details of National Highways in India-Source-Govt. of India</ref> The national highway still exists but its various segments have been assigned new numbers as stated in the following section.

'''National Highway 3A''' was a branch highway between [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] and terminated at [[Dholpur]], [[Rajasthan]].

==Route==
The highway originated in [[Agra]] in Uttar Pradesh, generally travelled southwest through [[Dholpur]] in Rajasthan, [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Gwalior]], [[Shivpuri]], [[Guna, India|Guna]], [[Biaora]], [[Maksi]], [[Dewas]], [[Indore]], [[Julwania]] & [[Sendhwa]] in Madhya Pradesh, and [[Shirpur]], [[Nardana]], [[Dhule]], [[Malegaon]], [[Nashik]], [[Thane]] and terminated at [[Mumbai]]. The length of the old '''NH-3''' was {{convert|1260.25|km|mi}}.

The stretch between Agra and Gwalior was marked as the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North–South corridor]]/'''NH-44''' by the [[National Highways Authority of India]]. The stretch between Gwalior & Biaora is marked as '''NH-46''' & the stretch between Biaora & Dhule is now marked as '''NH-52''' by the [[National Highways Authority of India]]. The stretch from Mumbai to Nashik is now [[Mumbai Nashik Expressway]]. After it entered Bombay, the highway was known as [[Eastern Express Highway]].
Currently, the stretch between Agra and Gwalior is four-lane. The stretch from Gwalior via Shivpuri, Guna, Maksi up to Dewas road is now four-lane. The condition between Shivpuri and Maksi is newly constructed and good. Now the Condition of the road from Dewas to [[Indore]] is six lanes and it continues till Rau (Indore). The road from Rau (Indore) to Mumbai has four lanes but the highway passed through congested Nasik city. Now an elevated expressway of {{convert|25.27|km|mi}} has been built to solve the problem of congestion. Stretch from Nashik to Mumbai is 4-lane [[Mumbai Nashik Expressway]]. The stretch from Pimpalgaon Bsawant - Nashik - Gondhe is 6 Lane expressway. The stretch from Padgha to Thane 8 lane is in progress.

==New NH numbers of Agra-Mumbai road==
After [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|renumbering]] of all national highways by [[National Highway Authority of India]] in 2010, the former NH 3 has been broken into several new national highway numbers and the old NH 3 number has ceased to exist.

* Agra - Gwalior is [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]].
* Gwalior - [[Biaora]] is [[National Highway 46 (India)|NH 46]].
* Biaora - Dhule is [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH 52]].
* Dhule - Nashik is [[National Highway 60 (India)|NH 60]].
* Nashik - Mumbra is [[National Highway 160 (India)|NH 160]].
* Mumbra (Reti Bunder) - Thane / Navi Mumbai is [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]].

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/963711 Old NH 3 on OpenStreetMap]
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh3-driving-directions-map.html NH 3 on MapsofIndia]

{{commons category|NH 3 (India)}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{coord missing|India}}


[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh|3]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan|3]]
[[Category:National highways in Madhya Pradesh|3]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra|3]]
[[Category:National highways in India (old numbering)]]
[[Category:Transport in Agra]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]

Shakuntala Nayar

2025-10-19T01:13:11Z

AlfonzoEsh: adjust references for clarity per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1926)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shakuntala Nayar
| image = [[File:Shakuntala Nayar portrait.gif|200px]]
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|January 1926}}
| birth_place = [[Mohan Pass]], [[Dehradun]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 4 March 1967
| term_end = 18 January 1977
| predecessor = Basant Kunwari
| successor = [[Rudrasen Chaudhary|Rudra Sen Chaudhary]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| constituency1 = Gonda District (West), Uttar Pradesh
| term_start1 = 17 April 1952
| term_end1 = 4 April 1957
| predecessor1 = ''constituency established''
| primeminister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = Nagar, Uttar Pradesh
| term_start2 = 17 April 1952
| term_end2 = 4 April 1957

| party = [[Hindu Mahasabha]] [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| otherparty =
| religion =
| spouse = [[K. K. Nayar]]
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}

'''Shakuntala Nayar''' (born January 1926, date of death unknown) was an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]] who was a member of [[Lok Sabha]].

== Personal life ==
She was born as daughter of Dalip Singh Bisht at [[Mohan Pass|Mohand Pass]], [[Dehradun]]. She had her schooling from [[Wynberg Allen School]]. She was married to [[Indian Civil Service]] officer [[K. K. Nayar]] in April 1946. They have a son.

== Public life ==
She was elected to Lok Sabha from [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a candidate of [[Jana Sangha]]. She was a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1962 to 1967. She was elected to Lok Sabha thrice, in 1952 as member of Hindu Maha Sabha, and in 1967 and 1971 from [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]] as member of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/896.htm |title=Members Bioprofile |publisher=164.100.47.132 |date=1946-04-20 |accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nayar, Shrimati Shakuntala |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/896.htm |website=Fifth Lok Sabha |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> Nayar is deceased.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamal Pushp |url=https://cdn.narendramodi.in/cmsuploads/0.07351200_1672632652_Kamal-Pushp1.pdf |website=Narendra Modi |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[K. K. Nayar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayar, Shakuntala}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:People from Bahraich district]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Somnath Sapru

2025-10-02T02:50:18Z

AlfonzoEsh: new

'''Somnath Sapru''' (January 21, 1940 - January 28, 2022) was an Indian journalist, editor, media consultant and historian. His books dealt primarily with the history of Indian [[aviation]] and armed services. He occupied the positions of resident editor in [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] and [[The Indian Express]].

==Personal life==

Sapru was born on January 21, 1940 in [[Srinagar]],<ref name = 'KL'>{{cite news |date=January 31, 2022 |url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-editor-somnath-sapru-is-no-more-285501/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131082602/https://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-editor-somnath-sapru-is-no-more-285501/ |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |title=Kashmir Editor, Somnath Sapru Is No More |publisher=[[Kashmir Life]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in [[British India]] into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref name = 'TNIE'>{{cite news |date=January 31, 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Jan/30/noted-journalist-somnath-sapru-dies-in-bengaluru-2412996.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130094659/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Jan/30/noted-journalist-somnath-sapru-dies-in-bengaluru-2412996.html |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |title=Noted journalist Somnath Sapru dies in Bengaluru |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> He lived most of his life outside his native Kashmir.<ref name = 'KL' /> Sapru was educated at [[Madras University]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name = 'KL' /><ref name = 'TNIE' />

Sapru died on January 28, 2022<ref name = 'KL' /><ref name = 'TNIE' /> at his [[Basaveshwaranagara|Bose Garden]] residence in [[Bangalore]],<ref name = 'KL' /><ref name = 'TNIE' /> a week after his 82nd birthday.<ref name = 'KL' /><ref name = 'TNIE' />

==Work==

Over his journalistic career, he has been employed as a defence correspondent with the [[Deccan Herald]], a resident editor of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' in Madras, and as the editor of ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Democracy And Religion Clash Again In India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/weekinreview/the-world-democracy-and-religion-clash-again-in-india.html?pagewanted=2 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 Nov 1990 }}</ref> In 1979, while editor of ''The Pioneer'', he received a Jefferson Fellowship.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jefferson Fellows' Addresses Cover 33 Countries |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/17581/Network_1989_n3%5Bpdfa%5D.pdf |work=Network: Jefferson Fellows' Newsletter |date=3 Nov 1989}}</ref> In 1987, he received the Press Foundation of Asia-Mitsubishi Award for "Asian Journalist of the Year" (awaiting citation).

Since retirement, Sapru has written several books. ''Skyhawks'', published in 2006, is about the four men who were the first Indians to fly military aircraft, while serving in the First World War. According to a reviewer, "many Indian aviation historians have generally given the topic a wide berth for it was really a time well before the growth of aviation in India and was even further removed from the beginnings of the Indian Air Force".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sky Hawks |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/808-Sky-Hawks.html |work=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |date=2007}}</ref> The book is described as reflecting "an enormous amount of research ... (where) there was hardly any material or documentation available either in the IAF's archives or the Defence Ministry's records, as this narrative pertains to an era even before the Royal Air Force."<ref>{{cite news |title=Flying high |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/flying-high/article1682230.ece |work=[[Business Line]] |date=20 April 2007}}</ref> ''Combat Lore: The Indian Air Force, 1930–1945'' takes "the reader through the birth pangs of the [[Indian Air Force]] and provides a riveting account of its 'growing-up' years."<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Squadron No.1 |url=http://www.frontline.in/books/air-squadron-no1/article6901752.ece |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=6 March 2015}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* ''Transnational News Agencies & National Media Policies'' (Mysore University, 1979).
* ''The News Merchants: How They Sell News to the Third World'' (Dialogue Press, 1986).
* ''Pax Japanica: An Exposition Of Indo-Japan Relations'' (Batra Publications, New Delhi, 1990).
* ''Witness to the Century: Writings of C.S.'' Venkatachar, ICS (ed.)
* ''Lost Shangri-La'' (DK Printworld, 2001), about the antique past and cultural heritage of [[Kashmir]]. Decent Books. {{ISBN|8186921176}}, 9788186921173.
* ''Skyhawks: India's Debut in Military Aviation'' (Writers' Workshop, Kolkata, 2007), a history of the first Indian pilots enrolled in the [[Royal Flying Corps]] during the First World War. {{ISBN|81-8157-512-1}}
* ''Armed Pegasus: The Early Years'' (Knowledge World Publishers, 2012), a history of the origins of established [[military aviation]] in India.
* ''Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930–1945'' (Knowledge World Publishers, 2014), a history of the [[Indian Air Force]] during the Second World War.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sapru, Somnath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Kashmiri writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Journalists from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Tirwa Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:43:13Z

AlfonzoEsh: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tirwa
| map_image = 197-Tirwa.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 197
| mla = [[Kailash Singh Rajput]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = {{formatnum:380571}}
}}
'''Tirwa''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Tirwa in the [[Kannauj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Tirwa is one of the five assembly constituencies within [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 197 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this constituency is represented by [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Kailash Singh Rajput]] who won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Anil Kumar Pal''' by a margin of 4608 votes.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Vijay Bahadur Pal<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Kailash Singh Rajput]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="results2022"/>
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirwa<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kailash Singh Rajput]]
|votes = {{formatnum:106089}}
|percentage = 44.51
|change = -2.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:101481}}
|percentage = 42.57
|change = +7.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:23092}}
|percentage = 9.69
|change = -5.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3310}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1128}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4608}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change = -9.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:238364}}
|percentage = 62.63
|change = +0.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirwa<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kailash Singh Rajput]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100426}}
|percentage = 46.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijay Bahadur Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:76217}}
|percentage = 35.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:32036}}
|percentage = 14.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1872}}
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24209}}
|percentage = 11.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215019}}
|percentage = 61.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.92|79.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kannauj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

National Highway 17B (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T02:01:55Z

AlfonzoEsh: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 566 (India)]]

Kalyana Vaibhogam (TV series)

2025-07-12T06:26:19Z

AlfonzoEsh: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Zee Telugu]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Kotaru Abbaya Chowdary

2025-05-28T01:53:28Z

AlfonzoEsh: made new article!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Chintamaneni Prabhakar]]
| successor = [[Chintamaneni Prabhakar]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| constituency = [[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}
'''Kotaru Abbaya Chowdary''' (born 1983){{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a former MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Denduluru Assembly constituency]] in [[West Godavari district|West Godavari District]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ఎమ్మెల్యే అబ్బయ్య చౌదరి పాదయాత్ర {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/ysrcp-mla-abbayya-chowdary-reaches-dwaraka-tirumala-walk-1193908 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికల్లో గెలిచిన యువత వీళ్లే |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-48392475 |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=BBC News తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> Despite opposition from some sections in the YSR Congress Party, he was nominated again to contest from Denduluru Assembly Constituency in [[Eluru district|Eluru District]] in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఆ ఎమ్మెల్యేకు మళ్లీ టికెట్ ఇస్తే 20 వేల ఓట్ల తేడాతో ఓడిపోతారు.. వైసీపీ నేత ఆలపాటి |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/eluru/ysrcp-leader-alapati-narsimha-murthy-allegations-on-denduluru-mla-mla-kotaru-abbaya-chowdary/articleshow/102973531.cms |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Papasani |first=Phanindra |date=2024-05-10 |title=Eluru: Know your candidates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/10/eluru-know-your-candidates |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> which he lost.

== Early life and education ==
Chowdary was born in [[Kondalaraopalem]], [[Pedavegi mandal]], Eluru division of erstwhile West Godavari district. He belongs to [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] community. His father Abbayya Chaudhary was also a politician. He left his software job in London and took the path of his father, Ramachandra, into politics. He married Anuradha, a manager of Loyalty Bank, London.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=YSRCP MLA 2019 List For West Godavari {{!}} West Godavari MLA Candidates List For Assembly Elections 2019 - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-assembly-candidates-west-godavari-1171079 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> He did his B.Tech. from [[RMK Engineering College|R. M. K. Engineering Colleg]]<nowiki/>e, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=Kothari Abbaya Chowdary {{!}} MLA {{!}} Denduluru {{!}} West Godavari |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kothari-abbaya-chowdary/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Chowdary made his electoral debut and won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating [[Chintamaneni Prabhakar]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 17,459 votes.<ref name=":0" /> He faced [[Chintamaneni Prabhakar]] as his opponent again in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]], and lost to him by 26,266 votes.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbaya Chowdary, Kotaru}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

National Highway 548D (India)

2025-04-23T05:59:32Z

AlfonzoEsh:

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 548D
| length_km = 392
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56242196|title=National Highway 548D|zoom = 7 |frame-lat=18.67|frame-long=75.26 |text= Map of National Highway '''548D''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Talegaon Dabhade]]
| terminus_b = [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 48
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 48
| next_route = 361
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 548D''', commonly referred to as '''NH 548D''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-548D traverses the state [[Maharashtra]] in India starting at the Talegaon Junction on NH-48, traveling through the historic town and urban hill station of Talegaon Dabhade. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) had approved a 60 Meters, Single Tier, Double floored Elevated Corridor on the 54 km stretch of NH 548 D starting at the junction of NH 48 to Talegaon Dabhade - Chakan - Shikrapur and then merging to the Pune - Shirur Elevated Corridor on NH 753 F, on a toll basis. However, the Government of Maharashtra requested NHAI & MORTH to accord NOC to the state for the development of this Elevated Corridor and MORTH has granted its No Objection Certificate to MSIDC (A Govt. of Maharashtra undertaking) to undertake and develop the project on the DPR approved by MORTH. The State Government on April 22, 2025 has approved a 4 lane Elevated Corridor along with 4 laning of existing single lane highway on Talegaon - Chakan route (Km 00.00 to 25.00) and a Six lane highway from Chakan to Shikrapur (Km 25.00 to 52.00).

== Route ==
[[Talegaon Dabhade]], Chakan, Shikrapur, Nhavare, Kasthi, Srigonda, Jalgaon, Jamkhed, Patoda (Beed), Manjarsumba, Kaij, Ambajogai, Ghatnandur, Kingaon, Kopra, Patoda (Ahmedpur), Kajal Hipparga [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Talegaon Dabhade.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|361|country=IND}} Terminal near Ahmedpur.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6851872 NH 548D on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]