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Keshpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:17:43Z

AlexPopp6687: Started the pg initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Keshpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Keshpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Keshpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| constituency_no = 235
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Seuli Saha]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 194,412
}}
'''Keshpur''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 235 Keshpur Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Keshpur (Community development block)|Keshpur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

Keshpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 32 [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> It Was Earlier Part of [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)]] till 2009.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Nagendra Doloi
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|1951
|Gangapada Kuor
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!colspan="3"|''No seat''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bankim Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Rajani Kanta Dolai
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Gangapada Kuar
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="3"|Rajani Kanta Dolai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Himanshu Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|Nanda Rani Dal
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan="2"|Rameswar Doloi
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Seuli Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Keshpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Seuli Saha]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:143123}}|percentage=56.36|change={{increase}}6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Suvendu Samanta|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:93018}}|percentage=36.63|change={{decrease}}5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Gurupada Mondal|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kamal Kishor|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Haradhan Sing|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:50105}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25235.htm

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Keshpur(SC)}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Seuli Saha]]
|votes = 116,992
|percentage = 51.00
|change = -21.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pritish Ranjan Kuar
|votes = 96,272
|percentage = 42.00
|change = +37.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rameshwar Doloi
|votes = 13,670
|percentage = 6.00
|change = -16.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,720
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Seuli Saha of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Rameswar Dolui of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Seuli Saha
|votes = 146,579
|percentage = 72.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rameswar Doloi
|votes = 45,428
|percentage = 22.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Patra
|votes = 9,073
|percentage = 4.50%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 101,151
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,01,080
|percentage = 92.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -21.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===2011===
In the 2011 election, Rameswar Dolui of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Rajani Kanta Dolui of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rameswar Doloi
|votes = 103,903
|percentage = 57.58
|change = -12.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajani Kanta Doloi
|votes = 70,059
|percentage = 38.82
|change = +9.27#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Patra
|votes = 6,496
|percentage = 3.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 180,456
|percentage = 92.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 33.853
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -21.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2011.

===2006===
In the 2006 election, Rameswar Dolui of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Asis Pramanik of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rameswar Doloi
|votes = 101,908
|percentage = 70.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Asis Pramanik
|votes = 35,742
|percentage = 29.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sunil Dolai
|votes = 7,000
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,44,726
|percentage = (90.9%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 66,166
|percentage = (45.7%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on BJP+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===2001===
In the 2001 election, Nanda Rani Dal of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Rajani Kanta Doloi of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2001]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nanda Rani Dal
|votes = 120,566
|percentage = 90.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rajani Kanta Doloi
|votes = 12,454
|percentage = 9.40%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,33,032
|percentage = (85.5%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 108,112
|percentage = (81.3%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.
===1996===
In the 1996 election, Nanda Rani Dal of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Sannyasi Dolai of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1996]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nanda Rani Dal
|votes = 83,846
|percentage = 65.10%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sannyasi Dolai
|votes = 40,376
|percentage = 31.30%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nanda Ram Bhuinya
|votes = 3,232
|percentage = 2.50%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Laksmi Kanta Banti
|votes = 1,406
|percentage = 1.10%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,31,860
|percentage = (91.9%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 43,470
|percentage = (33.0%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.
===1991===
In the 1991 election, Nanda Rani Dal of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Balai Chandra Paria of Jharkhand Party.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1991]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nanda Rani Dal
|votes = 69,499
|percentage = 66.80%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Balai Chandra Paria
|votes = 30,575
|percentage = 29.40%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dhurjati Parmanik
|votes = 4,034
|percentage = 3.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,06,241
|percentage = (82.2%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 38,924
|percentage = (36.6%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.
===1987===
In the 1987 election, Himangshu Kumar of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Rajani Kanta Dolai of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1987]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Himangshu Kumar
|votes = 55,775
|percentage = 56.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajani Kanta Dolai
|votes = 42,549
|percentage = 42.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bhutunath Dolai
|votes = 576
|percentage = 0.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Khandu Ram Dhal
|votes = 314
|percentage = 0.30%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,00,429
|percentage = (87.2%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,226
|percentage = (13.2%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.
===1982===
In the 1982 election, Himangshu Kumar of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Rajani Kanta Dolai of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1982]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Himangshu Kumar
|votes = 48,868
|percentage = 55.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajani Kanta Dolai
|votes = 37,473
|percentage = 42.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Prabhat Patra
|votes = 1,014
|percentage = 1.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 88,392
|percentage = (90.3%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,395
|percentage = (12.9%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.
===1977===
In the 1982 election, Rajanai Kanta Dolui of Congress defeated his nearest rival Ajoy Kumar Dolui of CPIM.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1977]]: Keshpur(SC)<ref name="Keshpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |title = Keshpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120214/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25235.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070017/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=235| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajani Kanta Dolai
|votes = 20,210
|percentage = 40.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ajoy Kumar Dolui
|votes = 12,737
|percentage = 25.30%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Gangapada Kuar
|votes = 11,596
|percentage = 23.00%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Subal Dolui
|votes = 7,591
|percentage = 11.50%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 51,090
|percentage = (64.9%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,473
|percentage = (14.6%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Rameswar Doloi of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Keshpur (SC) assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Asish Pramanik of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Nanda Rani Dal of CPI(M) defeated Rajani Kanta Doloi of Trinamool Congress in 2001, Sannyasi Dolai of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, and Balai Chandra Parija of [[Jharkhand Party]] in 1991. Himansu Kumar of CPI(M) defeated Rajani Kanta Doloi of Congress in 1987 and 1982. Rajani Kanta Doloi of Congress defeated Ajoy Kumar Dolui of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp219.htm |title = 219 - Keshpur (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Rajani Kanta Doloi of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Gangapada Kuar of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969. Rajani Kanta Doloi of Congress won in 1967. Bankim Roy of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. The Keshpur seat did not exist in 1957. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Nagendra Doloi of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the Keshpur seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |access-date=2010-12-20 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Tsewang Tharchin

2026-05-03T18:14:49Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating data - done

{{Short description|Indian ex-serviceman and social activist}}{{Infobox military person
| image = Tharchin.jpeg
| birth_date = 1978
| death_date = 24 September 2025
| birth_place = [[Skurbuchan]], [[Ladakh]], Jammu and Kashmir
| death_place = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], India
| death_cause = Police firing on protestors
| rank = [[Hawaldar]]
| unit = [[Ladakh Scouts]]
| other_work = Social worker
}}

'''Tsewang Tharchin''' (1978 – 24 September 2025) was an Indian ex-serviceman and social worker from [[Ladakh]]. He was known for his military service and community work in the [[Ladakh]] region, and later became active in movements demanding statehood and constitutional safeguards for Ladakh. He was killed during a protest in Leh in September 2025.

== Early life and education ==
Tharchin was born as the first of seven children to his father Stanzin Namgyal in 1978 in [[Skur Buchan|Skurbuchan]] village of Zanskar, a remote valley in Ladakh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Taskin |first=Bismee |date=2025-09-26 |title='He fought in Kargil, but died by police bullets'—family mourns ex-serviceman shot dead in Leh stir |url=https://theprint.in/?p=2752036 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Priyanjali |date=2025-09-29 |title=Pak couldn't kill him but...: Father on Kargil War veteran killed in Ladakh protest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-protests-statehood-pakistan-could-not-kill-him-father-on-kargil-war-veteran-son-tsewang-tharchin-death-leh-2795089-2025-09-29 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He grew up in a traditional [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] family and was educated locally before joining the 3 [[Ladakh Scouts]] Regiment of the Indian armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raina |first=Irfan |date=2025-09-25 |title=Tense calm in Ladakh |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/tense-calm-in-ladakh/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Vijaita Singh & Peerzada |date=2025-09-25 |title=Leh remains tense a day after death of four persons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ladakh/ladakh-protesters-died-of-bullet-wounds-ladakh-buddhist-association/article70094344.ece |access-date=2025-09-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Ex-Serviceman Tsewang Tharchin Shot Dead During Leh Protests; Family Mourns Hero Who Fought in Kargil |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2025/09/ex-serviceman-tsewang-tharchin-shot-dead-during-leh-protests-family-mourns-hero-who-fought-in-kargil.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tharchin's father Stanzin also served in the Ladakh Scouts for 32 years and participated in [[Kargil War]], before retiring as a captain in 2002.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Tharchin joined the [[Indian Army]] in 1996 and became a ''[[hawaldar]]'' in the Ladakh Scouts until 2017, he served in the [[Kargil War]] in 1999 and later became active in ex-servicemen's networks in Ladakh.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=From Kargil Hero to Government Victim: The Tragic Death of Tsewang Tharchin |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994850343/From-Kargil-Hero-to-Government-Victim-The-Tragic-Death-of-Tsewang-Tharchin |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=लद्दाख हिंसा में मरने वालों में करगिल योद्धा भी शामिल, पिता बोले- 'पाकिस्तानी ना मार पाए, हमारी फोर्स ने मार दिया' |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/india/post/ladakh-protest-kargil-war-veteran-tsewang-tharchin-killed-by-ladakhi-police-government |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=The Lallantop |language=hi}}</ref>

After leaving the Army, he returned to civilian life, he started a garment shop in [[Leh]] and engaged in social and community initiatives. He supported welfare activities for veterans and their families and worked to encourage education and youth participation in sports and public service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Kargil war veteran killed in protests, father asks: Is this how we treat patriots |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kargil-war-veteran-killed-in-protests-father-asks-is-this-how-we-treat-patriots-10275633/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Death and aftermath ==
{{Main|Ladakh protests}}
On 24 September 2025, Tharchin participated in a hunger strike organised by the Leh Apex Body in [[Leh]]. The protest, which had begun peacefully, escalated into clashes with security forces. Tharchin was among the four individuals killed during the unrest.<ref name=":0" />

His death prompted widespread condemnation from various quarters, including local political groups and human rights organisations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=2025-09-25 |title=Curfew continues in Leh, 50 detained; Kargil observes shutdown; Wangchuk rejects Centre’s blame |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/25/curfew-continues-in-leh-50-detained-kargil-observes-shutdown-wangchuk-rejects-centres-blame |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2025-09-29 |title=Congress slams killing of Kargil War veteran Tsewang Tharchin in Ladakh firing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-firing-congress-slams-killing-of-kargil-war-veteran-tsewang-tharchin-2795189-2025-09-29 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2025-09-29 |title=Kargil War veteran's killing in Ladakh matter of outrage, anguish: Congress |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kargil-war-veterans-killing-in-ladakh-matter-of-outrage-anguish-congress/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tharchin's last rites were performed on 29 September 2025 in Leh town, under very high security and curfew. Only close relatives and a few members of the Ladakh Apex Body, were allowed to attend the final rite.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2025-09-29 |title=Last rites of two more protesters held in Leh amid restrictions, curfew continues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ladakh/last-rites-of-two-more-protesters-held-in-leh-amid-restrictions/article70109829.ece |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He is survived by his wife and four children.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ladakh]]
[[Category:Ladakhi people]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsewang, Tharchin}}
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings by the Indian military]]

Dawn Vincent

2026-05-01T18:20:22Z

AlexPopp6687: adding some article w/ infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dawn Vincent
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| genre = [[Film score]], [[world music]], [[Electronic music|electronic]]
| occupation = Music Composer, arranger, mixing engineer, sound designer, Sound editor
| instruments = Piano, keyboard, synthesizer, [[ROLI|Seaboard]], [[Bass guitar]]
}}

{{Indian name|Dawn|Vincent}}'''Dawn Vincent'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/adventures-of-omanakkuttan-second-video-song-is-here/articleshow/58312622.cms|title='Adventures of Omanakkuttan' second video song is here - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 April 2017 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5929488/|title=Dawn Vincent|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jul/16/mammootty-releases-audio-of-iblis-starring-asif-ali-madonna-sebastian-1843820.html|title=Audio Launch of 'Iblis' held|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 July 2018 }}</ref> is an Indian music composer and sound designer. He is a graduate from [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]]. He is also an accomplished pianist certified from [[Trinity College London]]. He works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Early life and education==
Dawn was born in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], to Vincent John and Sheena Nancy. He has a younger brother, Navin Vincent, who is a structural engineer and also an 8th grade solo guitarist certified from [[Trinity College London]], London. He is married to Priscilla Vaddadi who is working as an animation director in [[Canada]].

Dawn studied in [[Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Girinagar]], [[Kochi]]. He was active as a keyboard player and bass guitarist during his school life. He was part of a rock band and their genre of music included versions of singles from various bands such as [[Metallica]], [[Dream Theater]], [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]], [[Green Day]], and [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]. They also performed their own compositions and bagged prizes in many interschool competitions from 2004 to 2008.

He graduated from [[Karunya University]], Coimbatore in 2012 with an undergraduate Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Media Technology. He then joined [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]] to pursue his Post Graduation Course in Sound Recording and Sound Design. As a student he was selected to do an on-location sound recording for a project in [[Internationale Filmschule Köln]], [[Germany]].

==Musical career==
Dawn initially composed music for short films. He started working in the industry by doing background score for the film, ''Mundrothuruth: Munroe Island'', in 2016 directed by Manu along with his batchmates from the Film and Television Institute of India, Ashok and Subramanian. He made his breakthrough in the film ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]'' as a music composer and sound designer, associating with his classmates Rohith V S (director) and [[Akhil George]] (cinematographer). He was later associated with filmmakers such as [[Rajeev Ravi]], [[B. Ajithkumar]] and [[Pramod Thomas]] .<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/02/secret-ofthe-soundrobin-kunjukutty-on-working-in-kala-2284546.html|title=Secret of the sound: Robin Kunjukutty on working in Kala|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajeev-ravis-kuttavum-shikshayum-asif-ali-based-true-story-136684|title=Rajeev Ravi's 'Kuttavum Shikshayum' with Asif Ali is based on true story|date=2 November 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chaavunadappaattu-written-by-anvar-ali-and-sung-by-john-p-varkey-is-an-anthem-for-migrant-labourers/article31877201.ece|title='Chaavunadappaattu', written by Anvar Ali and sung by John P Varkey, is an anthem for migrant labourers|first=Athira|last=M|date=20 June 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title !! Credit !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2016 || ''Mundrothuruth: Munroe Island'' || Background score ||
|-
| ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Music arranger / music mixing engineer/ background score ||
|-
| ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]'' || Music mixing engineer / pre-mixing engineer ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]]'' || Music editor / pre-mixing engineer ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''Samarpanam'' || Background score ||
|-
| ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]'' || Music composer / sound designer ||
|-
| ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]'' || Sound designer ||
|-
| ''[[Sound of Silence]]'' || Assistant mixing engineer||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Eeda]]'' || Background score ||
|-
| ''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]'' || Music composer / [[director of audiography]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''Run Kalyani'' || Sound designer ||
|-
| ''[[Thottappan]]'' || Sound editor ||
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Sound editor ||
|-
| ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'' || Additional background score / [[sync sound]] recording ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte]]'' || Background score ||
|-
| ''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' || Music engineer (title track) ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2021 || '' [[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]'' || Music Composer / Background score / Sound Designer ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-starrer-kala-releases-ott-149192|title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Kala' releases on OTT|date=20 May 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''[[Chathur Mukham]]'' || Music composer / background score / Sound Designer ||
|-
| ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' || Pre Mix Engineer ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (2021 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]] '' || Music Composer ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Appan (film)|Appan]]'' || Music Composer ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/06/appan-movie-first-look-poster-sunny-wayne-next-out.html|title=Appan: First look poster of Sunny Wayne's next out|website=OnManorama.com|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' ||Music Composer ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/first-look-poster-of-kunchacko-boban-s-nna-thaan-case-kodu-go-viral-malayalam-news-309581|title=First look poster of Kunchacko Boban's Nna Thaan Case Kodu go viral! - Malayalam News|date=15 March 2022|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Teacher (2022 film)|The Teacher]]'' ||Music Composer ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/nov/23/amala-pauls-the-teacher-trailer-promises-a-gripping-thriller-2521026.html|title=Amala Paul's 'The Teacher' trailer promises a gripping thriller|date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]'' || Music Composer ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kaapa/movie-review/96481928.cms|title=Kaapa Movie Review : Interesting, if predictable, gangster movie|website=The Times of India|access-date= 24 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]'' || Background Score ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-and-dhyan-sreenivasan-to-team-up-for-higuita/articleshow/95874555.cms|title=Suraj Venjaramoodu and Dhyan Sreenivasan to team up for 'Higuita'|website=The Times of India|date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Additional Background Score ||
|-
| ''[[How Is That For A Monday?]]'' || Music composer || [[English language|English]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Sureshanteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hrudayahariyaya Pranayakadha]]'' || Music Composer ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-11 |title=Premalola song from Sureshanteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hrudayahariyaya Pranayakadha out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/premalola-song-from-sureshanteyum-sumalathayudeyum-hrudayahariyaya-pranayakadha-out |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Aap Kaise Ho]]'' || rowspan="2"|Music Composer ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Aap Kaiso Ho gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-aap-kaiso-ho-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-

| ''Kaliyugam 2064'' || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' || Sound Designer ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-movie-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-naslen-malayalam-movie-arun-dominic-fantasy-thriller/article69988671.ece|title=‘Lokah Chapter 1 : Chandra’ review: Kalyani Priyadarshan steals the show in this unprecedented fantasy thriller|website=The Hindu|date=29 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''Pennum Porattum'' || Music Composer ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-01-01 |title=Rajesh Madhavan's directorial debut Pennum Porattum gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/01/rajesh-madhavans-directorial-debut-pennum-porattum-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1]]''
| rowspan="2" |Background Score only
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2026 |title=''Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1'' Trailer Theme by Dawn Vincent and Shaan Rahman |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/aadu-3-trailer-theme-from-aadu-3-single/1880921061 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|[[Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1#Sequel|Aadu 3: The Ride Ends - Part 2]]}}
|}

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:'''
* 2023 –[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Score]] [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]] for ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/21/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-announced-heres-the-full-list-of-winners-45841.html|title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards announced; Here's the full list of winners|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=21 July 2023|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2023-nna-thaan-case-kodu-wins-big-45845.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2023: Nna Thaan Case Kodu wins big|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=21 July 2023|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* IMDb - Dawn Vincent [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5929488/ Dawn Vincent]
* Adventures of Omanakkuttan second video song is here [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/adventures-of-omanakkuttan-second-video-song-is-here/articleshow/58312622.cms 'Adventures of Omanakkuttan' second video song is here - Times of India]
* Malayalam Sangeetham info [https://en.msidb.org/movies.php?musician=Dawn%20Vincent&tag=Search&limit=1 List of Malayalam Movies by Musician Dawn+Vincent]
* Mammootty releases audio of Iblis starring Asif Ali-Madonna Sebastian [https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jul/16/mammootty-releases-audio-of-iblis-starring-asif-ali-madonna-sebastian-1843820.html Mammootty releases audio of Iblis starring Asif Ali-Madonna Sebastian]
* ഇവനൊരു 'ഇബ്‌ലീസാ'ണെന്ന് മമ്മുട്ടി... [https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2018/07/16/mammootty-in-iblis-audio-launch.html ഇവനൊരു 'ഇബ്‌ലീസാ'ണെന്ന് മമ്മുട്ടി]
* Iblis is going to be very fresh and entertaining: Madonna Sebastian [http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jul/16/iblis-is-going-to-be-very-fresh-and-entertaining-madonna-sebastian-6980.html Iblis is going to be very fresh and entertaining: Madonna Sebastian]
*[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-starrer-kala-releases-ott-149192 Tovino Thomas starrer ‘Kala’ releases on OTT]
*The Story Behind Kala's Soundscape:[https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/kala-movie-malayalam-amazon-prime-tovino-thomas-the-story-behind-soundscape-using-dosa-batter-wet-leaves-and-small-ponds-in-a-studio The Story Behind Kala's Soundscape: Using Dosa Batter, Wet Leaves, And Small Ponds In A Studio]
*First look poster of Kunchacko Boban's Nna Thaan Case Kodu go viral![https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/oct/16/sunny-waynes-next-a-drama-appan-2372011.html Sunny Wayne's next a drama, Appan]
*Secret of the sound: Robin Kunjukutty on working in Kala [https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/02/secret-ofthe-soundrobin-kunjukutty-on-working-in-kala-2284546.html Secret of the sound: Robin Kunjukutty on working in Kala]
*Changurichalu video from Sureshinteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hridayahariyaya Pranayakatha out [https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/13/changurichalu-video-fromsureshinteyum-sumalathayudeyum-hridayahariyaya-pranayakatha-out-52018.html Changurichalu video from Sureshinteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hridayahariyaya Pranayakatha out]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Dawn}}
[[Category:Indian rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian guitarists]]

Soumili Biswas

2026-04-30T19:03:01Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating article - done

{{Short description|Bengali film and television actress, model, TV anchor, and a classical dancer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soumili Biswas
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 29 September
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Anchor|Dancer|Politician}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| known_for =
| spouse = {{Married|Ayan Ghosh|2012}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2021–present)
}}

'''Soumili Ghosh Biswas''' is an Indian actress, politician, anchor, and classical dancer who works primarily in the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] and [[Indian television drama|television]].<ref name="Soumili Biswas Tollyworld profile">{{cite web |title=Soumili Biswas Tollyworld profile |url=http://www.tollyworld.com/index.php?option=com_artist&controller=artist&task=displaydetails&cid[]=6 |publisher=Tollyworld website |access-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623051350/http://www.tollyworld.com/index.php?option=com_artist&controller=artist&task=displaydetails&cid |archive-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/soumili-biswas-5-things-to-know-about-the-actor-politician/ |title=Soumili Biswas: 5 Things To Know About The Actor-Politician |website=She The People |date=15 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Early life==

She was born in Barisha/Behala, in south Kolkata, as the youngest of two siblings. She has an elder brother, named Sujoy. She went to the [[Bidya Bharati Girls' High School]] in Behala, Kolkata, and graduated in economics (honours) from the [[Jogamaya Devi College]], a women's college of the [[University of Calcutta]]. She started training in [[Bharatnatyam]] from about the age of three, and received training under [[Thankamani Kutty]] and in ballet from [[Mamata Shankar]]. She regularly performs in dance dramas and in solo and group classical performances in [[Kolkata]] and elsewhere. She has received the Sangeet Ratna and the Sangeet Bibhakar awards in Bharatnatyam.<ref name="Soumili Biswas Tollyworld profile" /><ref name=Clean>[https://archive.today/20130103081138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-05/kolkata/30114886_1_desi-girl-jawani-clean-clear Clean & Clear event at Jogamaya Devi College]</ref><ref name=Tolly>[https://archive.today/20130204214933/http://www.tollyworld.com/index.php?option=com_artist&controller=artist&task=displaydetails&cid%5B%5D=6 Soumili Biswas]</ref>

== Professional career ==
Her first feature film, ''[[Alo (film)|Alo]]'', was released in 2003, where she plays a supporting role. She started as the anchor of non-fiction, student-based show in Tara Bangla named ''Syllabus-e nei.''<ref name="Interview: Danseuse-Actress Soumili Biswas (Teen Tanaya, Sudhu Tomake Chai, Kanchanbabu) talks about her career in Bengali films">{{cite web |title=Interview: Danseuse-Actress Soumili Biswas (Teen Tanaya, Sudhu Tomake Chai, Kanchanbabu) talks about her career in Bengali films |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/22102811-interview-danseuse-actress-soumili-biswas-teen-tanaya-sudhu-tomake-chai-kanchanbabu |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301103317/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/22102811-interview-danseuse-actress-soumili-biswas-teen-tanaya-sudhu-tomake-chai-kanchanbabu |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=WBRi}}</ref> In 2007, she played the role of [[Durga]] in [[ETV Bangla]]'s ''Durge Durgatinashini''.<ref name="Spotlight Soumili">{{cite news |date=5 October 2007 |title=Spotlight Soumili |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071005/asp/entertainment/story_8400172.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203162658/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071005/asp/entertainment/story_8400172.asp |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=10 July 2012 |newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta}}</ref> She is currently serving as a mentor in [[Zee Bangla]] most popular [[Bengali language|Bengali]] Dance Reality Show [[Dance Bangla Dance]] Season 11.

==Political career==
She joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 17 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samanta |first=Souradip |date=2021-02-17 |title=BJP-তে তারার মেলা, যোগ দিলেন যশ-পাপিয়া অধিকারী-সৌমিলী |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/yash-dasgupta-papiya-adhikari-soumili-biswas-join-bjp-ahead-of-west-bengal-election-2021/articleshow/81056487.cms |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2021-02-17 |title=BJP Press Conference: বিজেপিতে সৌমিলি, পাপিয়া |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/west-bengal-election-2021-soumili-and-papia-joins-the-party-in-bjp-press-conference-802265 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She wed Ayan Ghosh, a banking professional in December 2012 in an arranged marriage.

==Films==

*[[Alo (film)|Alo (2003)]] - supporting
*[[Gyarakal]] (2004) - Disha, second lead
*[[Sangram (2005 film)|Sangram]] (2005) - second lead
*Asha (2006) - lead
*[[Agnishapath]] (2006)
*[[Bajimaat|Bajimaat (2008)]] - supporting
*U-Turn (2010) - lead
*Agnisakshi (2010) - supporting
*Teen Tanaya (2011) - supporting
*Sudhu Tomake Chai (2013) - lead (Dipa)

==Television==
*Jhum Ta Ra Ra ([[Zee Bangla]])
*Syllabus-e nei (Tara Bangla)
*Kon Kanoner Phool ([[Zee Bangla]])
*Somoy ([[Ruposhi Bangla (TV channel)|Ruposhi Bangla]])
*[[Byomkesh (TV series)|Byomkesh]] ([[Colors Bangla]])
*[[Joy Baba Loknath|Joy Baba Lokenath]] ([[Zee Bangla]], 2018-19) (later replaced by Srabanti Malakar)
*[[Ramprasad (TV series)|Ramprasad]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-soumili-ghosh-biswas-plays-a-meaty-role-in-ramprasad/articleshow/99751391.cms |title=Actress Soumili Ghosh Biswas plays a meaty role in 'Ramprasad' |website=The Times of India |date=25 April 2023 }}</ref> ([[Star Jalsha]], 2023)
*[[Parineeta (TV series)|Parineeta]] as Poushali ([[Zee Bangla]], 2024 - Present)

==Mahalaya==
*2007 ETV(Colors) Bangla Mahalaya Devi Mahisasurmardini
*2008 DD Bangla Mahalaya Devi Mahisasurmardini
==Awards==
*2026: Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar- Priyo Bhinyo Swader Choritro (Mohila) as Poushali in Parineeta

==Reality Shows==
* ''[[Rannaghor]]'' (Zee Bangla)
*''[[Didi No. 1]]'' (Zee Bangla)
*''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]'' as Mentor(Zee Bangla)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla launches 11th season of its dance reality show Dance Bangla Dance |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/05/zee-bangla-launches-11th-season-of-its-dance-reality-show-dance-bangla-dance/ |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3360682}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Soumili}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Jogamaya Devi College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Mercara Nad Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:30:23Z

AlexPopp6687: started details!

{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mercara Nad
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''
| electorate =
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| reservation = None
}}

'''Madikeri Nad''' (also known as '''Mercara Nad'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=CHASING A DREAM: A JOURNALIST REVISITS MUMBAI AFTER 40 YEARS |url=https://www.coorgnews.in/featuresnewsmakers/chasing-a-dream-a-journalist-revisits-mumbai-after-40-years/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Coorg News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodagu Ecotourism |url=https://www.kodaguecotourism.com/madikeri.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.kodaguecotourism.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chander |first=N. J. Ravi |title=Delights of the past and present |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/delights-of-the-past-and-present-3024136 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>) was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). The lone election to this constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC |title=India Votes |year=1968 |page=355}}</ref> The constituency included outskirts of [[Madikeri]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the States Reorganisation Commission - 1955 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/State%2520Reorganisation%2520Commisison%2520Report%2520of%25201955_270614%5B1%5D.pdf |year=1955 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503121440/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/State%2520Reorganisation%2520Commisison%2520Report%2520of%25201955_270614%5B1%5D.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951: To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>
|P. D. Subbaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.314|75.752|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Anand Bhadauriya

2026-04-24T19:53:18Z

AlexPopp6687: made new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]]
| constituency = [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency|Dhaurahra]]
| office2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 12 April 2016
| term_end2 = 11 April 2022
| constituency2 = ''Sitapur Local Authorities''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1978|4|13}}
| birth_place = [[Bahraich]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Archana Singh<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/sp-leader-anand-bhadauriya-corona-positive/articleshow/77838858.cms|title=MLC आनंद भदौरिया पत्नी सहित कोरोना पॉजिटिव, हुए होम आइसोलेट|work=Navbharat Times}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]],
[[Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University]]
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| image = ANAND BHADAURIA.png
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor2 = Rakesh Singh
| successor2 = [[Pawan Singh Chauhan]]
| majority = 4,449
}}

'''Anand Bhadauriya''' (born 13 April 1978) is an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]] and the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing the [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaurahra UP Election Result: खीरी के बाद धौरहरा सीट पर भी भाजपा को झटका, सपा के आनंद भदौरिया जीते |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/dhaurahra-lok-sabha-chunav-result-2024-winning-candidate-samajwadi-party-anand-bhadauriya-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Loksabha Election: धौरहरा सीट से आनंद भदौरिया होंगे सपा प्रत्याशी, सीतापुर से इन चेहरों को मिल सकता है टिकट - Loksabha Election Anand Bhadauria will be SP candidate from Dhaurahra seat these faces can get ticket from Sitapur |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sitapur-loksabha-election-anand-bhadauria-will-be-sp-candidate-from-dhaurahra-seat-these-faces-can-get-ticket-from-sitapur-23641754.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=SP blindsides Congress with second surprise within days, names 16 Lok Sabha candidates |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sp-blindsides-congress-with-second-surprise-within-days-names-16-ls-candidates-9135885/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] between 2016 and 2022, elected from the local authorities constituency of [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/anand-bhadauria-the-sp-candidate-from-dhaurahra-constituency|title=Anand Bhadauria, The SP Candidate From Dhaurahra Constituency|date=31 January 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==
Bhadauria is the son of Lal Bahadur Singh and Rama Singh. He is married to Archana Singh and has a son and a daughter. Bhadauria earned his B.Sc. degree from [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] in 1999 and his M.A. degree in Journalism from the same in 2001. He also earned a Master of Arts (MA) in Hindi from [[Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University]] in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anand Bhadauriya(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- DHAURAHRA(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=5500 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5815?from=members|title=Bhadauria, Shri Anand|publisher=Sansad|access-date=7 Jan 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bhadauria currently serves as the Member of Parliament for the Dhaurahra constituency, having been elected in June 2024. Previously, he was a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council from 2016 to 2022. Bhadauriya has also held leadership roles within the Samajwadi Party, including serving as the state and national president of Lohiya Vahini, the party's youth wing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5815?from=members|title=Bhadauria, Shri Anand|publisher=Sansad|access-date=7 Jan 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/akhilesh-may-have-his-way-expelled-aides-to-be-reinducted-into-sp/story-GQzn6WsXQ2V6LRZjBpijbP.html|title=Akhilesh may have his way, expelled aides to be reinducted into SP|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 Jan 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadauriya, Anand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Ajmer–Chandigarh Vande Bharat Express

2026-04-24T19:45:35Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Ajmer Junction – Chandigarh Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| image = Ajmer-chandigarh vande Bharat.jpg
| image_width = 330px
| caption = Ajmer Junction – Chandigarh Junction Vande Bharat Express at [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]]
| first = 12 April 2023 (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|04|13}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways (NWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} '''(AII)'''
| stops = 08
| end = {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} '''(CDG)'''
| distance = {{convert|678|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20977 / 20978
| line_used = *[[Ahmedabad–Jaipur line]]
*[[Delhi–Jaipur line]]
*[[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi–Kalka line (till Chandigarh Jn.)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment system|[[IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat pockets|Bottle holder|Tray table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Modified rakes|Vande Bharat 3.0]]
| gauge = [[Indian gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{convert|81|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[North Western Railway zone|Madar Coaching Depot (Ajmer)]]
| map = {{Ajmer-Chandigarh VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
The 20977/20978 '''Ajmer - Chandigarh ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 14th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Delhi-Ajmer Vande Bharat to now get extended till Chandigarh |url=https://www.news9live.com/city/delhi/delhi-ajmer-vande-bharat-to-now-get-extended-till-chandigarh-2464291 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> This express train is an extension of the former Vande Bharat Express train which ran from Ajmer Junction till Delhi Cantonment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer Vande Bharat Express train to start regular service from Thursday in Rajasthan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/regular-service-of-vande-bharat-in-rajasthan-to-start-from-thursday/articleshow/99392460.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer Vande Bharat Express: PM Modi to launch world's first semi-high speed passenger train on OHE territory {{!}} Know all about it |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/delhi-jaipur-ajmer-vande-bharat-express-pm-modi-to-launch-worlds-first-semi-high-speed-passenger-train-on-ohe-territory-know-all-about-it-article-99393186 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer Vande Bharat Express train to cut travel time by 1 hour compared to Shatabdi Express, check route |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-jaipur-vande-bharat-express-train-to-cut-travel-time-to-just-1-hr-45-mins-check-route-ticket-price-3035632 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer Jn]], [[Kishangarh railway station|Kishangarh]], [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Jn]], [[Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station|Gandhinagar Jaipur]], [[Alwar Junction railway station|Alwar Jn]], [[Rewari railway station|Rewari Jn]], [[Gurgaon railway station|Gurgaon]], [[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantonment]], [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantonment Jn]] and [[Chandigarh Junction railway station|Chandigarh Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20977/20978 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=PM to flag off Delhi-Jaipur Vande Bharat train on April 12 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pm-flag-delhi-jaipur-vande-bharat-train-april-12-175745 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=PM Modi to flag off world's first semi-high-speed train on April 12 - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/pm-modi-to-flag-off-worlds-first-semi-high-speed-train-on-april-12/99409907 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Flag Off Rajasthan's 1st Vande Bharat Express Today. Check Details |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-flag-off-jaipur-delhi-vande-bharat-express-today-check-details-timing-3940444 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It is the twelfth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Modified rakes|2nd Generation Vande Bharat Express train]] and was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) under the leadership of ''Sudhanshu Mani'' at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

The Ajmer–Chandigarh Vande Bharat Express is the world's first semi high-speed passenger train on high rise overhead electric (OHE) territory.<ref>https://www.thestatesman.com/india/pm-to-flag-off-rajasthans-first-vande-bharat-train-on-12-april-1503170984.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Ajmer-Delhi Vande Bharat vs Shatabdi Exp: A look at fares, stoppages, travel time |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ajmer-delhi-vande-bharat-vs-shatabdi-express-indian-railways-a-look-at-fares-stoppages-travel-time-11681371972158.html |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Ajmer Junction railway station]]
* [[Delhi Cantonment railway station]]
* [[Chandigarh Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajmer-Chandigarh Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]

Bakshi Tek Chand

2026-04-24T18:25:28Z

AlexPopp6687: made a page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bakshi Tek Chand
| office = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| constituency = [[Punjab]]
| office1 = Member of [[3rd Punjab Legislative Council]]
| term_end = 25 January 1950
| term_start = 9 December 1946
| term_end1 = 23 October 1930
| term_start1 = 3 January 1927
| office2 = Chairmen of Patents Enquiry Committee
| appointer2 = [[Government of India]]
| birth_date = August 26, 1883
| birth_place = Kangra district
| death_date = Unknown
| state_assembly = Punjab Legislative Council
| image =
}}

'''Bakshi Tek Chand''' was an Indian lawyer and jurist from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He served as a judge in the Punjab High Court during the [[British Raj]], and as a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] after independence.

== Personal life ==
He was born in August 26, 1883 in the [[Kangra district]] in the then province of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in British India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founding fathers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000122/windows/main1.htm |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakshi Tek Chand |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constituent_assembly_members/bakshi_tek_chand |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Constitution of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
He served as a judge in the Punjab High Court in British India.<ref name=":3" />

After his retirement, he was elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in 1946 from the province of [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]].<ref name="Khanna2008">{{cite book | author = Hans Raj Khanna | date = 2008 | title = Making of India's Constitution | publisher = Eastern Book Company | pages = 6– | isbn = 9788170121084 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BBnUF1SUlFgC&pg=PA6}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India]], he opted to move to independent India.

In October 1947, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], having released the popular leader [[Sheikh Abdullah]] from prison with the expectation of his participation in the government of the state,
appointed Bakshi Tek Chand to frame a constitution for the state.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&q=Bakshi+Tek+Chand&pg=PA4 |title=Epilogue, Vol 4, Issue 11 |publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir |language=en}}</ref> The appointment was on 21 October 1947, one day before the [[Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir]] was launched, which put a hold on the effort. With the state's accession to India in the wake of the invasion, Bakshi continued to be involved in the negotiations for arranging the state's governance.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW2-04/page/n361 |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series, Volume 4 |pages=312 |via=archive.org}}</ref>

== Offices ==

* Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who's who Parliament of India |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |website=Digital Parliamentary Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituent Assembly Members |url=http://loksabha.nic.in/constituent/Constituent.aspx |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyUNAQAAIAAJ&q=Tek+Chand |title=Parliament of India Who's who |date=1950 |publisher=Government of India Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Member of [[3rd Punjab Legislative Council]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Assembly Members |url=https://pap.gov.pk/en/members/past-members/punjab-legislative-council-1921-to-1936/pre-punjab-third-legislator |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=pap.gov.pk}}</ref>
* Chairman of Patents Enquiry Committee<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=REPORT on the revision of the patents law |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/1959-_Justice_N_R_Ayyangar_committee_report.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-07 |title=For a people's drug policy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/324406/for-peoples-drug-policy.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* Judge of [[Lahore High Court]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* President of Punjab High Court Bar Association.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Pakistani judges]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

List of knights grand commander of the Order of the Star of India

2026-04-23T21:28:07Z

AlexPopp6687: started new pg

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of knights grand commander (knights, 1861-1866) of the Most Exalted [[Order of the Star of India]] from 1861 until 1947, when the order ceased to be awarded. The [[viceroy of India]] served as ex-officio [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] of the Order, and was automatically appointed as a knight grand commander upon taking office.

==1860s==
*1861-1866: See [[list of knights companion of the Order of the Star of India]]

===1867===
*His Highness Maharajadhiraja Shri Sir Jawansinhji Gambhirsinhji Sahib Bahadur, Maharaja of Idar<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23255 |page=2996 |date=24 May 1867 }}</ref>

===1869===
*His Highness [[Bhagwant Singh]], Maharaj Rana of [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 23503|pages=3179–3180 |date=2 June 1869 }}</ref>

==1870s==
===1870===
*His Highness [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Mahendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23620 |page=2787 |date=31 May 1870 }}</ref>
*The [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Nawab Salar Jung Bahadoor]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} Minister of the [[Hyderabad State]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23620 |page=2787 |date=31 May 1870 }}</ref>

===1871===
*His Highness [[Shambhu Singh|Dheraj Sumbho Sing, Maharana of Oodeypore]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 23739|pages=2473–2474 |date=20 May 1871 }}</ref>
*His Highness [[Pragmalji II|Pragmuljee, Rao of Cutch]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 23739|pages=2473–2474 |date=20 May 1871 }}</ref>

===1872===
*Her Highness the [[Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Nawab Shah Jehan, Begum of Bhopal]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23863 |page=2575 |date=31 May 1872 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23864|page=2620 |date=4 June 1872 }}</ref>

===1873===
*His Excellency Maharajah [[Jung Bahadur Rana|Jung Bahadoor Kunwar Ranajee]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23979 |pages=2583–2584 |date=24 May 1873 }}</ref>
*General [[John Low (East India Company officer)|Sir John Low]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23979 |pages=2583–2584 |date=24 May 1873 }}</ref>
*Lieutenant-General Sir [[Neville Bowles Chamberlain]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23979 |pages=2583–2584 |date=24 May 1873 }}</ref>

===1876===
*His Grace [[Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos|Richard Plantagenet Campbell, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]], Governor of the Presidency of Madras<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24341/page/3731]</ref>
*[[Philip Wodehouse (colonial administrator)|Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse, KCB]], [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor of the Presidency of Bombay]]<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24341/page/3731]</ref>

===1877===
*Field-Marshal His Royal Highness [[Prince George, Duke of Cambridge|George William Frederick Charles, Duke of Cambridge]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 24464|pages=3442–3443 |date=30 May 1877 }}</ref>

==1880s==
===1881===
*His Highness [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sujjun Singh, Maharana of Udaipur]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24976 |pages=2673–2675 |date=24 May 1881 }}</ref>

===1882===
*His Highness [[Visakham Thirunal|Visakham Thirunal, Maharajah of Travancore]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25110 |page=2409 |date=23 May 1882 }}</ref>
*His Highness Nawab Ikbal-ud-dowlah of Oudh (Baghdad)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25110 |page=2409 |date=23 May 1882 }}</ref>

===1884===
*His Highness [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chama Rajendra Wadeir, Maharajah of Mysore]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25357 |pages=2286–2287 |date=23 May 1884 }}</ref>

===1888===
*His Highness [[Moolam Thirunal|Moolam Thirunal, Maharajah of Travancore]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 25823 |page=3123 |date= 1 June 1888 }}</ref>

==1890s==

===1892===
*Colonel His Highness [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 26291 |pages=3137–3139 |date= 24 May 1892 }}</ref>

===1893===
*General [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Sleigh, Baron Roberts of Kandahar]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 26409 |pages=3251–3253 |date= 2 June 1893 }}</ref>

===1895===
*His Highness [[Madho Rao Scindia|Madho Rao, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 26628 |pages=3079–3080 |date= 25 May 1895 }}</ref>
*The Right Honourable [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|George Robert Canning, Baron Harris]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 26628 |pages=3079–3080 |date= 25 May 1895 }}</ref>
*His Highness [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Rajarshi Shahu, Maharaj of Kolhapur]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26584 |date=1 January 1895 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>
*The Right Honourable [[Henry Hartley Fowler]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26639 |date=2 July 1895 |page=3740}}</ref>

===1896===
*(Extra) The Right Honourable [[Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26695|date=1 January 1896 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>

===1897===
*His Highness Vyankatesh Raman Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Rewa.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=10895 |date=25 June 1897 |pages=589–600 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref>
*Sir [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=10895 |date=25 June 1897 |pages=589–600 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref>
*Maharaja Sir [[Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Bir Bhamsber Jang Rana Bahadur]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=10895 |date=25 June 1897 |pages=589–600 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref>
*Sir [[Antony Patrick MacDonnell]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=10895 |date=25 June 1897 |pages=589–600 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref>
*His Highness Lieutenant Colonel Sir [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Partab Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Idar]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=10895 |date=25 June 1897 |pages=589–600 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref>
*Lieutenant-General [[Richard Strachey]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=10895 |date=25 June 1897 |pages=589–600 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref>

===1898===
*His Highness [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh, Maharaja of Patiala]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26969 |pages=3229–3230 |date=21 May 1898}}</ref>

==1900s==
===1900===
*His Highness Maharao Umed Singh Bahadur, of Kotah.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Birthday Honours |date=23 May 1900 |page=10 |issue=36149}}</ref>

===1903===
*The Right Honourable [[Lord George Hamilton|Lord George Francis Hamilton]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Year Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref>
*His Highness Sir Shri [[Rama Varma XV|Rama Varma, Rajarshi of Cochin]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Year Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref>
*Colonel His Highness Priyadarsi Devanampriya Maharaj-Adhiraj Maharaja Rudra Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Singrauli<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Year Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref>

===1905===
*His Excellency [[Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Maharaja Chandra Shamsher Jang, Rana Bahadur]], [[Prime Minister of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Indian Honours |date=2 January 1905 |page=4 |issue=37593}}</ref>

===1906===
*His Highness [[Orchha State#Rulers|Pratap Singh Bahadur, Maharaja Ju Deo of Orchha]]<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27859/data.pdf The London Gazzette]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201141942/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27859/data.pdf |date=2022-12-01 }} </ref>

===1907===
*His Highness Sri [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27981|date=1 January 1907 |pages=1–2 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1909===
*His Highness Sir Rasul Khanji Mahabbat Khanji, [[Nawab of Junagarh]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12105 |date=5 January 1909 |pages=13–15 |city=e}}</ref>
*His Excellency General The Right Honourable [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Horatio Herbert, Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28263 |date=22 June 1909|pages=4853–4860 |supp=y}}</ref>

==1910s==
===1910===
*Her Highness Nawab [[Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Sultan Jahan Begam, Begum of Bhopal]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12209 |date=4 January 1910 |pages=1–4 |city=e}}</ref>
*His Highness Sir [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Sardar Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jodhpur]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12209 |date=4 January 1910 |pages=1–4 |city=e}}</ref>

===1911===
*Sir [[Steuart Bayley|Steuart Colvin Bayley]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12317 |date=3 January 1911 |pages=1–4 |city=e}}</ref>
*Sir [[Dennis Fitzpatrick (colonial administrator)|Dennis Fitzpatrick]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12317 |date=3 January 1911 |pages=1–4 |city=e}}</ref>
*Sir [[William Lee-Warner]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12317 |date=3 January 1911 |pages=1–4 |city=e}}</ref>
*General Sir [[Dighton MacNaghten Probyn]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28505 |date=16 June 1911 |pages=4587-4598 |city=e}}</ref>
*His Excellency Sir [[George Sydenham Clarke]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*The Right Honourable Sir [[Arthur Lawley]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*Sir [[John Hewett (MP)|John Prescott Hewett]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*Colonel His Highness Sri Sir [[Ganga Singh|Gunga Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikaner]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*His Highness Major Sir [[Umed Singh II|Umed Singh Bahadur, Maharao of Kotah]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*His Excellency General Sir [[O'Moore Creagh|Garrett O'Moore Creagh]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband Raish-ul-Itikad Daulat-i-Inglisbia Raja-i-Rajagan Raja Sir [[Jagatjit Singh|Jagatjit Singh, Bahadur Ahluwalia of Kapurthala]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*His Highness Asafjah Muzaffer-ul-Mulk-Maamalik Nizam-ul-Mulk Nizam-ud-Daula Nawab Mir [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Usman Ali Khan, Bahadur Fateh Jang, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad]].
*His Highness Sir [[Aga Khan III|Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>

===1912===
*His Highness Amin-ud-Daula Wazir-ul-Mulk Nawab Sir Muhammad [[Ibrahim Ali Khan|Ibrahim Ali Khan, Bahadur, Saulat Jang of Tonk]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=12526 |date=3 January 1913 |pages=1–5 |city=e}}</ref>

===1916===
*His Excellency General Sir [[Beauchamp Duff]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29423 |date=31 December 1915 |pages=79–90 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1917===
*His Highness Maharao [[Khengarji III|Raja Sawai Sir Khengarji Bahadur Rao of Cutch]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30111 |supp=y |pages=5453–5494 |date=4 June 1917}}</ref>

===1918===
*His Excellency The Right Honourable Sir [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland|John Sinclair, Baron Pentland]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30723 |date=3 June 1918 |pages=6523–6534 |supp=y}} (Viscount, Baron, KG, KSP, PC, Bt, Kt, KGB, KCB, CB, GCSI, KCSI, CSI, GCMG, KCMG, CMG, GCIE, KCIE, CIE, GCVO, KCVO, CVO, MVO, CH, ISO, Kaisar-i-Hind, RRC)</ref>
*His Excellency Sir [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Baron Willingdon]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30723 |date=3 June 1918 |pages=6523–6534 |supp=y}} (Viscount, Baron, KG, KSP, PC, Bt, Kt, KGB, KCB, CB, GCSI, KCSI, CSI, GCMG, KCMG, CMG, GCIE, KCIE, CIE, GCVO, KCVO, CVO, MVO, CH, ISO, Kaisar-i-Hind, RRC)</ref>

===1919===
*His Excellency General Sir [[Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31370 |supp=y |pages=6789–6919 |date= 3 June 1919}}</ref>
*His Highness Sir [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raghubir Singh Bahadur, Maharao of Bundi]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31370 |supp=y |pages=6789–6919 |date= 3 June 1919}}</ref>
*George Carmichael<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31370 |supp=y |pages=6789–6919 |date= 3 June 1919}}</ref>
*[[Michael Sadler (educationist)|Michael Ernest Sadler]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31370 |supp=y |pages=6789–6919 |date= 3 June 1919}}</ref>

==1920s==
===1921===
*Colonel His Highness Alhijah Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglisihia, Mukhlis-ud-Daula Nasir-ul-Mulk Amir-ul-Umra Nawab Sir [[Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur|Hamid Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Rampur]]<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=King's Birthday – Colonial Office List |work=[[The Times]] |page=12 |date=3 June 1921 }}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Sir [[Prabhu Narayan Singh|Prabhu Narayan Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Benares]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=1 January 1921 |supp=y |issue=32178 |pages=1–12 }}</ref>
* Major-General His Highness Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulet-i-Inglishia Mansur-i-Zaman Amar-ul-Umra Maharajadhiraja Rajeshwar Sri Maharaja-i-Rajagan Sir [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupindar Singh Mahindar Bahadur, Maharaja of Patiala]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=1 January 1921 |supp=y |issue=32178 |pages=1–12 }}</ref>

===1923===
* His Highness Lieutenant-Colonel [[Shri]] Sir [[Ranjitsinhji|Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, Maharaja Jam Sahib]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32830 |date=1 June 1923 |pages=3943–3954 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1924===
*Colonel His Highness Sewai Maharaj Shri [[Jai Singh Prabhakar|Jey Singh, Maharaja of Alwar]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32941 |supp=y |pages=4407–4422 |date=3 June 1924}}</ref>
*[[James Mackay, 1st Earl of Inchcape|James Lyle, Viscount Inchcape]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32941 |supp=y |pages=4407–4422 |date=3 June 1924}}</ref>
* General [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Henry Seymour, Baron Rawlinson of Trent]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32893 |date=1 January 1924 |pages=1–10 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1925===
*The Right Honourable [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|Victor Alexander George Robert, Earl of Lytton]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33053 |supp=y |pages=3767–3781 |date= 3 June 1925 }}</ref>
* The Right Honourable [[Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham|Arthur Hamilton, Viscount Lee of Fareham]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33007 |date=30 December 1924 |pages=1–10 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1928===
*Sir [[Harcourt Butler|Spencer Harcourt Butler]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33390 |supp=y |pages=3845–3863 |date= 4 June 1928}}</ref>

===1929===
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel, [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|George Joachim, Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33501 |date=31 May 1929 |pages=3665–3682 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>
*Lieutenant-Colonel The Right Honourable Sir [[Leslie Orme Wilson]]<ref>United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=33472 |supp=y |pages=1435–20 |date= 26 February 1929}}</ref>

==1930s==
===1930===
* The Right Honourable Sir [[John Allsebrook Simon]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33611 |date=30 May 1930 |pages=3473–3488 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>
* Field-Marshal Sir [[Claud William Jacob]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33611 |date=30 May 1930 |pages=3473–3488 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>
*Field Marshal Sir [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|William Riddell Birdwood]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33566 |supp=y |pages=1–16 |date= 31 December 1929}}</ref>

===1931===
*His Highness Sir [[Bhupal Singh|Bhupal Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Udaipur]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33675 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 30 December 1930}}</ref>
*Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Shri Sir Rajaram Chhatrapati, Maharaja of Kolhapur<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33675 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 30 December 1930}}</ref>
*Major-General His Highness Projjwal-Nepal Tara-Dhish Sri Sri Sri Maharaja Sir [[Bhim Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33675 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 30 December 1930}}</ref>

===1932===
* Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Iftikhar-ul-Mulk Sikandar Saulat Haji Sir Muhammad [[Hamidullah Khan|Hamidullah Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Bhopal]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33831 |date=31 May 1932 |pages=3567–3584 |supp=y |nolink=yes}}</ref>
* Sir [[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|William Malcolm Hailey]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33831 |date=31 May 1932 |pages=3567–3584 |supp=y |nolink=yes}}</ref>
*The Right Honourable [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Robert Wellesley, Earl Peel]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33785 |supp=y |pages=1–16 |date= 29 December 1931}}</ref>

===1933===
*Colonel His Highness Sir [[Hari Singh|Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]].

===1934===
* Lieutenant-Colonel the Right Honourable Sir [[George Frederick Stanley]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34056 |date=1 June 1934 |pages=3555–3574 }}</ref>
* Field-Marshal Sir [[Philip Walhouse Chetwode]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34056 |date=1 June 1934 |pages=3555–3574 }}</ref>
*Lieutenant-Colonel the Right Honourable Sir [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel John Gurney Hoare]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34010 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date=29 December 1933 }}</ref>

===1935===
*Lieutenant-General His Highness Ojaswi Rajanya Projjwala Nepala Tara Ati Pravala Gorkha Dakshina Bahu Prithuladheesha Sri Sri Sri Maharaja Sir [[Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34119 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 28 December 1934}}</ref>

===1936===
* Lieutenant-Colonel Raj Rajeshwar [[Maharajadhiraja]] Sir [[Umaid Singh|Umaid Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jodhpur]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34296 |date=19 June 1936 |pages=3995–4012 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1937===
*His Highness Maharaja Shri Sir Bhagwatsinhji Sagramji, Maharaja of Gondal<ref>United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=34365 |supp=y |pages=1–20 |date= 29 January 1937}}</ref>
*[[Ranbir Singh of Jind|Ranbir Singh, the Maharaja of Jind]]<ref>{{London Gazette |date=11 May 1937 |supp=y |issue=34396 |pages=3073–3106 }}</ref>

==1940s==
===1940===
*General Sir [[Robert Cassels|Robert Archibald Cassels]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34893 |supp=y |pages=4243–4269 |date= 9 July 1940}}</ref>

===1941===
*Major His Highness Rukn-ud-Daula Nusrat-i-Jang, Saif-ud-Daula Hafiz-ul-Mulk Mukhlis-ud-Daula wa Muin-ud-Daula Nawab al Haj Sir [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Sadiq Muhammad Khan, Nawab of Bahawalpur]].

===1946===
*Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Maharaja Mukhtar-ul-Mulk, Asim-ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-ush-Shan, Wala Shikoh Mohta-Sham-i-Dauran, Umdat-ul-Umra, Maharajadhi-Raja Alijah Hisam-us-Sultanat, Sir [[George Jivajirao Scindia|George Jivaji Rao, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior]].<ref>United Kingdom list (1): {{London Gazette |date=28 December 1945 |issue=37407 |pages=1–132 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
*Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Maharaja Sri Padmanabha Dasa Vanchi Pala Sir [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Bala Rama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore]]<ref>United Kingdom list (1): {{London Gazette |date=28 December 1945 |issue=37407 |pages=1–132 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

===1947===
* Colonel His Highness [[Shri]] Sir [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji|Digvijaysinhji, Maharaja Jam Saheb of Nawanagar]].<ref>Order of the Crown of India: {{London Gazette |issue=37976 |date=6 June 1947 |page=2569 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1948===
* His Excellency Lieutenant-General Sir [[Archibald Edward Nye]]<ref>British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=38161 |supp=y |pages=1–42 |date=30 December 1947}}</ref>
* His Excellency Sir [[Frederick John Burrows]]<ref>British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=38161 |supp=y |pages=1–42 |date=30 December 1947}}</ref>
* Major His Highness Maharaja Sir [[Shahoji II|Shahaji Chhatrapati, Maharaja of Kolhapur]].<ref>British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=38161 |supp=y |pages=1–42 |date=30 December 1947}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-General His Highness Saramad-i-Rajaha-i-Hindustan Raj Rajindra Sri Maharajadhiraja Sawar Sir [[Man Singh II|Man Singhji, Maharaja of Jaipur]].<ref>British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=38161 |supp=y |pages=1–42 |date=30 December 1947}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-General His Highness Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar Shiromani Shri Sir [[Sadul Singh of Bikaner|Sadul Singhji Bahadur, Maharajah of Bikaner]]<ref>British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=38161 |supp=y |pages=1–42 |date=30 December 1947}}</ref>

==Honorary Knights Grand Commander==
*1868: [[Isma'il Pasha]], Khedive of Egypt<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23417/pages/4733 |title=London Gazette, 28 August 1868 |access-date=17 October 2012 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110102958/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23417/pages/4733 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1870: [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]]<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23648/pages/3911 London Gazette, 19 August 1870]</ref>
*1873: [[Mirza Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh]], Grand Vizier of Persia<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/23995/pages/3193 London Gazette, 4 July 1873]</ref>
*1875: [[Tewfik Pasha]] of Egypt<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24205/pages/2394 London Gazette, 4 May 1875]</ref>
*1878: [[Muhammad Sharif Pasha]], Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24537/pages/1 London Gazette, 1 January 1878]</ref> [[Saffet Pasha]], Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24618/pages/4934 London Gazette, 30 August 1878]</ref>
*1879: Khudadad Khan, Khan of Kalat<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24747/pages/4697 |title=London Gazette, 29 July 1879 |access-date=17 October 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104171024/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24747/pages/4697 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1885: [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], Emir of Afghanistan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25466/pages/1983 |title=London Gazette, 1 May 1885 |access-date=17 October 2012 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901175041/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25466/pages/1983 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1887: [[Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan]], Governor-General of Isfahan, Arabistan, Kurdistan, Yazd, etc.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25768/pages/7063 London Gazette, 20 December 1887]</ref>
*1890: [[Ali bin Said of Zanzibar]], Sultan of Zanzibar<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26105/pages/5929 London Gazette, 11 November 1890]</ref>
*1894: [[Hamad bin Thuwaini of Zanzibar]], Sultan of Zanzibar<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26488/pages/1160 London Gazette, 23 February 1894]</ref>
*1896: [[Nubar Pasha]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26717/page/1268 |title=London Gazette, 3 March 1896 |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112013936/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26717/page/1268 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1909: [[Auguste-Louis-Albéric, prince d'Arenberg|Prince Auguste Louis Alberic d'Arenberg]], President of the Suez Canal Company<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28210/supplements/1 London Gazette, 1 January 1909]</ref>
*1935: Maharaja Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Prime Minister of Nepal<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34119/supplements/5 London Gazette, 1 January 1935]</ref>
*1945: Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Commander-in-Chief, Nepalese Army<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37367/pages/5757 London Gazette, 27 November 1945]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
[[Order of the Star of India]]

[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of knights and dames|Star of India]]

Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy

2026-04-23T08:28:22Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur Assembly Constituency]] in [[Nellore district|Nellore District]]. She represents the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kovur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Prashanthi Reddy Vemireddy defeats YSRCP's Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy with 54583 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kovur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548314-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prashanthi is from Nellore, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashanthi Reddy Vemireddy(TDP):Constituency- KOVUR(NELLORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She married industrialist [[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]], who won the [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore Lok Sabha]] seat in the 2024 election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nellore, Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Prabhakar Reddy Vemireddy Wins Race by 245902 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/nellore-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547610-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2024-03-14 |title=Double bonanza for Vemireddy family as TDP names Prashanthi Reddy for Kovur Assembly seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/double-bonanza-for-vemireddy-family-as-tdp-names-prashanthi-reddy-for-kovur-assembly-seat/article67951407.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She studied Intermediate at SPW Junior College, Tirupati, and passed the examinations in 1982. Later, she discontinued her studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashanthi Reddy Vemireddy(TDP):Constituency- KOVUR(NELLORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Prashanthi won [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashanthi Reddy Vemireddy, TDP Candidate from Kovur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/prashanthi-reddy-vemireddy-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a116e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections 2024: Complete list of NDA candidates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-complete-list-of-nda-candidates-19408374.htm/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> She polled 1,30,623 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 54,583 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kovur Assembly Election Results 2024: Kovur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kovur-constituency-result-1116 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kovur Constituency Election Results 2024: Kovur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kovur |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2021, she was nominated to the Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanam Trust board as a Trust member.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-16 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt forms new Tirupati temple trust board with 29 trustees and 52 special invitees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-govt-forms-new-tirupati-temple-trust-board-with-29-trustees-and-52-special-invitees/articleshow/86262941.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
A controversy broke out on 7 July 2025, when former Kovur MLA [[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy|Nallapureddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]] of [[YSR Congress Party]], allegedly made derogatory remarks against Prashanthi Reddy. Later on 7 July night, unidentified miscreants allegedly ransacked Prasanna Kumar Reddy's house in [[Nellore]], and threatened his mother when she was alone at home. Prasanna Kumar Reddy filed a complaint with the Superintendent of Police and named members of Vemireddy family and their followers as suspects.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=YSR Congress Leader's Derogatory Remarks Against Woman MLA Sparks Row In Andhra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ysr-leader-nallapareddy-prasanna-kumar-reddy-s-derogatory-remarks-against-kovuru-mla-vemireddy-prashanthi-reddy-sparks-row-in-andhra-8842928 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Prashanthi denied the allegations and said, the remarks against her amounted to 'character assassination' and threatened to file a defamation case against Prasanna Kumar Reddy and also filed a complaint with the [[National Commission for Women]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-08 |title=Jagan Reddy's party leader makes sexist remarks about woman TDP MLA, sparks row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/andhra-pradesh/story/ysrcp-leader-prasanna-kumar-reddys-vulgar-remarks-on-mla-prashanthi-spark-outrage-fir-filed-nellore-home-vandalised-2752739-2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She also submitted a complaint to the Additional Superintendent of Police Ch. Soujanya in Nellore and an FIR was registered on 10 July against Prasanna Kumar Reddy including under section 74 of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] (BNS) for 'assault or use of criminal force against a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2025-07-08 |title=Personal remarks on Prashanthi Reddy, attack on Prasanna Kumar Reddy's house brings old rivalry to the fore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/personal-remarks-on-prashanthi-reddy-attack-on-prasanna-kumar-reddys-house-brings-old-rivalry-to-the-fore/article69786853.ece |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-07-10 |title=YSRCP's Prasanna Kumar Reddy booked for misogynistic remarks against TDP MLA |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/ysrcps-prasanna-kumar-reddy-booked-for-misogynistic-remarks-against-tdp-mla |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prashanthi Reddy, Vemireddy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Siruguppa Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:32Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating a details - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Siruguppa
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 92
| map_image = 92-Siruguppa constituency.svg
| preceded_by = M. S. Somalingappa
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = B. M. Nagaraja
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:217209}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Siruguppa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Ballari district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. [[B. M. Nagaraja]] is the current MLA from Siruguppa.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || S. Parameswarappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || B. E. Ramaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || C. M. Revana Siddaiah || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. D. Gowd || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | B. E. Ramaiah
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || M. Shankar Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || C. M. Revana Siddaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || M. Shankar Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || T. N. Chandrashekaraiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || M. Shankar Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | M. S. Somalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[B. M. Nagaraja]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || M. S. Somalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[B. M. Nagaraja]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Siruguppa">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Siruguppa |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1092.htm?ac=92 |access-date=30 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430190946/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1092.htm?ac=92 |archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. M. Nagaraja]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 90,862 |percentage = 54.05% |change = {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Somalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,830 |percentage = 32.02% |change = {{decrease}}22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Darappa Naik |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 18,652 |percentage = 11.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,645 |percentage = 0.98% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,032 |percentage = 22.03% |change = {{increase}}8.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,461 |percentage = 77.56% |change = {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,106}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,209 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref name=election2018>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Somalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 82,546 |percentage = 54.25% |change = {{increase}}20.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Murali Krishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,275 |percentage = 40.27% |change = {{decrease}}9.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosamane. B. Maruthi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,482 |percentage = 1.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,997 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Venkatesha Nayaka |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,274 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sreenivas |party = Independent politician |votes = 956 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,271 |percentage = 13.98% |change = {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,337 |percentage = 75.01% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,151}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,092 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. M. Nagaraja]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,490 |percentage = 50.26% |change = {{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Somalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,676 |percentage = 33.52% |change = {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Mallikarjun |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 7,272 |percentage = 5.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Eranna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,183 |percentage = 2.44% |change = {{decrease}}20.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Narasimha Nayaka |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,254 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Mallikarjun Nayaka |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,638 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nari Mareppa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,574 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Kalingappa |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 1,045 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,814 |percentage = 16.74% |change = {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,788 |percentage = 74.56% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,314}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,039 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}12.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Somalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,359 |percentage = 37.70% |change = {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. M. Nagaraja]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,535 |percentage = 33.50% |change = {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjuna Balappa. H. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,226 |percentage = 22.80% |change = {{decrease}}7.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dodda Hanumanthappa Gudivatti |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,409 |percentage = 2.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Jadeppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,034 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dodda Sunkappa. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,824 |percentage = 4.19% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,039 |percentage = 74.41% |change = {{increase}}8.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,020}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,604 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}27.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Somalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,160 |percentage = 34.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chedrashekaraiah. T. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 42,844 |percentage = 30.30% |change = {{increase}}22.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,459 |percentage = 27.20% |change = {{decrease}}19.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmappa. M. K |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,903 |percentage = 2.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harun Sab. B |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,986 |percentage = 2.11% |change = {{increase}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Handi Rafiq Sab |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,518 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pampapathi. K |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,515 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,316 |percentage = 4.47% |change = {{decrease}}16.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,414 |percentage = 65.87% |change = {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,385}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,693 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,742 |percentage = 46.31% |change = {{increase}}17.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Chandrashekhariah |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 28,843 |percentage = 25.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Somalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,930 |percentage = 17.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujari Malleshappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,169 |percentage = 8.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Abdul Nabi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,254 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramadas |party = Independent politician |votes = 803 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,899 |percentage = 20.49% |change = {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,959 |percentage = 67.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,741}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 11,169 |percentage = 9.08% |change = {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,498 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Chandrashekaraiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 41,673 |percentage = 37.62% |change = {{decrease}}3.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,552 |percentage = 28.49% |change = {{decrease}}27.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ramaiah |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 14,434 |percentage = 13.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. E. Ramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,991 |percentage = 9.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,894 |percentage = 6.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Lakshmikantha Reddy |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 3,165 |percentage = 2.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ramanjinappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,176 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Narayana Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 918 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,121 |percentage = 9.14% |change = {{decrease}}5.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,260 |percentage = 69.10% |change = {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,766}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,494 |percentage = 3.90% |change = {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,807 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.48 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,324 |percentage = 55.71% |change = {{increase}}9.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Chandrasekharayya |party = Janata Dal |votes = 38,967 |percentage = 40.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Jadeppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,132 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanayya |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,287 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,357 |percentage = 15.00% |change = {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,943 |percentage = 65.71% |change = {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,710}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,233 |percentage = 7.03% |change = {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,661 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Revana Siddaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 39,238 |percentage = 49.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,626 |percentage = 46.06% |change = {{decrease}}22.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mareppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,704 |percentage = 3.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Abdul Nabi |party = Independent politician |votes = 957 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,612 |percentage = 3.28% |change = {{decrease}}35.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,948 |percentage = 66.83% |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,525}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,423 |percentage = 2.96% |change = {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,621 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.67 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,591 |percentage = 68.73% |change = {{increase}}64.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kenchanaguddada Mallanna Gouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,062 |percentage = 30.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Harishareddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 772 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,529 |percentage = 38.67% |change = {{increase}}25.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,912 |percentage = 63.25% |change = {{decrease}}7.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,425}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,487 |percentage = 3.77% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,208 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. E. Ramaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,465 |percentage = 52.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana Swamy. K |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,596 |percentage = 39.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangappa. S. R |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,906 |percentage = 4.45% |change = {{decrease}}53.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Harishareddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,360 |percentage = 3.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,869 |percentage = 13.58% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,643 |percentage = 70.85% |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,327}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,316 |percentage = 3.42% |change = {{increase}}3.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,475 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.67 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. E. Ramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,600 |percentage = 58.40% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Doudangowd |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 19,659 |percentage = 41.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,941 |percentage = 16.80% |change = {{increase}}6.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,760 |percentage = 69.29% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,259}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,374 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Gowd |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,563 |percentage = 54.96% |change = {{increase}}19.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. E. Ramaiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 18,489 |percentage = 45.04% |change = {{decrease}}16.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,074 |percentage = 9.92% |change = {{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,451 |percentage = 73.69% |change = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,052}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,968 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Revana Siddaiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 22,517 |percentage = 62.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Linga Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,940 |percentage = 35.63% |change = {{decrease}}24.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavana Goud |party = Independent politician |votes = 858 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,577 |percentage = 26.37% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,702 |percentage = 67.79% |change = {{increase}}11.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,315}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,566 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. E. Ramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,361 |percentage = 59.95% |change = {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Revana Siddaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,416 |percentage = 34.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Maharudra Gouda |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,850 |percentage = 6.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,945 |percentage = 25.94% |change = {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,627 |percentage = 56.20% |change = {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,627}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,500 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}15.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Siruguppa <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Parameswarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,798 |percentage = 50.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Ranganna Gowd |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,370 |percentage = 40.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantha Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,224 |percentage = 9.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,428 |percentage = 9.69% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,392 |percentage = 54.87% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,392}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,496 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ballari district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.63|76.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Ballari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Direct Action Day

2026-04-12T06:25:11Z

AlexPopp6687: minor added section for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|1946 sectarian violence in British India}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Direct Action Day Great Calcutta Killings
| partof = the [[Partition of India]]
| image = Calcutta 1946 riot.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Dead and wounded after the Direct Action Day which developed into pitched battles as [[Muslim]] and [[Hindu]] mobs rioted across [[Calcutta]] in 1946, the year before independence
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.58|N|88.36|E|region:IN-WB_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| date = 16 August 1946
| place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| causes = Perceived unfairness and discrimination, misinformation
| goals = [[Partition of India]]
| result = [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]]
| methods = [[General strike]], [[rioting]], [[assaults]] and [[arson]]
| fatalities = 4,000 – 10,000 (Hindus & Muslims) <ref name="Burrows" /><ref name="Sarkar2018p8" />
| side1 = [[Hindus]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Tanika |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sekhar |year=2017 |title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA441 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=441 |isbn=978-1-351-58172-1}}</ref><ref name="Wavell">{{cite book
|last=Wavell
|first=Archibald P.
|author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell
|title=Report to Lord Pethick-Lawrence
|publisher=[[British Library]] Archives: IOR
|year=1946}}</ref>
| side2 = [[Muslims]]
| leadfigures1 = No centralised leadership, though local [[Indian National Congress]] leaders took part
| leadfigures2 = Local chapter of [[All-India Muslim League]]
}}

'''Direct Action Day''' (16 August 1946) was the day the [[All-India Muslim League]] decided to take a "[[direct action]]" using general strikes and economic shut down to demand a [[Two-nation theory|separate Muslim homeland]] after the British exit from India. Also known as the '''1946 Calcutta Riots''' and '''Great Calcutta Killings''', it soon became a day of communal violence in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zehra|first=Rosheena|date=16 August 2016|title=Direct Action Day: When Massive Communal Riots Made Kolkata Bleed|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/direct-action-day-when-massive-communal-riots-made-kolkata-bleed|access-date=31 August 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> It led to large-scale violence between [[Muslims in India|Muslims]] and [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] in the city of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now known as Kolkata) in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal province]] of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="Burrows">{{cite book|last=Burrows|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Burrows|title=Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell|publisher=The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107|year=1946}}</ref> The day also marked the start of what is known as ''The Week of the Long Knives''.<ref name="Sengupta">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Debjani |year=2006 |chapter=A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day |chapter-url=http://archive.sarai.net/files/original/2ed2f960de6596b5ed75501e6de2c774.pdf |editor-last=Narula |editor-first=Monica |title=Turbulence |series=Serai Reader |volume=6 |publisher=The Sarai Programme, Center for the Study of Developing Societies |pages=288–295 |oclc=607413832}}</ref><ref>L/I/1/425. The British Library Archives, London.</ref> While there is a certain degree of consensus on the magnitude of the killings (although no precise casualty figures are available), including their short-term consequences, controversy remains regarding the exact sequence of events, the various actors' responsibility and the long-term political consequences.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/calcutta-riots-1946.html|title=The Calcutta Riots of 1946 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network|date=4 April 2019|website=www.sciencespo.fr}}</ref>

There is still extensive controversy regarding the respective responsibilities of the two main communities, the Hindus and the Muslims, in addition to individual leaders' roles in the carnage. The dominant British view tends to blame both communities equally and to single out the calculations of the leaders and the savagery of the followers, among whom there were criminal elements.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} In the [[Indian National Congress]]' version of the events, the blame tends to be laid squarely on the Muslim League and in particular on the Chief Minister of Bengal, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]].<ref name="Rashid">{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |author-link=Harun-or-Rashid (academic) |title=The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics, 1906–1947 |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1987 |edition=Revised and enlarged |publisher=The University Press Limited |pages=242, 244–245 |isbn=984-05-1688-4}}</ref> Thus, the riots opened the way to a partition of Bengal between a Hindu-dominated [[Western Bengal]] including Calcutta and a Muslim-dominated Eastern Bengal (now [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="auto"/>

The All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress were the two largest political parties in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in the 1940s. The Muslim League had demanded since its 1940 [[Lahore Resolution]] for the Muslim-majority areas of India in the northwest and the east to be constituted as 'independent states'. The [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]] for planning of the transfer of power from the [[British Raj]] to the Indian leadership proposed a three-tier structure: a centre, groups of provinces and provinces. The "groups of provinces" were meant to accommodate the Muslim League's demand. Both the Muslim League and the Congress in principle accepted the Cabinet Mission's plan.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=318–319}} However; Nehru's speech on 10 July 1946 rejected the idea that the provinces would be obliged to join a group{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=216}} and stated that the Congress was neither bound nor committed to the plan.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolpert|2009|pp=360–361}}</ref> In effect, Nehru's speech squashed the mission's plan and the chance to keep India united.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=216}} Jinnah interpreted the speech as another instance of treachery by the Congress.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolpert|2009|p=361}}</ref> With Nehru's speech on groupings, the Muslim League rescinded its previous approval of the plan{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=40}} on 29 July.{{sfn|Hardy|1972|p=249}}

Consequently, in July 1946, the Muslim League withdrew its agreement to the plan and announced a [[general strike]] (''[[hartal]]'') on 16 August, terming it Direct Action Day, to assert its demand for a separate homeland for Muslims in certain northwestern and eastern provinces in [[colonial India]].<ref name="Tsugitaka">
{{cite book |last=Nariaki |first=Nakazato |chapter=The politics of a Partition Riot: Calcutta in August 1946 |editor=Sato Tsugitaka |title=Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqUOb-iUsUC&pg=PT153 |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-33254-5 |page=112 }}
</ref><ref name="Bourke-White1949p15">{{cite book|last=Bourke-White|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Bourke-White|year=1949|title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5000/page/n33/mode/1up|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=15}}
</ref> Calling for Direct Action Day, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the leader of the All India Muslim League, said that he saw only two possibilities "either a divided India or a destroyed India".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |title=Divided or Destroyed – Remembering Direct Action Day |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/divided-or-destroyed-remembering-direct-action-day/cid/157755 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 August 2014 |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tunzelmann |first1=Alex von |title=Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire |date=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-1476-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHmPrSPzu3MC&pg=PT100}}</ref>

Against a backdrop of communal tension, the protest triggered massive riots in Calcutta.<ref name="Das">
{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Suranjan |date=May 2000 |title=The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'? |journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=281–306 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000336X |jstor=313064 |s2cid=144646764 }}</ref><ref name="ASB_BP_Cal">{{cite book |last=Das |first=Suranjan|year=2012|chapter=Calcutta Riot, 1946|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Riot,_1946|editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A.|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|edition=Second|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> More than 4,000 people died and 100,000 residents were left homeless in Calcutta within 72 hours.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Sarkar2018p8">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Tanika |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sekhar |year=2018 |title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=8 |isbn=978-1-351-58172-1}}</ref> The violence sparked off further religious riots in the surrounding regions of [[Noakhali riots|Noakhali]], [[1946 Bihar riots|Bihar]], [[United Provinces (1937-1950)|United Provinces]] (modern day [[Uttar Pradesh]]), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] (including [[Rawalpindi Massacres|massacres in Rawalpindi]]) and the [[North Western Frontier Province]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-67256-6 |year=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566|page=67|quote=(Signs of 'ethnic cleansing') were also present in the wave of violence that rippled out from Calcutta to Bihar, where there were high Muslim casualty figures, and to Noakhali deep in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta of Bengal. Concerning the Noakhali riots, one British officer spoke of a 'determined and organized' Muslim effort to drive out all the Hindus, who accounted for around a fifth of the total population. Similarly, the Punjab counterparts to this transition of violence were the Rawalpindi massacres of March 1947. The level of death and destruction in such West Punjab villages as Thoa Khalsa was such that communities couldn't live together in its wake.|ref=none}}</ref> The events sowed the seeds for the eventual [[Partition of India]].

==Background==
In 1946, the [[Indian independence movement]] against the British Raj had reached a pivotal stage. British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Clement Attlee]] sent a three-member Cabinet Mission to India aimed at discussing and finalising plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership.{{sfn|Jalal|1994|p=176}} After holding talks with the representatives of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League—the two largest political parties in the Constituent Assembly of India—on 16 May 1946, the Mission proposed a plan of composition of the new [[Dominion of India]] and its government.<ref name="Das"/><ref name="TOPVII">
{{cite book|year=1977|editor1-last=Mansergh|editor1-first=Nicholas|editor1-link=Nicholas Mansergh|editor2-last=Moon|editor2-first=Penderel|editor2-link = Penderel Moon|title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7|volume= VII|location=London|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|pages=582–591|isbn=978-0-11-580082-5}}</ref>
The Muslim League demand for 'autonomous and sovereign' states in the northwest and the east was accommodated by creating a new tier of 'groups of provinces' between the provincial layer and the central government. The central government was expected to handle the subjects of defence, external affairs and communications. All other powers would be relegated to the 'groups'.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=319}}

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan of 16 June, as had the [[All India Congress Committee|central presidium]] of Congress.<ref name="Das"/><ref name="Azad">
{{cite book|last=Azad|first=Abul Kalam|author-link=Abul Kalam Azad|year=2005|orig-year=First published 1959|title=India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9_EW80LFjoC&pg=PA164|location=New Delhi|publisher=Orient Longman|pages=164–165|isbn=978-81-250-0514-8|quote=The resolution was passed with an overwhelming majority ... Thus, the [A.I.C.C.] seal of approval was put on the Working Committee's resolution accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan ... On 10 July, Jawaharlal held a press conference in Bombay ... [when questioned,] Jawaharlal replied emphatically that the Congress had agreed only to participate in the Constituent Assembly and regarded itself free to change or modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it thought best ... The Moslem League had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan ... Mr. Jinnah had clearly stated that he recommended acceptance.}}</ref> On 10 July, however, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[Congress President]], held a press conference in [[Bombay]] declaring that although the Congress had agreed to participate in the Constituent Assembly, it reserved the right to modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it saw fit.<ref name="Azad"/> Fearing Hindu domination in the central government, the Muslim League politicians pressed Jinnah to revert to "his earlier unbending stance".{{sfn|Jalal|1994|p=210}} Jinnah rejected the British Cabinet Mission plan for transfer of power to an interim government which would combine both the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, and decided to boycott the Constituent Assembly. In July 1946, Jinnah held a press conference at his home in Bombay. He proclaimed that the Muslim League was "preparing to launch a struggle" and that they "have chalked out a plan".<ref name="Bourke-White1949p15" /> He said that if the Muslims were not granted a separate Pakistan then they would launch "direct action". When asked to be specific, Jinnah retorted: "Go to the Congress and ask them their plans. When they take you into their confidence I will take you into mine. Why do you expect me alone to sit with folded hands? I also am going to make trouble."<ref name="Bourke-White1949p15" />

The next day, Jinnah announced 16 August 1946 would be "Direct Action Day" and warned Congress, "We do not want war. If you want war we accept your offer unhesitatingly. We will either have a divided India or a destroyed India."<ref name="Bourke-White1949p15" /> The Muslim League had thus said “goodbye to Constitutional methods”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct Action Day {{!}} Causes, Riots, Muslim League, Congress Party, Jinnah, Nehru, Death Toll, & The Bengal Files {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Direct-Action-Day-India-1946 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and was ready to “create trouble”.

In his book ''The Great Divide'', [[Harry Hodson|H V Hodson]] recounted, "The Working Committee followed up by calling on Muslims throughout India to observe 16th August as 'Direct Action Day'. On that day, meetings would be held all over the country to explain the League's resolution. These meetings and processions passed off—as was manifestly the central League leaders' intention—without more than commonplace and limited disturbances, with one vast and tragic exception ... What happened was more than anyone could have foreseen."<ref name="Hodson">
{{cite book
|last=Hodson
|first=H V
|author-link=Harry Hodson
|year=1997
|orig-year= 1969
|title=Great Divide; Britain, India, Pakistan
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|page=166
|isbn=978-0-19-577821-2
}}
</ref>

In ''Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects'', edited by Sato Tsugitaka, Nakazato Nariaki writes:{{blockquote|From the viewpoint of institutional politics, the Calcutta disturbances possessed a distinguishing feature in that they broke out in a transitional period which was marked by the power vacuum and systemic breakdown. It is also important to note that they constituted part of a political struggle in which the Congress and the Muslim League competed with each other for the initiative in establishing the new nation-state(s), while the British made an all-out attempt to carry out decolonization at the lowest possible political cost for them.

The political rivalry among the major nationalist parties in Bengal took a form different from that in New Delhi, mainly because of the broad mass base those organizations enjoyed and the tradition of flexible political dealing in which they excelled. At the initial stage of the riots, the Congress and the Muslim League appeared to be confident that they could draw on this tradition even if a difficult situation arose out of political showdown. Most probably, Direct Action Day in Calcutta was planned to be a large-scale ''hartal'' and mass rally (which is an accepted part of political culture in Calcutta) which they knew very well how to control. However, the response from the masses far exceeded any expectations. The political leaders seriously miscalculated the strong emotional response that the word 'nation', as interpreted under the new situation, had evoked. In August 1946 the 'nation' was no longer a mere political slogan. It was rapidly turning into 'reality' both in realpolitik and in people's imaginations. The system to which Bengal political leaders had grown accustomed for decades could not cope with this dynamic change. As we have seen, it quickly and easily broke down on the first day of the disturbances.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/>}}

==Prelude==

Since the 11–14 February 1946 riots in Calcutta, [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] tension had been high. Hindu and Muslim newspapers whipped up public sentiment with inflammatory and highly partisan reporting that heightened antagonism between the two communities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=153 |oclc=937426955 |quote="From February onwards communal tension had been strong. Anti-British feeling was, at the same time, being excited by interested people who were trying to make it a substitute for the more important communal emotion. The sole result of their attempts was to add to the temperature of all emotions... heightening the friction between Hindus and Muslims. Biased, perverted and inflammatory articles and twisted reports were appearing in Hindu and Muslim newspapers."}}</ref> Adding further fuel to inflamed Muslim communal sentiments was a pamphlet written by the Mayor of Calcutta, Syed Mohammed Usman, where he said, "We Muslims have had the crown and have ruled. Do not lose hearts, be ready and take swords. Oh kafir! Your doom is not far".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1 |location=New Haven, CT |page=64}}</ref>

Following Jinnah's declaration of 16 August as the Direct Action Day, acting on the advice of the-then Chief Secretary of Bengal Ronald Leslie Walker, the Muslim League's [[Chief Minister]] of Bengal, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], requested the [[List of governors of the Bengal Presidency|governor of Bengal]] [[Sir Frederick Burrows]] to declare a public holiday on that day, to which Burrows agreed. Walker made this proposal with the hope that the risk of conflicts, especially those related to picketing, would be minimised if government offices, commercial houses and shops remained closed throughout Calcutta on 16 August.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Tsugitaka"/><ref name="Tyson">
{{cite book
|last=Tyson
|first=John D.
|title=IOR: Tyson Papers, Eur E341/41, Tyson's note on Calcutta disturbances, 29 September 1946
}}</ref> The Bengal Congress protested against the declaration of a public holiday, arguing that a holiday would enable 'the idle folks' to successfully enforce ''hartals'' in areas where the Muslim League leadership was not so powerful. Congress accused the League government of "having indulged in 'communal politics' for a narrow goal".<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Chakrabarty
|first=Bidyut
|year=2004
|title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom
|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon
|page=97
|isbn=978-0-415-32889-0
|quote=As a public holiday would enable 'the idle folk' successfully to enforce hartals in ares where the League leadership was uncertain, the Bengal Congress ... condemned the League ministry for having indulged in 'communal politics' for a narrow goal.}}</ref> Congress leaders thought that if a public holiday was observed, its own supporters would have no choice but to close down their offices and shops, and thus be compelled against their will to lend a hand in the Muslim League's ''hartal''.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/>

On 14 August, [[Kiran Shankar Roy]], the leader of the Congress Party in the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]], called on Hindu shopkeepers to not observe the public holiday, and keep their businesses open in defiance of the ''hartal''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=154–156 |oclc=937426955 |quote="As a counter-blast to this, Mr. K. Roy, leader of the Congress Party in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, addressing a meeting at Ballygunge on the 14th, said that it was stupid to think that the holiday [would] avoid commotions. The holiday, with its idle folk, would create trouble, for it was quite certain that those Hindus who, still wishing to pursue their business, kept open their shops, would be compelled by force to close them. From this there would certainly be violent disturbance. But he advised the Hindus to keep their shops open and to continue their business and not to submit to a compulsory ''hartal''."}}</ref><ref name="Tsugitaka"/>

The ''[[The Star (Pakistan)|Star of India]]'', an influential local Muslim newspaper, edited by [[Raghib Ahsan]], the Muslim League [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Calcutta published the detailed program for the day. The program called for complete ''a hartal'' and general strike in all spheres of civic, commercial and industrial life except essential services. The notice proclaimed that processions would start from multiple parts of Calcutta, [[Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Metiabruz]] and [[24 Parganas]], and would converge at the foot of the [[Shaheed Minar, Kolkata|Ochterlony Monument]] (now known as Shaheed Minar) where a joint mass rally presided over by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy would be held. The Muslim League branches were advised to depute three workers in every mosque in every ward to explain the League's action plan before ''[[Jumu'ah|Juma]]'' [[Namaz|prayers]]. Moreover, special prayers were arranged in every mosque on Friday after ''Juma'' prayers for the freedom of Muslim India.<ref name="StOI">{{cite news |title=Programme for Direct Action Day |newspaper=Star of India |date=13 August 1946}}</ref> The notice drew divine inspiration from the [[Quran]], emphasising on the coincidence of Direct Action Day with the holy month of ''[[Ramadan|Ramzaan]]'', claiming that the upcoming protests were an allegory of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad's]] [[Battle of Badr|conflict with heathenism]] and subsequent [[conquest of Mecca]] and establishment of the [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]] in Arabia.<ref name="StOI"/>

Hindu public opinion was mobilised around the ''[[Akhand Bharat|Akhand Hindusthan]]'' (United India) slogan.<ref name="Das" /> Certain Congress leaders in Bengal imbibed a strong sense of Hindu identity, especially in view of the perceived threat from the possibility of marginalising themselves into minority against the onslaught of the [[Pakistan movement]]. Such mobilisation along communal lines was partly successful due to a concerted propaganda campaign which resulted in a 'legitimisation of communal solidarities'.<ref name="Das"/> In response to anti-British protests during the [[Indian National Army trials]], the colonial administration implemented the "Emergency Action Scheme", which placed a higher emphasis on monitoring and countering such protests than managing communal violence among Indians.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/> Burrows defended his decision to accept the declaration of a "public holiday" in a report to [[Lord Wavell]]. Suhrawardy repeatedly pressured reluctant British officials to call in troops stationed at [[Sealdah]] to restore order; the first units arrived on the scenes of the violence at 1:45 a.m. on 17 August.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/>

{{blockquote|Many of the mischief-makers were people who would have had idle hands anyhow. If shops and markets had been generally open, I believe that there would have been even more looting and murder than there was; the holiday gave the peaceable citizens the chance of staying at home.|author=Frederick Burrows|source=Burrows' Report to Lord Wavell.<ref name="Burrows"/>}}

==Riots and massacre==
[[File:Muslim League rally on Direct Action Day.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The crowd at the Muslim League rally at the Maidan.]]
Troubles started on the morning of 16 August. Even before 10 o'clock the Police Headquarters at [[Lalbazar]] had reported that there was excitement throughout the city, that shops were being forced to close, and that there were many reports of brawls, stabbing and throwing of stones and brickbats. These were mainly concentrated in the North-central parts of the city like [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], Kelabagan, [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], Harrison Road, Colootola and [[Burrabazar]].<ref name="Burrows"/> Several of these areas had also been rocked by communal riots in December 1910.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Ritajyoti |year=2022 |title=Streets in Motion: The Making of Infrastructure, Property, and Political Culture in Twentieth-century Calcutta |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/streets-in-motion/2D42F4BF0D2086A1DBB254A5120ACB42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=76, 120–121 |isbn=978-1-009-10920-8 |doi=10.1017/9781009109208|s2cid=250200020 }}</ref> In these areas the Hindus were in a majority and were also in a superior and powerful economic position. The trouble had assumed the communal character which it was to retain throughout.<ref name="Burrows"/>

The meeting began around 2 pm though processions of Muslims from all parts of Calcutta had started assembling since the [[Dhuhr|midday prayers]]. A large number of the participants were reported to have been armed with iron bars and ''[[Fighting stick|lathis]]'' (bamboo sticks). The numbers attending were estimated by a Central Intelligence Officer's reporter at 30,000 and by a Special Branch Inspector of [[Calcutta Police]] at 500,000. A ''Star of India'' reporter put it at about 100,000. The main speakers were [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] and Chief Minister Suhrawardy. Nazimuddin in his speech preached peacefulness and restraint but then flared up the tensions by stating that until 11 o'clock that morning all the injured persons were Muslims, and the Muslim community had only retaliated in self-defence.<ref name="Burrows"/> Suhrawardy, in his speech, appeared to indirectly promise that no action would be taken against armed Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1 |location=New Haven, CT |page=65}}</ref>

The Special Branch of Calcutta Police had sent only one shorthand reporter to the meeting, with the result that no transcript of the Chief Minister's speech is available. But the Central Intelligence Officer and a reporter, whom Frederick Burrows believed was reliable, deputed by the military authorities agree on one statement. The version in the former's report was—"He [the Chief Minister] had seen to police and military arrangements who would not interfere".<ref name="Burrows"/> The version of the latter's was—"He had been able to restrain the military and the police".<ref name="Burrows"/> However, the police did not receive any specific order to "hold back". So, whatever Suhrawardy may have meant to convey by this, the impression of such a statement on a largely uneducated audience is construed by some to be an open invitation to disorder. Many of the listeners are reported to have started attacking Hindus and looting Hindu shops as soon as they left the meeting.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Keay">{{cite book
|last=Keay
|first=John
|author-link=John Keay
|year=2000
|title=India: A history
|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press
|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/505 505]
|isbn=978-0-87113-800-2
|quote=Suhrawardy ... proclaimed a public holiday. The police too, he implied, would take the day off. Muslims, rallying ''en masse'' for speeches and processions, saw this as an invitation; they began looting and burning such Hindu shops as remained open. Arson gave way to murder, and the victims struck back ... In October the riots spread to parts of East Bengal and also to UP and Bihar ... Nehru wrung his hands in horror ... Gandhi rushed to the scene, heroically progressing through the devastated communities to preach reconciliation.
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/505 }}</ref> Subsequently, there were reports of lorries (trucks) that came down [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata|Harrison Road]] in Calcutta, carrying hardline Muslim gangsters armed with brickbats and bottles as weapons and attacking Hindu-owned shops.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourke-White |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Bourke-White |year=1949 |title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=17 |quote=... Seven lorries that came thundering down Harrison Road. Men armed with brickbats and bottles began leaping out of the lorries—Muslim 'goondas,' or gangsters, Nanda Lal decided, since they immediately fell to tearing up Hindu shops.}}</ref>
[[File:Slums in Lichubagan, Metiabruz.jpg|thumb|200px|More than 300 [[Odia people|Oriya]] labourers of Kesoram Cotton Mills were massacred in the slums of Lichubagan, [[Metiabruz]].]]
A 6 pm curfew was imposed in the parts of the city where there had been rioting. At 8 pm forces were deployed to secure main routes and conduct patrols from those arteries, thereby freeing up police for work in the slums and the other underdeveloped sections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=159–160 |oclc=937426955 |quote="At 6 p.m. curfew was clamped down all over the riot-affected districts. At 8 p.m. the Area Commander ... brought in the 7th Worcesters and the Green Howards from their barracks ... [troops] cleared the main routes ... and threw out patrols to free the police for work in the ''bustees''."}}</ref>

Syed Abdullah Farooqui, President of Garden Reach Textile Workers' Union, led a radical mob to kill Hindu mill workers in the compound of Kesoram Cotton Mills in the Lichubagan area of Metiabruz. The death toll of labourers residing in the mills, among whom were a substantial number of [[Odia people|Odias]], was reported to be between 7,000 and 10,000. Some suggest most of the victims were Muslims, and other authors claim that Hindu casualties surpassed the former.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/looking-back-at-the-bloodcurdling-calcutta-killings-of-16th-august-1946-062630215.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAdB4oU0-wxGIZFdHSGvMcdOxfgO2f6pIjRHp2X8XjTymDNF9blJnqYYTWpj1Vqm3GPi_ya5eX-8KQyrO0VNrcRmMbkOylyt0_TDTLu_dcplxyqdojMxJpufuCrrQMOR0owROW-Wjf1p-0tXFsfkDhfKF14TbZOsJL4-fTKQVEvi | title=Looking back at the blood-curdling Calcutta Killings of 16th August 1946 | date=16 August 2019 }}</ref> On 25 August, four survivors lodged a complaint at the Metiabruz police station against Farooqui.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sickle & the Crescent: Communists, Muslim League and India's Partition |last1=Sanyal |first1=Sunanda |last2=Basu |first2= Soumya |year=2011 |publisher=Frontpage Publications |location=London |isbn=978-81-908841-6-7 |pages=149–151 }}</ref> [[Bishwanath Das]], a Minister in the Government of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], visited Lichubagan to investigate into the killings of the mill labourers.<ref name="sinha127">{{cite book |title=Shyamaprasad: Bangabhanga O Paschimbanga (শ্যামাপ্রসাদ: বঙ্গভঙ্গ ও পশ্চিমবঙ্গ) |last=Sinha |first=Dinesh Chandra |year=2001 |publisher=Akhil Bharatiya Itihash Sankalan Samiti |location=Kolkata |page=127}}</ref> Many authors claim Hindus were the primary victims.<ref name="Wavell"/>

The worst of the killing took place during the day on 17 August. By late afternoon, soldiers brought the worst areas under control and the military expanded its hold overnight. In the slums and other areas, however, which were still outside military control, lawlessness and rioting escalated hourly. In the morning of 18 August, "Buses and taxis were charging about loaded with Sikhs and Hindus armed with swords, iron bars and firearms."<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=161 |oclc=937426955 |quote="The bloodiest butchery of all had been between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. on the 17th, by which time the soldiers got the worst areas under control ... [From] the early hours of the 18th ... onwards the area of military domination of the city was increased ... Outside the 'military' areas, the situation worsened hourly. Buses and taxis were charging about loaded with Sikhs and Hindus armed with swords, iron bars and firearms."}}</ref>

Skirmishes between the communities continued for almost a week. Finally, on 21 August, Bengal was put under the rule of the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]]. Five battalions of British troops, supported by 4 battalions of Indians and [[Gurkha]]s, were deployed in the city. Lord Wavell stated that more troops ought to have been called in earlier, and there is no indication that more British troops were not available.<ref name="Wavell"/> The rioting reduced on 22 August.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Suranjan |title=Communal Riots in Bengal 1905–1947 |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-562840-3 |page=171}}</ref>

==Characteristics of the riot and demographics in 1946==
Violence in Calcutta, between 1945 and 1946, passed by stages from Indian versus European to Hindu versus Muslim. Indian Christians and Europeans were generally free from molestation<ref name="Lambert">{{cite book|last=Lambert|first=Richard|title=Hindu-Muslim Riots|publisher=PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, pp.179|year=1951}}</ref> as the tempo of Hindu-Muslim violence quickened. The decline of anti-European feelings as communal Hindu-Muslim tensions increased during this period is evident from the casualty numbers. During the riots of November 1945, casualty of Europeans and Christians were 46; in the riots of the 10–14 February 1946, 35; from 15 February to 15 August, only three; during the Calcutta riots from 15 August 1946 to 17 September 1946, none.<ref name="Horowitz">
{{cite journal
|last=Horowitz
|first=Donald L.
|author-link=Donald L. Horowitz
|date=October 1973
|title=Direct, Displaced, and Cumulative Ethnic Aggression
|journal=Comparative Politics
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1–16
|doi=10.2307/421343
|jstor=421343 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religions in Calcutta in 1946<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/calcutta-riots-1946.html|title = The Calcutta Riots of 1946 | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche|date = 4 April 2019}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 73
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 23
|color2 = Green
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 4
|color3 = blue}}

Calcutta had 2,952,142 Hindus, 1,099,562 Muslims, and 12,852 Sikhs in 1946, the year before partition. After independence, the Muslim population came down to 601,817 due to the migration of 500,000 Muslims from Calcutta to [[East Pakistan]] after the riot. The 1951 Census of India recorded that 27% of Calcutta's population was [[East Bengali refugees]], mainly Hindu Bengalis. Millions of [[Bengali Hindus]] from East Pakistan had taken refuge mainly in the city and a number of estimations shows that around 320,000 Hindus from East Pakistan had migrated to Calcutta alone between 1946–50.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The first census after partition shows that in Calcutta from 1941 to 1951 the number of Hindus increased while the number of Muslims decreased; the Hindu percentage increased from 73% in 1941 to 84% in 1951, while the Muslim percentage declined from 23% in 1941 to 12% in 1951 census.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Ritajyoti |year=2022 |chapter=City as Territory: Institutionalizing Majoritarianism |title=Streets in Motion: The Making of Infrastructure, Property, and Political Culture in Twentieth-century Calcutta |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7E2E920B58F14F19422771AC711C713C/9781009100113c3_p119-157_CBO.pdf/city_as_territory_institutionalizing_majoritarianism.pdf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=145 |isbn=978-1-009-10920-8 |doi=10.1017/9781009109208|s2cid=250200020 }}</ref> In the 2011 census, Kolkata had a Hindu majority of 76.51%. Muslims stood at 20.6%, and the Sikh population stood at 0.31%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/|title=Home | Government of India|website=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=11 June 2025}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Vultures and corpses in the street of Calcutta, 1946.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|Corpses litter the narrow streets of Calcutta after four days of rioting in August 1946, as vultures feed on the remains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Inc |first1=Time |title=LIFE |date=17 September 1965 |publisher=Time Inc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 |access-date=27 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cosgrove |first1=Ben |title=Muslim-Hindu Riots of 1946: Photos of the Gruesome Aftermath TIME |url=https://time.com/3879963/vultures-of-calcutta-the-gruesome-aftermath-of-indias-1946-hindu-muslim-riots/ |website=time.com |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>]]
During the riots, thousands began fleeing Calcutta. For several days the [[Howrah Bridge]] over the [[Hooghly River]] was crowded with evacuees headed for the [[Howrah station]] to escape the mayhem in Calcutta. Many of them would not escape the violence that spread out into the region outside Calcutta.<ref name="White2">{{cite book |last=Bourke-White |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Bourke-White |year=1949 |title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=20 |quote=Tousands began fleeting Calcutta. For days the bridge over the Hooghly River ... was a one-way current of men, women, children, and domestic animals, headed towards the Howrah railroad station ... But fast as the refugees fled, they could not keep ahead of the swiftly spreading tide of disaster. Calcutta was only the beginning of a chain reaction of riot, counter-riot, and reprisal which stormed through India.}}</ref> Lord Wavell claimed during his meeting on 27 August 1946 about the possibility of a civil war that [[Mahatma Gandhi]] had slammed his fist on the table and told him, "If India wants bloodbath she shall have it ... if a bloodbath was necessary, it would come about in spite of non-violence".<ref name="Seervai">{{cite book
|last=Seervai
|first=H. M.
|author-link=Hormasji Maneckji Seervai
|title=Partition of India: Legend and Reality
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|year=1990
|isbn=978-0-19-597719-6
|page=78
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=Sam |title=SHATTERED LANDS Five Partitions and the Making of Modern Asia |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2025 |isbn=9781324123798 |edition=1st}}</ref>

Soon after the Calcutta killings, Nehru and his sister met people who seemed bewildered, with some blaming politicians for shattering years of peace. Nehru, horrified by the events, observed: "Murder stalks the street and the most amazing cruelties are indulged in by both the individuals and the mob. Riot is not the word for it – it is just the sadistic desire to kill."<ref name=":0" />

There was criticism of Suhrawardy, Chief Minister in charge of the Home Portfolio in Calcutta, for being partisan and of Sir Frederick John Burrows, the British Governor of Bengal, for not having taken control of the situation. The Chief Minister spent a great deal of time in the Control Room in the Police Headquarters at Lalbazar, often attended by some of his supporters. Short of a direct order from the Governor, there was no way of preventing the Chief Minister from visiting the Control Room whenever he liked; and Governor Burrows was not prepared to give such an order, as it would clearly have indicated a complete lack of faith in him.<ref name="Burrows" /> Prominent Muslim League leaders spent a great deal of time in police control rooms directing operations and the role of Suhrawardy in obstructing police duties is documented.<ref name="Sengupta" /> It was also reported Suhrawardy had sacked Hindu policemen on 16 August.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1 |location=New Haven, CT |pages=184–185}}</ref> Both the British and Congress blamed Jinnah for calling the Direct Action Day and held the Muslim League responsible for stirring up the Muslim nationalist sentiment.<ref name="Sebestyen2014">{{citation|last=Sebestyen|first=Victor|title=1946: The Making of the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNCbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA332|year=2014|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-5050-0|pages=332}}</ref>

There are several views on the exact cause of the Direct Action Day riots. The Hindu press blamed the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |date=1994 |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=239 |isbn=978-0-521-41128-8 |quote=Hindu culpability was never acknowledged. The Hindu press laid the blame for the violence upon the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League.}}</ref> According to the authorities, riots were instigated by members of the Muslim League and its affiliate Volunteer Corps,<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Das"/><ref name="Tsugitaka"/><ref name="ASB_BP_Cal"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |year=2004 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |page=99 |isbn=978-0-415-32889-0 |quote=The immediate provocation of a mass scale riot was certainly the afternoon League meeting at the Ochterlony Monument ... Major J. Sim of the Eastern Command wrote, 'there must have [been] 100,000 of them ... with green uniform of the Muslim National Guard' ... Suhrawardy appeared to have incited the mob ... As the Governor also mentioned, 'the violence on a wider scale broke out as soon as the meeting was over', and most of those who indulged in attacking Hindus ... were returning from [it].}}</ref> in the city in order to enforce the declaration by the Muslim League that Muslims were to 'suspend all business' to support their demand for an independent Pakistan.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Tsugitaka"/><ref name="ASB_BP_Cal"/><ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |date=26 August 1946 |title=Direct Action |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933559,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114112804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933559,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2007 |url-access=subscription |magazine=Time |page=34 |access-date=10 April 2008 |quote=Moslem League Boss Mohamed Ali Jinnah had picked the 18th day of Ramadan for "Direct Action Day" against Britain's plan for Indian independence (which does not satisfy the Moslems' old demand for a separate Pakistan).}}</ref>

However, supporters of the Muslim League claimed the Congress Party was behind the violence<ref>{{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |year=2004 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |page=105 |isbn=978-0-415-32889-0 |quote=Having seen the reports from his own sources, he [Jinnah] was persuaded later, however, to accept that the 'communal riots in Calcutta were mainly started by Hindus and ... were of Hindu origin.'}}</ref> in an effort to weaken the fragile Muslim League government in Bengal.<ref name="Burrows"/> Historian Joya Chatterji allocates much of the responsibility to Suhrawardy, for setting up the confrontation and failing to stop the rioting, but points out that Hindu leaders were also culpable.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |date=1994 |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=232–233 |isbn=978-0-521-41128-8 |quote=Both sides in the confrontation came well-prepared for it ... Suhrawardy himself bears much of the responsibility for this blood-letting since he issued an open challenge to the Hindus and was grossly negligent ... in his failure to quell the rioting ... But Hindu leaders were also deeply implicated.}}</ref> Members of the Indian National Congress, including Mohandas Gandhi and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] responded negatively to the riots and expressed shock. The riots would lead to further rioting and [[pogrom]]s between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims.<ref name="Keay"/>

===Further rioting in India===
The Direct Action Day riots sparked off several riots between Muslims and Hindus/Sikhs in Noakhali, Bihar, and Punjab in that year:

====Noakhali riots====
{{Main|Noakhali riots}}
An important sequel to Direct Action Day was the massacre in Noakhali and [[Tripura|Tipperah]] districts in October 1946. News of the Great Calcutta Riot touched off the Noakhali–Tipperah riot in reaction. However, the violence was different in nature from Calcutta.<ref name="Das"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Batabyal |first=Rakesh |date=2005 |title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47 |publisher=Sage Publishers |page=270 |isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9 |quote=The riot was a direct sequel to the Calcutta killings of August 1946, and therefore, believed to be a repercussion of the latter ... the Noakhali-Tippera riot ... was different in nature from the Calcutta killings ... news of the Calcutta killings sparked it off.}}</ref>

Rioting in the districts began on 10 October 1946 in the area of northern Noakhali district under [[Ramganj Upazila|Ramganj]] police station.<ref>{{cite book |last=Batabyal |first=Rakesh |date=2005 |title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47 |publisher=Sage Publishers |page=272 |isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9 |quote=Rioting in the districts ... began in the Ramganj Police Station area in the northern part of Noakhali district on 10 October 1946.}}</ref> The violence unleashed was described as "the organized fury of the Muslim mob".<ref name="Haran">
{{cite book
|last=Ghosh Choudhuri
|first=Haran C.
|title=Proceedings of the Bengal Legislative Assembly (PBLA)
|volume= LXXVII
|publisher=Bengal Legislative Assembly
|date=6 February 1947
}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 272.</ref> It soon engulfed the neighbouring police stations of [[Raipur Upazila|Raipur]], [[Lakshmipur]], [[Begumganj Upazila|Begumganj]] and [[Sandwip Upazila|Sandwip]] in Noakhali, and [[Faridganj Upazila|Faridganj]], [[Haziganj Upazila|Hajiganj]], [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]], [[Laksam Upazila|Laksham]] and Chudagram in Tipperah.<ref name="Batabyal2005p272">{{cite book |last=Mansergh |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Mansergh |author2=Moon, Penderel |author2-link = Penderel Moon | date=1980 |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7 |volume= IX |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |page=48 |isbn=978-0-11-580084-9}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 272.</ref> The disruption caused by the widespread violence was extensive, making it difficult to accurately establish the number of casualties. Official estimates put the number of dead between 200 and 300.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansergh |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Mansergh |author2=Moon, Penderel | author2-link = Penderel Moon |date=1980 |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7 |volume= IX |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |page=98 |isbn=978-0-11-580084-9}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 273.</ref><ref name="Tuker1950p174-176">{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=174–176 |oclc=186171893 |quote="The number of dead was at that time reliably estimated as in the region of two hundred. On the other hand, very many Hindu families had fled, widespread panic existed, and it was impossible to say if particular individuals were dead or alive ... Hindus evacuated villages ''en masse'', leaving their houses at the mercy of the robbers who looted and burned ... Our estimate was that the total killed in this episode was well under three hundred. Terrible and deliberately false stories were blown all over the world by a hysterical Hindu Press."}}</ref> According to [[Francis Tuker]], who at the time of the disturbances was [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command, India]], the Hindu press intentionally and grossly exaggerated reports of disorder.<ref name="Tuker1950p174-176" /> The neutral and widely accepted death toll figure is around 5000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin |author-link=Yasmin Khan |year=2017 |orig-year=First published 2007 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |edition=New |publisher=Yale University Press |page=68 |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Written in Blood |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804007,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=Time |date=28 October 1946 |page=42 |quote=Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed.}}</ref>

According to Governor Burrows, "the immediate occasion for the outbreak of the disturbances was the looting of a Bazar [market] in Ramganj police station following the holding of a mass meeting."<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansergh |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Mansergh |author2=Moon, Penderel | author2-link = Penderel Moon |date=1980 |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7 |volume= IX |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |page=98 |isbn=978-0-11-580084-9}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 277.</ref> This included attacks on the place of business of Surendra Nath Bose and Rajendra Lal Roy Choudhury, the erstwhile president of the Noakhali [[Bar (law)|Bar]] and a prominent [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|Hindu Mahasabha]] leader.<ref>{{cite book |last=Batabyal |first=Rakesh |date=2005 |title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47 |publisher=Sage Publishers |page=277 |isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9 |quote=This included an attack on the 'Kutchery bari of Babu Suerndra Nath Bose and Rai Saheb Rajendra Lal Ray Choudhury of Karpara' ... the erstwhile president of the Noakhali Bar and a prominent Hindu Mahasabha leader in the district.}}</ref>

Mahatma Gandhi camped in Noakhali for four months and toured the district in a mission to restore peace and communal harmony. In the meantime, the Congress leadership started to accept the proposed Partition of India and the peace mission and other relief camps were abandoned. The majority of the survivors migrated to West Bengal, Tripura<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dev |first1=Chitta Ranjan |year=2005 |title=Two days with Mohandas Gandhi |journal=Ishani |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi Ishani Foundation |url=https://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Ish/article/view/463 |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804180344/https://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Ish/article/view/463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Anindita |year=2001 |title=Denial and Resistance: Sylheti Partition 'refugees' in Assam |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=352 |publisher=South Asia Forum for Human Rights |doi=10.1080/09584930120109559 |s2cid=144544505 |url=http://www.safhr.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=345&Itemid=572 |access-date=7 August 2011|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Bihar and rest of India====
A devastating riot rocked Bihar towards the end of 1946. Between 30 October and 7 November, a large-scale massacre in Bihar brought the Partition closer to inevitability. Severe violence broke out in [[Chhapra]] and [[Saran district]], between 25 and 28 October. [[Patna]], [[Munger]], and [[Bhagalpur]] quickly became sites of serious violence. Begun as a reprisal for the Noakhali riot, whose death toll had been greatly overstated in immediate reports, it was difficult for authorities to deal with because it was spread out over a large area of scattered villages, and the number of casualties was impossible to establish accurately: "According to a subsequent statement in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]], the death-toll amounted to 5,000. ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s estimate was between 7,500 and 10,000; the Congress party admitted to 2,000; Jinnah claimed about 30,000."<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Stephens (editor) |year=1963 |title=Pakistan |location=New York |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger |page=111 |oclc=1038975536}}</ref> However, by 3 November, the official estimate put the figure of death at only 445.<ref name="Das"/><ref name="Batabyal2005p272" />

According to some independent sources, the death toll was around 8,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.massviolence.org/India-from-1900-to-1947?cs=print |title=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence |last=Markovits |first=Claude |date=6 November 2007 |access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref> Some of the worst rioting also took place in [[Garhmukteshwar]] in the United Provinces where a massacre occurred in November 1946, in which "Hindu pilgrims, at the annual religious fair, set upon and exterminated Muslims, not only on the festival grounds but in the adjacent town" while the police did little or nothing. The deaths were estimated at between 1,000 and 2,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Stephens (editor) |year=1963 |title=Pakistan |location=New York |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger |page=113 |oclc=1038975536}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
Released on 5th September, 2025, Director [[Vivek Agnihotri]]'s film, ''[[The Bengal Files]]'', picturises the events of Direct Action Day and the communal violence in Bengal. The film explores the tragedy of the Great Calcutta Killings and subsequent events like the [[Noakhali riots]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=26 January 2025 |title=The Delhi Files: Mithun Chakraborty vows for secularism in riveting first look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-delhi-files-mithun-chakraborty-vows-for-secularism-in-riveting-first-look-2670316-2025-01-26 |magazine=India Today |access-date=7 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Aditya |date=26 January 2025 |title=The Delhi Files: The Bengal Chapter - Know real 'tragic' history that inspired Vivek Agnihotri's upcoming film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/real-incident-that-inspired-vivek-agnihotri-film-the-delhi-files-the-bengal-chapter-explained-651353.html |work=India Times |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali Nationalism]]
* [[Tebhaga movement]]
* [[Noakhali riots]]
* [[Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Bengal Renaissance]]
* [[Partition of Bengal (disambiguation)|Partition of Bengal]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]
* [[Opposition to the partition of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{commons category|Direct Action Day}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bourke-White |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Bourke-White |year=1949 |title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White |location= New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |oclc=10065226 |ref=White}}
* {{cite book |first=Peter|last=Hardy |author1-link=Peter Hardy (historian) |title=The Muslims of British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-08488-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C |year=1994 |orig-year=first published 1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1986 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |edition=4th |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4}}
* {{cite book |first1=Barbara D. A|last1=Metcalf |author1-link=Barbara D. Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |last2=Metcalf |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |title=A Concise History of Modern India |url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite book |first1=Ian |last1=Talbot |first2=Gurharpal |last2=Singh |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Tsugitaka |editor-first=Sato |year=2004 |title=Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqUOb-iUsUC&pg=PT153 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=112– |isbn=978-0-203-40108-8 |ref=Tsugitaka}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |author1-link=Stanley Wolpert |title=A New History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi0000wolp_i0v9/page/359/mode/1up |url-access=registration |year=2009 |orig-year=First published 1977 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516677-4 |edition=8th}}

{{Refend}}

{{Religious persecution}}
{{Riots in India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1946 in British India]]
[[Category:1946 murders in India]]
[[Category:1946 protests]]
[[Category:1946 riots]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:August 1946 in Asia]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1946]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Bengal]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in British India]]

British conquest of Sindh

2026-03-31T18:37:53Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Short description|Campaign of the British conquests in British India (1843)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Anglo–Sindh War
| place = [[History of Sindh#Talpur dynasty (1783–1843)|Sindh]] (modern-day [[Pakistan]])
| result = British victory
| territory = Annexation of Sindh into the [[Bombay Presidency]] within [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}
* {{flag|British Empire}}
** {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[East India Company]]
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Sindh (1783–1843).svg|border=}} [[Sind State]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]]<ref name="Outram">{{cite book|last=Outram|first=James|title=The Conquest of Scinde: A Commentary|year=2009|publisher=Bibliolife|isbn=978-0-559-94134-4|page=451}}</ref> {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Henry Gee Roberts|Henry Roberts]] {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]]
| strength1 = 8,800<ref name="EB1911">Sir Charles James Napier - Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</ref>
| strength2 = 45,000<ref name="EB1911" />
| casualties1 = 526<ref name="ReferenceA">''The History of British India: A Chronology'' by John F. Riddick</ref>
| casualties2 = 4,000<ref name=Moon574>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 574.</ref>—12,000<ref name=:2>Clodfelter, Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007, 2008, p. 238.</ref>
| date = 17 February 1843 – 24 March 1843 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=2|day1=17|year1=1843|month2=3|day2=24|year2=1843}})
| image = Edward Armitage (1817-96) - The Battle of Meeanee, 17 February 1843 - RCIN 407185 - Royal Collection.jpg
| caption = ''[[The Battle of Meeanee]]'' [[Edward Armitage]], 1847
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Sindh (1783–1843).svg|border=}} [[Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur|Sher Muhammad Talpur]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Sindh (1783–1843).svg|border=}} [[Amir Nasir Khan Talpur|Nasir Khan Talpur]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Sindh (1783–1843).svg|border=}} [[Hoshu Sheedi]]{{KIA}}
| units1 = {{plainlist|
*[[N Battery (The Eagle Troop) Royal Horse Artillery|1st Troop Bombay Horse Artillery]]
*[[101st Grenadiers]]
*[[112th Infantry]]
*[[121st Pioneers]]
*[[125th Napier's Rifles]]
*[[Cheshire Regiment]]
*[[Poona Horse|Poona Irregular Horse]]
*[[Scinde Horse|36th Jacob's Horse]]
*[[HMS Wellesley (1815)|HMS Wellesley]]
*[[HMS Algerine (1829)|HMS Algerine]]
}}
| units2 = Talpur Army
| partof = the [[British conquest of India]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox British conquest of Sindh}}
}}

The '''British conquest of Sindh''' was a military campaign by Britain against the [[Talpur dynasty]] which resulted in the incorporation of [[Sindh]] into [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The [[East India Company]], supported by the [[British Army]] and [[Royal Navy]], oversaw the campaign between February and March of 1843. Two major battles were fought, the [[Battle of Hyderabad]] and [[Battle of Miani]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Khuhro |first=Hamida |title=Mohammed Ayub Khuhro: A Life Of Courage In Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=969-0-01424-2 |page=18}}</ref> With the Royal Navy capturing the [[Manora Fort, Karachi|strategic outpost]] and Karachi, British troops engaged in successfully capturing Sindh and Punjab that allowed protecting India from Persian or Afghan conquests while protecting British interests in [[Indus River|Northwest India]].

== Background ==
The British East India company became involved in the region of Sindh (in what is modern-day [[Pakistan]]), under the authority of [[Baron Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]]. In 1809, The Amirs of Sindh signed a treaty of "friendship" with the British, who established a local representative in the city of Hyderabad. With this arrival of British influence within the region, the Amirs of the Sindh lessened their internal struggles and turned instead to face this foreign presence.<ref>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 111.</ref> In 1838, the British representative had the Amirs sign a political residency treaty, allowing a British residency in the city of Hyderabad, which paved the way for further British involvement in the area. This same treaty also stipulated that the British would assist in negotiating the differences held between the rulers of the Sindh and those of the [[Punjab]].<ref name="Wallis113">Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 113.</ref> Soon after, this would be taken a step further in the signing of a treaty pushed by the British that if needed British troops would be stationed permanently in the Sindh region for ‘the protection of the Amirs’. The Amirs however would have to pay for a British resident in Hyderabad, who would negotiate all relations between the British and the Amirs.<ref>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 112.</ref>

In 1841, the British appointed Charles Napier for service in India at the age of 59. The following year Napier arrived in Bombay on 26 August. Upon his arrival he was told of the situation that existed between the British and the Amirs, and that the Amirs were making trouble for the British. On 10 September 1842 Napier arrived in the Sindh.<ref>Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' pp. 403–404.</ref> Under Napier, British control saw some charity on their occupation of Sindh and the territory of the Amirs. There was a belief that the British were, in fact, improving life for many in the area, as they saw the Amirs as overly wealthy rulers over a poor people.<ref>Duarte,''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 405.</ref> Napier was also very much of a mind to expand and tighten British control. Previously Outram had been in charge of negotiations between the British and the Amirs and had been very lenient towards the Amirs, which they appreciated greatly. Napier, on the other hand, not only longed for campaign, but was also very authoritarian with regard to the British rule in the area, and wanted to see full control by the British.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 567.</ref> Napier himself was charged by Ellenborough to look into the matter of the Amirs’ duplicity, to find evidence of their suspicious behaviour, and to compile it into a report which he would submit to Ellenborough.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 565.</ref> However, due to the fact that Napier was fresh to the Sindh and knew none of the language which would allow him to understand the pieces of alleged evidence against the Amirs, he was left with a difficult task.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' pp. 565–566.</ref>

== Conflict ==
[[File:Engraving_of_the_Beloochee_Standard_captured_at_the_Battle_of_Meeanee_in_1843;_and_of_the_Silver_Medal_conferred_on_the_Officers_and_Men_engaged_in_the_Battles_of_Meeanee_and_Hyderabad.jpg|alt=Engraving of the Beloochee Standard captured at the Battle of Meeanee in 1843; and of the Silver Medal conferred on the Officers and Men engaged in the Battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad|left|thumb|Engraving of the Beloochee Standard captured at the Battle of Meeanee in 1843; and of the Silver Medal conferred on the Officers and Men engaged in the Battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad]]
[[File:Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Dubba.jpg|left|thumb|A British map of the battle depicting [[military strategy]]]]

=== Battle of Miani ===
{{See also|Battle of Miani}}
On 16 February 1843 Sir Charles Napier came to [[Matiari]] from Hala. He was commanding 2800 [[Soldier|soldiers]] with 12 [[Cannon|cannons]]. On the other side Talpur army was consisted of 2200 soldiers with 15 cannons. Army of Sindh began to gather at the bank of Phuleli near [[Miani, Sindh|Miani]] but there was no sufficient arrangements for providing ammunition to the army. [[East India Company]] army consisted of soldiers belonging to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Pune]] and [[Chennai|Madras]].

After a political heatup, the [[East India Company|East India]] company under the command of Charles Napier, invaded Sindh on 17 February as a result the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] were forced to quickly re-mobilise their army but could not do so effectively as the army was mostly raised on a voluntary basis in times of war and most of Army men had returned home. Nevertheless, an army of around 8000—mostly cavalrywas raised and assembled at the battle ground of Miani. Disastrously for the Talpur Amirs another 8000 troops under [[Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur]] (later known as ''Sher-e-Sindh'' or "Lion of Sindh") failed to reach the battle ground in time. Napier had already successfully isolated the [[Amir]] of [[Khayrpur (princely state)|Khairpur]] (thereafter known as the great traitor by the [[Sindhis]]) by bribery and title. Thus the Baluchi army assembled at Miani represented approximately a third of the potential military strength in Sindh. Although the East India Company later gave its troops numbered in the battle as around 2800, contemporary Talpur records indicated the armies were approximately equal in numbers (around 8–10 thousand each) with the British having around 2500 European officers and soldiers and the balance being Indian [[sepoys]].{{fact|date=February 2021}}

=== Battle of Hyderabad ===
{{See also|Battle of Hyderabad}}
On 24 March 1843 British troops, led by Sir Charles Napier, set out from Hyderabad to meet Sher Mohammad. After marching for some time, the British forces came upon the Amir's army.<ref name="Lambrick161">Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 161.</ref> While waiting for the rest of the British army, the [[Scinde Horse]], one of Napier's cavalry regiments, began to position themselves in a line opposite the Talpurs troops, who began to fire on the regiment. Napier himself had to do much of the positioning of the troops, as he lacked experienced commanders within his regiments. As each regiment made its way to the battle, and into position, the fighting grew fierce between both sides.<ref name="Lambrick161" /> The Talpur troops were well entrenched in their position and, due to the terrain, Napier was unable to get an idea of just how far the Talpur line was and how well it was supported. Soon the British had brought up artillery as well, which opened fire on the Talpur troops in their trenches. As the British approached the left side of Talpur forces, they found themselves faced with heavy attack from the trees, where a large number of troops had positioned themselves.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 163.</ref>

After almost an hour of fire between both sides, Napier began to see an opportunity to break through a weak spot in the Amir's lines. The Scinde Horse and [[3rd Bombay Light Cavalry]] made a move to attack with the left wing of the British troops and crashed into the Talpur before they could do significant damage. Meanwhile, on the right wing British soldiers charged the Talpur lines, piling over their trenches where the tightly packed Talpurs found difficulty in using their swords against the British. Seeing the desperation of the Talpur plight Amir Sher Mohammad left the battle at the suggestion of his commander, Hosh Mohammad Kambrani (also called Hosh Muhammad Shidi), with hopes that he might obtain another chance at victory over the British. Hosh Muhammad, on the other hand, stayed behind with the troops, fighting the British to the death.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 164–165.</ref>
[[File:Battle_of_Dubba.jpg|right|thumb|British troops charge the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] infantry lines (from a British book)]]

== Aftermath ==
After the cities of [[Miani, Sindh|Miani]] and [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] were captured, the British won and there was a consequent annexation later.

However troubles quickly arose. Captain [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]], who had been sent back to [[England]] following his posting in the Sindh, began to plead the case of the Amirs in England. Coupled with the new victory, stark criticism arose in [[England]] towards both Ellenborough and Napier, who wrote, pleading their own case and arguing over the details of their dealings with the Amirs.<ref name="Moon575">Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 575.</ref> The authorities in England were not pleased with the annexation of the Sindh, and had in mind to restore the territory to the Amirs. However, thinking that the process of returning the Sindh to its original owners would be difficult and that the forced resignation of Ellenborough and Napier would cause further criticism from England, the ownerships of the Sindh would remain with the British.<ref name="Moon575" /> The government in England did write to Napier and Ellenbourough, condemning the annexation and their actions. The actual province of Sindh was not as prosperous as Napier had hoped after capture, and for many years the British gained very little from its possession.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 576.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1843 in India]]
[[Category:Military history of Sindh]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1843]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:February 1843]]
[[Category:March 1843]]
[[Category:Sind State]]

Public holidays in India

2026-03-29T05:40:28Z

AlexPopp6687: quick added details for consistency and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Culture of India}}

'''Public Holidays in India''', also known as '''Government Holidays''', consist of a variety of cultural, nationalistic, and religious [[holidays]] that are legislated in [[India]] at the [[Government of India|union]] or [[State governments of India|state]] levels.

Being a culturally diverse country, there are many festivals celebrated in various regions across the country. There are only three national holidays declared by the [[Government of India]]: [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26 January), [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August) and [[Gandhi Jayanti]] (2 October). Apart from this, certain holidays which are celebrated nationally are declared centrally by the Union Government. Additionally, various state governments and union territories designate additional holidays on local festivals or days of importance as holidays as per section 25 of the [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]].

==National holidays==
{{morefootnotes|section|date=March 2025}}
National holidays are mandatory holidays declared by the [[Government of India]] which is applicable for all [[states and union territories of India]].<ref name="FS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/in/banking/bank-holidays-india/|title=Bank holidays in India|work=[[Forbes]]|date=29 May 2023|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable static-row-numbers" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
!Date
!Name
!Type
!Details
|-
|{{Date table sorting|26 January}}
|[[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
|Fixed (Indian Constitution came into force)
|Celebrates the 1950 adoption of the [[Constitution of India]]<ref>{{Cite report|title=Introduction to Constitution of India |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, [[Government of India]]|date=29 July 2008|access-date=14 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|15 August}}
|[[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]
|Fixed (India Independence from the [[United Kingdom]])
|Celebrates the 1947 Independence from the [[British Raj|British rule]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Independence Day of India, 15 August 2020: History, Significance, Facts and Celebration|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/independence-day-of-india-15-august-2020-history-significance-facts-and-celebration/articleshow/77541312.cms|date=15 August 2020|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|2 October}}
|[[Gandhi Jayanti]]
|Fixed (India; birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi)
|Honors [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who was born on 2 October 1869<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/gandhi-jayanti-2023-date-history-significance-mahatma-gandhis-birth-anniversary-international-day-of-non-violence-101696128055987.html|title=Gandhi Jayanti 2023: Date, history, significance and all you need to know about Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary|date=2 October 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Central holidays ==

In addition to the three fixed national holidays, the Union Government of India declares additional days as holidays which are largely followed by central government offices and affiliates. In addition to designated fixed holidays, few other days are designated optional from which select number of days can be chosen according to individual convenience.

===Fixed===
Source:<ref name="GL">{{Cite report|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/2023-Holiday-List-062c177906f8592-90189505.pdf|title=2023 Holiday list|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable static-row-numbers" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!Name
!Type
!Details
|-
|{{Date table sorting|25 December}}
|[[Christmas Day]]
| rowspan="5" |Fixed
|[[Christian festival]] that celebrates the birth of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], central figure of [[Christianity]] (c. 6 to 4BC–30 or 33AD) whose birth is commemorated on 25 December<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=18 December 2012|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|12 [[Rabi' al-awwal]]
|[[Mawlid]]
|Muslim festival that celebrates the birth of Muhammad. It is celebrated in [[Rabi' al-Awwal]], the third month in the Islamic calendar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schussman |first=Aviva |year=1998 |title=The Legitimacy and Nature of Mawid al-Nabī: (analysis of a Fatwā) |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=214–234 |doi=10.1163/1568519982599535}}</ref>
|-
|1 [[Shawwal]]
|[[Eid al-Fitr]]
|[[Muslim festival]] that celebrates of the day of breaking the fast. It is celebrated on the first day of [[Shawwal]] in the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam|first=Jamal J.|last=Elias|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-4152-1165-9|page=75}}</ref>
|-
|10 [[Muharram]]
|[[Ashura]]
|Muslims mourn the martydom of [[Husayn Ibn Ali]], prophet [[Muhammad]]'s family. Also marks [[parting of the Red Sea]] by [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], salvation of the [[Israelites]], [[Noah]]'s disembarkment from the [[Noah's Ark|Ark]].
|-
|10 [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]
|[[Eid al-Adha]]
|Muslim festival that honours the willingness of [[Abraham]] [[Binding of Isaac|to sacrifice]] his son, either [[Isaac in Islam|Isaac]] or [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismail]], as an act of obedience to [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Id al-Adha |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e969|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410065901/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e969|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2019|access-date=11 July 2020|publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]
| rowspan="6" |Floating
|[[Jain festival]] that celebrates the birth of [[Mahavira]] (599 BC), the twenty-fourth and last [[Tirthankara]] (supreme preacher) of present [[Avasarpiṇī]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBuAAAAMAAJ|title=Gazetteers: Junagadh|last1=(India)|first1=Gujarat|year=1975|page=13}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{Ndash}}{{Date table sorting|May}}
|[[Good Friday]]
|Christian festival that commemorates the [[crucifixion of Jesus]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA639|access-date=13 April 2012|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=639}}</ref>
|-

|{{Date table sorting|April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|June}}
|[[Buddha's Birthday]]
|[[List of Buddhist festivals|Buddhist festival]] that celebrates [[Gautama Buddha]], founder of [[Buddhism]] (c. 563–483 BC). It is celebrated on the [[purnima|full moon day]] of the Vaisakha month of the Buddhist calendar.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2023|title=Buddha Purnima 2023: Date, Timings, Story, Teachings and Significance|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/buddha-purnima-2023-date-time-history-and-significance/articleshow/99973131.cms|access-date=31 July 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Vijayadashami]]
|[[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu]] festival that celebrates the victory of good over evil. It is celebrated on the tenth day of [[Ashvin]], the seventh month in the [[Hindu Calendar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navratri|title=Navratri|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> [[Sikhism|Sikh festival]] called Dasehara.
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Diwali]]
|Hindu festival of lights. It is celebrated on the [[Amavasya|new moon day]] in the month of Ashvin or [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] in the Hindu Calendar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali|title=Diwali|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> [[Sikhism|Sikh festival]] to celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas in remembrance of the release of Guru Hargobind from the Gwalior Fort prison by the Mughal emperor Jahangir and the day he arrived at the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Guru Nanak Gurpurab|Guru Nanak's Birthday]]
|[[Sikhism|Sikh festival]] that celebrates the birth of the first [[Sikh gurus|Sikh guru]], (1469).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Guru Nanak Jayanti 2019: History, significance and traditions|date=11 November 2019|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/guru-nanak-jayanti-2019-history-significance-and-traditions/story-Opf6s8eSEPtGNZgV0SbPyL.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Optional===
Source:<ref name="GL"/>
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable static-row-numbers" style="width:100%;"
|-
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!Name
!Type
!Details
|-
|{{Date table sorting|January}}
|[[Makar Sankranti]] / [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]
| rowspan="20" |Floating
|Hindu festival marking the transition of the sun from [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] to [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]] and dedicated to the solar deity [[Surya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongal |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pongal |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=Britannica}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|January}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|February}}
|[[Vasant Panchami]]
|Hindu festival dedicated to Goddess [[Saraswati]], that marks the preparation for the arrival of spring and celebrated on the [[Panchami|fifth day]] of [[Magha (month)|Magha]], the eleventh month of Hindu calendar
|-
|{{Date table sorting|February}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|March}}
|[[Maha Shivaratri]]
|Hindu festival to celebrate the wedding of Lord [[Shiva]] with [[Parvati]], celebrated on the [[Chaturdashi|fourteenth day]] of Krishna Paksha in the month of [[Phalguna]] or [[Magha (month)|Magha]] in the Hindu calendar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maha-shivaratri|title=Maha-shivaratri|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}
|[[Nowruz]]
|Celebrates the beginning of the Persian New Year
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Holi]]
|Hindu festival of colors to celebrate the victory of good over evil (Specifically the death of the evil [[Holika]], aunt of [[Prahlad]], an ardent devotee of [[Vishnu]]) and arrival of [[Spring (season)|spring]], celebrated on [[purnima|full-moon day]] in the month of [[Phalguna]] in the Hindu calendar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Holi|title=Holi|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> [[Sikhism|Sikh festival]] to celebrate with its historic texts referring to it as Hola. Guru Gobind Singh in addition to Holi created a three-day Hola Mohalla extension festival of martial arts. The extension started the day after the Holi festival in Anandpur Sahib, where Sikh soldiers would train in battles, compete in horsemanship, athletics, archery and military exercises.
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Rama Navami]]
|Hindu festival to celebrate the birth of Lord [[Rama]] celebrated on the [[Navami|ninth day]] of [[Shukla Paksha]] in the month of [[Chaitra]] in the Hindu calendar
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{Ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Ugadi]]
|Celebrates the beginning of the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and [[Kannada people|Kannada]] New Year
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{Ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Cheti Chand]]
|Celebrates the beginning of the [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] New Year
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Puthandu]]
|[[Tamils#Festivals|Tamil festival]] It is the first day of the Tamil calendar and celebrates the beginning of the new year in Tamil Nadu. It is also celebrates the agrarian people and harvest on the first day of the Tamil month Chithirai.
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Vishu]]
|Celebrates the beginning of the [[Malayali]] New Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vishu|title=Vishu|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Vaisakhi]]
|[[Sikhism|Sikh festival]] celebrates the beginning of the Solar new year in North India and spring harvest on the first day of the month of [[Vaisakh]] in the Punjabi calendar
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Bohag Bihu]]
|Celebrates the beginning of the [[Culture of Assam|Assamese]] New Year
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Gudi Padwa]]
|Celebrates the beginning of the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]] New Year
|-
|{{Date table sorting|June}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|July}}
|[[Ratha Yatra]]
|Hindu festival involving a public procession of [[chariot]]s with the deities [[Jagannath]], [[Balarama]] and [[Subhadra]] celebrated in [[Ashadha]] month of Hindu calendar
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Krishna Janmashtami]]
|Hindu festival to celebrate the birth of Lord [[Krishna]] and celebrated on [[Ashtami|eighth day]] of [[Krishna Paksha]] in the month of [[Shravana]] in the Hindu calendar
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]]
|Hindu festival as a tribute to Lord [[Ganesha]], celebrated on the [[Chaturthi|fourth day]] of Krishna Paksha in the month of [[Bhadrapada]] in the Hindu calendar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ganesh-Chaturthi|title=Ganesh Chaturthi|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Onam]]
|Hindu harvest festival celebrated by the people of [[Kerala]] commemorating the visit of Mahabali and celebrated in Chingam, the first month of [[Malayalam Calendar]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Navaratri]]
|Hindu festival celebrating the first day of the Hindu [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Chhath]]
|Hindu harvest festival dedicated to Sun God Surya, celebrated in North and East India on the sixth day of the month of Kartika
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Karva Chauth]]
|Hindu festival celebrated by women to pray for the longevity of their husbands, observed on the fourth day after the full moon in the month of Kartika
|}
Each year, central and state governments release lists of gazetted and restricted holidays. Comprehensive compiled lists are available online.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Holidays 2025 – India Holiday Calendar |url=https://indiaholidaycalendar.com/ |website=India Holiday Calendar |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

==State holidays==
In addition to the above, various state governments and union territories designate additional holidays on local festivals or days of importance as holidays as per section 25 of the [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]].<ref name="FS"/>

===Harvest festivals===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+State holidays:[[Harvest festival]]s<ref name="HD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdfcbank.com/personal/resources/bank-holiday-list|title=Bank holiday list|publisher=[[HDFC Bank]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!Name
!Type
!State/UT
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 January}}
|[[Bhogi]]
|Fixed
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 January}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|14 January}}
|[[Lohri]]
|Floating
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|14 January}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|15 January}}
|[[Magh Bihu]]
| rowspan="3" |Fixed
|[[Assam]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|14 January}}
|[[Maghi]]
|[[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 March}}
|[[Chapchar Kut]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Wangala]]
| rowspan="2" |Floating
|Assam, [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Bihu#Kati Bihu|Kati Bihu]]
|[[Assam]]
|}

===New year===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+State holidays:[[New Year's Day|New year's days]]<ref name="HD"/>
|-
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!Name
!State/UT
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|14 April}}
|[[Bohag Bihu]]
|[[Assam]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Gudi Padwa]]
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}
|[[Losoong Festival|Losoong]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|February}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|March}}
|[[Losar]]
|[[Ladakh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 January}}
|[[New Year's Day]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Telangana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|31 December}}
|[[New Year's Eve]]
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|14 April}}
|[[Pana Sankranti]]
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|20 March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|21 March}}
|[[Nauroz|Parsi New Year]]
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|14 April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|15 April}}
|[[Pohela Boishakh]]
|[[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|14 April}}
|[[Puthandu]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Sarhul]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Sajibu Nongma Panba]]
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Ugadi]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|14 April}}
|[[Vaisakhi]]
|[[Jharkhand]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|14 April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|15 April}}
|[[Vishu]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Diwali]]
|[[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|}

===State days===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+State holidays:[[List of Indian state days|State days]]<ref name="HD"/>
|-
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!Name
!State/UT
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 November}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh Day]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|20 February}}
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Statehood Day]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|2 December}}
|[[Sukaphaa|Asom Day]]
|[[Assam]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|22 March}}
|[[Bihar Day]]
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 November}}
|[[Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|19 December}}
|[[Goa Liberation Day]]
|[[Goa]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 May}}
|[[Gujarat Day]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 November}}
|[[Haryana Day]]
|[[Haryana]]
|-
||{{Date table sorting|15 April}}
|[[List of Indian state days|Himachal Day]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|15 April}}
|[[West Bengal Day]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|26 October}}
|[[Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu and Kashmir Accession day]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 November}}
|[[Kannada Rajyothsava]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 November}}
|[[Kerala Day]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 May}}
|[[Maharashtra Day]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|20 February}}
|[[List of Indian state days|Mizoram State Day]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 December}}
|[[List of Indian state days|Nagaland State Inauguration Day]]
|[[Nagaland]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 April}}
|[[Odisha Day]]
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|16 August}}
|[[List of Indian state days|Puducherry De Jure Transfer Day]]
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 November}}
|[[List of Indian state days|Puducherry Liberation Day]]
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|16 May}}
|[[Sikkim State Day]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|2 June}}
|[[Telangana Formation Day]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|17 September}}
|[[Hyderabad-Karnataka Liberation Day]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|}

===Birth and anniversary days===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+State holidays:Birth and anniversary days<ref name="HD"/>
|-
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!style="width:15em;"|Name
!State/UT
|-
|{{Date table sorting|14 April}}
|[[Ambedkar Jayanti]]
| [[India]] & Rest of The World
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|June}}
|[[Buddha's Birthday]]
| [[India]] & Rest of The World
|-
|{{Date table sorting|2 October}}
|[[Gandhi Jayanti]]
| [[India]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|5 April}}
|[[Jagjivan Ram|Babu Jag Jivan Ram's Birthday]]
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|23 April}}
|[[Basava|Basava Jayanti]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 July}}
|[[Bhanu Jayanti]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|19 February}}
|[[Shiv Jayanti|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|18 December}}
|[[Guru Ghasidas|Guru Ghasidas Jayanti]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|February}}
|[[Guru Ravidass Jayanti]]
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|23 September}}
|[[Martyrs' Day (India)|Heroes' Martyrdom Day]]
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|26 September}}
|[[Sankardev|Janmotsav]]
|[[Assam]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|4 June}}
|[[Kabir Jayanti]]
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|15 November}}
|[[Kanakadasa Jayanthi]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|25 May}}
|[[Nazrul Jayanti|Kazi Nazrul Islam Jayanti]]
|[[Tripura]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|15 October}}
|[[Agrasen|Maharaja Agrasen Jayanti]]
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|23 September}}
|[[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh Ji's Birthday]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|9 May}}
|[[Maharana Pratap|Maharana Pratap Jayanti]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 July}}
|[[Martyrs' Day (India)|Martyrs' Day]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|23 January}}
|[[Netaji|Netaji's Birthday]]
|[[Odisha]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|12 December}}
|[[Pa Togan Sangma]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|7 May}}
|[[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore's Birthday]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|26 September}}
|[[Ramdev Pir|Ramdev Jayanti]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|23 March}}
|[[Martyrs' Day (India)|Shaheedi Diwas]]
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|31 October}}
|[[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's Birthday]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|26 December}}
|[[Udham Singh|Shaheed Udham Singh Jayanti]]
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|31 July}}
|[[Udham Singh|Shaheed Udham Singh Martyrdom day]]
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|20 August}}
|[[Sree Narayana Guru Jayanthi]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|20 September}}
|[[Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|12 January}}
|[[Swami Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda's Birthday]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|15 January}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|16 January}}
|[[Thiruvalluvar Day]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|18 December}}
|[[Khasi language|U Soso Tham Death Anniversary]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|30 December}}
|[[U Kiang Nangbah]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|17 July}}
|[[U Tirot Sing|U Tirot Sing Day]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|}

===Religious days===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+State holidays:Religious days<ref name="HD"/>
|-
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!Name
!Type
!State/UT
|-
|{{Date table sorting|June}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|July}}
|[[Akshaya Tritiya]]
|Hindu
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Ayudha Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Lakshadweep]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Bathukamma]]
|Hindu
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Bhai Dooj]]
|Hindu
|[[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|June}}
|[[Bonalu]]
|Hindu
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Chhath]]
|Hindu
|[[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}
|[[Dol Jatra]]
|Hindu
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Durga Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]]
|Hindu
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Navratri|Ghatasthapana]]
|Hindu
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Garia puja|Garia Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[Tripura]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Govardhan Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Hanuman Jayanti]]
|Hindu
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Teej|Hartalika Teej]]
|Hindu
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Teej|Haryali Teej]]
|Hindu
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Holi]]
|Hindu
|Pan India except [[Delhi]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Manipur]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}
|[[Holika Dahan]]
|Hindu
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Jhulan Purnima]]
|Hindu
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Kali Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Kartika Purnima]]
|Hindu
|[[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|July}}
|[[Ker puja|Ker Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[Tripura]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|June}}
|[[Kharchi puja|Kharchi Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[Tripura]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Krishna Janmashtami]]
|Hindu
|[[Andaman and Nicobar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Tripura]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Lakshmi Puja]]
|Hindu
|[[Odisha]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Ashtami|Maha Astami]]
|Hindu
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Telangana]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Navami|Maha Navami]]
|Hindu
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Saptami|Maha Saptami]]
|Hindu
|[[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal ]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|February}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|March}}
|[[Maha Shivaratri]]
|Hindu
|Pan India except [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Goa]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Mahalaya]]
|Hindu
|[[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Sharad Purnima#Valmiki Jayanti|Maharishi Valmiki Jayanti]]
|Hindu
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Nag Panchami]]
|Hindu
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|May}}
|[[Parashurama|Maharshi Parasuram Jayanti]]
|Hindu
|[[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|June}}
|[[Raja Parba]]
|Hindu
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}
|[[Raksha Bandhan]]
|Hindu
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Ram Navami]]
|Hindu
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Sharad Purnima|Rahasa Purnima]]
|Hindu
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|June}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|July}}
|[[Rath Yatra|Rath Jatra]]
|Hindu
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|February}}
|[[Ratha Saptami]]
|Hindu
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Dashami|Teja Dashmi]]
|Hindu
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|January}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|February}}
|[[Thaipusam]]
|Hindu
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|January}}{{ndash}}{{Date table sorting|February}}
|[[Vasant Panchami]]
|Hindu
|[[Haryana]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Vishwakarma day]]
|Hindu
|[[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Karnataka]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|February}}
|[[Dosmoche]]
|[[List of Buddhist festivals|Buddhist]]
|[[Ladakh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|July}}
|[[Drupka Teshi]]
|Buddhist
|[[Ladakh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Lhabab Duchen]]
|Buddhist
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|December}}
|[[Kagyed|Pang-Lhabsol]]
|Buddhist
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}
|[[Chehlum]]
|[[Muslim festivals|Muslim]]
|[[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Jumu'atul-Wida|Jumat-ul-Vida]]
|Muslim
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|28 January}}
|[[Ali|Mohm Hajarat Ali]]
|Muslim
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Night of Power|Shab-I-Qadr]]
|Muslim
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|December}}
|[[Culture of Goa|Feast of St. Francis Xavier]]
|[[Christian festivals|Christian]]
|[[Goa]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|April}}
|[[Easter]]
|Christian
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|11 January}}
|[[Missionary Day]]
|Christian
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|5 January}}
|[[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh Ji's birthday]]
|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|19 June}}
|[[Guru Hargobind|Guru Hargobind Ji's birthday]]
|Sikh
|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|28 August}}
|[[Guru Granth Sahib|Parkash Utsav Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji]]
|Sikh
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|3 June}}
|[[Guru Arjun Dev|Sri Guru Arjun Dev Ji's Martyrdom Day]]
|Sikh
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|28 November}}
|[[Guru Teg Bahadur|Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji's Martyrdom Day]]
|Sikh
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}
|[[Samvatsari]]
|[[Jain festivals|Jain]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|July}}
|[[Behdienkhlam]]
|[[Indigenous people of India|Indigenous]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Chapchar Kut]]
|Indigenous
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|December}}
|[[Donyi-Polo|Indigenous Faith Day]]
|Indigenous
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|January}}
|[[Gaan-Ngai]]
|Indigenous
|[[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|January}}
|[[Imoinu Iratpa]]
|Indigenous
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|October}}
|[[Indrajatra]]
|Indigenous
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|February}}
|[[Lui Ngai Ni]]
|Indigenous
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|January}}
|[[Me-Dam-Me-Phi]]
|Indigenous
|[[Assam]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|November}}
|[[Ningol Chakouba]]
|Indigenous
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|September}}
|[[Nuakhai]]
|Indigenous
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|August}}
|[[Tendong Lho Rumfaat]]
|Indigenous
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|March}}
|[[Yaosang]]
|Indigenous
|[[Manipur]]
|}

===Others===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+State holidays:Others<ref name="HD"/>
|-
!{{Tooltip|Date|Fixed day or tentative date as per [[Gregorian calendar]] in case of floating festivals}}
!Name
!State/UT
|-
|{{Date table sorting|1 May}}
|[[International Workers' Day|May Day]]
|[[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Manipur]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|6 July}}
|[[Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl|MHIP day]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|13 August}}
|[[Anglo-Manipur War#Legacy|Patriot's day]]
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|24 April}}
|[[National Panchayati Raj Day|Panchaytiraj Diwas]]
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|30 June}}
|[[Mizoram Peace Accord|Remna Ni]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|23 November}}
|[[Seng Khasi Movement|Seng Kut Snem]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|{{Date table sorting|15 June}}
|[[Young Mizo Association|YMA Day]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|}

==Others==
Banks have specific holidays according to the various states or union territories in addition to every second and fourth Saturdays of the month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/Scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=1562|title=Saturday bank holidays|publisher=RBI|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> 1st April of every year is also a national bank holiday in India for annual closing of accounts as it is the first day of financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Deepak |date=13 April 2025 |title=Government Holidays In India 2025: Complete List, Bank Holidays & State Wise Dates |url=https://holidayalerts.in/government-holidays-in-india-2025-state-bank/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://holidayalerts.in/government-holidays-in-india-2025-state-bank/ |archive-date=13 April 2025 |access-date=19 Oct 2025 |website=HolidayAlerts}}</ref> Schools, colleges and other educational institutions have specific term holidays according to the state or board.

==See also==

* [[Nepali Language Recognition Day]]
* [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Language movement (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Asia topic|Public holidays in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Public Holidays in India}}
[[Category:Public holidays in India| ]]
[[Category:Festivals in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of festivals in India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of public holidays by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of organised events in India|Holidays]]

Rameswaram–Okha Express

2026-03-28T14:50:51Z

AlexPopp6687: Put Up Basic Data Added Tags...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rameswaram–Okha Express
| image= OKHA - RMM Exp. (25884848451).jpg
| caption = Okha–Rameswaram Express near Dwarka.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2006|11|09}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rameswaram}} (RMM)
| stops = 43
| end = {{stnlnk|Okha}} (OKHA)
| distance = {{convert|3153|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 58 hours 15 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16733 / 16734
| speed = {{convert|53|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Okha - Rameswaram) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 16733 / 16734 '''Rameswaram–Okha Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Madurai railway division|Madurai Division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Rameswaram}} and {{stnlnk|Okha}} in India.

It operates as train number 16733 from Rameswaram to Okha and as train number 16734 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. Since 8th March 2024, this train runs with LHB coach.

==History==
It is one of the first trains to be operated from Rameswaram immediately after [[Track gauge conversion|Gauge Conversion]] of [[Manamadurai–Rameswaram branch line|Manamadurai–Rameswaram line]] from [[Metre-gauge railway|Meter Gauge]] to [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad Gauge]]. This train is operated in such a long circuitous route because during its introduction, most of the railway lines in India are under gauge conversion from narrower gauges to broad gauge, so this train is operated using existing railway routes at that time. This train was originally introduced between Madurai and Manamad. Later this train was extended in both sides i.e. From Madurai it was extended until Rameswaram and from Manamad it was extended until Okha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extension of Madurai-Manmad express to be flaged off on Feb 27 |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20090225/1185893.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref> At initial days of operation, its maintenance is done at [[Madurai]], after constructing a railway maintenance yard at [[Rameswaram]], the maintenance of this train has been shifted from Madurai to Rameswaram. At present, It is the only train from southern part of [[Tamil Nadu]] such as Madurai, Rameswaram which are directly connected with the Manamad, Aurangabad areas of [[Maharashtra]].

==Coaches==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Southern-Railway-speeds-up-31-trains/articleshow/41105108.cms | newspaper=The Times of India | date=28 August 2014 | title=Southern Railway speeds up 31 trains | first=V | last=Ayyappan | access-date=25 August 2018 }}</ref>

* 2 AC II Tier
* 8 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 EOG cars
* 1 Pantry car

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

16733/Rameswaram–Okha Express covers the distance of {{convert|3153|km|0|abbr=on}} in 59 hours 50 mins (49 km/h)

16734/Okha–Rameswaram Express covers the distance of {{convert|3153|km|0|abbr=on}} in 58 hours 35 mins (53 km/h).

==Route & halts==

The 16733 / 16734 Rameswaram–Okha Express runs from Rameswaram via {{rws|Manamadurai Junction}}, {{rws|Madurai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}},
{{rws|Jolarpettai Junction}}, {{rws|Katpadi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tirupati}}, {{rws|Yerraguntla Junction}}, {{rws|Dhone Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}}, {{rws|Nizamabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}, {{stnlnk|Parbhani Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jalna}}, {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}, {{rws|Surat}}, {{rws|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{rws|Viramgam Junction}}, {{rws|Surendranagar Junction}}, {{rws|Wankaner Junction}}, {{rws|Rajkot Junction}}, {{rws|Jamnagar}}, {{rws|Dwarka}} to Okha.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=5962&did=14363563040083331F90B44A9855306480B29CDCCAE56.web103], ''South Central Railway'', 8 July 2015</ref>

At present it is the only direct express train that runs from Rameswaram to nearby places of Mumbai such as Manmad and Surat.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 16733 || RMM || Rameswaram || 22:30 PM || Friday || Okha || 10:20 AM || Monday
|-
| 16734 || OKHA || Okha || 08:40 AM || Tuesday || Rameswaram || 19:15 PM || Thursday
|}

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock Loco Shed]] based [[WDP-4D]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock Loco Shed]] based [[WDG-3A]] diesel locomotive between Rameswaram and {{rws|Manamadurai Junction}}. After Manamadurai, both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royampuram Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive up to Okha and vice versa.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rameswaram-okha-express-16733/1084/1507/1757 16733 Rameswaram - Okha Express] at India Rail Info
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/okha-rameswaram-weekly-express-16734/1105/1757/1507 16734 Okha - Rameswaram Express] at India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rameswaram-Okha Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Transport in Okha]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2006]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

North African campaign

2026-03-27T19:33:04Z

AlexPopp6687: expanded content

{{Short description|Major military campaign of WWII fought in North Africa}}
{{Distinguish|Military operations in North Africa during World War I}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = North African campaign
| partof = the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean and Middle East theatre]] of [[World War II]]
| image = 1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = British troops on the defensive posture during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]], July 1942.
| date = 11 June 1940 – [[Operation Vulcan|13 May 1943]] ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=10|year1=1940|month2=05|day2=12|year2=1943}})
| place = [[Italian Libya|Libya]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]], [[French Chad|Chad]], [[Algeria]], [[French Morocco|Morocco]], [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]]
| result = [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
| territory = [[Italian Libya]] placed under [[British Military Administration (Libya)|British]] and [[French military administration in Fezzan|French military administration]]
| combatants_header = [[World War II by country|Belligerents]]
| combatant1 = '''[[Allies of World War II|Allies]]''' {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} and [[British Empire|Empire]]:
* {{flagcountry|British Raj}}
* {{flag|Emirate of Transjordan}}
*{{flagcountry|Mandatory Palestine}}
* {{flagcountry|Dominion of Newfoundland}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Artillery |url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/royal-artillery.php|website=Newfoundland Heritage Web Site|last=Higgins|first=Jenny|date=2007}}</ref>
{{nowrap|{{flag|United States|1912}}<ref group="nb" name="1942–43">November 1942 to May 1943.</ref>}} 
{{flag|Free France}}
* {{flagdeco|Free France}} [[French Algeria|Algeria]]<ref group="nb" name="1942–43" />
* {{flagdeco|Tunisia}} [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]]<ref group="nb" name="1942–43" />
* {{flagdeco|Morocco}} [[French protectorate of Morocco|Morocco]]<ref group="nb" name="1942–43" />
* {{flagdeco|Free France}} [[French Polynesia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battalion De Pacifique
|url=https://www.worldmilitariaforum.com/articles/Marine-Infantry-Pacific-Battalion-Of-WW2.php|website=World Militaria Forum|last=man|first=Custer|date=2021}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Free France}} [[Wallis and Futuna]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battalion De Pacifique
|url=https://www.worldmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php|website=World Militaria Forum|last=man|first=Custer|date=2021}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Free France}} [[New Caledonia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battalion De Pacifique
|url=https://www.worldmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php|website=World Militaria Forum|last=man|first=Custerman|date=2021}}</ref>
{{flag|Australia}}<ref>[[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|Self-governance from 1942]]</ref> {{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}} {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1928}} {{flagcountry|Polish government-in-exile}} {{flagcountry|Greek government-in-exile|state}} {{flagcountry|Czechoslovak government-in-exile}} {{flag icon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}[[Yugoslav Army Outside the Homeland|Yugoslavia]]<ref group="nb">The [[Yugoslav Army Outside the Homeland|Royal Yugoslav Army Outside the Homeland]] consisted of over 1,000 officers and soldiers of the Royal Yugoslav Army, Air Force, and Navy who escaped the Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 and subsequently participated in the Western Desert Campaign. This was the only part of the Royal Yugoslav Army that remained under the direct command of the [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] in Cairo.</ref>
| combatant2 = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''' 
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
* {{flagcountry|Italian Libya}}
{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
----{{flag|Vichy France}}<ref group="nb" name="1940–42">8–11 November 1942. Vichy officially pursued a policy of [[armed neutrality]] and conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents. The pledging of allegiance of the Vichy troops in French North Africa to the Allies convinced the Axis that Vichy could not be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state (''[[Case Anton]]'')</ref>
* {{flag|French Algeria|name=Algeria}}<ref group="nb" name="1940–42" />
* {{flagdeco|Tunisia}} [[French protectorate of Tunisia|Tunisia]]<ref group="nb" name="1940–42" />
* {{flagdeco|Morocco}} [[French protectorate of Morocco|Morocco]]<ref group="nb" name="1940–42" />
| commander1 =  {{unbulleted list
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Claude Auchinleck]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Alan Cunningham]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Neil Ritchie]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Bernard Montgomery]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]]
| {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| {{flagicon|Free France}} [[Henri Giraud]]}}
| commander2 = 
{{unbulleted list

| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Ugo Cavallero]]
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Vittorio Ambrosio]]
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Italo Balbo]]{{KIA}}
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Rodolfo Graziani]]
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Italo Gariboldi]]
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Ettore Bastico]]
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Curio Barbasetti di Prun|Curio Barbasetti]]
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Giovanni Messe]]{{surrendered}}
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Albert Kesselring]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erwin Rommel]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Georg Stumme]]{{KIA}}
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]]{{surrendered}}
----
| {{flagicon|Vichy France}} [[François Darlan]]{{surrendered}}<ref group="nb">Darlan joined the Allies after Operation Torch in Nov. 1942 but was later assassinated due to his former allegiance to Vichy France.</ref>
}}
| casualties1 = {{unbulleted list
| {{flagicon|British Empire}} '''British Empire''':{{longitem|style=line-height:1.3em|35,478 killed{{sfn|Carell|1960|p=597}} 220,000 total casualties{{sfn|Zabecki|2007|loc=North Africa}} }}
| {{raise|0.15em|{{flagicon|Free French Forces}} '''Free France''': {{longitem|style=line-height:1.3em|16,000 killed, wounded or missing{{sfn|Cartier|1975|p=40}} }}
}}
| {{flagicon|USA|1912}} '''United States''':{{longitem|style=line-height:1.3em|2,715 killed 8,978 wounded 6,528 missing{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004c|p=460|ps=. United States losses from 12 November 1942.}}{{sfn|Atkinson|2004|p=536}}}}
| {{longitem|style=line-height:1.3em|'''Material losses''': 2,000 tanks destroyed 1,400 aircraft destroyed}}
}}
| casualties2 = {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} '''Italy''': 22,341 killed{{sfn|Istat|1957|p={{page needed|date=November 2024}}}} 250,000–350,000 captured{{refn|500,000 prisoners are listed as being taken in North Africa, East Africa, and Sicily; as 150,000 POWs were taken in the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] and about 100,000 in [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East Africa]], this would leave ~250,000 to be taken in North Africa; 130,000 during [[Operation Compass]], and 120,000 afterwards.{{sfn|Baxter|1996|p=38}}|group="nb"}}{{refn|group=nb|Historian Giorgio Rochat wrote: {{blockquote|''Sono circa 400.000 i prigionieri fatti dagli inglesi in Etiopia e in Africa settentrionale, 125.000 presi dagli americani in Tunisia e in Sicilia, 40.000 lasciati ai francesi in Tunisia'' ("There were about 400,000 prisoners taken by the British in North Africa and in Ethiopia, 125,000 taken by the Americans in Tunisia and Sicily, 40,000 by the French in Tunisia"){{sfn|Rochat|2005|p=446}}}} Considering that about 100,000 Italian prisoners were taken in East Africa and that prisoners taken by the Americans were mainly in Sicily, the total is around 340,000–350,000.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}}}
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} '''Germany''':{{sfn|Carell|1960|p=596}} 18,594 killed 3,400 missing 180,000 captured
| {{flagicon|Vichy France}} '''Vichy France''':{{refn|group=nb|name=Torch|During [[Operation Torch]] only (8–16 November 1942).}} {{citation needed|date=February 2012}} 1,346 killed 1,997 wounded
| '''Material losses''':<ref name="Barclay">Barclay, Mediterranean Operations</ref>{{sfn|Porch|2004|p=415}} 2,550 tanks lost 70,000 trucks lost 6,200 guns lost 8,000 aircraft destroyed 2,400,000 gross tons of shipping
}}
| campaignbox = {{WWIITheatre}}{{Campaignbox North Africa}}
{{Campaignbox Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre}}
}}

The '''North African campaign''' of [[World War II]] took place in [[North Africa]] from 11 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis powers]]. It included campaigns in the [[Italian Libya|Libya]]n and [[History of Egypt under the British|Egypt]]ian deserts ([[Western Desert campaign]], Desert War), in [[French protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]] and [[French Algeria|Algeria]] ([[Operation Torch]]), and in [[French protectorate of Tunisia|Tunisia]] ([[Tunisian campaign|Tunisia campaign]]). The Allied war effort was dominated by the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and exiles from [[German-occupied Europe]]. The United States entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942.

Fighting in North Africa started with the British raids on [[Italian Libya]] on 11 June 1940 after Italy's entry into the Second World War on the German side. On 14 June, the British [[11th Hussars]] and part of the [[1st Royal Tank Regiment]], (1st RTR) crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured [[Fort Capuzzo]]. This was followed by an Italian [[counter-offensive]] into Egypt and the capture of [[Sidi Barrani]] in September. The British recaptured Sidi Barrani in December during [[Operation Compass]]. The Italian [[Tenth Army (Italy)|10th Army]] was destroyed and the [[Nazi Germany|German]] ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' was dispatched to North Africa in February 1941 in [[Operation Sonnenblume]] to reinforce the Italians and prevent an Axis defeat.

Battles for control of Libya and Egypt followed, with advances and retreats until the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] in October 1942 when the Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General [[Bernard Montgomery]]) defeated the German–Italian {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} and forced its remnants into Tunisia. After [[Operation Torch]], the Anglo-American [[Operation Torch|landings]] in North-West Africa in November 1942 and fighting against [[Vichy France]] forces (which then changed sides), the Allies trapped about 250,000 German and Italian personnel in northern Tunisia, forcing their surrender in May 1943.

Information gleaned via British [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] code-breaking was important in the Allied victory in North Africa. The [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] followed, culminating in the downfall of the Fascist government in Italy and the elimination of Germany's main European ally. German and Italian forces committed atrocities against prisoners of war and [[Maghrebi Jews]], [[Berbers]] and [[Arabs]].

== Western Desert campaign ==
{{Main|Western Desert campaign}}

On 10 May 1940, the [[Wehrmacht]] started the [[Battle of France]] (or ''Westfeldzug''). Six weeks later, France surrendered. The [[Second Armistice at Compiègne|Armistice at Compiègne]] took place on 22 June 1940 leaving the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] in control of French territory not occupied by Germany. This included all of [[French North Africa]]. On 10 June, [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] aligned itself with [[Nazi Germany]] and declared war upon [[French Third Republic|France]] and the [[United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|p=109}} Italian leader [[Benito Mussolini]] explicitly outlined in his declaration of war that this did not involve the war against [[Kingdom of Egypt]], saying "Italy does not intend to drag into the conflict other peoples bordering her on land or on sea".<ref>{{cite news|title=Mussolini: Speech of the 10 June 1940, Declaration of War on France and England|url=https://historicalresources.wordpress.com/2008/09/19/mussolini-speech-of-the-10-june-1940-declaration-of-war-on-france-and-england/|access-date=21 September 2025|date=19 September 2008}}</ref> British forces (along with Indian and [[Rhodesia (region)|Rhodesian]] troops) based in Egypt were initially ordered to take defensive measures, but to avoid provocation as much as possible.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|p=41}} However, on 11 June the British started launching a series of raids against Italian positions in Libya.<ref>Churchill, p. 371</ref> Following the defeat of France on 25 June, Italian forces in [[Italian Tripolitania|Tripolitania]] – facing French troops based in [[Tunisia]] – redeployed to [[Italian Cyrenaica|Cyrenaica]] to reinforce the [[Tenth Army (Italy)|Italian Tenth Army]].{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=25}} This, coupled with the steadily degrading equipment of the British forces, led General [[Archibald Wavell]] to order an end to the raids and place the defence of the Egyptian border with a small screening force.{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=38}}

By 8 August, Mussolini ordered the Tenth Army to [[Italian invasion of Egypt|invade Egypt]]. Two days later, no invasion having been launched, Mussolini ordered Marshal [[Rodolfo Graziani|Graziani]] that, the moment German forces launched [[Operation Sea Lion]] to invade Great Britain, he was to attack.{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=35}} After German defeat in the Battle of Britain, the invasion never took place. On 8 September, the Italians – despite being hampered by a lack of transport, low levels of training among officers, and the state of its supporting equipment{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=25}} – were ordered to invade Egypt the following day. The plan was to advance along the coastal road while limited armoured forces operated on the [[desert]] flank.{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=38}} To counter the Italian advance, Wavell ordered his screening forces to harass the Italians and then fall back towards [[Mersa Matruh]], where the main British infantry force was based. Positioned on the desert flank was the [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]], which would strike at the flank of the Italian force.{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=40}}{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|pp=209–210}}

[[File:Italian troops charging in North Africa (retouched).jpg|thumb|Italian troops charging in the desert.]]
By 16 September, the Italian force had advanced to [[Maktila]], around {{convert|80|mi|km|order=flip}} west of Mersa Matruh, where they halted due to supply problems.{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=47}} Despite Mussolini urging them to carry on, Graziani ordered his men to dig in around [[Sidi Barrani]], and fortified camps were established in forward locations; additional troops were also positioned behind the main force.{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=68}} In response to the dispersed Italian camps, the British planned a limited five-day attack, [[Operation Compass]], to strike at these fortified camps one by one.<ref>Wavell {{London Gazette|issue=37628|date=25 June 1946|page=3261|supp=1}}</ref>{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|pp=260–261, 264}} The British Commonwealth force, totalling 36,000 men,{{sfn|Bauer|2000|p=95}} attacked the forward elements of the 10-division-strong Italian army on 9 December.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|p=267}} Following their initial success, the forces of Operation Compass{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=331}} pursued the retreating Italian forces.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|p=271}} In January, the small port at [[Bardia]] was taken,{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|pp=286–287}} soon followed by the seizure of the fortified port of [[Tobruk]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/wwii1.htm| title=World War II's Opening Salvoes in North Africa|last=Dunn|first=Jimmy|publisher=Tour Egypt}}</ref>

Some 40,000 Italians were captured in and around the two ports, with the remainder of the Tenth Army retreating along the coast road back to [[El Agheila]]. [[Richard O'Connor]] sent the 7th Armoured Division across the desert with a small reconnaissance group. It reached [[Beda Fomm]] some ninety minutes before the Italians, cutting off their retreat. Although they tried desperately to overcome the British force at the [[Battle of Beda Fomm]], the Italians were unable to break through, and the remnants of the retreating army surrendered. Over ten weeks Allied forces had destroyed the Italian Tenth Army and reached El Agheila, taking 130,000 prisoners of war in the process.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|p=358}}<ref>{{Cite magazine|issue=17 February 1941|title=Fall of Bengasi|magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851005,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626023859/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851005,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2010|access-date=17 December 2007|date=17 February 1941}}</ref><ref name="Wav3268">Wavell in {{London Gazette|issue=37628|date=25 June 1946|page=3268|supp=1}}</ref>

Mussolini requested help from his German allies, while the Italian ''[[Comando Supremo]]'' ("high command") speedily sent several large motorized and armoured forces to protect their colonies in [[North Africa]].{{sfn|Bauer|2000|p=121}} This greatly expanded reinforcement included the soon-to-be-renowned ''Ariete'' Armoured division under General [[Ettore Baldassarre]].{{sfn|Walker|2003|p=67}} Meanwhile, the Germans hastily assembled a motorized force, whose lead elements arrived in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in February. This relatively small expeditionary force, termed the ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' by [[Adolf Hitler]], was placed under the command of [[Erwin Rommel]]. His orders were to reinforce the Italians and block Allied attempts to drive them out of the region.{{sfn|Jentz|1998|p=82}}<ref name="Rommel, p. 109">Rommel, p. 109</ref> However, the initial commitment of only one panzer division and subsequently, no more than two panzer and one motorized divisions, indicated the limited extent of German involvement and commitment to this theatre of operations.{{sfn|Walker|2003|p=67}} The bulk of the reinforcements were Italian and therefore it was up to the Italians to do the bulk of the fighting. The forward Allied force – now named [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] – adopted a defensive posture and over the coming months was built up, before most of its veteran forces were [[Operation Lustre|redeployed to Greece]] to counter the German invasion there. In addition, the 7th Armoured Division was withdrawn to the Nile delta.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004a|p=289}}{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004b|p=2}}{{sfn|Jentz|1998|p=85}} The veteran forces were replaced by inexperienced newcomers, ill-equipped to face German armour.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004b|pp=2–5}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-783-0150-28, Nordafrika, Panzer III.jpg|thumb|German Panzer III during [[Operation Sonnenblume]], April 1941.]]
Although Rommel had been ordered to simply hold the line, an [[armoured reconnaissance]] soon became a full-fledged offensive from El Agheila in March.{{sfn|Jentz|1998|p=82}}<ref name="Rommel, p. 109"/> In March–April, Allied forces were forced back{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004b|p=19–40}} and leading general officers captured. The [[9th Division (Australia)|Australian 9th Infantry Division]] fell back to the fortress port of Tobruk,{{sfn|Latimer|2001|pp=43–45}} and the remaining British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces withdrew a further {{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip}} east to the Libyan–Egyptian border.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004b|pp=33–35}} With [[Siege of Tobruk|Tobruk under siege]] by the main Italian-German force, a small battlegroup continued to press eastwards. Capturing Fort Capuzzo and Bardia in passing, it then advanced into Egypt, and by the end of April it had taken Sollum and the tactically important [[Halfaya Pass]]. Rommel garrisoned these positions, reinforcing the battle-group and ordering it onto the defensive.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004b|p=160}}{{sfn|Jentz|1998|pp=128–129, 131}}

Though isolated on land, Tobruk's garrison continued to receive supplies and replacements, delivered by the [[Royal Navy]] at night. German and Italian forces did not have the strength or training to take the fortress. This created a supply problem for his forward units. His front-line positions at Sollum were at the end of an extended supply chain that stretched back to Tripoli and had to bypass the coast road at Tobruk. Further, he was constantly threatened with a breakout of the British forces at Tobruk.{{sfn|Latimer|2001|pp=48–64}} Without Tobruk in Axis hands, further advances into Egypt were impractical.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004b|p=41}}{{sfn|Jentz|1998|p=128}}

The Allies launched a small-scale counter-attack called [[Operation Brevity]] in an attempt to push Axis forces off the key passes at the border, with some initial success. However they could not hold the advance positions and followed ''Brevity'' up with a much larger-scale offensive, [[Operation Battleaxe]] intended to relieve the siege at Tobruk, but this operation also failed. Following the failure of Operation Battleaxe, Archibald Wavell was relieved of command and replaced by [[Claude Auchinleck]]. The [[Western Desert Force]] was reinforced with a second corps, [[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|XXX Corps]], with the two corps forming the [[British Eighth Army|Eighth Army]]. Eighth Army was made up of army forces from the Commonwealth nations, including the [[British Army]], the [[Australian Army]], the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], the [[New Zealand Army]], the [[South African Army]], and the [[Sudan Defence Force]]. There was also a brigade of [[Free French]] under [[Marie-Pierre Koenig]].

[[File:IWM-E-6724-Crusader-19411126.jpg|thumb|British Crusader tanks during the Operation Crusader, 26 November 1941.]]
The new formation launched a new offensive, [[Operation Crusader]], in November. After a see-saw battle, the [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th Division]] garrisoning Tobruk was relieved and the Axis forces were forced to fall back. By January 1942, the [[front line]] was again at El Agheila.

After receiving supplies and reinforcements from Tripoli, the Axis attacked again, defeating the Allies in the [[Battle of Gazala]] in June and [[Axis capture of Tobruk|capturing Tobruk]]. The Axis forces drove the Eighth Army back over the Egyptian border, but their advance was stopped in July only {{convert|90|mi|km|-1}} from [[Alexandria]] in the [[First Battle of El Alamein]].

Of great significance, on 29 June reports of British military operations in North Africa sent to Washington by the US military attaché in Cairo, [[Bonner Fellers]], no longer used the compromised [[Black (code)|"Black Code"]] which the Axis forces had been reading, so the Axis could no longer learn of British "strengths, positions, losses, reinforcements, supply, situation, plans, morale etc" as they had since 1940.

General Auchinleck, although he had checked Rommel's advance at the First Battle of El Alamein, was replaced by General [[Harold Alexander]]. Lieutenant-General [[William Gott]] was promoted from XIII Corps commander to command of the entire Eighth Army, but he was killed when his aircraft was intercepted and shot down over Egypt. He was replaced by Lieutenant-General [[Bernard Montgomery]].

At the end of June, Axis forces made a second attempt to break through the Allied defences at El Alamein at [[Battle of Alam Halfa|Alam Halfa]], but were unsuccessful. After a lengthy period of build-up and training, the Eighth Army launched a major offensive, decisively defeating the Italian-German army in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] in late October, driving Axis forces west and capturing Tripoli in mid-January 1943. By February, the Eighth Army was facing the Italian-German ''Panzer'' Army near the [[Mareth Line]] and came under command of Alexander's [[18th Army Group]] for the concluding phase of the war in North Africa{{Snd}}the [[Tunisian campaign|Tunisia campaign]].

==Operation Torch==
{{Main|Operation Torch}}

[[File:American troops on board a landing craft heading for the beaches at Oran in Algeria during Operation 'Torch', November 1942. A12661.jpg|upright|thumb|American troops on board a [[Landing Craft Assault]] heading into [[Oran]], November 1942]]
Operation Torch in November 1942 was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing [[United States Armed Forces|American armed forces]] the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany on a limited scale.{{sfn|Willmott|1984|p={{page needed|date=November 2024}}}} In addition, as [[Joseph Stalin]], the leader of the [[Soviet Union]], had long been pleading for a second front to be opened to engage the Wehrmacht and relieve pressure on the [[Red Army]], it provided some degree of relief for the Red Army on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] by diverting Axis forces to the North African theatre. Over half the German [[Junkers Ju 52|Ju 52]] transport planes that were needed to supply the [[Battle of Stalingrad#Sixth Army surrounded|encircled Axis forces at Stalingrad]] were tied up supplying Axis forces in North Africa.{{sfn|Hayward|1998||pp=[https://archive.org/details/stoppedatstaling0000hayw/page/219/mode/2up 219], [https://archive.org/details/stoppedatstaling0000hayw/page/248/mode/2up 248]}}

Senior U.S. commanders were strongly opposed to proposed landings in North-West Africa. After the western Allied [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] (CCS) met in London on 30 July 1942 General [[George Marshall]] and Admiral [[Ernest King]] declined to approve the plan. Marshall and other U.S. generals advocated the [[Operation Sledgehammer|invasion of northern Europe]] later that year, which the British rejected.{{sfn|Zabecki|1999|p=1270}}{{sfn|Mackenzie|1999||pp=54–55}} After Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] pressed for a landing in [[French North Africa]] in 1942, Marshall suggested instead to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] that the U.S. abandon the [[Germany first]] strategy and take the offensive in the Pacific. Roosevelt said it would do nothing to help Russia.{{sfn|Ward|Burns|2014|p=402}} With Marshall unable to persuade the British to change their minds,{{sfn|Frentzos|Thompson|2013|p=135}} President Roosevelt gave a direct order that [[Operation Torch]] was to have precedence over other operations and was to take place at the earliest possible date, one of only two direct orders he gave to military commanders during the war.

The landings started on 8 November, and finished on 16 November. In an attempt to pincer German and Italian forces, Allied forces (American and British Commonwealth) landed in Vichy-held French North Africa under the assumption that there would be little to no resistance. Nevertheless, Vichy French forces put up a strong and bloody resistance to the Allies in [[Oran]] and [[Morocco]], but not in [[Algiers]], where a ''[[coup d'état]]'' by the French resistance on 8 November succeeded in neutralizing the [[19th Army Corps (France)|French XIX Corps]] before the landing and arresting the Vichy commanders. Consequently, the landings met no practical opposition in Algiers, and the city was captured on the first day along with the entire Vichy African command. After three days of talks and threats, Generals [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]] and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] compelled Vichy Admiral [[François Darlan]] and General [[Alphonse Juin]] to order the cessation on 10–11 November of armed resistance from Vichy forces in Oran and Morocco, promising to make Darlan the head of a Free French administration. During Operation Torch, Americans fought Vichy French and German navy vessels in the [[Naval Battle of Casablanca]], which ended in an American victory.

The Allied landings prompted the Axis occupation of Vichy France ([[Case Anton]]) including an attempt to capture the French fleet at Toulon, which did them little good, as the [[Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon|main portion of the fleet was scuttled]] to prevent their use by the Axis.

The [[Vichy Army]] in North Africa joined the Allies.

== Tunisian campaign ==
{{Main|Tunisian campaign}}

Following the Operation Torch landings – from early November 1942 – the Germans and Italians initiated a buildup of troops in Tunisia to fill the vacuum left by Vichy troops which had withdrawn. During this period of weakness, the Allies decided against a rapid advance into Tunisia while they wrestled with the Vichy authorities. Many of the Allied soldiers were tied up in garrison duties because of the uncertain status and intentions of the Vichy forces.

[[File:TigerITankTunis.jpg|thumb|left|Captured [[Tiger I]] tank #712 of the [[501st Heavy Panzer Battalion]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armorfortheages.com/MilitaryVehicles/TigerI/TigerI.html |title=AFTA Tiger I Page |work=armorfortheages.com |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>]]
By mid-November, the Allies were able to advance into Tunisia, but only in single division strength. By early December, the Eastern Task Force – which had been redesignated as the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|British First Army]] under Lieutenant-General [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]] – was composed of the [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 78th Infantry Division]], [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|British 6th Armoured Division]], [[1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Parachute Brigade]], [[No. 6 Commando]] and elements of [[1st Armored Division (United States)|US 1st Armored Division]]. But by this time, one German and five Italian divisions had been shipped from Europe and the remoteness of Allied airfields from the front line gave the Axis clear air superiority over the battlefield. The Allies were halted and pushed back having advanced eastwards to within {{convert|30|km|mi}} of Tunis.

In early December, the Allies were met with the reality that they would not be successful in capturing the key cities of Tunis and Bizerta. The air campaigns by the Axis forces proved to be a difficult challenge for the British forces. However, the Allies were left with the advantage of having secured the island of Malta, enabling the Allies to carry out future aerial operations. Additionally, on land, allied British and American forces were able to hold onto their possessions. On 4 December 1942 the Allied Force Headquarters in North Africa reported that military operations were ongoing in the Tebourba area. The Axis powers attempted a second counter-attack in the neighborhood of Tebourba, following their failed attempt on 1 December. The attack was successfully repulsed by the Allied powers, and the enemy sustained significant damage to their weaponry. During the winter, there followed a period of stalemate during which time both sides continued to build up their forces. By the new year, the British First Army had one British, one US and one French Corps (a second British Corps headquarters was activated in April). In the second half of February, in eastern Tunisia, the Axis had some successes against the mainly inexperienced French and US troops, most notably in routing the [[II Corps (United States)|US II Corps]] commanded by Major General [[Lloyd Fredendall]] at the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]].

By the beginning of March, the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]] – advancing westward along the North African coast – had reached the Tunisian border. Rommel and von Arnim found themselves in an Allied "two army" pincer. They were outflanked, outmanned and outgunned. Rommel went back to Germany for health reasons and was substituted by the Italian general [[Giovanni Messe|Messe]].

The British Eighth Army bypassed the Axis defence on the Mareth Line in late March after harsh fighting{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} and First Army in central Tunisia launched their main offensive in mid-April to squeeze the Axis forces until their resistance in Africa collapsed. The Axis forces surrendered on 13 May 1943 yielding over 275,000 [[prisoners of war]]. The last Axis force to surrender in North Africa was the 1st Italian Army of General Messe.{{sfn|Walker|2006|p=193}} This huge loss of experienced troops greatly reduced the military capacity of the Axis powers, although some Axis troops escaped Tunisia. This defeat in Africa led to all Italian colonies in Africa being captured.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Intelligence ==
=== Axis ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-443-1575-19A, Nordafrika, Schützenpanzer.jpg|thumb|A German Signals reception unit in the desert]]
The Axis had considerable success in intelligence gathering through radio communication intercepts and monitoring unit radio traffic. The most important success came through intercepting the reports of Fellers, the US military attaché in Egypt. He had been tasked by Marshall with providing detailed reports on the military situation in Africa.<ref name="Deac">{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/intercepted-communications-for-field-marshal-erwin-rommel.htm/1 |title=Intercepted Communications for Field Marshal Erwin Rommel |author=Wil Deac |work=World War II Magazine |date=12 June 2006 |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225443/http://www.historynet.com/intercepted-communications-for-field-marshal-erwin-rommel.htm/1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fellers talked with British military and civilian headquarters personnel, read documents and visited the battlefront. Known to the Germans as "die gute Quelle" (the good source) or more jokingly as 'the little fellow', he transmitted his reports back to Washington using the "Black Code" of the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]]. However, in September 1941, the Italians had stolen a code book containing the Black Code, photographed it and returned it to the US embassy in Rome.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=251}} The Italians shared parts of their intercepts with their German allies. In addition the "[[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht|Chiffrierabteilung]]" (German military cipher branch) were soon able to break the code. Fellers' reports were very detailed and played a significant role in informing the Germans of allied strength and intentions between January and June 1942

In addition, the Italian ''[[Servizio Informazioni Segrete]]'' or SIS code-breakers were able to successfully intercept much radio encrypted signals intelligence (SIGINT) from British aircraft traffic as well as first-class ciphers from British vessels and land bases, providing [[Supermarina]] (Regia Marina) with timely warnings of Allied intentions in the Mediterranean.{{sfn|O'Hara|Cernuschi|2013|p=119}} Indeed, so successful was the Italian SIS in handling the bulk of Axis naval intelligence in the Mediterranean, that "Britain's offensive use of SIGINT was largely negated by Italy's defensive SIGINT."{{sfn|O'Hara|Cernuschi|2013|p=135}}

The Afrika Korps had the intelligence services of the 621st Signals Battalion mobile monitoring element which arrived in North Africa in late April 1941,{{sfn|Forty|1998|pp=97, 148}} commanded by Hauptmann Alfred Seeböhm. The 621st Signals Battalion monitored radio communications among British units. Unfortunately for the Allies, the British not only failed to change their codes with any frequency, they were also prone to poor radio discipline in combat. Their officers made frequent open, uncoded transmissions to their commands, allowing the Germans to more easily identify British units and deployments.<ref name="Deac" /> The situation changed after a counterattack during the Battle of Gazala resulted in the 621st Signals Battalion being overrun and destroyed, and a number of their documents captured, alerting British intelligence to the problem.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=252}} The British responded by instituting an improved call signal procedure, introducing radiotelephonic codes, imposing rigid wireless silence on reserve formations, padding out real messages with dummy traffic, tightening up on their radio discipline in combat and creating an entire fake signals network in the southern sector.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=252}}

=== Allies ===
[[File:Colossus.jpg|thumb|[[Colossus computer|Colossus Mark II]] computer at [[Bletchley Park]]]]
Allied codebreakers read much enciphered German message traffic, especially that encrypted with the [[Enigma machine]]. The Allies' [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] programme was initially of limited value, as it took too long to get the information to the commanders in the field, and at times provided information that was less than helpful.{{refn|Quote: Protection of the top secret Ultra source meant that the distribution of Ultra was extremely slow and by the time it had reached the relevant commander it was often out of date and therefore at best useless and at worst dangerously mis-leading.[http://www.topedge.com/panels/ww2/na/intelligence.html "Intelligence in North Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124083841/http://www.topedge.com/panels/ww2/na/intelligence.html |date=24 January 2013 }}|group="nb"}} In terms of anticipating the next move the Germans would make, reliance on Ultra sometimes backfired. Part of the reason the initial German attacks in March 1941 were so successful was that Ultra intercepts had informed Wavell that OKW had clearly directed Rommel not to take any offensive action, but to wait until he was further reinforced with the 15th Panzer Division in May.{{refn|{{lang|de|Quote: Schuld an dieser Einschätzung sind die Enigma Berichte, aus denen Wavell ersehen kann, dass Rommel lediglich den Auftrag hat, die Syrte-Front zu stabilisieren, und dass sein wichtigster Verband, die 15. Panzerdivision, noch nicht in Afrika eingetroffen ist.}}[http://www.deutsches-afrikakorps.de/html/verlauf_maerz_1941.html ''Verlauf März 1941''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205231844/http://www.deutsches-afrikakorps.de/html/verlauf_maerz_1941.html |date=5 February 2013 }}. In: ''Der Feldzug in Afrika 1941–1943'' (deutsches-afrikakorps.de). Retrieved 24 November 2009. Translated: The responsibility for this assessment are the Enigma reports, which can be seen from Wavell that Rommel only has a mandate to stabilize the Sirte front, and that his most important unit, the 15th Panzer Division, has not yet arrived in Africa.|group="nb"}} Rommel received this information, but placed more value on his own assessment of the situation. Trusting that the Germans had no intention of taking major action, the British command did not respond until it was too late.{{refn|Quote: On 30 March Wavell signalled, 'I do not believe he can make any big effort for another month.'{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=33}}|group="nb"}} Furthermore, Rommel did not generally provide OKW or the Italian ''Comando Supremo'' details of his planned operations, for he thought the Italians too prone to leak the information. Thus on 21 January 1942, when Rommel struck out on his second offensive from El Agheila, ''Comando Supremo'' was just as surprised to learn of it as the British were.{{refn|Quote from Rommel's diary: I had maintained secrecy over the Panzer Group's forthcoming attack eastwards from Mersa el Brega and informed neither the Italian nor the German High Command. We knew from experience that Italian Headquarters cannot keep things to themselves and that everything they wireless to Rome gets round to British ears. However, I had arranged with the Quartermaster for the Panzer Group's order to be posted in every ''Cantoniera'' in Tripolitinia on 21 January ...{{sfn|Lewin|1998|pp=99–101}}|group="nb"}} Ultra intercepts provided the British with such information as the name of the new German commander, his time of arrival, and the numbers and condition of the Axis forces, but they might not correctly reveal Rommel's intentions.

[[File:Special Air Service in North Africa E 21337.jpg|thumb|right|British [[Special Air Service|SAS]] patrol in armed jeeps]]
The primary benefit of Ultra intercepts to the effort in North Africa was to aid in cutting the Axis supply line to Tunisia. Ultra intercepts provided valuable information about the times and routes of Axis supply shipments across the Mediterranean. This was critical in providing the British with the opportunity to intercept and destroy them. During the time when Malta was under heavy air attack, the ability to act on this information was limited, but as Allied air and naval strength improved, the information became instrumental to Allied success. It is estimated that 40% to 60% of Axis supply shipping was located and destroyed due to decrypted information.<ref name="cl.cam.ac.uk">Kingsly, Sir Harry [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/Historical/hinsley.html "The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622015407/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/Historical/hinsley.html |date=22 June 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Hinsley|1993|p={{page needed|date=November 2024}}}} However, this claim is strongly disputed by the authors [[Vincent P. O'Hara]] and Enrico Cernuschi (2013) who claim that historians like [[Harry Hinsley|F.H. Hinsley]] have greatly exaggerated the effects of Ultra. For example, they claim that intelligence provided by Ultra had little impact in stopping Italian convoys reaching North Africa. Of the 2.67 million tons of materiel, fuel, and munitions shipped to Africa – nearly all in Italian vessels and under Italian escort – 2.24 million tons managed to arrive despite the best efforts of Ultra and the British Navy to prevent it.{{sfn|O'Hara|Cernuschi|2013|p=118}} In effect, "Ultra did not deny the Axis armies the supplies they needed to reach the Nile."{{sfn|O'Hara|Cernuschi|2013|p=135}}

Heavy losses of German paratroopers during the [[Battle of Crete]], made possible by Ultra warnings of the drop times and locations, meant that Hitler hesitated in attacking Malta,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topedge.com/panels/ww2/na/intelligence.html |title=Intelligence in North Africa |work=topedge.com |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> which aided the British in gaining control of the Mediterranean, as did the losses of the Italian Navy at the [[Battle of Cape Matapan]].{{sfn|Hinsley|Stripp|1993|p=3}} To conceal the fact that German coded messages were being read, a fact critical to the overall Allied war effort, British command required a flyover mission be carried out before a convoy could be attacked in order to give the appearance that a reconnaissance flight had discovered the target.

== Atrocities ==
{{See also|Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation}}
The North African campaign was often labeled a "war without hate", a pure military clash in the desert without the partisan murders and [[ethnic cleansing]] that was occurring across Europe. This view has been challenged by recent historians, given that there were indeed many civilians who lived in the region and the campaign was marked by numerous atrocities and abuses by both Italian and German forces towards Allied prisoners of war and local [[The Holocaust|Jewish]], [[Berbers|Berber]], and Arab populations.{{sfnm|1a1=Citino|1y=2007|1p=116|2a1=Bernhard|2y=2012|2pp=425–446}}

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Wehrmacht fuel barrel in Tunesia.jpg|thumb|upright|Wehrmacht fuel barrel in Tunisia, 2010]]
After victory by the Allies in the North African campaign, the stage was set for the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] to begin. The [[Allied invasion of Sicily|invasion of Sicily]] followed two months later. Nearly 400,000 Axis and Allied troops were lost, injured or died of disease by the end of the North African campaign.

== See also ==

* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II]]
* [[List of French military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of Italian Army equipment in World War II]]
* [[List of North African campaign battles]]
* [[North African campaign timeline]]
* Timelines of World War II by year: [[Timeline of World War II (1940)|1940]]{{\}}[[Timeline of World War II (1941)|1941]]{{\}}[[Timeline of World War II (1942)|1942]]{{\}}[[Timeline of World War II (1943)|1943]]
* [[Libya in World War II]]
* ''[[The Campaign for North Africa]]'', 1978 board game

== Notes ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{reflist|group=nb}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
* {{Cite book |first=Rick |last=Atkinson |title=[[An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943]] |orig-year=2002 |year=2004 |publisher=Abacus |isbn=978-0-349-11636-5|author-link=Rick Atkinson}}
* Custermen (2023). [https://www.worldmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/318521-marine-infantry-battalion-of-pacific-ww2/ Marine Infantry Battalion of Pacific WW2] Custermen (2023, July 20). Marine Infantry Battalion of Pacific WW2. World Militaria Forum. https://www.worldmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?%2Ftopic%2F318521-marine-infantry-battalion-of-pacific-ww2%2F
* {{cite book |first=Eddy |last=Bauer |title=The history of World War II |edition=Revised and updated |orig-year=1984 |year=2000 |publisher=Silverdale |location=Great Britain |isbn=978-1-85605-552-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Baxter|first1=Colin F.|title=The War in North Africa, 1940–1943: A Selected Bibliography|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29120-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bernhard |first=Patrick |date=1 December 2012 |title=Behind the Battle Lines: Italian Atrocities and the Persecution of Arabs, Berbers, and Jews in North Africa during World War II |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=425–446 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcs054 |issn=8756-6583}}
* {{cite book |first=Gregory |last=Blaxland |title=The Plain Cook and the Great Showman: The First and Eighth Armies in North Africa |year=1977 |publisher=William Kimber |location=London |isbn=0-7183-0386-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Carell |author-link=Paul Carell |title=Le volpi del deserto. 1941–1943: le armate italo-tedesche in Africa settentrionale |trans-title=The wolves of the desert. 1941–1943: the Italo-German armies in North Africa |publisher=Bantam |location=New York |year=1960}}
* {{cite book |first=Raymond |last=Cartier |year=1975 |title=La Seconde Guerre Mondiale |trans-title=The Second World War |volume=4: January 1943 – June 1944 |publisher=Press Pocket |isbn=978-2-266-00004-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Citino |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Citino| title=Death of the Wehrmacht: The German Campaigns of 1942 |year=2007 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, KS |isbn=978-0-70-062821-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Forty |first=George |year=1998 |title=The Armies of Rommel |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85409-379-0}}
* {{cite book |first1=Christos |last1=Frentzos |first2=Antonio |last2=Thompson |title=Routledge Handbook of US Military and Diplomatic History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-135-07102-8 |location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRiYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |access-date=2020-05-10 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
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* {{cite book |last=Hinsley |first=Francis Harry |author-link=Harry Hinsley |year=1993 |title=British intelligence in the Second World War |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44304-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hinsley |first1=Francis Harry |author-link1=Harry Hinsley |last2=Stripp |first2=Alan |year=1993 |title=Codebreakers: The inside story of Bletchley Park |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280132-6}}
* {{cite book |editor=Istat |year=1957 |title=Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45 |trans-title=Deaths and Missing from War Causes in the Years 1940–45 |language=it |location=Roma |publisher=Instituto Centrale Statistica |oclc=1146519178 }}
* {{cite book |first=Thomas L. |last=Jentz |title=Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7643-0226-8}}
* {{cite book |first=John |last=Keegan |author-link=John Keegan |title=Oxford Companion to World War II |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280666-6}}
* {{cite book |title=Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move |last=Latimer |first=Jon |publisher=Osprey |year=2001 |isbn=0-275-98287-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Ronald |year=1998 |orig-year=1968 |title=Rommel As Military Commander |publisher=B&N Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7607-0861-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/rommelasmilitary0000lewi}}
* {{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=S.P. |author-link=Simon MacKenzie |title=The Second World War in Europe |date=1999 |publisher=[[Longman]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-86471-4 |url= https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarin0000mack/page/54/mode/2up |access-date=2020-05-10 |via=[[Internet Archive#Text collection|Internet Archive Book Reader]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory |last=Macksey |first=Major Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Macksey |issue=Battle Book Number 22 |publisher=Ballantine |year=1971 |series=Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century |oclc=637460844}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Mead |title=Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II |year=2007 |publisher=Spellmount |location=Stroud |isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}
* {{cite journal |last1=O'Hara |first1=Vincent |last2=Cernuschi |first2=Enrico |title=The Other Ultra: Signal Intelligence and the Battle to Supply Rommel's Attack toward Suez |journal=Naval War College Review |date=Summer 2013 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=117–138}}
* {{cite book |first1=Major-General I.S.O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=Brigadier C.J.C. |last2=Molony |first3=Captain F.C. [[Royal Navy|RN]] |last3=Flynn |first4=Group Captain T.P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J.R.M |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |year=2004a |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |volume=I |orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1954 |isbn=978-1-84574-065-8 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book |first1=Major-General I.S.O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=Brigadier C.J.C. |last2=Molony |first3=Captain F.C. [[Royal Navy|RN]] |last3=Flynn |first4=Group Captain T.P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J.R.M |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |year=2004b |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |volume=II |orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1956 |isbn=978-1-84574-066-5 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Major-General I.S.O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=Brigadier C.J.C. |last2=Molony |first3=Captain F.C. [[Royal Navy|RN]] |last3=Flynn |first4=Group Captain T.P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J.R.M |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1966 |year=2004c |location=Uckfield, UK |publisher=Naval & Military Press |isbn=978-1-84574-068-9 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book |last= Porch |first= Douglas |author-link=Douglas Porch |title= The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II |year= 2004 |publisher= Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location= New York |isbn = 978-0-374-20518-8}}
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*{{cite book |last=Freivogel |first=Zvonimir |date=2022 |title=Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1918–1945 |url= |location= |publisher=Despot Infinitus |page= |isbn=978-953-8218-72-9 |access-date=}}
*{{cite book |last=Smetana |first=Vit |last2=Geaney |first2=Kathleen |date= |title=Exile in London: The Experience of Czechoslovakia and the Other Occupied Nations, 1939–1945 |url= |location= |publisher=Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press |page=116 |isbn= 8024637014 |access-date=}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|2=North African campaign}}
* [[German Federal Archives]]: [https://www.bundesarchiv.de/im-archiv-recherchieren/archivgut-recherchieren/nach-themen/der-afrika ''Der Afrikafeldzug'']
{{Prone to spam|date=July 2020}}

* [http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/25/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki The Jews of North Africa and the Holocaust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731230343/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/25/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki |date=31 July 2013}} an e-Newsletter for Holocaust educators by [[Yad Vashem]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_north_africa_campaign.shtml BBC's flash video of the North African campaign]
* [http://www.worldwar-2.net/timelines/war-in-the-desert/war-in-the-desert-index-1940.htm Timeline of the North African campaign]
* [http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/northafrican_e.shtml Canadian World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives – The North African Campaigns, 1940–1943]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120828133551/http://desertwar.net/north-african-campaign.html North African Campaign Desert War.net]

{{World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

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Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)

2026-03-22T11:55:24Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Short description|Civil war in Southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Pandyan Civil War
| width =
| partof =
| image = Singhales_ride_into_Southern_India.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Sinhalese People|Sinhalese]] troops ride into Southern India
| date = 1169–1177<ref name="colas" />
| place = [[Southern India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = *[[Polonnaruwa kingdom]] and Vira Pandya III kingdom Alliance occupy [[Rameshwaram]] until 1182

*Chola backed-faction controls the majority of Pandya Nadu.<ref name="colas" />
*Pandya Nadu re-established
| result = * Pandyan civil conflict ends. Rival kingdoms abandon military intervention
*Sinhalese-Vira Pandya alliance lost the war against Cholas <ref name="colas" />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}} [[Chola dynasty]]
{{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} [[Pandya dynasty]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]]
{{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} [[Pandya dynasty]]
| commander1 = '''Kings'''
{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}} [[Rajaraja II]] (1166–1168)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}} [[Rajadhiraja Chola II|Rajadhiraja II]] (1174–1177)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}} [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (1179–1182)
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Kulasekara Pandyan (1166-1168)
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Jatavarman Vira Pandyan (1174–1177)
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Vikrama Pandiyan (1179–1182)
}}
----
'''Commanders'''
{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}} Peruman Nambi Pallavarayan (supreme) (1166–1168)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}Anna Pallavarayan (supreme) (1174–1182)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}} Narasinga Varmarayan (1166–1168)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}} Kandan Suryan Rajaraja Sambuvarayan (1174–1182)
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Kandadeva Mazhavan
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Mazhava Chakkaravrti
}}
| commander2 = '''Kings'''
{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} [[Parakramabahu I]]
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} [[Parakrama Pandyan I|Parakrama I]]{{KIA}} (1166–1168)
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Kulasekara Pandyan (1174–1177)
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Jatavarman Vira Pandyan (1179–1182)
}}
----
'''Commanders'''
{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} [[Lankapura Dandanatha]] (supreme){{KIA}}
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} Jagath Vijaya {{KIA}}
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} Lankapura Deva
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} Lankagiri Sora
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} Kesadathu Kitti
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} Kesadathu Loka
* {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} Gokanna
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Kandadeva Mazhavan
* {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Mazhava Chakkaravarti
}}
| units1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}[[Chola military|Chola Army]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}[[Chola Navy]] {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Pandyan auxiliaries of [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa#Army|Polonnaruwa Army]] {{flagicon|Anuradhapura Kingdom}} [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa#Naval forces|Polonnaruwa Navy]] {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Pandyan auxiliaries
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = Unknown number of casualties
| casualties2 = Sinhala commanders Lankapura Dandanatha, Jagath Vijaya and their officers and soldiers were killed <ref>{{cite journal |last=GEIGER|first=WILH|title=The Trustworthiness of Mahavamsa|url=https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/gei.htm#:~:text=All%20these%20facts%20are%20told, somtimes%20also%20exaggerations%20may%20occur|pages=215–216|journal=THE Indian Historical Quarterly}}</ref> King Parakrama Pandyan I with many number of his soldiers and many number of Sinhalese Soldiers were killed.<ref name="colas" />
| casualties3 = Some Tamils captured from the war were brought to Sri Lanka to renovate the [[Ruwanwelisaya]]; [[Ramanathaswamy temple]] plundered by Sinhala army.
| notes = The Cholas killed some Sinhalese and took others captive during the counter invasion in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=Nilakanda |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/312542319/The-Colas-Vol-2-Part-1-by-Nilakanta-Sastri|title=The Colas Vol 2|pages=103–104}}</ref>
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Campaignbox Polonnaruwa period conflicts}}

The '''Pandyan Civil War'''<ref name=":0">{{cite book|location=India |title=The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312|year=2008|orig-year=1987|quote=|page=24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Mu. |title=Sozha Nila |publisher=Kavitha publications |year=2014 |pages=428 |language=Tamil}}</ref> from 1169 to 1177<ref name="colas" /><ref name=":1" /> was precipitated by rival claims of succession to the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan throne]]. The Civil War began between [[Parakrama Pandyan I|Parakrama Pandyan]] and his nephew Kulasekhara Pandyan and lasted for the next 15 years between successive Pandyan kings. The war gradually spread to the rest of Southern India when the Chola King [[Rajadhiraja Chola II|Rajadhiraja II]]<ref name="colas" /> and the Sinhalese King [[Parakramabahu I]] of [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa]] entered the fray and took opposing sides in the conflict, eager to increase their influence in the Pandyan kingdom.

In about 1169, Kulasekhara besieged [[Madurai]], forcing the Pandyan king [[Parakrama Pandyan I|Parakrama I]] to appeal to the Sinhalese King [[Parakramabahu I]] for assistance. But before Parakramabahu I's army could reach Madurai, [[Parakrama Pandyan I|Parakrama I]] had been executed, and Kulasekhara Pandyan had ascended the throne. However, [[Parakrama Pandyan I|Parakrama's]] son, Vira Pandyan III, sided with the Polonnaruwa forces led by General [[Lankapura Dandanatha]].<ref name=":2">Ancient Jaffna. pp. 269-270</ref> The Polonnaruwa Army invaded the Pandyan kingdom and, Kulasekhara Pandyan was forced into exile.

==Events==
===Prior to the war===

Images of various gateway towers in the temple in 1169, Kulasekhara Pandyan, a rival claimant of the Pandyan throne, besieged the Pandyan capital at [[Madurai]]. Pandyan king, Parakrama Pandyan I, had to call for military support from the King of [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa]], [[Parakramabahu I]].{{sfn|Mendis|1996|page=65}} By the time the Polonnaruwa Army was assembled for an invasion, it was too late. {{sfn|Siriweera|2002|page=56}} Parakrama Pandyan's position was overrun, and Kulasekhara ascended the throne as Kulasekhara Pandya I.{{sfn|Ramamurthi|1986}} Parakramabahu I instructed his general [[Lankapura Dandanatha]] to invade Pandya and besiege Madurai, thus overthrowing Kulasekhara and place Vira Pandya III on the throne.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1991|page=3}}{{sfn|Perera|Ratnasabapathy|1954|pp=226 & 248-301}}

{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = left
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Rajaraja2 territories.png
| footer = [[Chola|Chola Territory]] During the war.
}}

===Sinhalese offensive===
[[File:Rameswaram_temple_(11).jpg|thumb|The [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] in [[Rameswaram]] was sacked by the [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa Army.]]]]
The offensive began in 1171 or 1172; the Sinhalese Army and other units of Polonnaruwa led by Lankapura launched the attack on [[Ramesvaram]]. After sailing around the [[Palk strait]] for a day, Lankapura landed at [[Ramesvaram]] (Ramissara in Old Sinhala) with the Polonnaruwa forces. However, he plundered the [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameshvaram temple]]'s treasury prior to taking position. Afterwards they took up defensive positions in a nearby place called Kundukala, Lankapura named this place ''Parakramapura'' (in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]). meaning the Land of Parakrama). Lankapura received a message from Vira Pandya III, the surviving son of Parakrama Pandyan; after being aware that he was alive, Lankapura allied with him.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1991|pages=3–9}} Prisoners of Lankapura were sent to repair the [[Ruwanwelisaya]], which was damaged by the Cholas a century prior.<ref name="colas">Sastri. 1935 Page No: 372"If we follow the chronology of the Mahavamsa and one set of Rajadhiraja's inscriptions, the events of the war may be placed between say ad 1169 and 1177." Page No: 369 " Pallavarayar alias Tirucirrambalamudaiyan Perumanambi, who was entrusted with these tasks, entertained Kulasekhara suitably during his stay in the Chola country, and having with his army, resources and zeal, brought about the reconquest of the Pandyan kingdom, he carried out his master's orders to the letter by nailing the heads of Lankapura Dandanatha and others to the gates of Madurai."</ref>

Lankapura defeated the chieftains, who were apparently loyal to Kulasekhara, at Madamdura; and later took possession of Patapatha, defeating its chieftains.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1991|page=5}}

Kulasekhara Pandya put up a fierce resistance against the invasion{{sfn|Paranavitana|Nicolas|page=231}} and appealed to the Chola King Rajadhiraja II for military support. Rajadhiraja responded by sending a powerful force led by commander Pallavarayar. The Chola Army met the Polonnaruwa forces in a couple of pitched battles at Kilenilaya (identified with the modern-day Kilnilai) and Pon-Amaravathi. In addition to the Cholas, Kulasekhara appealed to some Kongu chieftains, who helped him mobilize his forces.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1991|page=4}} The army led by Lankapura advanced to Madurai, defeating the defenses deployed by the Chola army.{{sfn|Rambukwelle|page=128}} Kulasekhara fled Madurai in panic as Vira Pandya was installed on the throne.
Then Cholas decided to fight against the Lankapura's army again, then came news from Pilai Pallavarayar that the commanders including Jayadratha (Jagath Vijaya) and Lankapura Dandanatha and the entire army from Sri Lanka had sustained defeat. <ref name="Sastry 368–372">{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=Nilakanda |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293/page/n384/mode/1up |title=Colas |pages=368–372}}</ref>

===Chola Offensive===
Rajadhiraja II then responded by sending his commander Thiruchitrambalamudaiyan Perumanambi along, with a strong army with specific instructions to kill Lankapura and Jagath Vijaya of the Polonnaruwa Army and hang their heads from the gates of the palace of Madurai.

Pallavarayar alias Tirucirrambalamudaiyan Perumanambi, who was entrusted with these tasks, entertained Kulasekhara suitably during his stay in the Chola country and having with his army, resources and zeal, brought about the reconquest of the Pandyan kingdom. He carried out his master's orders to the letter by nailing the heads of Lankapura Dandanatha and others (other Soldiers) to the gates of Madurai.<ref name="colas" />

The Chola inscriptions that describe this war make it appear that the Chola intervention under Pallava Rayar, the son of Edirisola Sambuvarayan, was effective, and was the deciding factor in the retirement of the Sinhalese. Kulasekhara was able, after the departure of the Sinhala army, to maintain the campaign, and ultimately victory seems to have turned in his favour. The war continued against Vira Pandya even after the retirement of the Sinhalese. Kulasekhara died in the course of the war or soon after. The last great Chola Kulottunga III, as heir-apparent, took up the cause of his son Vikrama Pandya vigorously, and, according to the Chola record at Tirukkollambudur of the fourth year of Kulottunga III (A.D. 1182) "the Sinhalese soldiers had their noses cut off and rushed into the sea. Vira Pandya himself was compelled to retreat. The town of Madurai was captured and made over to Vikrama Pandya." The war thus ended in favour of the Cholas, sometime in the 1170s.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1991|pages=3–10, 42, 105}}

Following rumours that Parakramabahu was preparing for another invasion, Rajadhiraja II sent a brigade commanded by Annan Pallavarayan to launch a pre-emptive strike.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|location=India |title=The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312|year=2008|orig-year=1987|quote=|page=24}}</ref> Annan Pallavarayan invaded Polonnaruwa and destroyed Parakramabahu's preparations for the invasion. The Cholas also provided support to Sinhalese Prince Sri Vallabha, nephew of Parakramabahu and a rival claimant to the Polonnaruwa throne.<ref name='colas'/> Sri Vallabha decided to stay in the Chola camp, assisting the Cholas.<ref name=":2">Ancient Jaffna. pp. 269-270</ref>

The expedition that was sent with Srivallabha at its head captured and destroyed several places in Sri Lanka, including Pulaiccēri and Mahathiththa, where Parakramabahu was gathering his forces; it seized many elephants and set fire to a considerable area extending over twenty kādams from east to west and seventy kādams from north to south, killing some of the Sinhalese chieftains of the locality and taking others(soldiers) captive as [[POWs|prisoners of war]]. The booty captured in the course of the expedition was then duly presented to the Chola king by Annan Pallavarayan, who thus successfully counteracted all the machinations of the Sinhalese ruler.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=Nilakanda |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/312542319/The-Colas-Vol-2-Part-1-by-Nilakanta-Sastri|title=The Colas Vol 2|pages=103–104}}</ref>

According to [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], Parakramabahu made a ''volte-face'' by sending costly gifts such as jewels and gold to Kulasekhara convincing him to invade the Chola Kingdom.<ref name='colas'/>{{sfn|Kasturi|2007|page=103}} Kulasekhara invaded the Cholas but was defeated and driven out. Chola forces then successfully invaded the Pandya kingdom and reinstalled Prince Vira Pandya on the throne.<ref name='colas'/> However, [[Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|S. K. Aiyangar]] notes that Kulasekhara died in the course of the war, and his son Vickrama Pandya kept rebelling against the occupying forces.

===Aftermath===
{{main|Battle of Nettur}}
[[File:Ruwanwelisaya_Stupa_03.JPG|thumb|Prisoners of the War were sent to [[Ruwanwelisaya]] to repair the [[stupa]] previously damaged by [[Chola conquest of Anuradhapura|Chola Invasions]].]]
Vira Pandya remained a client of the Cholas, however, he decided to grant independence to the Pandya country. His hostilities against the Cholas begun at a time when Kulasekhara's son, Vickrama was rebelling against him. Despite receiving assistance from Parakramabahu, he was defeated and Vickrama ascended the throne. The armies of Parakramabahu and Vira Pandyan controlled Rameswaram until 1182.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1991|page=11}}

==Legacy==
===Second conflict===
The death of Jatavarman Pandyan occurred in 1308, a second conflict stemmed from succession disputes amongst his sons, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, the legitimate and younger son and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan II, the illegitimate older son who the king favoured. Accounts from Muslim historians Wassaf and [[Amir Khusrau]] say he was killed by Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III in 1310.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1991|page=97}}

==See also==
*[[Parakrama Pandyan II]]
*[[Chola conquest of Anuradhapura]]
*[[Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya]]
*{{section link|Parakramabahu I|War with Bagan}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras| pages=365–372}}
*{{cite book|last=Coedes|first=George|title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia}}
* {{cite book|last = Sumangala| first= H.S| title= Culawamsa| language= Pali| translator= Greiger W. |orig-year= }}
*{{cite book|last1=Paranavitana|author-link=Senerath Paranavitana|first1=Senerat|title=Ceylon|last2=Nicolas|first2=Cyril Wace}}
* {{cite book|title=Ceylon & Indian History from the Early Times to 1505 A. D.|last1=Perera|first1=L|last2=Ratnasabapathy|first2=M|year=1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nc_AAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W|title=History of Sri Lanka From The Earliest Times Up To The Sixteenth Century|year=2002|publisher=Dayawansa Jayakody & Company|isbn=9555512574}}
* {{cite book|last=Aiyangar|first=Krishnaswami S. |title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1991|isbn=978-81-206-0536-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC&pg=PA3}}
* {{cite book|last=Kasturi|first=P.|location=India|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|year=2007|isbn=978-8188661640}}
* {{cite book|last=Ramamurthi|first=V.|title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic period to 1300 A.D|chapter=The Pandian Civil War|publisher=Internation Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization|year=1986|location=India}}
* {{cite book|last=Sethuraman|first=N.|title=Medieval Pandyas, A.D. 1000-1200|year=|location=}}
* {{cite book|last=Sethuraman|first=N.|year=1978|location=India|title=The Imperial Pandyas}}
* {{cite book|last=Wright|first=Arnold |title=Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1999|pages=37|isbn=978-81-206-1335-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC&pg=PA37}}
* {{cite book|title=Commentary on Sinhala kingship|last=Rambukwelle|location=Sri Lanka|first=R.}}
* {{cite book|title=Early History Of Ceylon|last=Mendis|first=C.|date=December 1996|isbn=978-81-206-0209-0|publisher=Asian Education Services}}
{{refend}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}
{{Polonnaruwa period topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandyan Civil War (1169-1177)}}
[[Category:Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)]]
[[Category:Civil wars of the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:12th century in India]]
[[Category:12th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Pandyan Empire]]
[[Category:1160s conflicts]]
[[Category:1170s conflicts]]
[[Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:1160s in Asia]]
[[Category:1170s in Asia]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Pandyan Empire]]
[[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1173]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1174]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1175]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1176]]

Babu Singh (Odisha politician)

2026-03-21T20:25:10Z

AlexPopp6687: made new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Ekamra-Bhubaneswar]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Babu Singh''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ekamra-bhubaneswar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916586.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ekamra Bhubaneshwar, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Babu Singh wins Ekamra Bhubaneshwar with 74884 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/ekamra-bhubaneshwar-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548498-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Babu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Umayyad Caliphate

2026-03-20T20:53:45Z

AlexPopp6687: added structure for clarity and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Second Islamic caliphate (661–750)}}
{{Redirect|Umayyad|the corresponding ruling dynasty|Umayyad dynasty|the state in the Iberian Peninsula|Umayyad state of Córdoba}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name|ar|ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة}} {{nowrap|{{transliteration|ar|Al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Umayyad Caliphate
| status = [[Empire]]
| government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]]
| year_start = 661
| life_span = 661–750
| year_end = 750
| year_exile_start =
| year_exile_end =
| image_flag = 
| p1 = Rashidun Caliphate
| p2 = Exarchate of Africa
| p3 = Visigothic Kingdom
| p4 = Kingdom of the Aurès
| p5 = Kingdom of Altava
| p6 = Chacha dynasty
| s1 = Abbasid Caliphate
| s2 = Emirate of Córdoba
| s3 = Barghawata
| s4 = Emirate of Nekor
| s5 = Emirate of Tlemcen
| image_map = Umayyad Caliphate 750 AD (orthographic projection).svg
| image_map_caption = The Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph [[Umar II]], {{circa|720}}
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Damascus]] (661–744)
* [[Harran]] (744–750)}}
| official_languages = [[Arabic]]
| religion = [[Islam]] ([[state religion|state]])
| common_languages = {{Hlist|[[Aramaic]]|[[Middle Persian]]|[[Coptic language|Coptic]]|[[Medieval Greek]] (official in certain regions until 700)|various regional languages}}
| GDP_PPP =
| currency = *[[Gold dinar|Dinar]] (gold coin)
* [[Dirham]] (silver coin)
* [[Fals]] (copper coin)
| title_leader = [[List of Caliphs#Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)|Caliph]]
| leader1 = [[Mu'awiya I]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader1 = 661–680
| leader2 = [[Marwan II]] {{small|(last)}}
| year_leader2 = 744–750
| event_start = [[Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty]]
| event_end = [[Abbasid revolution]]
| stat_year1 = 720
| stat_area1 = 11100000
| ref_area1 = <ref name="Taagepera496"/>
}}
{{Caliphate}}
{{History of the Arab States}}

The '''Umayyad Caliphate''' or the '''Umayyad Empire'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Umayyad |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/umayyad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512212049/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/umayyad |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|US|uː|ˈ|m|aɪ|æ|d}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Umayyad|access-date=12 May 2019}}{{*}}{{cite web |title=Umayyad |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Umayyad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512212049/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Umayyad |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |work=Oxford Dictionaries US Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}

{{*}}{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Umayyad |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Umayyad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Umayyad |archive-date=12 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}

{{*}}{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Umayyad|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> {{langx|ar|ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة|al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Umayyad dynasty |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Umayyad-dynasty-Islamic-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619012215/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Umayyad-dynasty-Islamic-history |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=19 May 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> was the second [[caliphate]] established after the death of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and was ruled by the [[Umayyad dynasty]]{{#tag:ref|({{langx|ar|ٱلْأُمَوِيُّون|al-Umawiyyūn}}, or {{langx|ar|بَنُو أُمَيَّة|Banū Umayya|sons of [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|Umayya]]|label=none}}).|group=pron}} from 661 to 750. It succeeded the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], of which the third caliph, [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]], was also a member of the Umayyad clan. The Umayyad family established hereditary rule under [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]], the long-time governor of [[Bilad al-Sham|Greater Syria]], who became caliph after emerging victorious in the [[First Fitna]] following the [[assassination of Ali]] in 661. Syria remained the Umayyads' core power base thereafter, with [[Damascus]] as their capital. After Mu'awiya's death in 680, Umayyad authority was challenged in the [[Second Fitna]], during which the Sufyanid line was replaced in 684 by [[Marwan I|Marwan ibn al-Hakam]], who founded the Marwanid line that restored Umayyad rule over the Caliphate.

The Umayyads continued the [[early Muslim conquests]], conquering the [[Maghreb]], [[Transoxiana]], [[Sind (caliphal province)|Sindh]] and [[Hispania]]. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered an area of {{convert|11100000|km2|sqmi|-5|abbr=on}},<ref name="Taagepera496">{{cite journal|first=Rein |last=Taagepera|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|page=496|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> making it one of the [[largest empires in history]] in terms of geographical size. The dynasty was [[Abbasid revolution|overthrown]] by the [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasids]] in 750. Survivors of the Umayyad dynasty established an [[Umayyad state of Córdoba|emirate and then a caliphate]] in [[al-Andalus]] with its capital at [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], which became a major centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the [[Islamic Golden Age]].<ref name="Barton2009">{{cite book|first=Simon |last=Barton|title=A History of Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeAcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date=30 June 2009|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-137-01347-7|pages=44–5}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Venable1894">{{cite book|first=Francis Preston |last=Venable|title=A Short History of Chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/ashorthistorych01venagoog|year=1894|publisher=Heath|page=[https://archive.org/details/ashorthistorych01venagoog/page/n34 21]}}</ref>

The Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion in exchange for the payment of ''[[jizya]]'' ([[poll tax]]), from which Muslims were exempt.{{sfn|Rahman|1999|p=128}} Muslims were required to pay the [[zakat]], which was explicitly collected for the purposes of [[Islamic socialism#Welfare state|charity]]{{sfn|Rahman|1999|p=128}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/islamic.htm |title=Islamic Economics |website=www.hetwebsite.net |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105085422/http://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/islamic.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and for the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Benthal|author-first1= Jonathan |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |journal=ISIM Newsletter |year=1998 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=13–12 |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124234127/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the early Umayyad caliphs, prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served under the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]s. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious toleration that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, such as in their metropolitan province of Syria. This policy also helped to increase Mu'awiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.<ref>{{Cite book|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA185 185]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C|title=World and Its Peoples|first=Marshall|last=Cavendish|date=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324231228/https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTPC09XoKs0C|title=The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States|first=Michael|last=Haag|date=2012|publisher=Profile Books|isbn=978-1-84765-854-8|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324231228/https://books.google.com/books?id=hTPC09XoKs0C|url-status=live}}</ref> The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period of [[Islamic art]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Yalman |first=Suzan |date=October 2001 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/umay/hd_umay.htm |title=The Art of the Umayyad Period (661–750) |others=Based on original work by Linda Komaroff |work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |place=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920005127/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/umay/hd_umay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

===Origins===
{{main|Umayyad dynasty}}

====Early influence====
During the [[pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic period]], the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] or Banu Umayya were a leading clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe of [[Mecca]].{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bosworth|2000|p=838}} By the end of the 6th century, the Umayyads dominated the Quraysh's increasingly prosperous trade networks with [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and developed economic and military alliances with the [[Bedouin|nomadic Arab]] tribes that controlled the northern and central Arabian desert expanses, affording the clan a degree of political power in the region.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=51}} The Umayyads under the leadership of [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]] were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=40–41}} To reconcile his influential Qurayshite tribesmen, Muhammad gave his former opponents, including Abu Sufyan, a stake in the new order.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=23}}{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=77}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=20}} Abu Sufyan and the Umayyads relocated to [[Medina]], Islam's political centre, to maintain their new-found political influence in the nascent Muslim community.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=20–21}}

Muhammad's death in 632 left open the succession of leadership of the Muslim community.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=50}} Leaders of the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]], the natives of Medina who had provided Muhammad safe haven after his [[Hegira|emigration from Mecca]] in 622, discussed forwarding their own candidate out of concern that the [[Muhajirun]], Muhammad's early followers and fellow emigrants from Mecca, would ally with their fellow tribesmen from the former Qurayshite elite and take control of the Muslim state.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=51}} The Muhajirun gave allegiance to one of their own, the early, elderly [[companions of Muhammad|companion of Muhammad]], [[Abu Bakr]] ({{reign|632|634}}), and put an end to Ansarite deliberations.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=51–52}} Abu Bakr was viewed as acceptable by the Ansar and the Qurayshite elite and was acknowledged as [[caliph]] (leader of the Muslim community).{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=51–53}} He showed favor to the Umayyads by awarding them command roles in the [[Muslim conquest of Syria]]. One of the appointees was [[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan|Yazid]], the son of Abu Sufyan, who owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=45}}{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=114}}

Abu Bakr's successor [[Umar]] ({{reign|634|644}}) curtailed the influence of the Qurayshite elite in favor of Muhammad's earlier supporters in the administration and military, but nonetheless allowed the growing foothold of Abu Sufyan's sons in Syria, which was all but conquered by 638.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=60–61}} When Umar's overall commander of the province [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]] died in 639, he appointed Yazid governor of Syria's [[Jund Dimashq|Damascus]], [[Jund Filastin|Palestine]] and [[Jund al-Urdunn|Jordan]] districts.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=60–61}} Yazid died shortly after and Umar appointed Yazid's brother [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] in his place.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=61}} Umar's exceptional treatment of Abu Sufyan's sons may have stemmed from his respect for the family, their burgeoning alliance with the powerful [[Banu Kalb]] tribe as a counterbalance to the influential [[Himyar]]ite settlers in [[Homs]] who viewed themselves as equals to the Quraysh in nobility, or the lack of a suitable candidate at the time, particularly amid the [[plague of Amwas]] which had already killed Abu Ubayda and Yazid.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=61}} Under Mu'awiya's stewardship, Syria remained domestically peaceful, organized and well-defended from its former [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rulers.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=62–64}}

====Caliphate of Uthman====
[[File:Syria in the 9th century.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of [[Bilad al-Sham|Islamic Syria]] (''Bilad al-Sham''), the metropolis of the Umayyad Caliphate. The founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, [[Mu'awiya I]], had originally been governor of the ''[[junds]]'' (military districts) of [[Jund Dimashq|Damascus]] (''Dimashq'') and [[Jund al-Urdunn|Jordan]] (''al-Urdunn'') in 639 before gaining authority over the rest of Syria's ''junds'' during the caliphate of [[Uthman]] (644–656), a member of the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad family]]]]

Umar's successor, [[Uthman ibn Affan]], was a wealthy Umayyad and early Muslim convert with marital ties to Muhammad.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=80}} He was elected by the ''[[shura]]'' council, composed of Muhammad's cousin [[Ali]], [[al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]], [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] and [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], all of whom were close, early companions of Muhammad and belonged to the Quraysh.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=80}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=45}} He was chosen over Ali because he would ensure the concentration of state power into the hands of the Quraysh, as opposed to Ali's determination to diffuse power among all of the Muslim factions.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=70}} From early in his reign, Uthman displayed explicit favoritism to his kinsmen, in stark contrast to his predecessors.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=80}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=45}} He appointed his family members as governors over the regions successively conquered under Umar and himself, namely much of the [[Sasanian Empire]], i.e. Iraq and Iran, and the former Byzantine territories of Syria and Egypt.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=45}} In Medina, he relied extensively on the counsel of his Umayyad cousins, the brothers [[Al-Harith ibn al-Hakam|al-Harith]] and [[Marwan ibn al-Hakam]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=75}} According to the historian [[Wilferd Madelung]], this policy stemmed from Uthman's "conviction that the house of Umayya, as the core clan of Quraysh, was uniquely qualified to rule in the name of Islam".{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=80}}

Uthman's nepotism provoked the ire of the Ansar and the members of the ''shura''.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=80}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=45}} In 645/46, he added the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]] (Upper Mesopotamia) to Mu'awiya's Syrian governorship and granted the latter's request to take possession of all Byzantine crown lands in Syria to help pay his troops.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=63}} He had the surplus taxes from the wealthy provinces of [[Kufa]] and Egypt forwarded to the treasury in Medina, which he used at his personal disposal, frequently disbursing its funds and war booty to his Umayyad relatives.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=80–81}} Moreover, the lucrative Sasanian crown lands of Iraq, which Umar had designated as communal property for the benefit of the [[amsar|Arab garrison towns]] of Kufa and [[Basra]], were turned into caliphal crown lands to be used at Uthman's discretion.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=81}} Mounting resentment against Uthman's rule in Iraq and Egypt and among the Ansar and Quraysh of Medina culminated in the [[Assassination of Uthman|killing of the caliph]] in 656. In the assessment of the historian [[Hugh N. Kennedy]], Uthman was killed because of his determination to centralize control over the [[Rashidun Caliphate|caliphate]]'s government by the traditional elite of the Quraysh, particularly his Umayyad clan, which he believed possessed the "experience and ability" to govern, at the expense of the interests, rights and privileges of many early Muslims.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=75}}

==== First Fitna ====
After Uthman's assassination, Ali was recognized as the next Rashidun caliph in Medina, though his support stemmed from the Ansar and the Iraqis, while the bulk of the Quraysh was wary of his rule.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=75}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}} The first challenge to his authority came from the Qurayshite leaders al-Zubayr and Talha, who had opposed Uthman's empowerment of the Umayyad clan but feared that their own influence and the power of the Quraysh, in general, would dissipate under Ali.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=75–76}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=27}} Backed by one of Muhammad's wives, [[Aisha]], they attempted to rally support against Ali among the troops of Basra, prompting the caliph to leave for Iraq's other garrison town, Kufa, where he could better confront his challengers.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=76}} Ali defeated them at the [[Battle of the Camel]], in which al-Zubayr and Talha were slain, and Aisha consequently entered self-imposed seclusion.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=76}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=53}} Ali's sovereignty was thereafter recognized in Basra and Egypt, and he established Kufa as the caliphate's new capital.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=53}}

Although Ali was able to replace Uthman's governors in Egypt and Iraq with relative ease, Mu'awiya had developed a strong power base and an effective military against the Byzantines from the Arab tribes of Syria.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=76}} Mu'awiya did not yet explicitly claim the caliphate but was determined to retain control of Syria and opposed Ali in the name of avenging his kinsman Uthman, accusing the caliph of complicity in his death.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=76, 78}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=190}} Ali's Iraqi army and Mu'awiya's Syrian forces fought to a stalemate at the [[Battle of Siffin]] in early 657. Ali agreed to settle the matter with Mu'awiya by arbitration, though the talks failed to achieve a resolution.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=265}} The decision to arbitrate fundamentally weakened Ali's political position as he was forced to negotiate with Mu'awiya on equal terms, while it drove a faction of Ali's forces, who later became known as the [[Kharijites]], to revolt.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=79}} Ali's coalition steadily disintegrated and many Iraqi tribal nobles secretly defected to Mu'awiya, while Mu'awiya's ally [[Amr ibn al-As]] ousted Ali's governor from Egypt in July 658.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=265}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=80}} In July 660 Mu'awiya was formally recognized as caliph in [[Jerusalem]] by his Syrian tribal allies.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=265}} Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite dissident in January 661.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=59}} His son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] succeeded him but abdicated in return for compensation upon Mu'awiya's invasion of Iraq with his Syrian army in the summer.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=265}} Mu'awiya then entered Kufa and received the allegiance of the Iraqis.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=59}}

===Sufyanid period===
====Caliphate of Mu'awiya====
[[File:Greek Muawiya inscription of Hammat Gader, 663 AD.png|thumb|upright=1|A [[Greek language|Greek]] inscription crediting Mu'awiya for restoring [[Roman Empire|Roman]] bathhouses at [[Hammat Gader]] near [[Tiberias]] in 663, the only known epigraphic attestation to Mu'awiya's rule in Syria]]

The recognition of Mu'awiya in Kufa, referred to as the "year of unification of the community" in the Muslim traditional sources, is generally considered the start of his caliphate.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=265}} With his accession, the political capital and the caliphal treasury were transferred to [[Damascus]], the seat of Mu'awiya's power.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=59–60}} Syria's emergence as the metropolis of the Umayyad Caliphate was the result of Mu'awiya's twenty-year entrenchment in the province, the geographic distribution of its relatively large Arab population throughout the province in contrast to their seclusion in garrison cities in other provinces, and the domination of a single tribal confederation, the [[Quda'a]] who were led by the [[Banu Kalb]] with whom Mu'awiya had a marriage alliance, as opposed to the wide array of competing tribal groups in Iraq.{{sfn|Hawting|2000a|p=842}} The long-established, formerly Christian Arab tribes in Syria, having been integrated into the military of the Byzantine Empire and their [[Ghassanid]] client kings, were "more accustomed to order and obedience" than their Iraqi counterparts, according to historian [[Julius Wellhausen]].{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=55}} Mu'awiya relied on the powerful Kalbite chief [[Ibn Bahdal]] and the [[Kinda (tribe)|Kindite]] nobleman [[Shurahbil ibn Simt]] alongside the Qurayshite commanders [[al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri]] and [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid|Abd al-Rahman]], the son of the prominent general [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], to guarantee the loyalty of the key military components of Syria.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=86–87}} Mu'awiya preoccupied his core Syrian troops in nearly annual or bi-annual land and sea raids against Byzantium, which provided them with battlefield experience and war spoils, but secured no permanent territorial gains.{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=247}} Toward the end of his reign the caliph entered a thirty-year truce with Byzantine emperor [[Constantine IV]] ({{reign|668|685}}),{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=87–88}} obliging the Umayyads to pay the Empire an annual tribute of gold, horses and slaves.{{sfn|Lilie|1976|pp=81–82}}

[[File:Umayyad Caliphate. temp. Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan. AH 41-60 AD 661-680.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|[[Arab–Sasanian coinage|Arab-Sasanian]]-style Umayyad coin minted under [[Mu'awiya I]] rule in [[Basra]] in 675/76 in the name of the Umayyad governor [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]]. The latter's governorship later spanned all of the eastern caliphate. His father [[Ziyad ibn Abihi]] was adopted as a half-brother by Mu'awiya I, who made him his practical viceroy over the eastern caliphate.]]

Mu'awiya's main challenge was reestablishing the unity of the Muslim community and asserting his authority and that of the caliphate in the provinces amid the political and social disintegration of the First Fitna.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=82}} There remained significant opposition to his assumption of the caliphate and to a strong central government.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=82–83}} The garrison towns of Kufa and Basra, populated by the Arab immigrants and troops who arrived during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|conquest of Iraq in the 630s–640s]], resented the transition of power to Syria.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}} They remained divided, nonetheless, as both cities competed for power and influence in Iraq and its eastern dependencies and remained divided between the Arab tribal nobility and the early Muslim converts, the latter of whom were divided between the pro-[[Alids]] (loyalists of Ali) and the Kharijites, who followed their own strict interpretation of Islam.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}} The caliph applied a decentralized approach to governing Iraq by forging alliances with its tribal nobility, such as the Kufan leader [[al-Ash'ath ibn Qays]], and entrusting the administration of Kufa and Basra to highly experienced members of the [[Thaqif]] tribe, [[al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba]] and the latter's protege [[Ziyad ibn Abihi]] (whom Mu'awiya adopted as his half-brother), respectively.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=83–85}} In return for recognizing his suzerainty, maintaining order, and forwarding a token portion of the provincial tax revenues to Damascus, the caliph let his governors rule with practical independence.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}} After al-Mughira's death in 670, Mu'awiya attached Kufa and its dependencies to the governorship of Basra, making Ziyad the practical viceroy over the eastern half of the caliphate.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=85}} Afterward, Ziyad launched a concerted campaign to firmly establish Arab rule in the vast [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]] region east of Iran and restart the Muslim conquests in the surrounding areas.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=86}} Not long after Ziyad's death, he was succeeded by his son [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=86}} Meanwhile, Amr ibn al-As ruled Egypt from the provincial capital of [[Fustat]] as a virtual partner of Mu'awiya until his death in 663, after which loyalist governors were appointed and the province became a practical appendage of Syria.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=87}} Under Mu'awiya's direction, the Muslim conquest of [[Ifriqiya]] (central North Africa) was launched by the commander [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] in 670, which extended Umayyad control as far as [[Byzacena]] (modern southern Tunisia), where Uqba founded the permanent Arab garrison city of [[Kairouan]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=209}}{{sfn|Christides|2000|p=790}}

====Succession of Yazid I and collapse of Sufyanid rule====
[[File:Sufyanid dynasty genealogy.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Genealogical tree of the Sufyanids. The names in red indicate caliphs.]]

In contrast to Uthman, Mu'awiya restricted the influence of his Umayyad kinsmen to the governorship of Medina, where the dispossessed Islamic elite, including the Umayyads, was suspicious or hostile toward his rule.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=135}} However, in an unprecedented move in Islamic politics, Mu'awiya nominated his own son, [[Yazid I]], as his successor in 676, introducing hereditary rule to caliphal succession and, in practice, turning the office of the caliph into a kingship.{{sfn|Duri|2011|pp=22–23}} The act was met with disapproval or opposition by the Iraqis and the Hejaz-based Quraysh, including the Umayyads, but most were bribed or coerced into acceptance.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=88}} Yazid acceded after Mu'awiya's death in 680 and almost immediately faced a challenge to his rule by the Kufan partisans of Ali who had invited Ali's son and Muhammad's grandson [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] to stage a revolt against Umayyad rule from Iraq.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=88–89}} An army mobilized by Iraq's governor Ibn Ziyad intercepted and killed Husayn outside Kufa at the [[Battle of Karbala]]. Although it stymied active opposition to Umayyad authority in Iraq for the time being, the killing of Muhammad's grandson left many Muslims outraged and significantly increased Kufan hostility toward the Umayyads and sympathy for the family of Ali.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}}

The next major challenge to Yazid's rule emanated from the Hejaz where [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], the son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and grandson of Abu Bakr, advocated for a ''shura'' among the Quraysh to elect the caliph and rallied opposition to the Umayyads from his headquarters in Islam's holiest sanctuary, the [[Ka'aba]] in Mecca.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}} The Ansar and Quraysh of Medina also took up the anti-Umayyad cause and in 683 expelled the Umayyads from the city.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=89–90}} Yazid's Syrian troops routed the Medinans at the [[Battle of al-Harra]] and subsequently plundered Medina before [[Siege of Mecca (683)|besieging Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=90}} The Syrians withdrew upon news of Yazid's death in 683, after which Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and soon after gained recognition in most provinces of the caliphate, including Iraq and Egypt.{{sfn|Gibb|1960a|p=55}} In Syria Ibn Bahdal secured the succession of Yazid's son and appointed successor [[Mu'awiya II]], whose authority was likely restricted to Damascus and Syria's southern districts.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=90}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1993|p=268}} Mu'awiya II had been ill from the beginning of his accession, with al-Dahhak assuming the practical duties of his office, and he died in early 684 without naming a successor.{{sfn|Duri|2011|pp=23–24}} His death marked the end of the Umayyads' Sufyanid ruling house, called after Mu'awiya I's father Abu Sufyan.{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bosworth|2000|pp=838–839}}{{efn|The eldest surviving Sufyanid, [[al-Walid ibn Utba]], the son of Mu'awiya I's full brother, died shortly after Mu'awiya II's death, while another paternal uncle of the deceased caliph, [[Uthman ibn Anbasa ibn Abi Sufyan]], who had support from the Kalb of the Jordan district, recognized the caliphate of his maternal uncle Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Bosworth|1993|p=268}} Ibn Bahdal favored Mu'awiya II's brothers, [[Khalid ibn Yazid|Khalid]] and [[Abd Allah ibn Yazid|Abd Allah]], for the succession, but they were viewed as too young and inexperienced by most of the pro-Umayyad tribal nobility in Syria.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=91}}{{sfn|Duri|2011|pp=24–25}}}}

===Early Marwanid period===
====Marwanid transition and end of Second Fitna====
[[File:Second Fitna Territorial Control Map ca 686.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Map of the Middle East with shaded areas indicating the territorial control of the main political actors of the Second Muslim Civil War|Map of the caliphate during the [[Second Fitna]] in {{circa|686}}. The area shaded in red represents the approximate territory of the Umayyads, while the areas shaded in blue, green and yellow respectively represent the territories of the [[Mecca]]-based caliph [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], the pro-Alid ruler of [[Kufa]] [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]], and the [[Kharijites]] ]]

Umayyad authority nearly collapsed in their Syrian stronghold after the death of Mu'awiya II.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=90–91}} Al-Dahhak in Damascus, the [[Qays]] tribes in [[Jund Qinnasrin|Qinnasrin]] (northern Syria) and the Jazira, the [[Judham]] in Palestine, and the Ansar and South Arabians of Homs all opted to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Crone|1994|p=45}} Marwan ibn al-Hakam, the leader of the Umayyads expelled to Syria from Medina, was prepared to submit to Ibn al-Zubayr as well but was persuaded to forward his candidacy for the caliphate by Ibn Ziyad. The latter had been driven out of Iraq and strove to uphold Umayyad rule.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=90–91}} During a summit of pro-Umayyad Syrian tribes, namely the Quda'a and their Kindite allies, organized by Ibn Bahdal in the old Ghassanid capital of [[Jabiya]], Marwan was elected caliph in exchange for economic privileges to the loyalist tribes.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=91}}{{sfn|Crone|1994|p=46}} At the subsequent [[Battle of Marj Rahit (684)|Battle of Marj Rahit]] in August 684, Marwan led his tribal allies to a decisive victory against a much larger Qaysite army led by al-Dahhak, who was slain.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=91}} Not long after, the South Arabians of Homs and the Judham joined the Quda'a to form the tribal confederation of [[Yaman (tribal group)|Yaman]].{{sfn|Crone|1994|p=46}} Marj Rahit led to the long-running [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|conflict between the Qays and Yaman]] coalitions. The Qays regrouped in the [[Euphrates river]] fortress of [[Circesium]] under [[Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi]] and moved to avenge their losses.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=201–202}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=33}} Although Marwan regained full control of Syria in the months following the battle, the inter-tribal strife undermined the foundation of Umayyad power: the Syrian army.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=182}}

In 685, Marwan and Ibn Bahdal expelled the [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri|Zubayrid governor of Egypt]] and replaced him with Marwan's son [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan|Abd al-Aziz]], who would rule the province until his death in 704/05.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=92–93}} Another son, [[Muhammad ibn Marwan|Muhammad]], was appointed to suppress Zufar's rebellion in the Jazira.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=92}} Marwan died in April 685 and was succeeded by his eldest son [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=93}} Although Ibn Ziyad attempted to restore the Syrian army of the Sufyanid caliphs, persistent divisions along Qays–Yaman lines contributed to the army's massive rout and Ibn Ziyad's death at the hands of the pro-Alid forces of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] of Kufa at the [[Battle of Khazir]] in August 686.{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|pp=32–33}} The setback delayed Abd al-Malik's attempts to reestablish Umayyad authority in Iraq,{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=33}} while pressures from the Byzantine Empire and raids into Syria by the Byzantines' [[Mardaite]] allies compelled him to sign a peace treaty with Byzantium in 689 which substantially increased the Umayyads' annual tribute to the Empire.{{sfn|Dixon|1969|pp=220–222}} During his siege of Circesium in 691, Abd al-Malik reconciled with Zufar and the Qays by offering them privileged positions in the Umayyad court and army, signaling a new policy by the caliph and his successors to balance the interests of the Qays and Yaman in the Umayyad state.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=97–98}}{{sfn|Dixon|1969|pp=174–176, 206–208}} With his unified army, Abd al-Malik marched against the Zubayrids of Iraq, having already secretly secured the defection of the province's leading tribal chiefs, and defeated Iraq's ruler, Ibn al-Zubayr's brother [[Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr|Mus'ab]], at the [[Battle of Maskin]] in 691.{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=33}}{{sfn|Dixon|1969|pp=235–239}} Afterward, the Umayyad commander [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] [[siege of Mecca (692)|besieged Mecca]] and killed Ibn al-Zubayr in 692, marking the end of the Second Fitna and the reunification of the caliphate under Abd al-Malik's rule.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=98}}

====Domestic consolidation and centralization====
[[File:First Umayyad gold dinar, Caliph Abd al-Malik, 695 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Abd al-Malik introduced an independent Islamic currency, the [[gold dinar]], in 693, which originally depicted a human figure, likely the caliph, as shown in this coin minted in 695. In 697, the figural depictions were replaced solely by Qur'anic and other Islamic inscriptions]]

Iraq remained politically unstable and the garrisons of Kufa and Basra had become exhausted by warfare with Kharijite rebels.{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=76}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=33}} In 694 Abd al-Malik combined both cities as a single province under the governorship of al-Hajjaj, who oversaw the suppression of the Kharijite revolts in Iraq and Iran by 698 and was subsequently given authority over the rest of the eastern caliphate.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=87}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=231}} Resentment among the Iraqi troops towards al-Hajjaj's methods of governance, particularly his death threats to force participation in the war efforts and his reductions to their stipends, culminated with a mass Iraqi rebellion against the Umayyads in {{circa|700}}. The leader of the rebels was the Kufan nobleman [[Ibn al-Ash'ath]], grandson of al-Ash'ath ibn Qays.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|pp=87–88}} Al-Hajjaj defeated Ibn al-Ash'ath's rebels at the [[Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim]] in April.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=88}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=34}} The suppression of the revolt marked the end of the Iraqi ''muqātila'' as a military force and the beginning of Syrian military domination of Iraq.{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=34}} Iraqi internal divisions, and the utilization of more disciplined Syrian forces by Abd al-Malik and al-Hajjaj, voided the Iraqis' attempt to reassert power in the province.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=88}}

To consolidate Umayyad rule after the Second Fitna, the Marwanids launched a series of centralization, [[Islamization]] and [[Arabization]] measures.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=85}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=62}} These measures included the creation of multiple classes of Arabic-inscribed administrative media as a way to proliferate their particular political, cultural, and religious disposition to both Arab and non-Arab audiences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramadan |first=Tareq A. |date=2017 |title=Inscribed Administrative Material Culture And The Development Of The Umayyad State In Syria-Palestine 661-750 CE (Dissertation) |journal=Wayne State University Dissertations |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1860/}}</ref> To prevent further rebellions in Iraq, al-Hajjaj founded a permanent Syrian garrison in [[Wasit]], situated between Kufa and Basra, and instituted a more rigorous administration in the province.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=88}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=34}} Power thereafter derived from the Syrian troops, who became Iraq's ruling class, while Iraq's Arab nobility, religious scholars and ''mawālī'' became their virtual subjects.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=88}} The surplus from the agriculturally rich [[Sawad]] lands was redirected from the ''muqātila'' to the caliphal treasury in Damascus to pay the Syrian troops in Iraq.{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=34}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=85}} The system of military pay established by Umar, which paid stipends to veterans of the earlier Muslim conquests and their descendants, was ended, salaries being restricted to those in active service.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=89}} The old system was considered a handicap on Abd al-Malik's executive authority and financial ability to reward loyalists in the army.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=89}} Thus, a professional army was established during Abd al-Malik's reign whose salaries derived from tax proceeds.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=89}}

In 693, the Byzantine gold ''[[solidus (coin)|solidus]]'' was replaced in Syria and Egypt with the [[gold dinar|dinar]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=28, 94}} Initially, the new coinage contained depictions of the caliph as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community and its supreme military commander.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=28}} This image proved no less acceptable to Muslim officialdom and was replaced in 696 or 697 with image-less coinage inscribed with Qur'anic quotes and other Muslim religious formulas.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=28, 94}} In 698/699, similar changes were made to the silver [[dirham]]s issued by the Muslims in the former Sasanian Persian lands of the eastern caliphate.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=94}} Arabic replaced [[Middle Persian|Persian]] as the language of the ''dīwān'' in Iraq in 697, [[Greek language|Greek]] in the Syrian ''dīwān'' in 700, and Greek and [[Coptic language|Coptic]] in the Egyptian ''dīwān'' in 705/706.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=28, 94}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=63}}{{sfn|Duri|1965|p=324}} Arabic ultimately became the sole official language of the Umayyad state,{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=94}} but the transition in faraway provinces, such as Khurasan, did not occur until the 740s.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|pp=63–64}} Although the official language was changed, Greek and Persian-speaking bureaucrats who were versed in Arabic kept their posts.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=219–220}} According to Gibb, the decrees were the "first step towards the reorganization and unification of the diverse tax-systems in the provinces, and also a step towards a more definitely Muslim administration".{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}} Indeed, it formed an important part of the Islamization measures that lent the Umayyad Caliphate "a more ideological and programmatic coloring it had previously lacked", according to Blankinship.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=95}}

In 691/692, Abd al-Malik completed the [[Dome of the Rock]] in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Johns|2003|pp=424–426}}{{sfn|Elad|1999|p=45}} It was possibly intended as a monument of victory over the Christians that would distinguish Islam's uniqueness within the common [[Abrahamic]] setting of Jerusalem, home of the two older Abrahamic faiths, Judaism and Christianity.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=60}} An alternative motive may have been to divert the religious focus of Muslims in the Umayyad realm from the Ka'aba in Zubayrid Mecca (683–692), where the Umayyads were routinely condemned during the Hajj.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|pp=425–426}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=60}} In Damascus, Abd al-Malik's son and successor [[al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}}) confiscated the cathedral of [[John the Baptist|St. John the Baptist]] and founded the [[Umayyad Mosque|Great Mosque]] in its place as a "symbol of the political supremacy and moral prestige of Islam", according to historian Nikita Elisséeff.{{sfn|Elisséeff|1965|p=801}} Noting al-Walid's awareness of architecture's propaganda value, historian Robert Hillenbrand calls the Damascus mosque a "victory monument" intended as a "visible statement of Muslim supremacy and permanence".{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|pp=71–72}}

====Renewal of conquests====
{{See also|Muslim conquest of Armenia|Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslim conquest of Hispania|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|Umayyad campaigns in India}}
[[File:Caliphate 750.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Old map of western Eurasia and northern Africa showing the expansion of the Caliphate from Arabia to cover most of the Middle East, with the Byzantine Empire outlined in green|The expansion of the Muslim Caliphate until 750, from [[William R. Shepherd]]'s ''Historical Atlas''. {{legend2|#df9860|Muslim state at the death of [[Muhammad]]}} {{legend2|#c29d44|Expansion under the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]}} {{legend2|#e4af90|Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate}} {{legend-line|#99a53a solid 5px|[[Byzantine Empire]]}}]]

Under al-Walid I the Umayyad Caliphate reached its greatest territorial extent.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=90}} The war with the Byzantines had resumed under his father after the civil war,{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}} with the Umayyads defeating the Byzantines at the [[Battle of Sebastopolis]] in 692.{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}}{{sfn|Lilie|1976|pp=110–112}} The Umayyads frequently raided Byzantine Anatolia and Armenia in the following years.{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}}{{sfn|Lilie|1976|pp=112–116}} By 705, Armenia was annexed by the caliphate along with the principalities of [[Caucasian Albania]] and [[Principality of Iberia|Iberia]], which collectively became the province of [[Arminiya]].{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=107}}{{sfn|Ter-Ghewondyan|1976|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Lilie|1976|pp=113–115}} In 695–698 the commander [[Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani]] restored Umayyad control over Ifriqiya after defeating the Byzantines and Berbers there.{{sfn|Kaegi|2010|p=14}}{{sfn|Talbi|1971|p=271}} [[Battle of Carthage (698)|Carthage was captured]] and destroyed in 698,{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}}{{sfn|Talbi|1971|p=271}} signaling "the final, irretrievable end of [[Exarchate of Africa|Roman power in Africa]]", according to Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=217}} Kairouan was firmly secured as a launchpad for later conquests, while the port town of [[medina of Tunis|Tunis]] was founded and equipped with an arsenal on Abd al-Malik's orders to establish a strong Arab fleet.{{sfn|Gibb|1960b|p=77}}{{sfn|Talbi|1971|p=271}} Hassan ibn al-Nu'man continued the campaign against the Berbers, defeating them and killing their leader, the warrior queen [[al-Kahina]], between 698 and 703.{{sfn|Kaegi|2010|p=14}} His successor in Ifriqiya, [[Musa ibn Nusayr]], subjugated the Berbers of the [[Hawwara]], [[Zenata]] and [[Kutama]] confederations and advanced into the [[Maghreb]] (western North Africa), conquering [[Tangier]] and [[Sous|Sus]] in 708/709. Musa's Berber ''[[mawla]]'', [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]], invaded the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] of [[Al-Andalus|Hispania]] (the Iberian Peninsula) in 711 and within five years most of [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Hispania was conquered]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=90}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1993|p=643}}{{sfn|Kaegi|2010|p=15}}

[[File:Umayyad Caliphate coinage temp Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik al-Hind (possibly Multan) mint. Dated AH 97 (AD 715-6).jpg|thumb|300px|Umayyad coinage in India, from the time of the first [[Caliphal province of Sind|Governor of Sind]] [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]. Minted in India "[[al-Hind]]" (possibly in the city of [[Multan]]), dated AH 97 (715–716 CE): obverse circular legend ''"in the name of Allah, struck this dirham in [[al-Hind]] ([[File:India in Abd al-Malik al-Hind coin 715 CE (detail).jpg|20px]] ''{{lang|ar|[[:ary:لهند|لهند]]}}'' l'Hind) in the year seven and ninety"''.]]

Al-Hajjaj managed the eastern expansion from Iraq.{{sfn|Kennedy|2002|p=127}} His lieutenant governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]], launched numerous campaigns against [[Transoxiana]] (Central Asia), which had been a largely impenetrable region for earlier Muslim armies, between 705 and 715.{{sfn|Kennedy|2002|p=127}} Despite the distance from the Arab garrison towns of Khurasan, the unfavorable terrain and climate and his enemies' numerical superiority,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=438}} Qutayba, through his persistent raids, gained the surrender of [[Bukhara]] in 706–709, [[Khwarazm]] and [[Samarkand]] in 711–712 and [[Farghana]] in 713.{{sfn|Kennedy|2002|p=127}} During Qutayba's campaigns in conquering the Bukharan territories of Numushkat and Ramithna in 707 CE (88 AH), he faced a coalition force of Turks and the [[Tang dynasty|Tang Empire]]. their army roughly numbered 200,000 soldiers of Ferghana and Sogdiana, led by [[Kur Maghayun]], who the sources identify as the Chinese emperor's nephew. a heavy battle occurred. Qutayba managed to defeat the coalition army in combat, driving its commander to retreat, and then led his army back to his base at Merv.{{sfn|al-Sallabi|2008|p=[https://archive.org/details/2_20190819_20190819/page/42/mode/1up 42]}}{{sfn|Muir|1891|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276998/page/n374/mode/1up 359]}} He established Arab garrisons and tax administrations in Samarkand and Bukhara and demolished their [[Zoroastrian]] [[fire temple]]s.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=437–438}} Both cities developed as future centres of Islamic and Arabic learning.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=438}} Umayyad suzerainty was secured over the rest of conquered Transoxiana through tributary alliances with local rulers, whose power remained intact.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|pp=90–91}} From 708/709, al-Hajjaj's kinsman [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi|Muhammad ibn al-Qasim]] conquered northwestern South Asia and established out of this new territory the [[Sind (caliphal province)|province of Sind]].{{sfn|Dietrich|1971|p=41}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=91}} The massive war spoils netted by the conquests of Transoxiana, Sind and Hispania were comparable to the amounts accrued in the [[early Muslim conquests]] during the reign of Caliph Umar.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=82}}

Al-Walid I's successor, his brother [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]] ({{reign|715|717}}), continued his predecessors' [[militarism|militarist]] policies, but expansion mostly ground to a halt during his reign.{{sfn|Eisener|1997|p=821}} The deaths of al-Hajjaj in 714 and Qutayba in 715 left the Arab armies in Transoxiana in disarray. For the next 25 years, no further eastward conquests were undertaken and the Arabs lost territory.{{sfn|Gibb|1923|p=54}} The Tang Chinese defeated the Arabs at the [[Battle of Aksu (717)|Battle of Aksu]] in 717, forcing their withdrawal to [[Tashkent]].{{sfn|Beckwith|1993|pp=88–89}} Meanwhile, in 716, the governor of Khurasan, [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]], attempted to conquer the principalities of [[Jurjan]] and [[Tabaristan]] along the southern [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] coast.{{sfn|Madelung|1975|pp=198–199}} His Khurasani and Iraqi troops were reinforced by Syrians, marking their first deployment to Khurasan, but the Arabs' initial successes were reversed by the local Iranian coalition of [[Farrukhan the Great]]. Afterward, the Arabs withdrew in return for a tributary agreement.{{Sfn|Madelung|1993}}

[[File:47-cropped-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|alt=Medieval illustration showing cavalry sallying from a city and routing an enemy army|A 14th-century illustration of the [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|siege of Constantinople]]]]

On the Byzantine front, Sulayman took up his predecessor's project to capture Constantinople with increased vigor.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=344}} His brother [[Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik|Maslama]] [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|besieged the Byzantine capital]] from the land,{{sfn|Powers|1989|pp=39–40}} while [[Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari]] launched a naval campaign against the city.{{sfn|Eisener|1997|p=821}} The Byzantines destroyed the Umayyad fleets and defeated Maslama's army, prompting his withdrawal to Syria in 718.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|pp=347–348}} The massive losses incurred during the campaign led to a partial retrenchment of Umayyad forces from the captured Byzantine frontier districts,{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Lilie|1976|pp=132–133}} but already in 720, Umayyad raids against Byzantium recommenced. Nevertheless, the goal of conquering Constantinople was effectively abandoned, and the frontier between the two empires stabilized along the line of the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] and [[Anti-Taurus Mountains]], over which both sides continued to launch regular raids and counter-raids during the next centuries.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=117–121}}{{sfn|Lilie|1976|pp=143–144, 158–162}}

====Caliphate of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz====
Contrary to expectations of a son or brother succeeding him, Sulayman had nominated his cousin, [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]], as his successor and he took office in 717. After the Arabs' severe losses in the offensive against Constantinople, Umar drew down Arab forces on the caliphate's war fronts, though [[Narbonne]] in modern France was conquered during his reign.{{sfn|Cobb|2000|p=821}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=268–269}} To maintain stronger oversight in the provinces, Umar dismissed all his predecessors' governors, his new appointees being generally competent men he could control. To that end, the massive viceroyalty of Iraq and the east was broken up.{{sfn|Cobb|2000|p=821}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=106}}

Umar's most significant policy entailed fiscal reforms to equalize the status of the Arabs and ''mawali'',{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=31}} thus remedying a long-standing issue which threatened the Muslim community.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=107}} The [[jizya]] (poll tax) on the ''mawali'' was eliminated.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=77}} Hitherto, the jizya, which was traditionally reserved for the non-Muslim majorities of the caliphate, continued to be imposed on non-Arab converts to Islam, while all Muslims who cultivated conquered lands were liable to pay the {{Transliteration|ar|kharaj}} (land tax). Since avoidance of taxation incentivized both mass conversions to Islam and abandonment of land for migration to the garrison cities, it put a strain on tax revenues, especially in Egypt, Iraq and Khurasan.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|pp=77–79}} Thus, "the Umayyad rulers had a vested interest in preventing the conquered peoples from accepting Islam or forcing them to continue paying those taxes from which they claimed exemption as Muslims", according to Hawting.{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=78}} To prevent a collapse in revenue, the converts' lands would become the property of their villages and remain liable for the full rate of the {{Transliteration|ar|kharaj}}.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=107}}

In tandem, Umar intensified the Islamization drive of his Marwanid predecessors, enacting measures to distinguish Muslims from non-Muslims and inaugurating Islamic [[iconoclasm]].{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=32}} His position among the Umayyad caliphs is unusual, in that he became the only one to have been recognized in subsequent Islamic tradition as a righteous and legitimate caliph (''khalifa'') and not merely someone who was a worldly king (''malik'').{{sfn|Kennedy|2002|p=107}}

===Late Marwanid period===
After the death of Umar II, another son of Abd al-Malik, [[Yazid II]] ({{reign|720|724}}) became caliph. Not long after his accession, another mass revolt against Umayyad rule was staged in Iraq, this time by the prominent statesman [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]]. The latter declared a holy war against the Umayyads, took control of Basra and Wasit and gained the support of the Kufan elite. The caliph's Syrian army defeated the rebels and pursued and nearly eliminated the influential [[Muhallabid]]s, marking the suppression of the last major Iraqi revolt against the Umayyads.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=313–318}}

Yazid II reversed Umar II's equalization reforms, reimposing the jizya on the {{Transliteration|ar|mawali}}, which sparked revolts in Khurasan in 721 or 722 that persisted for some twenty years and met strong resistance among the Berbers of Ifriqiya, where the Umayyad governor was assassinated by his discontented Berber guards.{{sfn|Lammens|Blankinship|2002|p=311}} Warfare on the frontiers was also resumed, with renewed annual raids against the Byzantines and the [[Khazars]] in [[Transcaucasia]].{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=87}}

====Caliphate of Hisham and end of expansion====
[[File:Resafa, Sergiopolis 3, Syria.jpg|thumb|The city of [[Resafa]], site of Hisham's palace and court]]
[[File:Arabischer Maler um 730 002.jpg|thumb|Musicians and hunting cavalier, circa 730 CE. Floor fresco from Hisham's [[Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi]], Syria. National Museum, Damascus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |title=Arab painting |date=1977 |publisher=New York : Rizzoli |isbn=978-0-8478-0081-0 |pages=34–37 |url=https://archive.org/details/arabpainting0000etti/page/34/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]] ({{reign|724|743}}), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at [[Resafa]] in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into [[Anatolia]], but also in a major defeat (the [[Battle of Akroinon]]), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] paved the way to the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|permanent occupation of most of Iberia]] by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and [[Islamic invasion of Gaul|on into south-eastern Gaul]] (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the [[Franks]] at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732. Arab expansion had already been limited following the [[Battle of Toulouse (721)|Battle of Toulouse]] in 721. In 739 a major [[Berber Revolt]] broke out in North Africa, which was probably the largest military setback in the reign of Caliph Hisham. From it emerged some of the first Muslim states outside the caliphate. It is also regarded as the beginning of Moroccan independence, as [[Morocco]] would never again come under the rule of an eastern caliph or any other foreign power until the 20th century. It was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In [[India]], the Umayyad armies were defeated by the south Indian [[Chalukya dynasty]] and by the north Indian [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]], stagnating further eastwards Arab expansion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=T. Wolseley |author-link2=Wolseley Haig |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |author-link3=H. H. Dodwell |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |chapter=Northern India in Medieval Times |year=1934 |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=131–132 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283073}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |isbn=978-0520242258 |title=Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300 |date=February 2004 |author-link=Romila Thapar |page=333|publisher=University of California Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |first=Karl J. |last=Schmidt |date=1995 |page=34 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9781563243349}}</ref>
[[File:Caliphate 740-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Umayyad Caliphate in 740 CE]]
In the [[Caucasus]], the [[Arab–Khazar Wars|confrontation]] with the [[Khazars]] peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established [[Derbent]] as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the [[Battle of Marj Ardabil]] in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the [[Volga]], but the Khazars remained unsubdued.

Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both [[Tokharistan]], with its centre at [[Balkh]], and [[Transoxiana]], with its centre at [[Samarkand]]. Both areas had already been partially conquered but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the [[Sogdiana|Sogdians]] of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "[[Day of Thirst]]" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues from the province.

Discontent among the Khorasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the [[Battle of the Defile]] in 731. In 734, [[al-Harith ibn Surayj]] led a revolt that received broad backing from Arab settlers and native inhabitants alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take [[Merv]]. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved. The problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads to their end.

====Third Fitna====
{{main|Third Fitna}}

Hisham was succeeded by [[Al-Walid II]] (743–744), the son of Yazid II. Al-Walid is reported to have been more interested in earthly pleasures than in religion, a reputation that may be confirmed by the decoration of the so-called "desert palaces" (including [[Qasr Amra|Qusayr Amra]] and [[Khirbat al-Mafjar]]) that have been attributed to him. He quickly attracted the enmity of many, both by executing a number of those who had opposed his accession and by persecuting the [[Al-Qadariyya|Qadariyya]].

In 744, [[Yazid III]], a son of al-Walid I, was proclaimed caliph in Damascus, while his army killed al-Walid II. Yazid III has received a certain reputation for piety and may have been sympathetic to the Qadariyya. He died a mere six months into his reign.

Yazid had appointed his brother, [[Ibrahim of Umayyad|Ibrahim]], as his successor, but [[Marwan II]] (744–750), the grandson of Marwan I, led an army from the northern frontier and entered Damascus in December 744, where he was proclaimed caliph. Marwan immediately moved the capital north to [[Harran]], in present-day [[Turkey]]. A rebellion soon broke out in Syria, perhaps due to resentment over the relocation of the capital, and in 746 Marwan razed the walls of [[Homs]] and Damascus in retaliation.

Marwan also faced significant opposition from Kharijites in Iraq and Iran, who put forth first [[Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani|Dahhak ibn Qays]] and then Abu Dulaf as rival caliphs. In 747, Marwan managed to reestablish control of Iraq, but by this time a more serious threat had arisen in [[greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].

====Abbasid Revolution and fall====
{{main|Abbasid Revolution}}

[[File:revolt.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The caliphate at the beginning of the [[Abbasid]] revolt, before the [[Battle of the Zab]]]]

The [[Hashimiyya]] movement (a sub-sect of the [[Kaysanites Shia]]), led by the [[Abbasid]] family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the [[Banu Hashim|Hashim]] clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of [[Mukhtar]], who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.

Beginning around 719, Hashimiyya missions began to seek adherents in Khurasan. Their campaign was framed as one of proselytism ([[dawah]]). They sought support for a "member of the family" of Muhammad, without making explicit mention of the Abbasids. These missions met with success both among Arabs and non-Arabs ([[mawali]]), although the latter may have played a particularly important role in the growth of the movement.

Around 746, [[Abu Muslim]] assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the [[Black Standard|black flag]]. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]], and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, [[Wasit]], was [[Siege of Wasit|placed under siege]], and in November of the same year [[As-Saffah|Abul Abbas as-Saffah]] was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the [[Battle of the Zab]], and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} Some Umayyads in Syria continued to resist the takeover. The Umayyad princes [[Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani]], al-Abbas ibn Muhammad, and Hashim ibn Yazid launched revolts in Syria and the Islamic–Byzantine frontier around late 750, but they were defeated.{{sfn|Cobb|2001|pp=47–50}}

The victors desecrated the tombs of the Umayyads in Syria, sparing only that of [[Umar II]], and most of the remaining members of the Umayyad family were tracked down and killed. When Abbasids declared amnesty for members of the Umayyad family, eighty gathered to receive pardons, and all were massacred. One grandson of Hisham, [[Abd al-Rahman I]], survived, escaped across North Africa, and established an emirate in [[Moors|Moorish]] [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] ([[Al-Andalus]]). In a claim unrecognized outside of al-Andalus, he maintained that the Umayyad Caliphate, the true, authentic caliphate, more legitimate than the Abbasids, was continued through him in [[Emirate of Córdoba|Córdoba]]. It was to survive for centuries.

Some Umayyads also survived in Syria,{{sfn|Cobb|2001|p=43}} and their descendants would once more attempt to restore their old regime during the [[Fourth Fitna]]. Two Umayyads, [[Abu al-Umaytir al-Sufyani]] and Maslama ibn Ya'qub, successively seized control of Damascus from 811 to 813, and declared themselves caliphs. However, their rebellions were suppressed.{{sfn|Cobb|2001|pp=56–61}}

Previté-Orton argues that the reason for the decline of the Umayyads was the rapid expansion of Islam. During the Umayyad period, mass conversions brought Persians, Berbers, Copts, and Aramaic to Islam. These ''mawalis'' (clients) were often better educated and more civilised than their Arab overlords. The new converts, on the basis of equality of all Muslims, transformed the political landscape. Previté-Orton also argues that the feud between Syria and Iraq further weakened the empire.{{sfn|Previté-Orton|1971|loc=vol. 1, p. 239}}

==Administration==
The early Umayyad caliphs created a stable administration for the empire, following the administrative practices and political institutions of the Byzantine Empire which had ruled the same region previously.<ref>{{cite book |first=Neal |last=Robinson |title=Islam: A Concise Introduction |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=1999 |page=22}}</ref> These consisted of four main governmental branches: political affairs, military affairs, tax collection, and religious administration. Each of these was further subdivided into more branches, offices, and departments.

===Provinces===
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the caliph. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.{{sfn|Ochsenwald|2004|p=57}}

===Government workers===
As the empire grew, the number of qualified Arab workers was too small to keep up with the rapid expansion of the empire. Therefore, Mu'awiya allowed many of the local government workers in conquered provinces to keep their jobs under the new Umayyad government. Thus, much of the local government's work was recorded in [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Coptic language|Coptic]], and [[Persian language|Persian]]. It was only during the reign of [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] that government work began to be regularly recorded in Arabic.{{sfn|Ochsenwald|2004|p=57}}

===Military===
The Umayyad army was mainly Arab, with its core consisting of those who had settled in urban Syria and the Arab tribes who originally served in the army of the Eastern Roman Empire in Syria. These were supported by tribes in the Syrian desert and in the frontier with the Byzantines, as well as Christian Syrian tribes. Soldiers were registered with the Army Ministry, the Diwan Al-Jaysh, and were salaried. The army was divided into junds based on regional fortified cities.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Nicolle |title=The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750 |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-890-7 |page=30}}</ref>

There were likely around 300,000 troops enrolled in the registers in 700,{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=20}} though [[Khalid Yahya Blankinship|Blankinship]] gives the larger figure of 400,000 for the reign of [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]]. Syria - 175,000 (with [[Jund Dimashq|Jund Damascus]] alone providing 45,000 troops under al-Walid); [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]] - 75,000; Khurasan - 54,000; Egypt - 40,000; North Africa, Spain and Sind at least 30,000 each, the remaining provinces also garrisoned some troops, though lesser.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|page=50,303}} Before Iraq was demilitarised in wake of the 701 revolt of [[Ibn al-Ash'ath]], it had over 100,000 troops on its Diwan (Basra - 80,000; Kufa - 60,000).{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=20}} Adjusting for the potential unreliability of these reports, a total force of 250,000-300,000 is a reasonable estimate, consistent with the army sizes of the Late Roman and Sasanian empires.{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|p=21}} Around 40% of this army was based upon the troops of Syria, the Umayyad [[metropole]], which explains how they were able to dominate and maintain control over the other regions, and later establish garrisons of Syrian troops all over the Caliphate.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|page=50,303}}

The Umayyad Syrian forces specialized in close order infantry warfare and favored using a kneeling spear wall formation in battle, probably as a result of their encounters with Roman armies. This was radically different from the original Bedouin style of mobile and individualistic fighting.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |date=2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-84884-612-8 |page=226}}</ref>{{sfn|Kennedy |2007a}}
===Coinage===
The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires relied on money economies before the Muslim conquest and that system remained in effect during the Umayyad period. [[Byzantine coinage]] was used until 658; Byzantine gold coins were still in use until the monetary reforms {{Circa|700}}.{{sfn|Sanchez|2015|p=324}} In addition to this, the Umayyad government began to mint its own coins in Damascus, which were initially similar to pre-existing coins but evolved in an independent direction. These were the first coins minted by a Muslim government in history.{{sfn|Ochsenwald|2004|p=57}}

Early Islamic coins re-used Byzantine and Sasanian iconography directly but added new Islamic elements.<ref name=":0" /> So-called "Arab-Byzantine" coins replicated Byzantine coins and were minted in Levantine cities before and after the Umayyads rose to power.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Richard |first=Suzanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNYNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |title=Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57506-547-2 |pages=216–217 |language=en}}</ref> Some examples of these coins, likely minted in Damascus, copied the coins of Byzantine emperor [[Heraclius]], including a depiction of the emperor and his son [[Heraclius Constantine]]. On the reverse side, the traditional Byzantine cross-on-steps image was modified to avoid any explicitly non-Islamic connotation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=Steven |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Age_of_Transition_Byzantine_Culture_in_the_Islamic_World |title=Age of Transition: Byzantine Culture in the Islamic World |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-300-21111-5 |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=Helen C. |editor-link1=Helen C. Evans|pages=48–50 |language=en |chapter=When Is a Menorah "Jewish"?: On the Complexities of a Symbol during the Age of Transition}}</ref>

In the 690s, under Abd al-Malik's reign, a new period of experimentations began.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Milwright |first=Milwright Marcus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ngxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT272 |title=Dome of the Rock and its Umayyad Mosaic Inscriptions |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4744-6045-3 |pages=231 |language=en}}</ref> Some [[Arab–Sasanian coinage|"Arab-Sasanian" coins]] dated between 692 and 696, associated with the mints in Iraq under governor [[Bishr ibn Marwan]], stopped using the Sasanian image of the [[fire altar]] and replaced it with three male figures standing in Arab dress. This was possibly an attempt to depict the act of Muslim prayer or the delivery of the ''[[Khutbah|khutba]]'' (Friday sermon).<ref name=":2" /> Another coin minted probably between 695 and 698 features the image of a spear under an arch. This has been variously interpreted as representing a ''[[mihrab]]'' or a "sacral arch", the latter being a late antique motif. The spear is believed to be the spear (''<nowiki/>'anaza'') that Muhammad carried before him when entering the mosque.<ref name=":2" />

Between 696 and 699, the caliph introduced a new system of coinage of gold, silver, and bronze.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The coins generally featured Arabic inscriptions without any images, ending the earlier iconographic traditions.<ref name=":1" /> The main gold unit was the [[Gold dinar|''dinar'']] (from Roman ''[[denarius]]''), which was worth 20 silver coins. It was most likely modeled on the Byzantine ''[[Solidus (coin)|solidus]]''.<ref name=":1" /> The silver coin was called a ''[[dirham]]'' (from Greek ''[[Ancient drachma|drachma]]''). Its size and shape was based on [[Sasanian coins]] and they were minted in much larger quantities than in the earlier Byzantine era.<ref name=":1" /> The bronze coin was called a [[Fals|''fals'' or ''fulus'']] (from Byzantine ''[[follis]]'').<ref name=":1" />

One group of bronze coins from Palestine,{{Sfn|Flood|2001|p=89 (see footnote 146)}} dated after the coinage reform of the late 690s, features the image of a seven-branched [[Menorahs|menorah]] and then later of a five-branched menorah, topped by an Arabic inscription of the ''[[shahada]]''.<ref name=":0" /> These images may have been based on Christian representations of the menorah<ref name=":0" /> or on earlier [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean]] models.{{Sfn|Flood|2001|p=89 (see footnote 146)}} The switch to a five-branched version may have been intended to further differentiate this depiction from Jewish and Christian versions.<ref name=":0" />

==Social organization==
[[File:Humeima ivory.jpg|thumb|Ivory (circa 8th century) discovered in the Abbasid homestead in Humeima, [[Jordan]]. The style indicates an origin in northeastern [[Iran]], the base of Hashimiyya military power.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Virginia |last1=Egan |first2=Patricia M. |last2=Bikai |title=Archaeology in Jordan |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=103 |issue=3 |date=July 1999 |pages=513–514 |doi=10.2307/506971 |jstor=506971 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>]]

The Umayyad Caliphate had four main social classes:
# [[Arab Muslims|Muslim Arabs]]
# Muslim non-Arabs (clients of the Muslim Arabs)
# [[Dhimmi]]s (non-Muslim free persons such as Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians)
# [[slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate|Slaves]]

The Muslim Arabs were at the top of the society and saw it as their duty to rule over the conquered areas. The Arab Muslims held themselves in higher esteem than Muslim non-Arabs and generally did not mix with other Muslims.

As Islam spread, more and more of the Muslim population consisted of non-Arabs. This caused social unrest, as the new converts were not given the same rights as Muslim Arabs. As conversions increased, tax revenues from non-Muslims also decreased to dangerous lows. These issues continued to worsen until they helped cause the [[Abbasid Revolt]] in the 740s.{{sfn|Ochsenwald|2004|p=55–56}}

===Non-Muslims===
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and [[Paganism#Islam in Arabia|pagans]], were called [[dhimmis]]. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. More specifically, non-Muslims had to pay a tax, known as [[jizya]], which the Muslims did not have to pay; Muslims would instead pay the [[zakat]] tax. If non-Muslims converted to Islam, they would cease paying jizya and would instead pay zakat.

Although the Umayyads were harsh when it came to defeating their Zoroastrian adversaries,<ref name=ibid1>{{cite journal |first=Marietta |last=Stepaniants |title=The Encounter of Zoroastrianism with Islam |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=52 |issue=2 |date=April 2002 |page=163 |doi=10.1353/pew.2002.0030 |jstor=1399963|s2cid=201748179 }}</ref> they did offer protection and relative religious tolerance to the Zoroastrians who accepted their authority.<ref name=ibid1/> As a matter of fact, [[Umar II]] was reported to have said in one of his letters commanding not to "destroy a synagogue or a church or temple of fire worshippers (meaning the [[Zoroastrians]]) as long as they have reconciled with and agreed upon with the Muslims".<ref>Recorded by Ibn Abu Shayba in Al-Musanaf and Abu 'Ubaid Ibn Sallam in his book Al-Amwal, pp.123</ref> [[Fred Donner]] says that Zoroastrians in the northern parts of Iran were hardly penetrated by the "believers", winning virtually complete autonomy in-return for tribute-tax or jizya.<ref name=ibid2>{{cite book |first=Fred M. |last=Donner |title=Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam |date=May 2010 |pages=110–111}}</ref> Donner adds "Zoroastrians continued to exist in large numbers in northern and western Iran and elsewhere for centuries after the rise of Islam, and indeed, much of the canon of Zoroastrian religious texts was elaborated and written down during the Islamic period."<ref name=ibid2/>

[[Christians]] and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.{{sfn|Ochsenwald|2004|p=56}} Important Christian writers from the Umayyad period include the theologian [[John of Damascus]], bishop [[Cosmas of Maiuma]], [[Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria]] and [[Isaac of Nineveh]].<ref name="PMBZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ17715 |title=Sarğūn ibn Manṣūr ar-Rūmī |work=Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2013 |language=de |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225140317/https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ17715 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although non-Muslims could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they held many bureaucratic positions within the government. An important example of Christian employment in the Umayyad government is that of [[Sarjun ibn Mansur]]. He was a [[Melkite]] [[Christians|Christian]] official of the early Umayyad Caliphate. The son of a prominent [[Byzantine]] official of [[Damascus]], he was a favourite of the early Umayyad caliphs [[Mu'awiya I]] and [[Yazid I]], and served as the head of the fiscal administration for [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] from the mid-7th century until the year 700, when Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] dismissed him as part of his efforts to Arabicize the administration of the caliphate. According to the Muslim historians [[al-Baladhuri]] and [[al-Tabari]], Sarjun was a ''[[mawla]]'' of the first [[Umayyad]] caliph, Mu'awiya I ({{reign|661|680}}),{{efn|Mu'awiya I was generally favourably disposed towards Christians and, according to [[al-Ya'qubi]], the first Muslim caliph to employ Christians in administrative positions.{{sfn|Griffith|2016|p=31}}}} serving as his "secretary and the person in charge of his business".<ref name="PMBZ"/>{{sfn|Morony|1987|p=216}} The hagiographies, although less reliable, also assign to him a role in the administration, even as "ruler" (''[[archon]]'' or even ''[[amir]]''), of Damascus and its environs, where he was responsible for collecting the revenue.<ref name="PMBZ"/> In this capacity, he is attested in later collections of source material such as that of [[al-Mas'udi]].{{sfn|Griffith|2016|p=31}} Sarjun ibn Mansur was replaced by [[Sulayman ibn Sa'd al-Khushani]], another Christian.{{sfn|Sprengling|1939|p=213}}

Mu'awiya's marriage to [[Maysun bint Bahdal]] (Yazid's mother) was politically motivated, as she was the daughter of the chief of the [[Kalb]] tribe, which was a large [[Syriac Orthodox Christian]] Arab tribe in Syria.{{sfn|Rahman|1999|p=72}} The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=265}} After the plague that killed much of the Muslim army in Syria, by marrying Maysun, Mu'awiya used the Syriac Orthodox Christians against the Byzantines.

Tom Holland writes that Christians, Jews, [[Samaritans]] and [[Manichaeans]] were all treated well by Mu'awiya.{{sfn|Holland|2013|p=402}} Mu'awiya even restored Edessa's cathedral after it had been toppled by an earthquake.{{sfn|Holland|2013|p=406}} Holland also writes that, "Savagely though Mu'awiya prosecuted his wars against the Romans, yet his subjects, no longer trampled by rival armies, no longer divided by hostile watchtowers, knew only peace at last. Justice flourished in his time, and there was great peace in the regions under his control. He allowed everyone to live as they wanted."{{sfn|Holland|2013|p=402}}

== Architecture ==
{{Main|Umayyad architecture}}

[[File:110409_046.jpg|thumb|[[Dome of the Rock]] at [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|The Aqsa mosque]] in Jerusalem was built on the orders of [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] in 691–692 CE, it is the oldest surviving major Islamic building.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=298}}]]

[[File:Damascus, Syria, The Umayyad Mosque, The Great Mosque of Damascus 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]] was constructed on the orders of Al-Walid I, begun {{Circa|705}} and completed shortly after his death in 715.{{sfn|Flood|2001|p=2}}]]

The Umayyads constructed grand [[congregational mosque]]s and palaces within their empire. Most of their surviving monuments are located in the [[Levant]] region, their main base of power. They also continued the existing Muslim policy of building new garrison cities (''[[amsar]]'') in their provinces that served as bases for further expansion.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |url=https://www.archnet.org/collections/126 |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9781134613663 |location= |pages=295–297 |language=en |chapter=Umayyads |archive-date=29 May 2025 |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529214622/https://www.archnet.org/collections/126 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their most famous constructions include the [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]] and the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]],{{sfn|Previté-Orton|1971|p=236}} while other constructions included [[Desert castles|desert palaces]], such as [[Khirbat al-Mafjar]] and [[Qusayr 'Amra]].<ref name=":16" /> Among these projects, the construction of the Great Mosque in Damascus reflected the diversity of the empire, as Greek, Persian, Coptic, Indian and Maghrebi craftsmen were recruited to build it.{{sfn|Flood|2001|p=|pp=2–3}}

Under Umayyad patronage, [[Islamic architecture]] was derived from established [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] and [[Sasanian architecture|Sasanian]] architectural traditions, but it also innovated by combining elements of these styles together, experimenting with new building types, and implementing lavish decorative programs.<ref name=":16" /> [[Byzantine mosaics|Byzantine-style mosaics]] are prominently featured in both the Dome of the Rock and the Great Mosque of Damascus, but the lack of human figures in their imagery was a new trait that demonstrates an Islamic [[Aniconism in Islam|taboo on figural representation]] in religious art. Palaces were decorated with floor [[mosaic]]s, [[fresco]]es, and [[relief]] carving, and some of these included representations of human figures and animals.<ref name=":16" /> Umayyad architecture was thus an important transitional period during which early Islamic architecture and visual culture began to develop its own distinct identity.{{Sfn|Flood|2001|pp=22–24}}

The later offshoot of the Umayyad dynasty in [[al-Andalus]], which ruled the [[Emirate of Córdoba|Emirate]] and subsequent [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], also undertook major architectural projects in the Iberian Peninsula such as the [[Great Mosque of Córdoba]] and [[Madinat al-Zahra]], which influenced later [[Moorish architecture|architecture in the western Islamic world]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dodds|first=Jerrilynn D.|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain|title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1992|isbn=0870996371|editor-last=Dodds|editor-first=Jerrilynn D. |location=New York|pages=505–508|chapter=The Great Mosque of Córdoba}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{History of the Levant}}

[[File:Age-of-caliphs-xtra-space.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of the caliphate's expansion {{legend|#a1584e|Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632}}
{{legend|#ef9070|Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661}}
{{legend|#fad07d|Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]]

The Umayyad Caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab elite families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=4}}

During the period of the Umayyads, Arabic became the administrative language and the process of [[Arabization]] was initiated in the Levant, Mesopotamia, North Africa, and Iberia.{{Sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=50}} State documents and currency were issued in Arabic. Conversions to Islam also created a growing population of Muslims in the territory of the caliphate.

According to one common view, the Umayyads transformed the caliphate from a religious institution (during the [[rashidun|Rashidun Caliphate]]) to a dynastic one.{{sfn|Previté-Orton|1971|p=236}} However, the Umayyad caliphs do seem to have understood themselves as the representatives of God on earth, and to have been responsible for the "definition and elaboration of God's ordinances, or in other words the definition or elaboration of Islamic law."{{Sfn|Crone|Hinds|1986|p=43}}

The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (''mulk'', a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (''khilafa''). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as ''khalifat rasul Allah'' ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as ''khalifat Allah'' ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars."{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=13}} In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In [[Historiography of early Islam|reconstructing this history]], therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] and [[Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri|Baladhuri]], that were written in the Abbasid court at [[Baghdad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The book ''Al Muwatta'', by Imam Malik, was written in the early Abbasid period in Medina. It does not contain any anti-Umayyad content because it was more concerned with what the Quran and what Muhammad said and was not a history book on the Umayyads.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Even the earliest pro-Shia accounts of al-Masudi are more balanced. Al-Masudi's ''Ibn Hisham'' is the earliest Shia account of Mu'awiya. He recounted that Mu'awiya spent a great deal of time in prayer, in spite of the burden of managing a large empire.<ref>Muawiya Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 41</ref> After killing off most of the Umayyads and destroying the graves of the Umayyad rulers apart from [[Mu'awiya II|Mu'awiya]] and [[Umar II|Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]], the history books were written during the later Abbasid period are more anti-Umayyad.<ref>{{cite book |last=McAuliffe |first=Jane Dammen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2oLiXT_66EC&pg=PA166 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'an |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-53934-0 |page=166 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324231236/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2oLiXT_66EC&pg=PA166 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti-Umayyad, despite Iran being Sunni at the time. There was much anti-Arab sentiment in Iran after the fall of the Persian Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Badiozamani |first1=Badi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK6_hIN8SOwC&pg=PA118 |title=Iran and America Re-Kind[l]ing a Love Lost |last2=Badiozamani |first2=Ghazal |publisher=East West Understanding Press. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-9742172-0-8 |page=118 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324231237/https://books.google.com/books?id=NK6_hIN8SOwC&pg=PA118 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern [[Arab nationalism]] regards the period of the Umayyads as part of the Arab Golden Age which it sought to emulate. This is particularly true of Syrian nationalists and the present-day state of Syria, centred like that of the Umayyads on Damascus.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|pp=21–24, 39–40}} The Umayyad banners were white, after the banner of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan;{{sfn|Hathaway|2012|p=97}} it is now one of the four [[Pan-Arab colors]] which appear in various combinations on the flags of most Arab countries.

===Religious perspectives===
====Sunni====
Some Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ioTXW3316AC&q=saint%20john%20umayyad%20administrators&pg=PA48|title=A Companion to the History of the Middle East|first=Youssef M.|last=Choueiri|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4051-5204-4|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324231229/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ioTXW3316AC&q=saint%20john%20umayyad%20administrators&pg=PA48|url-status=live}}</ref> As the Muslims took over cities, they left the people's political representatives, the Roman tax collectors, and the administrators in the office. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the people's political representatives. Both the central and local governments were compensated for the services each provided. Many Christian cities used some of the taxes to maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later, the Umayyads were criticized by many Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter12/objectives/deluxe-content.html|title=Student Resources, Chapter 12: The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam, IV. The Arab Empire of the Umayyads, G. Converts and 'People of the Book'|publisher=occawlonline.pearsoned.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020521215309/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter12/objectives/deluxe-content.html|archive-date=21 May 2002}}</ref>

Later, when [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] came to power, he reduced these taxes. He is therefore praised as one of the greatest Muslim rulers after the four [[Rashidun|Rashidun caliphs]]. Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (who lived in 829 and wrote a biography on Umar Ibn Abd al-Aziz)<ref>Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi</ref> stated that the reduction in these taxes stimulated the economy and created wealth but it also reduced the government's budget, including eventually the defense budget.

The only Umayyad ruler who is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice is Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} In his efforts to spread [[Islam]], he established liberties for the ''[[Mawali]]'' by abolishing the [[jizya]] tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives, stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. After Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was poisoned in 720, successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies, but rebellion resulted.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

====Shias====
The negative view of the Umayyads held by [[Shias]] is briefly expressed in the Shi'a book "Sulh al-Hasan".<ref name="Aal-yasin2014">{{cite book|author=Shaykh Radi Aal-yasin|title=Sulh Al-Hasan|chapter-url=http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/sulh_al-hasan/24.htm|year=2000|publisher=Ansariyan Publishers|isbn=978-1-4960-4085-5|pages=297–344|chapter=Mu'awiya and the Shi'a Of 'Ali, Peace Be On Him|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040120234455/http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/sulh_al-hasan/24.htm|archive-date=20 January 2004}}</ref> According to Shia hadiths, which are not considered authentic by Sunnis, [[Ali]] described them as the worst [[Fitna (word)|Fitna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nahjulbalagha.org/SermonDetail.php?Sermon=92|title=Sermon 92: About the annihilation of the Kharijites, the mischief mongering of Umayyads and the vastness of his own knowledge|publisher=nahjulbalagha.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819194029/http://www.nahjulbalagha.org/SermonDetail.php?Sermon=92|archive-date=19 August 2007}}</ref> In Shia sources, the Umayyad Caliphate is widely described as "tyrannical, anti-Islamic and godless".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPvZoG6NtLkC&q=godless+umayyads&pg=PA227|title=Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt|last=Sharon|first=Moshe|date=1983|publisher=JSAI|isbn=978-965-223-501-5|language=en|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324231233/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPvZoG6NtLkC&q=godless+umayyads&pg=PA227|url-status=live}}</ref> Shias say that the founder of the dynasty, Mu'awiya, declared himself a caliph in 657 and went to war against Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin, the ruling caliph Ali, clashing at the [[Battle of Siffin]]. Mu'awiya also declared his son, Yazid, as his successor in [[Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty|breach of a treaty with Hassan]], Muhammad's grandson. Another of Muhammad's grandsons, [[Husayn ibn Ali]], would be killed in the [[Battle of Karbala]]. Further Shia Imams, [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]] would be killed by the governments of Umayyad caliphs.

====Bahais====
Asked for an explanation of the prophecies in the [[Book of Revelation]] (12:3), [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] suggests in [[Some Answered Questions]] that the "great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads",<ref>{{cite web|title=Bible|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+12:3&version=NKJV|website=biblegateway.com|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092633/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+12:3&version=NKJV|url-status=live}}</ref> refers to the Umayyad caliphs who "rose against the religion of Prophet Muhammad and against the reality of Ali".<ref>{{cite book|author=`Abdu'l-Bahá|author-link=`Abdu'l-Bahá|orig-year=1908|year=1990|title=Some Answered Questions|page=69|publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust|location=Wilmette, Illinois|isbn=978-0-87743-190-9|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-13.html#pg69|access-date=19 May 2008|archive-date=8 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208051450/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-13.html#pg69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=`Abdu'l-Bahá|author-link=`Abdu'l-Bahá|orig-year=1908|year=1990|title=Some Answered Questions|page=51|publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust|location=Wilmette, Illinois|isbn=978-0-87743-190-9|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-11.html#pg51|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=24 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924055253/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-11.html#pg51|url-status=live}}</ref>

The seven heads of the dragon are symbolic of the seven provinces of the lands dominated by the Umayyads: Damascus, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Africa, Andalusia, and Transoxiana. The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty: Abu Sufyan, Mu'awiya, Yazid, Marwan, Abd al-Malik, Walid, Sulayman, Umar, Hisham, and Ibrahim. Some names were re-used, as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III, which were not accounted for in this interpretation.

==List of caliphs==
{{Main|Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad dynasty#Genealogical chart of Umayyad rulers|l2 = Umayyad dynasty family tree}}

[[File:Umayads.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Genealogical tree of the [[Umayyad family tree|Umayyad family]]. In blue: Caliph [[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]], one of the four [[Rashidun]] caliphs. In green, the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus. In yellow, the Umayyad emirs of Córdoba. In orange, the Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba. Abd Al-Rahman III was an emir until 929 when he proclaimed himself caliph. Muhammad is included (in caps) to show the kinship of the Umayyads with him. See [[Umayyad dynasty#Genealogical chart of Umayyad rulers|interactive version of chart]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Caliphs of Damascus
! Caliph || Reign
|-
| [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya I ibn Abu Sufyan]] || 28 July 661 – 27 April 680
|-
| [[Yazid I|Yazid I ibn Mu'awiya]] || 27 April 680 – 11 November 683
|-
| [[Mu'awiya II|Mu'awiya II ibn Yazid]] || 11 November 683 – June 684
|-
| [[Marwan I|Marwan I ibn al-Hakam]] || June 684 – 12 April 685
|-
| [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] || 12 April 685 – 8 October 705
|-
| [[al-Walid I|al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 8 October 705 – 23 February 715
|-
| [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 23 February 715 – 22 September 717
|-
| [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] || 22 September 717 – 4 February 720
|-
| [[Yazid II|Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 4 February 720 – 26 January 724
|-
| [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 26 January 724 – 6 February 743
|-
| [[al-Walid II|al-Walid II ibn Yazid]] || 6 February 743 – 17 April 744
|-
| [[Yazid III|Yazid III ibn al-Walid]] || 17 April 744 – 4 October 744
|-
| [[Ibrahim ibn al-Walid]] || 4 October 744 – 4 December 744
|-
| [[Marwan II|Marwan II ibn Muhammad]] (ruled from [[Harran]] in the [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]]) || 4 December 744 – 25 January 750
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[History of Islam]]
* [[List of Sunni dynasties]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist|group=pron}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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* {{EI2 |article=Al-Walīd (I) |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh N. |volume=11 |pages=127–128}}
* {{cite book | last=Kennedy| first=Hugh N. | author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy | year=2004 | title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century | edition = 2nd | publisher=Longman | location=Harlow |isbn=978-0-582-40525-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC}}
* {{Kennedy-The Great Arab Conquests }}
** {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |year=2007a |title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In |publisher=Hachette, UK |isbn=978-0-306-81728-1 |chapter=1. The Foundations of Conquest}}
*{{EI2 |article=Yazīd (II) b. ʿAbd al-Malik |last1=Lammens |first1=H. |authorlink=Henri Lammens |last2=Blankinship |first2=Kh. Y. |authorlink2=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |volume=11 |page=311}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|author-link=Ira M. Lapidus|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|isbn=978-0-521-51430-9}}
* {{The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates |edition=3rd}}
* {{EI2 |article=Umayya b. Abd Shams |last1=Levi Della Vida |first1=Giorgio |authorlink1=Giorgio Levi Della Vida |last2=Bosworth |first2=C. E. |volume=10 |pages=837–839}}
* {{EI2 |article=Mūsā b. Nuṣayr |last=Lévi-Provençal |first=E. |authorlink=Évariste Lévi-Provençal |volume=7 |pages=643–644}}
* {{cite book |last=Lilie |first=Ralph-Johannes | authorlink = Ralph-Johannes Lilie |title=Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd. |language=de |publisher=Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München |location=Munich |year=1976 |oclc=797598069 }}
* {{Cambridge History of Iran | volume = 4 | last = Madelung | first = W. | authorlink = Wilferd Madelung | chapter = The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran | pages = 198–249 |chapter-page=198}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=6|fascicle=5|title=DABUYIDS|last=Madelung|first=Wilferd|author-link=Wilferd Madelung|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dabuyids-the-dynasty-of-espahbads-ruling-tabarestan-until-its-conquest-by-the-muslims-in-144-761|pages=541–544}}
* {{cite book |last1=Madelung |first1=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-56181-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC }}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=18}}
* {{EI2 |article=Ḥassān b. al-Nuʿmān al-Ghassānī|last=Talbi |first=M. |authorlink=Mohamed Talbi |volume=3 |page=271}}
* {{cite book|last=Ochsenwald|first=William|author-link=William L. Ochsenwald|title=The Middle East, A History|year=2004|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-244233-5}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=24 |url={{Google Books|m15CKZc-TMAC|plainurl=y}}}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Charles William Previté-Orton|last=Previté-Orton |first=C. W. |year=1971 |title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Rahman |first=H.U. |year=1999 |title=A Chronology Of Islamic History 570–1000 CE}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanchez |first=Fernando Lopez |year=2015 |chapter=The Mining, Minting, and Acquisition of Gold in the Roman and Post-Roman World |title=Ownership and Exploitation of Land and Natural Resources in the Roman World |editor1=Paul Erdkamp |editor2=Koenraad Verboven |editor3=Arjan Zuiderhoek |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191795831}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sprengling |first1=Martin |title=From Persian to Arabic |journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=April 1939 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=175–224 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |jstor=528934 |doi=10.1086/370538|s2cid=170486943 }}
* {{The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia}}
* {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}}
* {{The Arab Kingdom and its Fall}}
* {{cite book |last1=Muir |first1=William |author-link=William Muir|title=The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall |date=1891 |publisher=Religious Tract Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_syAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=al-Sallabi |first=Ali |author-link=Ali al-Sallabi |year=2008 |title=الدولة الأموية عوامل الإزدهار وتداعيات الإنهيار |trans-title=The Umayyad State: Factors of Prosperity and Consequences of Collapse |publisher=Dar Al-Marefah |url=https://archive.org/details/2_20190819_20190819/mode/1up |isbn=978-9953850030 |language=ar}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Al-Ajmi |first=Abdulhadi| title=The Umayyads |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |editor-first1=C. |editor-last1=Fitzpatrick |editor-first2=A. |editor-last2=Walker |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-177-2}}
* {{cite book |isbn=9781870582568 |title=Muʻawiya: Restorer of the Muslim Faith |last1=Bewley |first1=Aisha Abdurrahman |date=2002 |publisher=Dar Al Taqwa }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Boekhoff-van der Voort |first=Nicolet |title=Umayyad Court |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |editor-first1=C. |editor-last1=Fitzpatrick |editor-first2=A. |editor-last2=Walker |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-177-2}}
* {{cite book |isbn=9780521229616 |title=Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |year= 1980 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
* {{cite book |isbn=9780521211338 |title=Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |last2=Cook |first2=M. A. |last3=Cook |first3=Michael |date=1977 |publisher=CUP Archive }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Marsham |editor1-first=Andrew |title=The Umayyad World |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=9781317430056 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBUHEAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Marsham |first1=Andrew |title=The Umayyad Empire |date=2024 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-4301-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvGgEQAAQBAJ}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

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Thambikku Indha Ooru

2026-03-16T05:11:24Z

AlexPopp6687: formatting fix

{{distinguish|Thambikku Entha Ooru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thambikku Indha Ooru.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Badri (director)|Badri]]
| writer = Badri
| producer = J. Saravanan C. Baskar
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] [[Sana Khan]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Madalsa Sharma]] [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
| cinematography = Saalai Sahadevan
| editing = S. Surajkavee
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| studio = V. K. Media
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|3|5}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thambikku Indha Ooru''''' ({{translation|Brother is from this town}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] written and directed by [[Badri (director)|Badri]]. It stars [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Sana Khan]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Madalsa Sharma]], and [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]. The music was composed by [[Dharan Kumar]] with cinematography by Saalai Sahadevan and editing by S. Surajkavee. The film was released on 5 March 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2010 |title=Friday Fury- March 5 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-5-news-tamil-kkfqOqcjagi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313131006/https://ibb.co/yFDzcPL4 |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Akil is a rich youth who runs a restaurant along with his buddy Cola Kumar in Singapore. As it happens, his father Rajasekhar is surprised when Akil refuses to marry Priya. Akil goes against his father's wish as he is in love with Divya. Angered at Akil's denial, Priya's father spills out the truth that Akil is not Rajasekhar's real son but an orphan who was raised by him. Shocked by the revelations, Akil decides to embark on a journey and find out his biological parents, whom he learns are living in Chengalpet.

On his trip to his homeland, he starts to encounter problems in the form of Divya's father Thirumalai who is against their affair. He feels that her daughter as a popular sportswoman could earn more through endorsing various brands. Enters Kumaraswamy, who plays a crucial part in the whole story. Kumaraswamy has a long-held grudge against Rajasekhar as he thinks that the latter was responsible for his wife's death and decides to use Akil to lure his father back to India. The film reaches its climax when through Thangamani, Akil meets the nurse Kamsaadai, who performed the delivery for Kumaraswamy's wife after the accident and subsequently learns that Kumaraswamy is his real father.

Later, Akil goes to Kumaraswamy's house to inform him about his child who is alive but is attacked by Kumaraswamy and his henchmen. Kumaraswamy refuses to believe the truth about his son. Akil brings Kamsaadai to meet Kumaraswamy and tell him the truth about his living child. Kumaraswamy sees Kamsaadai and recognises her as the same nurse who performed the delivery on his wife at the hospital following the accident. Kumaraswamy is shocked when Kamsaadai admits her mistake and reveals that his wife did give birth to a health baby boy, after which she died. Kamsaadai also reveals that she does not know about the baby's whereabouts at present. Akil decides not to tell Kumaraswamy the truth until his adoptive father Rajashekar is proven innocent.

Through Rajasekhar, Akil learns that Thirumalai is the real culprit who caused the accident, which resulted in the death of his real mother, Kumaraswamy's wife. Meanwhile, Kumaraswamy's trusted aide Naana aligns with Akil after the family doctor reveals that Akil is indeed Kumaraswamy's son. Naana also learns that while Rajasekhar is innocent, Thirumalai is the real culprit who caused the accident which resulted in the death of Kumaraswamy's wife. Naana and Akil make Thirumalai abduct Rajasekhar along with his wife and admit his wrongdoings unconsciously on the phone to Kumaraswamy through Cola Kumar, after which he finds out that Akil is Kumaraswamy's son.

Having learnt the truth behind his wife's death and Akil being his son, Kumaraswamy arrives at Thirumalai's hideout with Cola Kumar to rescue Akil, Rajasekhar, and his wife from Thirumalai. Kumaraswamy and Akil share an emotional reunion as father and son. Together, they fight Thirumalai and his goons. Kumaraswamy gets stabbed in the hip by Thirumalai during the fight but asks Akil to save Rajasekhar and his wife without worrying about him, which Akli does after taking out Thirumalai's goons. With all the misunderstandings cleared, Kumaraswamy and Rajasekhar, make peace and the two friends reunite with each other. Also, Akil and Divya reunite with each other and live together happily.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Akilan (Akil)
* [[Sana Khan]] as Divya
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Kumaraswamy
* [[Madalasa Sharma]] as Priya
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as 'Cola' Kumar
* [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Thirumalai
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Rajasekhar
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Thangamani
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Kumaraswamy's wife
* [[Yuvarani]] as Mrs. Rajasekhar
* Raviprakash as Priya's father
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Naana
* Gowthami Vembunathan as Kamsaadai
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Don in Hyderabad
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Kannayiram
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Prisoner
* [[Cell Murugan]] as a Telugu priest
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Enga Veetu Pillai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2009 |title='Enga Veetu Pillai' becomes 'Thambikku Indha Ooru' |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/moreheadlines.php?ctid=2&cid=2363&rule_id=-1&page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220135515/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/moreheadlines.php?ctid=2&cid=2363&rule_id=-1&page=2 |archive-date=20 February 2009 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Sana Khan, who plays a [[Squash (sport)|squash]] player, practised the sport for her role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2010 |title=Sana is dancing her way to glory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/sana-is-dancing-her-way-to-glory/articleshow/5588558.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dN5Sc |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The makers filmed some scenes at the third terminal of the [[Changi Airport]], claiming ''Thambikku Indha Ooru'' to be the first Asian film to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2010 |title=Thambikku Indha Ooru: Mission possible |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/thambikku-indha-ooru-mission-possible/articleshow/5560893.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/sm5WE |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Dharan Kumar]] and was released by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thambikku Indha Ooru (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1tu9pNx5Uhq4U6iiZb9r7e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121041308/https://open.spotify.com/album/1tu9pNx5Uhq4U6iiZb9r7e |archive-date=21 January 2019 |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=[[Spotify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THAMBIKKU INDHA OORU – Dharan Kumar Tamil Audio Cd |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/thambikku-indha-ooru-dharan-kumar-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313141743/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/thambikku-indha-ooru-dharan-kumar-tamil-audio-cd/ |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref> It was released in late January 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=26 January 2010 |title=Music review: Thambikku Intha Ooru (Tamil – Dharan) |url=https://milliblog.com/2010/01/26/music-review-thambikku-intha-ooru-tamil-dharan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928153648/https://milliblog.com/2010/01/26/music-review-thambikku-intha-ooru-tamil-dharan/ |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2010 |title=R K Selvamani: A call for change |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/r-k-selvamani-a-call-for-change/articleshow/5513743.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DeOX9 |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=En}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Koothadu Machi
| extra1 = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Luis Alberto Suarez|Suarez]], [[Philippe Coutinho|Coutinho]], [[Mohammed Salah|Salah]], [[Zlatan Ibrahimovic|Ibrahimovic]], [[Aalap Raju]], [[Blaaze]], Prasad, Suchitra, [[Tanvi Shah]]
| lyrics1 = Kapilan
| title2 = Yaaradi
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics2 = Kapilan
| title3 = Yennai Yaar
| extra3 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| lyrics3 = Kapilan
| title4 = Ore Minsaram
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| lyrics4 = Raajkumar
| title5 = Mudhal Pen Niyae
| extra5 = [[Javed Ali]], Sindhu
| lyrics5 = Kapilan
| title6 = Thambikku Indha Ooru
| extra6 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| lyrics6 = Kapilan
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Director Badri along with Bharath has dished out Thambikku Indha Ooru another pot-boiler using all the cliches and gimmicks associated with mass movie targeting the B & C audiences. The film has no story, logic, reason or continuity with scenes cyclostyled from earlier films".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2010 |title=Thambikku Indha Ooru |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thambikku-indha-ooru-review-tamil-pclx3Abeeaigb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512153700/http://www.sify.com/movies/thambikku-indha-ooru-review-tamil-pclx3Abeeaigb.html |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=16 Nov 2019 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Insane plot twists, ridiculous situations and completely illogical sequences follow, leading to an end that can't come sooner".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=8 March 2010 |title=Thambikku Indha Ooru is ridiculous |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/mar/08/south-review-thambikku-indha-ooru.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116111516/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/mar/08/south-review-thambikku-indha-ooru.htm |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=16 Nov 2019 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The Bharath-Badri combo travels on the beaten track of a boy-meets-girl romance and predictable villainy". She noted that the film's"saving graces" were few: "Prabhu's performance, Ranjith's ease as a villain and Bharath's footwork in that order".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 March 2010 |title=Slew of stereotypes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Slew-of-stereotypes/article16566619.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126111034/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Slew-of-stereotypes/article16566619.ece |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=16 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Badri (director)}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 masala films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Badri (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sarojini Nangiaramma

2026-03-15T04:20:10Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating a article

{{Short description|Indian Koodiyattam exponent}}
{{Indian name|Sarojini|Nangiaramma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarojini Nangiaramma
| birth_name =
| alias = Sarojini Nangiar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1940|10|20}}
| birth_place = Chovvara, [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|11|10|1940|10|20}}
| death_place = Chovvara, [[Eranakulam district]], Kerala
| father = Villuvatta Ravunni Nambiar
| mother = Ammukutty Nangiaramma
| spouse = Mani Parameshwara Chakyar
| children = 2, Kalamandalam Narayanan Nambiar and Edanad Ramachandran Nambiar
| occupation = [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Nangiar koothu]] performer
| known_for =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2015) [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award (2020)
}}
'''Sarojini Nangiaramma''' also known as '''Sarojini Nangiar''' was a [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Nangiar koothu]] exponent from [[Kerala]], India. She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2015. She was the first [[Nangiar]] to receive this national honor. In 2021 she received the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award for koodiyattam for the year 2020.

==Biography==
Sarojini Nangiaramma was born on 20 October 1940 in Edanad Nambiar Madhom in Chovvara village near [[Aluva]] in present-day Kerala, into a family of kurtiyattam artists.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=SAROJINI NANGIARAMMA |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Sarojini_Nangiaramma.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> Her mother Ammukutty Nangiaramma and father Villuvatta Ravunni Nambiar were [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Nangiar koothu]] artists. She learned koodiyattam and nangiar koothu from her parents as well as from her aunt Kochukutty Nangiaramma.<ref name="SNA"/> She began her kootiyattam training at the age of 7 under traditional training methods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=പുരസ്കാര നിറവിൽ കൂടിയാട്ട മുത്തശ്ശി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/ernakulam/2021/10/28/ernakulam-koodiyattom-artist-sarojini-nangyaramma.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=പുരസ്കാര നിറവിൽ കൂടിയാട്ട മുത്തശ്ശി |language=ml}}</ref>

Sarojini Nangiaramma made her debut at the Edanad Bhagavathy temple at the age of 9.<ref name=":0" />

Since performing Koothu was not a source of income for her, Sarojini started weaving at the age of 16 to earn money for her living expenses and worked under the [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission|Khadi Board]] until she was 64.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=2016-10-06 |title=A traditionalist to the core |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/A-traditionalist-to-the-core/article15412970.ece |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Personal life and death===
Her husband, late Mani Parameshwara Chakyar, was a Koothu and Koodiyattam artist.<ref name=":0" /> Her sons Kalamandalam Narayanan Nambiar and Edanad Ramachandran Nambiar are [[Mizhavu]] artists.<ref name=":1" /> She died on November 10, 2025, at her residence in Chovvara, Eranakulam district.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-11-10 |title=മുതിർന്ന കൂടിയാട്ട നങ്യാർകൂത്ത് കലാകാരി സരോജിനി നങ്യാരമ്മ (86) അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://irinjalakudalive.com/latest/veteran-kudiyattam-nangyarkooth-artist-sarojini-nangyaramma-86-passes-away/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=IRINJALAKUDA LIVE |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Following tradition, Sarojini Nangiaramma performed [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Nangiar koothu]] mainly in temples in Kerala.<ref name=":0" /> For several years, she had been performing Nangiar koothu at the [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple|Tripunithura Poornathrayisha temple]].<ref name=":0" /> She has performed at more than thousand venues.<ref name=":0" /> She mainly performed Koodiyattam in temples, and may have only performed outside a temple during the first three years of the Tourism Week celebrations, which have been organized by the [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Kerala Tourism Department]] since 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-02 |title=Sarojini Nangiar: Upholding the Great Tradition of Koodiyattam - India Art Review |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/sarojini-nangiar-upholding-the-great-tradition-of-koodiyattam/?amp=1 |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In addition to the Nangiar Kooth, she also performed the Kooths of ''Angulyankam'', ''Mattavilasam'' and ''Mantrankam''.<ref name=":0" /> She presented a paper on Koodiyattam and Angulyankam at an international seminar organized by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":0" />

Sarojini Nangiyaramma has also performed with Kootiyattam legends like [[Painkulam Rama Chakyar]], [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]], and [[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]].<ref name="Kerala Tourism">{{cite web |title=Sarojini Nangiar: A Doyen taking Forward a Rich Tradition |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2016/sarojini-nangiar-sangeet-natak-academy-award/616 |website=Kerala Tourism |publisher=Department of Tourism, [[Government of Kerala]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Sarojini Nangiaramma received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2015.<ref name="Kerala Tourism"/> She was the first [[Nangiar]] to receive this national honour.<ref name=":1" /> In 2021 she received the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award for koodiyattam for the year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-10-27 |title=Kalamandalam fellowships announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Oct/27/kalamandalam-fellowships-announced-2376157.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

American mappillai

2026-03-14T09:25:17Z

AlexPopp6687: made data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Short description|Stock character in Tamil cinema}}
The '''American mappillai''' ({{translation|American groom}}) also known as '''America mappillai''', is a stock character in [[Tamil cinema]], a [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] man who is portrayed as a potential suitor of the female lead character but is often turned down in favour of the [[Indian people|Indian]] lead character.<ref name="fullyfilmy">{{Cite web |last=Arachi |first=D. |date=25 May 2017 |title=America Mappillai – Master of None |url=https://fullyfilmy.in/blogs/fully-filmy-blog/america-mappillai-master-of-none |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804165940/https://fullyfilmy.in/blogs/fully-filmy-blog/america-mappillai-master-of-none |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Fully Filmy}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=26 February 2018 |title=What if the groom was gay? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/what-if-the-groom-was-gay/article22855956.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712120742/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/what-if-the-groom-was-gay/article22855956.ece |archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="preeti">{{Cite journal |last1=Mudliar |first1=Preeti |last2=Pal |first2=Joyojeet |date=12 June 2016 |title=Watching From an Arm's Length: The Foreign Hand in Tamil Cinema: Watching From an Arm's Length |url=http://joyojeet.people.si.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Foreign-Hand-in-Tamil-Cinema.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Culture & Critique |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=231–249 |doi=10.1111/cccr.12108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713145147/https://joyojeet.people.si.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Foreign-Hand-in-Tamil-Cinema.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=14 March 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
D. Arachi of ''Fully Filmy'' noted that American mappillais are often characterised by their attractive looks, tallness, fair skin, ownership of an expensive car and better grasp of English than the film's Tamil protagonist. Variations of the American mappillai also appear in Tamil films, such as the Delhi mappillai, Dubai mappillai, London mappillai and Bangalore mappillai.<ref name="fullyfilmy" /> In her thesis ''Watching from an Arm's Length: The Foreign Hand in Tamil Cinema'', Preeti Mudliar notes "the foreign mapillai (groom) finds that his status as a foreign-returned groom is undermined by either his villainous intentions, his fundamental inferiority to the values and virile appeal of the local son of the soil, or the comic relief he provides as a misfit in the changed landscape of the society he was once a part of. In short, the foreign-returned groom is frequently the loser in the romantic toss". Referring to his 1997 film ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'', [[Rajiv Menon]] noted "the privilege of the foreign automatically makes the groom a suspicious person when he comes to bride-hunt", explaining why [[Arvind Swamy]]'s character in the film eventually lost out on the woman.<ref name="preeti" />

== Examples ==
{{More sources-section|date=March 2026}}
Actor [[Karthik Kumar]] has portrayed such characters in ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000) and ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' (2005). The actor briefly announced his retirement in 2016, suggesting he was tired of being typecast in such roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2016 |title=The Madhavan who wasn't |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-Madhavan-who-wasn%E2%80%99t/article16445253.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712120807/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-Madhavan-who-wasn%E2%80%99t/article16445253.ece |archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=30 November 2009 |title=Karthik Kumar, no longer the US-returned Mappilai |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/nov/30/slide-show-1-interview-with-karthik-kumar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105122438/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/nov/30/slide-show-1-interview-with-karthik-kumar.htm |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=26 September 2008 |title=The US-returned Mapillai of Tamil cinema |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/26sde1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715091308/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/26sde1.htm |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=[https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/26sde3.htm slide 3]}}</ref> Director [[M. Rajesh]] has used the character several times in his films, such as through Arun ([[Arya (actor)|Arya]]) in ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' (2009)<ref name="fullyfilmy" /> and Shiva ([[Jiiva]]) in ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 4, 2014 |title=Jiiva, Nayan to team up for a romantic comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jiiva-nayan-to-team-up-for-a-romantic-comedy/articleshow/45024972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/zuXHU |archive-date=2026-03-14 |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Other prominent examples include Samuel ([[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]) in ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001), Arvind Singh ([[Prakash Raj]]) in ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2004), [[Mithun Tejasvi]] in ''[[Sandai]]'' (2008), Roy (Benito) in ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010), Rakesh ([[T. M. Karthik]]) in ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012), Gautham ([[Rajeev Ravindranathan]]) in ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012), Deepak ([[Rahul Ravindran]]) in ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' (2013) and [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] in ''[[Oh Manapenne!]]'' (2021).

== Legacy ==
Arachi drew comparisons with another stock character in Tamil films, "London ponnu" ({{translation|London girl}}), that is often typecast as "a character with modern outfits (at least in the first half)" who then changes tones from "stubborn to submissive in the later half."<ref name="fullyfilmy" /> In 2018, a streaming series titled ''[[America Mappillai]]'' was released, with the director announcing that he hoped to "destroy the stereotype".<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Mudliar, Preeti and Pal, Joyojeet ''Watching from an Arm's Length: The Foreign Hand in Tamil Cinema'' (2015)

{{Stock characters}}

[[Category:Male stock characters]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]

List of villages in Saran district

2026-03-12T11:14:48Z

AlexPopp6687: started place!

{{Short description|none}}
{{moresources|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
The [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]] is divided into three sub-divisions and 20 blocks. It has a total of 1,764 villages. This includes 194 uninhabited villages in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Welcome to Saran District {{!}} India|url=https://saran.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|access-date=2022-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

This is list of the villages of [[Saran district]] according to their respective blocks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-11-25|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1017_PART_B_DCHB_SARAN.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115152641/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1017_PART_B_DCHB_SARAN.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

== Amnour ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Admapur
# Amnaur Aguan
# Amnaur Aguwan
# Amnaur Harnaraen
# Amnaur Kalean
# Amnaur Sultan
# Apahar
# Arazi Dharampur
# Arna
# Bagahi
# Balaha
# Baldiha
# Bande
# Bans Dih
# Basatpur
# Basauta
# Basauti
# Bedauliya
# Bhagwatpur
# Bhatehri
# Bhatha
# Bhusna
# Bishamhar Chhapra
# Bishunpur
# Bishunpura
# Chainpur
# Chainpur
# Chak Arna
# Chak Man
# Chandpura
# Chhapra Abhiman
# Daur Chhapra
# Dharahra Khurd
# Dharahra kalan
# Dharampur Jafar
# Dhorhlahi Abhiman
# Dhorhlahi Kaithal
# Dumaria
# Firozpur
# Ganaura
# Gangapur
# Garaul
# Gasa Khap
# Gawandri
# Gawandri
# Gheyaspur
# Gochhi Chhapra
# Guna Chhapra
# Hakma
# Harpur
# Hela
# Husepur
# Jafarpur
# Jalalpur
# Jhakhra
# Jhaua Patti
# Jogini
# Kairganwan
# Kaithaulia
# Kasimpur
# Katsa
# Kewari Kalan
# Khas Patti
# Khori Pakar Badla
# Khori pakar Kharag
# Kishunpur
# Kohripak Gobind
# Korea
# Kuari
# Lakhna
# Madarpur
# Madhubani
# Maksudpur
# Maksudpur
# Malahi
# Manorpur Jhakhari
# Manpur
# Munra
# Narsingh Bhanpur
# Narsingh Patti
# Nauranga
# Nawada
# Paharpur
# Paiga Kalan
# Paiga Mitarsen
# Paiga Sadar
# Pakri
# Pakri Mahammad
# Panre Tola
# Parasrampur
# Parmanand Chhapra
# Parsa
# Patrahi Kalan
# Patrahi Khurd
# Rahimpur
# Rahimpur Karan
# Rajupur
# Ram Chak
# Rasulpur
# Repura
# Sahadi Chhapra
# Salkhua
# Sandalpur
# Saray Bakhsh
# Shahpur
# Shekhpura
# Shekhpura
# Shekhpura
# Shikarpur
# Sirsia Bali
# Sirsia Jagdeo
# Sirsia Khap
# Sirsia Mani
# Sirsia Rai
# Sonaha
# Takia
# Tarwar
# Umarpur
{{div col end}}

== Baniapur ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Agrauli
# Amanw
# Amanw Khurd
# Anandpur
# Andhar Ajor
# Banakar
# Bangalipatti
# Baniapur
# Banropur
# Basatpur
# Batrauli
# Bedauli
# Bengali Bhithi
# Berui
# Bhagwanpur
# Bhaiya Ramki Dhauri
# Bhakura
# Bhatwalia
# Bhithi
# Bhithi Bazar
# Bhuidhara
# Bhusanw
# Bindra Patak
# Chak pir
# Chandpur
# Chandpur Birt
# Chhapia
# Chhapia
# Chhatwa Khurd
# Chhatwan Kalan
# Chhitauni
# Chorauan
# Darhibarhi
# Darhibarhi
# Dewalkha
# Dhanawn
# Dhanawn
# Dhangaraha
# Dhobwal
# Dungurpatti
# Goapipar Panti
# Hafizpur
# Hansrajpur Kalan
# Hansrajpur Kalan Birti
# Hansrajpur Khurd
# Harakhpura
# Hardew Tola
# Hardi Tola
# Hariharpur
# Harpur
# Harpur
# Hunraraha Kalan
# Hunraraha Khurd
# Ibrahimpur
# Jahangirpur
# Kalhua
# Kamta
# Kanhauli Manohar
# Kanhauli Sangram
# Kanth Chhapra
# Karah
# Karahi
# Katsa
# Khabsa
# Khabsi
# Khalispur
# Lauwa Kalan
# Lutha Dhananw
# Machhagra
# Majhaulia
# Majhaulia Kalan
# Majhaulia Khurd
# Manikpura
# Manopali
# Maricha
# Menruka
# Menruka
# Menruka
# Milkipur
# Mirzapur
# Muslimpur
# Nadauan
# Nagdiha
# Najiba
# Nandlal Tola
# Pachmahla
# Paighambarpur
# Panrepur
# Paterhia
# Piarepur
# Pindra
# Pindra
# Pipra
# Pirari
# Pirauta Khas Ghurahu
# Pirauta Megha
# Pithauri
# Rajauli
# Repura
# Sarea
# Sarea
# Sarmi
# Satua
# Shekhpura
# Shekhpura
# Sihoria
# Siripur
# Siripur
# Sisai
# Suhai Gajan
# Suhai Sahpur
# Suraudha
# Tola Tawakal Rai
# Usti
{{div col end}}

== Chapra ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Amar Chhapra
# Anyay
# Badalpura
# Badalpura Diara
# Badlutola
# Bahoran Tola
# Balgarha
# Balua
# Banathi
# Bangra
# Barhampur
# Barhara Mahazi
# Basarhi
# Batani
# Bazidpur
# Bhairopur Aima
# Bhairopur Nizamat
# Bichla Telpa
# Bichli Badhar
# Bishunpura
# Chak Haji
# Chak Jamali
# Chakia
# Chhota madhopur
# Chan Chaura
# Chhuri Chhapra
# Chirand
# Daftarpur
# Dahiawan
# Dariyawganj
# Dhanpat Chhapra
# Dharampura
# Dhusaria
# Diara Singahi
# Dumaria
# Dumri
# Ekauna
# Gheghta
# Gopalpur
# Harnarayan Chhapra
# Hasanpurwa
# Ismailpur
# Itahia
# Jagdishpur
# Jalalpur
# Jalalpur
# Jamuna
# Jatia Bajidpur
# Jatua
# Kans Diar
# Karinga
# Khalpura Bala
# Khalpura Kamala
# Khawaspur
# Khawaspur Khurd
# Kotwapatti Rampur
# Lodipur
# Lodipur Diara
# Lohra
# Lohri
# Madanipatti
# Mahaji Dharhara
# Mahaji Khalpura Bala
# Mahaji Khalpura Kamala
# Maharajganj
# Makhdumganj
# Mala Mirja Tukra II
# Malamirza Tukra
# Malasherpur
# Mangaidih
# Manupur Jahangir
# Manupur Manjhan
# Marahia
# Mauna
# Mehian
# Mehrauli
# Methwalia
# Mira Musehri
# Misraulia
# Mohaddipur
# Musehri
# Musehri Mahto
# Musepur
# Naini
# Nandlal Chhapra
# Narayanpur
# Nauadih
# Panapur
# Parsotim Chhapra
# Phakuli
# Phul Chak
# Purbari Telpa
# Qazipur
# Raipur Bingawan
# Rajaiya Tola
# Ram Kolwa
# Rasalpura
# Ratanpura
# Semaria Mahazi
# Shankarpur Urf Kutubpur
# Sherpur
# Shukulpura
# Sidhwalia
# Singahi
# Siram Chak
# Sujan Chhapra
# Taufir Maharajganj
# Tejpurwa
# Tenua
# Todarpur
# Turkaulia
{{div col end}}

== Dariapur ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Admapur
# Akbarpur I
# Akbarpur II
# Aqilpur
# Bajahia
# Bajaraha
# Bali Chhapra
# Baluahia
# Banwaripur
# Banwaripur
# Banwaripur
# Barka Banea
# Barua
# Barwa
# Bedaulia
# Bela
# Belahar Janki
# Belahar Pattu
# Bhagwan Chak
# Bhagwanpur
# Bhagwanpur
# Bhagwanpur
# Bhairopur
# Bhaw Chak
# Bhetwalia
# Bhopan Chak
# Bisahi
# Bisamharpur
# Chak Akbarpur
# Chak Banwaripur
# Chak Han
# Chak Hasan
# Chak Jalal
# Chak Khanpur Mahartha
# Chak Nagwa Khurd Mahartha
# Chak Ruddi
# Chak Semrahiya Mahartha
# Chandwa Chak
# Chaubhaia
# Chhotami
# Chhotka Banea
# Daluwa Chak
# Darihara Bhual
# Darihara Chaturbhuj
# Darihara Nisakh
# Dariyapur
# Darwesha
# Derni
# Dewti
# Dhanauti Sultanpur
# DhanneChapra
# Dhanuki
# Dharam Chak
# Dhongaha Fatuh
# Dhongaha Inam
# Diara Mahazi
# Dumaria
# Dumaria Sani
# Edilpur
# Faqir Chak
# Fatehpur Chain
# Fursatpur
# Fursatpur
# Garauna
# Gariba Chak
# Gay Ghat
# Ghurhu Kothia
# Gopalpur
# Hakar Patti
# Hardia Chak
# Hariharpur
# Hariharpur
# Harna
# Harpur
# Hewantpur
# Hingua
# Hukraha
# Hukrahi
# Ibrahimpur
# Inglish
# Itwa
# Jadopur
# Jadurampur
# Jaduwa Chak
# Jagdish
# Jagdishpur
# Jaitipur
# Jalalpur
# Jamira
# Jitwarpur
# Joga Chak
# Kakarahat
# Kamalpur
# Karam Chak
# Karanpura
# Kewatia
# Khajauta
# Khajuhta
# Khanpur
# Khirkia
# Khojauli
# Khushihal pur
# Kishun Das
# Koila
# Konhwa
# Kothia
# Kothia
# Kusiari
# Kuwari
# Lachhmanpur
# Litiahi
# Lohchha
# Lohchha- Kapurtal
# Mahammadpur
# Mahammadpur
# Mahesia
# Mahesia
# Malahi Chak
# Malmala
# Manchitwa
# Mangarpal Murtuza
# Mangarpal Nuran
# Manika Chak
# Manoharpur
# Manpur
# Manpur
# Mansa Chak
# Manupur
# Masti Chak
# Math Balgobinda
# Math Kakara
# Math Kewatia
# Mathchelwa
# Mohan Chak
# Mohan Kothia
# Mujauna
# Mujauna Mahartha
# Murar chak
# Nagwa
# Naso Chak
# Natha Chhapra
# Nawada
# Nonphar
# Panch Bhaia
# Parsurampur
# Partappur
# Patti Sital
# Piara Math
# Pipra
# Pirari
# Pirari
# Pitu Chak
# Pojhi
# Porai
# Purdilpur
# Purnadih
# Rahimapur
# Rajapur
# Ramjitpur
# Rampur
# Rampur
# Rampur Aanant
# Rampur Jagdish
# Ranipur
# Rasulpur
# Sadwara
# Sahay Chak
# Saidpur
# Sajnupur Mathihan
# Sakhnauli
# Salempur
# Salempur
# Saman Chak
# Samaspura
# Sanjha
# Sarae Muzaffar
# Sarae Saho
# Saraia
# Sarari
# Sarnarayan
# Sarnath Chak
# Semrahia
# Shahar Chhapra
# Sikandara
# Sisauni
# Sitalpur Chak Mahartha
# Sultanpur
# Sumerpatti
# Sundarpur
# Sutihar
# Tapsia
# Tinbhaia
# Turki
# Ubhwa
# Yar Mohammadpur
# Zaminpur
{{div col end}}

== Dighwara ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Ahiman Patti
# Akilpur
# Ami
# Anu CHak
# Babhangawan
# Baguraha
# Baqarpur
# Barua
# Basti Jalal
# Batrauli
# Bishunpur
# Bishunpur Mohan
# Bodha Chhapra
# Chatra
# Dharipur
# Dudhia
# Fakuli
# Goraipur
# Haraji
# Ismaila
# Jaitipur
# Jhaua
# Kakaria
# Kanakpur
# Kesarpur
# Kuraia
# Malkha Chak
# Manupur
# Mathurapur
# Milki
# Nizama Chak
# Pakaulia
# Pakauliya
# Parsotimpur
# Parsotimpur
# Pharhada
# Pipra Salehpur
# Ramdas Chak
# Rampur Ami
# Salhadi
# Sitalpur
# Sobarna
# Tilok Chak
# Una Chak
# Yusufpur
# Yusufpur
{{div col end}}

== Ekma ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# Amdarhi
# Asahni
# Atarsan
# Athdila
# Bahuwara
# Bal
# Baliya
# Banpura
# Banpura
# Bansi Chhapra
# Banwari Amnaur
# Basantpur
# Be. Chhapri
# Bedupur
# Benaut
# Betuania (Batbaniya)
# Bharhopur
# Bhodsa
# Bishunpura Kalan
# Bishunpura Khurd
# Chak Islam
# Chak Mira
# Chan Chaura
# Chanrwa(Chandchaura)
# Chapraitha
# Chapraithi
# Chhapia
# Chhitraulia
# Dewpura
# Dhana Dih
# Dhana Dih
# Dhanauti
# Dohar
# Ekari
# Ekma
# Eksar
# Galimanpur
# Gangwa
# Gauspur
# Ghaziapur
# Hakam
# Hansrajpur
# Hanumanganj
# Harpur
# Husepur
# Ithari
# Jamanpura
# Jamni Amnaur
# Jogia
# Karanpura
# Khajuhan
# Kosari
# Laguni
# Lakat Chhapra
# Lalpur Mathia
# Langra
# Lauwari
# Madhopur
# Makundpur
# Mani
# Mani Chhapra
# Manikpur
# Mathia
# Nagra
# Nagra Basantpur
# Nautan
# Nawada
# Pachua
# Panre Chhapra
# Panre ke Bhuin
# Parsa
# Phuchti Kalan
# Phuchti Khurd
# Rajapur
# Rampur
# Rampur
# Rasulpur
# Rith
# Safari
# Sasna
# Senduar
# Siuri
# Siuri
# Sobhan Chhapra
# Soraunu
# Tarwania
# Telia Dih
# Tesuar
# Tiwari Chhapra
# Tola Doman Rai
# Tola Madhopur
# Tola Rampur
# Tola Ranglal
{{div col end}}

==Sonepur saran==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of villages in Bihar|Saran district]]
[[Category:Saran district]]
[[Category:Villages in Saran district|*]]

Naanal (film)

2026-03-04T05:17:49Z

AlexPopp6687: started new stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naanal
| image = Naanal film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| based_on = {{based on|''Naanal''|K. Balachander}}
| producer = G. V. Saravanan
| starring = [[R. Muthuraman]] [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Major Sundarrajan]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] [[Nagesh]]
| cinematography = P. N. Sundaram
| editing = N. R. Kittu S. Muthu
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Saravana Pictures
| released = {{film date|1965|12|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Naanal''''' ({{translation|[[Reed (plant)|Reed]]}} cane) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime comedy film]], written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. It is based on his play of the same name. The film stars [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[Nagesh]]. It was released on 24 December 1965 and failed at the box office.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2021}}
Four jailbirds escape from prison to take revenge on the judge who sentenced them. They take over his house, and the film builds around the judge and his family escaping from them.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Inspector Baskaran
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Prisoner Arasu
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Savitri
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Jaya, Raghunathan's sister
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Murali
* [[Nagesh]] as Pattabi Raman
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi
* [[Shoba]]
* [[K. Vijayan]] as Judge Raghunathan
* Gemini Mali as Prisoner David
* Hari Krishnan as Prisoner Bairavan
* I. S. R. as Kesavan
* [[Typist Gopu]] as Milk Man
}}

== Production ==
''Naanal'' was a play written by [[K. Balachander]] and inspired by the film ''[[The Desperate Hours (1955 film)|The Desperate Hours]]'' (1955).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gopalie |first=S. |year=1969 |title=Tamil {{!}} (In)significant |url=http://theatreforum.in/static/upload/docs/Enact_69.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043807/http://theatreforum.in/static/upload/docs/Enact_69.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=6 November 2021 |magazine=Enact |pages=13–15 |issue=25}}</ref> After the release of ''[[Neerkumizhi]]'' (1965), Balachander decided to adapt ''The Desperate Hours'' as the story for his next play after being impressed by the plot.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=பாலசந்தர் |first=கே. |author-link=K. Balachander |date=12 February 1995 |title=நினைவலைகள் – 28 |trans-title=Reminiscences – 28 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-02-12/kalki1995-02-12.pdf |access-date=25 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=49–51 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Naanal'' was later adapted by him into a film with the same name after the producer Velumani felt it had potential.<ref name="kalki" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=1965 – நாணல் – சரவணா பிக். (மேடை நாடகம்) |trans-title=1965 – Naanal – Saravana Pic. (stage play) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails26.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190304051519/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails26.asp |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Naanal'' marked the feature film debut of [[Typist Gopu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Veteran Tamil actor 'typist' Gopu passes away in Chennai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-tamil-actor-typist-gopu-passes-away-chennai-97885 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303213640/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-tamil-actor-typist-gopu-passes-away-chennai-97885 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

When the film was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] for certification, an official raised objection against the film's concept, believing it may influence criminals in real life to take revenge in a similar manner and instructed Balachander to change the story and film it again. Balachander, who was shocked by this decision as the film was nearing its release, made changes to the film like redubbing lines of "Judge" and replacing it with "Durai" while also shooting a flashback scene to show the reason for the criminals' anger against the film's protagonist in one day and added it in the film. After making these changes, the certification was given.<ref name="kalki" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[V. Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1965 |title=Naanal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/naanal/qkserKZxmZY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043435/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/naanal/qkserKZxmZY_ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2 |date=November 2016 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=205–206 |language=ta}}</ref> Historian [[A. R. Venkatachalapathy]] wrote, "[<nowiki/>[[Suratha]]] had a knack for compiling data, making lists and turning them into poetry", citing "Vinnukku Melaadai" in ''Naanal'' as an example.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=A.R. |author-link=A. R. Venkatachalapathy |date=17 June 2021 |title=Suradha: The poet of similes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/suradha-the-poet-of-similes/article34841499.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629010038/https://www.thehindu.com/books/suradha-the-poet-of-similes/article34841499.ece |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyricists!! Length
|-
| "Ennathaan Paaduvathu" || [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan="3" |[[Alangudi Somu]]|| 03:59
|-
| "Kuyil Koovi Thuyil Ezhuppa" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || 02:52
|-
| "Kuyil Koovi Thuyil Ezhuppa" – Sad || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi & [[Major Sundarrajan]] (dialogues) || 03:26
|-
| "Vinnukku Melaadai" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & P. Susheela || [[Suratha]]|| 05:39
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Naanal'' was released on 24 December 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 1965 |title=Naanal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19651224&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 December 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> T. M. Ramachandran of ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' positively reviewed the film, praising Sundarrajan's performance more than the other cast members.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=12 February 1966 |title=Naanal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n339/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209055015/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n339/mode/2up |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=42 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=20}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave the film a less positive review, comparing it unfavourably to the source play.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 January 1966 |title=நாணல் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-01-09/page/n10/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209055843/https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-01-09/page/n10/mode/2up |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=9 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film did not do well at the box-office.<ref name="kalki" />

== Legacy ==
The storyline of [[Crazy Mohan]]'s play ''Crazy Thieves in Palavakkam'' was inspired by ''Naanal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa H. |date=1 September 2016 |title='Crazy Thieves' all set to return |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/%E2%80%98Crazy-Thieves%E2%80%99-all-set-to-return/article14617837.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218074737/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/%E2%80%98Crazy-Thieves%E2%80%99-all-set-to-return/article14617837.ece |archive-date=18 December 2017 |access-date=18 December 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{K. Balachander}}
[[Category:1960s crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about home invasion]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Selvam (1966 film)

2026-03-04T05:12:28Z

AlexPopp6687: further adjusted citations after review also and corrected details

{{short description|1966 film by K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Selvam
| image = Selvam 1966.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| screenplay = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| story = [[B. S. Ramiah]]
| producer = [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| cinematography = R. Sampath
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = V. K. R. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1966|11|11|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Selvam''''' is a 1966 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=11 November 2022 |title=கடன் சுமையில் இருந்த வி.கே.ராமசாமிக்கு சிவாஜி கொடுத்த 'செல்வம்'! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/56-years-of-selvam-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114050811/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/56-years-of-selvam-movie |archive-date=14 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu magazine|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> written and directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] from a story by [[B. S. Ramiah]], and produced by [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. It was released on 11 November 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=101-110 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp11.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912165702/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp11.htm |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Selvam
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Valli
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Dr. Rajan
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Boothalingam
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Kanthasamy
*[[M. V. Rajamma]] as Dhanalakshmi
*[[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Mangalam
*[[Nagesh]] as Kathakalachebam Iyer
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Rathna
*[[R. Balasubramaniam]] as Astrologer
*[[Samikannu]] as Astrologer
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Guest Appearance
}}

== Production ==
''Selvam'' was directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]], who wrote the screenplay from a story by [[B. S. Ramiah]].<ref name="kamadenu" /> The film was produced by actor [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2016 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 156 – சுதாங்கன் - தினமலர் |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/19712 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914071507/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/19712 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> who did not feature. It was lighter than the melodramatic films [[Sivaji Ganesan]] was previously known for starring in. The film ridicules horoscopes, astrology and superstition.<ref name="kamadenu" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=செல்லப்பா |date=11 August 2017 |title=சினிமாஸ்கோப் 42: டும் டும் டும் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/231574-42.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914071302/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/231574-42.html |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selvam (1966) |url=https://mio.to//album/Selvam+%281966%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914070655/https://mio.to/album/Selvam+%281966%29 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulamagal Raathai- Nichaya Thaamboolam- Selvam Tamil Film Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/product/gulamagal-raathai-nichaya-thaamboolam-selvam-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914072229/https://mossymart.com/product/gulamagal-raathai-nichaya-thaamboolam-selvam-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ennadi Ithanaivegam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || [[Alangudi Somu]] || 04:12
|-
| "Avala Sonnal" || T. M. Soundararajan ||rowspan=4|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 03:31
|-
| "Lilli Lalli Jimmi" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:22
|-
| "Ondra Iranda" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:42
|-
| "Va Va Va Enakkakava" || Dharapurum Sundarrajan, [[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| 03:26
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Selvam'' was released on 11 November 1966.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 1966 |title=Selvam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19661111&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised Gopalakrishnan's screenplay for lacking essence and direction for lacking newness, but said the dialogues had richness.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 December 1966 |title=செல்வம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-12-04/page/n45/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230616091624/https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-12-04/page/n45/mode/2up |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=45 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0215169}}

{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1966 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bhakshak

2026-03-02T04:57:31Z

AlexPopp6687: made new stub

{{Short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhakshak
| image = Bhakshak film poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Pulkit
| writer = Jyotsana Nath Pulkit
| producer = {{Plain list|
*[[Gauri Khan]]
*Gaurav Verma
}}
| starring = [[Bhumi Pednekar]] [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] [[Aditya Srivastava]] [[Sai Tamhankar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anurag Saikia]] Anuj Garg '''Background Score:''' [[Clinton Cerejo]] Bianca Gomes
| cinematography = Kumar Sourabh
| editing = Zubin Sheikh
| studio = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|02|09}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bhakshak-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5mzix |title=''Bhakshak'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Bhakshak''''' ({{Translation|Devourer}}) is a 2024 Indian Hindi language [[crime thriller]] film based on the [[Muzaffarpur shelter case]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Muzaffarpur women's shelter case inspired Netflix's 'Bhakshak'. Here's the story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/muzaffarpur-womens-shelter-case-inspired-netflixs-bhakshak-heres-the-story-abiout-brajesh-thakur-bhumi-pednekar-aditya-srivastava-sanjay-mishra-netflix-film-2495791-2024-01-31 |magazine=India Today |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref> It is directed by Pulkit and produced by [[Gauri Khan]] and Gaurav Verma under banner [[Red Chillies Entertainment]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024|title=Bhakshak teaser: Bhumi Pednekar plays an investigative journalist in this Netflix India thriller. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhakshak-teaser-bhumi-pednekar-plays-an-investigative-journalist-in-this-netflix-india-thriller-watch-101705557442532.html |access-date=20 January 2024|website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> the film stars [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Aditya Srivastava]] and [[Sai Tamhankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024|title=Bhumi Pednekar to headline investigative drama film 'Bhakshak'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhumi-pednekar-to-headline-investigative-drama-film-bhakshak/article67751253.ece/ |access-date=20 January 2024|website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024|title=Bhakshak teaser: Bhumi Pednekar's investigative journalist fights for young girls' rights in crime thriller|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bhakshak-teaser-bhumi-pednekar-investigative-journalist-fights-for-young-girls-rights-in-crime-thriller-3075025/ |access-date=20 January 2024|website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on [[Netflix]] on 9 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhumi Pednekar starrer investigative drama Bakshak, bankrolled by Red Chillies Entertainment, set for February 9, 2024 release on Netflix, watch teaser|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-starrer-investigative-drama-bakshak-bankrolled-red-chillies-entertainment-set-february-9-2024-release-watch-teaser/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=18 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{See also|Muzaffarpur shelter case}}
The story of Vaishali, a journalist, who uncovers a dark secret at a shelter home in Munawwarpur, Bihar. She learns about young girls being abused there. Vaishali faces many obstacles as she tries to expose the truth, including threats to her family. With the help of a courageous girl named Sudha and a supportive police officer named SS Jasmeet Kaur, Vaishali fights against the powerful people involved in the abuse. Eventually, justice prevails, and the perpetrators are brought to light. The film sheds light on the importance of standing up against injustice and fighting for what's right.

== Cast ==
* [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Vaishali Singh
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Baskar Sinha
* [[Aditya Srivastava]] as Bansi Sahu
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as SSP Jasmeet Kaur
* Surya Sharma as Arvind Singh
* [[Durgesh Kumar]] as Guptaji
* [[Chittaranjan Tripathy]] as Mithilesh Sinha
* Tanisha Mehta as Sudha Kumari, Vaishali's friend
* [[Satyakam Anand]] as Sonu
* [[Vibha Chibber|Vibha Chibbar]] as Rajni Singh
* Pravin Kumar Sisodia as Brijmohan Singh
* Murari Kumar as Baccha Babu
* Samta Sudiksha as Gudiya
* Gulista Alija as Baby Rani
* Shakti Sinha as Pappu Thekedar
* Danish Iqbal as Suresh Singh
* Pubali Sanyal as Mamta Singh
* Farheen Khan as Seema Singh
* Aditya Uppal as IG Sagar Pratap
* Anurag as Prabhat Kumar
* Brijbhushan Shukla as Party Worker
* Prabhat Lehri as Inspector Daroga
* Shammi Jaffery as Shobha Sahu
* Anand Sharma as CM Jitesh Kumar
* Anuj Mishra as Ssp Assistant
* Ekram Khan as Prakash Sinha
* Umesh Kumar Shukla as Radheshyam
* Mahesh Chandra Deva as Seva grih doctor
* Amit Sinha as Umesh Kumar
* Ronak Pandey as Bhaskar's Son
* Punita Awasthi as Bhaskar's Wife
* Ankit Singh as Nafisa
* Shiv Mohan as Novelty security guard
* Dinesh Trivedi as Paan shop owner
* Sunil Kanal as Dom Maharaj
* Ajay Singh as Rajni Singh's Assistant
* Preeti Shukla as Samaj Kalyan Ministry

== Production ==
=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in January 2022 and [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] only 39 days in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Bhumi Pednekar wraps Bhakshak shoot in 39 days, says narrative will continue to give me goosebumps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bhumi-pednekar-wraps-bhakshak-shoot-in-39-days-says-narrative-will-continue-to-give-me-goosebumps-1915896-2022-02-21|work=India Today|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2022|title=Bhumi Pednekar wraps up the shoot of Shah Rukh Khan's next production 'Bhakshak'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/bhumi-pednekar-wraps-up-the-shoot-of-shah-rukh-khans-next-production-bhakshak-23215372|work=Mid Day|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhakshak
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anurag Saikia]] and Anuj Garg
| released = 9 February 2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2023
| length = 17:16
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube|zLYxI2fQrdY|Bhakshak - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by
[[Anurag Saikia]] and Anuj Garg. While lyrics written by [[Raj Shekhar]] and Anuj Garg.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 17:16
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ganga
| extra1 = Megha Sriram Dalton, [[Anurag Saikia]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Shamil Hai
| extra2 = Romy, Anurag Saikia
| length2 = 7:17
| title3 = Chanda
| note3 = Music and lyrics by Anuj Garg
| extra3 = Yajat Garg
| length3 = 6:24
}}

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=50|count=16|average=5.6|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=13 February 2024}}

Deepa Gahlot from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' awarded the film 3/5 stars and wrote "''Bhakshak'' should create some awareness and maybe raise some compassion towards victims of abuse."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=9 February 2024 |title=Bhakshak Review: The Horror Of Child Abuse|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/bhakshak-review/20240209.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=13 February 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Bhakshak'' is a no-nonsense gripping investigative thriller and rests on the powerful performances of Bhumi Pednekar, Sanjay Mishra and Aditya Srivastava. It also gives a nice tribute to the small-town journalists who often risk their lives while trying to break stories that matter."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhakshak Movie Review: BHAKSHAK is a nononsense gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhakshak/critic-review/bhakshak-movie-review/bhakshak-is-a-no-nonsense-gripping-investigative-thriller/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2.5/5 stars, but said, "Bhumi Pednekar is solid in this stilted social drama".<ref>{{cite news |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=9 February 2024 |title=Bhakshak Review : Bhumi Pednekar is solid in this stilted social drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bhakshak/ottmoviereview/107548711.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2024}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Indian Express]]''{{'}} Shubhra Gupta wrote, "The Bhumi Pednekar film is saddled with basic story-telling and zero nuance", giving it 2/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |date=11 February 2024 |title=Bhakshak movie review: The Bhumi Pednekar film is saddled with basic story-telling and zero nuance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhakshak-review-bhumi-pednekar-movie-saddled-with-basic-story-telling-and-zero-nuance-9153202/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 September 2024}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27936770}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|bhakshak}}

[[Category:films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about child abuse]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]

Praveen Kumar (cricketer)

2026-02-11T11:38:54Z

AlexPopp6687: Put Up The Bio V1

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Praveen Kumar
| image = Praveen Kumar.jpg
| fullname = Praveen Kumar
| nickname = PK
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|10|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| heightm = 1.80
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast
| role = Bowler
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2007–2012
| country = India
| testcap = 270
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testdebutdate = 20 June
| testdebutyear = 2011
| lasttestagainst = England
| lasttestdate = 13 August
| lasttestyear = 2011
| odicap = 170
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 18 November
| odidebutyear = 2007
| lastodiagainst = Pakistan
| lastodidate = 18 March
| lastodiyear = 2012
| odishirt = 8
| T20Icap = 20
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| T20Idebutdate = 1 February
| T20Idebutyear = 2008
| lastT20Iagainst = South Africa
| lastT20Idate = 30 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2012
| T20Ishirt = 8
| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2005–2018}}
| club2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year2 = 2008–2010
| clubnumber2 = 8
| club3 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year3 = 2011–2013
| clubnumber3 = 8
| club4 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year4 = 2014
| clubnumber4 = 88
| club5 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year5 = 2015
| clubnumber5 = 19
| club6 = [[Gujarat Lions]]
| year6 = 2016–2017
| clubnumber6 = 17
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 6
| matches2 = 68
| matches3 = 10
| matches4 = 66
| runs1 = 149
| runs2 = 292
| runs3 = 7
| runs4 = 2,110
| bat avg1 = 14.90
| bat avg2 = 13.90
| bat avg3 = 2.33
| bat avg4 = 22.44
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| 100s/50s4 = 0/11
| top score1 = 40
| top score2 = 54[[not out|*]]
| top score3 = 6
| top score4 = 98
| deliveries1 = 1,611
| deliveries2 = 3,242
| deliveries3 = 156
| deliveries4 = 14,158
| wickets1 = 27
| wickets2 = 77
| wickets3 = 8
| wickets4 = 267
| bowl avg1 = 25.81
| bowl avg2 = 36.02
| bowl avg3 = 24.12
| bowl avg4 = 23.61
| fivefor1 = 1
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 17
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 1
| best bowling1 = 5/106
| best bowling2 = 4/31
| best bowling3 = 2/14
| best bowling4 = 8/68
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 11/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 1/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 12/–
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2010 Asia Cup|2010 Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2008 Asia Cup|2008 Pakistan]]|}}
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30732.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 20 October
| year = 2024
}}
'''Praveenkumar Sakat Singh''' ({{audio|Praveen Kumar.ogg|pronunciation}}, born 2 October 1986) is a former Indian cricketer who bowled right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-pace]].<ref name="espncricinfo.com"/> In [[first-class cricket]], he played for [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]]. He relied on his ability to [[Swing bowling|swing]] the ball both ways along with line and length.<ref name="espncricinfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30732.html|title=Praveen Kumar|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, he announced his retirement from all forms of cricket. He was a part of the Indian squad which won the [[2010 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25029603/former-india-seamer-praveen-kumar-retires |title=Former India seamer Praveen Kumar retires |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Praveenkumar Sakat Singh was born in [[Meerut]] on 2 October 1983,<ref name="espncricinfo.com"/> to police head constable Sakat Singh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Proud father's dept honours Praveen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/proud-fathers-dept-honours-praveen/articleshow/2850589.cms |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="thecricketmonthly.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/922231/in-pk-country|title=In PK country|website=Thecricketmonthly.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> He married Sapna Choudhary in 2010, a national-level [[shooting sport]] player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/sports/praveen-kumars-marriage-ceremony/articleshow/6954020.cms|title=Praveen Kumar's marriage ceremony|website=Photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

He owns a farmhouse in [[Barnava]] village and Praveen Restaurant and Wedding Banquet in [[Meerut]] on [[National Highway 58 (India, old numbering)|NH-58]] Rohta Road Crossing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/south-africa-in-india/top-stories/People-of-Meerut-were-always-considered-moody-says-Praveen/articleshow/46297286.cms|title=People of Meerut were always considered moody, says Praveen|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

He entered politics by joining [[Samajwadi Party]] before the UP assembly.

Kumar has had well-documented struggles with stress-related illnesses, which he has worked hard to rectify. According to [[ESPNcricinfo]], he once beat up a doctor after having mud splashed on clothes by said doctor's car as Kumar stepped out of a shop where he had gone to buy a gun. The beating was administered in a glassware shop, which sustained damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/men-behaving-badly-398488|title=Men Behaving Badly|website=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>

Kumar revealed that he had contemplated suicide due to his mental health and loneliness and had chosen to undergo therapy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bas khatam karte hain: Praveen Kumar reveals he wanted to shoot himself when depression took over |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bowler-praveen-kumar-gun-suicide-family-depression-mental-illness-1638252-2020-01-19 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=19 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
He was the joint highest wicket-taker in the [[2004–05 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], India's domestic 50 over tournament. Praveen Kumar first came to limelight for his performances for [[India Red]] in the [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] 2007. He also appeared with ONGC in regional tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/praveen-kumar-retirement-5409867/|first1=Devendra|last1=Pandey|work=The Indian Express|title=Praveen Kumar, the original magician from Meerut, bids goodbye to cricket|date=20 October 2018|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105200405/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/praveen-kumar-retirement-5409867/|archive-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>

==ODI Debut for India==
He made his [[One Day International]] cricket debut for the [[India national cricket team]] against [[Pakistan national cricket team]] at [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] in November 2007.

He was later selected for the tri-nation [[Commonwealth Bank Series]] in 2008 in Australia against [[Australia national cricket team]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]] and played an important role in the Indian triumph. He was noted for his swing and his battles against [[Ricky Ponting]].

He established himself as the premier opening bowler for India in the ODIs from 2008 to 2010. He was selected for the [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2011]] but owing to an injury was replaced by [[Sreesanth]].

==Test Debut for India==
He made his Test debut against [[West Indies cricket team]] at Kingston in June 2011. He took a five wicket haul in the first Test match of India tour of [[England]], 2011.

==IPL career==
Praveen Kumar was initially with the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] until 2010.

While at RCB he became the 6th bowler in [[Indian Premier League]] history to take a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat trick]]. He did this against the [[Rajasthan Royals]] in [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dominant Bangalore crush Rajasthan|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-rajasthan-royals-10th-match-419115/match-report|access-date=1 March 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In 2008 while playing for RCB in a match against [[Rajasthan Royals]] he hit the joint biggest six in the history of the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of RCB vs Royals 12th match 2007/08 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-rajasthan-royals-12th-match-335992/full-scorecard|access-date=1 March 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> The shot which came off the bowling of [[Yusuf Pathan]] was measured at 124m in distance equally the record of [[Chennai Super Kings]] [[Albie Morkel]] in the same season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=The 10 biggest sixes in IPL history|url=https://t20-head-to-head.com/the-10-biggest-sixes-in-ipl-history/|access-date=1 March 2021|website=T20 Head to Head|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In the [[Indian Premier League]] he played for [[Kings XI Punjab]] from 2011 to 2013. He was unsold in the 2014 [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] auction owing to high base price.<ref name="espncricinfo.com"/>

After going unsold in IPL 2014 Auction, [[Mumbai Indians]] signed him as their replacement for the injured [[Zaheer Khan]]. Zaheer, who played six games, was ruled out for the rest of the IPL 2014 season after straining his left [[latissimus dorsi muscle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/content/story/742891.html|title=Mumbai Indians sign Praveen Kumar|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

He was picked up by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in [[IPL 2015]] auctions for a fee of 220 lakh [[Indian rupee|Indian]] rupees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of players sold and unsold in IPL 2015 auction|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-sold-and-unsold-in-ipl-2015-auction-832783|access-date=1 March 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

He then went on to play for [[Gujarat Lions]] from 2016 to 2017. This was the last time he featured in IPL.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Praveen Kumar}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30732}}

{{India Squad 2010 Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Praveen}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat Lions cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]

Nanda Ghunti

2026-02-02T12:00:38Z

AlexPopp6687: Minor updates and cleanup applied

#REDIRECT [[Nanda Devi]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Baghana

2026-01-27T13:47:02Z

AlexPopp6687: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baghana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Baghana.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|21|0|N|75|50|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kapurthala
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5000 Plus
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144405
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01824
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-36
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = Phagwara
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 90 %%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Hoshiarpur
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|45|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|0-15|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baghana''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] located near [[Phagwara]] in Kapurthala District, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=10985&rlbtype=V |title=List of Census Villages mapped for :BHAGANA Gram Panchayat,PHAGWARA,KAPURTHALA,PUNJAB |work=National Panchayat Directory |publisher=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] |accessdate=11 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823142513/http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=10985&rlbtype=V |archive-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kapurthala district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]

{{Phagwara-geo-stub}}

Bombing of Pisa in World War II

2026-01-08T23:55:36Z

AlexPopp6687: expanded layout per sources and improved wording

{{short description|none}} 
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bombing of Pisa
| partof = [[Strategic bombing during World War II]]
| image = Pisa Stazione1943.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The [[Pisa Centrale railway station]], main target of the attack, after the raid
| date = 31 August 1943
| place = [[Pisa]], [[Tuscany]], [[Italy]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| territory =
| result =
*Target hit; extensive destruction and civilian casualties
| status =
| combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} {{nowrap|[[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]]}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Fascist Italy}}
| combatant3 =
| commander1 =
| commander2 =
| commander3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 4 bombers
| casualties2 = 952 civilians
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}}

The [[bombing]] of [[Pisa]] took place on 31 August 1943, during [[World War II]]. Aimed at disabling the city's marshalling yard, it also resulted in heavy damage to the city itself (although its most famous [[landmark]]s were left untouched) and civilian casualties.

== History ==

The [[Pisa Centrale railway station]] was considered by the Allies to be of strategic importance for railway communications in central Italy, as it was the intersection point between the [[Turin]]-[[Genoa]]-[[Rome]]-[[Naples]] railway line and the [[Leopolda railway|Livorno-Florence railway line]]; this led to several Allied air raids aimed at its destruction. Additionally, the district of Porta a Mare housed several factories engaged in war production, and the nearby [[Pisa International Airport|San Giusto]] airfield was a base for the [[Regia Aeronautica]].

The first and heaviest raid took place on 31 August 1943, when 152 [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] and [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] of the [[United States Army Air Force]], having taken off from airfields in [[Tunisia]], dropped 408 tons of bombs on the Porta a Mare district, where the railway station was located. This raid was also part of the intensified Allied bombing campaign over Italy after the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|fall of Benito Mussolini]] on 25 July 1943, aimed at pushing the new [[Badoglio I Cabinet|Badoglio government]] to surrender. The raid began at 13:01, during lunchtime, and lasted seven minutes. The air raid sirens had been sounded at noon, but owing to a number of false alarms during the previous months, a large part of the population did not go to [[air raid shelter]]s, believing this to be yet another false alarm; this contributed to the high death toll.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213215/http://rcslibri.corriere.it/bombardatelitalia/bombardate1943.pdf Bombardate l’Italia. 1943]</ref><ref>Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio, ''Bombardate l’Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940-1945'', pp. 364-365-366.</ref><ref>[http://www.pisa24.info/memoria-tragico-bombardamento-pisa-31-agosto-1943/ Memoria, tragico bombardamento Pisa 31 agosto 1943]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160326161204/http://cultura.comune.pisa.it/?p=7144 Pane e bombe. Pisa bombardata, Pisa liberata]</ref>

At 13:01, the first bombers started dropping their bombs over the Porta a Mare [[power station]]. 367 bombs were dropped on the [[Saint-Gobain]] factory, killing 56 workers while they were at lunch. Italian [[Cannone da 90/53|90 mm]] and German [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41|88 mm]] anti-aircraft guns opened fire, and [[Macchi C.200]] fighter planes took off from the nearby [[Arena Metato]] airfield, but were unable to seriously interfere with the raid; only four of the 152 B-17s and B-24s were shot down.<ref>[http://www.pisa24.info/memoria-tragico-bombardamento-pisa-31-agosto-1943/ Memoria, tragico bombardamento Pisa 31 agosto 1943]</ref>

The railway station, the objective of the raid, was hit and badly damaged; at the same time, however, the entire part of Pisa located south of the [[Arno]] river suffered heavy damage, with the Porta a Mare district being virtually razed to the ground. 2,500 homes were destroyed or damaged, and several historical buildings were also hit, such as the Palazzo Pretorio and the churches of [[San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno]] and [[Sant'Antonio Abate]]. At least 952 inhabitants of Pisa were killed, according to the official figures; other estimates claim that the death toll was higher, up to 2,500 victims.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213215/http://rcslibri.corriere.it/bombardatelitalia/bombardate1943.pdf Bombardate l’Italia. 1943]</ref><ref>Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio, ''Bombardate l’Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940-1945'', pp. 364-365-366.</ref><ref>[http://www.pisa24.info/memoria-tragico-bombardamento-pisa-31-agosto-1943/ Memoria, tragico bombardamento Pisa 31 agosto 1943]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160326161204/http://cultura.comune.pisa.it/?p=7144 Pane e bombe. Pisa bombardata, Pisa liberata]</ref>

== Further raids ==

After this attack, Pisa suffered further heavy raids by both the [[USAAF]] and the [[Royal Air Force]] on 23, 24 and 25 September, 4 October and 25 December 1943, and on 18 and 19 January and 14 February 1944.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213215/http://rcslibri.corriere.it/bombardatelitalia/bombardate1943.pdf Bombardate l’Italia. 1943]</ref><ref>[http://www.rcslibri.it/bombardate1944.pdf Bombardate l’Italia. 1944]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> All these raids were aimed at either the airfield or the marshalling yard, but caused further damage and casualties to the city as well. In the summer of 1944 Pisa also suffered heavy [[artillery]] shelling by the advancing Allied forces.

By the time the Allies liberated Pisa, on 2 September 1944, 48% of all homes in the city had been destroyed; most of the damage was concentrated in the districts south of the Arno, where few buildings had escaped damage.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pisa_res-a4c40623-87e6-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ Enciclopedia Treccani]</ref> Civilian deaths from air raids and shelling were 1,738.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rassegnastampa.unipi.it/rassegna/archivio/2013/08/31SB26054.PDF |title=Rassegna stampa |access-date=2020-02-13 |archive-date=2020-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213005356/http://rassegnastampa.unipi.it/rassegna/archivio/2013/08/31SB26054.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.academia.edu/22061467/I_PIANI_DI_RICOSTRUZIONE_POSTBELLICI I piani di ricostruzione postbellici]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160326161204/http://cultura.comune.pisa.it/?p=7144 Pane e bombe. Pisa bombardata, Pisa liberata]</ref>

The city's most famous landmarks – the [[Pisa Cathedral|Cathedral]], the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa|Leaning Tower]] and the [[Pisa Baptistery|Baptistery]] – had survived unscathed. Still, the [[Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa|Camposanto Monumentale]], after being spared by the air raids, was hit by artillery shelling, with the loss of many of its [[fresco]]es. Many other less famous churches and historic palaces suffered damage, although this was repairable in most cases.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pisa_res-a4c40623-87e6-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ Enciclopedia Treccani]</ref>

== Notes ==
<references/>

== Bibliography ==

* Paolo Gianfaldoni, ''Pisa dal bombardamento del 1943 sino ai giorni nostri'', Felici, 1993
* Elena Ferrara, Enrico Stampacchia, ''Il bombardamento di Pisa del 31 agosto 1943. Dalle testimonianze alla memoria storica'', Tagete, 2004
* Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio, ''Bombardate l’Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940-1945'', Rizzoli, 2007

{{WWII city bombing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:War, Bombing Of Pisa In World, Ii}}
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:1943 in Italy]]
[[Category:Military history of Pisa]]
[[Category:World War II strategic bombing by populated place|Pisa]]
[[Category:Italy–United States military relations]]

Speeches about Indian independence

2026-01-03T16:53:30Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating a data - done

{{Short description|Speeches on movement to end British rule}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2010}}
Speeches about the [[Indian independence movement]] include [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Quit India speech]] (1942) on non-violence and mass action, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s "[[Tryst with Destiny]]" (1947) marking independence with a pledge to a new era, and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s vision for Pakistan's inclusive future. They reflect the struggle to end British rule and gain nationhood through ideologies like ''[[Ahimsa]]''.

== Clean Break speech ==
Although the militant factions of the Independence movement were advocating a complete break from British rule for almost a century, the first call for a non-violent movement led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was articulated in the aftermath of the failed [[Cripps' mission]] in April, 1942. Below is an excerpt of Gandhi's speech advocating complete independence from British rule.<ref name ="INC_website">{{cite web | title = Congress & The Freedom Movement | publisher = [[Indian National Congress]] | url = http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-the-freedom-movement.php | accessdate = 11 November 2010}}</ref>
<blockquote>"I am convinced that the time has come for the British and the Indians to be reconciled to complete separation from each other. Complete and immediate orderly withdrawal of the British from India [...] will at once put the Allied cause on a completely moral basis. [...]
I ask every Briton to support me in my appeal to the British at this hour to retire from every Asiatic and African possession. ... I ask for a bloodless end of an unnatural domination and for a new era. Leave India to God and if that be too much, leave her to anarchy, necessity for withdrawal lies in its being immediate."</blockquote>

== Quit India Resolution ==
On 8 August 1942, the [[All India Congress Committee]] met in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and passed the Quit India Resolution. The outcome was a mass uprising all over India with mass [[boycott]]s and [[civil disobedience]], called the [[Quit India Movement]]

==Declaring the close of the Colonial era==
On 15 August 1947, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister of free India]], addressed the [[Constituent Assembly]]. In his famous speech, ''[[Tryst with Destiny]]'', he declared the end of the colonial era and called on citizens to recognize the promise and opportunity of the moment:
<blockquote>"Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny. Now the time has come when we shall redeem our pledge - not wholly or in full measure - but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance."</blockquote>

His speech<ref name="modern_history_Sourcebook">{{cite web | title = Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964): Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence, August 14, 1947 | work = Modern History Sourcebook | publisher = [[Fordham University]] |date = October 1998| url = http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html | accessdate = 11 November 2010}}</ref> went on to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts in the Independence Movement and called upon his countrymen to work together to
<blockquote>"...bring freedom and opportunity to the common man, to the peasants and workers of India; to fight and end poverty and ignorance and disease; to build up a prosperous, democratic and progressive nation, and to create social, economic and political institutions which will ensure justice and fullness of life to every man and woman."</blockquote>

The declaration ends with an exhortation to work together in the [[common good|common weal]] and cautions against narrow [[sectarianism|sectarian]] or religious divisiveness: <blockquote>"All of us, to whatever religion we may belong, are equally the children of India with equal rights, privileges and obligations. We cannot encourage communalism or narrow-mindedness, for no nation can be great whose people are narrow in thought or in action."</blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Constitution of India]]
* [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Declarations of independence|India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Constitutional history of India]]
[[Category:Speeches about colonialism]]

Parvataneni Brahmayya

2025-12-15T21:14:28Z

AlexPopp6687: Put Up Basic Stub W/ Sources...

{{short description|Indian chartered accountant}}
'''Parvataneni Brahmayya''' or '''P Brahmayya''' (October 2, 1908 – 1980) was a chartered accountant, former [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|ICAI]] president and founded Brahmayya & Co., a firm of [[Chartered accountant]]s in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brahmayyablr.com/|title=BrahmayyaBlr|website=brahmayyablr.com}}</ref>

==Education and professional career==
An alumnus of the [[Loyola_College,_Chennai | Madras Loyola College]] and trained in the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales]], he was President (1962-63) and a part of the Central Council, the highest decision making body of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] for about 15 yrs; was a trustee of [[Unit Trust of India]]; a board member of the [[State Bank of India]] apart from being on several government advisory committees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=220|title=ICAI - The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|website=ICAI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brahmayya.com/who-we-are/history/|title=Brahmayya & Co - Certified Chartered Accountant Firm in Chennai and all over India|date=29 March 2015|publisher=}}</ref> According to the Managing Director of ''The Hindu'', N. Murali, Brahmayya's generosity, especially towards young chartered accountants was legendary.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Brahmayya-was-embodiment-of-humility-integrity-Murali/article15327132.ece|title=Brahmayya was embodiment of humility, integrity: Murali|publisher=}}</ref>

A hall in the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] building at Chennai and Hyderabad was named after him. He was a man of varied interests and a lover of both books and sports.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmayya, Parvataneni}}

[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Poohhiya Bramha, Asthan

2025-12-07T22:55:50Z

AlexPopp6687: enhanced layout and updated info to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{short description|Indian village}}
'''Poohhiya Bramha, Asthan''' is a village in [[Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2002/pollupd/ac/states/S24/Acnstcand167.htm Election Commission data, retrieved on 1 February 2010</ref> It was founded by Syed Karamat Hussain Jaffri in late 19th century. He had four children(Syed Yousouf Hussain Jaffri, Syed Kashif Hussain Jaffri, Syed Khaleel Hussan Jaffri, Syed Ameer Hussain).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Gorakhpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Gorakhpur district]]

{{Gorakhpur-geo-stub}}

Ummadidevarapalle

2025-11-02T03:42:33Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating new article

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0784|80.4113|display=it}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.45
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 862
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Thotakura Veera Prasad<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Ummadidevarapalle''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], the village has 269 households with a total population of 862, consisting of 436 males and 426 females. The Scheduled Castes population is 388 (198 males, 190 females), and the Scheduled Tribes population is 45 (23 males, 22 females). A total of 460 people in the village are literate. The workforce includes 481 individuals, with 266 males and 215 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area, Vinagadapa Village |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Navayugom

2025-09-27T21:12:32Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
|name = Navayugom
|type = Fortnightly
|format = Print
|founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|07}}
|owners = Kerala State Council of the [[Communist Party of India]]
|publisher = [[K. Prekash Babu]]
|editor = R. Ajayan
|chief_editor = [[Pannyan Raveendran]]
|language = [[Malayalam]]
|political_position = [[Left-wing]]
|headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}
'''''Navayugom''''' is a [[Malayalam]] fortnightly published in [[Kerala]], India. It is the official organ of the [[Kerala]] State Council of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=771380&u=himalayan-blunders-in-article-on-%E2%80%98chintha%E2%80%99-cpm-responsible-for-naxalbari%E2%80%99s-origin-%E2%80%98navayugam%E2%80%99-raises-harsh-criticisms-against-ems-as-well-771380|title = Himalayan blunders in article on 'Chintha'; CPM responsible for Naxalbari's origin, 'Navayugam' raises harsh criticisms against EMS as well}}</ref> Navayugam started publishing on 7 January 1950, as Weekly. [[K. Damodaran]] was the first editor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/k-damodaran-death-anniversary-1.4878125 |title=കെ ദാമോദരന്‍; കേരളത്തിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ കമ്മ്യുണിസ്റ്റ് | K Damodaran death anniversary |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003183257/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/k-damodaran-death-anniversary-1.4878125 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Malayalam journalism}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:Communist newspapers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Communist periodicals published in India]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Mandaragiri

2025-09-27T07:13:15Z

AlexPopp6687: started a info

{{short description|Jain temple in the state of Karnataka}}
{{distinguish|Mandar Parvat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| image = File:Guru Mandir - Mandargiri Hill.jpg
| alt = Guru mandir
| caption = Guru mandir
| native_name = ಮಂದಾರಗಿರಿ
| native_name_lang = Kn
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13|18|11|N|77|11|9.5|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Madhugiri]], [[Karnataka]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Chandraprabha]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Suparshvanatha]]
| established = 12th century
| creator =
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity = 7
| architecture_style =
}}

'''Mandaragiri''' or '''Basadi-betta''' is a [[Jain]] [[Tirtha (Jainism)|pilgrimage]] located on Mandaragiri Hill in [[Tumkur district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]].

== About temple ==
The Mandaragiri temple complex is an important Jain pilgrimage centre named after [[Mallinatha]].{{sfn|Charya|2019|p=120}} The hilltop has four twelfth-century temples{{sfn|Binayak|2020}} and one stupa enclosed in a massive stone wall with paintings of [[Tirthankara]]s. The back wall, the original entrance of the temple, features an entrance gate with two pillars bearing carvings of elephants and an image of Tirthankara seated on a lotus pedestal. The first temple doesn't enshrine any idols and the remaining three temples are dedicated to [[Chandraprabha]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Suparshvanatha]]. The stupa houses one stone slab with a carving of a footprint. The temple complex also includes a large [[manastambha]].{{sfn|Malhotra|2022}}

On the foot of the hill, an {{convert|81|ft}} temple called ''Guru mandir'' dedicated to Jain [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] [[Shantisagar]] is located. This temple is popularly known as pinchi temple and peacock temple due to the temple structure resembling a ''pinchi'', peacock feather fan, used by [[Digambara]] monks.{{sfn|McDonnell|2021}} A {{convert|21|ft}} monolithic statue of [[Chandraprabha]] is located near Guru mandir.{{sfn|Krishnaraja|2021}}{{sfn|Binayak|2020}}

''Maidala Kere'' and ''Padmavati Kere'' are the two lakes located near the temple complex on the hilltop. There is a ruined temple housing a large stone-carved image of a Tirthankara near Maidala lake. There are eight idols of goddesses scattered near the Padmavati Kere.{{sfn|Malhotra|2022}}
<gallery>
File:Bhagwan Chandraprabha 20250701 172853551.NIGHT~3.jpg|Bhagwan Chandraprabha at Manadargir, Karnataka
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Shravanabelagola]]
* [[Aagam Mandir, Tumkur]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Charya | first=S. V. Upendra |title=The Wanderings That Made Headlines | volume=8 | series=Xavier Centre of historical research studies | year=2019 | publisher=[[Notion Press]] |url={{Google books|PeqfDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT120|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | isbn=9781645876786 }}
* {{cite news |first=Kirti |last=Malhotra |title=Climbing up the tranquil slopes of Basadi hill |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/climbing-up-the-tranquil-slopes-of-basadi-hill-1169801.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 December 2022}}
* {{cite news |last=Krishnaraja |first=Renuka |title=The serene hills of Mandaragiri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/the-serene-hills-of-mandaragiri-967537.html |access-date=10 December 2022 | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=31 March 2021}}
* {{cite web |last=McDonnell |first=Sharon | date=20 October 2021 |title=Why Are There So Many Peacocks in India's Arts, Culture, and Legends? |url=https://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/experiences/news/why-are-there-so-many-peacocks-in-indias-arts-culture-and-legends |website=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=10 December 2022}}
* {{cite web |last=Binayak |first=Pooja | date=19 August 2020 |title=India's Jain Temples Are Incredible Architectural Marvels |url=https://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/experiences/news/indias-jain-temples-are-incredible-architectural-marvels |website=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=10 December 2022}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Mandargiri}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Legendary footprints]]

Satgawan

2025-09-23T06:12:53Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating article - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satgawan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7465|N|85.7695|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koderma district|Koderma]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 372
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Satgawan (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825132
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06556
| registration_plate = JH 12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| website = {{URL|koderma.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Satgawan''' is a village in the [[Satgawan (community development block)|Satgawan]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Koderma subdivision]] of the [[Koderma district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|33|0|N|85|38|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Koderma district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, D: dam, P: power plant, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chandwara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chandwara]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|34|48|N|85|46|18|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Dhab| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhab]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|22|33|N|85|38|37|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Jainagar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Jainagar, Koderma]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|19|38|N|85|50|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Markacho| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|24|26|N|85|48|41|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Nawadih| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Nawadih, Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|25|51|N|85|46|21|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Nawalsahi| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Nawalsahi]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|44|47|N|85|46|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Satgawan| numbered7=R| mark-title7=Satgawan (R)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|19|55|N|85|31|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Tilaiya| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Tilaiya]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|21|20|N|85|27|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Urwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Urwan]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|28|12|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Kodarma| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Kodarma]] (M) |label-size10=13 |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|25|44|N|85|32|7|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=Jhumri Telaiya| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jhumri Telaiya]] (M) |label-size11=13 |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|28|23|N|85|41|23|E}}| label-pos12=top|label12=Domchanch| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Domchanch]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|50|N|85|35|22|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Bekobar| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Bekobar]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|26|40|N|85|33|9|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Karma| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Karma, Koderma]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|19|26|N|85|31|40|E}}| label15= Tilaiya|labela15= Dam| label-color15 = #C42222 | label-angle15=0| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=12| numbered15=D|mark-title15 =[[Tilaiya Dam]]| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|33|40|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Koderma Thermal Power Station | numbered16=P| mark-title16= [[Koderma Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color16=#967117
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|34|0|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Koderma|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|20|0|N|85|37|0|E}} |label18= Barakar River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 10| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label19= Sakri River|label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 50| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -75| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Satgawan is located at {{coord|24.7465|N|85.7695|E|display=inline}}.

Satgawan is not shown as a separate place in 2011 census. In the map of Satgawan CD block in the District Census Handbook, Koderma, it is not possible to identify the headquarters of the CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2003_PART_B_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook,Koderma, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 50: Map of Satgawan CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref> In the Google map of the area both Satgawan police station and Satgawan block office are shown in Baiddih.<ref>Google maps</ref>

===Overview===
Koderma district is plateau territory and around 60% of the total area is covered with forests. The first dam of the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], at [[Tilaiya]], was built across the [[Barakar River]] and inaugurated in 1953. [[Koderma Junction railway station]] has emerged as an important railway centre in the region. It is a predominantly rural district with only 19.72% urban population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Pages 8 and 9 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2003_PART_B_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII B| work = Page 18| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |title =Damodar Valley Corporation |work =Dams and Barrages |publisher =DVC|accessdate =2 January 2021 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100429025712/http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |archive-date =2010-04-29 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Baidih had a total population of 372, of which 186 (50%) were males and 186 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 91. The total number of literate persons in Baiddih was 124 (44.13% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2004_PART_B_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Giridih, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 292: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Satgawan police station serves Satgawan CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/koderma | title = District Police Profile - Koderma | work = Contact Numbers | publisher = Jharkhand Police | accessdate = 20 December 2020 | archive-date = 2 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210102033429/https://jhpolice.gov.in/koderma | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of Satgawan CD block is at Satgawan village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Kodarma on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koderma District}}

[[Category:Villages in Koderma district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

A P Ravani

2025-08-04T11:25:36Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Short description|Indian judge}}

'''Amratlal Paramananddas Ravani''', a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]], was born in 1934. He enrolled as an advocate with the [[Bar Council of Gujarat]] in 1962.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=High Court of Gujarat |url=https://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=483 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mr̥dula |first=Marudhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQdPAAAAYAAJ |title=Transactions of Third Indo-Soviet Law Seminar |date=1987 |publisher=Jainsons Publications |language=en}}</ref>

Ravani was appointed an Additional Judge of [[Gujarat High Court]] in 1982 and became a Permanent Judge the same year. He was transferred to [[Rajasthan High Court]] in 1995 and was appointed the [[Chief Justice]] of that court the same year. He resigned in 1996.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvhtAAAAMAAJ |title=Data India |date=1996 |publisher=Press Institute of India |language=en}}</ref>

Ravani was a vocal critic of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s communalism in the wake of the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varadarajan |first=Siddharth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC |title=Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-302901-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6BEiDPvg68C |title=The Gujarat Carnage |date=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2496-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-18 |title=Former Chief Justice at the Rajasthan High Court, A P Ravani and... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/former-chief-justice-at-the-rajasthan-high-court-a-p-ravani-news-photo/112300337 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Getty Images |language=en-us}}</ref> He submitted a written testimony to the [[National Human Rights Commission]] after the riots.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhAJMGtFIgMC |title=Human Rights Watch |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwbVDAAAQBAJ |title=The End of Imagination |date=2016-08-29 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-60846-654-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravani, A. P.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

India Government Mint, Noida

2025-07-13T16:20:38Z

AlexPopp6687: stub...

{{Short description|Mint established in 1988}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = India Government Mint, Noida
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size = 125px
| alt = 
| caption = Logo of [[India Government Mint]]
| map =
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| merged = 
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1988|07|01}}
| founder = [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Economic Affairs|Indian Finance ministry]]
| founding_location = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| extinction =  
| merger = 
| type = [[List of public sector undertakings in India|Public sector undertaking]]
| status = [[Mint (facility)|Mint]]
| purpose = To mint coins for India and other countries.
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Janpath]], [[Delhi]], India
| location = Sector-1, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
| coords = {{coord|28|35|30.4656|N|77|18|46.3752|E|display=inline,title|region:DE_type:landmark}}<ref name="Coordinates">{{cite news|title=Coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region =  
| services =
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| language =
| sec_gen = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =  
| parent_organization = [[Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited|SPMCIL]]
| subsidiaries = None
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| staff = 
| staff_year = 
| volunteers = 
| volunteers_year = 
| slogan = 
| website = {{URL|http://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/Home.aspx}}
| remarks =
| formerly = 
| footnotes =
}}
The '''India Government Mint, Noida''', is one of the four [[mint (coin)|mints]] in India; based in [[Noida]], in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], the mint started production on 1 July 1988 and is the only [[India Government Mint]] established since [[Independence of India|India became an independent country]] in 1947.<ref name="About us"/> It produced the first [[stainless steel]] coins in India and aside from producing coins for its home country, it also produces coins for other countries.

==History==
In 1984, the [[Government of India]] established a new mint in the city of Noida, Uttar Pradesh. With an estimated annual production capacity of 2,000 million coins, the new mint was established to cater to the increasing demand for [[Coinage of India|coins in India]]. In January 1986 the project was started by the [[Department of Economic Affairs, India|Department of Economic Affairs]] under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] with a budget of {{INRConvert|30|c|year=1986|to=USD}}. The mint was completed on time and began production on 1 July 1988. It produced the first stainless steel coins for India.<ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Official website|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/History.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005093339/https://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/History.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Organisation==
Since 13 January 2006, the India Government Mint at Noida has been a part of Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited. It is headed by a [[board of directors]].<ref name="Organization Structure">{{cite news|title=Organization Structure|publisher=Official website|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/OrgStructure.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005092536/https://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/OrgStructure.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Mint mark==
Coins minted at the India Government Mint, Noida carries its [[mint mark]] of a ''small or large dot'' ('''<big>°</big>''' or '''o''').<ref name="Mint mark">{{cite news|title=Mint mark|publisher=numista|access-date=9 January 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24942.html}}</ref>

[[File:Noida Mint marks.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Noida Mint marks on [[Indian rupee|rupee]] coins (The image at the top bears a mintmark of Mexico city, not Noida)]]

==Production==
Aside from producing coins for India, the mint has also produced coins for [[Thailand]] and [[Dominican Republic]]. From April 2012, the mint introduced night-shift production.<ref name="History"/><ref name="About us">{{cite news|title=About us|publisher=Official website|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/AboutUs.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005092421/https://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/AboutUs.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|November 2016 demonetization of INR500 and INR1000 banknotes]], the mint produced nearly 40% of the total coins and had an annual target of producing coins worth {{INRConvert|400|c}}. This production was later increased due to shortage of liquid currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-mint-increases-coin-production-by-20/articleshow/55504445.cms |title= Noida mint increases coin production by 20% |work=The Times of India |date= 19 November 2016 |author=Salaria, Shikha |place=Noida |access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|India|Numismatics}}
{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:1988 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Mints of India]]
[[Category:Numismatics]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Noida]]

Gandhi's Assassin

2025-07-13T11:25:16Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Short description|Biographical book by Dhirendra K. Jha}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
'''''Gandhi's Assassin: The Making of Nathuram Godse and His Idea of India''''' is a biographical book by [[Dhirendra K. Jha]] which was published on January 24, 2023, by [[Verso Books]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW2cEAAAQBAJ |title=Gandhi's Assassin: The Making of Nathuram Godse and His Idea of India |date=2023-01-24 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-80429-298-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Samrat Choudhury of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Deeply researched and lucidly written, [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi’s Assassin]] does a good job in its portraiture of [[Nathuram Godse]] and in reporting details of the plot to kill [[Mahatma Gandhi|MK Gandhi]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Samrat |date=2022-04-02 |title=Review: Gandhi's Assassin by Dhirendra K Jha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewgandhis-assassin-by-dhirendra-k-jha-101648861812409.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Saurabh Sharma of News9Live wrote "It is far more interesting and revealing than any other account of history."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=2022-01-30 |title=Gandhi's Assassin: Dhirendra K Jha delves deep into Nathuram Godse's psyche in new book |url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/books/gandhis-assassin-book-review-dhirendra-k-jha-goes-deep-into-nathuram-godses-psyche-in-new-book-150378 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=News9Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

The book has been also reviewed by Argha Kr Banerjee of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Argha Kr |title=Poisoned hand |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/poisoned-hand-gandhis-assassin-contribution-lies-in-trying-to-nail-the-inexorable-liaison-between-nathuram-godse-and-the-rss/cid/1861682 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[The Telegraph India]]}}</ref> and Anand K. Sahay of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahay |first=Anand K. |date=2022-04-24 |title=Book Review {{!}} Good journalism shows difference between history, Hindutva legend |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/230422/book-review-good-journalism-shows-difference-between-history-hindut.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2023 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Verso Books books]]

{{India-poli-bio-book-stub}}

11th Maharashtra Assembly

2025-07-01T14:33:42Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Politics of India}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 11th Maharashtra Assembly
| before = 10th Maharashtra Assembly
| after = [[12th Maharashtra Assembly]]
| image = Vidhan Bhavan aerial view.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = '''[[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] [[Mumbai]]'''
| body = '''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| election = '''[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]'''
| government =
*'''[[Second Deshmukh ministry]]'''
*'''[[First Ashok Chavan ministry]]'''
| opposition =
| term_start = 13 October 2004
| term_end = 7 November 2009
| website = 
| chamber2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|House of the People]]
| chamber2_image = File:Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 2004.svg
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 288
| control2 = '''[[Democratic Front (India)]]'''
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| chamber2_leader1 = '''Babasaheb Kupekar'''
| chamber2_leader2_type = [[List of deputy speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Duputy Speaker of the House]]
| chamber2_leader2 = '''Pramod Bhaurao Shende'''
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 =
*'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''
*'''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 =
*'''[[R R Patil]]'''
*'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]'''
| chamber2_leader5_type = [[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]
| chamber2_leader5 =
*'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''
*'''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
| chamber2_leader6_type = [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader6 = '''[[Ramdas Kadam]]'''
| chamber1 = Sovereign
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 =
*'''[[Mohammed Fazal]]'''
*'''[[S. M. Krishna]]'''
*'''[[S. C. Jamir]]'''
}}
The Members of '''11th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra''' were elected during the [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], with results announced on 17 October 2004.

The ruling [[Democratic Front (India)|INC-NCP(Democratic Front)]] won the elections gaining 69 and 71 Seats respectively and winning 152 seats in alliance with support of independents and smaller parties. The [[Nationalist Congress Party]] emerged as the single largest party winning 71 seats. The opposition [[Shiv Sena]]-[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] lost the election gaining 62 and 54 seats respectively and winning 116 seats in alliance. Incumbent CM [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2002 |title=Crisis deepens in Deshmukh camp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/crisis-deepens-in-deshmukh-camp/articleshow/11906168.cms |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cong: The battle within |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cong-the-battle-within/articleshow/2269548.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref> was again sworn in as the [[Chief minister of Maharashtra]] with [[Chhagan Bhujbal]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].

== Members ==
* '''[[Speaker of Maharashtra Assembly|Speaker]]:'''
**Babasaheb Kupekar, [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
* '''[[List of Deputy Speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]:'''
**Pramod Bhaurao Shende, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
* '''[[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief minister]]:'''
**[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
(1 November 2004 – 5 December 2008)
**[[Ashok Chavan]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
(8 December 2008 – 15 October 2009)

* '''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]:'''
**[[R R Patil]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
(1 November 2004 – 5 December 2008)

**[[Chhagan Bhujbal]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
(8 December 2008 – 10 November 2010)

* '''[[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leaders of The House]]:'''
**[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
(1 November 2004 – 5 December 2008)
**[[Ashok Chavan]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
(8 December 2008 – 15 October 2009)

* '''[[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]:'''
**[[Narayan Rane]], [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]

(1 November 2004 - 12 July 2005)

**[[Ramdas Kadam]], [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]

(1 October 2005 - 3 November 2009)

=== Party-wise seats ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" width="150" |Parties and Coalitions
!Seats
!Leader
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|'''[[Nationalist Congress Party]]'''{{Composition bar|71|288|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|'''71'''
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|69|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|69
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]{{Composition bar|62|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|62
|[[Ramdas Kadam]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{Composition bar|54|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|54
|[[Gopinath Munde]]
|-
| style="background-color:grey" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]/Others{{Composition bar|32|288|{{party color|Independent}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|32
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009| ]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Legislature]]
[[Category:Terms of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

1964 elections in India

2025-06-27T23:33:01Z

AlexPopp6687: basic adjust formatting to improve readability also and updated info

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1963 elections in India
| previous_year = 1963
| election_date = 1964
| next_election = 1965 elections in India
| next_year = 1965
}}
{{Politics of India}}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
[[Legislative Assembly elections in India]] were conducted for [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] and [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] in 1964.<ref name="NagalandECI1964"/><ref name="PuducherryECI1964"/>

===Nagaland===
{{Main|1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election}}

[[Nagaland]] was granted the statehood on 1 December 1963, and the first state assembly elections were held on January 10–16, 1964.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://statistics.nagaland.gov.in/subpageframe.aspx?val=243 | title=1st General Election to the Legislative Assembly, Nagaland | work=Government of Nagaland | date=1964 | access-date=3 October 2018 | archive-date=3 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221035/http://statistics.nagaland.gov.in/subpageframe.aspx?val=243 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Naga Nationalist Organization (NNO) won 33 out of 46 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The National Democratic Party (NDP) won 11 seats in the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="NagalandECI1964">{{cite web | url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1964/StatReport_NL_64.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1964 : To the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indianagas-1947-present/ | title=17. India/Nagas (1947–present)| work=University of Central Arkansas | access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

{{Election results
|party1=Independents|votes1=62175|seats1=40
|invalid=544
|electorate=124166
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3632-nagaland-1964/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1964 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 22 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Puducherry===
{{Main|1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections to the '''[[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]]''' of the Indian Union Territory of '''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]''' took place on 23 August 1964.<ref name="r1">Rahman, S. A. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0wAQAAIAAJ The Beautiful India. Pondicherry]''. New Delhi: Reference Press, 2006. pp. 138–139</ref> These were the first Legislative Assembly elections after the formation of the new Union Territory.<ref>Das, Manoj. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=acUtAAAAMAAJ Pondicherry]''. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1976. p. 20</ref> 21 seats were won by [[Indian National Congress]] while rest of the seats were won by [[Independent candidate|Independents]] and others.<ref name="PuducherryECI1964">{{cite web | url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1964/StatReport_PY_64.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1964 : To the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref>

The results of 1964 election were summarized below:<ref name="reference1990">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rpVAAAAYAAJ|title=The Story of Congress Pilgrimage: 1964–1970|work=A.M.Zaidi|volume=6|publisher=Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, New Delhi|year=1990|isbn=9788185355528}}</ref>{{rp|38}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
!||Parties and Coalitions
! Won
! Votes
! Vote %
! Change
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| align="right"|22{{refn|group=note|One candidate elected uncontested}}
| align="right"| 91,338
| align="right"| 54.3
| align="right"|{{increase}}1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Popular Front}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|People's Front
| align="right"|4
| align="right"|30,495
| align="right"| 31.6
| align="right"|{{decrease}}9
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
| align="right"| 4
| align="right"|46,218
| align="right"| 27.5
| align="right"|{{decrease}}1
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==See also==
* [[1962 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1964 elections in India]]
[[Category:1964 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1964 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Harmeet Singh (footballer)

2025-05-28T17:53:12Z

AlexPopp6687: cleanup content for clarity based on references

{{short description|Norwegian footballer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Harmeet Singh
|image = Harmeet Singh (Vålerenga Oslo) - Norway national under-21 football team (01).jpg
|upright = 0.9
|caption = Singh with [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] in 2011
|fullname =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|11|12|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Oslo]], Norway
|height = 1.80 m<ref>{{NFT player|46273|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>
|position = [[Defensive midfielder]]
|currentclub =
|clubnumber =
|youthyears1 = {{0|0000}}–2002
|youthclubs1 = Furuset Fotball
|youthyears2 = 2003–2007
|youthclubs2 = [[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]]
|years1 = 2007–2012
|clubs1 = [[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]]
|caps1 = 101
|goals1 = 8
|years2 = 2012–2014
|clubs2 = [[Feyenoord]]
|caps2 = 7
|goals2 = 0
|years3 = 2014–2015
|clubs3 = [[Molde FK|Molde]]
|caps3 = 53
|goals3 = 4
|years4 = 2016
|clubs4 = [[FC Midtjylland]]
|caps4 = 0
|goals4 = 0
|years5 = 2016–2017
|clubs5 = [[Molde FK|Molde]]
|caps5 = 26
|goals5 = 5
|years6 = 2017
|clubs6 = [[Wisła Płock]]
|caps6 = 1
|goals6 = 0
|years7 = 2017–2018
|clubs7 = [[Kalmar FF]]
|caps7 = 10
|goals7 = 0
|years8 = 2018–2019
|clubs8 = [[Sarpsborg 08 FF|Sarpsborg 08]]
|caps8 = 28
|goals8 = 1
|years9 = 2019
|clubs9 = [[Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi|HJK]]
|caps9 = 11
|goals9 = 0
|years10 = 2020–2022
|clubs10 = [[Sandefjord Fotball|Sandefjord]]
|caps10 = 45
|goals10 = 3
|nationalyears1 = 2005
|nationalteam1 = Norway U15
|nationalcaps1 = 7
|nationalgoals1 = 3
|nationalyears2 = 2006
|nationalteam2 = Norway U16
|nationalcaps2 = 13
|nationalgoals2 = 2
|nationalyears3 = 2007
|nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]]
|nationalcaps3 = 14
|nationalgoals3 = 2
|nationalyears4 = 2008
|nationalteam4 = Norway U18
|nationalcaps4 = 5
|nationalgoals4 = 0
|nationalyears5 = 2008–2009
|nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]]
|nationalcaps5 = 11
|nationalgoals5 = 0
|nationalyears6 = 2008–2013
|nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]]
|nationalcaps6 = 36
|nationalgoals6 = 5
|nationalyears7 = 2013–2014
|nationalteam7 = Norway U23
|nationalcaps7 = 3
|nationalgoals7 = 0
|nationalyears8 = 2012–2014
|nationalteam8 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]]
|nationalcaps8 = 7
|nationalgoals8 = 0
|club-update = 17:08, 27 August 2024 (UTC)
|ntupdate =
}}

'''Harmeet Singh''' (born 12 November 1990) is a Norwegian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[defensive midfielder]].

==Personal life==
Singh was born into an [[Punjabis|Indian Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] family. Singh has said that his religious background has also had an impact on him, and that as he ages, he senses a greater obligation to engage in charitable acts "because it's a significant duty as a Sikh".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harmeet Singh, the 'Norwegian Iniesta' who wants to score for India |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/20/india/india-diaspora-series-harmeet-singh-intl/index.html#:~:text=Singh%20is%20also%20influenced%20by,faith%20he%20was%20born%20into. |website=CNN |quote=Singh is also influenced by his religious heritage. As he gets older, he feels the need to do more charity work "because this is a big responsibility as a Sikh," the faith he was born into.}}</ref>

==Club career==

===Vålerenga===
Singh made his league debut under [[Martin Andresen]] in a 1–1 draw against [[Rosenborg BK]] in 2008.{{citation needed|reason=This synthesized date is inaccurate|date=April 2013}} Singh's goal on 23 September 2009 against [[Molde FK|Molde]] in the semi-final of the [[2009 Norwegian Football Cup]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2009 |title=Liten glede for Singh |url=http://www.vif-fotball.no/article2714288.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324115108/http://www.vif-fotball.no/ |archive-date=24 March 2013 |access-date=31 January 2012 |website=vif-fotball.no |publisher=[[Vålerenga Fotball]] |language=no}}</ref> was nominated ''Goal of the Year'' in Norway in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2009 |title=Stem på årets mål |url=http://www.fotball.no/nff/NFF-nyheter/Gullballen/Stem-pa-arets-mal/ |access-date=31 January 2012 |website=fotball.no |publisher=[[Football Association of Norway]] |language=no}}</ref>

In a friendly game with Vålerenga, former [[FC Barcelona]] manager [[Pep Guardiola]] praised Singh heavily after the game in which he scored a goal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Q & A with Harmeet Singh |url=http://www.vaishalibhardwaj.com/4522/exclusive-interview-q-a-with-harmeet-singh/ |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=www.vaishalibhardwaj.com |archive-date=14 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314114732/http://www.vaishalibhardwaj.com/4522/exclusive-interview-q-a-with-harmeet-singh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bairner |first=Robin |title=Barcelona Coach Pep Guardiola Impressed By Valerenga's Luton Shelton |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2010/07/30/2048492/barcelona-coach-pep-guardiola-impressed-by-valerengas-luton |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=Goal}}</ref> With Vålerenga he won the [[2008 Norwegian Football Cup]] and became runner-up in the [[2009 Superfinalen]] and the [[2010 Norwegian Premier League|2010 Tippeligaen]].<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|harmeet-singh/28206|Harmeet Singh}}</ref>

===Feyenoord===
On 5 July 2012, it was officially announced that he would join Dutch side [[Feyenoord]] on a two-year contract with an option for a third and fourth season for a transfer fee of €300,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Feyenoord versterkt zich met Harmeet Singh |url=http://www.feyenoord.nl/pages/newsdetail/S1/10010000040473-999-10010000000003.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829155128/http://www.feyenoord.nl/pages/newsdetail/S1/10010000040473-999-10010000000003.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2012 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Feyenoord Official Website |language=nl}}</ref> In [[Rotterdam]] he will play with squad number 16 alongside fellow Norwegian [[Omar Elabdellaoui]] who came over on a season long loan from [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=Feyenoord versterkt zich met Singh en Elabdellaoui |url=http://www.feyenoordnet.nl/nieuws/feyenoord-nieuws/7174/feyenoord-versterkt-zich-met-singh-en-elabdellaoui.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017200053/http://www.feyenoordnet.nl/nieuws/feyenoord-nieuws/7174/feyenoord-versterkt-zich-met-singh-en-elabdellaoui.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=3 July 2012 |publisher=FeyenoordNet |language=nl}}</ref> Singh stated that he was delighted to play for a team in which players like [[Dirk Kuyt]], [[Robin van Persie]] and [[Roy Makaay]] played before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Singh vol ambitie naar De Kuip |url=http://www.feyenoord.nl/pages/newsdetail/S1/10010000040474-999-10010000000003.aspx |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Feyenoord Official Website |language=nl}}</ref>

Singh made a total of seven appearances, six as a substitute during the [[2012–13 Eredivisie|2012–13 season]], and was an unused substitute in 23 matches.<ref name="ettår" /> Singh asked to go on loan to another club ahead of the [[2013–14 Eredivisie|2013–14 season]], and he was close on joining [[NEC Nijmegen]] but the transfer did not happen. Towards the end of September 2013, Singh had not featured for Feyenoord during the new season, and stated that he wanted to leave the club in the next transfer window unless he managed to play more for the first team.<ref name="ettår">{{Cite news |last1=Hernes |first1=Øystein |last2=Mangelrød |first2=Nils |date=24 September 2013 |title=Singh har spilt 131 minutter på ett år |language=no |publisher=Verdens Gang |url=http://www.vg.no/sport/fotball/ligaer/nederland/artikkel.php?artid=10143627 |access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref>

===Molde===
On 19 February 2014, it was announced that Singh had signed a two-year deal with [[Molde FK|Molde]] after leaving [[Feyenoord]] on a free transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2014 |title=Feyenoord-flop Singh vindt emplooi bij tweevoudig Noors kampioen |url=http://www.voetbalprimeur.nl/nieuws/375054/feyenoord-flop-singh-vindt-emplooi-bij-tweevoudig-noors-kampioen.html |access-date=19 February 2014 |website=Voetbalprimeur |language=nl}}</ref>

===FC Midtjylland===
On 1 February 2016, it was confirmed, that FC Midtjylland had signed a 3-year contract with Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2016 |title=Harmeet Singh på plads i FCM |url=http://fcm.dk/nyheder/fcm-tv-harmeet-singh-på-plads-i-fcm |access-date=1 February 2016 |website=fcm.dk |publisher=FC Midtjylland |language=da |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224105302/http://fcm.dk/nyheder/fcm-tv-harmeet-singh-p%C3%A5-plads-i-fcm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Molde return===
On 11 March 2016, Singh's contract with [[FC Midtjylland]] was cancelled due to failing to settle in Denmark,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2016 |title=Singh på plads i Molde |url=http://fcm.dk/nyheder/singh-p%C3%A5-plads-i-molde |access-date=11 March 2016 |website=fcm.dk |publisher=FC Midtjylland |language=da |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311211844/http://fcm.dk/nyheder/singh-p%C3%A5-plads-i-molde |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he returned to [[Molde FK]], signing an 18-month contract with the club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2016 |title=Harmeet Singh tilbake i Molde FK |url=http://www.moldefk.no/news/article/rxu7k0y4hg6i16anbdq0kkxvk/title/harmeet-singh-tilbake-i-molde-fk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311182752/http://www.moldefk.no/news/article/rxu7k0y4hg6i16anbdq0kkxvk/title/harmeet-singh-tilbake-i-molde-fk |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=11 March 2016 |website=moldefk.no |publisher=Molde FK |language=no}}</ref>

===Wisła Płock===
On 23 March 2017, Singh signed for [[Ekstraklasa]] side [[Wisła Płock]] on an 18-month contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Harmeet Singh piłkarzem Wisły Płock |url=http://www.wisla-plock.pl/aktualnosci/5097-harmeet_singh_pilkarzem_wisly_plock.html |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=wisla-plock.pl |publisher=Wisła Płock |language=pl}}</ref> After only two months and one game played, the club announced that Singh had asked for termination of his contract due to personal and family reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wąsowski |first=Maciej |date=26 May 2017 |title=Norweski Iniesta nie pomoże Wiśle Płock. Rozwiązał kontrakt z klubem |language=pl |work=Przegląd Sportowy |url=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/pilka-nozna/lotto-ekstraklasa,harmeet-singh-rozwiazal-kontrakt-z-wisla-plock-transfery,artykul,787066,1,13423.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109074428/http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/pilka-nozna/lotto-ekstraklasa,harmeet-singh-rozwiazal-kontrakt-z-wisla-plock-transfery,artykul,787066,1,13423.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===HJK===
On 15 March 2019, [[Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi|HJK]] announced the signing of Singh on a two-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=Klubin keskikentälle kovanluokan vahvistus |url=https://www.hjk.fi/uutiset/Miehet-4383 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=hjk.fi |publisher=Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi |language=fi}}</ref> After making 11 appearances all season, Singh's contract was terminated with mutual understanding on 9 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Harmeet Singh jättää HJK:n |url=http://www.veikkausliiga.com/uutiset/2020/01/09/harmeet-singh-jattaa-hjkn |access-date=9 January 2020 |website=veikkausliiga.com |publisher=Veikkausliiga |language=fi}}</ref>

==International career==
[[File:Harmeet Singh (Vålerenga Oslo) - Norway national under-21 football team (03).jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Harmeet Singh playing for [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] in 2011.]]
Singh has represented Norway at the U15, U16, [[Norway national under-17 football team|U17]], U18, [[Norway national under-19 football team|U19]] and [[Norway national under-21 football team|U21]] levels. On 5 June 2009, at just 18 years of age, he made his debut for the U21s in a 1–1 draw against [[Estonia national under-21 football team|Estonia U21]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2009 |title=Estonia 1–1 Norway |publisher=Norway Football Federation |url=http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=1683124 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120618063418/http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=1683124 |archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

Singh made his debut for the senior team when he replaced [[Simen Brenne]] at half time in a 1–1 friendly draw against [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] on 15 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2012 |title=Elyounoussi reddet Norge: – Dette lover godt |url=http://www.vg.no/sport/fotball/norsk/landslaget/artikkel.php?artid=10075559 |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=vg.no |publisher=[[Verdens Gang|VG]] |language=no}}</ref> He featured in all three matches in the [[2012 King's Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flygind |first=Kjetil |date=21 January 2012 |title=- Ikke hørt noe fra Molde |language=no |work=Aftenposten |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/sport/fotball/i/AdEQRr/ikke-hoert-noe-fra-molde |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

==Style of play==
Singh plays as a deep-lying [[midfielder]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Harmeet Singh: Profiling the youngster of Indian origin who has just joined Dutch giants Feyenoord |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/07/07/3225280/who-is-harmeet-singh-profiling-the-youngster-of-indian?ICID=AR_RS_3 |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=Kaustav Bera |archive-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608053359/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/07/07/3225280/who-is-harmeet-singh-profiling-the-youngster-of-indian?ICID=AR_RS_3 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Chris Punnakkattu |date=21 February 2014 |title=Indian origin footballer Harmeet Singh joins Molde FK from Feyenoord |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/harmeet-singh-leaves-feyenoord-for-molde-fk/ |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=Sportskeeda}}</ref> He is nicknamed "The Norwegian [[Andrés Iniesta|Iniesta]]" by international media.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2012 |title=Harmeet Singh, el 'Iniesta noruego', sueña con jugar en España |language=es |work=Mundo Deportivo |url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20120630/futbol/internacional/harmeet-singh-el-iniesta-noruego-suena-con-jugar-en-espana_54319173296.html |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerkdijk |first=Daniel Cabot |date=2 July 2012 |title=Update: 'Noorse Iniesta' meldt zich dinsdag voor keuring bij Feyenoord |url=http://www.voetbalzone.nl/doc.asp?uid=168385 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Voetbalzone |language=nl}}</ref>

==Recognition==
In 2010, Singh was listed as one of the "100 greatest talents out of the world" by the Spanish football newspaper Don Balón.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Henriksen and Singh toplist |date=November 2010 |url=http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/henriksen-og-singh-pa-toppliste-1.7362776 |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=↑ Los 100 & Youth talentos actuales |url=http://www.donbalon.com/web/noticia/i-3437/los-100-jovenes-talentos-actuales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20101016084237/http://www.donbalon.com/web/noticia/i-3437/los-100-jovenes-talentos-actuales |archive-date=16 October 2010 |access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From talent to top player |url=http://fotballmagasinet.no/?mode=news&id=2936&title=Fra_talent_til_toppspiller |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316052054/http://fotballmagasinet.no/?mode=news&id=2936&title=Fra_talent_til_toppspiller |archive-date=16 March 2014 |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref>

Singh received a 'Special Recognition Award' at the 2013 Asian Football Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Football Awards 2013 |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2013/oct/asian-football-awards-2013 |access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Football Awardwinners announced |url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/sport/10726114.Asian_Football_Award_winners_announced/ |access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|24 April 2022}}<ref name="SW" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harmeet Singh |url=http://www.nifs.no/personprofil.php?person_id=22228 |website=nifs.no |publisher=[[A-pressen]] |language=no}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]]
|[[2007 Tippeligaen|2007]]
|[[Tippeligaen]]
|0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|[[2008 Tippeligaen|2008]]
|Tippeligaen
|9||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||12||0
|-
|[[2009 Tippeligaen|2009]]
|Tippeligaen
|25||1||6||2||2||0||33||3
|-
|[[2010 Tippeligaen|2010]]
|Tippeligaen
|30||5||1||0||colspan="2"|—||31||5
|-
|[[2011 Tippeligaen|2011]]
|Tippeligaen
|27||2||2||2||4||0||33||4
|-
|[[2012 Tippeligaen|2012]]
|Tippeligaen
|10||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||11||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!101!!8!!14!!4!!6!!0!!121!!12
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Feyenoord]]
|[[2012–13 Eredivisie|2012–13]]
|[[Eredivisie]]
|7||0||0||0||1||0||8||0
|-
|[[2013–14 Eredivisie|2013–14]]
|Eredivisie
|0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!7!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0!!8!!0
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Molde FK|Molde]]
|[[2014 Molde FK season|2014]]
|Tippeligaen
|28||3||5||0||4||0||37||3
|-
|[[2015 Molde FK season|2015]]
|Tippeligaen
|25||1||2||0||11||1||38||2
|-
|[[2016 Molde FK season|2016]]
|Tippeligaen
|26||5||1||0||0||0||27||5
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!79!!9!!8!!0!!15!!1!!102!!10
|-
|[[Wisła Płock]]
|[[2016–17 Ekstraklasa|2016–17]]
|[[Ekstraklasa]]
|1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||1||0
|-
|[[Kalmar FF|Kalmar]]
|[[2017 Allsvenskan|2017]]
|[[Allsvenskan]]
|10||0||0||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|[[Sarpsborg 08 FF|Sarpsborg 08]]
|[[2018 Eliteserien|2018]]
|[[Eliteserien]]
|28||1||0||0||8||0||36||1
|-
|[[Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi|HJK]]
|[[2019 Veikkausliiga|2019]]
|Veikkausliiga
|11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Sandefjord Fotball|Sandefjord]]
|[[2020 Eliteserien|2020]]
|Eliteserien
|9||2||0||0||0||0||9||2
|-
|[[2021 Eliteserien|2021]]
|Eliteserien
|22||0||0||0||0||0||22||0
|-
|[[2022 Eliteserien|2022]]
|Eliteserien
|2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!33!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!33!!2
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!270!!20!!22!!4!!30!!1!!322!!25
|}

==Honours==
'''Vålerenga'''
* [[Norwegian Football Cup|Norwegian Cup]]: [[2008 Norwegian Football Cup|2008]]<ref name="90m">{{cite web |title=Harmeet Singh |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=26834 |website=90minut.pl |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=pl}}</ref>

'''Molde'''<ref name="90m"/>
* [[Eliteserien|Tippeligaen]]: [[2014 Tippeligaen|2014]]
* Norwegian Cup: [[2014 Norwegian Football Cup|2014]]

== See also ==

* [[List of Sikh footballers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Harmeet Singh}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081017052400/http://www.vif-fotball.no/article1410926.ece Profile] at Vålerenga {{in lang|no}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harmeet}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Oslo]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Norwegian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Norway men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Norway men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Norway men's under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Vålerenga Fotball players]]
[[Category:Feyenoord players]]
[[Category:Molde FK players]]
[[Category:FC Midtjylland players]]
[[Category:Wisła Płock players]]
[[Category:Kalmar FF players]]
[[Category:Sarpsborg 08 FF players]]
[[Category:Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players]]
[[Category:Sandefjord Fotball players]]
[[Category:Eliteserien players]]
[[Category:Eredivisie players]]
[[Category:Ekstraklasa players]]
[[Category:Allsvenskan players]]
[[Category:Veikkausliiga players]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Poland]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Finland]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Poland]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Finland]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Norwegian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Norwegian sportsmen]]

Makha, Sikkim

2025-05-07T23:36:44Z

AlexPopp6687: started new entry!

{{short description|Town in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Makha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Makha
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim
| pushpin_label_position = bottom right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.3120|N|88.4590|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Sikkim district|Gangtok]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 737138
| registration_plate = SK 01/ SK 08
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Constituency]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Tumin Lingee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tumin Lingee Constituency]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (Gorkha), [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Magar language|Mangar]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest City
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gangtok]]
| website = {{URL|https://eastsikkim.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Makha''' is an important town lying on the bank of [[Teesta River]] in [[Gangtok district]] of [[Sikkim]], India. Makha lies between [[Singtam]] and [[Dikchu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hariyo Makha|url=https://swachhbharat.mygov.in/challenge/hariyo-makha-sikkim-against-air-pollution|website=swachhbharat.mygov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Makha Sikkim|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/sikkim/east-sikkim/makha-pincode-737138.html|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Makha Gangtok district Sikkim|url=https://indiamapia.com/East_Sikkim/Makha.html|website=indiamapia.com}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The town is well connected to many parts of Sikkim and its neighbouring state [[West Bengal]]. Taxi services access [[Gangtok]], [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], [[Chungthang]], [[Singtam]], [[Rangpo]], [[Dikchu]], [[Ranipool]], [[Lachen, Sikkim|Lachen]], [[Lachung]] and [[Siliguri]].

The nearest airport is [[Pakyong Airport]] 45 kilometres away.
The nearest railway stations are:
* [[Sivok railway station|Sevoke Junction]] 90 kilometres.
* [[Siliguri Junction]] 103 kilometres.
* [[New Jalpaiguri]] 115 kilometres.

[[Rangpo railway station]] is an under construction station 35 kilometres away from the town.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gangtok district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Gangtok district]]
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Kriti (music)

2025-04-30T22:12:44Z

AlexPopp6687: Started the post w/ sources

{{Short description|Carnatic musical composition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More references needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Carnatic}}

A '''''kriti''''' ({{Langx|sa|कृति|lit=kṛti}}) is a form of musical composition in the [[Carnatic music]] literature. The [[Sanskrit]] common noun ''Kriti'' means 'creation' or 'work'.

A kriti forms the mental backbone of any typical Carnatic music concert and is the longer format of a Carnatic song.

==Structure==
A conventional ''kriti'' typically contain three parts:
#''[[Pallavi]]'', the equivalent of a [[refrain]] in Western music
#''[[Anupallavi (music)|Anupallavi]]'', the second verse, which is sometimes optional
#''[[Charanam]]'', the final (and longest) verse that wraps up the song

The ''charanam'' usually borrows patterns from the ''anupallavi''. The ''charanam's'' last line usually contains the composer's signature, or ''[[mudra (music)|mudra]]'', with which the composer leaves their mark.

==Variations==
Some Kritis have a verse between the ''anupallavi'' and the ''{{IAST|charaṇam}}'', called the ''[[Chitta swara|{{IAST|chiṭṭaswara}}]]''. This verse consists only of notes, and has no words. Other ''krithis'', particularly some of [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]'s compositions, are intentionally composed without an ''annupallavi'', where the verse after the pallavi is called the ''samashti charanam''. Still others have some more ''sāhityā'' at the end of the ''{{IAST|charaṇam}}'', set in ''madhyamakāla'' (few lines within a song that are sung faster than the rest of it).<ref>[http://aboutindianmusic.blogspot.com/p/carnatic-music-trinity.html About Indian Music]</ref>

There are krithi's, such as [[Thyagaraja]]'s ''Enduku Nirdhaya'' that have no ''annupallavi'' but many short ''charanams''. Often, the artists take up certain lines of a Krithi for ''[[neraval]]''. One of the greatest explorers of the krti form was [[Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi]] (1700–1765), who has created numerous varieties within this form, often with innovations in contrasting speeds, gaits (''gatis'') and lyrical variation (''sahitya-sangatis''), sectional partitioning and singular blending of rhythmic syllables and lyrics.

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shivkumar.org/music/index.html Sivakumar Carnatic Music Archive Kriti collection]

[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

{{Carnatic-music-stub}}

Takam Tallam

2025-04-04T01:04:35Z

AlexPopp6687: Creating a data - done

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Takam Tallam
| fullname = Takam Tallam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|7|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]], Arunachal Pradesh
| batting = Left-handed
| role = Batter

| club1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2019/20

| date = 24 November
| year = 2023
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2336/2336712/2336712.html CricketArchive {{subscription required}}
}}
'''Takam Tallam''' (born 15 July 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 19 January 2020, playing for [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]] in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203548.html |title=Plate Group, Ranji Trophy at Puducherry, Jan 19-22 2020 |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Arunachal Pradesh on 11 January 2021, in the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244323.html |title=Plate Group, Chennai, Jan 11 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> He has made three appearances in each of the Ranji Trophy and the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2336/2336712/2336712.html Takam Tallam]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 November 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1209164}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tallam, Takam}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Papum Pare district]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1995-stub}}

Guru Gobind Singh Refinery

2025-03-17T19:27:08Z

AlexPopp6687:

{{Short description|Oil refinery in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox oil refinery
| name = Bathinda Refinery
| image =
| caption = e
| location_map = India Punjab
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates = {{coord|29|55|50|N|74|56|45|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Punjab|Punjab, India]]
| city = [[Bathinda]]
| operator = [[HPCL]]
| owner = [[HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited|HMEL]]
| founded = {{Start date|2012|03}}
| closure =
| capacity = 11.3 MMTPA in FY 2017-18
| capacity_bbl/d = 230,000
| employees =
| ref units =
| oil tank =
| oil refining center =
}}
'''Guru Gobind Singh Refinery''' ('''GGSR''') is a joint venture refinery owned by [[HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited|HMEL]], a joint venture between [[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]] and Mittal Energy Investment Pte Ltd, owned by [[L N Mittal|Laxmi Mittal]]. It is the tenth largest refinery in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PPAC Refinery Map as on 01.04.2020|url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620112906/https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2021}}</ref>

The work for refinery started in 2008 and the refinery became operational in March 2012.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bathinda-refinery-gets-in-operation/articleshow/12463480.cms|title=Bathinda refinery gets in operation|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref> Its annual capacity is 11.3 Million tons (230,000 barrels per day).<ref name="hydrocarbons-technology">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/bhatendaoil/|title=Guru Gobind Singh Refinery (GGSR), Punjab - Hydrocarbons Technology|publisher=hydrocarbons-technology.com|accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref> It was built at a cost of $4 billion.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/energy/oil-gas/lakshmi-n-mittal-aids-india-pakistan-detente-with-refinery/articleshow/12903628.cms|title=Lakshmi N Mittal aids India, Pakistan detente with refinery - The Economic Times|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref> The refinery gets its crude oil supply from [[Mundra]], a coastal town in Gujarat, through a 1,017 km pipeline where the oil is imported from abroad.<ref name="indiatimes" />

==About==
[[Engineers India Limited]] as the Project Management Consultancy (PMC) has done [[Engineering, procurement,these should be maintained by punjab government, and construction|EPC]] for the entire project.<ref name="engineersindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.engineersindia.com/epcm/m-68|title=EPCM|publisher=engineersindia.com|accessdate=2016-06-26|archive-date=24 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224132335/http://www.engineersindia.com/epcm/m-68|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Location==
GGSR is located in village Phullo Khari at distance of 2 Km from [[Raman, Punjab (India)|Raman]] Mandi and around 42 Km from [[Bhatinda|Bathinda]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hmel.in/ HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101003957/https://www.hmel.in/ |date=1 November 2020 }}

[[Category:Oil refineries in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bathinda district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Guru Gobind Singh]]
[[Category:Hindustan Petroleum]]
[[Category:Hindustan Petroleum buildings and structures]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Industrial buildings completed in 2012]]
[[Category:ArcelorMittal]]

{{industry-stub}}
{{petroleum-company-stub}}

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering, Technology & Research

2025-02-03T12:51:17Z

AlexPopp6687: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

UTV Indiagames

2024-12-09T02:30:02Z

AlexPopp6687: clean up

{{short description|Indian video game developer (1999–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = UTV Indiagames Limited
| logo = UTV Indiagames.png
| former_name = Indiagames (1999-2010)
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]
| founder = [[Vishal Gondal]]
| defunct = 2014
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1999}}
| hq_location_city = [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = Sameer Ganapathy
| parent = [[The Walt Disney Company India]]
}}

'''UTV Indiagames''' (formerly known as '''Indiagames''') was a video game publisher across various platforms for the [[South Asia|South Asian market]]. It was founded in 1999 by [[Vishal Gondal]], as a five-member team. UTV Indiagames in its current iteration is solely a publishing brand with development being outsourced.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/disney-shuts-down-one-of-indias-oldest-game-studios-732928 | title=Disney Shuts Down Development at Indiagames| date=27 August 2015}}</ref> UTV Indiagames is owned by UTV Software Communications, a wholly owned [[conglomerate (company)|media conglomerate]] of [[The Walt Disney Company India]].

Indiagames is India’s largest integrated game developer and publisher across digital devices. The company has partnered with several major game publishers, media companies and telecom companies such as [[EA]], [[THQ]], [[Atari]], [[Universal (game company)|Universal]], [[21st Century Fox|Fox]], [[Warner Brothers]], [[Sony]], [[Verizon]], [[Vodafone]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[AT&T]], [[Telstra]] and others. Indiagames’ successful titles include the first [[Spider-Man]] game on mobile, ''[[BioShock]]'', ''[[Garfield (game)|Garfield]]'' and [[Godzilla]].

The company runs the only subscription-based PC games service in India, called Games-on-Demand. It operates on all major broadband operators. Indiagames’ triple-play games model is complemented by its presence as the largest operator of UTV Games Services with leading satellite TV service providers in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://god.indiagames.com/ |title=GoD Community |access-date=2012-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316203200/http://god.indiagames.com/ |archive-date=2012-03-16 }}</ref>

==History==
In 1999, [[Vishal Gondal]] founded Indiagames, then a five-member team. Indiagames primarily engaged in publishing and developing games across various platforms such as Internet, PC, broadband, mobile phones, PDAs, handheld gaming devices and consoles.<ref name=":0" />

In 2005, TOM online Games, a subsidiary of [[TOM Online]] Inc took major stakes in the company. Vishal Gondal kept his position as CEO.<ref name=":0" />

In 2007, the Indian company [[UTV Software Communications]] acquired a majority stake in Indiagames.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2010, Indiagames was re-branded as UTV Indiagames. In 2011, the remaining stake in Indiagames was acquired by [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] for around $100 million. At the time of acquisition, Indiagames was making a profit of $400,000 per year on revenues of $11 million as reported by various publications.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://allthingsd.com/20111006/disney-set-to-acquire-top-indian-game-developer-indiagames |title = Disney Set to Acquire Top Indian Game Developer Indiagames}}</ref> In April 2013, Vishal Gondal stepped down from control of the company and was replaced by Sameer Ganapathy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2013 |title=Vishal Gondal to exit Disney UTV |url=http://www.campaignindia.in/article/vishal-gondal-to-exit-disney-utv/418518 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=campaignindia.in}}</ref>

==Studio==
*'''''3Lakshya''''' creates games for the international market. It also researches game development on all new platforms.
*'''''Chandra ''''' works on various game titles for mobile phones and DTH set-top boxes. These games, created on multiple platforms, are based on popular genres including action, adventure, puzzle, sports and racing, and follow themes such as Bollywood, cricket, reality shows, and celebrities.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiagames.com Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926072153/http://www.indiagames.com/ |date=26 September 2019 }}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television production companies of India]]
[[Category:Video game publishers]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Video game companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:The Walt Disney Company subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Disney acquisitions]]
[[Category:UTV Software Communications]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bhella tehsil

2024-12-03T22:39:13Z

AlexPopp6687: made a details

{{refimprove|date=October 2022}}

{{Short description|Subdivision in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhella
| type = Tehsil
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = center
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.131747|N|75.667863|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics_name1 =
| demographics_title =
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhaderwahi]], [[Gojri]]
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_total = 1,657
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 182201
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Parvaiz Ahmed<ref name="legalref"/>
| website =
| official_name = Bhella
}}
'''Bhella''' is a [[tehsil]] in the [[Doda district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was previously part of the [[Thathri]] tehsil.<ref name="legalref">{{Cite web |title=Tehsil in Doda district|url=https://doda.nic.in/tehsil/|publisher=[[Doda district|Doda Administration]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> In 2022, Bhella became the part of [[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delimitation: Locate Where You Are Placed In Jammu Kashmir’s New Legislative Map|url=https://kashmirlife.net/delimitation-locate-where-you-are-placed-in-jammu-kashmirs-new-legislative-map-288509/|date=14 March 2022|publisher=[[Kashmir Life]]|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Doda district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]